'li lt ''MC Class"ES87 I / \^' ^ r ^ V. V ^ \ THE HISTORY OF COLUMBIA County, WISCONSIN, CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES ; AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES— THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES; ITS WAR RECORD, BIOGRAPH- ICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS; THE THE WHOLE PRECEDED BY A HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, STATISTICS OF THE STATE, AND AN ABSTRACT OF ITS LAWS AND CON- STITITION AND OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE rXITED STATES. iXjXjTjst:£?.j^t:exd- CHICAGO: WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. MDCCCIXXX. V PREFACE. rpHE object of this work is to place upon record in a reliable manner and in a permanent J- form, whatever incidents of importance have transpired within the limits of Columbia County since its first settlement. As preliminary to this, a brief history of Wisconsin is given, including, respectively, the Antiquities of the State; an account of its Indian tribes : :. sketch of pre-Territorial times ; an outline of Wisconsin when a Territory ; and a narrative of each Administration since the admission of the State into the Union. This is followed by arti- cles on the Topography and. Geology of the State ; on its Climatology; on its Trees, Shrubs, and Vines ; on the Fauna of Wisconsin ; on the Educational Interests of the State ; on its Agriculture, Mineral Resources, and Railroads; on Lumber Manufacture, Banking, Commerce and Manufactures; and on the Public? Domain and Health. These are from the pens of able and well-known Wisconsin writers. Following these articles, are Statistics of the State, and an Abstract of its Laws and Constitution, allcJ (Vf the Constitution of the United States. In the history of the county, facts and figures, incidents and reminiscences, anecdotes and sketches are given, with a variety and completeness, it h thought, commensurate with their importance. This has necessitated, on the part of the editor-Jn-ehief and his assistants, a per- severing effort: but their labor has been cheered by the cordial assistance and good will of many friends to the enterprise T^ithin the county, to all of whom grateful acknowledgements are tendered. They .have enabled us to give to the present generation a valuable reflex, it is believed, of the times and deeds of pioTieer days, and to crept to pioneer men and women of Columbia County a lasting monument. We desire, also, to express our sincere thanks to Prof. R. D. Irving, of the University of WisCofisJn, for assistance rendered in furnishing articles upon the geology of the county and its various fotfrnsi and to the officers of the State Historical Society for numerous favors received at their hands.- July, 1880. ^y_ jj_ ^^,_ CON-TENTS. Pagf.. Antiquities '... 19 Indian Tribes 21 Pre-Territorial Annals 29 Wisconsin Territory 41 Wisconsin :isaStatc 52 First Administration 52 SecoD"! Administration 57 Third Administration 59 Fourth Administration G2 Fifth Administration * 64 Sixth Administration 66 Seventh Administration 67 War of Secession Commenced 69 Eighth Administration 76 Ninth Administration 85 Statistics of Volunteers 90 Tenth Administration 92 "Eleventh Administration 9Z Twelfth Administration 94 Thirteenth Administration 97 Fourteenth Administration 99 Fifteenth Administration 104 Sixteenth Administration 109 Topography and Geology 110 The Archaean Age 112 Paleozoic Time — Silurian Age 115 Devonian Age IIU Glacial Period 120 Climatology 121 STrees, Shrubs and Vines 128 Fauna IM Fish and Fish (Culture i:J4 Large Animals — Time of their Disap- pearanco 13s Peculiarities of the Bird Fauna i:i9 Educational .- 140 Original School Code 140 ARitatioafar Free Schools 141 School. Systeiju under State Govern- ment ■..^ 141 School Fund Income 142 ■ State Universityvr-^ 14:i Agricultural College 144 Normal Schools 144 Teachers' Institutes 146 -Graded Schools , 146 HISTORY OF WIvSCOIVSIX. Page. Educational : Township System 146 Free High Schools 147 School Offices 147 State Teachers' Certificates 147 Teachers' Associations 148 Libraries 148 State Superintendents T48 College Sketches 149 Female Colleges 150 Academies and Seminaries 151 Commercial Schools 151 I Agriculture 151 Mineral Resources 162 ' Lead and Zinc 162 Iron 1G5 ! Copper 168 Gold and Silver 168 j Brick Clavs 168 Cement Rock 170 | Limestone— Glass Sand 171 / Feat— Building Stones 172 ; Railroads 173 I Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 173 ' Chicago & Northwestern 176 I Wisconsin Central 178 | Western Union 179 | West Wisconsin 180 [ Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 180 Green Bay & Minnesota 181 | Wisconsin Valley 181 , Sheboygan & Fond du Lac 181 i Mineral Point 182 I Madison & Portage 182 ' North Wisconsin 183 ■ Praitie du Chien & McGregor 183 | Chippewa Falls & Western 183 Narrow Gauge 183 ! Conclusion 184 Lumber 185 Banking 191 Commerce and Manufactures 198 Furs 199 Lead and Zinc — Iron 200 Lumber 201 Grain 202 Page. Commerce and Manufactures: Pairy Products 203 Pork and Beef. 203 Hops 2W Tobacco — Cranberries 205 Liquors 205 Miscellaneous 206 Water Powers 206 Manufactures 208 Conclusion 20S The Public Domain 21U Health 230 Geographical Position 230 Physical Features 230 Geology 231 Drainage 232 Climatology 232 Rain Character 233 Isotherms 234 Barometrical 234 Winds 235 Climatological Changes from Settling in the State 235 Influence of Nationalities 2;i7 Occupations— Food — Education, etc 238 History of Diseasi- 238 Ratio of Sickness, Ft. Howard and Win- nebago 239 Education of the Blind 241 Institute of Di*af and Dumb 241 Industrial School for Boys 242 State Prison 242 State Hospital for the Insane 242 Northern Hospital for the Insane 243 Citj- of Milwaukee 243 Health Resorts 244 Change of Diseases 246 Pulmonarj' Diseases 248 Statistics 249 Population, 1875, of Townships, Alpha- betically Arranged by Counties 249 Population by Counties 258 Nativity by Counties 259 Valuation of Property 260 Acreage of Principal Crops 261,262 ABSTRACT OF ^%'IS€OXSi:V STATE liAWS. Page. Action^ : 283 Arrest 2S3 Attocbment 284 Adoption of Children 276 Assignm^'nt of Mortgage 274 Assessment and Collection of Taxes 267 AssesBDientof Taxes 268 Bills of Exchange or Promissory Notes 272 Borrowed Money 267 Capital Punishment 278 Collection of Taxes 270 Commercial Terms 285 Common Schools 266 IMmages for Trespass 279 Page. Elections and General Elections 263 Estrays 279 Exemptions 2S4 Fences 280 Forms of Conveyances 273 Forms of Mortgages 274 Garnishment 284 Highways and Bridges 270 Hours of Labor 273 Interest 277 Intoxicating Liquors 271 Judgments 284 Jurisdiction of Courts 277 Jurors 278 I Page. j Landlord and Tenant 281 I Limitation of Actions 285 Marks and Brands 281 I Married Women 283 I Stay Law 284 I Surveyora and Surveys 282 ! Support of Poor 282 j Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books I by Subscription 285 i Title of Real Property by Descent 27."> ' Weights and Pleasures 278 Wills 276 Wolf Scalps 278 PORTRAITS. Pagk.. Page. Wm. Armstrong 397 J" J. J. GuppeyV, 379 John t^. Adams oO-'i * Jos. HartmauL 703 Josiah Arnold 469 ' M. C. Hobart...v-. 919 A. Bryte .- .5.')9 [Carl Haertel....^ 361 S. M. Carr 847 Geo. W. Jenkins.^ 811 'F. C. Curtis 793 i Hugh Jamiesonje^ 775 W.W. Coming 613 ' T. L. Kennan..^ 649 C. ColHpp 415J R. O. Loomis....i/. 901 Jeremiah Drake 523 '^ J. T. Lewie k/ 487 Reea Evans 721-' Jas. McCloud «tf. 577 Wm. E. Field 739/ Hugh McFarlane 433 Pa^e. W. Meacher 631 G. H. Merrell .,; 325 II. L. Merrell j^ 307 W. H. Proctor y. 937 H. W. Roblier i^ 86.5 L. A. Squire {^ 829 S. M.Smith \^ 541 A.J. Turner ^^*... 461 R. B, Wentworth u. 595 IV CONTENTS. p HISTOKY OF COMMBIA COCWTV CHAPTER I, Pa8». I ^-''•JXHW. GwlogicHi Formalione of Countv ..,,. I CHAPTER VII Paoe RWe?f!':!'/""'°""""«°fTo"n; Watersheds......'.*.*. Artesian Wells..... Altitudes. CHAPTER II. Surface Features Mound-Builders Indian Occupancy ii John Nicolct... ■"" Firet White Man..* Karl.v Visits The Portage froni*i*79*3"to**im vj, ninnebago War " ">" 330 fort Winnebago ■'^ <'I1APTKR III, ^ :"' Black Hawk W 329 .BS •■535 I 495 497 347 353 I .3.-J 360 1 Episode of the Black**Haw|i ■'»:;■' .'"I ed States Land Surveys . 3n,, I u.ted States Land Districts ?,S TSoo'-^^'^^^o'-^WaCoun*;,.*''* cHA!iiSiV:"*""'^^'^"^p^-"-^ 366 .... 371 S81 383 385 , 386 First .Settler in the County, Pioneer Life.. ??Tr'j;V™ °f''''^"'<^"nty.*.*.".*.*.*;;: Sg ■'cijjr;;<^:^'^'«''c™"";.;d***^i; Territorial State and'congres'sionai* Hej.resontation.... B"»"'onai cwAi!^^'?':!^;^^: ''^^"••■••■••■■•■•~ ^^ >..v Thos. .;.McKrnn"" l'*^""^"-*""- „,„ Mrs. Margaret C. Lo*\v... . . ! ^ John T. I)e LaRonde lf,\ .>atterlee Clark... J"'* Mrs. John H. Kenzi;^":;:*"*:::;:::;:; m 412 427 429 430 432 4.36 439 CHAPTER VII The Dells County Statistics County Map and Atl*^".*: Curling S?i,"?,'''?^'° Bii'ie"sMi*e;y:;:::: Fish Culture.... ' Railroads Dark Deeds ** Abstract Ofhce ^"^ chaptfVvm?'^t*'°''^''°™''-----'.^ " P^VuVu'euJ'*"-"-'- !>"- ^ , Elbert Dickeson:;:::::;;; tf^J La Fayette Hill "'» I John A. Brown..*; ' ™' Jeremiah Drake °"' Joseph M. Doty *" Baroa Steuben Do*t*y.*.*.'.*.*.*.*.*.*.* tl' William T. Whirry ?'? Emmons Taylor ..'. ■'}'?, Jacob Low °1'' Carl Ha.rtel...*. 5''' William Wier ^'^ 516 SIC 517 617 Squire .Sherwood faae! John Converse Alfieil Topliff.. Harrison S. Haskeil"** .Samu.-l Stephen Brannaa'.*.*.*.;: rL Andrew Dunn ''"' Thomas J. l;merion *'"" .'oseph Bailey Henry Merrell.. i«!i"" f'l!"f'^'' •''"indler.*.*.*.'.*.*.*.*.*.* ,1^ ToZ^! t """'•" ■■•■■■■■•■-« John Pard The Schuize Band ^^''^■ Post Office.. 651 Hotels 6.52 Public Halls...*.'.* 653 Local Militia..........* '^^ Orders and Societies *'' Cemeteries ®66 Portage of To*d*«'v ''^^ Twenty.flve year;*A*g*o':::.*: ^^ I'overnment "69 Plats and Additions* "70 Post Office.... 073 Schools 67S Keiigious 'in*8ii*t*ui'i*ons:;';.;;; liZ* Manufacturing Interests "* Banks ^ 'nierests „g^ Library Assoc'i'a't'i'oil'.*.*.*;:.*.*.';;; fl Hotels "88 Opera House.. ''^^ Fire Department*.*.;*.*.;*.*.*. Ji* Lodge.sand .Societies "J" Cemeteries... "'U' .... 692 .... 693 ... 69G Town of Arlington „„„ tillage of Arlington . S.^* Town of Caled.inia ;; I!!? Local Reminiscences CHA'pTEitlT""'' '""'"' ,.r,.'\!l^''™' S«eany,, CHAPTER IX. Henry Merrell... •i, 1'- Kingston .*.* Robert L. Ream.. Hugh McFarlane... .V. II. Wood Wni. T. Whirry..;; •^,'"P'i''» Chamberlain .„„ Moses M Strong S? Charles Whittlesey.. Jf' Freedom Simons..".. j*^ Political Divisions... i,"'"">' p«i«rN is-16 io"*i*8*8n.;; ill Probate and Co'i*i*n*t*y* *Oou*rii il? IV'Unty Buildings .„. t?5 Agriculture *^'' Agriciiliural .Societies.*;;.;;.".* T?^ '-■ie'ty... .!!.".'..':'°''' K'"'g"'ti*o'n**si; 529 529 529 Columbia County Press... ■;.,, Common Schools °'" County Board of :Supe*rvi*8*o*re;.*.*:*: ?!« Authors and Artists •'** Presideut Hayes and Pa,^;;;::;-;;:|=^ Roster of Volunteers.*.*;; ?S chapter'x- ''T'-" "f ■^"■""y Early Settlement... Growth of Portage...;; t'?' Portage Thirtv Year, ir ?«? I I ortag. Claim T' .Thirty Years Ago*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*; if, in 1S60 ??' 1860. wenty.i.ne 599 600 1 Veeder.*.*.* „!!? „,, 'i''''""rn City and Veele-r/;;;;,"*" S" CH.U>TER XV."^ 601 603 filO Richard Freeman The Ouppey Plat and Veeder 'cTaim Tr^ar:?."-''''''"'-""-'™^ The Schools... Religious instit*u*t*ioii*8;;;;;;*.;;;; S.J^ Manufacturers "^'' Ferries and Bridges.;;; *.?^ Fire^Departmentand Fi;e**Rec*oi.d;,*.';.: 640 W^nsin^l^li, -Hi^r:^-;-;;;^-;.;;... «» 646 Town of Columbus. l?l lown of Courlland....;;; ™I >■ age of Cambria .*.*; 4\f I'Uageor Randolph / l]i Town of Dekoria ■ I" Village of Dekorra.*.*.*;;;;;;;: Ifi tillage of Poynelte ™ cH^fey;-;;' ^*'"'-i«6«...::::;;:;;;;;;;; J^? Town of Fountain Prairie 747 ^,ili»ge of Fall River l" lown of Hampden Z?i lown of Leeds i'» Town of l.ewiston ....;*.*.*.*.*.;'.'.'. ?»» Town of Lodi "''- Village of Lodi .;;;*.*.*.*.;;;;;;;;; 4«j Village of Okee ''* CH.\PTER XIV '^'^ Town of Lowrille ,„, Town of Marcellon J'f Town of .Vewport... VI Village of NewDort.___* °^ port.. . 807 8:i3 837 837 839 Arlington Columbus ;;; courtiand ";;;;;;;;; Caledonia ;;;; I'ekorra ;;;;;;;; Fonntain Prairie...; Hampden Lewiston .; ' Paoe. 1018 9,'.5 1021 106B 1(189 1064 BKMJHAPHICAt SKETCHES. Page. ■■■1085 ; Randolph .. 988 I Se.... Town of Otsego Village of Otsem.; "" Village of Rio.. ... pillage of Doyleetown.. Town of Pac lie ^,., Town of Randolph ;*. JJi Town of Scott..... "" Town of Springvaie.. Town of West Point Village of W.vocena Village of Pardeeville 844 853 857 860 863 871 Lowville.... Lodi Leeds ; Marcellon .; Newport Otsego , 982 Portage**ciiy*;;; 015 I Pacific ..1015 ...1007 ... 94C I ...1009 ... 997 I ... 875 ..1093 ' I Scott.. Springvaie ; ;;;.".*;' Winnebago ;;;;; Wyocena West Point .*.*.*;**** Page. 1039 104'.» 939 1081 1070 1002 * ' '^- ^- ••^rhulze, residence ;.'.'.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.;*.*.*.*.*.*; |^ . 067 r'r'i??!".*^:? Constitution ^?J; IIISCKM.,AlVIi:oi78. V. S. Constitution;;-:::"::::-;;:— :;;;;:;;;g^ | ^'»'-f Wlsconsm ^r Cvemor and Pre^"^ Errata "" 306-307] C. D. Stiles, residence ^""^ Geo. 8. Tillottson, residence...*.*.*:™:.:;::;::*; 75? Population of the State ^^^^ ■ 873 V J R.6.E. ^DA.M S CO. i 3r^« Q (J ^ T T E Igreejv i^ake J R.ll.E. HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD. I.— WISCONSIN ANTIQUITIES. The first explorers of the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and its tributaries. seem not to have noticed, to any considerable extent, the existence within these vast areas of monuments of an extinct race. Gradually, however, as the tide of emigration broke through the barriers of the Alleghanies and spread in a widely extended flow over what are now the States of the Northwest, these prehistoric vestiges attracted more and more the attention of the curious and the learned, until, at the present time, almost every person is presumed to have some general knowledge, not only of their existence, but of some of their striking peculiarities. Unfortunately, these signs of a long since departed people are fast disappearing by the never ceasing operations of the elements, and the constant encroachments of civilization. The earliest notices of the animal and vegetable kingdom of this region are to be found in its rocks ; but Wisconsin's earli- est records of men can only be traced in here and there a crumbling earth-work, in the fragment of a skeleton, or in a few stone and copper implements — dim and shadowy relics of their handicraft. The ancient dwellers in these valleys, whose history is lost in the lapse of ages, are desig- nated, usually, as the Mound-Builders; not that building mounds was probably their distinctive employment, but that such artificial elevations of the earth are, to a great extent, the only evi- dences remaining of their actual occupation of the country. As to the origin of these people, all knowledge must, possibly, continue to rest upon conjecture alone. Nor were the habitations of this race confined to the territory o-f which Wisconsin now forms a part, At one time, they must have been located in many ulterior regions. The earth- works, tumuli, or "mounds," as they are generally designated, are usually symmetrically raised and often inclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and the circle, with long lines of circumvallation. Besides these earth-works, there are pits dug in the solid rock ; rubbish heaps formed in the prosecution of mining operations ; and a variety of implements and utensils, wrought in copper or stone, or moulded in clay. Whence came the inhabitants who left these evidences to succeed- ing generations ? In other words, who were the Mound-Buflders ? Did they m'igrate from the Old World, or is their origin to be sought for elsewhere.' And as to their manners and customs and civilization — what of these things ? Was the race finally swept from the New World to give place to Red men, or was it the one from which the latter descended .' These momentous ques- tions are left for the ethnologist, the archseologist, and the antiquarian of the future to answer — if they can. 20 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Inclosures and mounds of the prehistoric people, it is generally believed, constituted but parts of one system ; the former being, in the main, intended for purposes of defense or religion ; the latter, for sacrifice, for temple sites, for burial places, or for observatories. In selecting sites for many of these earth-works, the Mound-Builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities of the West are founded on ruins of pre-existing structures. River terraces and river bottoms seem to have been the favorite places for these earth-works. In such localities, the natural advantages of the country could be made available with much less trouble than in portions of the country lying at a distance from water-courses. In Wisconsin, therefore, as in other parts, the same general idea of selecting points contiguous to the principal natural thoroughfares is found to have prevailed with the Mound-Builders ; for their works are seen in the basin of the Fox river of the Illinois, in that of Rock river and its branches, in the valley of Fox river of Green bay, in that of the Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi. While a few circumvallations and immense mounds, such as are common to certain other portions of the United States, are discoverable in Wisconsin, yet by far the largest number of earthworks have one peculiarity not observable, except m a few instances, outside the State. This characteristic is a very striking one The fact is revealed that they are imitative in form- resembling beasts, reptiles, birds, fish, man. All these, for convenience, are usually classed under the general name of "animal mounds," although some are in the similitude of trees, some of war clubs, others of tobacco pipes. Generally, these figures are in groups, though sometimes they are seen alone. For what purpose these earth-works were heaped up— they rise above the surface two, four, and sometimes six feet— or what particular uses they were intended to subserve, is unknown It is, however, safe to affirm that they had some significance. A number resemble the bear- a few, the buffalo; others, the raccoon. Lizards, turtles, and even tadpoles, are out- lined in the forms of some. The war eagle, and the war club has each its representative. All this of course, could not have been a mere happening-the work of chance. The sizes of these mounds are as various as their forms. One near CassviUe, in Grant county, very complete in its representation of an animal, supposed to be of the elephant species, was found, upon measure- ment to have a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Another in Sauk county, quite perfect in its resemblance to the form of a man, was of equal length-a veritable colossus; prone, it is true, and soon to disappear, if it has not already been destroyed, by ravages of a superior civilization. r j i. i In portions of Wisconsin, as well as in a few places outside the State, are found earth-works of another kind, but quite as remarkable as the "animal mounds," which, from their supposed use have been styled "garden beds." They are ridges, or beds, about six inches m height and four feet in width, ranged, with much apparent method, in parallel rows, sometimes rectangular in shape, sometimes of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and occupying fields of from ten to a hundred acres. . The Mound-Builders have left many relics, besides their earthworks, to attest their presence in Wisconsin in ages past. Scattered widely are found stone and copper axes, spear-heads, and arrow-heads, also various other implements— evidently their handiwork. As these articles are frequently discovered many feet beneath the surface, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. Whether they had the skill to mould their copper implements is doubtful. Such as plainly show the work of hammering, indicate an art beyond that possessed by the Red men who peopled America upon its first discovery by Europeans. In a few instances, fragments of human skulls have been found so well preserved as to enable a comparison to be drawn bet>^en the crania of THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 21 this ancient race and those of modern ones ; the results, however, of these comparisons throw tittle, if any, light upon " the dark backward and abysm " of mound-building times. The evidences of an extinct people of superior intelligence is very strikingly exhibited in the ancient copper mines of the Lake Superior region. Here are to be found excavations in the solid rock; heaps of rubble and dirt; copper utensils fashioned into knives, chisels, and spear and arrow-heads; stone hammers; wooden bowls and shovels; props and levers for raising and supporting the mass copper; and ladders for ascending and descending the pits. These mines were probably worked by people not only inhabiting what is now the State of Wisconsin, but territory farther to the southward. The copper was here obtained, it is believed, which has been found in many places, even as far away as the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, wrought into various implements and utensils. But there are no traces in Wisconsin of a " copper age " succeeding a " stone age," discernadle in any prehistoric relics. They all refer alike to one age — the indefinite past ; to one people — the Mound-Builders. II.— THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. When, as early, it is believed, as 1634, civilized man first set foot upon the territory now included within the boundaries of Wisconsin, he discovered, to his surprise, that upon this wide area met and mingled clans of two distinct and wide-spread families — the Algonquins and Sioux. The tribes of the former, moving westward, checked the advance of the latter in their excursions eastward. As yet there had been no representatives of the Huron-Iroquois seen west of Lake Michigan — the members of this great family, at that date dwelling in safety in the extensive regions northward and southward of the Erie and Ontario lakes. Already had the French secured a foot-hold in the extensive valley of the St. Lawrence ; and, naturally enough, the chain of the Great Lakes led their explorers to the mouth of Green bay, and up that water- course and its principal tributary. Fox river, to the Wisconsin, an affluent of the Mississippi. On the right, in ascending this bay, was seen, for the first time, a nation of Indians, lighter in complexion than neighboring tribes, and remarkably well formed, now well known as the Menomonees. This nation is of Algonquin stock, but their dialect differed so much from the surrounding tribes of the same family, it having strange guttural sounds and accents, as well as peculiar inflec- tions of verbs and other parts of speech, that, for a long time, they were supposed to have a distinct language. Their traditions point to an emigration from the East at some remote period. When first visited by the French missionaries, these Indians subsisted largely upon wild rice, from which they took their name. The harvest time of this grain was in the month of September. It grew spontaneously in little streams with slimy bottoms, and in marshy places. The harvesters went in their canoes across these watery fields, shaking the ears right and left as they advanced, the grain falling easily, if ripe, into the bark receptacle beneath. To clear it from chaff and strip it of a pellicle inclosing it, they put it to dry on a wooden lattice above a small fire, which was kept up for several days. When the rice was well dried, it was placed in a skin of the form of a bag, which was then forced into a hole, made on purpose, in the ground. They then tread it out so long and so well, that the grain being freed from the chaff, was easily winnowed. After this, it was pounded to meal, or left unpounded, and boiled in water seasoned with grease. It thus became a very palatable diet. It must not be inferred that this was the only food of the Menomonees; they were adepts in fishing, and hunted with skill the game which abounded" in the forests. For many years after their discovery, the Menomonees had their homes and hunting 22 HISTORY OF WISCOJ^'SIN. grounds upon, or adjacent to, the Menomonee river. Finally, after the lapse of a century and a quarter, down to 1760, when the French yielded to the English all claims to the country, the territory of the Menomonees had shifted somewhat to the westward and southward, and their principal village was found at the head of Green bay, while a smaller one was still in existence at the mouth of their favorite stream. So slight, however, had been this change, that the country of no other of the surrounding tribes had been encroached upon by the movement. In 1634, the Menomonees probably took part in a treaty with a representative of the French, who had thus early ventured so far into the wilds of the lake regions. More than a score of years elapsed before the tribe was agam visited by white men, — that is to say, there are no authentic accounts of earlier visitations. In 1660, Father Rene Menard had penetrated the Lake Superior country as far, at least, as Kewenaw, in what is now the northern part of Michigan, whence some of his French companions probably passed down the Menomonee river to the waters of Green bay the following year ; but no record of the Indians, through whose territory fhey passed, was made by these voyagers. Ten years more — 1670 — brought to the Menomonees (who doubtless had already been visited by French fur-traders) Father Claudius Allouez, to win them to Christianity. He had previously founded a mission upon the bay of Chegoimegon, now Chaquamegon, or Ashland bay, an arm of Lake Superior, within the present State of Wisconsin, in charge of which, at that date, was Father James Marquette. Proceeding from the " Sault" on the third of November, Allouez, early in December, 1669, reached the mouth of Green bay, where, on the third, in an Indian village of Sacs, Pottawattamies, Foxes and Winnebagoes, containing about six hundred souls, he celebrated the holy mass for the first time upon this new field of his labors, — eight Frenchmen, traders with the Indians, whom the missionary found there upon his arrival, taking part in the devotions. His first Christian work with the Menomonees was performed in May of the next year. Allouez found this tribe a feeble one, almost exterminated by war. He spent but little time with them, embarking, on the twentieth of that month, after a visit to some Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes, " with a Frenchman and a savage to go to Sainte Mary of the Sault." His place was filled by Father Louis Andr(5, who, not long after, erected a cabin upon the Menomonee river, which, with one at a village where his predecessor had already raised the standard of the cross, was soon burned by the savages; but the missionary, living almost con- stantly in his canoe, continued for some time to labor with the Menomonees and surrounding tribes. The efforts of Andr6 were rewarded with some conversions among the former ; for Mar- quette, who visited them in 1673, found many good Christians among them. The record of ninety years of French domination in Wisconsin — beginning in June, 167 1, and ending in October, 1761 — brings to light but little of interest so far as the Menomonees are concerned. Gradually they extended their intercourse with the white fur traders. Gradually and with few interruptions (one in 1728, and one in 1747 of a serious character) they were drawn under the banner of France, joining with that government in its wars with the Iroquois; in its contests, in 1712, 1729, 1730, and 1751, with the Foxes; and. subsequently, in its conflicts with the English. The French post, at what is now Green Bay, Brown county, Wisconsin, was, along with the residue of the western forts, surrendered to the British in 1760, although actual possession of the former was not taken until the Fall of the next year. The land on which the fort stood was claimed by the Menomonees. Here, at that date, was their upper and principal village, the lower one being at the mouth of the Menomonee river. These Indians soon became reconciled to the English occupation of their territory, notwithstanding the machinations of French traders who endeavored to prejudice them against the new comers. The Menomonees, at this time, were very much reduced, having, but a short time previous, lost three hundred of their warriors 23 THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. r , • 1 Vf. in the late war in which they had been engaged by the by the small pox, and most of the.rchexnU^^^^^^^^^^ J ^^ ^^^^.^^^^ ^^^,,^^ f,, ,h'en French commander there, ^^^^^^f^l^^^^^^^ one half the price they had previously French traders; as they could purchase upphsonie, ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^_ p^^^^^^,^ naid It was not long before the sincerity of the ^e"°" The garrison, however, at Green V r'of 1763 broke out. and the post of ^-^7;^;;\Vo:rd"'' Jm elomone'es and other tribes, bay was not only not attacked by the ^^f ^'^^/l^^^Xfcroche ; thence making their way to croULakeMichiganinsafetytotl^vdlg^ f^^^^^^^^^ .^.^^.^^ ^^,, ,, :SrteSor=r;.:K="crand «g.tin^ on the same .Side during the war of '^^^;L,in July, .Sr. an -r- ^^ .rrv. ^^^ ^:^'l^r^-' ^ country, the Menomonees were ^^-^\2^'J ^^^ZZ, to b'lild a fort. " My Brother -•> was commander of the troops asked P™ °;;/,;^^ ^^.^eil-fire among us? You are too strong the response, " how can we oppose Y^^J 1°^;'';^^^ , o^der and ball to make the for us. Even if we wanted to «??-; J°;^;7^,';;;rers shall not be disturbed. You can choose attempt. One favor we ask is, that our French bo ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ anticipated any place you please for your fort, and ^^f ^^j^^^'^^^^.^^ent of the United States in that f.om the Menomonees, --^ ^^ ^^^^.tTruch o the'^^^^^ now springing up between the regard were fully realized, ^^hat added muc ,8,^-thc annual contribution, Menomonees and the An^encans was the fact thathe^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^.^^^ breech-clout, iSlrtTr ir niror^^tfe^S:"^^ for eLch family a copper kettle, knives, axes, guns and ammunition, was withheld by them ^,, ^on of the Menomonee territory, that It was found by the Americans, ^VO^ '^I'l' ° ? ^ ^^^atmen who had settled at t.ie some of the women of that tribe were mam d o -j-s a"^ ^, ,,^,, ,,,,e Canadians of head of the bay, there being no whi e -™- ^ ^^^^^^ ,,n treated, which was expressed by French extraction; hence the -^^ >' ' ^^^J^,, ,,,,,_ At this period there was a consider- the Menomonees upon the arrival of the Anienca ^^ ^^^^^^ frequently wm- abie trade carried on with ^^^"^"f'.urarUey with this ribe was " made and concluded" on tered on the Mississippi. ^^^ «" ^ VnT^ iL William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and the thirtieth day of March, 1817, J "^^^^^^ behalf of the United States of America, of the Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the Par ^nd b ^, ^,^ „,her part. By the one'part,'- and the chiefs and warrior. Reputed by he ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ terms of this compact all injuries -Jj;;^ ^^ "^^^.^^^.i ,, tbe United States ; all prisoners to be lands, heretofore ceded to other g^"^^"' ' 7;^,'^,„ ,f the United States, " and of no other deliv;red up ; and the tribe placed -fjV'^'^ll'^lll^,,,,, ,,ere now fully and fairly, and for nation, power, or sovereign whats ever. Th Me ^^ ......distinction to the term the first time, entitled to be ^-wn - ^^/^^^^.^ f^^„,,, allegiance-" British Indians" which had been so long vised as descr'ptive ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^^ ^^^^^ .f .^, Gen- The territory of the Menomonees when the tn ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^ „ eral Government, had become g-^^fy^'^^^^^^-^.i^r and those flowing south into Green bay and ridge between the waters f^"-"/;"^^" ^tliga'T on the south, by the Milwaukee nver, and on the Mississippi; on the east, by Lake Michiga ^ ^,^^y ^^^^^ p the west by the Mississippi and Black -er- 1 h s wa U.^ ^^^^ ^y ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^^^^ tically restricted to the occupation of the western s ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^,,, mouth of Green bay on the north and the M^^^^^f ^^^^ ,,„,th to the Chippewa country: indefinite area west. Their general claim, as late i«-S, 24 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. east to Green bay and Lake Michigan; south to the Milwaukee river, and west to Black river And what IS most surprising is that the feeble tribe of 176 1 had now, in less than three quarters of a century, become a powerful nation, numbering between three and four thousand The Menomoriee territory, as late as ,831, still preserved its large proportions. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green bay Fox river, and Winnebago lake; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west ; Fox river on the south ; Green bay on the east, and the high lands whence flow the streams into Lake Superior, on the north. This year, however, it was shorn of a valuable and large part by the tnbe ceding to the United States all the eastern division, estimated at two and one half million acres. The following year, the Menomonees aided the General Government in the Black Hawk war. That the Menomonees might, as much as possible, be weaned from their wandering habits ^eir permanent home was designated to be a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of . T'' Ti'"" '""""'■^ '"""'"■ """'' ''^' '■""•■""^ ^°' '^"'''' '^""''»g g™"nds until such time as the General Government should desire to purchase it. In .836, another portion, amounting to four m. hon acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was dis- posed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north on each side of the Wisconsin river and forty-eight miles long -still leaving them in peace! ablejossession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty Finally, in 1848, the Menomonees sold all their lands in Wisconsin to the General Govern ment, preparatory to their movement to a reservation beyond the Mississippi cf six hundred housand acres; but the latter tract was afterward re-ceded to the United States; for, no'twith- standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were obstacles in the way of their speedy migration, resulting, finally, in their being permitted to remain m Wisconsin. Lands, to the amount of twelve townships, were granted them fortheir permanen" homes, on the upper Wolf nver, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties- a portion bu a very small one, of what was once their extensive possessions. To this reservation they rem'oved m October 1852. I hus are the Menomonees, the only one of the original tribes of Wisconsin who, as a whole, have a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in theiroutbreakini86i, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army during the late civil war. It is now over two centuries since the civilized world began to gain knowledge of the exist- ence, in the far West, of a tribe of Indians known as the W.NNK.BAOoES-that is, .:.« o/^AeZ- pointing, possibly, to their early migration from the shores of the Mexican gulf, or the Pacific' The territory now included within the limits of Wisconsin, and so much of the State of Michigan as lies north of Green bay. Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were in early times inhabited by several tribes of the Algonquin race, forming a barrier to the Dako'tas or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mississippi. But the Winnebagoes, although one of the tribes belonging to the family of the latter, had passed the great river, at some unknown period, and settled upon the head waters of Green bay. Here, this "sea-tribe," as early it is believed as 1634, was visited by an agent of France and a treaty concluded with them The tribe afterward called themselves Hochungara, or Ochunkoraw, but were styled by the Sioux, Hotanke or Sturgeon. Nothing more is heard of the Ouenibigoutz, or Winnebegouk (as the Winnebagoes were early called by the Jesuit missionaries, and the Algonquin tribes, meaning men from the fetid or salt water, translated by the French, Puants) for the next thirty-five years, although there is no doubt that the tribe had been visited meanwhile by adventurous Frenchmen, when on the second of December, 1669, some of that nation were noted at a Sac (Sauk or Saukis) village on Green bay, by Father .\liouez. - ° 25 THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. A, .arlv at least as 1670, the French were actively engaged among the Winnebagoes trading_ " W fold affai- says one of the Jesuit missionaries, who arrived among them tn September of hlVr-'v^foinkirs there in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the -ages much rLinst the French who were there trading ; ill-treating them m deeds and words, p.llag- soured agamst the frencn, M.u c .„;t, ^f them ind conducting themselves toward „(■ tUp Winnphaffoes over two hundred years ago. ^'^ ^TTe Fox r er o G een biy was found at that' date a difficult stream to nav.gate. Two The Fox "ver 01 > ^, ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^„^je„d with, Jesuits who amended the m er m 67 ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ .. ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^ ,^^,^ ^,„ when they had advanced o'^e day s journey which " they had to walk with .that the sivags honored; "never failing, in passing, to make him some sacrifice of an idol that the savages no assistance, they had, m ""''T °^ r:ed :i;eTnTefsVf t^? vV,^^;^^^^^^ wlllrLe in this'strU ; or else, if they had to "' H7o\lthim toatd le^^ this perilous navigation." The devout missionaries caused Tetol "to be Ul^ed 1:;; by the strength'of arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more " to ^1-; J^^^ --JJ^.^^^ ,^,,„,,, i„ December, 1669, by AUouez, was a roving one The missK)n of S^- Franc's xa ^^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^_.^^ ^^^ ^^^^ P^^ among the tribes inhabiting '^^j'^;;™',,,,/;,, A,,, niission-house was erected at what is Z:^:'Z:T:^r^^'^^^^^^ ^oon a^er destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt -^J^eWim^ebago^l^Uns^J.^^^^^ the J^^^/tf^^^'^*^'^^;^"; "^f-t jrLt tepsof the missionaries, and sometimes preceding them, with white men; for, following he footepo ^^ ^^^^^_^^.^^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^^^^ -^::^X2^^:^Z^^-- early dLe, farther than that they lived near the head ''"Tdirrct' trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winne- bago^ tl^ g:^ ex.. untU.e.g.^ an advance party «I ^^ .ff ^ J' J^^^^^t^Lr" t^^ to them; generally, however, the -:^s^:t;r:or^r^^^^^^ s-t w^ f:™::::^^ -traded ^4.^.- . -; --.^^^^ six hundred. They were afterward found to have moved up F- ^--'J°^;; ^^^ ,^^„ ,,,,, bago lake, which stream and lake were their ancient ^f ' ^"^/^^j'^^'^wLt. Their inter- either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tr.bes of ^^^^ ^^ °^^^;^°" ,„ , ,,, ,Uvays so. ^^ HISTORY OF WrSCOXSEN-. Green bay the Winnebagoes were found to number one hundred and fifty warriors o^.ly ■ their nearest vdlage being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. They had in all not less than' three towns The,r country, at th.s period, included not only that lake, but all the streams flowing .nto t,esi,ec,aly Fox nver; afterward extended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers They read.iychangedthe.rcourseoftrade-asking now of the commandant at the fort forEn-WisJ traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac in 1763, they iuined with the Menomonees and other tribes to befriend the British garrison at the hefd of the bay assisting mconducnng them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the En^^lish during the Revolution, by joining with them against the colonies, and were active in the Indian war of ,790-4, taking part in the attack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, m 1793. They fought also on the side of the British in the war of 1812-1V aiding, ,n 1S14, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated at 4.500 When in 1816 the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the nation came do^y,I Fox nver and remonstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. 1 hey were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if necessary, their purpose was peace. Their response was an old one : " If your object is peace, you have too many men ■ If war, you have too few. However, the display of a number of cannon which had not yet been' mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the Americans were masters of the situation and the deputation gave the garrison no farther trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the General Government; but they continued to levy tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad •feeling. At this time, a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay In ,820 they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 18-5 the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned, 'its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river to within forty miles of its moutli in Illinois, where they had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small stream, flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached Black river and the upper Wis consul, in other words, to the Chippewa territory, but did not extend across Fox river although they contended for the whole of Winnebago lake. In 1S29, a large part of their territory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar river and the Mississippi, and extending to the Wis- consin nver, was sold to the General Government ; and, three years later all the residue lying south and east of the \Visconsin and the Fox river of Green bay ; the Winnebago prophet having before t .atdate supported the Sacs in their hostility. Finally, in the brief language of the treaty between this tribe (which had l^ecome unsettled and wasteful) and the United States of the first of November, 1S37," The Winnebago Nation of Indians " ceded to the General Government all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of " the areat river " This arrangement, however, was not carried out fully. In 1S42, there were only 756 at Turkey river Iowa, their new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands e' ewhere. All had become lawless and roving. Some removed in 1848; while a party to the number of over eight hun- dred left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over one hundred thousand —^ However, since their first removal beyond the Mississippi, they have several times acres 27 THE IISTDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. changed their place of abode. Their number, all told, is less than twenty-five hundred. Whe 1 e territory, now constituting the northern portion of W.sconsm, became very ,eneIllkn-no the' civilized inhabitants of the eastern part of the Unxted Spates, U was So be occupied by Indians called the Ch.ppewas. Their hunfng-grounds extended south Z Lake Superior to [he heads of the Menomonee, the Wisconsin and Ch.ppewa rwers ; also r he^ eastwa d and westward. At an early day they were engaged ,n a war wUh the S.oux- a war indtld which was long continued. The Chippewas, however, persistently mamtamed thr posit on -still occupying the same region when the General Government extended Us rtdi'uon over the whole country south of the Great Lakes and west to the M.ss.ss.ppu ^ By r aties with the Chippewas at different periods, down to the y^^ ^'^ fl^^^^" ^^ ernment had recognized them as the owners of about one quarter of which i. now the entire Sta^ Tl e same policy was pursued toward this tribe as with neighboring ones, in the purchase o their lands by the United States. Gradually they parted with their extensive possessions, until ^n 84 the last'acre within what is now Wisconsin was disposed of. It was the intention o the Genera Government to remove the several bands of the Chippewas who had thus ceded their knds to a tract reserved for them beyond the Mississippi; but this determination was afterward Chan, d so as o" now t^^ remain upon certain reservations within the limits of their old- tehuntTng grounds. These reservations they continue to occupy. They are located m Bay Zd \shland Chippewa and Lincoln counties. The clans are known, respectively, as the Red C ff band it Bd River band, the Lac Courte Oreille band, and the Lac de Flambeau band. Of all the tribes inhabiting what is now Wisconsin when its territory was first visited by white men, the S.^cs (Sauks or Saukies) and Foxes (Outagamies) are, in history, the most noted. They are <;f the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as separate tribes. Afterward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their asso- c at ons thev were and still are considered as one nation. In December, 1 69, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of other tribes; and Tw n r67o he visited a villlge of the same Indians located upon the Fox nver of Green bay atadistance offour leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these Indians for ca ching fish a rest d the attention of the missionary. "From one side of the river to the other," he writes "they n-de a barricade, planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, ,n such a manner tl at Ihere is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, although the water does not cea e to flow between the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years previous a knowledge of this tribe, they were represented as savage above all others, great in numbers, and wXut any permanent dwelling place. The Foxes were of two stocks : one calling hernselves Ou agamiel or Foxes, whence our English name; the other, Musquak.nk, or men of red clay the na^Tie now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred he Sacs east of DetroT and as some lay near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw a rre derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iroquo.s to Green bay; but were romDelled to leave that place and settle on Fox river. Allouez on the twenty-fourth of April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf Hver, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The nation," he declares, "is -nowned for being numerous ; they have more than four hundred men bearing arms ; the number of women and child en is greater, on account of polygamy which exists among them-each man hav ng ommoX four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that , e Foxt ad retrelted to those parts to escape the persecutions of the Iroquois. Allouez 1 tabUshed among these Indians his mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less than ° HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, two years he had baptized "sixty children and some adults " Th. Fn la Barre, m 1684, sent warriors aga.nst the Five Nations Th ^*'',^°""'/' '^e summons of De more serious campaign ; but soo'n after bee me tsZ to The V \ /"' '" Denonville's had plundered several on their way to trade with the Si„. v n ? ""' ""^'^ '' '^93, they and ammunition to their ancient enemies- nuntfj; '"'".'"' ^'^^ ""^ ^^"^'"S "™^ southward in crossing from Lake Michigan tHhe MU. ' !? '" "^'^ P°^'^g- '« 'he ciied to the French; but the reconciliation w^ f M.ss.ss.pp,. Afterward they became recon- defended by only L handful of me^ as atTack^dt^he"^ •'" '^'-'' '""' °^^-^- ^'^- tens and Kickapoos. However, in t e end bTLL^ i f H, ^^i""""" "'^'^ '''' ^^ ^- protected themselves but were e;abled to act on the oV .' *"""'' ^'^ garrison not only besieging force. '"' °" '^' °'^""^'^^' destroymg the greater part of the The nation continued their ill will to the French Ti,» m j;,6 had been invaded and they were reduced tsueTopeTcr^B^tr J'" \'f '^"'^^^ of long contmuance. In 17 18, the Foxes nnmh.r.^ fi u ! ''^"' '^"™dship was not and children.- They are spoken of at 4^^^^ 1 ' '"^'"'^ "'" ""'^ "abounded in women or lnd,an corn. In U, ^noZ:i:^^J:::'^!^Z^:'-T^ T"^ ^"^^ ^"-''-" the Menomonees had also become hostile so too he s" ^ ' "'^^""^i'^ Foxes. The result of the enterorise wn^' ' ' "^^^ '^^'^ "°^^ 'he allies of the Menomonees; the burninrofTeT::a:r;f "LT T" T." ''^ '^^'^^^ °^ '^ ""-her of of the Sacs upon the Fox river) thafuibe a si lli""'.'"! ^''''' P'"'"^ '''' ^""'^d village of the fields of the Foxes. Th ^ .^e a' 1 lick H V' ""^ '°^"^ ' ^"'^ ''^'^ •^"'-^'-n X 30, and defeated. I„ ,734. bo^the Sa and Fo! " °"" ^'""'^^ '^ ^'^^ ^^-'^h, in this time the French were no as successfu as on "e " '" .'"'"' "''' ''^ ^""^ '"^^^ hut Foxes were "connected with the TernmL of Car/'M "'''■'""'• '" ''''' '"'^ ^acs and being friendly to the French. °°'""'^'"' °^ ^^^^^'^ = hut ,t .s certain they were far from The conflict between P"rance Tnn' rr«.,f u -^ ■ Foxes allied with the formerTowertat 'heT"r?"^r""^ ■" ''''' '"^""^ 'he Sacs and they were the bitter enemies o7 Ihe Sncl \t ^ e ^ Tf "°' '°"^ P^^^'°"^ '« 'h.s time interests of France in North America these trLc °>'^ ''°"'"' '° disastrous to the querors.askingthatEnglishtrade:;m/ghTes t hlL 11 '" 'f ^'!"^'°" ^° ^^^ '^- d.v,ded numbered, in ,76:, about seven hundr d wa "ors NeiZr" '^h' IT ''°"' ^'^"^"^ Pontiac's war, but they befriended the English The sL^ ^^-^ ^^e tubes took part m ward ; but the Foxes-at least a portion of them Itill ■ . ""^''''"^ ^^''^'' '"^ 'he west- Green bay, which perpetuates thdr name rfrw t Lrra't:: hT°" ''' ^Tl °' ''' ^'^" °'' occupants of the upper Wisconsin- also tn 7 """^ .y^^"^'^/^'"' however, and the former were their chief town wa^c^ate" FunheT'd^/r'f "''^ ''^'^"" ^^'-^ 'he portage, where Foxes, while their lower one was sitt ted neaHts t. ,"' V' ""^ ''' "P^^^ ^'"^^^ °f 'he du Chien. At this date, 1766, th northern To t on"r T' " "'' °' ^'^ P"""^"' ^''^ «'" Po- part watered by the strelm's flawing nothTnto Lke S " ""^ )'''"°"""' '"'^'"^'"^ ^" 'hat The country around nearly the who^o Green b 't"T' ""' ''' ^"""^ "' "^^ Ch.ppewas. The territory of Winnebago lake and L ^ "? ^' ''""''"^ ^'"^""'^ ''^ 'h^ Menomonees Of the Wisconsin river Js the dlSm^pTa;::? Z ^ts^Td^r """"-^^- '^'^^ --" Eng,S."lttZ:it;l7:ft':tt'^"th^" '°^^^ continued the firm friends of the was included in what is now Wi^con n a d tlTt ""'"7' °"'' ' ^""" P^" °' "^^^ '""'-^ ceded this to the Un.ted States so t It the nlT" " " "'""" ^°""^""'- ^" '«°4. they State. From that date, there.re! the:::;i;:::--r ^r^^^- ^^ -:::S 29 PEE-TEREITOEIAL ANNALS OV WISCONSIN^ ,...„ „uo„s . W.CO... A ""----:. iir^-r:;::;:,;: i;r ^"" ;; War- comes in, notwithstanding, as a par , "^~ J^ Wisconsin is the nation known as the Deserving a place in a notice of the Ind n "bes f ^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^agoes upon Green POTTAWATTAMIES. As early as 1639, they were he n ^^^ ^^^ subsequent bay They were still upon its southern shore, m ^-^JJ^^S^;- ^ • ^. At the expiration of the o'that date they occupied, at least in °-; f/ j^, ^^ ^n te- ^^ '^^ vicinity- upon the first quarter of the eighteenth century, a P^^ o" Y » ' ^^ ^^^^ Pottawattamie islands, islands at the mouth of the bay^ ^^'''^l^^^^^^^Z Already had a large portion of thrs tnbe and considered as the ancient abode °f ^^^f- ^"^'^^"^pj^ „f Lake Michigan, the other near Detroit, emigrated southward, one band -J^-S ^ f^^^ ; ^^^^ii^^ ,, ,,hat is now Wisconsin - was their One peculiarity of this tribe -at least of such ^ res ^ ^^ ^^^ Pottawattarmes. intimate association with neighboring band^^ When ^9 ^^^^^^^_ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^, Sacs located upon tha southeast shore of Green bay w^^^^^ .Sequent to that date, a band of and Foxes and Winnebagoes. l°'^^'X'^'''^'2 2el were Ottawas and Chippewas. These these Indians were located at f'^^^'^^^J^'^'^.'^.'.e tribes and of other nations, giving the "united tribes" claimed all the ''-^]°l'^^ 2'^'^"^,,,^^ country by the General Government, United States, when possession was taken of th we t ^^^^^^ ^^^. ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ no little trouble. F-^^^y- ^^^ ^^^^'[' ^^^ Ilfch gan, within the present State of Wisconsin :tX t^.i^ -- ^{HS;t^: ^::^:^i - :•-==: southeastern Wisconsin or in other portions ^^^^^ ^'^ ^^ (,,,,,,, Sacs and Foxes, and Besides the five bribes - Menomoe - ^^^^^^^^^ .Hr'terntory now constituting the Pottawattamies-many others, -l-''^ "J^^^P^^J ^'^ ',, Us territory. Of these, some are only State was first visited by white --' ^ "" "^^^nsin ; others -such as the Hurons, lU.no.s, known as having once lived in ^v^Iat ^ J^^'^^Zd Sioux, are recognized as Indians once Kickapoos, Mascouten. Miarnis, N^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^,,, ,, ,, ,,,, .s known of their dwelling m this region , yet ^^ ^ransi y ^1^^ State. history, that they scarcely can be claimed ^ /^^^""^ f ^^^^ 3o^e of the following years, was Commencing in 18.3, and -^^^o NY k of the remains or portions of four tribes : the migration to Wisconsin from the State of Ne ^^^.^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ , ( the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Jro ^eno- ^^^^^_^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Green Bay, where they still reside. Their^rese ^^_^ ^^^^ Stockbridges and Munsees wholly within the present counties of Br°-n and U ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ , who first located above Green Bay, ^ , ^;;f ^^^ ^: Ji,„ ^,i,ing the southwest township of the side of Winnebago lake. They now occupy a reserva j ^^^^, ^_^.^^^^ ^^^ Brothertowns Menomenee reservation, in ^b-ano county and are * ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^ Winnebago first located on the east .de of Fox r.vr,b^ and became citizens of Wisconsin lake, where, m 1839, they oroKc up ^ ''"'''''■ i„ _pRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. When, in .3. - first white rn. setj^t upon ^ port.n ^^^^^^^Z^If^^ luting Ihe State of Wisconsm, the who . <;°°""' " , .d o,e, all th. eountty^ J.»" «-""'. .•-"-"-»>■ \'''™::::r:tarS"Xt. ... .ent ..,.,. ,.>,. a™., the a Frenchman, who had Deen 30 HISTORY OP WISCONSIN. had heard strange stories. On his outwar'^d oyl^^Zt^T^^^^^^^ °^ ^^'^"^ '^ -a tr.be seated upon the eastern side of the lake which ''^'^,""^°"^~^»'« of the French empowered to negotiate a peace with them '• When e In [' if" "^"''' ""^ ^'^°^^' ^'^^ some of his Indian attendants to announce hi clin IToltT 'r'T '°"-' '''^^^- to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand' Th" °f^^^™^^l<. ^nd advanced ing that it was a manito, or spirit, armed whh Ider and ith '"" k"' f"'"" '''' ^"-'"- regaled him with so bountiful a hospitality that a hundred 'h.'"^ ' 'l"' "'^ ''''''' ^"^ ^^-"''o" a single feast." Such was the advent of ^hlri" ten \ ""'' '"" ""^ '"""-'^ ^' Wisconsin. ^^''"^ Frenchman mto what is now the State of " Upon the borders of Green bay," wrote the Tesuit Pn„i i t monees; still farther on, the Winn Lgoes, a "ed/m^^^^^^^^^^ Frenchmen," he continues, " call them U,e ' NatTon of f. ^^^^ '"'^ "''^' ""^'^^""s. Some word Winipeg signifies ' sticking wa e.' Now ley hus calf tf^' '"^"" ''' ^'S^^-" these people call themselves MvLebagoes'bTcauseU,^ T" °' '''' '^^ ' therefore, we have no knowledge; consequentlyle ;.ust no c ^ther!,^^^^^^^ 'Nation of the Sea.' - From tl'ese Men of tL Sea Nicol/ ^f'°" ^^ Stinkards,' but the river of Green Bay, until nigh the portage to th! W . ^'"''"^ westward, ascended Fox floated easily to the Missislpp, the < g'reat .fa e^'"of"h"' T ^'"^"^ '^ '^^"''^ ^-^ sea. This adventurous Fren^h.an, wfe^'sr r r d^^f e"; mj' tl '^' '" T "°°' ^°^ '^^ .mmortality to De Soto, turned his face to the eastward ret "I . '""■ '^' ^'' -'"^" finally returned in safety to Quebec This was the f r.^ ' T '''^' '° ^'■^^" bay, and only fourteen years after^he landing of the Srii 3^ n'Th:"^^^^ '^ "°^^- ^^— "- Wisconsin, for twenty-four yea^s after iudiscoverv 7' '' °' '''"■ ^"S'^"'^" length, in ,658, two daring fur traders p ne te^ to I I ? ^'^ '''''' inhabitants. At probably set foot upon what is now W's" s ^t as hi Zd'"' ^"^^""^"^'^ ''--• They rounding tribes. They saw, among other thinalt . 7 "^^ ''''■""' ^'"'P^ ^"^^^g the sur- the southwest, Indians that t'he Iroquo had Rn from thT T""' ''^""'^ ''' '^'^^' '°"-d Lake Huron. These Frenchmen heard of the ^r. us So," an^d" f "'°" ''' ""'"" ^"^^^^^ °^ as Nicolet had supposed-on which they dwelt This wa'th: M ''""' "^'"~"°' '^^ -^' .s the world indebted for a knowledge o'f its existence as De So :';T" ' '"' '° '"" '''"''' and soon became well-nigh, if not entirely, forgotten ' Fron. he e ' "'' "'^'' "^^'^' mer of x66o, the two returned to Quebec, with 'he hundred H "PP^^^°""'"*^^' i" the Sum- peltry. This was, indeed, the dawn-th^ugl e edi y fit trV^.^''^'^ '"""' '''^'^ ^^'"'^ the great Northwest. Nineteen years after flaXdn r^l-' ''"' "^"' ''^"^ ^°"^™ef« of "Griffin," laden with furs, left on! of thf :i;df a the^Tnl irrGr'^'b^ '"^' '" '^^^' '^^ spreading her sails for Niagara, but never more to be heard of ''' °" "' ^'^'"^"- probably, as Kewenaw, in th'e ;r:::*:t S a tf M Tctln "tI" " ^'°" ^^ '" " '^^ ^---^' that he or his French companions visited anv nnr.Vn r , "° P°""^'" "^''^^"«' however, .vear, r66r, some of his aLociate; r itbly^'ass^^r^^^^^^^^^ "m"^ '''"°'"'"= ^'"'^"^'^ ^'^--' Following Menard came Father Claude ' llouez arri^ ^,^"°"^°"^^ ■"'->■ to Green bay. PRE-TERRITOEIAL ANJTALS OF WISCONSIN. 31 first structure erected by civilized man in Wisconsin. At La Pointe, in the present Ashland county, he established the mission of the Holy Ghost. The next Catholic mission in what is now Wisconsin was that of St. Francis Xavier, founded also by Allouez. Upon the second of December, 1669, he first attended to his priestly devotions upon the waters of Green bay. This mission, for the first two years of its existence, was a migratory one. The surrounding tribes were all visited, including the Pottawattamies, Menom- onees, Winnebagoes, and Sacs and Foxes. However, in i67i,one hundred and five years before the Declaration of Independence, there was erected, at what is now Depere, Brown coun^, a chapel for the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Thus early did the Jesuit Fathers, in their plain garbs and unarmed, carry the cross to many of the benighted heathen occupying the country circumscribed by Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, and the "great river" — the Mississippi. French domination in Wisconsin dates from the year 1671, the very year in which it seems the indomitable LaSalle, upon his first expedition, passed the mouth of Green bay, but did not enter it. France then took formal possession of the whole of the country of the upper lakes. By this time, the commerce with the western tribes had so attached them to her interests that she determined to extend her power to the utmost limits — vague and indeterminate as they were — of Canada. An agent — Daumont de St. Lusson — was dispatched to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of Ste. Mary, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The invitation was extended far and near. The principal chiefs of Wisconsin tribes, gathered by Nicolas Perrot in Green bay, were present at the meeting. Then and there, with due ceremony, it was announced that the great Northwest was placed under the protection of the French government. And why not.' She had discovered it — had to a certain extent explored it — had to a limited extent established commerce with it — and her missionaries had proclaimed the faith to the wondering savages. But none of her agents — none of the fur- traders— none of the missionaries — had yet reached the Mississippi, the "great river," concerning which so many marvels had been heard, although it is claimed that, in 1669, it had been seen by the intrepid La Salle. But the time for its discovery, or properly re-discovery, was at hand, if, indeed, it can be called, with propriety, a re-discovery, since its existence to the westward was already known to every white man particularly interested in matters appertaining to the North- west. Now, however, for the first time, its upper half was to be, to a certain extent, explored. For the first time, a white man was to behold its vast tribute, above the Illinois river, rolling onward toward the Mexican gulf. Who was that man .'' His name was Louis Joliet ; with him was Father James Marquette. Born at Quebec, in 1645, educated by the Jesuits, and first resolving to be a priest, then turning fur-trader, Joliet had, finally, been sent with an associate to explore the copper mines of Lake Superior. He was a man of close and intelligent observation, and possessed considerable mathematical acquirements. At this time, 1673, he was a merchant, courageous, hardy, enter- prising. He was appointed by French authorities at Quebec to " discover " the Mississippi. He passed up the lakes to Mackinaw, and found at Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the strait. Father James Marquette, who readily agreed to accompany him. Their outfit was very simple: two birch-bark canoes and a supply of smoked meat and Indian corn. They had a company of five men with them, beginning their voyage on the seventeenth of May, 1673. Passing the straits, they coasted the northern shores of Lake Michigan, moved up Green bay and Fox river to the portage. They crossed to the Wisconsin, down which they paddled their frail canoes, until, on the seventeenth of June, they entered— " discovered " — the Mississippi. So the northern, the eastern and the western boundary of what is now Wisconsin had been reached at this date ; therefore, it maybe said that its territory had been explor,.d sufficiently for the forming of a 32 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. pretty correct idea of its general features as well as of its savage inhabitants. After dropping down the Mississippi many miles, Joliet and Marquette returned to Green bay, where the latter remained to recruit his e.xhausted strength, while Joliet descended to Quebec, to report his "discoveries" to his superiors. Then followed the expedition of LaSalle to the west, from the St. Lawrence, when, in 1679, he and Father Louis Hennepin coasted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, frequently landing ; then, the return of Henri de Tonty, one of LaSalle's party down the same coast to Green bay, in 1680, from the Illinois; the return, also, the same year, of Hennepin, from up the Mis- sissippi, whither he had made his way from the Illinois, across what is now Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin and Fox rivers to Green bay, in company with DuLhut, or DuLuth, who, on his way down the " great river " from Lake Superior, had met the friar ; and then, the voyage, in 1683, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, by the same route, of LeSueur, and his subsequent establishment at La Pointe, in what is now Ashland county, Wisconsin, followed several years after by a trip up the Mississippi. The act of Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Sault Sainte Mary, in 167 1, in taking possession of the country beyond Lake Michigan, not being regarded as suffi- ciently definite, Nicolas Perrot, in 1689, at Green bay, again took possession of that territory, as well as of the valleys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending the dominion of New France over the country on the Upper Mississippi, and "to other places more remote." The voyage of St. Cosme, in 1699, when he and his companions frequently landed on the west coast of Lake Michigan, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin, completed the explorations in the west for the seventeenth century. Following in the footsteps of early explorations, of self sacrificing attempts of the Jesuits to carry the cross to the wild tribes of the West, of the first visits of the lawless coureurs de bois, was the military occupation — if such it can be called — of what is now Wisconsin by the French. The ninety years of domination by France in this region were years of only nominal possession. The record of this occupation is made up of facts concerning the Indian policy of the French rulers; their contests with the Sacs and Foxes; their treaties, at various times, with different tribes ; their interest m, and protection of, the fur trade , and kindred subjects. The Indian tribes were, at most, only the allies of France. Posts — mere stockades without cannon, more for protection to fur-traders than for any other purpose — were erected upon the Mississippi at two points at least, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin. On the west side of Fox river of Green bay, "half a league from its mouth," was a French post, as early as 1721, where resided, besides the commandant and an uncouth scj^uad of soldiers, a Jesuit missionary ; and near by were collected Indians of different tribes. Of course, the omnipresent fur-trader helped to augment the sum-total of its occupants. This post was, not long after, destroyed, but another was established there. When, however, France yielded her inchoate rights in the West to Great Britain — when, in 1761, the latter took possession of the country — there was not a French post within what is now Wisconsin. The "fort" near the head of Green bay, had been vacated for some years; it was found "rotten, the stockade ready to fall, and the houses without cover;" emblematic of the decay — the fast-crumbling and perishing state — of French supremacy, at that date, in America. Wisconsin, when England's control began, was little better than a howling wilderness. There was not within the broad limits of what is now the State, a single bona fide settler, at the time the French Government yielded up its possession to the English ; that is to say, there were none according to the present acceptation of the term "settler." The military occupation of Wisconsin by the British, after the Seven Years' War, was a brief one. La Bay — as the post at what is now the city of Fort Howard, Brown county, was called — was, on the twelfth of October, 1761, taken possession of by English troops, under Captain Belfour, of the Eightieth regiment. Two dnys after, that officer departed, leaving Lieutenant PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISC0NSI2S. 33 James Gorrell, in command, with one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates. There also remained at the post a French interpreter and two English traders. The name of the fortifica- tion was changed to Fort Edward Augustus. This post was abandoned by the commandant on the twenty-first of June, 1763, on account of the breaking out of Pontiac's War and the capture of the fort at Mackinaw by the savages. The cause of this war was this : The Indian tribes saw the danger which the downfall of the French interests in Canada was sure to bring to them. They banded together under Pontiac to avert their ruin. The- struggle was short but fierce — full of " scenes of tragic interest, with marvels of suffering and vicissitude, of heroism and endur- ance;" but t'.ie white man conquered. The moving incidents in this bloody drama were enacted to the eastward of what is now Wisconsin, coming no nearer than Mackinaw, which, as just mentioned, the savages captured; but it resulted in the evacuation of its territory by British troops, who never after took possession of it, though they continued until 1796 a nominal military rule over it, after Mackinaw was again occupied by them. An early French Canadian trading station at the head of Green bay assumed finally the form of a permanent settlement — the first one in Wisconsin. To claim, however that any French Canadian is entitled to the honor of being the first permanent white settler is assuming for him more than the facts seem to warrant. The title of " The Father and Founder of Wis- consin " belongs to no man. After Pontiac's War, one of the noted events in this region was the journey of Jonathan Carver, who, in 1766, passed up Fox river to the portage, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. He noticed the tumbling-down post at what is now Green Bay, Brown county. He saw a few families living in the fort, and some French settlers, who cultivated the land opposite, and appeared to live very comfortably. That was the whole e.xtent of improvements in what is now Wisconsin. The organization of the Northwest Fur Company ; the passage of an act by the British Parliament by which the whole Northwest was included in the Province of Quebec; the joining of the Indians in this region with the British, against the Americans, in the War of the Revolution; the exploration of the lead region of the Upper Mississippi by Julian Dubuque; the passage of the ordinance of 1787; the first settlement of the territory northwest of the River Ohio; and the Indian war which followed, are all incidents, during British occu- pation, of more or less interest for the student of Wisconsin history. He will find that, by the treaty of 1783 and of 1795, with Great Britain, all the inhabitants residing in this region were to be protected by the United States in the full and peaceable possession of their property, with the right to remain in, or to withdraw from it, with their effects, within one year. All who did not leave were to be deemed American citizens, allowed to enjoy all the privileges of citizenship, and to be under the protection of the General Government. He will also find that less than two years was the whole time of actual military occupation of what is now Wisconsin by British soldiers, and that English domination, which should have ended at the close of the Revolu- tion, was arbitrarily continued until the Summer of 1796, when the western posts, none of which were upon territory circumscribed by Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi river, were delivered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy of Great Britain over the Northwest was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, at an end. Although the General Government did not get possession of the region northwest of the Ohio, throughout its full extent, for thirteen years subsequent to its acquirement by the treaty of peace of 1783 with Great Britain, nevertheless, steps were taken, very soon, to obtain concessions from such of the colonies as had declared an ownership in any portion of it. None of the claimants, seemingly, had better rights than Virginia, who, by virtue of conquests, largely her own, of the Illinois settlements and posts, extended her jurisdiction over that country, erecting into a county 34 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. so much of the region northwest of the Ohio, as had been settled by Virginians or might after- ward be settled by them. But as, previous to her yielding all rights to territory beyond that river, she had not carried her arms into the region north of the Illinois or made settlements upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin, nor included any portion of it within the bounds of an organ- ized county, it follows that her dominion was not actually extended over any part of the area included within the present boundaries of this State; nor did she then claim jurisdiction north of the Illinois river, but on the other hand expressly disclaimed it. Virginia and all the other claimants finally ceded to the United States their rights, such as they were, beyond the Ohio, except two reservations of limited extent ; and the General Govern- ment became the undisputed owner of the "Great West," without any internal claims to posses- sion save those of the Indians. Meanwhile, the United States took measures to extend its juris- diction over the whole country by the passage of the famous ordinance of 1 787, which established a government over "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio." But this organic law was, of course, nugatory over that portion of the region occupied by the British, until their yielding possession in 1796, when, for the first time, Anglo-American rule commenced, though nominally, in what is now Wisconsin. By the ordinance just mentioned, "the United States, in congress assembled," declared that the territory northwest of the Ohio should, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district , subject, however, to be divided into districts, as future circumstances might, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. It was ordained that a governor, secretary and three judges should be appointed for the Territory; a general assembly was also provided for; and it was declared that religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged. It was also ordained that there should be neither slaTery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, " otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus was established the first Magna Charta for the five great States since that tine formed out of " the territory northwest of the River Ohio," and the first rules and regulations for their government. Under this act of Congress, Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwestern Territory, as it was called, and Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, and John Armstrong, judges, — the latter not accepting the office, John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. Winthrop Sargeant was appointed secretary. At different periods, counties were erected to include various portions of the Territory. By the governor's proclamation of the 15th of August, 1796, one was formed to include the whole of the present area of Northern Ohio, west of Cleveland ; also, all of what is now the State of Indiana, north of a line drawn from Fort Wayne " west-northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; " the whole of the present State of Michigan, except its extreme northwest corner on Lake Superior; a small corner in the north- east, part of what is now Illinois, including Chicago; and so much of the present State of Wis- consin as is watered by the streams flowing into Lake Michigan, which of course included an extensive portion, taking in many of its eastern and interior counties as now constituted. This vast county was named Wayne. So the few settlers then at the head of Green bay had their local habitations, constructively at least, in " Wayne county. Northwestern Territory." It was just at that date that Great Britain vacated the western posts, and the United States took quiet possession of them. But the western portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all its territory watered by streams flowing northward into Lake Superior, and westward and southwestward into the Mississippi, was as yet without any county organization ; as the county of St. Clair, including the Illinois country to the southwatrd, reached no farther north than the mouth of Little Macki- naw creek, where it empties into the River Illinois, in what is now the State of Illinois. The PRE-TERRITOEIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 35 " law of Paris," which was in force under French domination in Canada, and which by the British Parliament in 1774, had been continued in force under English supremacy, was still " the law of the land " west of Lake Michigan, practically at least. From and after the fourth day of July, 1800, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lay to the westward of a line beginning upon that stream opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river and running thence to what is now Fort Recovery in Mercer county, Ohio ; thence north until it intersected the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, for the purposes of temporary government, constituted a separate territory called Indiana. It included not only the whole of the present State of Illinois and nearly all of what is now Indiana, but more than half of the State of Michigan as now defined, also a considerable part of the present Minnesota, and the whole of what is now Wis- consin. The seat of government was established at "Saint Vincennes on the Wabash," now the city of Vincennes, Indiana. To this extensive area was added " from and after " the admission of Ohio into the Union, all the territory west of that State, and east of the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Indiana as originally established ; so that now all " the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," was, excepting the State of Ohio, included in Indiana Ter- ritory. On the thirtieth day of June, 1805, so much of Indiana Territory as lay to the north of a lihe drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the same bend through the middle of the first mentioned lake to its north- ern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, was, for the purpose of temporary government, constituted a separate Territory called Michigan. Of course no part of the present State of Wisconsin was included therein ; but the whole remained in the Territory of Indiana until the second day of March, 1809, when all that part of the last men- tioned Territory which lay west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that stream and " Post Vincennes," due north to the territorial line' between the United States and Canada, was, by an act approved on the third of February previous, constituted a separate Territory, called Illinois. Meanwhile jurisdiction had been extended by the authorities of Indiana Territory over the country lying west of Lake Michigan, to the extent, at least, of appointing a justice of the peace for each of the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. All of what is now Wisconsin was transferred to the Territory of Illinois, upon the organization of the latter, except a small portion lying east of the meridian line drawn through Vincennes, which remained a part of Indiana Territory. This fraction included nearly the whole area between Green bay and Lake Michigan. When, in 1816, Indiana became a State, "the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," contained, besides Ohio and Indiana, the Territories of Illinois and Michigan, only ; so the narrow strip, formerly a part of Indiana Territory, lying east of a line drawn due north from Vincennes, and west of the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, belonged to nei- ther, and was left without any organization. However, upon tlw admission of Illinois into the Union, in 1818, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan Territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan Territory ; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came under the jurisdiction of the latter. During the existence of the Territory of Illinois, a kind of jurisdiction was had over the two settlements in what is now Wisconsin — rather more ideal than real, however. In 1834, Congress greatly increased the limits of the Territory of Michigan, by adding to it, for judicial purposes, a large extent of country west of the Mississippi- — reaching south as far as 36 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN". the present boundary line between the present States of Iowa and Missouri ; north, to the terri- torial line between the United States and Canada ; and west, to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. It so continued down to the fourth of July, 1836. A retrospective glance at the history of this region for forty years previous to the last men- tioned year, including the time which elapsed after the surrender of the western posts, in 1796, by the British, discloses many facts of interest and importance. The Anglo-Americans, not long after the region of country west of Lake Michigan became a part of Indiana Territory, began now and then to cast an eye, either through the opening of the Great Lakes or the Mississippi, upon its rolling rivers, its outspread prairies, and its dense forests, and to covet the goodly land ; but the settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were mostly French Canadians at this date, although a few were Americans. The General Govtrn- inent, however, began to take measures preparatory to its occupation, by purchasing, in 1804, a tract in what is now the southwest portion of the State, of the Indians, and by holding the various tribes to a strict account for any murders committed by them on American citizens i)assing through their territories or trading with them. Comparative peace reigned in the incipient settle- ments at the head of Green bay and at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which was changed by the breaking out of the war of 1812, with Great Britain. The English early succeeded in securing the Wisconsin Indian tribes as their allies in this war; and the taking of Mackinaw by the British in July, 1812, virtually put the latter in posses- sion of what is now the eastern portion of the State. Early in 1814, the government authorities of the United States caused to be fitted out at St. Louis a large boat, having on board all the men that could be mustered and spared from the lower country, and sent up the Mississippi to protect the upper region and the few settlers therein. The troops landed at Prairie du Chien, •and immediately proceeded to fortify. Not long after, Colonel McKay, of the British army, crossing the country by course of the Fo.\ and Wisconsin rivers, with over five hundred British and Indians, received the surrender of the whole force. The officers and men were paroled and sent down the river. This was the only battle fought upon Wisconsin soil during the last war with England. The post at Prairie du Chien was left in command of a captain with two compa- nies from Mackinaw. He remained there until after the peace of 1815, when the place was evacuated by the British. When it became generally known to the Indian tribes in what is now Wisconsin, that the contest between the United States and Great Britain was at an end, they generally e.xpressed themselves as ready and willing to make treaties with the General Government — eager, in fact, to establish friendly relations with the power they had so recently been hostile to. This was, therefore, a favorable moment for taking actual possession of the country between the Missis- sippi and Lake Michigan ; and United States troops were soon ordered to occupy the two prom- inent points between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At the former place was erected Fort Howard ; at the latter Fort Crawford. At Green Bay, half a hundred (or less) French Cana- dians cultivated the soil; at Prairie du Chien, there were not more than thirty houses, mostly occupied by traders, while on the prairie outside the village, a number of farms were cultivated. Such was Wisconsin when, at the close of the last war with Great Britain, it began in earnest to be occupied by Americans. The latter were few in number, but in 1818, they began to feel, now that the country was attached to Michigan Territory and the laws of the United States were extended over them, that they were not altogether beyond the protection of a government of their own, notwithstanding they were surrounded by savage tribes. Their happiness was increased upon the erection, by proclamation of Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory of Michigan, of three Territorial counties: Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford. Their establishment dates PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 37 the twenty-sixth of October, iSiS. The county of Michilimackinac not only included all of the present State of Wisconsin lying north of a line drawn due west from near the head of the Little Noquet bay, but territory east and west of it, so as to reach from Lake Huron to the Missis- si[)pi river. Its county seat was established "at the Borough of Michilimackinac." The whole area in Michigan Territory south of the county of Michilimackinac and west of Lake Michigan formed the two counties of Brown and Crawford: the former to include the area east of a line drawn due north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin ; the latter to include the whole region west of that line. Prairie du Chien was designated as the county seat of Crawford; Green Bay, of Brown county. On the 22d of December, 1826, a county named Chippewa was formed from the northern portions of Michilimackinac, including the southern shores of Lake Superior throughout its entire length, and extending from the straits leading from that lake into Lake Huron, west to the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, with the county seat " at such point in the vicinity of the Sault de Ste. Marie, as a majority of the county commissioners to be appointed shall designate." Embraced within this county, — its southern boundary being the ])arallel 46° 31' north latitude, — was all the territory of the present State of Wisconsin now bordering on Lake Superior. Immediately upon the erection of Brown and Crawford counties, they were organized, and their offices filled by appointment of the governor. County courts were established, consisting of one chief and two associate justices, either of whom formed"^ quorum. They were required to hold one term of court annually in their respective counties. These county courts had origi- nal and exclusive jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dis- pute exceeded the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and did not exceed the value of one thousand dollars. They had, however, no jurisdiction in ejectment. They had exclusive cog- nizance of all offenses the punishment whereof was not capital, and the same power to issue remedial and other process, writs of error and mandamus excepted, that the supreme court had at Detroit. Appeals from justices of the peace were made to the county courts. The establishing of Indian agencies by the General Government ; the holding of treaties with some of the Indian tribes ; the adjustment of land claims at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien ; the appointment of postmasters at these two points, were all indications of a proper interest being taken by the United States in the affairs of the country. But a drawback to this region, was the fact that, in all civil cases of over a thousand dollars, and in criminal cases that were capital, as well as in actions of ejectment, and in the allowance of writs of error, and man- damus, recourse must be had to the supreme court at Detroit ; the latter place being the seat of government of Michigan Territory. However, in January, 1S23, an act of congress provided for a district court, and for the appointment of a judge, for the counties of Brown, Crawford, and Michilimackinac. This court had concurrent jurisdiction, civil and criminal, with the supreme court of the Territory, in most cases, subject, however, to have its decisions taken to the latter tribunal by a writ of error. The law provided for holding one term of court in each year, in each of the counties named in the act ; so, at last, there was to be an administration of justice at home, and the people were to be relieved from all military arbitrations, which frequently had been imposed upon them. James Duane Doty was appointed judge of this court at its organiza- tion. A May term of the court was held in Prairie du Chien; a June term in Green Bay; a July term in " the Borough of Michilimackinac," in each year. In 1824, Henry S. Baird, of Brown county, was appointed district attorney. Doty held the office of judge until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. This court continued until 1S36, when it was abrogated by the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin. For a long time it had been known that there were lead mines in what is now the south- 38 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. * western portion of the State; but it was not until the year 1825, and the two following years, that very general attention was attracted to them, which eventuated in the settlement of different places in that region, by Americans, who came to dig for lead ore. This rapid increase of settlers awakened the jealousy of the Winnebago Indians, at what they deemed an unauthorized intrusion upon their lands, which, with other causes operating unfavorably upon their minds, aroused them in June, 1S27, to open acts of hostility. Murders became frequent. Finally, the militia of Prairie du Chien were called out. On the twenty-ninth of August, Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the United States army, with a strong force of regulars, ascended the Wis- consin river to put an end to any further spread of Winnebago disturbances. He was joined on the first of September, by one hundred and thirty Galena volunteers, mounted, and under com- mand of General Henry Dodge. The Winnebagoes were awed into submission. Thus ended the " Winnebago War.'' It was followed by the erection at the portage of Fort Winnebago, bv the United States. After the restoration of tranquillity, the United States proceeded by treaty with the Indians, to secure the right to occupy the lead regions. This was in 1828. The next year, the General Government purchased of the Winnebagoes, Southwestern Wisconsin, which put an end to all trouble on account of mining operations. On the ninth of October, 1829, a county was formed, by the legislative council of the Territory of Michigan, comprising all that part of Crawford county lying south of the Wisconsin river. This new county was called Iowa. The county seat was temporarily established at Mineral Point. Following this was a treaty in 1831, with the Menomonees, for all their lands east of Green bay, Winnebago lake, and the Fo.x and Milwaukee rivers. There was now a crisis at hand. The most prominent event to be recorded in the pre-Ter- ritorial annals of Wisconsin is known as the Black Hawk War. This conflict of arms between the Sacs and Fo.xes and the United States arose from a controversy in regard to lands. By a treaty made at Fort Harmar, just across the River Muskingum from Marietta, Ohio, in January, 1789, the Pottawattamie and Sac tribes of Indians, among others, were received into the friend- ship of the General Government, and a league of peace and unity established between the con- tracting parties On the third of November, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis stipulated that the united Sac and Fox tribes should be received into the friendship of the United States, and also be placed under their protection. These tribes also agreed to consider themselves under the pro- tection of the General Government and of no other power whatsoever. At this treaty lands were ceded which were circumscribed by a bouridary beginning at a point on the Missouri river opposite the mouth of the Gasconade, and running thence in a direct course so as to strike the River Jefferson at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down that stream to the Missis- sippi. It then ran up the latter river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up that stream to a point thirty-six miles in a direct line from its mouth ; thence by a straight course to a point where the Fox river of the Illinois leaves the small lake then called Sakaegan, and from that point down the Fox to the Illinois, and down the latter to the Mississippi. The consideration for this cession was the payment of goods to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars — six hundred to be paid to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes — to be liquidated in goods valued at first cost. After- ward, Fort Madison was erected just above the Des Moines rapids in the Mississippi, on the ter- ritory ceded at the last mentioned treaty. Then followed the war with Great Britain, and the Sacs and Foxes agreed to take no part therein. However, a portion afterward joined the English against the Americans along with other Western tribes. At the restoration of peace the Sacs and Foxes held treaties with the United States. There was a renewal of the treaty of 1804. PKE-TEKRITORIAL AKNALS OF WISCONSIN. 39 Such in brief is a general outline of affairs, so far as those two tribes were concerned, down to the close of the last war with England. From this time, to the year 1830, several additional treaties were made with the Sacs and Foxes by the General Government: one in 1822, by whicli they relin- quished their right to have the United States establish a trading house or factory at a convenient point at which the Indians could trade and save themselves from the imposition of traders, for which they were paid the sum of one thousand dollars in merchandise. Again, in 1824, they sold to the General Government all their lands in Missouri, north of Missouri river, for which they received one thousand dollars the same year, and an annuity of one thousand dollars for ten years. In 1830, they ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide from the Mis- sissippi to the Des Moines, on the north side of their territory. The time had now come for the two tribes to leave the eastern shore of the Mississippi and retire across the " great water." Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, erected his wigwam on the west side of the river, and was followed by a large part of the two tribes. But a band headed by Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or the Black Sparrow Hawk, commonly called Black Hawk, refused to leave their village near Rock Island. They contended that they had not sold their town to the United States ; and, upon their return early in 1831, from a hunt across the Mississippi, finding their village and fields in possession of the whites, they determined to repossess their homes at all hazards. This was looked upon, or called, an encroachment by the settlers ; so the governor of Illinois took the responsibility of declaring the State invaded, and asked the United States to drive the refractory Indians beyond the Mississippi. The result was, the Indian village was destroyed by Illinois volunteers. This and the threatened advance across the river by the United States commander, brought Black Hawk and his followers to terms. They sued for peace — agreeing to remain forever on the west side of the Mississippi. But this truce was of short duration. Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk having assembled his forces on the Mississippi, in the vicinity of the locality where Fort Madison had stood, crossed that stream and ascended Rock river. This was the signal for war. The governor of Illinois made a call for volunteers ; and, in a brief space of time, eighteen hundred had assembled at Beardstown, Cass county. They marched for the mouth of Rock river, where a council of war was held by their officers and Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the regular force.s. The Indians were sent word by General Atkinson that they must return and recross the Mississippi, or they would be driven back by force. " If you wish to fight us, come on," was the laconic but defiant reply of the Sac chief. When the attempt was made to compel these Indians to go back across the " great river," a collision occurred between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk's braves, resulting in the dis- comfiture of the former with the loss of eleven men. Soon afterward the volunteers were dis- charged, and the first campaign of Black Hawk's War was at an end. This was in May, 1832. In June following, a new force had been raised and put under the command of General .\tkinson, who commenced his inarch up Rock river. Before this, there had been a general "forting" in the lead region, including the whole country in Southwest Wisconsin, notwithstand- ing which, a number of settlers had been killed by the savages, mostly in Illinois. Squads of volunteers, in two or three instances, had encountered the Indians ; and in one with entire suc- cess — upon the Pecatonica, in what is now Lafayette county, Wisconsin — every savage (and there were seventeen of them) being killed. The loss of the volunteers was three killed and wounded. Atkinson's march up Rock river was attended with some skirmishing; when, being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at Lake Koshkonong, in the southwest corner of what is now Jefferson county, Wisconsin, he immediately moved thither with a portion of his army, where the whole force was ordered to concentrate. But the Sac chief with his people had flown. Colonels Henry Dodge and James D. Henry, with the forces under them, discovered the 40 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. trail of the savages, leading in the direction of the Wisconsin river. It was evident that the retreating force was largef and that it had but recently passed. The pursuing troops hastened their march. On the twenty-first of July, 1832, they arrived at the hills which skirt the left bank of that stream, in what is now Roxbury town (township), Dane county. Here was Black Hawk's whole force, including women and children, the aged and infirm, hastening by every effort to escape across the river. But that this might nov/ be effected, it became necessary for that chief to make a firm stand, to cover the retreat. The Indians were in the bottom lands when the pursuing whites made their appearance upon the heights in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete victory. The action commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy, numbering not less than five hundred, sustained a loss of about sixty killed and a large number wounded. The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. This conflict has since been known as the battle of Wis- consin Heights. During the night following the battle. Black Hawk made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin river. The women and children made their way down stream in canoes, while the warriors marched on foot along the shore. The Indians were pursued in their flight, and were finally brought to a stand on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the west boundary of what is now Vernon county, Wisconsin. About two o'clock on the morning of the second of August, the line of march began to the scene of the lust con- flict in the Black Hawk War. Dodge's command formed the advance, supported by regular troops, under Colonel Zachary Taylor, afterward president of the United States. Meanwhile an armed steamboat had moved up the Mississippi and lay in front of the savages; so they were attacked on all sides by the exasperated Americans. The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete victory for the whites. Black Hawk fled, but was soon after captured. This ended the war. The survey of public lands by the General Government ; the locating and opening of land offices at Mineral Point and Green Bay; the erection of Milwaukee county from a part of Brown, to include all the territory bounded on the east and south by the east and south lines of the present State, on the north by what is now the north boundary of Washington and Ozaukee counties and farther westward on the north line of township numbered twelve, and on the west by the dividing line between ranges eight and nine ; and the changing of the eastern boundary of Iowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county; — are some of the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. There was an immediate and rapid increase of immigration, not only in the mining region but in various other parts of what is now Wisconsin, more especially in that portion bordering on Lake Michigan. The interior was yet sparsely settled. By the act of June 28, 1S34, congress having attached to the Territory of Michigan, for judicial purposes, all the country "west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri," comprising the whole of what is now the State of Iowa, all of the present State of Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and more than half of what is now the Terri- tory of Dakota, the legislative council of Michigan Territory extended her laws over the whole area, dividing it on the 6th of September, 1834, by a line drawn due west from the lower end of Rock island to the Missouri river into two counties: the country south of that line constituting the county of Des Moines; north of the line, to be known as the county of Dubuque. This whole region west of the Mississippi was known as the Iowa district. Immediately after the treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes, the United States having come into ownership of a large tract in this district, several families crossed the Mississippi, and settled on the purchase, but as WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 41 the time provided for the Indians to give possession was the first of June, 1S33, these settlers were dispossessed by order of the General Government. So soon, however, as the Indians yielded possession, settlements began, but, from the date just mentioned until September, 1834, after the district was attached, for judicial purposes, to Michigan Territory, it was without any municipal law whatever. The organization of the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines on the sixth of that month, secured, of course a regular administration of justice. In 1835, in order to facili- tate intercourse between the two remote military posts of Fort Howard at Green Bay, and Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, a military road was commenced to connect the two points ; so, one improvement followed another. On the 9th of January, 1836, a session (the first one) of the seventh legislative council of Michigan Territory • — that is, of so much of it as lay to the westward of Lake Michigan — was held at Green Bay, and a memorial adopted, asking Congress for the formation of a new Territory west of that lake ; to include all of Michigan Territory not embraced in the proposed State of Michigan. Congress, as will now be shown, very soon com- plied with the request of the memorialists. IV.— WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The establishing of a separate and distinct Territory west of Lake Michigan, was the result of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union (an event which took place not until the twenty-sixth of January, 1837), as the population, in all the region outside of the boundaries determined upon by the people for that State, would otherwise be left without a government, or, at least, it would be necessary to change the capital of the old Michigan Territory farther to the westward ; so it was thought best to erect a new territory, to be called Wisconsin (an Indian word signifying wild rushing water, or channel, so called from the principal eastern tributary of the Mississippi within its borders), which was done by an act of congress, approved April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the third day of July following. The Territory was made to include all that is now embraced within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a part of the Territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries commencing at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay ; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert ; thence to the middle of that lake ; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth ; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches the lake'northwest; thence on the north, with the territorial line, to the White Earth river; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri ri\^er, and down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of congress, to the place or point of beginning. Its counties were Brovvn, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque, and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michili- mackinac left unorganized. Although, at this time, the State of Michigan was only engaged, so to speak, to the Union, to include the two peninsulas (many of its citizens preferring in lieu thereof the lower one only, with a small slice off the northern boundary of the State of Ohio as now constituted), yet the marriage ceremony was performed, as has been stated, a few months afterward. The act of congress establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin was very full and complete. It first determined its boundaries ; then it declared that all authority of the govern- ment of Michigan over the new Territory should cease on the fourth day of July, 1836, with a 42 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. proper reservation of rights in favor of the Indians. It provided for subsequently dividing tne Territory into one or more, should congress deem it wise so to do. It also declared that the executive power and authority in and over the Territory should be vested in a governor, at the same time defining his powers. It provided for the appointment of a secretary, stating what his duties should be. The legislative power was vested in the governor and legislative assembly, the latter to consist of a council and house of representatives, answering respectively to the senate and assembly, as states are usually organized. There was a provision for taking the census of the several. counties, and one giving the governor power to name the time, place, and manner of holding the first election, and to declare the number of members of the council and house of representatives to which each county should be entitled. He was also to determine where the first legislative assembly should meet, and a wise provision was that the latter should not be in session in any one year more than seventy-five days. One section of the act declared who should be entitled to vote and hold office; another defined the extent of the powers of the legislature, and a third provided that all laws should be submitted to congress for their approval or rejection. There was a section designating what offices should be elective and what ones should be filled by the governor. There were others regulating the judiciary for the Territory and declaring what offices should be appointed by the United States, providing for their taking the proper oaths of office and regulating their salaries. One, perhaps the most important of all, declared that the Territory should be entitled to and enjoy all the rights, privileges, and advantages granted by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. There was also a provision for the election of a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States ; and a declaration that all suits and indictments pending in the old courts should be con- tinued in the new ones. Five thousand dollars were appropriated for a library for the accommo- dation of the legislative assembly of the Territory and of its supreme court. For the new Territory, Henry Dodge was, on the 30th of April, 1S36, by Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States, commissioned governor. John S. Horner was commissioned secretary ; Charles Dunn, chief justice ; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, associate judges ; W. W. Chapman, attorney, and Francis Gehon, marshal. The machinery of a territorial gov- ernment was thus formed, which was set in motion by these officers taking the prescribed oath of office. The next important step to be taken was to organize the Territorial legislature. The provisions of the organic act relative to the enumeration of the population of the Territory were that previously to the first election, the governor should cause the ceusus of the inhabitants of the several counties to be taken by the several sheriffs, and that the latter should make returns of the same to the Executive. These figures gave to Des Moines county, 6,257 ; Iowa county, 5,234; Dubuque county, 4,274; Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850. The entire population, therefore, of Wisconsin Territory in the summer of 1836, as given by the first census was, in precise numbers, twenty-two thousand two hundred and four- teen, of which the two counties west of the Mississippi furnished nearly one half. The apportion- ment, after the census had been taken, made by the governor, gave to the different counties thir- teen councilmen and twenty-six representatives. Brown county got two councilmen and three representatives; Crawford, two representatives, but no councilmen; Milwaukee, two councilmen and three representatives ; Iowa, Dubuque and Des Moines, each three councilmen ; but of repre- sentatives, Iowa got six ; Dubuque, five, and Des Moines, seven. The election was held on the tenth of October, 1836, exciting considerable interest, growing out, chiefly, of local considera- tions. The permanent location of the capital, the division of counties, and the location of county seats, were the principal questions influencing the voters. There were elected from the county of Brown, Henry S. Baird and John P. Arndt, members of the council; Ebenezer Childs, Albert WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 43 G. Ellis and Alexander J. Irwin, members of the house of representatives; from Milwaukee, the councilmen were Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet ; representatives, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee : from Iowa, councilmen, EbenezerBrigham, John B. Terry and James R. Vineyard ; representatives, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox : from Dubuque, councilmen, John Foley, Thomas McCraney and Thomas McKnight ; representatives, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T, Camp, P. H. Engle and Patrick Quigley : from Des Moines, councilmen, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas and Arthur B. Inghram ; representatives, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. 'Feas, Eli Reynolds and David R. Chance : from Crawford, repre- sentatives, James H. Lockwood and James B. Dallam. Belmont, in the present county of LaFayette, then in Iowa county, was, by the governor, appointed the place for the meeting of the legislature ; he also fixed the time — the twenty-fifth of October. A quorum was in attendance in both branches at the time decided upon for their assembling, and the two houses were speedily organized by the election of Peter Hill Fngle, of Dubuque, speaker of the house, and Henry S. Baird, of Brown, president of the council. Each of the separate divisions of the government — the executive, the judicial, and the legislative — was now in working order, except that it remained for the legislature to divide the Territory into judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges ; and for the governor to appoint a Ter- ritorial treasurer, auditor and attorney general. The act of congress establishing the Terri- tory required that it should be divided into three judicial districts. The counties of Crawford and Iowa were constitued by the legislature the first district, to which was assigned Chief Justice Dunn. The second district was composed of the counties of Des Moines and Dubuque ; to it was assigned Associate Judge Irvin. The third district was formed of the counties of Brown and Milwaukee, to which was assigned Associate Judge Frazer. Governor Dodge, in his first message to the Territorial legislature, directed attention to the necessity for defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, and recommended that congress should be memorialized to extend the right of pre-emption to actual settlers upon the public lands and to miners on mineral lands; also, to remove the obstructions in the rapids of the Upper Mississippi, to construct harbors and light-houses on Lake Michigan, to improve the navigation of Fox river and to survey the same from its mouth to Fort Winnebago, to increase the amount of lands granted to the Territory for school purposes, and to organize and arm the militia for the protection of the frontier settlements. The first act passed by the legis- lature was one privileging members from arrest in certain cases and conferring on themselves power to punish parties for contempt. The second one established the three judicial districts and assigned the judges thereto. One was passed to borrow money to defray the expenses of the session ; others protecting ad lands donated to the Territory by the United States in aid of sc~hools, and creating a common school fund. A memorial to congress was adopted request- ing authorization to sell the school-section in each township, and appropriate the money arising therefrom for increasing the fund for schools. During this session, five counties were "set off" west of the Mississippi river: Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine, and Cook; and fifteen east of that stream : Walworth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Grant and Green. The principal question agitating the legislature at its first session was the location of the capital. Already the people west of the Mississippi were speculating upon the establishment of a Territory on that side the river, prospects for which would be enhanced evidently, by placing the seat of government somewhat in a central position east of that stream, for Wisconsin 44 . HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Territory. Now, as Madison waS a point answering such requirements she triumphed over all competitors; and the latter numbered a dozen or more — including, among others, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Racine, Relmont, Mineral Point, Green Bay, and Cassville. The struggle over this question was one of the most exciting ever witnessed in the Territorial legislature. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government, but it was provided that sessions of the legislature should be held at Burlington, in Des Aloines county, until the fourth of March, 1839, unless the public buildings in the new capital should be sooner completed. After an enactment that the legislature should thereafter meet on the first Monday of November of each year, both houses, on the ninth day of December, 1836, adjourned sine die. In the act of congress establishing the Territory of Wisconsin it was provided that a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, should be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly-, and that the first election should be held at such time and place or places, and be conducted in such manner as the governor of the Territory should appoint and direct. In pursuance of this enactment. Governor Dodge directed that the election for delegate should be at the time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislative assembly — the loth of October, 1836. The successful candidate for that office was George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, Iowa county — in that portion which was afterward "set off" as (irant county. Jones, under the act of 1819, had been elected a delegate for Michigan Territory, in October, 1835, and took his seat at the ensuing session, in December of that year. By the act of June 15, 1836, the consti- tution and State government which the people of Michigan had formed for themselves was accepted, ratified and confirmed, and she was declared to be one of the United States of America, so that the term of two years for which Jones had been elected was cut short, as, in the nature of the case, his term could not survive the existence of the Territory he represented. But, as he was a candidate for election to represent the new Territory of Wisconsin in congress as a delegate, and was successful, he took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-fourth congress — December 12, 1836, notwithstanding he had been elected only a little over two months. The first term of the supreme court of the Territory was held at Belmont on the 8th day of December. There were present, Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Irvin, associate judge. John Catlin was appointed clerk, and Henry S. Baird having previously been commissioned attorney general for the Territory by Governor Dodge, appeared before the court and took the oath of office. Causes in which the United States was party or interested were looked after by the United States attorney, who received his appointment from the president; while all cases in which the Territory was interested was attended to by the attorney general, whose commission was signed by the governor. The appointing of a crier and reporter and the admission of several attorneys to jiractice, completed the business for the term. The annual term appointed for the third Monday of July of the following year, at Madison, was not held; as no business for the action of the court had matured. At the time of the complete organization of the Territory of Wisconsin, when the whole machinery had been put fairly in motion ; when its first legislature at its first session had, after passing forty-two laws and three joint resolutions, in forty-six days, adjourned; — at this time, the entire portion west of the Mississippi had, in round numbers, a population of only eleven thousand; while the sparsely settled mineral region, the military establishments — Fort Craw- ford, Fort Winnebago, and Fort Howard — and the settlements at or near them, with the village of Milwaukee, constituted about all there was of the Territory east of that river, aggregating about twelve thousand inhabitants. There was no land in market, except a narrow strip along WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 45 the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue of the country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to preemption by actual settlers. The Indian tribes still claimed a large portion of the lands. On the north and as far west as the Red river of the north were located the Chippewas. The southern limits of their posses- sions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 46° 30' in a southeasterly direction to the head of Lake St. Croix ; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in the present Portage county, Wisconsin ; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. The whole country bounded by the Red river and Mississippi on the east ; the parallel of about 43° of latitude on the south; the Missouri and White Earth river on the west; and the Territorial line on the north, was occupied by the Sioux. In the southwest part of the Territory, lying mostly south of latitude 43° — in the country reaching to the Missouri State boundary line south, and to the Missouri river west — were the homes of the Pottawattamies, the lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of the Wmnebagoes. East of the Winnebagoes in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands extending to Wolf river. Such was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin Territory at its organization. A portion of the country east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox river ; the whole of the area lying south of Green bay, Fox river and the Wisconsin ; and a strip of territory immediately west of the Mississippi, about fifty miles in width, and extending from the Missouri State line as far north as the northern boundary of the present State of Iowa, constituted the whole extent of country over which the Indians had no claim. The second session of the first legislative assembly of the Territory began at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 6th of November, 1837. The governor, in his message, recommended a codification of the laws, the organization of the militia, and other measures of interest to the people. An act was passed providing for taking another census, and one abolishing imprisonment for debt. By a Joint resolution, congress was urged to make an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land for a " University of the Territory of Wisconsin." The money was not appropriated, but the land was granted — forty-six thousand and eighty acres. This was the fundamental endowment of the present State university, at Madison. A bill was also passed to regulate the sale of school lands, and to prepare for organizing, regulating and perfecting schools. Another act, which passed the legislature at this session, proved an apple of discord to the people of the Territory. The measure was intended to provide ways and means whereby to connect, by canals and slack- water, the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by way of Rock river, the Catfish, the four lakes and the Wisconsin, by the incorporation of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company. This company was given authority to apply to congress for an appro- priation in money or lands to aid in the construction of the work, which was to have its eastern outlet in the Milwaukee river, and to unite at its western terminus with Rock river, near the present village of Jefferson, in Jefferson county. The result was that a grant of land of odd- numbered sections in a strip of territory five miles on each side of the line of the proposed canal was secured, and in July, 1S39, over forty thousand acres were sold at the minimum price 'Of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. However, owing mainly to the fact that purchasers were compelled to pay double the government price for their lands — owing also to the circumstance of an antagonism growing up between the officers of the canal company and the Territorial ■officers intrusted with the disposition of the lands, and to conflicts between'the beneficiaries of 46 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the grant and some of the leading politicians of the time — the whole scheme proved a curse and a blight rather than a blessing, and eventuating, of course, in the total failure of the project. There had been much Territorial and State legislation concerning the matter ; but very little work, meanwhile, was done on the canal. It is only within the year 1875 that an apparent quietus has been given to the subject, and legislative enactments forever put at rest. Fourteen counties were set off during this session of the legislature at Burlington — all west of the Mississippi. They were Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Fayette, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Linn, Slaughter, Scott and Clayton. One hundred and five acts and twenty joint resolutions were passed. On the 20th of January, 1838, both houses adjourned until the second Monday of June following. The census of the Territory having been taken in May, the special session of the first legis- lature commenced on the eleventh of June, 1838, at Burlington, pursuant to adjournment, mainly for the purpose of making a new apportionment of members of the house. This was effected by giving twelve members to the counties east of the Mississippi, and fourteen to those west of that stream, to be contingent, however, upon the division of the Territory, which measure was not only then before congress, but had been actually passed by that body, though unknown to the Territorial legislature. The law made it incumbent on the governor, in the event of the Terri- tory being divided before the next general election, to make an apportionment for the part remaining, — enacting that the one made by the act of the legislature should, in that case, have no effect. Having provided that the next session should be held at Madison, the legislative body adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of June, 1838, the public buildings at the new capital having been put under contract in April, previous. Up to this time, the officers of the Territory at large, appointed by the president of the United States at its organization, had remained unchanged, except that the secretary, John S. Horner, had been removed and his place given to William B. Slaughter, by appointment, dated February 16, 1837. Now there were two other changes made. On the nineteenth of June, Edward James was commissioned marshal, and on the fifth of July, Moses M. Strong was commissioned attorney of the United States for the Ter- ritory. By an act of congress, approved June 12, 183S, to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish a Territorial government west of the Mississippi, it was provided that from and after the third day of July following, all that part of Wisconsin Territory lying west of that river and west of a line drawn due north from its headwaters or sources to the Territorial line, for the purposes of a Territorial government should be set apart and known by the name of Iowa. It was further enacted that the Territory of Wisconsin should thereafter extend westward only to the Mississippi. It will be seen therefore that all that portion of the present State of Minnesota, extending eastward from the Mississippi to the St. Croix and northward to the United States boundary line, was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, even after the organization of the Terri- tory of Iowa. The census taken in May, just previous to the passage of this act, gave a total population to the several counties of the Territory, east of the Mississippi, of 18,149. On the third Monday of July, 1838, the annual terms of the supreme court — the first one after the re-organization of the Territory of Wisconsin — was held at Madison. There were present Chief Justice Dunn and Associate Judge Frazer. After admitting five attorneys to practice, hearing several motions, and granting several rules, the court adjourned. All the terms of the Supreme Court thereafter were held at Madison. At an election held in the Territory on the tenth day of September, 1838, James Duane Doty received the highest number of votes for the office of delegate to congress, and was declared by Governor Dodge duly elected, by a certificate of election, issued on the twenty-seventh day of October following. Upon the commencement of the third session of the twenty- fifth congress WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 47 on Monday, December lo, 1838, Isaac E. Crary, member from Michigan, announced to the chair of the house of representatives that Doty was in attendance as delegate from Wisconsin Terri- tory, and moved that he be qualified. Jones, the former delegate, then rose and protested against Doty's right to the seat, claiming that his (Jones') term had not expired. The basis for his claim was that under the act of 1817, a delegate must be elected only for one congress, and not for parts of two congressional terms; that his term as a delegate from Wisconsin did not commence until the fourth of March, 1837, and consequently would not expire until the fourth of March, 1839. The subject was finally referred to the committee of elections. This com- mittee, on the fourteenth of January, 1839, reported in favor of Doty's right to his seat as dele- gate, submitting a resolution to that effect which passed the house by a vote of one hundred and sixty-five to twenty-five. Whereupon Doty was qualified as delegate from Wisconsin Territory, and took his seat at the date last mentioned. On the 8th of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by Martin Van Buren, then president of the United States, associate judge of the supreme court, to succeed Judge Frazer, who died at Milwaukee, on the i8th of October. During this year, Moses M. Strong succeeded W. W. Chapman as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th day of November, 1838, the legislature of the re-organized Territory of Wis- consin — being the first session of the second legislative assembly — met at Madison. Governor Dodge, in his message, recommended an investigation of the banks then in operation, memorial- izing congress for a grant of lands for the improvement of the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin; the revision of the laws; the division of the Territory into judicial districts; the justice of granting to all miners who have obtained the ownership of mineral grounds under the regulations of the superintendent of the United States lead mines, either by discovery or pur- chase, the right of pre-emption; and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan. The attention of this Legislature was directed to the mode in which the commissioners of public buildings had discharged their duties There was an investigation of the three banks then in operation in the Territory — one at Green Bay, one at Mineral Point, and the other at Milwaukee. A plan, also, for the revision of the laws of the Territory was considered. A new assignment was made for the holding of district courts. Chief Justice Dunn was assigned to the first district, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant and Crawford ; Judge Irvin to the second, composed of the counties of Dane, Jefierson, Rock, Walworth and Green; while Judge Miller was assigned to the third district, composed of Milwaukee, Brown and Racine counties — includ- ing therein the unorganized counties of Washington and Dodge, which, for judicial purposes, were, when constituted by name and boundary, attached to Milwaukee county, and had so remained since that date. The legislature adjourned on the 22d of December, to meet again on the 2ist of the following month, ".\lthough," said the president of the council, upon the occasion of the adjournment, "but few acts of a general character have been passed, as the discussions and action of this body have been chiefly confined to bills of a local nature, and to the passage of memorials to the parent government in behalf of the great interests of the Territory; yet it is believed that the concurrent resolutions of the two houses authorizing a revision of the laws, is a measure of infinite importance to the true interests of the people, and to the credit and charac- ter of the Territory." Tbe census of the Territory having been taken during the year 1838, showed a population of 18,130, an increase in two years of 6,447. The second session of the second legislative assembly commenced on the twenty-first day of January, 1839, agreeable to adjournment. The most important work was the revision of the laws which had been perfected during the recess, by the committee to whom the work was intrusted. 48 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. consisting of three members from each house : from the council, M. L. Martin, Marshall M. Strong, and James Collins ; from the house of representatives, Edward V. Whiton, Augustus Story, and Barlow Shackleford. The act legalizing the revision, took effect on the fourth day of July following. The laws as revised, composed the principal part of those forming the Revised Statutes of 1839, a valuable volume for all classes in the territory — and especially so for the courts and lawyers — during the next ten years. The sine die adjournment of this legislature took place on the nth of March, 1839. On the 8th of March of this year, Henry Dodge, whose term for three years as governor was about to expire, was again commissioned by the president of the United States, as governor of the Territory of Wisconsin. At the July term of the supreme court, all the judges were pre- sent, and several cases were heard and decided. A seal for the court was also adopted. The attorney general of the Territory at this time was H. N. Wells, who had been commissioned by Governor Dodge, on the 30th of March previous, in place of H. S. Baird, resigned. Wells not being in attendance at this term of the court, Franklin J. Munger was appointed by the judge attorney general for that session. The clerk, John Collin having resigned, Simeon Mills was selected by the court to fill his place. From this time, the supreme court met annually, as pro- vided by law, until Wisconsin became a State. The next legislature assembled at Madison, on the second of December, 1839. This was the third session of the second legislative assembly of the Territory. The term for which mem- bers of the house were elected, would soon expire ; it was therefore desirable that a new appor- tionment should be made. As the census would be taken the ensuing June, by the United States, it would be unnecessary for the Territory to make an additional enumeration. A short session was resolved upon, and then an adjournment until after the completion of the census. One of the subjects occupying largely the attention of the members, was the condition of the capitol, and the conduct of the commissioners intrusted with the money appropriated by congress to defray the cost of its construction. The legislature adjourned on the thirteenth of January, 1840, to meet again on the third of the ensuing August. The completion of the census showed a population for the Territory of thirty thousand seven hundred and forty-four, against eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty, two years previous. Upon the re-assembling of the legisla- ture — which is known as the extra session of the second legi-lative assembly — at the time agreed upon, some changes were made in the apportionment of members to the house of representa- tives ; the session lasted but a few days, a final adjournment taking place on the fourteenth of August, 1840. At the July term of the supreme court, Simeon Mills resigned the office of clerk, and La Fayette Kellogg was appointed in his place. Kellogg continued to hold the posi- tion until the state judiciary was organized. At the ensuing election, James Duane Doty was re-elected Territorial delegate, taking his seat for the first time under his second term, on the eighth day of December, 1840, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-sixth congress. The first session of the third legislative assembly commenccv- on the seventh of December, 1840, with all new members in the house except three. .^11 had recently been elected under the new apportionment. Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of legislation. There was, however, a departure, in the passage of two acts granting divorces, from the usual current of legislative proceedings in the Territory. There was, also, a very interesting contested election case between two members from Brown county. Such was the backwardness in regard to the building of the capitol, at this date, that a large majority of the members stood ready to remove the seat of government to some other place. However, as no particular point could be agreed upon, it remained at Madison. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of February, WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 49 1841, having continued a term of seventy-five days, the maximum time limited by the organic act. Francis J. Dunn, appointed by Martin Van Buren, was commissioned in place of William B. Slaughter, as secretary of the Territory, on the 25th of January, 1841, but was himself super- ce"ded by the appointment of A. P. Field, on the 23d day of April following. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned as marshal in place of Edward James, and on the 27th of April, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th of June, Governor Dodge commissioned as attorney general of the Territory, M. M. Jackson. On the 13th of September following. Dodge was removed from office by John Tyler, then president of the United States, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. The appointment of Doty, then the delegate of the Territory in congress, by the president of the United States as governor, and the consequent resignation of the latter of his seat in the house of representatives, caused a vacancy which was filled by the election of Henry Dodge to that office, on the 27th of September, 1841; so that Doty and Dodge changed places. Dodge took his seat for the first time, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty- fifth congress — Monday, December 7, 1841. About this time, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal imbroglio broke out afresh. The loan agent appointed by the governor to negotiate a loan of one hundred thousand dollars for the work, reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars of bonds, which had been issued ; but he did not report what kind of money was to be received for them. Now, the canal commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not to recognize any loan which was to be paid in such currency as they disapproved of. This dispute defeated the loan, and stopped all work on the canal. During the year 184T, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney. The second session of the third legislative assembly began at Madison, on the sixth of December, 1841. Governor Doty, in his message to that body, boldly avowed the'doctrine that no law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by congress. "The act," said he, "establishing the government of Wisconsin, in the third sec- tion, requires the secretary of the Territory to transmit annually, on or before the first Monday in December, ' two copies of the laws to the speaker of the house of representatives, for the use of congress.' The sixth section provides that 'all laws of the governor and legislative assembly shall be submitted to, and, if disapproved by the congress of the United States, the same shall be null and of no effect.' " "These provisions," he added, "it seems to me, require the laws to be actually submitted to congress before they take effect. They change the law by which this country was governed while it was a part of Michigan. That law provided that the laws should be reported to congress, and that they should ' be in force in the district until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress.' " The governor concluded in these words : " The opinion of my predecessor, which was expressed to the first legislature assembled after the organization of this government, in his message delivered at Belmont on the twenty-sixth day of October, 1836, fully sustains this view of the subject which I have presented. He said: 'We have convened under an act of congress of the United States establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, for the purpose of enacting such laws as may be required for the government of the people of this Territory, after their approval by con- gress.'" This construction of the organic act resulted in a lengthy warfare between the gov- ernor and the legislative assembly. At this session, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal again raised a tumult. " Congress had made a valuable grant of land to the Territory in trust. The Territory was the trustee; the canal company the cestui que trust. The trust had been accepted, and a large portion of the lands had been sold, one tenth of the purchase money received, and ample securities held 60 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. for the balance." The Territory now, by its legislature, repealed, all the laws authorizing a . loan, and all which contemplated the e.tpenditure of any money on its part in constructing the canal. The legislature resolved that all connection ought to be dissolved, and the work on the canal by the Territory abandoned, and that the latter ought not further to execute the trust. They resolved also that the congress be requested to divert the grant to such other internal improvements as should be desigiiated by the Territory, subject to the approval of congress; and that, if the latter should decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back the grant, and dispose of the unsold lands. On the eleventh of February, 1S42, a tragedy was enacted in the legislative council, causing great e.xcitement over the whole Territory. On that day, Charles C. P. Arndt, a member from Brown county, was, while that body was in session, shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant county. The difficulty grew out of a debate on motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of sheriff of Grant co\inty. Immediately before adjournment of the council, the parties who had come together, after loud and angry words had been spoken, were separated by the by-standers. When an adjournment had been announced, they met again ; whereupon Arndt struck at Vine- yard. The latter then drew a pistol and shot Arndt. He died in a few moments. Vineyard immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff of the county, waived an examination, and was committed to jail. After a short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of the Territory, on a writ oi /labcas corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for man- slaughter, was tried and acquitted. Three days after shooting Arndt, Vineyard sent in his resignation as member of the council. That body refused to receive it, or to have it read even ; but at once expelled him. The second and last session of the third legislative assembly came to a close on the eighteenth of February, 1842. The first session of the fourth legislative assembly commenced on the fifth day of Decem- ber, 1842. The members had been elected under a new apportionment based upon a census taken in the previous June, which showed a total population for the Territory of forty-six thou- sand six hundred and seventy-eight — an increase of nearly ten thousand in two years. A politi- cal count showed a decided democratic majority in each house. Governor Doty's political proclivities were with the whig party. The contest between him and the legislature now assumed a serious character. He refused to "hold converse " with it, for the reason that, in his opinion, no appropriation had been made by congress to defray the expenses of the session, and, as a consequence, none could be held. The legislature made a representation to congress, then in session, of the objections of the governor, and adjourned on the tenth of December, to meet again on the thirteenth of January, 1843. It was not until the fourth of February following that a quorum in both houses had assembled, when the legislature, through a joint committee, waited on the governor, and informed him that they had again met according to adjournment, and were then ready to proceed to business. Previous to this time, congress had made an appropriation to cover the expenses of the legislature now in session, which it was supposed would remove all conflict about its legality. But the governor had, on the thirtieth day of January previous, issued a proclamation, convening a special session of the legislature on the sixth of March, and still refused to recognize the present one as legal. Both houses then adjourned to the day fixed by the executive. A final adjournment took place on the seventeenth of April following. The term of two years for which Henry Dodge was elected as delegate, having expired at the close of the third session of the twenty-seventh congress, he was, on the twenty-fifth of Sep- tember, 1843, re-elected, taking his seat for the first time on his second term at the commence- ment of the first session of the twenty-eighth congress, Monday, December 4, 1843. On the thirtieth of October of this year, George Floyd was commissioned by President Tyler as WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 51 secretary of the Territory, in place of A. P. Field. The second session of the fourth legislative assembly of the Territory, commencing on the fourth of December, 1843, and terminating on the thirty-first of January, 1844 — a period of fifty- nine days — accomplished but little worthy of especial mention, except the submission of the question of the formation of a State government to a vote of the people, to be taken at the gene- ral election to be held in September following. The proposition did not succeed at the ballot- box. The third session of the fourth legislative assembly did not commence until the sixth of January, 1845, as the time had been changed to the first Monday in that month for annual meet- ings. Governor Doty having persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a "k" and an "a" — Wis- /Jonsan — and some of the people having adopted his method, it was thought by this legislature a matter of sufficient importance to be checked. So, by a joint resolution, the orthography — WisiTons/n — employed in the organic act, was adopted as the true one for the Territory, and has ever since been used. Before the commencement of this session Doty's term of office had expired. He was superseded as governor of the Territory by N. P. Tallmadge, the latter having been appointed on the twenty-first of June, 1S44. On the thirty-first of August, Charles M. Prevost was appointed marshal of the Territory, in place of Daniel Hugunin. There was the utmost harmony between Governor Tallmadge and the legislature of the Territory at its session in 1845. His message, which was delivered to the two houses in person, on the seventeenth of January, was well received. Among other items of interest to which he called the attention of the legis- lative assembly, was one concerning the construction of a railroad to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi. "The interests of the Territory," said he, " seem inperiously to demand the con- struction of a railroad, or other communication, from some suitable point on Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river. Much difference of opinion seems to exist as to what it shall be, and how it is to be accomplished. There is a general impression," continued the governor, "that the con- struction of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, which was intended to connect those waters, is abandoned. It remains to be seen what shall be substituted for it." The session terminated on the twenty-fourth of February, 1845. James K. Polk having been inaugurated president of the United States on the fourth of March, 1845, Henry Dodge was again put into the gubernatorial chair of the Territory, receiving his appointment on the eighth of April, 1845. Other changes were made by the president during the same year, John B. Rockwell being, on the fourteenth of March, appointed marshal, and W. P. Lynde, on the fourteenth of July, United States attorney for the Territory, Governor Tall^ madge, on the twenty-second of January of this year, having commissioned the latter also as attorney general. On the twenty-second of September, Morgan L. Martin was elected delegate to the twenty-ninth congress, as the successor of Henry Dodge. The fourth and last session of the fourth legislative assembly was organized on the fifth of January, 1846. This session, although a short one, proved very important. Preliminary steps were taken for the formation of a State government. The first Tuesday in April next succeeding was the day fixed upon for the people to vote for or against the proposition. When taken it resulted in a large majority voting in favor of the measure. An act was passed providing for taking the census of the Territory, and for the apportionment by the governor of delegates to form a State constitution, based upon the new enumeration. The delegates were to be elected on the first Monday in September, and the convention was to assemble on the first Monday in October, 1846. The constitution when formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people for adoption or rejection, as, at the close of the session, the terms of members of the council who had been elected for four years, and of the house, who had been elected for two years, all ended. The legislature 52 HISTORY OF "wiscoxsm. re-organized the election districts, and conferred on the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment, based on the census to be taken, for the next legislative assembly, when, on the third of February, 1846, both houses adjourned sine die. On the twenty-second of January, Governor Dodge appointed A. Hyatt Smith attorney general of the Territory. On tlie twenty- fourth of February, John Catlin was appointed Territorial secretary by the president. The census taken in the following June showed a population for the Territory of one hun- dred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. Delegates having been elected to form a constitution for the proposed new State, met at Madison on the fifth day of October. After completing their labors, they adjourned. This event took place on the sixteenth of December, 1846. The constitution thus formed was submitted to a popular vote on the first Tuesday of April, 1847, and rejected. The first session of the fifth legislative assembly com- menced on the fourth of January of that year. But little was done. Both houses finally adjourned on the eleventh of February, 1847. John H. Tweedy was elected as the successor of Morgan L. Martin, delegate to the thirtieth congress, on the sixth of September following. On the twenty-seventh of that month, Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concern- ing the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. The two houses assembled on the day named in the proclamation, and a law was passed for the holding of another convention to frame a constitution ; when, after nine days' labor, they adjourned. Delegates to the new convention were elected on the last Monday of November, and that body met at Madison on the fifteenth of December, 1847. A census of the Territory was taken. this year, which showed a population of two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and forty-six. The result of the labors of the second constitutional convention was the formation of a constitution, which, being submitted to the people on the second Monday of March, 184S, was duly ratified. The second and last session of the fifth legislative assembly — the last legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory — commenced on the seventh of February, 1848, and adjourned «'«<• on the thirteenth of March following. On the twentieth of the same month, J. H. Tweedy, delegate from Wisconsin, introduced a bill in congress for its admission into the Union. The bill was finally passed; and on the twenty-ninth of May, 1S48, Wisconsin became a State. There had been seventeen sessions of the legislative assembly of the Territory, of an average duration of forty days each : the longest one lasted seventy-six days ; the shortest, ten days. So long as the Territory had an'existence, the apportionment of thirteen members for the council, and twenty-six for the house of representatives, was continued, as provided in the organic act. There had been, besides those previously mentioned, nine additional counties " set off " by the legislative assembly of the Territory, so that they now numbered in all twenty-eight : Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green, Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calu- met, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe. v.— WISCONSIN AS A STATE. First Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor — 1848, 1849. The boundaries prescribed in the act of congress, entitled "An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into tlie Union," approved August 6, 1846, were accepted by the convention which formed the constitution of Wisconsin, and are described in that instrument as " beginning at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois — that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan WISCOKSIX AS A STATE. 53 where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan [and] Green bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river ; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Mon- treal river to the middle of Lake Superior; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river ; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollett's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning " The territory included within these lines constitutes the State of Wisconsin, familiarly known as the "Badger State." All that portion of Wisconsin Territory, as formerly constituted, lying west of so much of the above mentioned boundary as e.xtends from the middle of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Croix river, not being included in Wisconsin, the limits of the State are, of course, not identical with those of the Territory as they previously existed. The State of Wisconsin, thus bounded, is situated between the parallel of forty-two degrees thirty minutes and that of forty-seven degrees, north latitude, and between the eighty-seventh and ninety-third degrees west longitude, nearly. For a portion of its northern border it has Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world ; for a part of its eastern boundary it has Lake Michigan, almost equal in size to Lake Superior ; while the Mississippi, the largest river in the world but one, forms a large portion of its western boundary. The State of Michi- gan lies on the east ; Illinois on the south ; Iowa and Minnesota on the west. Wisconsin has an average length of about two hundred and sixty miles; an average breadth of two hundred and fifteen miles. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, members of the State legislature, and members of congress, on the second Monday of the ensuing May. On that day — the 8th of the month — the election was held, which resulted in the choice of Nelson Dewey, for governor ; John E. Holmes, for lieutenant governor; Thomas McHugh, for secretary of state; Jairus C. Fairchild, for state treasurer; and James S. Brown, for attorney general. The State was divided into nineteen senatorial, and sixty-six assembly districts, in each of which one member was elected ; it was also divided into two congressional districts, in each of which one member of congress was elected — -William Pitt Lynde in the first district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green ; Mason C. Darling, in the second district, composed of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Craw- ford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe — the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Pointe being unorganized. The first session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced at Madison, the seat of govern- ment for the State, on Monday, the 5th day of June, 1848. Ninean E. Whiteside was elected speaker of the assembly, and Henry Billings president of the senate, /r«; tempore. The democrats were largely in the majority in both houses. The legislature, in joint convention, on the 7th of June, canvassed, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the votes given on the 8th of May previous, for the State officers and the two representatives in congress. On the same 54 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. day, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary ot state, treasurer, and attorney general, were sworn into office in presence of both houses. All these officers, as well as the representatives in congress, were democrats. Dewey's majority over John H. Tweedy, whig, was five thousand and eighty-nine. William P. Lynde's majority in the first district, for congress, over Edward V. Whiten, whig, was two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Mason C. Darling's majority in the second district, over Alexander L. Collins, whig, was two thousand eight hundred and forty- six. As the thirtieth congress, to which Lynde and Darling were elected would expire on the 4th of March, 1849, their terms of office would, of course, end on that day. The former took his seat on the 5th of June, the latter on the 9th of June, 184S. The constitution vested the judicial power of the State in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and in justices of the peace, giving the legislature power to vest such juris- diction as should be deemed necessary in municipal courts ; also, conferring upon it the power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. The State was divided into five judicial circuits; and judges were to be elected at a time to be provided for by the legislature at its first session. It was provided that there should be no election for a judge or judges, at any general election for State or county officers, nor within thirty days either before or after such election. On the 8th of June, 1848, Governor Dewey delivered his first message to a joint convention of the two houses. It was clear, concise, and definite upon such subjects as, in his opinion demanded immediate attention. His views were generally regarded as sound and statesmanlike by the people of the State. " You have convened," said he, "under the provisions of the con- stitution of the State of Wisconsin, to perform as representatives of the people, the important duties contemplated by that instrument." " The first session of the legislature of a free people," continued the governor, " after assuming the political identity of a sovereign State, is an event of no ordinary character in its history, and will be fraught with consequences of the highest importance to its future welfare and prosperity. Wisconsin possesses the natural elements, fostered by the judicious system of legislation," the governor added, " to become one of the most populous and prosperous States of the American Union. With a soil unequaled in fertility, and productive of all the necessary comforts of life, rich in mineral wealth, with commercial advantages unsurpassed by any inland State, possessing extensive manufacturing facilities, with a salubrious climate, and peopled with a population enterprising, industrious, and intelligent, the course of the State of Wisconsin must be onward, until she ranks among the first of the States of the Great West. It is," concluded the speaker, "under the most favorable auspices that the State of Wisconsin has taken her position among the families of States. With a population numbering nearly one quarter of a million, and rapidly increasing, free from the incubus of a State debt, and rich in the return yielded as the reward of labor in all the branches of industrial pursuits, our State occupies an enviable position abroad, that is highly gratifying to the pride of our people." Governor Dewey then recommended a number of measures necessary, in his judgment, to be made upon changing from a Territorial to a State government. The first important business of the legislature, was the election of two United States senators. The successful candidates were Henry Dodge and Isaac P. Walker, both democrats, Their election took place on the 8th of June, 1848, Dodge taking his seat in the senate on the 23d of June, and Walker on the 26th of June, 1848. The latter drew the short term ; so that his office would expire on the 4th day of March, 1849, at the end of the thirtieth congress : Dodge drew the long term, his office to expire on the 4th day of March, 1851, at the end of the thirty-first congress. The residue of the session was taken up in passing such acts as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the new State government, in all its branches, in fair WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 55 running order. One was passed providing for the annual meeting of the legislature, on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; another prescribing the duties of State officers ; one dividing the State into three congressional districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, and Racine ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chippewa, La Pointe, and St. Croix; the third, of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Dodge, Jefferson, and Columbia. Another act provided for the election of judges of the circuit courts, on the first Monday of August, 1848. By the same act, it was provided that the first term of the supreme court should be held in' Madison on the second Monday of January, 1849, and thereafter at the same place on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. An act was also passed providing for the election, and defining the duties of State superintendent of public instruction. That officer was to be elected at the general election to be holden in each year, his term of office to commence on the first Monday of January succeeding his election. Another act established a State university; another exempted a homestead from a forced sale; another provided for a revision of the statutes. The legislature, after a session of eighty-five days, adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of August, 1848. The State, as previously stated, was divided into five judicial circuits : Edward V. Whiton being chosen judge at the election on the first Monday in August, 1848, of the first circuit, com- posed of the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green, as then constituted ; Levi Hubbell of the second, composed of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane ; Charles H. Larrabee, of the third, composed of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, and Portage, as then formed; Alexander W. Stow, of the fourth, composed of Brown, Manitowoc,. Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, and Calumet ; and Mortimer M. Jackson, of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix, as then organized ; the county of Richland being attached to Iowa county; the county of Chippewa to the county of Craw- ford; and the county of LaPointe to the county of St. Croix, for judicial purposes. In the ensuing Fall there was a presidential election. There were then three organized political parties in the State : whig, democratic, and free-soil — each of which had a ticket in the field. The democrats were in the majority, and their four electors cast their votes for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. At this election, Eleazer Root was the successful candidate for State superintendent of public instruction. In his election party politics were not considered. There were also three members for the thirty-first congress chosen : Charles Durkee, to represent the first district; Orsamus Cole, the second; and James D. Dotv, the third district. Durkee was a free-soiler; Cole, a whig ; Doty, a democrat — with somewhat decided Doty proclivities. The act of the legislature, exempting a homestead from forced sale of any debt or liability contracted after January i, 1849, approved the twenty-ninth of July previous, and another act for a like exemption of certain personal property, approved August 10, 1848, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State of the Union previous to those dates. It was prophe- sied that they would work wonderful changes in the business transactions of the new State— for the worse; but time passed, and their utility were soon evident: it was soon very generally acknowledged that proper exemption laws were highly beneficial — a real "good to the greatest number of the citizens of a State. So much of Wisconsin Territory as lay west of the St. Croix and the State boundary north of it, was, upon the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, left, for the time being, without a government — unless it was still "Wisconsin Territory." Henry Dodge, upon being elected to the United States senate from Wisconsin, vacated, of course, the office of governor of this fraction. John H. Tweedy, delegate in congress at the time Wisconsin became a State, made a formal 66 HISTORY OF WISCOSTSIN. resignation of his office, thus leaving the fractional Territory unrepresented. Thereupon John Catlin, secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin as a whole, and now claiming, by virtue of that office, to be acting governor of the fractional part, issued a proclamation as such officer for an election on the thirtieth of October, 1848, of a delegate in congress. Nearly four hundred votes were polled in the district, showing "Wisconsin Territory" still to l-.ave a population of not less than two thousand. H. H. Sibley was elected to that office. On the fifteenth of January, 1849, he was admitted to a seat as "delegate from Wisconsin Territory." This hastened the formation of the Territory of Minnesota — a bill for that purpose having become a law on the third of March, when " Wisconsin Territory" ceased finally to exist, being included in the new Territory. The year 1848 — the first year of the existence of Wisconsin as a State — was one of general prosperity to its rapidly increasing population. The National Government effected a treaty with the Menomoneee Indians, by which their title was extinguished to the country north of the Fox river of Green bay, embracing all their lands in the State. This was an important acquisition, as it opened a large tract of country to civilization and settlement, which had been for a consid- erable time greatly desired by the jjeople. The State government at the close of the year had been in existence long enough to demonstrate its successful operation. The electric telegraph had already reached the ca[)ital ; and Wisconsin entered its second year upon a flood tide of prosperity. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. An act of the legislature, approved June 29, 1848, providing for the election of judges, and for the classification and organization of the judiciary of the State, authorized the election, by the judges, of one of their number as chief justice. Judge Alexander W. Stow was chosen to that office, and, as chief justice, held, in conjunction with Associate Judges Whiton, Jackson, Larrabee, and Hubbell, the first session of the supreme court at Madison, commencing on the eighth day of January, 1849. The second session of the State legislature commenced, according to law, on the tenth of January, 1849, Harrison C. Hobart being elected speaker of the assembly. Governor Dewey, in his message, sent to both houses on the nth, referred to the rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable energy displayed in the development of its productive capacity. He recommended the sale of the university lands on a long credit, the erection of a State prison, and the modification of certain laws. On the seventeenth of January, the two houses met in joint convention to elect an United States senator in place of Isaac P Walker, who had drawn the short term. The democrats had a small majority on joint ballot, ^\'alker was re-elected; this time, for a full term of six years, from the 4th of March, 1849. The legislature at this session passed many acts of public utility; some relating to the boundaries of counties; others, to the laying out of roads ; eighteen, to the organization of towns. The courts were cared for ; school districts were organized; special tax: were authorized, and an act passed relative to the sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, prescribing the powers and duties of the commissioners who were to have charge of the same. These commissioners, consisting of the secretary of state, treasurer of state, and attorney general, were not only put in charge of the school and university lands held by the State, but also of funds arising from the sale of them. This law has been many times amended and portions of it repealed. The lands at present subject to sale are classified as school lands, university lands, agricultural college lands, Marathon county lands, normal school lands, and drainage lands, and are Subject to sale at private entry on terms fixed by law. Regulations concerning the apportionment and investment of trust funds are made by the commissioners in pursuance of law. All lands now the property of the State subject to sale, or that have been State lands and sold, were derived from the Gen- WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 57 eral Government. Lands owned by the State amount, at the present time, to about one and one half million acres. A joint resolution passed the legislature on the 31st of March, 1849, instructing Isaac P. Walker to resign his seat as United States senator, for " presenting and voting for an amend- ment to the general appropriation bill, providing for a government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery or involuntary "servitude " in those Territories. The senator refused to regard these instructions. The legislature adjourned on the second of April, 1849, after a session of eighty- three days. In July, 1848, the legislature of Wisconsin elected M. Frank, Charles C. Jordan, and A. W. Randall, commissioners to collate and revise all the public acts of the State, of a general and permanent nature in force at the close of the session. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was appointed by the governor in his place. The commissioners commenced their labors in August, 1848, and were engaged in the revision the greater part of the time until the close of the session of the legislature of 1S49. It was found impossible for the revisers to conclude their labors within the time contemplated by the act authorizing their appointment ; so a Joint select committee of the two houses at their second session was appointed to assist in the work. The laws revised by this committee and by the commissioners, were submitted to, and approved by, the legislature. These laws, with a few passed by that body, which were introduced by individual members, formed the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin of 1849 — a volume of over nine hundred pages. At the general election held in November of this year, Dewey was re-elected governor. S. W. Beall was elected lieutenant governor; William A. Barstow, secretary of state; Jairus C. Fairchild was re-elected treasurer ; S. Park Coon was elected attorney general ; and Eleazer Root, re-elected superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were chosen as dem- ocrats, except Root, who ran as an independent candidate, the term of his office having been changed so as to continue two years from the first day of January next succeeding his election. By the revised statutes of 1849, all State officers elected for a full term went into office on the first of January next succeeding their election. The year 1849 developed in an increased ratio the productive capacity of the State in every department of labor. The agriculturist, the artisan, the miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest labor. The commercial and manufacturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. The educational interest of the State began to assume a more systematic organization. The tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wisconsin, the oppressed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. Second Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor (Second Term) — 1850, 1851. On the first day of January, 1850, Nelson Dewey took the oath of office, and quietly entered upon his duties as governor, for the second term. The third legislature convened on the ninth. Moses M. Strong was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses had democratic majorities. Most of the business transacted was of a local character. By an act approved the fifth of Feb- ruary, the " January term " of the supreme court was changed to December. The legislature adjourned after a session of only thirty-four days. An act was passed organizing a sixth judicial circuit, from and after the first Monday in July, 1850, consisting of the counties of Crawford, Chippewa, Bad Axe, St. Croix and La Pointe, an election for judge to be holden on the same day. Wiram Knowlton was elected judge of that circuit. 58 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The first charitable institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the "Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Blind." A school for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janesville, in the latter part of 1859, receiving its support from the citizens of that place and vicinity. By an act of the legislature, approved February 9, 1850, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at Janesville, and to qualify, as far as might be, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government; for obtaining the means of subsistence ; and for the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens. It has since been supported from the treasury of the State. On the seventh of October, 1850, it was opened for the reception of pupils, under the direction of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor. The Institute, at the present time, has three departments: in one is given instruction such as is usually taught in common schools; in another, musical training is imparted ; in a third, broom-making is taught to the boys, — sewing, knitting and various kinds of fancy work to the girls, and seating cane-bottomed chairs to both boys and girls. On the thirteenth of April, 1874, the building of the Institute was destroyed by fire. A new building has since been erected. The taking of the census by the United States, this year, showed a population for Wisconsin of over three hundred and five thousand — the astonishing increase in two years of nearly ninety- five thousand! In 1840, the population of Wisconsin Territory was only thirty thousand. This addition, in ten years, of two hundred and seventy-five thousand transcended all previous experience in the settlement of any portion of the New World, of the same extent of territory. It was the result of a steady and persistent flow of men and their families, seeking permanent homes in the young and rising State. Many were German, Scandinavian and Irish ; but the larger proportion were, of course, from the Eastern and Middle States of the Union. The principal attractions of Wisconsin were the excellency and cheapness of its lands, its valuable mines of lead, its extensive forests of pine, and the unlimited wa'.er-power of its numerous streams. By the Revised Statutes of 1849, Wisconsin was divided into three congressional districts — the second congressional apportionment — each of which was entitled to elect one representative in the congress of the United States. The counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth and Racine constituted the first district; the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, Dane, Sauk, Adams, Portage, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, the second district; the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Columbia, Dodge and Jefferson, the third district. At the general election in the Autumn of this year, Charles Durkee, of the first district ; Benjamin C. Eastman, of the second ; and John B. Macy, of the third district, were elected to represent the State in the thirty-second congress of the United States. Durkee, it will be remembered, represented the same district in the previous congress : he ran the second time as an independent candidate. Eastman and Macy were elected upon democratic tickets. The General Government this year donated to the State all the swamp and overflowed lands within its boundaries. The year 1850 to the agriculturist of Wisconsin was not one of unbounded prosperity, owing to the partial failure of the wheat crop. In the other branches of agriculture there were fair returns. The State was visited during the year by cholera ; not, however, to a very alarming extent. The fourth session of the legislature of the State commenced on the 8th of January, 1851. Frederick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in the legisla- ture was democratic. Governor Dewey, in his message, referred to the death of the president of the United States, Zachary Taylor; said that the treasury and finances of the State were in a WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 sound condition ; and then adverted to many topics of interest and importance to the people of Wisconsin. It was an able document. One of the important measures of the session was the election of an United States senator, in the place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the 4th of March, next ensuing. In joint convention of the legislature held on the 20th of January, Dodge was re-elected for a full term of six years. On the 2 2d, the governor approved a joint resolution of the legislature, rescinding not only so much of the joint resolu- tion of the legislative assembly of Wisconsin, passed March 31, 1849, as censured Isaac J. Walker, but also the instructions in those resolutions relative to his resigning his seat in the senate of the United States, Among the important bills passed at this session of the legislature was one providing for the location and erection of a State prison. Another one — the apportionment bill — was vetoed by the governor, and having been passed on the last day of the session, failed to become a law. The legislature adjourned on the eighteenth of March, 185 1, after a session of seventy days. On the I St day of January, 185 1, Timothy O. Howe took his seat as one of the associate judges of the supreme court, he having been elected judge of the fourth circuit in place of Alex- ander W. Stow. The office of chief justice of the supreme court, which had been filled by Judge Stow, therefore became vacant, and so remained until the commencement of the next term — June 18, 1851 — when Levi Hubbell, judge of the second circuit, was, by the judges present, pursuant to the statute, elected to that office. By an act of the legislature approved March 14, 185 1, the location and erection of a State prison for Wisconsin was provided for — the point afterward determined upon as a suitable place for its establishment being Waupun, Dodge county. By a subsequent act, the prison was declared to be the general penitentiary and prison of the State for the reformation as well as for the punisliment of offenders, in which were to be confined, employed at hard labor, and governed as provided for by the legislature, all offenders who might be committed and sentenced accord- ing to law, to the punishment of solitary imprisonment, or imprisonment therein at hard labor. The organization and management of this the first reformatory and penal State institution in Wisconsin, commenced and has been continued in accordance with the demands of an advanced civilization and an enlightened humanity. On the 29th of September, 185 1, Judge Hubbell was re-elected for the full term of six years as judge of the second judicial circuit, to commence January i, 1852. At the general election in November, 1851, Leonard J. Farwell was chosen governor; Timothy Burns, lieutenant governor; Charles D. Robinson, secretary of State ; E. H. Janssen, State treasurer; E. Estabrook, attorney general; and Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were elected as democrats except Farwell, who ran as a whig ; his majority over D. A. J. Upham, democrat, was a little rising of five hundred. Third Administration.— L. J. Farwell, Governor — 1852-1853. Governor Farwell's administration commenced on the fifth day of January, 1852. Previous to this — on the third day of the month — Edward V. Whiton was chosen by the judges of the supreme court, chief justice, to succeed Judge Hubbell. On the fourteenth of that month, the legislature assembled at Madison. This was the beginning of the fifth annual session. James McM. Shafter was elected speaker of the assembly. In the senate, the democrats had a majority; in the assembly, the whigs. The governor, in his message, recommended the memorial- izing of congress to cause the agricultural lands within the State to be surveyed and brought into market; to cause, also, the mineral lands to be surveyed and geologically examined, and offered for sale; and to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The question of " bank or no bank " having been submitted to the people in November previous, 60 HISTOr.Y OF WISCONSIN. and decided in favor of banks, under the constitution, the power was thereby given to the legis- lature then in session to grant bank charters, or to pass a general banking law. Farwell recom- mended that necessary measures be taken to carry into effect this constitutional provision. A larger number of laws was passed at this session than at any previous one. By a provision of the constitution, the legislature was given power to provide by law, if they should think it expe- dient and necessary, for the organization of a separate supreme court, to consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as the legislature might provide. Under this authority, an act was passed at this session providing for the election of a chief justice and two associates, on the last Monday of the September following, to form a supreme court of the State, to supplant the old one, provision for the change being inserted in the constitution. There was also an act passed to apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, by which the number was increased from eighty-five to one hundred and seven: twenty-five for the senate; eighty- two for the assembly. An act authorizing the business of banking passed the legislature and was approved by the governor, on the 19th of April. By this law, the ofiice of bank-comptroller was created — the officer to be first appointed by the governor, and to hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1854. At the general election in the Fall of 1853, and every two years thereafter, the office was to be filled by vote of the people. Governor Farwell afterward, on the 20th of November, appointed James S. Baker to that office. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of April, 1852. The second charitable institution incorporated by the State was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb." It was originally a private school for deaf mutes, near, and subsequently in, the village of Delavan, Walworth county.' By an act of the legislature approved April 19, 1852, it was made the object and duty of the corporation to establish, con- tinue and maintain this school for the education of the deaf and dumb, " at or near the village of Delavan, to qualify, as near as might be, that unfortunate class of persons for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens." It has since been sup- ported by annual appropriations made by the legislature. A complete organization of the school was effected in June, 1852, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor of the State. The institute has for its design the education of such children of the State as, on account of deafness, can not be instructed in common schools. Instruction is given by signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class by articulation. Two trades are taught: cabinet-making and shoe-making. During this year, considerable interest was manifested in the projecting of railroads. At the September election, E. V. A\'hiton was elected chief justice of the new supreme court and Samud Crawford and Abram D. Smith associate justices. Under the law, the chief justice was to serve a term of four years from the first day of June ne.\t ensuing; while the two associates were to cast lots — one to serve for six years, the other for two years, from June i, 1853. Craw- ford drew the short term — Smith the long term. At the subsequent general election for mem- bers to the thirty-third congress, Daniel Wells, Jr., was chosen from the first district , B. C. Eastman from the second.- and J. B. Macy from the third district. All were democrats. A democratic electoral ticket was chosen at the same time. The electors cast their votes for Pierce and Butler. During 1852, the citizens of Wisconsin enjoyed unusual prosperity in the ample products and remuneration of their industry and enterprise. Abundant harvests and high markets; an increase in moneyed circulation, and the downward tendency of the rates of interest; a prevail- ing confidence among business men and in business enterprises; a continual accession to the WISCONSIiSr AS A STATE. 61 population of the State by immigration ; the energetic prosecution of internal improvements under the skillful management of companies; the extension of permanent agricultural improve- ments; and the rapid growth of the various cities and villages; were among the encouraging prospects of the year. The sixth session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1853. On the twenty-sixth of the same montli, William K. Wilson, of Milwaukee, preferred charges in the assembly against Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of the duties of his office. A resolu- tion followed appointing a committee to report articles of impeachment, directing the members thereof to go to the senate and impeach Hubbell. Upon the trial of the judge before the senate, he was acquitted. An act was passed to provide for the election of a State prison commis- sioner by the legislature at that session — to hold his office until the first day of the ensuing January. The office was then to be filled by popular vote at the general election in November, 1853 — and afterwards biennially — the term of office to be two years from the first day of Jan- uary next succeeding the election by the people. On the 28th of March, the legislature, in joint convention, elected John Taylor to that office. The legislature adjourned on the fourth day of April until the sixth of the following June, when it again met, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of July, both sessions aggregating one hundred and thirty-one days. By an act of the legislature approved February 9, 1853, the "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society," which had been organized in March, 1851, was incorporated, its object being to promote and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical, manufacturing and household arts. It was soon after taken under the fostering care of the State by an appropria- tion made by the legislature, to be expended by the society in such manner as it might deem best calculated to promote the objects of its incorporation; State aid was continued down to the commencement of the rebellion. No help was extended during the war nor until 1873 ; since which time there has been realized annually from the State a sum commensurate with its most pressino' needs. The society has printed seventeen volumes of transactions and has held annually a State fair, except during the civil war. Besides these fairs, its most important work is the holding annually, at the capital of the State, a convention for the promotion of agriculture gen- erally. The meetings are largely participated in by men representing the educational and industrial interests of Wisconsin. By an act of the legislature approved March 4, 1853, the "State Historical Society of AVisconsin " was incorporated — having been previously organized — the object being to collect, embody, arrange and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary and other materials illustrative of the history of the State; to rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers., and to obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present condition, and resources of Wisconsin. The society was also author- ized to take proper steps to promote the study of history by lectures, and to diffuse and publish information relating to the description and history of the State. The legislature soon after took the society under its fostering care by voting a respectable sum for its benefit. Liberal State aid has been continued to the present time. The society, besides collecting a library of historical books and pamphlets the largest in the West, has published eight volumes of collections and a catalogue of four volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at Madison, and none of its property can be alienated without the consent of the State. It has a valuable collection of painted por- traits and bound newspaper'files; and in its cabinet are to be found many prehistoric relics. On the first day of June, 1853, the justices of the new supreme court went into office: Associate 62 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Justice Crawford, for two years; Chief Justice Whiton, for four years, Associate Justice Smith for six years as previously mentioned. The first (June) term was held at Madison. La Fayette Kellogg was appointed and qualified as clerk. On the 21st of September, Timothy Burns, lieu- tenant governor of Wisconsin, died at La Crosse. As a testimonial of respect for the deceased the several State departments, in accordance with a proclamation of the governor, were closed for one day — October 3, 1853. In the Fall of this year, democrats, whigs and free-soilers, each called a convention to nominate candidates for the various State offices to be supported by them at the ensuing election in November. The successful ticket was, for governor, William A. Bars- tow ; for lieutenant governor, James T. Lewis , for secretary of State, Alexander T. Gray, for State treasurer, Edward H. Janssen; for attorney general, George B. Smith ; for superintendent of public instruction, Hiram A. Wright; for State prison commissioner, A. W. Starks; and for bank comptroller, William M. Dennis. They were all democrats. The year 1853 was, to the agriculturists of the State, one of prosperity. Every branch of industry prospered. The increase of commerce and manufactures more than realized the expec- tations of the most sanguine. Fourth Administration. — William A. Barstow, Governor — 1854-1855. On Monday, the second of January, 1S54, William A. Barstow took the oath of ofifice as governor of Wisconsin. The legislature commenced its seventh regular session on the eleventh of January. Fred* erick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses were democratic. The legislature adjourned on the 3d of April following, after a session of eighty-three days. In the early part of March, a fugitive slave case greatly excited the people of Wisconsin. A slave named Joshua Glover, belonging to B. S. Garland of Missouri, had escaped from his master and made his way to the vicinity of Racine. Garland, learning the whereabouts of his personal chattel, came to the State, obtained, on the 9th of March, 1854, from the judges of the district court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin, a warrant for the apprehension of Glover, which was put into the hands of the deputy marshal of the United States. Glover was secured and lodged in jail in Milwaukee. A number of persons afterward assembled and rescued the fugitive. Among those who took an active part in this proceeding was Sherman M. Booth, who was arrested therefor and committed by a United States commissioner, but was released from custody by Abram D. Smith, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of Wisconsin, upon a writ of habeas corpus. The record of the proceedings was thereupon taken to that court in full bench by a writ of certiorari to correct any error that might have been committed before the associate justice. At the June term, 1854, the justices held that Booth was entitled to be discharged, because the commitment set forth no cause for detention. Booth was afterward indicted in the United States district court and a warrant issued for his arrest. He was again imprisoned; and again he applied to the supreme court — then, in term time — for a writ of habeas corpus. This was in July, 1S54. In his petition to the supreme court. Booth set forth that he was in confinement upon a warrant issued by the district court of the United States and that the object of the imprisonment was to compel him to answer an indictment then pending against him therein. The supreme court of the State held that these facts showed that the district court of the United States had obtained jurisdiction of the case and that it was apparent that the indictment was for an offense of which the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction. They could not therefore interfere; and his application for a discharge was denied. Upon the indictment, Booth was tried and convicted, fined and imprisoned, for a violation of th-; fugitive slave law. Again the prisoner applied to the supreme court of Wisconsin, — his WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 63 last application bearing date January 26, 1855. He claimed discharge on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the law under which he had been indicted. The supreme court held that the indictment upon which he had been tried and convicted contained three counts, the first of which was to be considered as properly charging an offense within the act of congress of Septem- ber 18, 1850, known as the "fugitive slave law," while the second and third counts did not set forth or charge an offense punishable by any statute of the United States ; and as, upon these last- mentioned counts he was found guilty and not upon the first, he must be discharged. The action of the supreme court of Wisconsin in a second time discharging Booth, was afterward reversed by the supreme court of the United States ; and, its decision being respected by the State court. Booth was re-arrested in i860, and the sentence of the district court of the United States executed in part upon him, when he was pardoned by the president. By an act of the legislature, approved March 30, 1854, a " State Lunatic Asylum " was directed to be built at or in the vicinity of Madison, the capital of the State, upon land to be donated or purchased for that purpose. By a subsequent act, the name of the asylum was changed to the " Wisconsin State Hospitalfor the Insane.' This was the third charitable institution established by the State. The hospital was Opened for patients in July, i860, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor. All insane persons, residents of Wisconsin, who, under the law providing for admission of patients into the hospital for treatment, become resi- dents therein, are maintained at the expense of the State, provided the county in which such patient resided before being brought to the hospital pays the sum of one dollar and fifty cents a week for his or her support. Any patient can be supported by relatives, friends or guardians, if the latter desire to relieve the county and State from the burden, and can have special care and be provided with a special attendant, if the expense of the same be borne by parties interested. The hospital is beautifully located on the north shore of Lake Mendota, in Dane county, about four miles from Madison. At the general election in the Fall of 1854, for members from Wisconsin to the thirty-fourth congress, Daniel Wells, Jr. was chosen from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second, and Charles Billinghurst from the third district. Billinghurst and Washburn were elected as republicans^that party having been organized in the Summer previous. Wells was a democrat. The year 1854 was one of prosperity for-Wisconsin, to all its industrial occupations. Abund- ant crops and increased prices were generally realized by the agriculturist. It was a year also of general health. It was ascertained that the amount of exports during the year, including lumber and mineral, exceeded thirteen millions of dollars. The eighth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the loth of January, 1855. C. C. Sholes was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate was democratic ; the assembly, republican. On joint ballot, the republicans had but one majority. On the istof February, Charles Durkee, a republican, was elected United States senator for a full term of six years from the 4th of March next ensuing, to fill the place of Isaac P. Walker whose term would expireVJn that day. Among the bills passed of a general nature, was one relative to the rights of married women, providing that any married woman, whose husband, either frOm drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refuse to provide for her support, should have the right, in her own name, to transact business, receive and collect her own earnings, and apply the same for her own support, and education of her children, free from the control and interference of her husband. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April, after a session of eighty-three days. Orsamus Cole having been elected in this month an associate justice of the supreme court in place of Judge Samuel Crawford, whose term of office would expire on the thirty-first of May of that year, went into office on the first day of June following, for a term of six years. His office would therefore end on the thirty-first of May, 1861. 64 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. On the 27th of May, 1S55, Hiram A. Wright, sujierintendent of public instruction, died at Prairie du Chien. On the 18th of June following, the governor appointed A. Constantine Barry to fill his place. On the sth of July, Garland, the owner of the rescued fugitive slave Glover, having brought suit in the United States district court for the loss of his slave, against Booth, the trial came on at Madison, resulting in the jury bringing in a verdict under instructions from the judge, of one thousand dollars, the value of a negro slave as fixed by act of congress of 1850. The constitution of the State requiring the legislature to provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants in the year 1855, an act was passed by that body, approved March 31, of this year, for that purpose. The result showed a population for Wisconsin of over five hundred and fifty-two thousand. In November, at the general election, the democratic ticket for State offi- cers was declared elected: William A. Barstow, for governor; Arthur McArthur, for lieutenant governor; David W. Jones, for secretary of State; Charles Kuehn, for State treasurer ; Wil- liam R. Smith, for attorney general; A. C. Barry, for superintendent of public instruction; William M. Dennis, for bank comptroller; and Edward McGarry for State prison commissioner. The vote for governor was very close; but the State canvassers declared Barstow elected by a small majority. The opposing candidate for that office was Coles Bashford, who ran as a republican The year 1855 was a prosperous one to the farmers of Wisconsin as well as to all industrial occupations. There were abundant crops and unexampled prices were realized. Fifth Administration. — Coles Bashford, Governor — i856-i8:;7. On the seventh day of January, 1856. William A. Barstow took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of Wisconsin, while Coles Bashford, who had determined to contest the right of Barstow to the governorship, went, on the same day, to the supreme court room, in Madison, and had the oath of office administered to him by Chief Justice Whiton. Bashford afterward called at the executive office and made a formal demand of Barstow that he should vacate the gubernatorial chair; but the latter respectfully declined the invitation. These were the initiatory Steps of " Bashford 7's. Barstow," for the office of governor of Wisconsin. The fight now commenced in earnest. Oa the eleventh, the counsel for Bashford called upon the attorney general and requested him to file an information in the nature of a ^uo 7t:'a/-/-<7«fe against Barstow. On the fifteenth that officer complied with the request. Thereupon a summons was issued to Barstow to appear and answer. On the twenty-second, Bashford, by his attorney, asked the court that the information filed by the attorney general be discontinued and that he be allowed to file one, which request was denied by the court. While the motion was being argued, Barstow, by his attorneys, entered his appearance in the case. On the second of February, Barstow moved to quash all proceedings for the reason that the court had no jurisdiction in the matter. This motion was denied by the court ; that tribunal at the same time deciding that the filing of the motion was an admission by Barstow that the alle- gations contained in the information filed by the attorney general were true. 4 On the twenty-first of Febiuary, the time appointed for pleading to the information, Bar- stow, by his attorneys, presented to the court a stipulation signed by all the parties in the case, to the effect that the board of canvassers had determined Barstow elected governor; that the secre- tary of State had certified to his election ; and that he had taken the oath of office. They submit- ted to the court whether it had jurisdiction, beyond the certificates, of those facts and the canvass SO made to inquire as to the number of votes actually given for Barstow, — Bashford offering to prove that the certificates were made and issued through mistake and fraud, and that he, instead of Barstow, received the greatest number of votes. This stipulation the court declined to enter- tain or to pass upon the questions suggested ; as they were not presented in legal form. Barstow WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 65 was thereupon given until the twenty-fifth of February to answer the information that had been filed against him by the attorney general. On the day appointed, Barstow filed his plea to the effect that, by the laws of Wisconsin regulating the conducting of general election for State officers, it was the duty of the board of canvassers to determine who was elected to the office of governor; and that the board had found that he was duly elected to that office. It was a plea to the jurisdiction of the court. A demurrer was interposed to this plea, setting forth that the matters therein contained were not sufficient in law to take the case out of court ; asking, also, for a judgment against Barstow, or that he answer further the information filed against him. The demurrer was sustained ; and Barstow was required to answer over within four days ; at the e.xpiration of which time the counsel for Barstow withdrew from the case, on the ground, as they alleged, that they had appeared at the bar of the court to object to the jurisdiction of that tribunal in the matter., and the court had determined to proceed with the case, holding and e.xercising full and final jurisdiction over it; and that thej could take no further steps without conceding the right of that tribunal so to hold. Thereupon, on the eighth of March, Barstow entered a protest, by a communication to the supreme court, against any further interference with the department under his charge by that tribunal, " either by attempting to transfer its powers to another or direct the course of executive action." The counsel for Bashford then moved for judgment upon the default of Barstow. A further hearing of the case was postponed until March i8, when the attorney general filed a motion to dismiss the proceedings ; against which Bashford. by his counsel, protested as being prejudicial to his rights. It was the opinion of the court that the attorney general could not dismiss the case, that every thing which was well pleaded for Bashford in his information was confessed by the default of Barstow. By strict usage, a final judgment ought then to have fol- lowed ; but the court came to the conclusion to call upon Bashford to bring forward proof, showing his right to the office. Testimony was then adduced at length, touching the character of the returns made to the State canvassers; after hearing of which it was the' opinion of the court that Bashford had received a plurality of votes for governor and that there must be a judgment in his favor and one of ouster against Barstow ; which were rendered accordingly. The ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced on the ninth of January, 1856. William Hull was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate had a repub- lican majority, but the assembly was democratic. On the eleventh Barstow sent in a message to a joint convention of the two houses. On the twenty-first of March he tendered to the legisla- ture his resignation as governor, giving for reasons the action of the supreme court in " Bashford vs. Barstow," which tribunal was then hearing testimony in the case. On the same day Arthur McArthur, lieutenant governor, took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of the State, afterwards sending a message to the legislature, announcing that the resignation of Barstow made it his duty to take the. reins of government. On the twenty-fifth, Bashford called on McArthur, then occupying the executive office, and demanded possession — at the same time intimating that he preferred peaceable measures to force, but that the latter would be employed if necessary. The lieutenant governor thereupon vacated the chair, when the former took the gubernatorial seat, exercising thereafter the functions of the office until his successor was elected and qualified. His right to the seat was recognized by the senate on the twenty-fifth, and by the assembly on the twenty-seventh of March, 1856. This ended the famous case of " Bashford vs. Barstow," the first and only " war of succession " ever indulged in by Wisconsin. The legislature, on the thirty-first of March, adjourned over to the third of September, to dispose of a congressional land grant to the State. Upon re-assembling, an important measure was taken up — that of a new apportionment for the legislature. It was determined to increase the 66 HISTORY OF WTSrONSTN. number of members from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven. The session closed on the thirteenth of October. The general election for members to the thirty-fifth congress, held in November, resulted in the choice of John H. Potter, from the first district ; C. C. Washburn from the second ; and Charles Billinghurst, from the third district. They were all elected as republicans. The presidential canvass of this year was an exciting one in the State. The republicans were successful. Electors of that party cast their five votes for Fremont and Dayton. The year 1856 was not an unprosperous one, agriculturally speaking, although in some respects decidedly unfavorable. In many districts the earlier part of the season was exceedingly dry, which materially diminished the wheat crop. Other industrial interests were every where in a flourishing condition. The legislature commenced its tenth regular session at Madison, on the fourteenth day of January, 1857, with a republican majority in both houses. Wyman Spooner was elected speaker of the assembly. For the first time since the admission of the State into the Union, a majority of the members of both houses, together with the governor, were opposed to the democratic party. On the twenty-third the senate and assembly met in joint convention, for the purpose of electing a United States senator in place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. James R. Doolittle, republican, was the successful candidate for that office, for a full term of six years, from the fourth of March, 1857. The legislature adjourned on the ninth of March, 1857. At the Spring election. Judge Whiton was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court for a term of six years. The second reformatory State institution established in Wisconsin, was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 7, 1857, denominated a House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, afterward called the State Reform School, now known as the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, and is located at Waukesha, the county seat of Waukesha county. The courts and several magistrates in any county in \Visconsin may, in their discretion, sentence to this school any male child between the ages of ten and sixteen years, convicted of vagrancy, petit larceny, or any rnisdemeanor ; also of any offense which would otherwise be punishable by imprisonment in the State prison ; or, of incorrigible or vicious conduct in certam cases. The term of commit- ment must be to the age of twenty-one years. At the State election held in November of this year, the republicans elected A. W. Randall governor; S. D. Hastings, State treasurer, and Edward M. McGraw, State prison commis- sioner. The democrats elected E. D. Campbell, lieutenant governor ; D. W. Jones, secretary of State ; Gabriel Bouck, attorney general ; L. C. Draper, superintendent of public instruc- tion, and J. C. Squires, bank comptroller. The year 1857 was a disastrous one to Wisconsin, as well as to the whole country, in a finan- cial point of view. Early in the Fall a monetary panic swept over the land. A number of prominent operators in the leading industrial pursuits were obliged to succumb. Agriculturally the year was a fair one for the State. Sixth .Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor — 1858-1859. Randall's administration began on the fourth day of January, 1858, when for the first time he was inaugurated governor of the State. On the eleventh, of January the legislature commenced its eleventh regular session, with a republican majority in both houses. Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the seventeenth of March, after an unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. " That a large majority of the members were men of integrity, and disposed for the public weal, can not "WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 be doubted ; but they were nearly all new mambers, and without former legislative experience. They set out to accomplish a great good, by holding up to public scorn and execration the whole- sale briberies and iniquities of the immediate past ; but they lacked concentration of effort, and. for want of union and preconcerted action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought, by providing a ' sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed." At the regular session of the legislature of 1856, an act was passed for a general revisi-n of the laws of the State. Under this, and a subsequent act of the adjourned session of that year, three commissioners — David Taylor, Samuel J. Todd, and F. S. Lovell — were appointed "to collect, compile and digest the general laws " of Wisconsin. Their report was submitted to the legislature of 1858, and acted upon at a late day of the session. The laws revised, which received the sanction of the legislature, were published in one volume, and constitute what is know as the Revised Statutes of iSj8. At the Fall election, John F. Potter from the first district, and C. C. Washburn from the second district, both republicans, were elected to the thirty-sixth congress ; while C. H. Larrabee, democrat, was elected to represent the third district. The twelfth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1859, with a republican majority in both houses. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of March, 1859, after a session of sixty-nine days. At the regular spring election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice of the supreme court, for a full term of six years, as the successor of Associate Justice Smith. As it was a question when the term of the latter ended — whether on the 31st day of May, 1859, or on the first Monday in January, i860 — he went through with the formality of resigning his office, and the governor of appointing Paine as his successor, on the 20th of June, 1859. On the twelfth of April, 1859, Edward V. \^'hiton, chief justice of the supreme court died at his residence in Janesville. The office was filled by executive appointment on the 19th of the same month — the successor of Judge Whiton being Luther S. Dixon. Late in the Sum- mer both political parties put into the field a full state ticket. The republicans were successful — electing for governor, Alexander W. Randall; for lieutenant governor, B. G. Noble; for secretary of state, L. P. Harvey; for state treasurer, S. D. Hastings, for attorney general, James H. Howe ; for bank comptroller, G. Van Steenwyck ; for superintendent of public instruction, J. L. Pickard ; for state prison commissioner, H. C. Heg. Seventh Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor (second term), 1860-1861. Alexander W. Randall was inaugurated the second time as governor of Wisconsin, on Monday, January 2, 'i860. One week subsequent, the thirteenth regular session of the legis- lature commenced at Madison. For the first time the republicans had control, not only of all the State offices, but also of both branches of the legislature. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. A new assessment law was among the most important of the acts passed at this session. The legislature adjourned on the second of April. At the sprints elec- tion, Luther S. Dixon, as an independent candidate, was elected chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of the late Chief Justice Whiton. In the presidential election which followed, republican electors were chosen — casting their five votes, in the electoral college, for Lincoln and Hamlin. At the same election, John F. Potter, from the first district ; Luther Hanchett, from the second, and A. Scott Sloan, from the third district, were elected members of the thirty-seventh congress. Hanchett died on the twenty-fourth of November, 1862, when, on the twentieth of December following, W. D. Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy. All these congressional representatives were republicans. Wisconsin, in i860, was a strong repub- 68 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. lican State. According to the census of this year, it had a population of over seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand. On the ninth of January, 1861, the fourteenth regular session of the State legislature com- menced at Madison. Both branches were republican. Amasa Cobb was elected speaker of the assembly. On the tenth, both houses met in joint convention to hear the governor read his annual message. It was a remarkable document. Besides giving an excellent synopsis of the operations of the State government for i860, the governor entered largely into a discussion of the question of secession and disunion, as then proposed by some of the southern states of the Union. These are his closing words : " The right of a State to secede from the Union can never be admitted. . The National Gfovernment can not treat with a State while it is in the Union, and particularly while it stands in an attitude hostile to the Union. So long as any State assumes a position foreign, inde- pendent and hostile to the government, there can be no reconciliation. The government of the United States can not treat with one of its own States as a foreign power. The constitutional laws extend over every Stat? alike. They are to be enforced in every State alike. A State can not come into the Union as it pleases, and go out when it pleases. Once in, it must stay until the Union is destroyed. There is no coercion of a State. But where a faction of a people arrays itself, not against one act, but against all laws, and against all government, there is but one answer to be made : ' The Government must be sustained ; the lazvs shall be enforced .' ' " On the twenty-third of January the legislature met in joint convention to elect a United States senator to fill the place of Charles Durkee, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. The successful candidate was Timothy O. Howe, republican, who was elected for a full term of six ypars from the 4th of March, 18^1. One of the important acts passed at this session of the legislature apportioned the State into senate and assembly districts, by which the whole number of members in both houses was increased from one hun- dred and twenty-seven to one hundred and thirty-three. Another act apportioned the State into six congressional districts instead of three. By this — the third congressional apportionment — each district was to elect one representative. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia; the third, of Green, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant, Crawford, Rich- land, and Sauk; the fourth, of Ozaukee, Washington, Dodge, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan; the fifth, Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Green Lake, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Outa- gamie, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Oconto, and Shawano ; and the sixth, of the counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, M.nroe, Juneau, Adams, Portage, Wood, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark, Marathon, Chippewa, Dallas, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, and Ashland. The legislature adjourned on the seventeenth of April, 1861. At the spring elections of this year, Orsamus Cole was re-elected as associate justice of the supreme court. On the ninth of May following. Governor Randall issued a proclamation convening the legislature in extra session on the fifteenth of the same month. " The extraordinary condition of the country," said he, " growing out of the rebellion against the government of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature of this State be convened in special session, to provide more completely for making the power of the State useful to the government and to other loyal States." The fifteenth or extra session began on the fifteenth of May, as designated in the governor's proclamation. The message of the governor was devoted entirely to the war. '' At the close of the last annual session of the legislature,'' said he, " to meet a sudden emer- gency, an act was passed authorizing me to respond to the call of the president of the United States, ' for aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 or insurrection, or to repel !nva ion witiiin the United States,' and I was authorized, and it was made my duty, to take such measures as, in my judgment, should provide in the speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call : and to this end I was authorized to accept the services of volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not less than seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each. I was also authorized to provide for uniforming and equipping such companies as were not provided with uniforms and equipments." " The first call of the president for immediate active service," con- tinued the governor, " was for one regiment of men. My proclamation, issued immediately after the pas-sage of the act of the legislature, was answered within less than ten days, by companies enough, each containing the requisite number of men, to make up at least five regiments instead of o.-e. I then issued another proclamation, announcing the offers that had been made, and advising that thereafter companies might be enrolled to stand as minute men, ready to answer further calls, as they might be made, but without expense to the State, except as they were mustered into service. In less than one month from the date of my first proclamation, at least five thou- sand men, either as individuals or enrolled companies, have offered their services for the war, and all appear anxious for active service in the field." " The time for deliberation," concludes the governor, '• must give way to the time for action. The constitution of the United States must be sustained in all its first intent and wholeness. The right of the people of every State to go into every other State and engage in any lawful pursuit, without unlawful interference or molestation; the freedom of speech and of the press; the right of trial by jury; security from unjustifiable seizure of persons or papers, and all constitutional privileges and immunities, must receive new guarantees of safety." The extra session of the legislature passed, wtih a single exception, no acts except such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Both houses adjourned sine die on the twenty-seventh of May, 1861. As the administration of Governor Randall would close with the year, and as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was much interest felt throughout the State as to who his successor should be. Three State tickets were put in nomination : union, republican, and democratic. The republican ticket was successful, electing Louis P. Harvey, governor; Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor; James T. Lewis, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; James H. Howe, attorney general; W. H. Ramsey, bank comp- troller; J. L. Pickard, superintendent of public instruction; and A. P. Hodges, state prison commissioner. The War of Secession — L.\st Year of Randall's Ad.ministration. When Wisconsin was first called upon to aid the General Government in its efforts to sustain itself against the designs of the secession conspirators, the commercial affairs of the State were embarrassed to a considerable degree by the depreciation of the currency. The designs of the secessionists were so far developed at the ending of the year i860 as to show that resistance to the national authority had been fully determined on. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that Governor Randall in his message to the legislature, early in January, 1861, should have set forth the dangers which threatened the Union, or should have denied the right of a State to secede from it. "Secession," said he, "is revolution; revolution is war ; war against the government of the United States is treason." "It is time," he continued, " now, to know whether we have any government, and if so, whether it has any strength. Is our written constitution more than a sheet of parchment .'' The nation must be lost or preserved by its own strength. Its strength is in the patriotism of the people. It is time now that politicians became patriots; that men show their love of country by every sacrifice, but that of principle, and by "^^ HISTOBY OF "WISCONSIN. unwavering devotion to its interests and integrity." "The hopes," added the governor, most eloquently, " of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the answer to this question of dissolution. The capacity for, as well as the right of, self-government is to pass its ordeal, and speculation to become certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along, the skeletons of nations have been strewn, as warnings and land-marks, upon the great highway of historic overnment. Wisconsin is true, and her people steadfast. She will not destroy the Union, nor consent that it shall be done. Devised by great, and wise, and good men, in days of sore trial, it must stand. Like some bold mountain, at whose base the great seas break their angry floods, and around whose summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have rattled — strong, unmoved, immovable — so may our Union be, wiiile treason surges at its base, and passions rage around it, unmoved, immovable — here let it stand forever." These are the words of an exalted and genuine patriotism. But the governor did not content himself with eloquence alone. He came down to matters of business as well. He urged the necessity of legislation that would give more efficient organization to the militia of the State. He warned the legislators to make preparations also for the coming time that should try the souls of men. " The signs of the times," said he, " indicate that there may arise a contingency in the condition of the government, when it will become necessary to respond to a call of the National Government for men and means to maintain the integrity of the Union, and to thwart the designs of men engaged in organized treason. While no unnecessary expense should be incurred, yet it is the part of wisdom, both for individuals and States, in revolutionary times, to be prepared to defend our institutions to the last extremity." It was thus the patriotic governor gave evidence to the members of both houses that he " scented the battle afar off." On the 1 6th of January, a joint resolution of the legislature was passed, declaring that the people of Wisconsin are ready to co-operate with the friends of the Union every where for its preservation, to yield a cheerful obedience to its requirements, and to demand a like obedience from all others ; that the legislature of Wisconsin, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and patriotic special message of the president of the United States ; that they tender to him, through the chief magistrate of their own State, whatever aid, in men and money, may be required to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government, and in defense of the more perfect Union, which has conferred prosperity and happiness on the American people. " Renewing," said they, " the pledge given and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors in upholding the Union and the constitution." The legislature, in order to put the State upon a kind of " war footing," passed an act for its defense, and to aid in enforcing the laws and maintaining the authority of the General Government. It was under this act that Governor Randall was enabled to organize the earlier regiments of Wisconsin. By it, in case of a call from the president of the United States to aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws to suppress rebellion or insurrection, or to repel invasion within the United States, the governor was authorized to provide, in the most efficient manner, for responding to such call — to accept the services of volunteers for service, in companies of seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each, and to commission officers for them. The governor was also authorized to contract for uniforms and equipments necessary for putting such companies into active service. One hundred thousand dollars were appropriated for war purposes; and bonds were authorized to be issued for that amount, to be negotiated by the governor, for raising funds. It will be seen, therefore, that the exigencies of the times — for Fort Su.nter had not yet been surrendered — WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 71 were fully met by the people's representatives, they doing their whole duty, as they then under- stood it, in aid of the perpetuity of the Union. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, Robert Anderson, major of the first artillery. United States army, accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the fourteenth of April, 1861, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fifty guns. This, in brief, is the story of the fall of Sumter and the opening act of the War of the Rebellion. " Whereas," said Abraham Lincoln, president, in his proclamation of the next day, " the laws of the United States have been for some time past, and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by law." Now, in view of that fact, he called forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress those combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. " A call is made on you by to-night's mail for one regiment of militia for immediate service," telegraphed the secretary of war to Randall, on the same day. In Wisconsin, as elsewhere, the public pulse quickened under the excitement of the fall of Sumter. " The dangers which surrounded the nation awakened the liveliest sentiments of patriotism and devotion. For the time, party fealty was forgotten in the general desire to save the nation. The minds of the people soon settled into the conviction that a bloody war was at hand, and that the glorious fabric of our National Government, and the principles upon which it is founded, were in jeopardy, and with a determination unparalleled in the history of any country, they rushed to its defense. On every hand the National flag could be seen displayed, and the public enthusiasm knew no bounds; in city, town, and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was war." "We have never been accustomed," said Governor Randall, " to consider the military arm as essential to the maintenance of our government, but an exigency has arisen that demands its employment." "The time has come," he continued, " when parties and plat- forms must be forgotten, and all good citizens and patriots unite together in putting down rebels and traitors." "What is money,'' he asked, "what is life, in the presence of such a crisis.''" Such utterances and such enthusiasm could but have their effect upon the legislature, which, it will be remembered, was still in session ; so, although that body had already voted to adjourn, sine die, on the fifteenth of April, yet, when the moment arrived, and a message from the governor was received, announcing that, owing to the extraordinary exigencies which had arisen, an amend- ment of the law of the thirteenth instant was necessary, the resolution to adjourn was at once rescinded. The two houses thereupon not only increased the amount of bonds to be issued to two hundred thousand dollars, but they also passed a law exempting from civil process, during the time of service, all persons enlisting and mustering into the United States army from Wis- consin. When, on the seventeenth, the legislature did adjourn, the scene was a remarkable one. Nine cheers were given for the star spangled banner and three for the Governor's Guard, who had just then tendered their services — the first in the State — under the call for a regiment of men for three months' duty. " For the first time in the history of this federal government," are the words of the gover- nor, in a proclamation issued on the sixteenth of April, "organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it." " The treasuries of the country," said he, " must no longer be plundered ; the public property must be 72 HISTOKY OF WISCOXSTN protected from aggressive violence ; that already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike." "A demand," he added, " made upon Wiscon- sin by the president of the United States, for aid to sustain the federal arm, must meet with a prompt response." The patriotism of the State was abundantly exhibited in their filling up a regiment before some of the remote settlements had any knowledge of the call. On the twenty- second, Governor Randall reported to the secretary of war that the First regiment was ready to go into rendezvous. The place designated was "Camp Scott," at Milwaukee; the day, the twenty-seventh of April. Then and there the several companies assembled — the regiment after- ward completing its organization. With a wise foresight. Governor Randall ordered, as a reserve force and in advance of another call for troops by the president, the formation of two more regiments — the Second and Third, and, eventually, the Fourth. Camps at Madison, Fond 'du Lac, and Racine, were formed for their reception, where suitable buildings were erected for their accommodation. Companies assjcrned to the Second regiment were ordered to commence moving into "Camp Randall," at Madison, on the first day of May. On the seventh, the secretary of war, under call of the presi- dent of the United States for forty-two thousand additional volunteers — this time for three years, or during tlie war — telegraphed Governor Randall that no more three months' volunteers were wanted; that such companies as were recruited must re-enlist for the new term or be disbanded. At the extra session of the legislature of Wisconsin, which, as already mentioned, com- menced on the fifteenth of May, called by Governor Randall immediately upon his being notified of the second call of the president for troops, on the third of May, the law hurriedly passed at the close of the regular session, and under which the governor had organized the First regi- ment, was found inadequate to meet the second call for troop.s. " A bill was introduced, and became a law, authorizing the governor to raise six regiments of infantry, inclusive of tliose he had organ- ized or placed at quarters. When the six regiments were mustered into the United States service, he was authorized to raise two additional regiments, and thus to keep two regiments continually in reserve to meet any future call of the General Government. He was authorized to quarter and subsist volunteers at rendezvous — to transport, clothe, subsist and quarter them in camp at the expense of the State. Arms and munitions were to be furnished by the United States. Recruits were to be mustered into State service, and into United States service, for three years. Two assistant surgeons to eacli regiment were to be appointed, and paid by the State. The regi- ments, as they came into camp, were to be instructed in drill and various camp duties, to secure efficiency in the field. The troops, so called in, were to be paid monthly by the State, the same pay and emoluments as the soldiers in the United States army, from the date of enlistment. The paymaster general was authorized to draw funds irom the State treasury for the payment of the State troops, and the expense incurred in subsisting, transporting and clothing them. The governor was authorized to jmrchase military stores, subsistence, clothing, medicine, field and camp equipage, and the sum of one million dollars was appropriated to enable the governor to carry out the law." Other laws were passed relating to military matters. One authorized the governor to pur- chase two thousand stand of arms; and fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to pay lor the same. Another authorized counties, towns, cities and incorporated villages to levy taxes for the purpose of providing for the support of families of volunteers residing in their respective limits. The one i)assed at the previous session, exempting volunteers from civil process yhile in the service, was amended so as to include all who might thereafter enlist. One granted five dollars per month as extra pay to enlisted volunteers having families dependent upon them for support, payable to their families. Another authorized the governor to employ such aids, clerks and 1' 1 WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 73 messengers, as he deemed necessary for the public interests. Still another authorized the pay- ment of those who had enlisted for three months, but had declined to go in for three years. The expenses of the extra session were ordered to be paid out of the " war fund." One million dollars in bonds were authorized to be issued for war purposes to form that fund. The governor, secretary of state and state treasurer were empowered to negotiate them. By a joint resolu- tion approved the twenty-first of May, the consent of the legislature was given to the governor to be absent from the State during the war, for as long a time as in his discretion he might think proper or advisable, in connection with the military forces of the State. For liberality, zeal and genuine patriotism, the members of the Wisconsin legislature, for the year 1861, deserve a high commendation. All that was necessary upon their final adjournment at the close of the extra session to place the State upon a " vvar footing," was the organization by the governor of the various military departments. These he effected by appointing Brigadier General William L. Utley, adjutant general; Brigadier General W. W. Tredway, quartermaster general; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general; Brigadier General Simeon Mills, jsaymaster gen- eral; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; "Major E. L. Buttrick, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. On the seventeenth of May, the First regiment, at "Camp Scott," was mustered into the United States service, and the war department informed that it awaited marching orders. The regimental officers were not all in accordance with the law and mode adopted afterwards. On the seventh of the month Governor Randall had appointed Rufus King a brigadier general, and assigned the First, Second, Third and Fourth regiments to his command as the Wisconsin brigade ; although at that date only the First and Second had been called into camp. This brigade organization was not recognized by the General Government. The secretary of war telegraphed the governor of Wisconsin that the quota of the State, under the second call of the president, was two regiments — so that the whole number under both calls was only three — one (the First) for three months, two (the Second and Third) for three years. Notwithstanding this, Governor Randall proceeded to organize the Fourth. As a number of the companies ordered into " Camp Randall " on the first day of May to form the Second regiment had only enlisted for three months, the order of the secretary of vi^ar of the seventh of that month making it imperative that all such companies must re-enlist for three years or during the war, or be disbanded, the question of extending their term of enlist- ment was submitted to the companies of the regiment, when about five hundred consented to the change. The quota of the regiment was afterward made up, and the whole mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, under the president's second call for troops. This was on the eleventh of June, 1S61. The Third regiment having had its companies assigned early in May, they were ordered in June into "Camp Hamilton" at Fond du Lac, where the regiment was organized, and, on the twenty-ninth of June, mustered into the United States' service as a three years regiment. This filled Wisconsin's quota under the second call of President Lincoln. By this time war matters in the State began to assume a systematic course of procedure — thanks to the patriotism of the people, the wisdom of the legislature, and the untiring energy and exertions of the governor and his subordinates. The determination of the secretary of war to accept from Wisconsin only two three-years regiments under the second call for troops was soon changed, and three more were authorized, making it necessary to organize the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth. The Fourth was called into " Camp Utley " at Racine on the sixth of June, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the ninth of the foUov/ing month. By the twenty-eighth of June, all the companies of the Fifth had assembled at " Camp Randall," and on the thirteenth of July were mustered in as 74 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. United States troops. By the first of July, at the same place, the complement for the Sixth regiment had been made up, and the companies were mustered for three years into the service of the General Government, on the sixteenth of the same month. Governor Randall did not stop the good work when six regiments had been accepted, but assigned the necessary companies •to form two more regiments — the Seventh and Eighth; however, he wisely concluded not to call them into camp until after harvest, unless specially required to do so. " If they are needed sooner," said the governor, in a letter to the president on the first of July, " a call will be imme- diately responded to, and we shall have their uniforms and equipments ready for them." "By the authority of our legislature," added the writer, 'I shall, after the middle of August, keep two regiments equipped and in camp ready for a call to service, and will have them ready at an earlier day if needed." About the latter part of June, W. P. Alexander, of Beloit, a good marksman, was commis- sioned captain to raise a company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment. He at once engaged in the work. The company was filled to one hundred and three privates and three officers. It left the State about the middle of September under Captain Alexander, and was mustered into the service at Wehawken on the twenty-third day of that month, as Company "G " of Berdan's regiment of sharpshooters. On the twenty-sixth of July, a commission was issued to G. Van Deutsch, of Milwaukee, to raise a company of cavalry. He succeeded in filling his company to eighty-four men. He left the State in September, joining Fremont. The company was after- ward attached to the fifth cavalry regiment of Missouri. About the 20th of August, Governor Randall was authorized to organize and equip as rapidly as possible five regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery, and procure for them necessary clothing and equipments according to United States regulations and prices, subject to the inspec- tion of officers of the General Government. The five regiments were to be additional to the eight already raised. One regiment was to be German. During the last week of August the companies of the Seventh regiment were ordered into " Camp Randall," at Madison. They were mustered into the service soon after arrival. On the 28th of August orders were issued for the reorganization of the First regiment for three years, its term of three months having expired. The secretary of war having signified his acceptance of the regiment for the new term, its mus- tering into the service was completed on the nineteenth of October. This made six infantry regi- ments in addition to the eight already accepted, or fourteen in all. On the same day orders were issued assigning companies to the Eighth regiment, — the whole moving to " Camp Randall," at Madison, the first week in September, where their mustering in was finished on the thirteenth. The Ninth, a German reginent, was recruited in squads, and sent into camp, where they were formed into companies, and the whole mustered in on the 26th of October, i86i,at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Companies were assigned the Tenth regiment on the iSth of September, and ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was fully organized about the first of October, being mustered into the service on the fourteenth of that month. The Tenth infantry was enlisted in September, 1861, and mustered in on the fourteenth of October, 1861, at "Camp Holton," Mil- waukee. The Eleventh regiment was called by companies into " Camp Randall " the latter part of September and first of October, 1861, and mustered in on the eighteenth. The Twelfth was called in to the same camp and mustered in by comp-nies between the twenty-eighth of October and the fifth of November, 1861. The Thirteenth rendezvoused at "Camp Treadway," Janes- ville, being mustered into the United States service on tlie seventeenth of October, 1S61. These thirteen regiments were all that had been accepted and mustered into the United States serv'oe while Randall was governor. From the commencement of the rebellion a great desire had been manifested for the organ- wiscoNsnir as a state. • 75 ization of artillery companies in Wisconsin, and this desire was finally gratified. Each battery was to number one hundred and fifty men, and, as has been shown, five had been authorized by the General Government to be raised in Wisconsin. The First battery was recruited at La Crosse, under the superintendence of Captain Jacob T. Foster, and was known as the " La Crosse Artillery." It rendezvoused at Racine^early in October, 1861, where on the tenth of that month, it was mustered into the United States service. The Second battery. Captain Ernest Herzberg, assembled at " Camp Utley," Racine, and was mustered in with the First battery on the tenth. The Third, known as the " Badger Battery," was organized by Captain L. H. Drury, at Madison and Berlin, and was mustered into the service on the same day and at the same place as the First and Second. The Fourth battery, recruited and organized at Beloit, under the supervision of Captain John F. Vallee, was mustered in on the first of October, 1S61, at Racine. The Fifth battery was recruited at Monroe, Green county, under the superintendence of Captain Oscar F- Pinney, moving afterward to " Camp Utley," Racine, where, on the first of October, it was mus- tered in, along with the Fourth. So brisk had been the recruiting, it was ascertained by the governor that seven companies had been raised instead of five, when the secretary of war was telegraphed to, and the extra companies — the Sixth and Seventh accepted ; the Sixth, known as the " Buena Vista Artillery," being recruited at Lone Rock, Richland county, in September, Captain Henry Dillon, and mustered in on the second of October, 1861, at Racine; the Seventh, known as the "Badger State Flying Artillery," having organized at Milwaukee, Captain Richard R. Griffiths, and mustered in on the fourth of the same month, going into camp at Racine on the eighth. This completed the mustering in of the first seven batteries, during Governor Randall's administration ; the whole mustered force being thirteen regiments of infantry ; one company of cavalry ; one of sharpshooters ; and these seven artillery companies. " Wisconsin," said the gov- ernor, in response to a request as to the number of regiments organized, " sent one regiment for three months, — officers and men eight hundred and ten. The other regiments f jt the war up to the Thirteenth (including the First, re-organized), will average one thousand men each; one company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment, one hundred and three men ; and seven companies of light artillery." Of cavalry from Wisconsin, only Deutsch's company had been mustered into the United States, although three regiments had been authorized by the General Government before the close of Randall's administration. The governor, before the expiration of his office, was empowered to organize more artillery companies — ten in all ; and five additional regiments of infantry — making the whole number eighteen. On the tenth of December, he wrote : " Our Fourteenth infantry is full and in camp. * * * Fifteenth has five companies in camp, and filling up. Sixteenth has eight companies in camp, and will be full by the 25th of December. Seventeenth Has some four hundred men enlisted. Eighteenth will be in camp, full, by January i. Seven maximum companies of artillery in camp. * * * Three regiments of cavalry — two full above the ma.ximum ; the third, about eight hundred men in camp." It will be seen, therefore, that a considerable number of men in the three branches of the service was then in camp that had not been mustered into the service ; and this number was considerably- increased by the 6th of January, 1862, the day that Randall's official term expired; but no more men were mustered in, until his successor came into office, than those previously mentioned. The First regiment — three months'— left " Camp Scott," Milwaukee, on the ninth of June, 1 86 1, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — eight hundred and ten in number; John C. Starkweather, colonel. The regiment returned to Milwaukee on the seventeenth of August, 1861, and was mustered out on the twenty-second. The First regiment re-organized at "Camp Scott," Milwaukee. Its mustering into the service, as previously mentioned, was completed on the nineteenth of October. On the twenty- 76 ■ HISTORY OF WTSCONSIK. eighth, it started for Louisville, Kentucky — nine hundred and forty-five strong — under command of its former colonel, John C. Starkweather. The Second regiment, with S. Park Coon as colonel, left "Camp Randall," Madison, for Washington city, on the eleventh of June, 1861 — numbering, in all, one thousand and fifty-one. The Third regiment started from " Camp Hamilton," Fond du Lac, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, under command of Charles S. Hamilton, as colonel, on the twelfth of July, 1861, with a numerical strength of nine hundred and seventy- nine. The Fourth regiment — Colonel Halbert E. Payne — with a numerical strength of one thousand and fifty-three, departed on the fifteenth of July, 1861, from "Camp Utley," Racine, for Baltimore, Maryland. The Fifth regiment left " Camp Randall," Madison, one thousand and fifty-eight strong, commanded by Colonel Amasa Cobb, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1861, for Washington city. On the twenty-eighth of July, 1861, the Sixth regiment, numbering one thousand and eighty-four, moved from Madison, having been ordered to Washington city. It was commanded by Colonel Lysander Cutter. The Seventh regiment — Joseph Van Dor, Colonel — with a numerical strength of one thousand and sixteen men — officers and privates, received orders, as did the Fifth and Sixth, to move forward to Washington. They started from Madison on the morning of the twenty-first of September, 1861, for active service. The Eighth infantry, nine hundred and seventy-three strong, commanded by Colonel Robert C. Murphy, left Madison, en route for St. Louis, Missouri, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1861. The Ninth, or German regiment, with Frederick Salomon in command as colonel, did not leave "Camp Sigel," for active service, while Randall was governor. The Tenth infantry moved from " Camp Holton," Milwaukee, commanded by Colonel Alfred R. Chapin, on the ninth of November, i86i, destined for Louisville, Kentucky, with a total number of nine hundred and sixteen officers and privates. On the twentieth of November, 1861, the Eleventh regiment "broke camp" at Madison, starting for St. Louis, under command of Charles L. Harris, as colonel. Its whole number of men was nine hundred and sixteen. The Twelfth regiment, at " Camp Randall," Madison — Colonel George E. Bryant, and the Thirteenth, at " Camp Tredway," Janesville — Colonel Maurice Maloney — were still in camp at the expiration of the administration of Governor Randall: these, with the Ninth, were all that had not moved out of the State for active service, of those mustered in previous to January 6, 1S61, — making a grand total of infantry sent from Wisconsin, up to that date, by the governor, to answer calls of the General Government, for three years' service or during the war, of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-one men, in ten regiments, averaging very nearly one thousand to each regiment. Besides these ten regiments of infantry for three years' service, Wisconsin had also sent into the field the First regiment, for three months' service, numbering eight hundred and ten men ; Alexander's company of sharp- shooters, one hundred and six; and Deutsch's company of cavalry, eighty-four: in all, one thousand. Adding these to the three years' regiments, and the whole force, in round numbers, was eleven thousand men, furnished by the State in 1861. Eighth Administration. — L()Uis P. Harvey and Edward Salomon, Governors — 1862-1863. Louis P. Harvey was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the sixth of January, 1862. The fifteenth regular session of the legislature of the State began on the eighth of the same month. In the senate, the republicans were in the majority; but in the assembly they had only a plurality of members, there being a number of" Union" men- in that branch — enough, indeed, to elect, by outside aid, J. W. Beardsley, who ran for the assembly, upon the " Union " ticket, as speaker. Governor Harvey, on the tenth, read his message to the legislature in joint convention. " No previous legislature," are his opening words, " has convened under equal incentives to a disinterested zeal in the public service The occasion," he adds, "pleads WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 77 with you in rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to the exercise of a conscientious patriotism, becoming the representatives of a Christian people, called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial of their virtue, and of the strength of the Government." On the seventh of April following, the legislature adjourned until the third of June next ensuing. Before it again assembled, an event occurred, casting a gloom over the whole State. The occasion was the accidental drowning of Governor Harve}'. Soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, on the seventh of April, 1862, the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered severely, induced the governor to organize a reli.'f party, to aid the wounded and suffering soldiers from the State. On the tenth, Harvey and others started on their tour of benevolence. Arriving at Chicago, they found a large num- ber of boxes had been forwarded there from different points in the State, containing supplies of various kinds. At Mound City, Paducah, and Savannah, the governor and his party adminis- tered to the wants of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers. Having completed their mission of mercy, they repaired to a boat in the harbor of Savannah, to avvait the arrival of the Minne- haha^ which was to convey them to Cairo, on their homeward trip. It was late in the evening of the nineteenth of April, 1862, and very dark when the boat arrived which was to take the governor and his friends on board ; and as she rounded to, the bow touching the Dunleith, on which was congregated the party ready to depart, Governor Harvey, by a misstep, fell overboard between the two boats, into the Tennessee river. The current was strong, and the water more than thirty feet deep. Every thing was done that could be, to save his life, but all to no purpose. His body was subsequently found and brought to Madison for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the State, upon the death of Harvey, succeeded to the office of governor of Wisconsin. On the third day of June, the legislature re-assembled in accordance with adjournment on the seventh of April previous, Governor Salomon, in his message of that day, to the senate and assembly, after announcing the sad event of the death of the late governor, said: " The last among the governors elected by the people of this State, he is the first who has been removed by death from our midst. The circumstances leading to and surrounding the tragic and melancholy end of the honored and lamented deceased, are well known to the people, and are, with his memory, treasured up in their hearts." He died," added Salomon, " while in the exercise of the highest duties of philan- thropy and humanity, that a noble impulse had imposed upon him." The legislature, on the thirteenth of June, by a joint resolution, declared that in the death of Governor Harvey, the State had " lost an honest, faithful, and efficient public officer, a high-toned gentleman, a warm- hearted philanthropist, and a sincere friend." Both houses adjourned sine die, on the seventeuth of June, 1862. Business of great public importance, in the judgment of the governor, rendering a special session of the legislature necessary, he issued, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1S62, his proc- lamation to that effect, convening both houses on the tenth of September following. On that day he sent in his message, relating wholly to war matters. He referred to the fact that since the adjournment of the previous session, six hundred thousand more men had been called for by the president of the United States, to suppress the rebellion. "It is evident," said he, "that to meet further calls, it is necessary to rely upon a system of drafting or conscription, in Wisconsin." The governor then proceeded to recommend such measures as he deemed necessary to meet the exigencies of the times. The legislature levied a tax to aid volunteering, and passed a law giving the right of suffrage to soldiers in the military service. They also authorized the raising of money for payment of bounties to volunteers. The legislature adjourned on the twenty- sixth of September, 1S62, after a session of sixteen days, and the enacting of seventeen laws. 78 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. On the 7th of October, James H. Howe, attorney general, resigned his office to enter the army. On the 14th of that month, Winfield Smith was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy. At the general election in the Fall of this year, six congressmen were elected to the thirty- eighth congress: James S. Brown from the first district; I. C. Sloan, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; Charles A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Ezra Wheeler, from the fifth ; and W. D. Mclndoe, from the sixth district. Sloan, Cobb, and Mclndoe, were elected as republi- cans ; Brown, Eldridge, and Wheeler, as democrats. The sixteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature, commenced on the fourteenth of January, 1S63. J. Allen Barber was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in both houses was republican. Governor Salomon read his message on the fifteenth, to the joint convention, referring, at length, to matters connected with the war of the rebellion. A large number of bills were passed by the legislature for the benefit of soldiers and their families. On the twenty-second, the legislature re-elected James R. Doolittle, to the United States senate for six years, from the fourth of March next ensuing. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April following. In the Spring of this year, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court, running as an independent candidate. By a provision of the Revised Statutes of 185S, as amended by an act passed in 1S62, and interpreted by another act passed in 1875, the terms of the justices of the supreme court, elected for a full term, commence on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. At the Fall election there were two tickets in the field : democratic and union republican. The latter was successful, electing James T. Lewis, governor ; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Lucius Fairchild, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; Winfield Smith, attorney general ; J. L. Pickard, state superintendent ; W. H. Ramsay, bank comp- troller ; and Henry Cordier, state prison commissioner. War of Secession — Harvey and Salomon's Administration. When Governor Randall turned over to his successor in the gubernatorial chair, the military- matters of Wisconsin, he had remaining in the State, either already organized or in process of formation, the Ninth infantry, also the Twelfth up to the Nineteenth inclusive; three regiments of cavalry ; and ten batteries — First to Tenth inclusive. Colonel Edward Daniels, in the Summer of 1 86 1, was authorized by the war department to recruit and organize one battalion of cavalry in Wisconsin. He was subsequently authorized to raise two more companies. -Governor Ran- dall, in October, was authorized to complete the regiment — the First cavalry — by the organiza- tion of six additional companies. The organization of the Second cavalry regiment was author- ized in the Fall of 1861, as an "independent acceptance," but was finally turned over to the State authorities. Early in November, 1861, the war department issued an order discontinuing enlistments for the cavalry service, and circulars were sent to the different State executives to consolidate all incomplete regiments. Ex-Governor Barstow, by authority of General Fremont, which authority was confirmed by the General Government, had commenced the organization of a cavalry regiment — the Third Wisconsin — when Governor Randall received information that the authority of Barstow had been revoked. The latter, however, soon had his authority restored. In October, Governor Randall was authorized .by the war department to raise three additional companies of artillery — Eighth to Tenth inclusive. These three batteries were all filled and went into camp by the close of 1861. Governor Randall, therefore, besides sending out of the State eleven thousand men, had in process of formation, or fully organized, nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry, and ten companies of artillery, left behind in WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 79 various camps in the State, to be turned over to his successor. The military officers of Wisconsin were the governor, Louis P. Harvey, commander-in- chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tred- way, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier Gen- eral Simeon Mills, paymaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major M. H. Carpenter, judge advocate ; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. As the General Government had taken the recruiting service out of the hands of the executives of the States, and appointed superintendents in their place, the offices of commissary general and paymaster general were no longer necessary; and their time, after the commencement of the administration in Wisconsin of 1862, was employed, so long as they continued their respective offices, in settling up the business of each. The office of commissary general was closed about the first of June, 1862; that of paymaster general on the tenth of July following. On the last of August, 1S62, Brigadier General Tredway resigned the position of quartermaster general, and Nathaniel F. Lund was appointed to fill his place. Upon the convening of the legislature of the State in its regular January session of this year — 1862, Governor Harvey gave, in his message to that body, a full statement of what had been done by Wisconsin in matters appertaining to the war, under the administration of his predecessor. He stated that the State furnished to the service of the General Government under the call for volunteers for three months, one regiment — First Wisconsin ; under the call for volunteers for tliree years, or the war, ten regiments, numbering from the First re-organized to the Eleventh, excluding the Ninth or German regiment. He gave as the whole number of officers, musicians and privates, in these ten three-year regiments, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen. He further stated that there were then organized and awaiting orders, the Ninth, in " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, numbering nine hundred and forty men, under Colonel Frederick Salomon ; the Twelfth, in " Camp Randall," one thousand and thirty-nine men, under Colonel George E. Bryant ; the Thirteenth, in " Camp Tredway," Janesville, having nine hundred and nineteen men, commanded by Colonel M. Maloncy ; and the Fourteenth, at " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, eight hundred and fifty men, under Colonel D. E. Wood. The Fifteenth or Scandinavian regiment, Colonel H. C. Hag, seven hundred men, and the Sixteenth, Colonel Benjamin Allen, nine hundred men, were at that time at "Camp Randall," in near readiness for marching orders. The Seventeenth (Irish) regiment. Colonel J. L. Doran, and the Eighteenth, Colonel James S. Alban, had their full number of companies in readiness, lacking one, and had been notified to go into camp — the former at Madison, the latter at Milwaukee. Seven companies of artillery, numbering togetlier one thousand and fifty men, had remained for a considerable time in " Camp Utley," Racine, impatient of the delays of the General Govern- ment in calling them to move forward. Three additional companies of artillery were about going into camp, numbering three hundred and thirty-four men. Besides these, the State had furnished, as already mentioned, an independent company of cavalry, then in Missouri,_raised by Captain Von Deutsch, of eighty-one men ; a company of one hundred and four men for Ber- dan's sharpshooters; and an additional company for the Second regiment, of about eighty men. Three regiments of cavalry — the First, Colonel E. Daniels ; the Second, Colonel C. C. Washburn ; and the Third, Colonel W. A. Barstow ; were being organized. They numbered together, two thou- sand four hundred and fifty men. The Nineteenth (independent) regiment was rapidly organ- izing under the direction of the General Government, by Colonel H. T. Sanders, Racine. Not bringing this last regiment into view, the State had, at the commencement of Governor Harvey's administration, including the First, three-months' regiment, either in the service of the United States or organizing for it, a total of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three men. 80 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The legislature at its regular session of 1862, passed a law making it necessary to present all claims which were made payable out of the war fund, within twelve months from the time they accrued ; a law was also passed authorizing the investment of the principal of the school fund in the bonds of the state issued for war purposes ; another, amendatory of the act of the extra session of 1861, granting exemption to persons enrolled in the military service, so as to except persons acting as fiduciary agents, either as executors or administrators, or guardians or trustees, or persons defrauding the State, or any school district of moneys belonging to the same ; also author- izing a stay of proceedings in foreclosures of mortgages, by advertisements. " The State Aid Law" was amended so as to apply to all regiments of infantry, cavalry, artillery and sharpshooters, defining the rights of families, fixing penalties for the issue of false papers, and imposing duties on military officers in the field to make certain reports. These amendments only included regi- ments and companies organized up to and including the Twentieth, which was in process of organization before the close of the session. A law was also passed suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held by volunteers ; another defining the duties of the allotment com- missioners appointed by the president of the United States, and fixing their compensation. One authorized the issuing of bonds for two hundred thousand dollars for war purposes ; one author- ized a temporary loan from the general fund to pay State aid to volunteers ; and one, the appoint- ment of a joint committee to investigate the sale of war bonds; while another authorized the governor to appoint surgeons to batteries, and assistant surgeons to cavalry regiments. The legislature, it will be remembered, took a recess from the seventh of April to the third of June, 1862. Upon its re-assembling, «.. ict was passed providing ur the discontinuance of the active services of the paymaster general, quartermaster general and commissary general. Another act appropriated twenty thousand dollars to enable the governor to care for the sick and wounded soldiers of the State. There was also another act passed authorizing the auditing, by the quartermaster general, of bills for subsistence and transportation of the Wisconsin cavalry regiments. At the extra session called by Governor Salomon, for the tenth of September, 1862, an amendment was made to the law granting aid to families of volunteers, by including all regi- ments of cavalry, infantry, or batteries of artillery before that time raised in the State, or that might afterward be raised and mustered into the United States service. It also authorized the levying of a State tax of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars to be placed to the credit of the war fund and used in the payment of warrants for "State Aid" to families of volunteers. .\nother law authorized commissioned officers out of the State to administer oaths and take acknowledgments of deeds and other papers. One act authorized soldiers in the field, although out of the State, to exercise the right of suffrage ; and another gave towns, cities, incorporated villages and counties the authority to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers. On the fifth of August, 1862, Governor Salomon received from the war department a dispatch stating that orders had been issued for a draft of three hundred thousand men to be immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged ; that if the State quota under a call made July 2, of th.it year, for three hundred thousand vol- unteers, was not filled by the fifteenth of August, the deficiency would be made up by draft ; and that the secretary of war would assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft. On the eighth of that month, the governor of the Stale was ordered to immediately cause an enrollment of all able-bodied citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age, by counties. Governor Salomon was authorized to appoint proper officers, and the United States promised to pay all reasonable expenses. The quota for Wisconsin, under the call for nine months' men, was eleven thousand nine hundred and four. The draft was made by the governor in obedience to the order he had received from Washington ; but such had been the volunteering under the stim- "WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 81 iilus caused by a fear of it, that only four thousand five hundred and thirty-seven men were drafted. This was the first and only draft made in Wisconsin by the State authorities. Subsequent ones were made under the direction of the provost marshal general at Wash- ington. The enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randall's administration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the marching of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1861, also, of one company of cavalry under Captain "Von Deutsch and one company of sharpshooters under Captain Alexander, con- stituted the effective aid abroad of Wisconsi'i during that year to suppress the rebellion. But for the year 1862, this aid, as to number of organizations, was more than doubled, as will now be shown. The Ninth regiment left " Camp Sigel,'' Milwaukee, under command of Colonel Frederick Salomon, on the twenty-second of January, 1862, numbering thirty-nine officers and eight hun dred and eighty-four men, to report at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Twelfth infantry left Wisconsin under command of Colonel George E. Bryant, ten hundred and forty-five strong, the eleventh of January, 1862, with orders to report at Weston, Missouri. The Thirteenth regiment — Colonel Maurice Maloney — left "Camp Tredway," Janesville, on the eighteenth of January, 1862, nine hundred and seventy strong, under orders to report at Leavenworth, Kansas, where it arrived on the twenty-third. The Fourteenth regiment of infantry departed from " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, under command of Colonel David E. Wood, for St. Louis, Missouri, on the eighth of March, 1S62, it having been mustered into the United States service on the thirtieth of January previous. Its total strength was nine hundred and seventy officers and men. It arrived at its destination on the tenth of March, and went into quarters at " Benton Barracks." The Fifteenth regiment, mostly recruited from the Scandinavian population of Wisconsin, was organized at " Camp Randall," Madison — Hans C. Heg as colonel. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the fourteenth of February, 1862, it leaving the State for St. Louis, Missouri, on the second of March following, with a total strength of eight hundred and one officers and men. The Sixteenth regiment was organized at "Camp Randall," and was mustered into the service on the last day of January, 1862, leaving the State, with Benjamin Allen as colonel, for St. Louis on the thirteenth of March ensuing, having a total strength of one thousand and sixty-six. The reg.mental organization of the Seventeenth infantry (Irish), Colonel John L. Doran, was effected at " Camp Randall," and the mustering in of the men completed on the fifteenth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the twenty-third for St. Louis The Eighteenth regiment organized at " Camp Trowbridge," Milwaukee — James S. Alban, colonel — completed its muster into the United States service on the fifteenth of March, 1862, and left the State for St. Louis on the thirtieth, reaching their point of destination on the thirty- first. The Nineteenth infantry rendezvoused at Racine as an independent regiment, its colonel, Horace T. Sanders, being commissioned by the war department. The men were mustered into the service as fast as they were enlisted. Independent organizations being abolished, by an order from Washington, the Nineteenth was placed on the same footing as other regiments in the State. On the twentieth of April, 1862, the regiment w4s ordered to " Camp Randall " to guard rebel prisoners. Here the mustering in was completed, numbering in all nine hundred and seventy-three. They left the State for Washington on the second of June. 82 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The muster into the United States service of the Twentieth regiment^Bertine Pinckney, colonel — was completed on the twenty-third of August, iS6?, at "Camp Randall," the original strength being nine hundred and ninety. On the thirtieth of August the regiment left the State for St. Louis. The Twenty-first infantry was organized at Oslikosh, being mustered in on the fifth of Sep- tember, 1S62, with a force of one thousand and two, all told — Benjamin J. Sweet, colonel — leaving the State for Cincinnati on the eleventh. The Twenty-second regiment — Colonel William L. Utley — was organized at " Camp Utiey," Racine, and mustered in on the second of September, 1862. Its original strength was one thou- sand and nine. It left the State for Cincinnati on the si.xteenth. On the thirtieth of .August, 1862, the Twenty-third regiment — Colonel Joshua J. Guppey — was mustered in at "Camp Randall," leaving Madison for Cincinnati on the fifteenth. The Twenty-fourth infantry rendezvoused at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Its muster in was completed on the twenty-first of .August, 1862, the regiment leaving the State under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, for Kentucky, on the fifth of September, one thousand strong. On the fourteenth of September, 1862, at " Camp Salomon," LaCrosse, the Twenty-fifth regiment was mustered into the service — Milton Montgomery, colonel. They left the State on the nineteenth with orders to report to General Pope, at St. Paul, Minnesota, to aid in suppress- ing the Indian difficulties in that State. Their entire strength was one thousand and eighteen. The regiment, after contributing to the preservation of tranquillity among the settlers, and deterring the Indians from hostilities, returned to Wisconsin, arriving at " Camp Randall " on the eighteenth of December, 1862. The Twenty-sixth — almost wholly a German regiment — was mustered into the service at ''Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862. The regiment, under com- mand of Colonel William H. Jacobs, left the State for Washington city on the sixth of October, one thousand strong. The Twenty-seventh infantry was ordered to rendezvous at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862 ; but the discontinuance of recruiting for new regiments in August left the Twenty-seventh with only seven companies full. An order authorizing the recruiting of three more companies was received, and under the supervision of Colonel Conrad Krez the organization was completed, but the regiment at the close of the year had not been mustered into the service. On the twenty-fourth of October, 1862, the Twenty-eighth regiment — James M. Lewis, of Oconomowoc, colonel — was mustered into the United States service at "Camp Washburn," Mil- waukee. Its strength was nine hundred and sixty-one. In November, the regiment was employed in arresting and guarding the draft rioters in Ozaukee county. It left the State for Columbus, Kentucky, on the twentieth of December, where they arrived on the twenty-second; remaining there until the fifth of January, 1863. The Twenty-ninth infantry — -Colonel Ciiarles R. Gill — was organized at " Camp Randall," where its muster into the United States service was completed on the twenty-seventh of Sep- tember, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for Cairo, Illinois, on the second of November. The Thirtieth regiment, organized at "Camp Randall" under the supervision of Colonel Daniel J. Dill, completed its muster into the United States service on the twenty-first of October, 1862, with a strength of nine hundred and six. On the sixteenth of November, one company of the Thirtieth was sent to Green Bay to protect the draft commissioner, remaining several weeks. On the eighteenth, seven companies moved to Milwaukee to assist in enforcing the draft in Mil- waukee county, while two companies remained in "Camp Randall" to guard Ozaukee rioters. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 83 On the twenty-second, six companies from Milwaukee went to West Bend, Washington county, one company returning to "Camp Randall." After the completion of the draft in Washington county, four companies returned to camp, while two companies were engaged in gathering up the drafted men. The final and complete organization of the Thirty-first infantry — Colonel Isaac E. Mess- more — was not concluded during the year 1862. The Thirty-second regiment, organized at " Camp Bragg," Oshkosh, with James H. Howe as colonel, was mustered into the service on the twenty-fifth of September, 1862 ; and, on the thirtieth of October, leaving the State, it proceeded by way of Chicago and Cairo to Memphis, Tennessee, going into camp on the third of November. The original strength of the Thirty- second was nine hundred and ninety-three. The Thirty-third infantry — Colonel Jonathan B. Moore — mustered in on the eighteenth of October, 1862, at " Camp Utley," Racine, left the State, eight hundred and ninety-two strong, moving by way of Chicago to Cairo. The Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted men, original strength nine hundred and sixty-one — Colonel Fritz Anneke — had its muster into service for nine months completed at "Camp Wash- burn," Milwaukee, on the last day of the year 1862. Of the twenty-four infantry regiments, numbered from the Twelfth to the Thirty-fourth inclusive, and including also the Ninth, three — the Ninth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth — were mus- tered into the United States service in 1861. The whole of the residue were mustered in during the year 1862, except the Twenty-seventh and the Thirty-first. All were sent out of the State during 1862, except the last two mentioned and the Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-fourth. The First regiment of cavalry — Colonel Edward Daniels — perfected its organization at " Camp Harvey," Kenosha. Its muster into the United States service was comjjleted on the eighth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the seventeenth, with a strength of eleven hundred and twenty-four. The muster of the Second Wisconsin cavalry was completed on the twelftli of March, 1862, at "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the twenty- fourth, eleven hundred and twenty-seven strong. It was under the command of Cadwallader C. Washburn as colonel. The Third Wisconsin cavalry — Colonel William A. Barstow — was mustered in at " Camp Barstow," Janesville. The muster was completed on the 31st of January, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the 26th of March for St. Louis, with a strength of eleven hundred and eighty-six. The original project of forming a regiment of light artillery in Wisconsin was overruled by the war department, and the several batteries were sent from the State as independent organizations. The First battery — Captain Jacob T. Foster — perfected its organization at "Camp Utley," where the company was mustered in, it leaving the State with a strength of one hundred and fifty-five, on the 23d of January, 1862, for Louisville, where the battery went into "Camp Irvine," near that city. The Second battery — Captain Ernest F. Herzberg — was mustered into the service at "Camp Utley," October 10, iS6r, the company numbering one hundred and fifty- three. It left the State for Baltimore, on the 21st of January, 1862. The Third battery — Cap- tain L. H. Drury — completed its organization of one hundred and seventy at "Camp Utley," and was mustered in October 10, 1861, leaving the State for Louisville, on the 23d of January, 1862. The Fourth battery — Captain John F. Vallee — rendezvoused at "Camp Utley." Its muster in was completed on the istof October, 1861, its wliole force being one hundred and fifty one. The company left the State for Baltimore on the 21st of January, 1862. The Fifth bat- 84 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. tery, commanded by Captain Oscar F. Pinney, was mustered in on the ist of October, 1861, at "Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, on the 15th of March, 1862, one hundred and fifty-five strong. The Sixth battery^Captain Henry Dillon — was mustered in on the 2d of October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, March 15, 1862, with a numer- ical strength of one hundred and fifty-seven. The Seventh battery — Captain Richard R. Grif- fiths — was mustered in on the 4th of October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," and proceeded on the 15th of March, 1862, with the Fifth and Sixth batteries to St. Louis. The Eighth battery, com- manded by Captain Stephen J. Carpenter, was mustered in on the 8th of January, 1862, at "Camp Utley," and left the State on the iSth of March following, for St. Louis, one hundred and sixty-one strong. The Ninth battery, under command of Captain Cyrus H. Johnson, was organ- ized at Burlington, Racine county. It was mustered in on the 7th of January, 1862, leaving " Camp Utley " for St. Louis, on the i8th of March. At St. Louis, their complement of men — one hundred and fifty-five — was made up by the transfer of forty-five from another battery. The Tenth battery — Captain Yates V. Bebee — after being mustered in at Milwaukee, on the loth of February, 1862, left " Camp Utley," Racine, on the i8th of March for St. Louis, one hundred and seventeen strong. The Eleventh battery — Captain John O'Rourke — was made up of the " Oconto Irish Guards " and a detachment of Illinois recruits. The company was organized at " Camp Douglas," Chicago, in the Spring of 1862. Early in 1862, William A. Pile succeeded in enlisting ninety-nine men as a company to be known as the Twelfth battery. The men were mustered in and sent forward in squads to St. Louis. Captain Pile's commission was revoked on the i8th of July. His place was filled by William Zickrick. These twelve batteries were all that left the State in 1862. To these are to be added the three regiments of cavalry and the nineteen regi- ments of infantry, as the effective force sent out during the year by Wisconsin. The military officers of the State, at the commencement of 1863, were Edward Salomon, governor and commander-in-chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adjutant general ; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel W. H. Watson, military secretary. The two incomplete regiments of 1862 — the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-first volunteers — were completed and in the field in March, 1863. The former was mustered in at "Camp Sigel " — Colonel Conrad Krez — on the 7th of March, and left the State, eight hundred and sixty-five strong, on the 16th for Columbus, Kentucky ; the latter, under command of Colonel Isaac E. Messmore, with a strength of eight hundred and seventy-eight, left Wisconsin on the ist of March, for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirty-fourth (drafted) regiment left "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, on the 31st of January, 1863, for Columbus, Kentucky, numbering nine hundred and sixty-one, commanded by Colonel Fritz Anneke. On the 17th of February, 1863, the Twenty-fifth regiment left "Camp Randall" for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirtieth regiment remained in Wisconsin during the whole of 1863, performing various duties — the only one of the whole thirty-four that, at the end of that year, had not left the State. On the 14th of January, 1863, the legislature of Wisconsin, as before stated, convened at Madison. Governor Salomon, in his message to that body, gave a summary of the transac- tions of the war fund during the calendar year; also of what was done in 1862, in the recruiting of military forces, and the manner in which the calls of the president were responded to. There were a number of military laws passed at this session. A multitude of special acts authorizing towns to raise bounties for volunteers, were also passed. No additional regiments of infantry besides those already mentioned were organized in 1863, although recruiting for old regiments continued. On the 3d of March, 1863, the congress of the United States passed the "Conscription Act." Under this act, Wisconsin was divided WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 85 into six districts. In the first district, I. M. Bean was appointed provost marshal; C. M. Baker, commissioner; and J. B. Dousman, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Milwaukee. In the second district, S. J. M. Putnam was appointed provost marshal ; L. B. Caswell, commissioner; and Dr. C. R. Head, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Janesville. In the third district, J. G. Clark was appointed provost marshal ; E. E. Byant, commissioner; and John H. Vivian, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Prairie du Chien. In the fourth district, E. L. Phillips was appointed provost marshal ; Charles Burchard, commissioner; and L. H. Cary, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Fond du Lac. In the fifth district, C. R. Merrill was appointed provost marshal ; William A. Bugh, commissioner ; and H. O. Crane, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Green Bay. In the sixth district, B. F. Cooper was appointed provost marshal; L. S. Fisher, commissioner; and D. D. Cameron, examining surgeon. Headquarters at LaCrosse. The task of enrolling the State was commenced in the month of May, and was proceeded with to its completion. The nine months' term of service of the Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted militia, having expired, the regiment was mustered out of service on the 8th of September. The enrollment in Wisconsin of all persons liable to the "Conscription" amounted to 121,202. A draft was ordered to take place in November. Nearly fifteen thousand were drafted, only six hundred and twenty-eight of whom were mustered in ; the residue either furnished substitutes, were discharged, failed to report, or paid commutation. In the Summer of 1861, Company " K," Captain Langworthy, of the Second Wisconsin infantry, was detached and placed on duty as heavy artillery. His company was designated as "A," First Regiment Heavy Artillery. This was the only one organized until the Summer of 1863; but its organization was effected outside the State. Three companies were necessary to add to company " A " to complete the battalion. Batteries " B," " C " and " D " were, therefore, organized in Wisconsin, all leaving the State in October and November, 1863. Ninth Administration — James T. Lewis, Governor — 1864-1865. James T. Lewis, of Columbia county, was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the fourth of January, 1864. In an inaugural address, the incoming governor pledged himself to use no executive patronage for a re-election ; declared he would administer the government without prejudice or partiality ; and committed himself to an economical administration of affairs con- nected with the State. On the thirteenth the legislature met in its seventeenth regular session. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The republican and union men were in the majority in this legislature. A number of acts were passed relative to military matters. On the 1st day of October, J. L. Pickard having resigned as superintendent of public instruction, J. G. McMynn was, by the governor, appointed to fill the vacancy. On the fif- teenth of November, Governor Lewis appointed Jason Downer an associate justice of the supreme court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Byron Paine, who had resigned his position to take effect on that day, in order to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of one of the regiments of Wisconsin, to which he had been commissioned on the tenth of August previous. The November elections of this year were entered into with great zeal by the two parties, owing to the fact that a president and vice president of the United States were to be chosen. The republicans were victorious. Electors of that party cast their eight votes for Lincoln and Johnson. The members elected to the thirty - ninth congress from Wisconsin at this election were : from the first district, H. E. Paine ; from the second, I. C. Sloan ; from the third, Amasa Cobb; from the fourth, C. .\. Eldredge; from the fifth, Philetus Sawyer; and 86 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. from the sixth district, W. D. Mclndoe. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The Eighteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature began in Madison on the elev- enth of January, 1865. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was, as to its political complexion, "Republican Union." On the tenth of April, the last day of the session, Governor Lewis informed the legislature that General Lee and his army had sur- rendered. " Four years ago," said he, " on the day fixed for adjournment, the sad news of the fall of Fort Sumter was transmitted to the legislature. To-day, thank God! and next to Him the brave officers and soldiers of our army and navy, I am permitted to transmit to you the official intelligence, just received, of the surrender of General Lee and his army, the last prop of the rebellion. Let us rejoice, and thank the Ruler of the Universe for victory and the pros- pects of an honorable peace." In February preceding, both houses ratified the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. At the Spring election, Jason Downer was chosen associate justice of the supreme court for a full term of six years. The twentieth of April was set apart by the governor as a day of thanksgiving for the overthrow of the rebellion and restoration of peace. At the Fall election both parties, republican and democratic, had tickets in the field. The republicans were victorious, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Thomas S. Allen, secretary of state; William E. Smith, state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, attorney general; John G. McMynn, superintendent of public instruction; J. M. Rusk, bank comptroller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commis- sioner. War of Secession — Lewis' Administration. The military officers for 1864 were besides the governor (who was commander-in-chief) Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adju- tant general ; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster and commissary general, and chief of ordnance; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel Frank H. Firmin, military secretary. The legislature met at Madison on the 13th of January, 1864. "In response to the call of the General Government," said the governor, in his message to that body, " Wisconsin had sent to the field on the first day of November last, exclusive of three months' men, thirty - four regiments of infantry, three regiments and one company of cavalry, twelve batteries of light artillery, three batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of sharp- shooters, making an aggregate of forty-one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five men." Quite a number of laws were passed at this session of the legislature relative to military matters : three were acts to authorize towns, cities and villages to raise money by tax for the payment of bounties to volunteers; one revised, amended and consolidated all laws relative to extra pay to Wisconsin soldiers in the service of the United States ; one provided for the proper reception by the State, of Wisconsin volunteers returning from the field of service; another repealed the law relative to allotment commissioners. One was passed authorizing the gov- ernor to purchase flags for regiments or batteries whose flags were lost or destroyed in the service: another was passed amending the law suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State or held by volunteers, so as to apply to drafted men; another provided for levying a State tax of $200,000 for the support of families of volunteers. A law was passed authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated ten thousand dollars for that purpose. Twu other acts authorized the borrowing of money for repel- ling invasion, suppressing insurrection, and defending the State in time of war. One act pro- hibited the taking of fees for procuring volunteers' extra bounty ; another one defined the resi- dence of certain soldiers from this S: te in the service of the United States, who had received WISCONSIN AS A STATE. ,87 local bounties from towns other than their proper places of residence. At the commencement of 1864, there were recruiting in the State the Thirty- fifth regiment of infantry and the Thirteenth battery. The latter was mustered in on the 29th of December, 1863, and left the State for New Orleans on the 28th of January, 1864. In February, authority was given by the war department to organize the Thirty-sixth regiment of infantry. On the 27th of that month, the mustering 'n of the Thirty-fifth was completed at " Camp Washburn " — Colonel Henry Orff — the regiment, one thousand and sixty-six strong, leaving the State on the 1 8th of April, 1864, for Alexandria, Louisiana. The other regiments, recruited and mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1864, were: the Thirty-sixth — Colonel Frank A. Haskell; the Thirty-seventh — Colonel Sam Harriman ; the Thirty-eighth — Colonel James Bintliff; the Thirty -ninth — Colonel Edwin L. Buttrick; the Fortieth — Colonel W. Augustus Ray; the Forty-first — Lieutenant Colonel George B. Goodwin; the Forty-second — Colonel Ezra T. Sprague ; the Forty-third — Colonel Amasa Cobb. The regiments mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1865 were: the Forty-fourth — Colonel George C. Symes ; the Forty-fifth — Colonel Henry F. Belitz; Forty- sixth — Colonel Frederick S. Lovell ; Forty-seventh — Colonel George C. Ginty ; Forty-eighth — Colonel Uri B. Pearsall; Forty-ninth — Colonel Samuel Fallows; Fiftieth — Colonel John G. Clark; Fifty-first — Colonel Leonard Martin; Fifty-second — Lieutenant Colonel Hiram J. Lewis ; and Fifty-third — Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Pugh. All of the fifty-three regiments of infantry raised in Wisconsin during the war, sooner or later moved to the South and were engaged there in one way or other, in aiding to suppress the rebellion. Twelve of these regiments were assigned to duty in the eas'.ern division, which con- stituted the territory on both sides of the Potomac and upon the seaboard from Baltimore to Savannah. These twelve regiments were: the First (three months), Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty-eighth. Ten regiments were assigned to the central division, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Georgia. These ten were: the Tenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty- fourth, Thirtieth, Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh. Added to these was the First (re-organized). Thirty-one regiments were ordered to the western division, embracing the country west and northwest of the central division. These were : the Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty- second, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third. During the war several transfers were made from one district to another. There were taken from the eastern division, the Third and Twenty-sixth, and sent to the central division; also the Fourth, which was sent to the department of the gulf. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seven- teenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first and Thirty-second were transferred fronn the western to the central department. The four regiments of cavelry were assigned to the western division — the First regiment being afterward transferred to the central division. Of the thirteen batteries of light artillery, the Second, Fourth, and Eleventh, were assigned to the eastern division ; the First and Third, to the central division ; the Fiftli, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth, to the western division. During the war, the First was transferred to the western division ; while the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth, were transferred to the central division. Of the twelve batteries of the First regiment of heavy artillery — "A," "E," "F," "G," H, ' I,' "K," "L," and "M," were assigned to duty in the eastern division ; "B" and "C," to the central 88 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. division; and "D." to tlie western division. Company "G," First regiment Berdan's sharp- shooters, was assigntii to the eastern division. The military officers of the State for 1865 were the same as the previous year, except that Brigadier General Lund resigned his position as quartermaster general, James M. Lynch being appointed in his place. The legislature of this year met in Madison on the nth of January. "To the calls of the Government for troops," said Governor Lewis, in his message, "no State has responded with greater alacrity than has Wisconsin. She has sent to the field, since the commencement of the war, forty-four regiments of infantry, four regiments and one company of cavalry, one regim.ent of heavy artillery, thirteen batteries of light artillery, and one company of sharpshooters, making an aggregate (exclusive of hundred day men) of seventy-five thousand one hundred and thirty-three men." Several military laws were passed at this session: one authorizing cities, towns, and villages to pay bounties to volunteers; another, incorporating the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home; two others, amending the act relative "to the commencement and prosecution of civil actions against persons in the military service of the country." One was passed authorizing the payment of salaries, clerk hire, and expenses, of the offices of the adjutant general and quartermaster general from the war fund ; another, amending the act authorizing commissioned officers to take acknowledg- ment of deeds, affidavits and depositions; another, amending the act extending the right of suffrage to soldiers in the field. One act provides for correcting and completing the records of the adjutant general's office, relative to the military history of the individual members of the several military organizations of this State ; another fixes the salary of the adjutant general and the quartermaster general, and their clerks and assistants; another prohibits volunteer or sub- stitute brokerage. One act was passed supplementary and explanatory of a previous one of the same session, authorizing towns, cities, or villages, to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers; another, amending a law of 1864, relating to the relief of soldiers' families; and another, pro- viding for the establishment of State agencies for the relief and care of sick, wounded, and disabled Wisconsin soldiers. There was an act also passed, authorizing the borrowing of money for a period not exceeding seven months, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, — the amount not to exceed $850,000. On the 13th of April, 1865, orders were received to discontinue recruiting in Wisconsin, and to discharge all drafted men who had not been mustered in. About the first of May, orders were issued for the muster out of all organizations whose term of service would expire on or before the first of the ensuing October. As a consequence, many Wisconsin soldiers were soon on their way home. State military officers devoted their time to the reception of returning regiments, to their payment by the United States, and to settling with those who were entitled to extra pay from the State. Finally, their employment ceased — the last soldier was mustered out —the War of the Rebellion was at an end. Wisconsin had furnished to the federal army during the conflict over ninety thousand men, a considerable number more than the several requisitions of the General Government called for. Nearly eleven thousand of these were killed or died of wounds received in battle, or fell victims to diseases contracted in the military service, to say nothing of those who died after their discharge, and whose deaths do not appear upon the mili- tary records. Nearly twelve million dollars were expended by the State authorities, and the people of the several counties and towns throughout the State, in their efforts to sustain the National Government. Wisconsin feels, as well she may, proud of her record made in defense of national existence. Shoulder to shoulder with the other loyal States of the Union, she stood — always ranking among the foremost. From her workshops, her farms, her extensive pineries, she poured forth stalwart WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 89 men, to fill up the organizations which she sent to the field. The blood of these brave men drenched almost every battle-field from Pennsylvania to the Rio Grande, from Missouri to Georgia. To chronicle the deeds and exploits — the heroic achievements — the noble enthusiasm — of the various regiments and military organizations sent by her to do battle against the hydra- headed monster secession — would be a lengthy but pleasant task ; but these stirring annals belong to the history of our whole country. Therein will be told the story which, to the latest time in the existence of this republic, will be read with wonder and astonishment. But an out- line of the action of the State authorities and their labors, and of the origin of the various military organizations, in Wisconsin, to aid in the suppression of the rebellion, must needs contain a reference to other helps employed — mostly incidental, in many cases wholly charitable, but none the less effective : the sanitary operations of the State during the rebellion. Foremost among the sanitary operations of Wisconsin during the war of the rebellion was the organization of the surgeon general's department — - to the end that the troops sent to the field from the State should have a complete and adequate supply of medicine and instruments as well as an efficient medical staff. In 1861, Governor Randall introduced the practice of appoint- ing agents to travel with the regiments to the field, who were to take charge of the sick. The practice was not continued by Governor Harvey. On the 17th of June, 1862, an act of the legislature became a law authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated twenty thousand dollars for that purpose. Under this law several expeditions were sent out of the State to look after the unfortunate sons who were suffering from disease or wounds. Soldiers' aid societies were formed throughout the State soon after the opening scenes of the rebellion. When temporary sanitary operations were no longer a necessity in Wisconsin, there followed two military benevolent institutions intended to be of a permanent character : the Soldiers' Home at Milwaukee, and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Madison. The latter, however, has been discontinued. The former, started as a State institu- tion, is now wholly under the direction and support of the General Government. Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Govern- ment, in the courage or constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the war of the rebellion, Wisconsin proved herself the peer of any loyal State. TABULAR STATEMENT. We publish on the following pages the report of the Adjutant General at the dose of the war, but before all the Wisconsin organizations had been mustered out. It shows how many brave men courageously forsook homes, friends and the comforts of peaceful avocations, offering their lives in defense of their country's honor. Twenty-two out of every hundred either died, were killed or wounded. Thirteen out of every hundred found a soldier's grave, while only 60 per cent of them marched home at the end of the war. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tooth of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the great war of the rebellion, in which the sons of Wisconsin bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. 90 g s aSjreqoBiCE Q0I)J393(X 'Sai9sij|[ ,_,^,■^--|(^^•Tfr-^^oco^O'^^D05^ol^^»oo^Oc^^DO^-^o^-"^co^-• cor-«.-iC^cot- I'^oo^ooot-'^ooiO -r~'^coco»cOr-Ht-.cco>"rj ^ -JC0t--C^O^C0CiCC>i-«t^OC^OO>-HO •-« tOt-OC* (N CN W C4 CO « C^ f-« (M CS ©* CS rH Tji C* W — 'I— O'^"3'r-HC0c0Oi0 00"ocor-«t-coQOcc'Nt-"C^cor-co C^«3.-(CO(M--H C^JCOC^-^ »OCN»-ii-Hi-«»-t«-'>-i (N (NnH,-iC^r-tCO--( Ot^OOCOTPfMOiOC^fO-. 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,— — t^ '^ t- — TS "^ '""^ '-S "^ "^ *^ *j I hn'"' ■ T r* goSo^ r^t-bSS ill. ^gb^£.£.sg'bb|fe^ -* W ^ (g jq '^ ca CO -5 - fl ^nXit^t^^ ^ U i~, Xt 'u Xt U o •a en "O ® [S t^ S -5l" m" o q" w" &h" d K "' m' J 3 i; B:3, -± -r; MS Z; 2 03 00 „ o 9 ''-' ii :t;^ . c 3 a MOW D oc>r farming was ,the only profitable farming, and consequently the only gootf farming, an agriculturo-economical paradox from which there was no escape. Notwithstanding the fact that farmers could economi- cally follow no other system than that of land-exhaustion, as described, such a course was none the less injurious to the state, as it was undermining its foundation of future wealth, by destroy- ing the fertility of the soil, that upon which the permanent wealth and prosperity of every agri- cultural community is first dependent. Besides this evil, and together with it, came the habit of loose and slovenly farming acquired by pioneers, which continued after the conditions making that method a necessity had passed away. With the rapid growth of the northwest came better home markets and increased facilities for transportation to foreign markets, bringing with them higher prices for all products of the farm. As a consequence of these better conditions, land in farms in the state increased rapidly in value, from $9.58 per acre in 1850, to $16.61 in i860, an increase of 62 per cent., while the total number of acres in farms increased during the same time from 2,976,658 acres to 7,893,587 acres, or 265 per cent. With this increase in the value of land, and the higher prices paid for grain, should have come an improved system of hus- bandry which would prevent the soil from deteriorating in fertility. This could have been accomplished either by returning to the soil, in manures and fertilizers, those ingredients of which it was being rapidly drained by continued grain-growing, or by the adoption of a system of mixed husbandry, which should include the raising of stock and a judicious rotation of crops. Such a system is sure to come. Indeed, it is now slowly coming. Great progress upon the earlier methods of farming have already been made. But so radical and thorough a change in the habits of any class of people as that from the farming of pioneers to a rational method that will preserve the soil's fertility and pay for the labor it demands, requires many years for its full accomplishment. It will not even keep pace with changes in those economical conditions which 154 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. favor it. In the rapid settlement of the northwestern states this change has come most rapidly with the replacement of the pioneer farmers by immigrants accustomed to better methods of culture. In such cases the pioneers usually ' go west'' again, to begin anew their frontier farming upon virgin soil, as their peculiar method of cultivation fails to give them a livelihood. In Wis- consin as rapid progress is being made in the system of agriculture as, all things considered, could reasonably be expected. This change for the better has been quite rapid for the past ten years, and is gaining in velocity and momentum each year. It is partly the result of increased intelligence relating to farming, and partly the result of necessity caused by the unprofitableness of the old method. The estimated value of all agricultural products of the state, including that of orchards, market gardens, and betterments, was, in 1870, as given in the census of that year, $79,072,967, which places Wisconsin twelfth in rank among the agricultural states of the Union. In 1875, according to the " Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture," the value of the principal farm crops in this state was $58,957,050. According to this estimation the state ranks ninth in agri- cultu'-al importance. As has been before stated, Wisconsin is essentially a grain-growing state. This interest has been the principal one, not because the soil is better adapted to grain-growing than to general, stock, or dairy farming, but rather because this course, which was at an early day most immediately profitable, has been since persistently followed from force of habit, even after it had failed to be remunerative. The following table shows the bushels of the different grains raised in the state for the years indicated : Year. WHEAT. RYE. CORN. OATS. BARLEY. BUCK- WHEAT. 1850.... i860 ... 1870 ... 1875*--- 4,286,131 15,657,458 25,606,344 25,200,000 81.253 888,544 1.325.294 1,340,000 1,988,979 7.517.300 15.033,988 15,200,000 3.414.672 11,059,260 20,180,016 26,600,000 209,672 707.307 1,645,019 2,200,000 79,878 38,987 408,897 275,000 From these statistics it will be seen that the increase in the production of grain was very rapid up to 1870, while since that time it has been very slight. This rapid increase in grain raising is first attributable to the ease with which this branch of farming was carried on upon the new and very rich soils of the state, while in the older states this branch of husbandry has been growing more difficult and expensive, and also to the fact that the war in our own country so increased the demand for grain from 1861 to 1866 as to make this course the most immediately profitable. But with the close of the war came a diminished demand. Farmers were slow to recognize this fact, and change the character of their productions to accord with the wants of the market, but rather continued to produce the cereals in excess of the demand. The chinch bug and an occasional poor season seriously injured the crops, leaving those who relied princi- pally upon the production of grain little or nothing for their support. Hard times resulted from these poor crops. More wheat and corn was the farmer's usual remedy for hard times. So that more wheat and corn were planted. More crop failures with low prices brought harder times, until gradually the farmers of the state have opened their eyes to the truth that they can succeed in other branches of agriculture than grain growing, and to the necessity of catering to the ^Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. AGRICULTITKE. 155 demands of the market. The value in 1869 of all farm products and betterments of the state was $79,072,967. There were raised of wheat the same year 25,606,344 bushels, which at $1.03 per bushel, the mean price reported by the Milwaukee board of trade, for No. 2 wheat (the lead- ing grade), for the year ending July 31, 1870, amounts to $26,374,524, or one third the value of all agricultural products and betterments. The average production per acre, as estimated by the commissioner of agriculture, was 14 bushels. Hence there were 1,829,024 acres of land devoted to this One crop, nearly one third of all the improved land in the state. Of the wheat crop of 1869 24,375,435 bushels were spring wheat, and 1,230,909 bushels were winter wheat, which is 19.8 bushels of spring to i bushel of winter wheat. The latter is scarcely sown at all on the prairies, or upon light opening soils. In some of the timbered regions hardy varieties do well, but it is not a certain crop, as it is not able to withstand the winters, unless covered by snow or litter. It is not injured as seriously by the hard freezing, as by the alternate freezing and thawing of Feb- ruary and March. The continued cropping of land with grain is a certain means of exhausting the soil of the phosphates, and of those nitrogenous compounds that are essential to the production of grain, and yet are present even in the most fertile soils in but small quantities. To the diminished yield, partly attributable to the overcropping of the land, and partially to poor seasons and chinch bugs, and to the decline in prices soon after the war, owing to an over production of wheat, may largely be attributed the hard times experienced by the grain growing farmers of Wisconsin from 1872 to 1877. The continued raising of wheat upon the same land, alternated, if any alternation occurred, with barley, oats, or corn, has produced its sure results. The lesson has cost the farmers of the state dearly, but it has not been altogether lost. A better condition of affairs has already begun. Wheat is gradually losing its prestige as the farmers' sole dependence, while stock, dairy, and mixed farming are rapidly increasing. The number of bushels of wheat raised to each inhabitant in the state was in 1850 fourteen, in i860 twenty-three and eight tenths, in 1870 twenty-four, and in 1875 twenty and four tenths. These figures do not indicate a dimin- ished productiveness of the state, but show, with the greatly increased production in other branches of husbandry, that farmers are changing their system to one more diversified and rational. Straw stacks are no longer burned, and manure heaps are not looked upon as altogether useless. Much more attention is now paid to the use of fertilizers. Clover with plaster is looked upon with constantly increasing favor, and there is a greater seeking for light upon the more difficult problems of a profitable agriculture Corn is raised to a large extent, although Wisconsin has never ranked as high in corn, as in wheat growing. Sixteen states raised more corn in 1870 than this state, and in 1875, seventeen states raised more. Corn requires a rich, moist soil, with a long extended season of warm sun. shine. While this crop can be raised with great ease in the larger portion of the state it will always succeed better farther south, both on account of the longer summers and the greater amount of rainfall. According to the statistics of the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield per acre for a period of ten years, is about 30 bushels. Corn is an important crop in the economy of the farmer, as from it he obtains much food for his stock, and it is his principal dependence for fattening pork. On these accounts it will, without doubt, retain its place in the husbandry of the state, even when stock and dairy farming are followed to a much greater extent than at present. Barley is cultivated largely throughout the state, but five states produced more in 1870, than Wisconsin. The great quantity of beer brewed here, furnishes a good home market for this grain. Barley succeeds best in a rather moist climate, having a long growin'' season. The dry, short summers of Wisconsin, are not well adapted to its growth. Hence the average. 156 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. yield is hut a medium one, and the quality of the grain is only fair. According to the returns furnished the commissioner of agricultuye, the average yield for a period of ten years, is 22 bushels per acre. Next to wheat, more bushels of oats are raised than of any other grain. Wisconsin was, in i860, fifth in rank among the oat-growing states; in 1870, sixth. The rich soils of the state raise an abundant crop of oats with but little labor, and hence their growth in large quantities is not necessarily an indication of good husbandry. They will bear poor cultivation better than corn, and are frequently grown upon land too weedy to produce that grain. It is a favorite grain for feeding, especially to horses. With the best farmers, oats are looked upon with less favor than corn, because it is apt to leave land well seeded with weeds which are difficult to exterminate. In the production of rye, Wisconsin ranked seventh in i860, and fourth in 1870. It is a much surer crop in this state than winter wheat, as it is less easily winter-killed when not protected by snow, than is that grain. Besides, it ripens so early as not to be seriously injured by drouth in summer, and succeeds well even upon the poorer soils. The average yield per acre is about 16 bushels. But few hops were grown in Wisconsin, up to i860, when owing to an increased demand by the breweries ( f the state, there was a gradual but healthful increase in hop culture. A few years later the advent of the hop louse, and other causes of failure at the east, so raised the price of hops as to make them a very profitable crop to grow. Many acres were planted in this state from 1863 to 1865, when the total product was valued at nearly $350,000. The success of those engaged in this new branch of farming, encouraged others to adopt it. The profits were large. Wheat growing had not for several years been remunerative, and in 1S67 and 1868, the " hop fever " became an epidemic, almost a plague. The crop of Sauk county alone was estimated at over 4,000,000 pounds, worth over $2,000,000. The quality of the crop was excellent, the yield larfe, and the price unusually high. The secretary of the State .Agricultural society says, in his report for that year, " Oases are numerous in which the first crop has paid for the land and all the improvements." To many farmers hop raising appeared to offer a sure and speedy course to wealth. But a change came quickly. The hop louse ruined the crop, and low prices caused by over production, aided in bringing ruin to many farmers. In 1867, the price of hops was from 40 to 55 cents per pound, while in i86g it was from 10 to 15 cents, some of poor quality selling as low as 3 cents. Many hop yards were plowed up during 1869 and 1870. The area under cultivation to this crop in 1875, was, according to the " Report of the Secretary of State," 10,932 acres. The production of tobacco has greatly increased since i85o, when there were raised in the state 87,340 pounds. In 1870, the product was 960,813 pounds. As is well known, the quality of tobacco grown in the northern states is greatly inferior for chewing and smoking, to that grown in the south, although varieties having a large, tough leaf, suitable for cigar wrappers, do well here. The variety principally grown is the Connecticut seed leaf. Tobacco can only be grown successfully on rich, fertile soils, and it is very exhausting to the land. Of the amount produced in 1870, there were raised in Rock county 645,408 pounds, and in Dane county, 229,568 pounds; the entire remaining portion of the state raised but 85,737 pounds. According to the report of the secretary of state, the whole number of acres planted to tobacco in 1875, was 3,296. Of this amount Rock county planted 1,676 acres, and Dane county, 1,454 acres, leaving for the remain- der of the state but 166 acres. While the crop has been fairly productive and profitable, these statistics show that up to the present lime tobacco-raising has been a merely local interest. The production of flax is another merely local industry, it being confined principally to the AGRICULTURE. 157 counties of Kenosha, Grant, Iowa and LaFayette. Of flax fibre, Kenosha county raised in 1869, nearly four fifths of the entire amount grown ia the state, the total being 497,398 pounds. With the high price of labor and the low price of cotton now ruling, it is scarcely possible to make the raising of flax fibre profitable. Flax seed is raised to a small extent in the other counties men- tioned. The present price of oil makes this a fairly profitable crop. If farmers fully appreciated that in addition to the oil, the oil cake is of great value as a food for cattle and sheep, and also that the manure made by the animals eating it, is of three times the value of that made by ani- mals fed upon corn, doubtless much more flax seed would be raised than is at present. Ameri- can oil-cake finds a ready market in England, at prices which pay well for its exportation. If English farmers can afTord to carry food for their stock so far, American farmers may well strive to ascertain if they can afford to allow the exportation of so valuable food. When greater atten- tion is paid in our own country to the quality of the manure made by our stock, more oil-cake will be fed at home, and a much smaller proportion of that made here will be exported. The amount of maple sugar produced diminishes as the settlement of the state increases, and is now scarcely sufficient in amount to be an item in the state's productions. The increase in the price of sugar from 1861 to 1868 caused many farmers to try sorghum raising. But the present low prices of this staple has caused an abandonment of the enterprise. Two attempts have been made in Wisconsin to manufacture beet-root sugar, the first at Fond du Lac in 1867 the second at Black Hawk, Sauk county, in 1870. The Fond du Lac company removed their works to California in 1869, not having been successful in their efforts. The Black Hawk com- pany made, in 1871, more than 134,000 pounds of sugar, but have since abandoned the business. Both these failures may be attributed to several causes, first of which was the want of sufficient capital to build and carry on a factory sufficiently large to enable the work to be done economi- cally ; secondly, the difficulty of sufficiently interesting farmers in the business to induce them to raise beets on so large a scale as to warrant the building of such a factory; and, thirdly, the high price of labor and the low price of sugar. The quality of beets raised was good, the polarization test showing in many instances as high as sixteen per cent, of sugar. The larger proportion of hay made in the state is from the natural meadows, the low lands or marshes, where wild grasses grow in abundance, and hay only costs the cutting and curing. Cultivated grasses do well throughout the state, and " tame hay " can be made as easily here as elsewhere The limestone soils, where timber originally grew, are of the uplands, most natural to grass, and, consequently, furnish the ricljest meadows, and yield the best pasturage. Ye e only soils where grasses do not readily grow, are those which are so sandy and dry as to be nearly barrens. Clover grows throughout the state in the greatest luxuriance. There is occasionally a season so dry as to make "seeding down " a failure, and upon light soils clover, when not covered with snow, is apt to win- ter-kill. Yet it is gaining in favor with farmers, both on account of the valuable pasturage and hay it affords, and on account of its value as a soil renovator. In wheat-growing regions, clover is now recognized to be of the greatest value in a " rotation," on account of its ameliorating influence upon the soil. Throughout the stock and dairy regions, clover is depended upon to a large extent for pasturage, and to a less extent for hay. There has been a growing interest in stock raising for the past ten years, although the increase has not been a rapid one. Many of the herds of pure-blood cattle in the state rank high for their great excellence. The improvement of horses has been less rapid than that of cattle, sheep, and swine; yet this important branch of stock farming is improving each year. The most attention is given to the improvement of draught and farm horses, while roadsters and fast horses are not altogether neglected. There are now owned in the state a large number of horses of the heavier English and French breeds, which are imparting to their progeny their own characteristics 158 HTSTOEY OF WISCONSIN. of excellence, the effects of which are already visible in many of the older regions of the state. Of the different breeds of cattle, the Short-horns, the Ayrshires, the Devons, and the Jerseys are well represented. The Short-horns have met with most favor with the general farmer, the grades of this breed being large, and possessing in a high degree the quiet habits and readiness to fat- ten, so characteristic of the full-bloods. Without doubt, the grade Short-horns will continue in the high favor in which they are now held, as stock-raising becomes a more important branch of the husbandry of the state. Of pure blood Short-horns there are many herds, some of which are of the very highest excellence. At the public sales of herds from this state, the prices have ranked high universally, and in a few cases have reached the highest of " fancy " prices, showing the estimate placed by professional breeders upon the herds of Wisconsin. The Ayr- shires are increasing in numbers, and are held in high esteem by many dairymen. They are not yet, however, as generally disseminated over the state, as their great merit as a milking breed would warrant. The rapid growth of the dairy interest will doubtless increase their numbers greatly, at least as grades, in the dairying region. Of pure bred Devons and Jerseys, there are fewer than of the former breeds. The latter are principally kept in towns and cities to furnish milk for a single family. The following table shows the relative importance of stock raising in the state for the years mentioned. The figures are an additional proof to those already given, that the grain industry has held sway in Wisconsin to the detriment of other branches of farming, as well as to the state's greatest increase in wealth. YEAR. WHOLE NUM- BER OF NEAT CATTLE. NO. TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. WHOLE NUM- BER OF SHEEP. NUMBER TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. POUNDS OF WOOL PRO- DUCED. POUNDS OF WOOL PER HEAD. 1850 i860 1870. _. 1875* 183.433 521,860 693.294 922,900 17 14 12 II 124,896 332,954 1,069,282 1,162,800 12 9 18 14 253.963 1,011,933 4,090,670 (?) 2.03 304 3.82 (?) * Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. The growth and present condition of sheep husbandry, compare much more favorably with the general development of the state than does that of cattle raising. In a large degree this may be accounted for by the impetus given to wool raising during our civil war by the scarcity of cotton, and the necessary substitution to a great extent, of woolen for cotton goods. This great demand for wool for manufacturing purposes produced a rapid rise in the price of this staple, making its production a very profitable branch of farming. With the close of the war came a lessened demand, and consequently lower prices. Yet at no time has the price of wool fallen below that at which it could be profitably produced. This is the more notably true when the value of sheep in keeping up the fertility and productiveness of land, is taken into account. The foregoing table shows the improvement in this branch of husbandry since 1850 Although many more sheep might profitably be kept in the state, the above figures show that the wool interest is fairly developed, and the average weight of fleece is an assurance of more than ordinarily good stock. The fine-wooled sheep and their grades predominate, although there are in the state some excellent stock of long-wools — mostly Cotswold — and of South- downs. Of all the agricultural interests of the state, no other has made as rapid growth during the last ten years, as has that of dairying. With the failure of hop-growing, began the growth -J the factory system of butter and cheese making, and the downfall of the one was scarcely more- rapid than has been the upbuilding of the other. The following statistics of the production of butter and cheese illustrate this rapid progress. It will be remembered that for the years 1850, AGRICULTURE. 159 i860, and 1870 the statistics are from the U. S. census, and hence include all the butter and cheese made in the state, while for the remaining years, only that made by factories and pro- fessional dairymen as reported to the secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, is included. It has been found impossible to obtain the statistics of butter, e.^ccept for the census years. YEAR. BUTTER. CHE SE. 1850.. __. 1 860 lbs. 3.633.750 13,611,328 22,473.036 lbs. 400,283 1,104,300 1,591.798 13,000.000 15,000.000 17,000,000 1870.- 1874 1875 1876 .- The quality of Wisconsin dairy products is excellent, as may be judged by the fact that, at , the Centennial Exhibition, Wisconsin cheese received twenty awards, a larger number than wag given to any other state except New York, and for butter Wisconsin received five awards. No state received more, and only New York and Illinois received as many. Wisconsin received one award for each fourteen cheeses on exhibition No other state received so large a proportion. New York received the largest number of awards, viz., twenty-one, but only secured one award for each thirty cheeses on exhibition. The number of cheese and butter factories is increasing each year, and there is being made in the better grazing regions of the state, as rapid a transition from grain to dairy-farming as is consistent with a healthful growth. This interest, which is now an important one in the state's industrial economy, has before it a promising future, both in its own development, and in its indirect influence upon the improvement of the agriculture of the state. The history of the earlier attempts in fruit raising in Wisconsin would be little more than a record of failures. The pioneers planted apple, peach, plum, and cherry trees, but they gathered little or no fruit. As was natural, they planted those varieties that were known to do well in the older states of the same latitude. Little was known of the climate, and there was no apparent reason why those varieties should not do well here. The first orchards died The same varie- ties were replanted, and again the orchards died. Gradually, through the costly school of experience, it was learned that the climate was different from that of the eastern states, and that to succeed here varieties of fruit must be such as were adapted to the peculiar climate of this state. These peculiarities are hot, and for' the most part, dry summers, cold and dry winters. The dryness of the climate has been the greatest obstacle to success, as this is indirectly the cause of the great extremes of temperature experienced here. The summers are often so dry that the growth of the trees is not completed, and the wood sufficiently well ripened to enable it to with- stand the rigors of winter. And the clear, dry atmosphere of winter allows the sun's rays to pass through it so unobstructedly as to warm the body of the tree upon the sunny side, above the freezing point, even though the temperature of the air is much lower. The alternate thawing and freezing ruptures the tender cells connecting the bark and wood, producing a complete sepa- ration of these parts, and often besides bursts the bark. The separation of bark and wood destroys the circulation of the sap upon that side of the tree, thus enfeebling the entire plant. The tree is not able to form new bark over the ruptured part, and a diseased spot results. Such a plant makes but a feeble growth of poorly ripened wood, and soon dies 160 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. altogether. Besides the above cause, the extreme cold weather occasionally experienced will kill healthy trees of all varieties not extremely hardy. Notwithstanding these natural obstacles, a good degree of success has been attained in the raising of apples and grapes. This success has been the result of persevering effort upon the part of the horticulturists of the state, who have sought the causes of failure in order that they might be removed or avoided. It is thus by intel- ligent observation that the fruit growers have gained the experience which brings with it a creditable success. The first requisite to success is the planting of varieties sufficiently hardy to withstand our severe winters. This has been accomplished by selecting the hardiest of the old varieties, and by raising seedlings, having besides hardiness, qualities sufficiently valuable to make them worthy of cultivation. The second requisite to success is in the selection of a situa- tion having suitable soil and exposure, and thirdly, proper care after planting. Among the hardy varieties of apples regarded with greatest favor are Tetofski, Red Astrachan, and Duchess of Oldenberg, all Russian varieties, and Fameuse from Canada. Besides these there are a few American varieties so hardy as to prove reliable in the south half of the state. Among these are a few seedlings that have originated in Wisconsin. Apple trees are less apt to be injured by the winter upon a site sloping to the northeast or north, where they are less directly exposed to the rays of the winter's sun. High ground is much better than low, and a good, strong, not too' rich soil is best. Apples do better upon soils where timber originally grew than on the prairies, and they are grown more easily along the border of Lake Michigan than in the interior of the state. Pears are raised to but a slight extent, as only a few of the hardiest varieties will succeed at all, and these only in favorable situations. Grapes are grown in great abundance, and in great perfection, although not of the more tender varieties. The Concord, on account of its hardiness and excellenc bearing qualities, is cultivated most generally. Next to this comes the Delaware, while many other varieties, both excellent and prolific, are raised with great ease. The season is seldom too short to ripen the fruit well, and the only precaution necessary to protect the vines during the winter is a covering of earth or litter. Cranberries grow spontaneously upon many marshes in the interior of the state. Within a' few years considerable attention has been given to improving these marshes, and to the cultivation of this most excellent fruit. Doubtless within a few years the cranberry crop will be an important one among the fruit pro- ductions of the state. All of the small fruits adapted to this latitude are cultivated in abundance, and very successfully, the yield being often times exceedingly large, .\ltogether, the horticul- tural interests of the state are improving, and there is a bright prospect that in the near future fruit growing will not be looked upon with the disfavor with which it has been regarded here- tofore. Of the associations for advancing the agricultural interests of the state, the first organized was the " State Agricultural Society." The earliest efforts to establish such an organization were made at Madison in December, 1846, during the session of the first constitutional convention of the territory. A constitution was adopted, but nothing further was done. In February, 1849, another meeting was held in Madison, at which it was " Resolved, That in view of the great importance of agriculture in the west, it is expedient to form a state agricultural society in Wisconsin." Another constitution was adopted, and officers were elected, but no effectual organization resulted from this second attempt. The "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society"— the present organization — had its inception in a meeting held at Madison, March 8, 1S51, at which a committee was appointed to report a constitution and by-laws, and to nominate persons to fill the various offices of said society. At its organization, the society was composed of annual members, who paid one dollar dues each year, and of life members, who, upon the payment of ten dollars, were exempt from the annual contribution. The annual membership was afterward AGRICULTUKE 161 abolished, and in 1869 the fee constituting one a life member was raised to twenty dollars. The first annual fair of the society was held in Janesville, in October, 185 1 Fairs have been held annually since, except during the years 1861, 1862 and 1863. In 1851 premiums were paid to the amount of only $140, while at the present time they amount to nearly f 10,000. In 1851 there were five life members. At the present time there are over seven hundred, representing all the various industries of the state. The fairs held under the auspices of this society have been of excellent character, and have been fruitful of good to all the industries of the state, but more especially to the farmers. The state has been generous in aid of this society, having furnished commodious rooms for its use in the capitol building, printed the annual report of the secretary, a volume of about 500 pages, and donated annually, (or many years, $2,000 toward its support. Besides its annual fairs, for the past five years there has been held an annual convention, under the auspices of this society, for the reading and discussing of papers upon topics of interest to farmers, and for a general interchange of ideas relating to farming. These conventions are held in high esteem by the better class of farmers, and have added greatly to the usefulness of the society. The " Wisconsin State Horticultural Society" was originally the "Wisconsin State Fruit Growers' Association," which was organized in December, 1853, at Whitewater. Its avowed object was "the collecting, arranging, and disseminating facts interesting to those engaged in the culture of fruits, and to embody for their use the results of the practice and experiments of fruit growers in all parts of the state."" Exhibitions and conventions of the association were held annually up to i860, after which the society was disorganized, owing to the breaking out of the war of the rebellion A volume of " Transactions " was published by the association in 1855. In 1859 its transactions were published with those of the state agricultural society. From i860 to 1865 no state horticultural association was in existence. In September of the latter year the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association " was reorganized as the " Wisconsin State Hor- ticultural Society.'' The legislature had previously provided for the publication of the proceedings of such a society, in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society. The new society has held annual exhibitions, usually in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society, and annual conventions for the reading of papers upon, and the discussion of, horticultural subjects. In 1871 an act was passed by the legislature incorporating the society, and providing for the separate printing of 2,000 copies annually of its transactions, of which there are now seven volumes. The most active, intelligent, and persevering of the horticulturists of the state are members of this association, and to their careful observation, to their enthusiasm and determined persistence in seeking means to overcome great natural difficulties, the state is largely indebted for the success already attained in horticulture. Besides these state associations, there are many local agricul- tural and horticultural societies, all of which have been useful in aiding the cause for whieh they were organized. Farmers' clubs and granges of the " Patrons of Husbandry " have also done much, both directly and indirectly, to promote the industrial interests of the state. By then frequent meetings, at which discussions are held, views compared, and experiences related, much valuable intelligence is gained, thought is stimulated, and the profession of farming advanced. As agriculture, like all kindred professions, depends upon intelligence to direct its advancement, all means intended to stimulate thought among farmers will, if wisely directed, aid in advancing this most complex of all industries. To those above named, and to other like associations, is in a large degree to be attributed the present favorable condition of thi agriculture of the state. Wisconsin is yet, comparatively, a new State. It was mainly settled by men who had little moneyed capital. Markets were distant, and means of transportation poor. The early settlers had consequently to struggle for a livelihood in the face of the greatest difficulties. When these opposing 162 • HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. circumstances are taken into account, and the improvement in methods of culture, and changes from grain to stock and dairy-farming that are now being made, are given their due weight, it must be acknowledged that the present condition of the agriculture of the state is excellent, and that the future of this most important industry is rich in promise of a steady, healthful growth, toward a completer development of all the agricultural resources of the state. MINERAL RESOURCES. By ROLAND D. IRVING, Professor of Geology, etc., at the University of Wisconsin. The useful mineral materials that occur within the limits of the state of Wisconsin, come Under both of the two grand classes of such substances : the metallic ores, from which the metals ordinarily used in the arts are extracted ; and the non-metallic substarues, which are used in the arts for the most part without any preliminary treatment, or at least undergo only a very partial alteration before being utilized. Of the first class are found in Wisconsin the ores of lead, zinc, iron and copper, besides minute traces of the precious metals ; of the second class, the principal substances found 2ixz brick-clay, kaolin, cement-rock, limestone for burning into quick-lime, limestone for flux, glass sand, peat and building stone. LEAD AND ZINC. These metals are considered together because they are found occurring together in the same region and under exactly the same circumstances, being even obtained from the same openings. Lead has for many years been the most important metallic production of Wisconsin, and, together with zinc, whose ores have been utilized only since i86o, still holds this prominent position, although the production is not so great as formerly. Small quantities of lead and zinc ores have been found in the crystalline (Archaean) rocks of the northern part of the state and in the copper- bearing rocks of the Lake Superior country, but there are no indications at present that these regions will ever produce in quantity. All of the lead and zinc obtained in Wisconsin comes then from that portion of the southwestern part of the state which lies west of Sugar river and south of the nearly east and west ridge that forms the southern side of the valley of the Wis- consin, from the head of Sugar river westward. This district is commonly known in Wisconsin as the " Lead Region," and forms the larger part of the " Lead Region of the Upper Missis- Bippi," which includes also smaller portions of Iowa and Illinois. What European first became acquainted with the deposits of lead in the upper portion of Valley of the Mississippi is a matter of some doubt. Charlevoix (Histoire de la Nouvelle France, III, 397, 398.) attributes the discovery to Nicolas Perrot, about 1692; and states that in ryai the deposits still bore Perrot's name. Perrot himself, however, in the only one of his writings that remains, makes no mention of the matter. The itinerary of Le Sueur's voyage up the Mississippi, 1700-1701, given in La Harpe's History of Louisiana, which was written early in the i8th century, shows tliat the former found lead on the banks of the Mississippi, not far from MINERAL RESOURCES. 163 the present soutfcern boundary of Wisconsin, August 25, 1700. Captain Johathan Carver, 1766, found lead in abundance at the Blue Mounds, and found the Indians in all the country around in possession of masses of galena, which they had obtained as " float mineral," and which they were incapable of putting to any use. There is no evidence of any one mining before Julien Dubuque, who, 1788 to 1809, mined in the vicinity of the flourishing city which nowbears his name. After his death in 1S09 nothing more was done until 182 1, when the attention of American citizens was first drawn to the rich lead deposits of this region. By 1827, the mining had become quite general and has continued to the 'present time, the maximum production having been reached, however, between the years 1845 and 1847. The following table, prepared by the late Moses Strong, shows the mineral production of southwestern Wisconsin for the years i860 to 1873 in pounds: YEARS. GALENA. 1 SMITHSONITE. YEAR. GALENA. SMITHSONITE. BLENDE. i860 320,000 266,000 1,120,000 3.173.333 4,198,200 7.373.333 1S67 1868 iS6g 1870 1S71 1872 1873 13820,784 13,869,619 13.426,721 13.754,159 13,484,210 11,622,668 9.919.734 5.181,445 4.302.383 4.547.971 4.429.585 16,618,160 27,021.383 18,528,906 841,310 3.078,435 6,252,420 7.414.022 9.303.625 16.256,970 15,074,664 IS61 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 17,037.912 15.105.577 13,014,210 14.337.895 14,029.193 Until within the last decade the lead mines of the Mississippi valley, including now both the " Upper " and the " Lower " regions — the latter one of which lies wholly within the limits of the state of Missouri — have far eclipsed the rest of the United States in the production of lead, the district being in fact one of the most important of the lead districts in the world. Of late years, however, these mines are far surpassed in production by the " silver-lead " mines of Utah and other Rocky Mountain regions, which, though worked especially for their silver, produce incidentally a very large amount of lead. Nevertheless, the mines of the Mississippi valley will long continue to be a very important source of this metal. The lead ore of the Wisconsin lead region is of one kind only, the sulphide known as galejia., or galenite. This ore, when free from mechanically mingled impurities, contains 86.6 per cent, of lead, the balance being sulphur. Small quantities of other lead ores are occasionally found in the uppermost portions of the deposits, having been produced by the oxidizing influence of the atmosphere. The chief one of these oxidation products is the earthy carbonate known as cerussite. Galena almost always contains some silver, commonly enough to pay for its extraction. The Wisconsin galenas, however, are unusually free from silver, of which they contain only the merest trace. The zinc ores are of two kinds, the most abundant being the ferruginous sulphide, or the "black-jack " of the miners. The pure sulphide, sphalerite, contains 67 per cent, of zinc, but the iron-bearing variety, known minerallogically as marmatite, generally contains 10 per cent, or more of iron. A ferruginous variety of the carbonate, smithsonite, also occurs in abundance, and is known to the miners as "dry-bone," the name being suggested by the peculiar structure of the ore. Both lead and zinc ores occur in limited deposits in a series of limestone beds belonging to the Lower Silurian series. The lead region is underlaid by a nearly horizontal series of strata, with an aggregate thickness of 2,000 feet, which lie upon an irregular surface of ancient crystal- line rocks (gneiss, granite, etc.). The names and order of succession of the several strata are indicated in the following scheme, the last named being the lowest in the series : 164 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Formation, Thickness. Niagara dolomitic limestone . 300 — 300 feet. Cincinnati shales.- 60^ 100 " ( Galena dolomitic limestone 250— 275 " Lead Horizon -j Blue limestone .-_ 50 — 75 " ' Buff dolomitic limestone __ 15 — 20 " Lower Magnesian (dolomitic) limestone. 250 " Potsdam sandstone series 800 — 1000 " The first two of these layers, in the Wisconsin part of the lead region, are met with only in a few isolated peaks and ridges. The prevailing surface rock is the Galena limestone, through which, however, the numerous streams cut in deep and narrow valleys which not unfrequently are carved all the way into the Lower Magnesian. The lead and zinc ores are entirely confined to the Galena, Blue and Buff limestones, an aggregate vertical thickness of some 350 to 375 feet- The upper and lower strata of the series are entirely barren. Zinc and lead ores are found in the same kind of deposits, and often together, by far the larger part of the zinc ores, however, come from the Blue and Buff limestones, and the lowest layers of the Galena, whilst the lead ores, though obtained throughout the whole thickness of the mining ground, are especially abundant in the middle and upper layers of the Galena beds. The ore deposits are of two general kinds, which may be distinguished as vertical creviceb and flat crevices, the former being much the most common. The simplest form of the vertical crevice is a narrow crack in the rock, having a width of a few inches, an extension laterally from a few yards to several hundred feet, and a vertical height of 20 to 40 feet, thinning out to noth- ing in all directions, and filled from side to side with highly crystalline, brilliant, large-surfaced galena, which has no accompanying metallic mineral, or gangue matter. Occasionally the vertical extension exceeds a hundred feet, and sometimes a number of these sheets are close together and can be mined as one. Much more commonly the vertical crevice shows irregular expan- sions, which are sometimes large caves, or openings in certain layers, the crevice between retain- ing its normal character, while in other cases the expansion affects the whole crevice, occasion- ally widening it throughout into one large opening. These openings are rarely entirely filled, and commonly contain a loose, disintegrated rock, in which the galena lies loose in large masses, though often adhering to the sides of the cavity in large stalactites, or in cubical crystals. The vertical crevices show a very distinct arrangement parallel with one another, there being two systems, which roughly trend east and west, and north and south. The east and west crevices are far the most abundant and most productive of ore. The vertical crevices are confined nearly altogether to the upper and middle portions of the Galena, and are not productive of zinc ores. They are evidently merely the parallel joint cracks which affect every great rock formation, filled by chemical action with the lead ore. The crevices with openings have evidently been enlarged by the solvent power of atmospheric water carrying carbonic acid, and from the way in which the ore occurs loose in the cavities, it is evidetit that this solving action has often been subsequent to the first deposition of lead ore in the crevice. The " flat crevices," " flat sheets," and " flat openings," are analogous to the deposits just described, but have, as indicated by the names, a horizontal position, being characteristic of certain layers, which have evidently been more susceptible to chemical action than others, the dissolving waters having, moreover, been directed along them by less pervious layers above and below. The flat openings differ from the vertical crevices also, in having associated with the MINERAL RESOURCES. 165 galena much of either the black-jack or dry-bone zinc ores, or both, the galena not unfrequently being entirely wanting. Cleavable calcite also accompanies the ores in these openings in large quantities, and the same is true of the sulphide of iron, which is the variety known as marcasite. These materials have sometimes a symmetrical arrangement on the bottom and top of the open- ing, the central portion being empty. The flat openings characterize the Blue and Buff and lower Galena beds, and from them nearly all the zinc ore is obtained. It is not possible, in the limits of this short papei, even to mention the various mining districts. It may merely be said that the amount of galena raised from single crevices has often been several hundred thousand, or even over a million pounds, and that one of the principal mining districts is in the vicinity of Mineral Point, where there are two furnaces constantly engaged in smelting. Between the years 1862 and 1873, these two establishments have produced 23,903,260 pounds of metallic lead, or an average of 1,991,938 pounds, the maximum being, in 1869, 2,532,710 pounds, the minimum, in 1873, 1,518,888 pounds. The zinc ores were formerly rejected as useless, and have only been utilized since 1S60. An attempt to smelt them at Mineral Point was not successful, because the amount needed of fuel and clay, both of which have to come from a distance, exceeding even the amount of ore used, caused a very heavy expense for transportation. The ores are therefore now taken altogether to LaSalle, Illinois, where they meet the fuel and clay, and the industry at that place has become a flourishing one. The amount of zinc ore in the Wisconsin lead region is, beyond doubt, very great, and will be a source of wealth for a long time to come. Since the ores of zinc and lead in this region are confined to such a small thickness of strata greatly eroded by the atmospheric waters, the entire thickness having frequently been removed, it becomes a matter of great importance to know how much of the mining ground remains at every point throughout the district. The very excellent topographico-geological maps of the region, made by Mr. Moses Strong, and since published by the State in the Report of the Geological Survey, make this knowledge accessible to all. IRON. Iron mining in Wisconsin is yet in its infancy, although some important deposits are producing a considerable quantity of ore. A number of blast furnaces have sprung up in the eastern part of the state, but these smelt Michigan ores almost entirely. Much remains yet to be done in the way of exploration, for the most promising iron fields are in the heavily timbered and unsettled regions of the north part of the state, and are as yet imperfectly known. It appears probable, however, that iron ores will, in the near future, be the most important mineral production of Wisconsin. The several ores will be noted in the order of their present im- i^ortance. Red He.matites. The iron in these ores exists as an anhydrous sesquioxide, which is, however, in an earthy condition, and entirely without the brilliant metallic luster that characterizes the specular hema- tites. Pure hematite contains seventy per cent, of metallic iron, but the red hematites, as mined, are always so largely mingled with mechanical impurities that they rarely contain more than fifty per cent. The most important red hematite mined in Wisconsin is that known as the Clinton iron ore, the name coming from the formation in which the ore occurs. This formation is a member of the Upper Silurian series, and is named from a locality in Oneida county. New York, where it was first recognized. Associated with its rocks, which are limestones and shales, is con- stantly found a peculiar red hematite, which is so persistent in its characters, both physical and 166 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. and chemical, that one familiar with it from any one locality can hardly fail to recognize it when coming froui others. The iron produced from it is always "cold-short," on account of the large content of phosphorus; but, mingled with siliceous ores free from phosphorus, it yields always a most excellent foundry iron. It is mined at numerous points from New York to Tennessee, and at some points reaches a very great total thickness. In Wisconsin the Clinton rocks merge into the great Niagara limestone series of the eastern part of the state, but at the bottom of the series, in a few places, the Clinton ore is found immediately overlying the Cincinnati shales. The most important locality is that known as Iron Ridge, on sections twelve and thirteen in the town of Hubbard, in Dodge county. Here a north-and-south ledge of Niagara limestone overlooks lower land to the west. Underneath, at the foot of the ridge, is the ore bed, fifteen to eighteen feet in thickness, consisting of horizontally bedded ore, in layers three to fourteen inches thick. The ore has a concretionary structure, being composed of lenticular grains, one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, but the top layer is without this structure, having a dark purplish color, and in places a slight metallic appearance. Much of the lower ore is somewhat hydrated. Three quarters of a mile north of Iron Ridge, at Mayville, there is a total thickness of as much as forty feet. According to Mr. E. T. Sweet, the percentages of the several constituents of the Iron Ridge ore are as follows: iron peroxide, 66.38; carbonate of lime, 10.42; carbonate of magnesia, 2.79; silica, .1.72; alumina, 5.54; manganese oxide, 0.44; sulphur, 0.23; phosphoric acid, 0.73; water, 8.75 = 100: metallic iron, 46.66. Two small charcoal furnaces at Mayville and Iron Ridge smelt a considerable quantity of these ores alone, producing an iron very rich in phosphorus. An analysis of the Mayville pig iron, also by Mr. Sweet, shows the following composition: iron, 95.784 per cent; phosphorus, 1.675 : carbon, 0.849; silicon, o.ioS = 100.286. The average furnace yield of the ore is forty- five per cent. By far the larger part of the ore, however, is sent away to mingle with other ores. It goes to Chicago, Joliet and Springfield, 111., St. Louis, Mo,, Wyandotte and Jackson, Mich., and Appleton, Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wis. In 1872, the Iron Ridge mines yielded 82,371 tons. The Clinton ore is found at other places farther north along the outcrop of the base of the Niagara formation in Wisconsin, but no one of these appears to promise any great quantity of good ore. Red hematite is found at numerous places in Wisconsin, highly charging certain layers of the Potsdam sandstone series, the lowest one of the horizontal Wisconsin formations. In the eastern part of the town of Westfield, Sauk county, the iron ore excludes the sandstone. forming an excellent ore. No developments have been made in this district, so that the size of the deposit is not definitely known. Brown Hematites. These ores contain their iron as the hydrated, or brown, sesquioxide, which, when pure, has about sixty per cent, of the metal ; the ordinary brown hematites, however, seldom contain over forty per cent. Bog iron ore, a porous brown hematite that forms by deposi- tion from the water of bogs, occurs somewhat widely scattered underneath the large marshes of Portage, Wood and Juneau counties. Very excellent bog ore, containing nearly 50 per cent, of iron, is found near Necedah, Juneau county, and near Grand Rapids, Wood county, but the amount obtainable is not definitely known. The Necedah ore contains: silica, 8.52 ; alumina, 377; iron peroxide, 71.40; manganese oxide, 0.27; lime, 0.58; magnesia, trace; phosphoric acid, 0.21; sulphur, 0.02; organic matter, 1.62; water, 13.46=99.85, metallic iron, 49.98 — according to Mr. E. T. Sweet's analysis. An ore from section 34, twp. 23, range 6 east. Wood county, yielded, to Mr. Oliver Matthews, silica, 4.81 ; alumina, i.oo; iron peroxide, 73.23 ; lime, o.ii, magnesia, 0.25; sulphuric acid, 0.07 ; phosphoric acid, o. 10 ; organic matter, 5.88; water, i MINERAJ. RESOURCES. 167 14.24; =99.69: metallic iron, 51.26. Brown hematite, mingled with more or less red ore, occurs also in some quantity filling cracks and irregular cavities in certain portions of the Potsdam series in northwestern Sauk county and the adjoining portion of Richland. A small charcoal furnace has been in operation on this ore at Ironton, Sauk county, for a number of years, and recently another one has been erected at Cazenovia in the same district. Magnetic Ores and Specular Hematites. These are taken together here, because their geological occurrence is the same, the two ores occurring not only in the same group of rocks, but even intimately mingled with one another. These ores are not now produced in Wisconsin ; but it is quite probable that they may before many years become its principal mineral production. In magnetic iron ore, the iron is in the shape of the mineral magnetite, an oxide of iron containing 72 4 per cent of iron when pure, and this is the highest percentage of iron that any ore can ever have. Specular hematite is the same as red hematite, but is crystalline, has a bright, metallic luster, and a considerable hardness. As mined the richest magnetic and specular ores rarely run over 65 per cent., while in most regions where they are mined they commonly do not reach 50 per cent. The amount of rich ores of this kind in the northern peninsula of Michigan is so great, however, that an ore with less than 50 per cent, finds no sale; and the same must be true in the adjoining states. So largely does this mat- ter of richness affect the value of an ore, that an owner of a mine of 45 per cent. " hard " ore in Wi.s- consin would find it cheaper to import and smelt Michigan 65 per cent, ore, than to smelt his own, even if his furnace and mine were side by side. The specular and magnetic ores of Wisconsin occur in two districts — the Penokee iron dis- trict, ten to twenty miles south of Lake Superior, in Bayfield, Ashland and Lincoln counties, and the Menomonee iron district, near the head waters of the Menomonee river, in township 40, ranges 17 and 18 east, Oconto county. Specular iron in veins and nests is found in small quan- tities with the quartz rocks of the Baraboo valley, Sauk county, and Necedah, Juneau county; and very large quantities of a peculiar quartz-schist, charged with more or less of the magnetic and specular iron oxides, occur in the vicinity of Black River Falls, Jackson county ; but in none of these places is there any promise of the existence of valuable ore. In the Penokee and Menomonee regions, the iron ores occur in a series of slaty and quartzose rocks known to geologists as the Haronian series. The rocks of these districts are really the extensions westward of a great rock series, which in the northern Michigan peninsula contains the rich iron ores that have made that region so famous. In position, this rock series may be likened to a great elongated parabola, the head of which is in the Marquette iron district and the two ends in the Penokee and Menomonee regions of Wisconsin. In all of its extent, this rock series holds great beds of lean magnetic and specular ores. These contain large quantities of quartz, which, from its great hardness, renders them very resistant to the action of atmospheric erosion. As a result, these lean ores are found forming high and bold ridges. Such ridges of lean ores have deceived many explorers, and not a few geologists. In the same rock series, for the most part occupying portions of a higher layer, are found, however, ores of extraordinary richness and purity, which, from their comparative softness, very rarely outcrop. The existence in quantity of these very rich ores in the Menomonee region has been definitely proven. One deposit, laid open during the Summer of 1877, shows a width of over 150 feet of first class specular ore; and exceeding in size the greatest of the famous deposits of Michigan. In the Penokee region, however, though the indications are favorable, the existence of the richer ores is as yet an inference only. The Penokee range itself is a wonderful development of IfiS HISTORYOF WISCONSIN. lean ore, which forms a continuous belt several hundred feet in width and over thirty miles in length. Occasionally portions of this belt are richer than the rest, and become almost merchant- able ores. The probability is, however, that the rich ores of this region will be found in the lower country immediately north of the Penokee range, where the rocks are buried beneath heavy accumulations of drift material. Copper. The only copper ore at present raised in Wisconsin is obtained near Mineral Point, in the lead region of the southwestern part of the state, where small quantities of c/ialcopyrite, the yellow sulphide of copper and iron, are obtained from pockets and limited crevices in the Galena lime- stone. Copper pyrites is known to occur in this way throughout the lead region, but it does not appear that the quantity at any point is sufficient to warrant exploration. Copper occurs also in the northernmost portions of Wisconsin, where it is found under alto- gether different circumstances. The great copper-bearing series of rocks of Keweenaw point and Isle Royale stretch southwestward into and entirely across the state of Wisconsin, in two parallel belts. One of these belts enters Wisconsin at the mouth of the Montreal river, and immediately leaving the shore of Lake Superior, crosses Ashland and Bayfield counties, and then widening greatly, occupies a large area in Douglas, St. Croix, Barron and Chippewa counties. The other belt forms the backbone of the Bayfield peninsula, and crosses the northern part of Douglas county, forming a bold ridge, to the Minnesota line. The rocks of this great series appear to be for the most part of igneous origin, but they are distinctly bedded, and even interstratified with sandstone, shales, and coarse boulder-conglomerate, the whole series having generally a tilted position. In veins crossing the rock-beds, and scattered also promiscuously through the layers of both conglomerates and igneous rocks, pure metallic copper in fine flakes is often found. Mining on a small scale has been attempted at numbers of points where the rivers flowing northward into Lake Superior make gorges across the rock series, but at none of them has sufficient work been done to prove or disprove the existence of copper in paying quantity. Gold and Silver. Small traces of gold have been detected by the writer in quartz from the crystalline rocks of Clark county, but there is no probability that any quantity of this metal will ever be found in the state. Traces of silver have also been found in certain layers of the copper series in Ash- land county. Judging from the occurrence of silver in the same series not far to the east in Michigan, it seems not improbable that this metal may be found also in Wisconsin. Brick Clays. These constiUite a very important resource in Wisconsin. Extending inland for many miles fiom the shores of Lakes Michigan and Superior are stratified beds of clay of lacustrine origin, having been deposited by the lakes when greatly expanded beyond their present sizes. All of these clays are characterized by the presence of a large amount of carbonate of lime. Along Lake Superior they have not yet been utrtized, but all through the belt of country bordering Lake Michigan they are dug and burned, fully 50,000,000 bricks being made annually in this region. A large proportion of these bricks are white or cream-colored, and these are widely known under the name of " Milwaukee brick," though -by no means altogether made at Mil- waukee. Others are ordinary red brick. The difference between the light-colored and red bricks is ordinarily attributed to the greater amount of iron in the clay from which the latter are MINERAL RESOURCES. 16& burned, but it has been shown by Mr. E. T. Sweet that the white bricks are burned from clay which often contains more iron than that from which the red bricks are made, but which also contains a very large amont of carbonate of lime. The following analyses show (i) the compo. sition of the clay from which cream-colored brick are burned at Milwaukee, (2) the composition of a red-brick clay from near Madison, and (3) the composition of the unutilized clay from Ashland, Lake Superior. Nos. i and 2 are by Mr. E. T. Sweet, No. 3 by Professor W. W. Daniells : (I) (2) (3) (I) (2) (3) 38.22 975 2.84 1. 16 16.23 7.54 18.50 75.80. 11.07 3-53 0.31 / l.S4^ .08) 1.09 58.08 25.38 4-44 8.30 Potasli 2.16 0.65 0.95 1.85 1-74 0.40 1.54 2.16 99.56 Alumina Iron peroxide Iron protoxide... Soda - Water 4.09 Moisture Totals Lime . 99-85 Magnesia Carbonic acid — 100.19 At Milwaukee 24,000,000 cream-colored brick are made annually ; at Racine, 3,500,000 ; at Appleton and Menasha, 1,800,000 each; at Neenah, 1,600,000; at Clifton, 1,700,000; at Wat- erloo, 1,600,000; and in smaller quantities at Jefferson, Ft. Atkinson, Edgerton, Whitewater, Geneva, Ozaukee, Sheboygan Falls, Manitowoc, Kewaunee, and other places. In most cases the cream-colored bricks are made from a bright-red clay, although occasionally the clay is light- colored. At Whitewater and other places tile and pottery are also made from this clay. Although these lacustrine clays are much the most important in Wisconsin, excellent brick clays are also found in the interior of the state. In numbers of places along the Yahara valley, in Dane county, an excellent stratified clay occurs. At Madison this is burned to a red brick ; at Stoughton and Oregon to a fine cream-colored brick. At Platte ville, I-ancaster, and other points in the southwestern part of the state, red bricks are made from clays found in the vicinity. Kaolin (Porcelain -Clay — Fire - Clay). The word "kaolin." is applied by geologists to a clay-like material which is used in making chinaware in this country and in Europe. The word is of Chinese origin, and is applied by the Chinese to the substance from which the famous porcelain of China is made. Its application to the European poTcela.in-c/ay was made under the mistaken idea— one which has prevailed among scientists until very recently— that the Chinese material is the same as the European. This we now know to be an error, the Chinese and Japanese wares being both made altogether from a solid rock. True kaolin, using the word in its European sense, is unlike other ordinary clays, in being the result of the disintegration of felspathic crystalline rocks " in place," that is without being removed from the place of its first formation. The base of kaolin is a mineral known as kaolinite, a compound of silica, alumina and water, which results from a change or decay of the felspar of felspar-bearing rocks. Felspar contains silica, alumina, and soda or potash, or both. By perco- lation through the rocks of surface water carrying carbonic acid, the potash and soda are removed and kaolinite results. Mingled with the kaolinite are, however, always the other ingre- dients of the rock, quartz, mica, etc., aYid also always some undecomposed, or only partly decom- posed felspar. These foreign ingredients can all, however, be more or less perfectly removed by a system of levigation, when a pure white clay results, composed almost wholly of the scales of 170 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the mineral kaolinite. Prepared in this way the kaolin has a high value as a refractory material, and for forming the base of fine porcelain wares. The crystalline rocks, which, by decomposition, would produce a kaolin, are widely spread over the northern part of Wisconsin ; but over the most of the region occupied by them there is no sign of the existence of kaolin, the softened rock having apparently been removed by glacial action. In a belt of country, however, which extends from Grand Rapids on the Wisconsin, westward to Black river, in Jackson county, the drift is insignificant or entirely absent; the glacial forces have not acted, and the crystalline rocks are, or once were, overlaid by sandstone, along whose line of junction with the underlying formation numerous water-courses have existed, the result being an unusual amount of disintegration. Here we find, in the beds of the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, large exposures of crystalline rocks, which between the rivers are overlaid by sandstone. The crystalline rocks are in distinct layers, tilted at high angles, and in numerous places decomposed into a soft white kaolin. Inasmuch as these layers strike across the country m long, straight lines, patches of kaolin are found ranging themselves into similar lines. The kaolin patches are most abundant on the Wisconsin in the vicinity of the city of Grand Rapids, in Wood county. They vary greatly in size, one deposit even varying from a fraction of an inch to a number of feet in thickness. The kaolin varies, also, greatly in character, some .being quite impure and easily fusible from a large content of iron oxide or from partial decomposition only,'while much of it is very pure and refractory. There is no doubt, however, that a large amount of kaolin exists in this region, and that by selection and levigation an excellent material may be obtained, which, by mingling with powdered quartz, may be made to yield a fire-brick of unusual refractoriness, and which may even be employed in making fine porcelain ware. The following table gives the composition of the raw clay, the fine clay obtained from it by levigation, and the coarse residue from the same operation, the sample having been taken from the opening on the land of Mr. C. B. Garrison, section 5, town 22, range 6 east. Wood county : RAW CLAY. I.EVIGATIO.V PRODUCTS. RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION PRODUCTS FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDUE. FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDUE. Silica 78.83 13-43 0.74 p.64 0.07 0.37 49-94 36.80 0.72 trace 0.51 92.86 2 08 0.74 0.96 O.IO 0.28 Soda - Carbonic Acid Water Totals .- 0.0,7 O.OI 5-45 0.08 11.62 0.05 Alumina _. - . Iron peroxide Lime .- Magnesia Potash 2-53 99.60 99.67 99.60 Cement - Rock. Certain layers of the Lower Magnesian limestone, as at Ripon, and other points in the east- ern part of the state, are known to produce a lime which has in some degree the hydraulic property, and the same is true of certain layers of the Blue limestone of the Trenton group, in the southwestern part of the state ; the most valuable material of this kind, however, that is as yet known to exist in Wisconsin, is found near Milwaukee, and has become very recently somewhat widely known as the " Milwaukee " cement-rock. This rock belongs to the Hamilton formation, and is found near the Washington street bridge, at Brown Deer, on the lake shore at Whitefish MINERAL RESOURCES. 171 bay, and at other points in the immediate vicinity of Milwaukee. The quantity attainable is large, and a very elaborate series of tests by D. J. Whittemore, chief engineer of the Milwau- kee and St. Paul railroad, shows that the cement made from it exceeds all native and foreign cements in strength, except the famous English " Portland " cement. The following are three analyses of the rock from different points, and they show that it has a very constant composition : I. 2. 3. Carbonate of Lime 45-54 32.46 17.56 3.03 100.00 48.29 29.19 17.36 1.40 2.24 98.68 41.34 Carbonate of Magnesia _ . Silica - 34.88 16.99 Alumina 5.00 Iron Sesquioxide. ... . . 1.79 Totals 100.00 Limestone for Making Quick - lime. Quick-lime is made from all of the great limestone formations of Wisconsin, but more is burnt from the Lower Magnesian and Niagara formations, than from the others. The Lower Magnesian yields a very strong mortar, but the lime burned from it is not very white. It is burned largely in the region about Madison, one of the largest quarries being on the south line of section ^^ of that town, where some 20,000 bushels are produced annually, in two kilns. The lime from this place has a considerable local reputation under the name of "Madison lime." The Trenton limestone is burned at a few points, but yields an inferior lime. The Galena is not very generally burned, but yields a better lime than the Trenton. In the region about Watertown and White- water, some 40,000 to 50,000 barrels are made annually from this formation. The Niagara, however, is the great lime furnisher of the northwest. From its purity it is adapted to the making of a most admirable lime. It is burned on a large scale at numbers of points in the eastern part of the state, among which may be mentioned, Pellon's kilns, Pewau- kee, where 12,000 barrels are made weekly and shipped to Chicago, Grand Haven, Des Moines, etc.; and Holick & Son's kilns, Racine, which yield 60,000 to 75,000 barrels annually. A total ot about 400,000 barrels is annually made from the Niagara formation in eastern Wisconsin. Limestone for Flux in Iron Smelting. The limestones of Wisconsin are rarely used as a flux, because of their prevalent magnesian character. The stone from Schoonmaker's quarry, near Milwaukee, is used at the Bay View iron works, and is one of the few cases. There are certain layers, however, in the Trenton lime- stone, widely spread over the southern part of the state, which are non-magnesian, and frequently sufficiently free from earthy impurities to be used as a flux. These layers deserve the attention of the iron masters of the state. Glass Sand. Much of the St. Peter's sandstone is a purely siliceous, loose, white sand, well adapted to the making of glass. It is now being put to this use at points in the eastern part of the state. 172 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Peat. Peat exists in large quantities and of good (luality underneath the numerous marshes of the eastern and central parts of the state. Whether it can be utilized in the future as a fuel, will depend altogether upon the cost of its preparation, which will have to be very low in order that it may compete with superior fuels. As a fertilizer, peat has always a great value, and requires no ireliminary treatment. Building Stones. All the rocky formations of Wisconsin are used in building, and even the briefest synopsis of the subject of the building stones of the state, would exceed the hmits of this paper. A few of the more prominent kinds only are mentioned. Granite occurs in protruding masses, and also grading into gneiss, in tlie northern portions of the state, at numerous points. In many places on the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, and especially at Big Bull Falls, Yellow river, red granites of extraordinary beauty and value occur. These are not yet utilized, but will in the future have a high value. The handsomest and most valuable sandstone found in Wisconsin, is that which extends along the shore of Lake Superior, from the Michigan to the Minnesota line, and which forms the basement rock of the Apostle islands. On one of these islands a very large quarry is opened, from which are taken masses of almost any size, of a very close-grained, uniform, dark brown stone, which has been shipped largely to Chicago and Milwaukee. At the latter place, the well known court house is built of this stone. An equally good stone can be obtained from the neigh- boring islands, and from points on the mainland. A very good white to brown, indurated sand- stone is obtained from the middle portions of the Potsdam series, at Stevens Point, Portage county; near,Grand Rapids, Wood county; at Black River Falls, Jackson county; at Packwau- kee, Marquette county ; near Wautoma, Waushara county ; and at several points in the Baraboo Valley, Sauk county. A good buff-colored, calcareous sandstone is quarried and used largely in the vicinity of Madison, from the uppermost layers of the Potsdam series. All of the limestone formations of the state are quarried for building stone. A layer known locally as the " Mendota" limestone, included in the upper layers of the Potsdam series, yields a very evenly bedded, yellow, fine-grained rock, which is largely quarried along the valley of the lower Wisconsin, and also in the country' about Madison. In the town of Westport, Dane county, a handsome, fine-grained, cream-colored limestone is obtained from the Lower Magne- sian. The Trenton limestone yields an evenly bedded, thin stone, which is frequently used for laying in wall. The Galena and Niagara are also utilized, and the latter is capable, in much of the eastern part of the state, of furnishing a durable, easily dressed, compact, white stone. In preparing this paper, I have made use of Professor Whitney's " Metallic Wealth of the United States," and " Report on the Geology of the Lead Region;" of the advance sheets of Volume II of the Reports of the State Geological Survey, including Professor T. C. Chamberlin's Report on the Geology of Eastern Wisconsin, my own Report on the Geology of Central Wisconsin, and Mr. Strong's Report on the Geology of the Lead Region ; Mr. E. T. Sweet's account of the mineral exhibit of the state at the Centennial Exposition; and of my unpublished reports on the geology of the counties bordering Lake Superior. WISCONSIN RAILROADS. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The territory of Wisconsin offered great advantages to emigrants. Explorers had published accounts of the wonderful fertility of its soil, the wealth of its broad prairies and forest openings, and the beauty of its lakes and rivers. Being reached from the older states by way of the lakes and easily accessible by a long line of lake coast, the hardships incident to weeks of land travel were avoided. Previous to 1836 but few settlements had been made in that part of the then territory of Michigan, that year organized into the territory of Wisconsin, except as mining camps in the southwestern part, and scattered settlers in the vicinity of the trading posts and military stations. From that time on, with the hope of improving their condi- tion, thousands of the enterprising yeomanry of New England, New York and Ohio started for the land of promise. Germans, Scandinavians and other nationalities, attracted by the glowing accounts sent abroad, crossed the ocean on their way to the new world; steamers and sail-craft laden with families and their household goods left Buffalo and other lake ports, all bound for the new Eldorado. It may be doubted if in the history of the world any country was ever peo- pled with the rapidity of southern and eastern Wisconsin. Its population in 1840 was 30,749; in 1850,304,756; in i860, 773,693; in 1870, 1,051,351; in 1875, 1,236,729. With the develop- ment of the agricultural resources of the new territory, grain raising became the most prominent interest, and as the settlements extended back from the lake shore the difficulties of transporta- tion of the products of the soil were seriously felt. The expense incurred in moving a load of produce seventy or eighty miles to a market town on the lake shore frequently exceeded the gross sum obtained for the same. All goods, wares and merchandise, and most of the lumber used must also be hauled by teams from Lake Michigan. Many of our early settlers still retain vivid recollections of trying experiences in the Milwaukee woods and other sections bordering on the lake shore, from the south line of the state to Manitowoc and Sheboygan. To meet the great want — better facilities for transportation — a valuable . land grant was obtained from congress, in 1838, to aid in building a canal from Milwaukee to Rock river The company which was organized to construct it, built a dam across Milwaukee river and a short section of the canal ; then the work stopped and the plan was finally abandoned. It was early seen that to satisfy the requirements of the people, railroads, as the most feasable means of commuoication within their reach, were an indispensable necessity. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Between the years 1838 and 1841, the territorial legislature of Wisconsin chartered several railroad companies, but with the exception of the " Milwaukee & Waukesha Railroad Company,'' incorporated in 1847, none of the corporations thus created took any particular shape. The commissioners named in its charter met November 23, 1847, and elected a president, Dr. L. W, Weeks, and a secretary, A. W. Randall (afterward governor of Wisconsin). On the first Monday of February, 1848, they opened books of subscription. The charter of the company provided 174 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. that $100,000 should be subscribed and five percent, thereof paid in before the company should fully organize as a corporation. The country was new. There were plenty of active, energetic men, but money to build railroads was scarce, and not until April 5, 1849, was the necessary subscription raised and percentage paid. A board of directors was elected on the loth day of May, and Byron Kilbourn chosen president. The charter had been previously amended, in 1848, authorizing the company to build a road to the Mississippi river, in Grant county, and in 1850, its name was changed to the "Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad Company." After the company was fully organized, active measures were taken to push the enterprise forward to completion. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit, and in 1851 the pioneer Wisconsin railroad rsached Waukesha, twenty miles out from Milwaukee. In the spring of 1852, Edward H. Broadhead, a prominent engineer, from from the state of New York, was put in charge of the work as chief engineer and superintendent. Under his able and energetic administration the road was pushed forward in 1852 to Milton, in 1853 to Stoughton, in 1854 to Madison, and in 1856 to the Mis- sissippi river, at Prairie du Chien. In 1851 John Catlin of Madison, was elected president in place of Kilbourn. The proposed length of this article will not admit of any detailed statement of the trials, struggles and triumphs of the men who projected, and finally carried across the state, from the lake to the river, this first Wisconsin railroad. Mitchell, Kilbourn, Holton, Tweedy, Catlin, Walker, Broadhead, Crocker and many others, deserve to be remembered by our people as bene- factors of the state. In 1859 and 1S60, the company defaulted in the payment of the interest on its bonds. A foreclosure was made and a new company, called the " Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien," took its place, succeeding to all its rights and property, The "Southern Wisconsin Railway Company" was chartered in 1852, and authorized to build a road from Milton to the Mississippi river. When the Milwaukee and Mississippi road reached Milton in 1852, it was not authorized by its charter to go to Janesville, but, under the charter of the Southern Wisconsin, a company was organized that built the eight miles to Janesville in 1853. Under a subsequent amendment to the charter, the Milwaukee and Mississippi company was authorized to build from Milton to the Mississippi river. The Janesville branch was then purchased and extended to Monroe, a distance of about thirty-four miles, or forty-two miles west of Milton. Surveys were made and a line located west of Monroe to the river. The people of La Fayette and Grant counties have often been encouraged to e.xpect a direct railroad communi- cation with the city of Milwaukee. Other and more important interests, at least so considered by the railroad company, have delayed the execution of the original plan, and the road through the counties mentioned still remains unbuilt. The " LaCrosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852, to construct a road from LaCrosse to Milwaukee. During the year in which the charter was obtained, the company was organized, and the first meeting of the commissioners held at LaCrosse. Among its pro- jectors were Byron Kilbourn and Moses M. Strong, Kilbourn was elected its first president. No work was done upon this line until after its consolidation with the " Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Railroad Company" in 1854. The latter company was chartered in 1853, to build a road from Milwaukee via West Bend to Fond du Lac and Green Bay. It organized in the spring of 1853, and at once commenced active operations under the supervision of James Kneeland, its first president. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit for $200,000, and gave city bonds. The company secured depot grounds in Milwaukee, and did considerable grading for the first twenty- five miles out. Becoming embarrassed in January, 1854, the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company. Work was at once resumed on the partially graded line. In 1855 the road was completed to Horicon, fifty miles. WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 175 The Milwaukee & Watertown company was chartered in 1851, to build from Milwaukee to Watertown. It soon organized, and began the construction of its line from Brookfield, fourteen miles west of Milwaukee, and a point on the Milwaukee & Mississippi road leading through Oconomowoc to Watertown. The charter contained a provision that the company might extend its road by way of Portage to La Crosse. It reached Watertown in 1856, and was consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee road in the autumn of the same year. In the spring of 1856 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin, to aid in the building of a railroad from Madison, or Columbus, via Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships 25 and 31. and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior, and to Bayfield. An adjourned session of the Wisconsin legislature met on September 3 of that year, to dispose of the grant. The disposal of this grant had been generally discussed by the press, and the public sentiment of the state seemed to tend toward its bestowal upon a new company. There is little doubt but that this was also the sentiment of a large majority of the members of both houses when the session commenced. When a new company was proposed a joint com- mittee of twenty from the senate and assembly was appointed to prepare a bill, conferring the grant upon a company to be created by the bill itself The work of the committee proceeded harmoniously until the question of who should be corporators was to be acted upon, when a difference of opinion was found to exist, and one that proved difficult to harmonize. In the mean- time the LaCrosse and Watertown companies had consolidated, and a sufficient number of the members of both houses were "propitiated" by " pecuniary compliments" to induce them to pass the bill, conferring the so called St. Croix grant upon the LaCrosse & Milwaukee railroad company. The vote in the assembly in the passage of the bill was, ayes 62, noes 7. In the senate it stood, ayes 17, noes 7. At the session of the legislature of 1858 a committee was raised to investigate the matter, and their report demonstrated that bonds were set apart for all who voted for the LaCrosse bill ; to members of assembly $5,000 each, and members of senate $10,000 each. A few months after the close of the legislative sesssion of 1856 the land grant bonds of the LaCrosse road became worthless. Neither the LaCrosse company nor its successors ever received any portion of the lands granted to the state. During the year 1857 the LaCrosse company completed its line of road through Portage City to LaCrosse, and its Watertown line to Columbus. The "Milwaukee & Horicon Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852. Between the years 1855 and 1857 it built through Waupun and Ripon to Berlin, a distance of forty-two miles. It was, in effect, controlled by the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company, although built as a separate branch. This line was subsequently merged in the LaCrosse company, and is now a part of the northern division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway. The '■ Madison, Fond du Lac & Lake Michigan Railroad Company" was chartered in 1855, to build a road from Madison via Fond du Lac to Lake Michigan. In 1857 it bought of the LaCrosse company that portion of its road acquired by consolidation with the Milwaukee & Watertown company. Its name was then changed to " Milwaukee & Western Railroad Com- pany." It owned a line of road from Brookfield to Watertown, and branches from the latter place to Columbus and Sun Prairie, in all about eighty miles in length. In 1858 and 1859 the La Crosse & Milwaukee and the Milwaukee & Horicon companies defaulted in the payment of the interest on their bonded debts. In the same years the bond- holders of the two companies instituted foreclosure proceedings on the different trust deeds given to secure their bonds. Other suits to enforce the payment of their floating debts were also com- menced. Protracted litigation in both the state and federal courts resulted in a final settlement in 1868, by a decision of the supreme court of the United States. In the meantime, in 1862 and 176 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 1863, both roads were sold, and purchased by an association of the bondholders, who organized the " Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company." The new company succeeded to all the rights of both the La Crosse and Horicon companies, and soon afterward, in 1863, purchased the property of the Milwaukee & Western company, thus getting control of the roads from Mil- waukee to La Crosse, from Horicon to Berlin, from Brookfield to Watertown, and the branches to Columbus and Sun Prairie. In 1864 it built from Columbus to Portage, from Brookfield to Milwaukee, and subsequently extended the Sun Prairie branch to Madison, in 1869. It also purchased the Ripon & Wolf River road, which had been built fifteen miles in length, from Ripon to Omro, on the Fox river, and extended it to Winneconne on the Wolf river, five miles farther, and twenty miles from Ripon. In 1867 the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company obtained control of the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien railroad. The legislature of 1857 had passed an act, authorizing all stock-holders in all incorporated companies to vote on shares of stock owned by them. The directors of the Milwaukee & St. Paul company had secured a majority of the common stock, and, at the election of 1867, elected themselves a board of directors for the Prairie du Chien company. All the rights, property and interests of the latter company came under the ownership and control of the former. In 1865, Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was elected president, and S. S. Merrill general manager of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company. They were retained in their respective positions by the new organization, and still continue to hold these offices, a fact largely owing to the able and efficient manner that has characterized their management of the company's affairs. The company operates eight hundred and thirty-four miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all two thousand two hundred and seven miles. Its lines extend to St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota, and to Algona in Iowa, and over the Western Union to Savanna and Rock Island in the State of Illinois. The " Oshkosh & Mississippi Railroad Company" was chartered in 1866 to build a road from the city of Oshkosh to the Mississippi river. Its construction to Ripon in 1872 was a move on the part of citizens of Oshkosh to connect their town with the Milwaukee & St. Paul road. It is twenty miles in length and leased to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. In 1871 and 1872 the "Wisconsin Union Railroad Company," of which John W. Cary was president, built a road from Milwaukee to the state line between Wisconsin and Illinois, to connect with a road built from Chicago to the state line of Illinois. This new line between Milwaukee and Chicago was built in the interest of, and in fact by, the Milwaukee & St. Paul company to afford a connection between its Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota system of roads, and the eastern trunk lines centering in Chicago. It runs parallel with the shore of Lake Michigan and from three to six miles from it, and is eighty-five miles in length. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway. The territorial legislature of 1848 chartered the " Madison & Beloit Railroad Company " with authority to build a railroad from Beloit to Madison only. In 1850, by an act of the legislature, the company was authorized to extend the road to the Wisconsin river and La Crosse, and to a point on the Mississippi river near St. Paul, and also from Janesville to Fond du Lac. Its name was changed, under legislative authority, to the "Rock River Valley Union Railroad Company." In 1851, the line from Janesville north not being pushed as the people expected, the legislature of Illinois chartered the " Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company " with authority to consolidate with any road in Wisconsin. In 1855, an act of the Wisconsin legislature consoli- dated the Illinois and Wisconsin companies with the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Com- pany," and the new organization took the name of the "Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Rail- WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 177 road Company." In 1854, and previous to the consolidation, the company had failed and passed into the hands of the bondholders, who foreclosed and took stock for their bonds. The old management of A. Hyatt Smith and John B. Macy was superseded, and Wm. B. Ogden was made president. Chicago was all along deeply interested in reaching the rich grain fields of the Rock river valley, as well as the inexhaustible timber and mineral wealth of the northern part of Wisconsin and that part of Michigan bordering on Lake Superior, called the Peninsula. It also sought a connection with the upper Mississippi region, then being rapidly peopled, by a line of railroad to run through Madison to St. Paul, in Minnesota. Its favorite road was started froni Chicago on the wide (six feet) gauge, and so constructed seventy miles to Sharon on the Wis- consin state line. This was changed to the usual (four feet, eight and one-half inches) width, and the work was vigorously pushed, reaching Janesville in 1855 and Fond du Lac in 1858. The Rock River Valley Union railroad company had, however, built about thirty miles from Fond du Lac south toward Minnesota Junction before the consolidation took place. The partially graded line on a direct route between Janesville and Madison was abandoned. In 1852 a new charter had been obtained, and the " Beloit & Madison Railroad Company " had been organized to build a road from Beloit via Janesville to Madison. A subsequent amendment to this charter had left out Janesville as a point, and the Beloit branch was pushed through to Madison, reach- ing that city in 1864. The "Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Company" had built a branch of the Galena line from Belvedere to Beloit previous to 1854. In that year, it leased the Beloit & Madison road, and from 1856 operated it in connection with the Milwaukee & Mississippi, reaching Janes- ville by way of Hanover Junction, a station on its Southern Wisconsin branch, eight miles west of Janesville. The consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac companies was effected and approved by legislative enactment in 1855, and a new organization called the "Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company" took their place. The "Green Bay, Milwaukee & Chicago Railroad Company" was chartered in 1851 to build a road from Milwaukee to the state line of Illinois to connect with a road from Chicago, called the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad. Both roads were completed in 1855, and run in connection until 1863, when they were consolidated under the name of the "Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad Company." To prevent its falling into the hands of the Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern secured it by perpetual lease, May 2, 1866, and it is now operated as its Chicago division. The " Kenosha & Beloit Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1853 to build a road from Kenosha to Beloit, and was organized soon after its chartenwas obtained. Its name was after- ward changed to the " Kenosha, Rockford & Rock Island Railroad Company," and its route changed to run to Rockford instead of Beloit. The line starts at Kenosha, and runs through the county of Kenosha and crosses the state line near the village of Genoa in the county of Wal- worth, a distance of thirty miles in the state of Wisconsin, and there connects with a' road in Illinois running to Rockford, and with which it consolidated. Kenosha and its citizens were the principal subscribers to its capital stock. The company issued its bonds, secured by the usual mortgage on its franchises and property. Failing to pay its interest, the mortgage was foreclosed, and the road was sold to the Chicago & Northwestern company in 1863, and is now operated by it as the Kenosha division. The line was constructed from Kenosha to Genoa in 1862. The "Northwestern Union Railway Company " was organized in 1872, under the general rail. road law of the state, to build a line of road from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac, with a branch to Lodi. The road was constructed during the years 1872 and 1873 from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac. The Chicago & Northwestern company were principally interested in its being built, to 178 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. shorten its line between Chicago and Green Bay, and now uses it as its main through line between the two points. The " Baraboo Air-Line Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1870,10 build a road from Madison, Columbus, or Waterloo via Baraboo, to La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi river. It organized in the interest of the Chicago & Northwestern, with which company it con- solidated, and the work of building a connecting line between Madison and Winona Junction was vigorously pushed forward. Lodi was reached in 1870, Baraboo in 187 1, and Winona Junc- tion in 1874. The ridges between Elroy and Sparta were tunneled at great expense and with much difficulty. In 1874 the company reported an expenditure for its three tunnels of $476,743.32, and for the 129 i-io miles between Madison and Winona Junction of $5,342,169.96, and a large expenditure yet required to be made on it. In 1867 the Chicago & Northwestern company bought of D. N. Barney & Co. their interest in the Winona & St. Peters railway, a line being built westerly from Winona in Minnesota, and of which one hundred and five miles had been built. It also bought of the same parties their interest in the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott railway, a line being built from Winona Junction, three miles east of La Crosse, to Winona, Minn. The latter line was put in operation in 1870, and is twenty-nine miles long. With the completion of its Madison branch to Winona junction, in 1873, it had in operation a line from Chicago, via Madison and Winona, to Lake Kampeska, Minn., a distance of six hundred and twenty-three miles. In the year 1856 a valuable grant of land was made by congress to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads. The Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company claimed that the grant was obtained through its efforts, and that of right it should have the northeastern grant, so-called. At the adjourned session of the legislature of 1856, a contest over the dispo- sition of the grant resulted in conferring it upon the " Wisconsin & Superior Railroad Company," a corporation chartered for the express purpose of giving it this grant. It was generally believed at the time that the new company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company, and at the subsequent session, in the following year, it was authorized to consolidate with the new company, which it did in the spring of that year, and thus obtained the grant of 3,840 acres per mile along its entire line, from Fond du Lac northerly to the state line between Wisconsin and Michigan. It extended its road to Oshkosh in 1859, to Appleton in 1861, and in 1862 to Fort Howard, forming a line two hundred and forty-two miles long. The line from Fort Howard to Escanaba, one hundred and fourteen miles long, was opened in Decem- ber, 1872, and made a connection with the peninsular railroad of Michigan. It now became a part of tlie Chicago & Northwestern, extending from Escanaba to the iron mines, and thence to Lake Superior at Marquette. Albert Keep, of Chicago, is president, and Marvin Hughitt, a gentleman of great railroad experience, is general superintendent. The company operates five hundred and sixty-seven miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all sixteen hundred and sixteen miles. Its lines extend into five different states. Over these lines its equipment is run in common, or transferred from place to place, as the changes in business may temporarily require. Wisconsin Central Railroad. The " Milwaukee & Northern Railway Company " was incorporated in 1S70, to build a road from Milwaukee to some point on the Fox river below Winnebago lake, and thence to Lake Superior, with branches. It completed its road to Menasha, one hundred and two miles from Milwaukee, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay, twenty-seven miles, in 1873, and in that vear leased its line to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company," which is still operating it. In WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 179 1864 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of a rail- road from Berlin, Doty's Island, Fond du Lac, or Portage, by way of Stevens Point, to Bayfield or Superior, granting the odd sections within ten miles on each side of the line, with an indem- nity limit of twenty miles on each side. The legislature of 1865 failed to dispose of this grant, but that of 1866 provided for the organization of two companies, one to build from Portage City by way of Berlin to Stevens Point, and the other from Menasha to the same point, and then jointly to Bayfield and Lake Superior. The former was called the " Winnebago and Lake Superior Railroad Company," and the latter the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company." In i86g an act was^^assed consolidating the two companies, which was done under the name of the " Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad Company." In 1871 the name of the company was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad Company." The Winnebago & Lake Superior company was organized under Hon. George Reed as president, and at once commenced the construction of its line of road between Menasha and Stevens Point. In 1871 the Wisconsin Central consolidated with the " Manitowoc & Mississippi Railroad Company." The articles of consolidation provided that Gardner Colby, a director of the latter company, should be president, and that George Reed, a director of the former, should be vice president of the new organization; with a further provision that Gardner Colby, George Reed, and Elijah B. Phillips should be and remain its executive committee. In 1-871, an act was passed incorporating the " Phillips and Colby Construction Company," which created E. B. Phillips, C. L. Colby, Henry Pratt, and such others as they might associate with them, a body corporate, with authority to build railroads and do all manner of things relat- ing to railroad construction and operation. Under this act the construction company contracted with the Wisconsin Central railroad company, to build its line of road from Menasha to Lake Superior. In November, 1873, the Wisconsin Central leased of the Milwaukee & Northern com- pany its line of road extending from Schwartzburg to Menasha, and the branch to Green Bay, for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, and also acquired the rights of the latter com- pany to use the track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company between Schwartzburg and Milwaukee, and to depot facilities in Milwaukee. The construction of the land grant portion of this important Hue of road was commenced in 1871, and it was completed to Stevens Point in November of that year. It was built from Stevens Point north one hundred miles to Worcester in 1S72. During 1872 and 1873, it was built from Ashland south to the Penoka iron ridge, a dis- tance of thirty miles. The straight line between Portage City and Stevens Point, authorized by an act of the legislature of 1875, was constructed between October i, 1875, and October, 1876, seven ly-one miles in length. The gap of forty-two miles between Worcester and Penoka iron ridge was closed in June, 1877. E. B. Phillips, of Milwaukee, is president and general manager. This line of road passes through a section of our state hitherto unsettled. It has been pushed through with energy, and opened up for settlement an immense region of heavily timbered land, and thus contributed to the growth and prosperity of the state. The Western Union Railroad. The " Racine, Janesville & Mississippi Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Racine to Beloit, and was organized the same year. The city of Racine issued its bonds for ||3oo,ooo in payment for that amount of stock. The towns of Racine, Elkhorn, Dele- van and Beloit gave 11190,000, and issued their bonds, and farmers along the line made liberal subscriptions and secured the same by mortgages on their farms. The road was built lo Burling- ton in 1855, to Delavan early in 1856, and to Beloit, sixty-eight miles from Racine, during the same year. Failing to meet the interest on its bonds and its floating indebtedness, it was sur- 180 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIK. rendered by the company to the bond-holders in 1859, who completed it to Freeport during that year, and afterward built to the Mississippi river at Savannah, and thence to Rock Island. The bond-holders purchased and sold the road in 1866, and a new organization was had as the " West- ern Union Railroad Company," and it has sinee been operated under that name. In 1869, it bu'ilt a line from Elkhorn to Eagle, seventeen miles, and thus made a connection with Milwau- kee over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The latter company owns a controlling interest it its line. Alexander Mitchell is the president of the company, and D. A. Olin, general superintendent. West Wisconsin Railroad. The lands granted by congress in 1856 to aid in the construction of a railroad in Wisconsin, from Tomah to Superior and Bayfield, were disposed of as mentioned under the history of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. The La Crosse company, as we have seen, prevailed in the legislature of 1856, and secured legislation favorable to its interests; but it failed to build the line of road provided for, and forfeited its right to lands granted. In 1863, the " Tomah & Lake St. Croix Railroad Company " was incorporated, with authority to construct a railroad from some point in the town of Tomah in Monroe county, to sucli point on Lake St. Croix, between town- ships 25 and 31 as the directors might determine. To the company, by the act creating it, was granted all the interest and estate of this state, to so much of the lands granted by the United States to the state of Wisconsin, known as the St. Croix grant, as lay between Tomah and Lake St. Croix. A few months after its organization, the company passed substantially into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Humbird, who afterward built a line of road from Tomah, jv'a Black River Falls, and Eau Claire to Hudson, on Lake St. Croix, one hundred and seventy-eight miles. Its name was afterward changed to the "West Wisconsin Railroad Company." In 1873, it built its road from Warren's Mills via Camp Douglass, on the St. Paul road to Elroy, and took up its track from the first-named place, twelve miles, to Tomah. A law-suit resulted, which went against the railroad company, and the matter was finally compromised by the payment of a sum of money by the company to the town of Tomah. The road was built through a new and sparsely settled country, and its earnings have not been sufficient to enrich its stock-holders. It connects at Camp Douglass with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, and at Elroy with the Chicago & Northwestern railway company's line, which gives the latter a through line to St. Paul. It is operated in connection with the Chicago & Northwestern railway, and managed in its interest. It is now in the hands of Wm. H. Ferry, of Chicago, as receiver; H. H. Potter, of Chicago, as president'; and E. W. Winter, of Hudson, superintendent. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway. In 1870, the "Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company" was chartered to build a road from Milwaukee to Green Bay by way of Manitowoc. It built its line from Mil- waukee to Manitowoc in 1873, when its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & West- ern Railroad Company." Under a decree of foreclosure, it was sold Dec. 10, 1875, and its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway Company," by which name it is still known. In 1866, the " Appleton & New London Railroad Company" was incorporated to build a road from Appleton to New London, and thence to Lake Superior. A subsequent amendment to its charter authorized it to extend its road to Manitowoc. It built most of the line from Appleton to that city, and then, under legislative authority, sold this extension to the Milwau- WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 181 kee, Lake Shore & Western railroad company. The last-named company extended it to New London, on the Wolf river, twenty-one miles, in 1876, where it connects with the Green Bay & Minnesota road. It now operates one hundred and forty-six miles of road, extending from Mil- waukee to New London, passing through Sheboygan, Manitowoc and Appleton, which includes a branch line six miles in length from Mr.nitowoc to Two Rivers. F. W. Rhinelander, of New York, is its president, and H. G. H. Reed, of Milwaukee, superintendent. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. The line of road operated by this company extends from Fort Howard to the Mississippi river, opposite Winona, Minnesota. It is two hundred and sixteen miles in length, and was built through a sparsely settled and heavily timbered section of the state. It began under most discouraging circumstances, yet was pushed through by the energy of a few men at Green Bay and along its line. It was originally chartered in 1866 as the "Green Bay & Lake Pepin Rail- road Company " to build a road from the mouth of the Fox river near Green Bay to the Missis- sippi river opposite Winona. But little was done except the making of preliminary surveys in 1870. During 1870 and 187 1, forty miles were constructed and put in operation. In 1872, one hundred and fourteen miles were graded, the track laid, and the river reached, sixty-two miles farther, in 1873. In 1876, it acquired the right to use the " Winona cut-off " between Winona and Onalaska, and built a line from the latter point to La Crosse, seven miles, thus connecting its road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi river. The city of La Crosse aided this extension by subscribing $75,000 and giving its corporation bonds for that amount. Henry Ketchum, of New London, is president of the company, and D. M. Kelly, of Green Bay, gen- eral manager. Wisconsin Valley Road. The " Wisconsin Valley Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1871 to build a road from a point on or near the line of the Milwaukee & La Crosse railroad, between Kilbourn City and the tunnel in said road to the village of Wausau, in the county of Marathon, and the road to pass not more than one mile west of the village of Grand Rapids, in the county of Wood. The road was commenced at Tomah, and graded to Centralia in 1872, and opened to that village in 1873, and during 1874 it was completed to Wausau, ninety miles in its whole length Boston capitalists furnished the money, and it is controlled in the interest of the Dubuque & Minnesota railroad, through which the equipment was procured. The lumber regions of the Wisconsin river find an outlet over it, and its junction with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road at Tomah enables a connection with the railroads of Iowa and Minnesota. It gives the people of Marathon county an outlet long needed for a large lumber traffic, and also enables them to receive their goods and supplies of various kinds for the lumbering region tributary to Wausau. James F. Joy, of Detroit, is president, and F. O. Wyatt, superintendent. Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad. The " Sheboygan & Mississippi Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1S52, to build a road from Sheboygan to the Mississippi river. It was completed from Slieboygan to Plymouth in 1858, tu Glenbeulah in 1S60, to Fond du Lac in 1868, and to Princeton in 1872. The extension from Fond du Lac to Princeton was built under authority of an act passed in 1S71. Under a foreclosure in 1861 the line from Sheboygan to Fonddu Lac was sold, and the name of the company changed to "Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad Company." The length of 182 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the line is seventy-eight miles, and it passes through a fertile agricultural country. The city of Sheboygan, county, city and town of Fond du Lac, and the towns of Riverdale, Ripon, Brooklyn, Princeton, and St. Marie, aided in its building to an amount exceeding $250,000. D. L. Wells is president, and Geo. P. Lee, superindendent. The Mineral Point Railroad. The " Mineral Point Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852, to build a road from Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, to the state line, in township number one, in either the county of Green or La Fayette. It was completed to Warren, in the state of Illinois, thirty-two miles, in 1855, making a connection at that point with the Illinois Central, running from Chicago to Galena. Iowa county loaned its credit and issued its bonds to aid in its construction. It was sold under foreclosure in 1856. Suits were brought against Iowa county to collect the amount of its bonds, and judgment obtained in the federal courts. Much litigation has been had, and ill feeling engendered, the supervisors of the county having been arrested for contempt of the decree of the court. Geo. W. Cobb, of Mineral Point, is the general manager. The Dubuque, Platteville & Milwaukee railroad was completed in July, 1S70, and extends from Calamine, a point on the Mineral Point railroad, to the village of Platteville, eighteen miles, and is operated by the Mineral Point railroad company Madison & Portacf. Railroad. The legislature of 1855 chartered the "Sugar River Valley Railroad Company" to build a road from a point on the north side of the line of the Southern Wisconsin road, within the limits of Green county, to Dayton, on the Sugar river. In 1857 it was authorized to build south to the state line, and make its northern terminus at Madison. In 1861 it was authorized to build from Madi- son to Portage City, and from Columbus to Portage City, and so much of the land grant act of 1856, as related to the building of the road from Madison, and from Columbus to Portage City, was annulled and repealed, and the rights and privileges that were conferred upon the LaCrosse company were given to the Sugar River Valley railroad company, and the portion of the land grant, applicable to the lines mentioned, was conferred upon the last named company. Lender this legislation about twenty miles of the line between Madison and Portage were graded, and the right of way secured for about thirty of the thirty-nine miles. The LaCrosse company had done considerable grading before its right was annulled. In 1866 the company was relieved from constructing the road from Columbus to Portage City. In 1870 the purchasers of that part of the Sugar River Valley railroad lying between Madison and Portage City were incorporated as the " Madison & Portage Railroad Company," and to share all the rights, grants, etc., that were conferred upon the Sugar River railroad company by its charter, and amendments thereto, so far as related to that portion of the line. Previous to this time, in 1864 and 1865, judgments had been obtained against the Sugar River Valley company ; and its right of way, grading and depot grounds sold for a small sum. James Campbell, who had been a contractor with the Sugar River Valley company, witli others, became the purchasers, and organized under the act of 1870, and, during the year 1871, com- pleted it between Madison and Portage City, and in March, 1871, leased it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, and it is still operated by that corporation. In 187 1 the Madison & Portage company was authorized to extend its road south to the Illinois state line, and north from Portage City to Lake Winnebago. The same year it was consolidated with the " Rockford Central WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 183 Railroad Company," of Illinois, and its name changed to the "Chicago & Superior Railroad Company," but still retains its own organization. The Madison & Portage railroad company claims a share in the lands granted by acts of congress in 1856, and have commenced proceed- ings to assert its claim, which case is still pending in the federal courts. North Wisconsin Railroad. The "North Wisconsin Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1869, to build a road from Lake St. Croix, or river, to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The grant of land by congress in 1856, to aid in building a road from Lake St. Croi.x to Bayfield on Lake Superior, under the decision of the federal court, was yet at the disposal of the state. This company, in 187 1, built a short section of its line of road, with the expectation of receiving the grant. In 1873, the grant was conferred upon the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, but under the terms and restrictions con- tained in the act, it declined to accept it. The legislature of 1874 gave it to the North Wiscon- sin company, and it has built forty miles of its road, and received the lands pertaining thereto. Since 1876, it has not completed any part of its line, but is trying to construct twenty miles during the present year. The company is authorized to construct a road both to Superior and to Bayfield, but the act granting the lands confers that portion from Superior to the intersection of the line to Bayfield upon the Chicago & North Pacific air-line railroad. This last- named company have projected a_ line from Chicago to the west end of Lake Superior, and are the owners of an old grade made through Walworth and Jefferson counties, by a company chartered in 1853 as the " Wisconsin Central," to build a road from Portage City to Geneva, in the county of Walworth. The latter company had also graded its line between Geneva and the state line of Illinois. This grade was afterward appropriated by the Chicago & Northwestern, and over it they now operate their line from Chicago to Geneva. Prairie du Chien & McGregor Railroad. This is a line two miles in length, connecting Prairie du Chien in Wisconsin, with McGregor in Iowa. It is owned and operated by John Lawler, of the latter-named place. It extends across both channels of the Mississippi river, and an intervening island. The railroad bridge consists of substantial piling, e.xcept a pontoon draw across each navigable channel. Each pontoon is four hundred feet long and thirty feet wide, provided with suitable machinery and operated by steam power. Mr. Lawler has secured a patent on his invention of the pontoon draw for railroad bridges. His line was put in operation in April, 1874. The Chippewa Falls & Western Railroad. This road was built in 1874, by a company organized under the general law of the state. It is eleven miles in length, and connects the " Falls " with the West Wisconsin line at Eau Claire. It was constructed by the energetic business men and capitalists of Chippewa Falls, to afford an outlet for the great lumber and other interests of that thriving and prosperous city. The road is substantially built, and the track laid with steel rails. Narrow Gauge Railroads. The " Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1857. Under Us charter, a number of capitalists of the city of Galena, in the state of Illinois, commenced 18 i HISTORY OF WISCONSIN". the construction of a narrow (three feet) gauge road, running from that city to Platteville, thirty- one miles in length, twenty miles in Wisconsin. It runs through a part of La Fayette county to Platteville, in Grant county, and was completed to the latter [loint in 1875. Surveys are being made for an extension to Wingville, in Grant county. The "Fond dii Lac, .Vmboy & Peoria Railway Company " was organized under the general law of the state, in 1S74, to build a narrow gauge road from the city of Fond du Lac to the south line of the state in the county of Walworth or Rock, and it declared its intention to consolidate with a company in Illinois that had projected a line of railroad from Peoria, in Illinois, to the south line of the state of Wisconsin. The road is constructed and in operation from Fond du Lac to Iron Ridge, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, twenty-nine miles from Fond du Lac. The " Pine River & Steven's Point Railroad Company " was > rganized by the enterprising citizens of Richland Center, and has built a narrow gauge road from Lone Rock, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, in Richland county, to Richland Center, sixteen miles in length. Its track is laid with wooden rails, and it is operated successfully. The '■ Chicago & Tomah Railroad Company " organized under the general railroad law of the state, in 1872, to construct a narrow gauge road from Chicago, in Illinois, to the city of Tomah, in Wisconsin. Its president and active manager is D. R. Williams, of Clermont, Iowa, and its secretary is L. M. Culver, of Wauzeka. It has graded about forty-five miles, extending from Wauzeka up the valley of the Kickapoo river, in Crawford county, Wisconsin. It expects to have fifty-four miles in operation, to Bloomingdale, in Vernon county, the present year (1877). The rolling stock is guaranteed, and the president is negotiating for the purchase of the iron. South of Wauzeka the line is located to Belmont, in Iowa county. At Wauzeka it will connect with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The public-spirited citizens of Necedah, in Juneau county, have organized under the general law of the state, and graded a road-bed from their village to New Lisbon, on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul company's line. The latter company furnish and lay the iron, and will operate the road. It is thirteen miles in length. Conclusion. The railroads of Wisconsin have grown up under the requirements of the several localities that have planned and commenced their construction, and without regard to any general system. Frequently the work of construction was begun before adequate means were provided, and bankruptcy overtook the roads in their early stages. The consolidation of the various companies, as in the cases of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern, and others, has been effected to give through lines and the public greater facilities, as well as to introduce economy in management. At times the people have become apprehensive, and by legisla- tive action prohibited railroads from consolidating, and have sought to control and break down the power of these corporations and to harmonize the interests of the companies and the public. The act of 1874, called the "Potter law," was the assertion, by the legislative power of the state, of its right to control corporations created by itself, and limit the rates at which freight and passengers should be carried. After a long and expensive contest, carried through the state and federal courts, this right has been established, being finally settled by the decision of the supreme court of the United States. Quite all the railroads of Wisconsin have been built with foreign capital. The plan pursued after an organization was effected, was to obtain stock subscriptions from those immediately LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 185 interested in the enterprise, procure the aid of counties and municipalities, and then allure the farmers, with the prospect of joint ownership in railroads, to subscribe for stock and mortgage their farms to secure the payment of their subscriptions. Then the whole line was bonded and a mortgage executed. The bonds and mortgages thus obtained, were taken to the money centers of New York. London, Amsterdam and other places, and sold, or hypothecated to obtain the money with which to prosecute the work. The bonds and mortgages were made to draw a high rate of interest, and the earnings of these new roads, through unsettled localities, were insufficient to pay more than running and incidental expenses, and frequently fell short of that. Default occurring in the payment of interest, the mortgages were foreclosed and the property passed into the hands and under the control of foreign capitalists. Such has been the history of most of the railroads of our state. The total number of farm mortgages given has been 3,785, amounting to $4,079,433 ; town, county and municipal bonds, amounting to $6,910,652. The total cost of all the railroads in the state, as given by the railroad commissioner in his report for 1876, has been $98,343,453.67. This vast sum is, no doubt, greatly in excess of what the cost should have been, but the roads have proved of immense benefit in the develop- ment of the material resources of the state. Other lines are needed through sections not yet traversed by the iron steed, and present lines should be extended by branch roads. The questions upo.i which great issues were raised between the railway corporations and the people, are now happily settled by securing to the latter their rights ; and the former, under the wise and conciliatory policy pursued by their managers, are assured of the s»fety of their investments. An era of good feeling has succeeded one of distrust and antagonism. The people must use the railroads, and the railroads depend upon the people for sustenance and protection. This mutuality of interest, when fully recognized on both sides, will result in giving to capital a fair return and to labor its just reward. LUMBER MANUFACTURE. By W. B. JUDSON. Foremost among the industries of Wisconsin is that of manufacturing lumber. Very much of the importance to which the state has attained is due to the development of its forest wealth. In America, agriculture always has been, and always will be, the primary and most important interest; but no nation can subsist upon agriculture alone. VVhile the broad prairies of Illinois and Iowa are rich with a fertile and productive soil, the hills and valleys of northern Wisconsin are clothed with a wealth of timber that has given birth to a great manufacturing interest, which employs millions of capital and thousands of men, and has peopled the northern wilds with energetic, prosperous communities, built up enterprising cities, and crossed the state with a net- work of railways which furnish outlets for its productions and inlets for the new populations which are ever seeking for homes and employment nearer to the setting sun. If a line be drawn upon the state map, from Green Bay westward through Stevens Point, to where it would naturally strike the Mississippi river, it will be below the southern boundary of the pine timber regions, with the single exception of the district drained by the Yellow river, a tributary of the Wisconsin, drawing its timber chiefly from Wood and Juneau counties. The territory north of this imaginary line covers an area a little greater than one half of the state. The pine timbered land is found in belts or ridges, interspersed with prairie openings, patches of hardwood and hemlock, and drained by numerous water-courses. No less than seven large 186 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. rivers traverse this northern section, and, with their numerous tributaries, penetrate every county, affording facilities for floating the logs to the mills, and, in many instances, the power to cut them into lumber. This does not include the St. Croix, which forms the greater portion of the boundary line between Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, by means of its tributaries, draws the most and best of its pine from the former state. These streams divide the territory, as far as lumbering is concerned, into six separate and distinct districts : The Green bay shore, which includes the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, the Peshtigo and Oconto rivers, with a number of creeks which flow into the bay between the mouths of the Oconto and Fox rivers; the Wolf river district; the \Visconsin river, including the Yellow, as before mentioned ; the Black river; the Chippewa and Red Cedar; and the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix. Beginning with the oldest of these, the Green bay shore, a brief description of each will be attempted. The first saw-mill built in the state, of which there is now any knowledge, was put in operation in 1809, in Brown county, two or three miles east from Depere, on a little stream which was known as East river. It was built by Jacob Franks, but probably was a very small affair. Of its machinery or capacity for sawing, no history has been recorded, and it is not within the memory of any inhabitant of to-day. In 1829, John P. Arndt, of Green Bay, built a water- power mill on the Pensaukee river at a point where the town of Big Suamico now stands. In 1834, a mill was built on the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, and, two years later, one at Peshtigo. Lumber was first shipped to market from this district in 1834, which must be termed the beginning of lumbering operations on the bay shore. The lands drained by the streams which flow into Green bay are located in Shawano and Oconto counties, the latter being the largest in the state. In 1847, Willard Lamb, of Green Bay, made the first sawed pine shingles in that district ; they were sold to the Galena railroad company for use on depot buildings, and were the first of the kind sold in Chicago. Subsequently Green Bay became one of the greatest points for the manufacture of such shingles in the world. The shores of the bay are low, and gradually change from marsh to swamp, then to level dry land, and finally become broken and mountainous to the northward. The pine is in dense groves that crowd closely upon the swamps skirting the bay, and reach far back among the hills of the interior. The Peshtigo flows into the bay about ten miles south of the Menomonee, and takes its rise far back in Oconto county, near to the latter's southern tributaries. It is counted a good logging stream, its annual product being from 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 feet. The timber is of a rather coarse quality, running but a small percentage to what the lumbermen term "uppers." About ten per cent, is what is known as Norway pine. Of the whole amount of timber tributary to the Peshtigo, probably about one third has been cut off to this date. The remainder will not average of as good quality, and only a limited portion of the land is of any value for agricultural purposes after being cleared of the pine. There are only two mills on this stream, both being owned by one company. The Oconto is one of the most important streams in the district. The first saw-mill was built on its banks about the year 1840, though the first lumbering operations of any account were begun in 1845 by David Jones. The business was conducted quite moderately until 1856, in which year several mills were built, and from that date Oconto has been known as quite an extensive lumber manufacturing point. The timber tributary to this stream has been of the best quality found in the state. Lumber cut from it has been known to yield the extraordinarily high average of fifty and sixty per cent, uppers. The timber now being cut will not average more than half that. The proportion of Norway is about five per cent. It is estimated that from three fourths to four fifths of the timber tributary to the Oconto has been cut away, but it will require a much longer time to convert the balance into lumber than was necessary to cut its equivalent in amount, owing to its remote location. The annual production LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 187 of pine lumber at Oconto is from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 feet. The whole production of the district, e.xclusive of the timber which is put into the Menomonee from Wisconsin, is about 140,000,000 feet annually. The Wolf river and its tributaries constitute the next district, proceeding westward. The first saw logs cut on this stream for commercial purposes were floated to the government mill at Neenah in 1835. In 1842, Samuel Farnsworth erected the first saw-mill on the upper Wolf near the location of the present village of Shawano, and in the following spring he sent the first raft of lumber down the Wolf to Oshkosh. This river also rises in Oconto county, but flows in a southerly direction, and enters Winnebago lake at Oshkosh. Its pineries have been very exten- sive, but the drain upon them within the past decade has told with greater effect than upon any other district in the state. The quality of the timber is very fine, and the land is considered good for agricultural purposes, and is being occupied upon the lines of the different railways which cross it. The upper waters of the Wolf are rapid, and have a comparatively steady flow, which renders it a very good stream for driving logs. Upon the upper river, the land is quite rolling, and about the head-waters is almost mountainous. The pine timber that remains in this dis- trict is high up on the main river and branches, and will last but a few years longer. A few years ago the annual product amounted to upward of 250,000,000 feet; in 1876 it was 138,000,000, The principal manufacturing points are Oshkosh and Fond du Lac ; the former has 21 mills, and the latter 10. Next comes the Wisconsin, the longest and most crooked river in the state. It rises in the extreme northern sections, and its general course is southerly until, at Portage City, it makes a grand sweep to the westward and unites with the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It has numer- ous tributaries, and, together with these, drains a larger area of country than any other river in the state. Its waters flow swiftly and over numerous rapids and embryo falls, which renders log- driving and raft-running very difficult and even hazardous. The timber is generally near the banks of the main stream and its tributaries, gradually diminishing in extent as it recedes from them and giving place to the several varieties of hard-woods. The extent to which operations have been carried on necessitates going further up the stream for available timber, although there is yet what may be termed an abundant supply. The first cutting of lumber on this stream, of which there is any record, was by government soldiers, in 1828, at the building of Fort Winne- bago. In 1831, a mill was built at Whitney's rapids, below Point Bass, in what was then Indian territory. By 1840, mills were in operation as high up as Big Bull falls, and Wausau had a population of 350 souls. Up to 1876, the product of the upper Wisconsin was all sent in rafts to markets on the Mississippi. The river above Point Bass is a series of rapids and eddies ; the current flows at the rate of from 10 to 20 miles an hour, and it can well be imagined that the task of piloting a raft from Wausau to the dells was no slight one. The cost of that kind of transportation in the early times was actually equal to the present market price of the lumber. With a good stage of water, the length of time required to run a raft to St. Louis was 24 days, though quite frequently, owing to inability to get out of the Wisconsin on one rise of water, sev- eral weeks were consumed. The amount of lumber manufactured annually on this river is from 140,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet. Black river is much shorter and smaller than the Wisconsin, but has long been known as a very important lumbering stream. It is next to the oldest lumber district in the state. The first saw-mill west of Green Bay was built at Black River Falls in 18 19 by Col. John Shaw. The Winnebago tribe of Indians, however, in whose territory he was, objected to the innovation of such a fine art, and unceremoniously off'ered up the mill upon the altar of their outraged 188 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. solitude. The owner abruptly quitted that portion of the country. In 1839 another attempt to establish a mill on Black river was more successfully made. One was erected at the same point by two brothers by the name of Wood, the millwright being Jacob Spaulding, who eventually became its possessor. His son, Mr. Dudley J. Spaulding, is now a very extensive operator upon Black river. La Crosse is the chief manufacturing point, there being ten saw-mills located there. The annual production of the stream ranges from 150,000,000 to 225,000,000 feet of logs, less than 100,000,000 feet being manufactured into lumber on its banks. The balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. It is a very capricious river to float logs in, which necessitates the carrying over from year to year of a very large amount, variously estimated at from 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet, about equal to an entire season's product. This makes the business more hazardous than on many other streams, as the loss from depreciation is very great after the first year. The quality of the timber is fine, and good prices are realized for it when sold within a year after being cut. The Chippewa district probably contains the largest and finest body of white pine timber now standing, tributary to any one stream, on the continent. It has been claimed, though with more extravagance than truth, that the Chippewa pineries hold one-half the timber supply of the state. The river itself is a large one, and has many tributaries, which penetrate the rich pine district in all directions. The character of the tributary country is not unlike that through which the Wisconsin flows. In 1828 the first mill was built in the Chippewa valley, on Wilson's creek, near its confluence with the Red Cedar. Its site is now occupied by the village of Meno- nionee. In 1837 another was built on what is the present site of the Union Lumbering Company's mill at Chippewa Falls. It was not until near 1865 that the Chippewa became very prominent as a lumber-making stream. Since that date it has been counted as one of the foremost in the north- west. Upon the river proper there are twenty-two saw-mills, none having a capacity of less than 3,500,000 feet per season, and a number being capable of sawing from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 The annual production of sawed lumber is from 250,000,000 to 300,000,000 feet; the production of logs from 400,000,000 to 500,000,000 feet. In 1867 the mill-owners upon the Mississippi, between Winona and Keokuk, organized a corporation known as the Beef Slough Manufactur- ing, Log-Driving and Transportation Company. Its object was to facilitate the handling of logs cut upon the Chippewa and its tributaries, designed for the Mississippi mills. At the confluence of the two rivers Various improvements were made, constituting the Beef Slough boom, which is capable of assorting 200,000,000 feet of logs per season. The Chippewa is the most difficult stream in the northwest upon which to operate. In the spring season it is turbulent and ungovernable, and in summer, almost destitute of water. About its head are numerous lakes which easily overflow under the influence of rain, and as their surplus water flows into the Chippewa, its rises are sudden and sometimes damaging in their extent. The river in many places flows between high bluffs, and, under the influence of a freshet, becomes a wild and unmanageable torrent. Logs have never been floated in rafts, as upon other streams, but are turned in loose, and are carried down with each successive rise, in a jumbled and confused mass, which entails much labor and loss in the work of assorting an 1 delivering to the respective owners. Previous to the organization of the Eagle Rapids Flooding Dam and Boom Company, in 1872, the work of securing the stock after putting it into the river was more difficult than to cut and haul it. At the cities of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, where most of the mills are located, the current, under the influence of high water, is very rapid, and for years the problem was, how to stop and retain the logs, as they would go by in great masses and with almost resist- less velocity. In 1847 is recorded one of the most sudden and disastrous floods in the history of log-running streams. In the month of June the Chippewa rose twelve feet in a single night, LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 189 and, in the disastrous torrent that was created, piers, booms, or " pockets " for holding logs at the mills, together with a fine new mill, were swept away, and the country below where Eau Claire now stands was covered with drift-wood, saw-logs, and other debris. Such occurrences led to the invention of the since famous sheer boom, which is a device placed in the river opposite the mill boom into which it is desired to turn the logs. The sheer boom is thrown diagonally across the river, automatically, the action of the current upon a number of ingeniously arranged "fins " holding it in position. By this means the logs are sheered into the receptacle until it is filled, when the sheer boom, by closing up the " fins" with a windlass, falls back and allows the logs to go on for the next mill to stop and capture its pocket full in like manner. By this method each mill could obtain a stock, but a great difficulty was e.xperienced from the fact that the supply was composed of logs cut and owned by everybody operating on the river, and the process of balancing accounts according to the " marks," at the close of the season, has been one prolific of trouble and legal entanglements. The building of improvements at Eagle Rapids by the company above mentioned remedied the difficulty to some extent, but the process of logging will always be a difficult and hazardous enterprise until adequate means for holding and assorting the entire log product are provided. Upon the Yellow and Eau Claire rivers, two important branches of the Chippewa, such difficulties are avoided by suitable improvements. The entire lumber product of the Chippewa, with the exception of that consumed locally, is floated in rafts to markets upon the Mississippi, between its mouth and St. Louis. The quality of the timber is good, and commands the best market price in the sections where it seeks market. West of the Chippewa district the streams and timber are tributary to the St. Croix, and in all statistical calculations the entire product of that river is credited to Minnesota, the same as that of the Menomonee is given to Michigan, when in fact about one half of each belongs to Wisconsin. The important branches of the St. Croix belonging in this state are the Apple Clam, Yellow, Namekogan, Totagatic and Eau Claire. The sections of country through which they flow contain large bodies of very fine pine timber. The St. Croix has long been noted for the excellence of its dimension timber. Of this stock a portion is cut into lumber at Stillwater, and marketed by rail, and the balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. Such is a brief and somewhat crude description of the main lumbering districts of the state. Aside from these, quite extensive operations are conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the forests which are remote from log-running streams. In almost every county in the state, mills of greater or less capacity may be found cutting up pine or hard-woods into lumber, shingles, or cooperage stock. Most important, in a lumbering point of view, of all the railroads, is the Wisconsin Central. It extends from Milwaukee to Ashland, on Lake Superior, a distance of 351 miles, with a line to Green Bay, 113 miles, and one from Stevens Point to Portage, 71 miles, making a total length of road, of 449 miles. It has only been completed to Ashland within the last two years. From Milwaukee to Stevens Point it passes around to the east and north of Lake Winnebago, through an excellent hard-wood section. There are many stave mills in operation upon and tributary to its line, together with wooden-ware establishments and various manufactories requiring either hard or soft limber as raw material. From Stevens Point northward, this road passes through and has tributary to it one of the finest bodies of tim- ber in the state. It crosses the upper waters of Black river and the Flambeau, one of the main tributaries of the Chippewa. From 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 feet of lumber is annually manu- factured on its line, above Stevens Point. The Wisconsin Valley railroad extends from Tomah to Wausau, and was built to afford an outlet, by rail, for the lumber produced at the latter point. The extent of the timber supply in this state has been a matter of much speculation, and 190 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. is a subject upon which but little can be definitely said. Pine trees can not be counted or measured until reduced to saw-logs or lumber. It is certain that for twenty years the forests of Wisconsin have yielded large amounts of valuable timber, and no fears are entertained by holders of pine lands that the present generation of owners will witness an exhaustion of their supply. In some sections it is estimated that the destruction to the standing timber by fires, which periodically sweep over large sections, is greater than by the axes of the loggers. The necessity for a state system of forestry, for the protection of the forests from fires, has been urged by many, and with excellent reason ; for no natural resource of the state is of more value and importance than its wealth of timber. According to an esti- mate recently made by a good authority, and which received the sanction of many interested parties, there was standing in the state in 1876, an amount of pine timber approximating 35,000,000,000 feet. The annual production of lumber in the districts herein described, and from logs floated out of the state to mills on the Mississippi, is about 1,200,000,000 feet. The following table gives the mill capacity per season, and the lumber and shingles manufactured in 1876 : DISTRICT. Green Bay Shore -- Wolf River .- Wisconsin Central Railroad Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad Wisconsin River , Black River — Chippewa River — - - Mississippi River — using Wisconsin logs. Total . SEASON CAPACITY. 2o6,000,COO 25S,5o._>,ooo 72,500000 34,500,000 222,000,000 101,000,000 311,000,000 509,000,000 1,714,500,000 LUMBER MANUF.\CTURED I.N 1876. 138,250,000 138,645,077 31,530,000 17,700.000 139,700,000 70852,747 255,866,999 380,067,000 1,172,611,823 SHINGLES MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 85,400,000 123,192,000 132,700,000 10,700,000 106.250,000 37,675,000 79,250,000 206,977,000 782,144,000 If to the above is added the production of mills outside of the main districts and lines of rail- way herein described, the amount of pine lumber annually produced from Wisconsin forests would reach 1,500,000,000 feet. Of the hard-wood production no authentic information is obtainable To cut the logs and place them upon the banks of the streams, ready for floating to the mills, requires the labor of about 18,000 men. Allowing that, upon an average, each man has a family of two persons besides himself, dependent upon his labor for support, it would be apparent that the first step in the work of manufacturing lumber gives employment and support to 54,000 persons. To convert 1,000,000 feet of logs into lumber, requires the consumption of 1,200 bushels of oats, 9 barrels of pork and beef, 10 tons of hay, 40 barrels of flour, and the use of 2 pairs of horses. Thus the fitting out of the logging companies each fall makes a market for 1,800,000 bushels of oats, 13,500 barrels of pork and beef, 15,000 tons of hay, and 60,000 barrels of flour. Before the lumber is sent to market, fully $6,000,000 is expended for the labor employed in producing it. This industry, aside from furnishing the farmer of the west with the cheapest and best of materials for constructing his buildings, also furnishes a very important market for the products of his farm. The question of the exhaustion of the pine timber supply has met with much discussion during the past few years, and, so far as the forests of Wisconsin are concerned, deserves a brief notice. The great source of supply of white pine timber in the country is that portion of the northwest between the shores of Lake Huron and the banks of the Mississippi, comprising the LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 191 northern portions of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. For a quarter of a century these fields have been worked by lumbermen, the amount of the yearly production having increased annually until it reached the enormous figure of 4,000,000,000 feet. With all of this tremendous drain upon the forests, there can be pointed out but one or two sections that are actually exhausted. There are, however, two or three where the end can be seen and the date almost foretold. The pineries of Wisconsin have been drawn upon for a less period and less amount than those of Michigan, and, it is generally conceded, will outlast them at the present proportionate rate of cutting. There are many owners of pine timber lands who laugh at the prospect of exhausting their timber, within their lifetime. As time brings them nearer to the end, the labor of procuring the logs, by reason of the distance of the timber from the water-courses, will increase, and the work will progress more slowly. In the future of this industry there is much promise. Wisconsin is the natural source of supply for a very large territory. The populous prairies of Illinois and Iowa are near-by and unfailing markets. The broad plains of Kansas and the rich valleys of Nebraska, which are still in the cradle of development, will make great drafts upon her forests for the material to construct cities in which the first corner-stone is yet unlaid. Minnesota, notwithstanding the fact that large forests exist within her own confines, is even now no mean customer for Wisconsin lumber, and the ambitious territory of Dakota will soon clamor for material to build up a great and wealthy state. In the inevitable progress of development and growth which must characterize the great west, the demand for pine lumber for building material will be a prominent feature. With the growth of time, changes will occur in the methods of reducing the forests. With the increasing demand and enhancing values will come improvements in manipulating the raw material, and a stricter economy will be preserved in the handling of a commodity which the passage of time only makes more valuable. Wisconsin will become the home of manufactories, which will convert her trees into finished articles of daily consumption, giving employment to thousands of artisans where it now requires hundreds, and bringing back millions of revenue where is now realized thousands. Like all other commodities, lumber becomes more valuable as' skilled labor is employed in its manipulation, and the greater the extent to Which this is carried, the greater is the growth in prosperity, of the state and its people. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. By JOHN P. McGregor. Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and the same year several acts were passed by the territorial legislature, incorporating banks of issue. Of these, one at Green Bay and another at Mineral Point went into operation just in time to play their part in the great panic of 1837. The bank at Green Bay soon failed and left its bills unredeemed. The bank at Mineral Point is said to have struggled a little longer, but both these concerns were short lived, and their issues were but a drop in the great flood of worthless wild-cat bank notes that spread over the whole western country in that disastrous time. The sufferings of the people of Wis- consin, from this cause, left a vivid impression on their minds, which manifested its results in the legislation of the territory and in the constitution of the state adopted in 1848. So jealous were the legislatures of the territory, of banks and all their works, that, in every act of incorporatior for any purpose, a clause was inserted to the effect that nothing in the act contained should be 192 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. taken to authorize the corporation to assume or exercise any banking powers; and this proviso was even added to acts incorporating church societies. For some years there can hardly be said to have been a ly banking business done in the territory ; merchants and business men were left to their own devices to make their exchanges, and every man was his own banker. In the year 1839 an act was passed incorporating the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company," of Milwaukee. This charter conferred on the corporation, in addition to the usual powers of a fire and marine insurance company, the privilege of receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates 0/ deposit 3.n(\ lending money, — and wound up with the usual prohibition from doing a banking business. This company commenced business at once under the management of George Smith as president and Alexander Mitchell as secretary. The receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit and lending money, soon outgrew and overshadowed the insurance branch of the institution, which accordingly gradually dried up. In fact, the certificates of deposit had all the appearance of ordinary bank notes, and served the purposes of an excellent currency, being always promptly redeemed in coin on demand. Gradually these issues attained a great circulation all through the west, as the people gained more and more confidence in the honesty and ability of the managers ; and though " runs " were several times made, yet being successfully met, the public finally settled down into the belief that these bills were good beyond question, so that the amount in circulation at one time, is said, on good authority, to have been over $2,000,000. As the general government required specie to be paid for all lands bought of it, the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance company, by redemption of its " certificates of deposit," furnished a large part of the coin needed for use at the Milwaukee land office, and more or less for purchases at land offices in other parts of the state, and its issues were of course much in request for this purpose. For many years this institution furnished the main banking facilities for the business men of the territory and young state, in the way of discounts and exchanges. Its right to carry on the operations it was engaged in, under its somewhat dubious and incon- sistent charter, was often questioned, and, in 1852, under the administration of Governor Farwell, some steps were taken to test the matter; but as the general banking law had then been passed by the legislature, and was about to be submitted to the people, and as it was understood that the comiiany 'vonid organize as a bank under the law, if approved, the legal proceedings were not pressed. While this corporation played so important a part in the financial history and commer- cial development of Wisconsin, the writer is not aware of any available statistics as to the amount of business transacted by it before it became merged in the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank." In 1847, the foundation of the present well-known firm of Marshall & Ilsley was laid by Samuel Marshall, who, in that year, opened a private banking office in Milwaukee, and was joined in 1849 by Charles F. Ilsley. This concern has always held a prominent position among the banking institutions of our state. About this time, at Mineral Point, Washburn & Woodman (C. C. Washburn and Cyrus Woodman) engaged in private banking, as a part of their business. After some years they were succeeded by Wm. T. Henry, who still continues the banking office. Among the early private bankers of the state were Mr. Kellogg, of Oshkosh ; Ulmann and Bell, of Racine ; and T. C. Shove, of Manitowoc. The latter still continues his business, while that of the other firms has 1 een wound up or merged in organized banks. In 1848, Wisconsin adopted a state constitution. This constitution prohibited the legislature from incorporating banks and from conferring banking powers on any corporation; but provided the question of "banks or no banks " might be submitted to a vote of the electors, and, if the decision should be in favor of banks, then the legislature might charter banks or might enact a BANKING IX WISCONSIN. 198 general banking law, but no such special charter or general banking law should have any force until submitted to the electors at a general election, and approved by a majority of votes cast on that subject. In 185 i, the legislature submitted this question to the people, and a majority of the votes were cast in favor of " banks." Accordingly the legislature, in 1852, made a general banking law, which was submitted to the electors in November of that year, and was approved by them. This law was very similar to the free banking law of the state of New York, which had then been in force about fifteen years, and was generally approved in that state. Our law authorized any number of individuals to form a corporate association for banking purposes, and its main provisions were intended to provide security for the circulating notes, by deposit of state and United States stocks or bonds with the state treasurer, so that the bill holders should sustain no loss in case of the failure of the banks. Provision was made for a bank comptroller, whose main duty it was to see that countersigned circulating notes were issued to banks only in proper amounts for the securities deposited, and upon compliance with the law, and that the banks kept these securities good. The first bank comptroller was James S. Baker, who was appointed by Governor Farwell. The first banks organized under the new law were the " State Bank," established at Madi- Bon by Marshall & Ilsley, and the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank," established at Milwaukee under the old management of that company. These banks both went intooperation early in January, 1853, and, later in that year, the " State Bank of Wisconsin " (now Milwaukee National Bank of Wisconsin), and the " Farmers' and Millers' Bank " (now First National Bank of Milwaukee), were established, followed in January, 1854, by the "Bank of Mil- waukee " (now National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee). From this time forward banks were rapidly established at different points through the state, until in July, 1857, they numbered sixty — with aggregate capital, ^,205,000; deposits, $3,920,238; and circulation, $2,231,829. In October, the great revulsion and panic of 1857 came on, and in its course and effects tried pretty severely the new banks in Wisconsin. Some of them succumbed to the pressure, but most of them stood the trial well. The great source of loss and weakness at that time was found in the rapid decline of the market value of the securities deposited to protect circulation, which were mostly state bonds, and largely those of the southern states; so that this security, when it came to be tried, did not prove entirely sufficient. Another fault of the system, or of the practice under it, was developed at this time. It was found that many of the banks had been set up without actual working capi- tal, merely for the purpose of issuing circulating notes, and were located at distant and inaccessible points in what was then the great northern wilderness of the state ; so that it was expensive and in fact impracticable to present their issues for redemption. While these evils and their rem- edies were a good deal discussed among bankers, the losses and inconveniences to the people were not yet great enough to lead to the adoption of thorough and complete measures of reform. The effect of these difficulties, however, was to bring the bankers of the state into the habit of consulting and acting together in cases of emergency, the first bankers' convention having been held in 1857. This was followed by others from time to time, and it would be difficult to over- value the great good that has resulted, at several important crises from the hara onious and con- servative action of the bankers of our state. Partly, at least, upon their recommendations the legislature, in 1858, adopted amendments to the banking law, providing that no bank should be located in a township containing less than two hundred inhabitants; and that the comptroller should not issue circulating notes, except to banks doing a regular discount deposit and exchange business in some inhabited town, village, city, or where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages and cities was carried on. These amendments were approved by the people at the fall 194 HISTORY f)F WISCONSIN. election of that year. Banking matters now ran along pretty smoothly until the election in i860, of the republican presidential ticket, and the consequent agitation in the southern states threatening civil war, the effects of which were speedily felt; first, in the great depreciation of the bonds of the southern states, and then in a less decline in those of the northern states. At this time (taking the state- ment of July, i860,) the number of banks was 104, with aggregate capital, $6,547,000; circula- tion, $4,075,918; deposits, $3,230,252. During the winter following, there was a great deal of uneasiness in regard to our state cur- rency, and CO itinuous demand upon our banks for the redemption of their circulating notes in coin. Many banks of the wild-cat sort failed to redeem their notes, which became depreciated and uncurrent ; and, when the rebellion came to a head by the firing on Fort Sumter, the banking interests of the state were threatened with destruction by compulsory winding up and enforced sale at the panic prices then prevailing, of the securities deposited to secure circulation. Under these circumstances, on the 17th of April, 1S61, the legislature passed "an act to protect the holders of the circulating notes of the authorized banks of the state of Wisconsin." As the banking' law could not be amended except by approval of the electors, by vote at a general election, a practical suspension of specie payment had to be effected by indirect methods. So this act first directed the bank comptroller to suspend all action toward banks for failing to redeem their circulation. Secondly, it prohibited notaries public from protesting bills of banks until Dec i, 1861. Thirdly, it gave banks until that date to answer complaints in any proceed- ing to compel specie payment of circulating notes. This same legislature also amended the banking law, to cure defects that had been developed in it. These amendments were intended lo facilitate the presentation and protest of circulating notes, and the winding up of banks failing to redeem them, and provided that the liank comptroller should not issue circulating notes except to banks having actual cash capital ; on which point he was to take evidence in all cases ; that after Dec. i, 1861, all banks of the state should redeem their issues either at Madison or Milwaukee, and no bonds or stocks should be received as security for circulation except those of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin. Specie payment of bank bills was then practically suspended, in our state, from April 17 to December i, 1861, and there was no longer any plain practical test for determining which were good, and which not. In this condition of things, bankers met in convention, and, after discus- sion and inquiry as to the condition and resources of the different banks, put forth a list of those whose issues were to be considered current and bankable. But things grew worse, and it was evident that the list contained banks that would never be able to redeem their circulation, and the issues of such were from time to time thrown out and discredited without any concert of action, so that the uneasiness of people in regard to the financial situation was greatly increased. The bankers finally met, gave the banks another sifting, and put forth a list of seventy banks whose circulating notes they pledged themselves to receive, and pay out as current, until Decem- ber I. There had been so many changes that this pledge was thought necessary to allay the apprehensions of the public. But matters still grew worse instead of better. Some of the banks in the " current " list closed their doors to their depositors, and others were evidently unsotind, and their circulation so insufficiently secured as to make it certain that it would never be redeemed. There was more or less sorting of the currency, both by banks and business men, all over the state, in the endeavor to keep the best and pay out the poorest. In this state of things, some of the Milwaukee banks, without concert of action, and acting under the apprehen- sion of being loaded up with the very worst of the currency, which, it was feared, the country banks and mercliants were sorting out and sending to Milwaukee, revised the list again, and BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 195 threw out ten of the seventy banks whose issues it had been agreed should be received as current. Other banks and bankers were compelled to take the same course to protect them- selves. The consequence was a great disturbance of the public mind, and violent charges of bad faith on the part of the banks, which culminated in the bank riots of June 24, 1861. On that day, a crowd of several hundred disorderly people, starting out most probably only with the idea of making some sort of demonstration of their dissatisfaction with the action of the banks and bankers and with the failure to keep faith with the public, marched through the streets with a band of music, and brought up at the corner of Michigan and East Water streets. The banks had just sufficient notice of these proceedings to enable them to lock up their money and valuables in their vaults, before the storm broke upon them. The mob halted at the place above mentioned, and for a time contented themselves with hooting, and showed no dispo- sition to proceed to violence; but, after a little while, a stone was thrown through the windows of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, situated at one corner of the above streets, and volley . of stones soon followed, not only against that bank, but also against the State Bank of Wisconsin, situated on the opposite corner. The windows of both these institutions and of the offices in the basements under them were effectually demolished. The mob then made a rus-h into these banks and offices, and completely gutted them, offering more or less violence to the inmates, though no person was seriously hurt. The broken furni- ture of the offices under the State Bank of Wisconsin was piled up, and the torch was applied by some of the rioters, while others were busy in endeavoring to break into the safes of the offices and the vaults of the banks. The debris of the furniture in the office of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance < Company's Bank, was also set on fire, and it was plain that if the mob was not immediately checked, the city would be given up to conflagration and pillage — -the worst elements, as is always the case with mobs, having assumed the leadership. Just at that juncture, the Milwaukee zouaves, a small military company, appeared on the scene, and with the help of the firemen who had been called out, the mob was put to flight, and the incipient fire was extin- guished. The damage so far done was not great in amount, and the danger for the moment was over; but the situation was still grave, as the city was full of threats, disturbance and apprehension. By the prompt action of the authorities, a number of companies of volunteers were brought from different places in the state, order was preserved, and, after muttering for three or four days, the storm died away. The effect of that disturbance and alarm was, however, to bring home to the bankers and business men the conviction that effectual measures must be taken to settle our state currency matters on a sound and permanent basis, and that the issues of all banks that could not be put in shape to meet specie payment in December, must be retired from circulation and be got out of the way. A meeting of the bankers was held ; also of the merchants' association of Milwaukee, and arrangements were made to raise $100,000, by these two bodies, to be used in assisting weak and crippled banks in securing or retiring their circulation. The bankers appointed a committee to take the matter in charge. It happened that just at this time Governor Randall and State Treasurer Hastings returned from New York City, where they had been making unsuccessful efforts to dispose of $800,000 of Wisconsin war bonds, which had been issued to raise funds to fit out Wisconsin volunteers. Our state had never had any bonds on the eastern market. For other reasons, our Credit was not high in New York, and it had been found impossible to dispose of these bonds for Over sixty cents on the dollar. The state officers conferred with the bankers to see what could be done at home ; and it was finally arranged that the bankers' committee should undertake to get the state banks to dispose of their southern and other depreciated state bonds on deposit to 196 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. secure circulation, for what they would bring in coin, in New York, and replace these bonds with those of our own state, .which were to be taken by our banks nominally at par — seventy per cent, being paid in cash, and the different banks purchasing bonds, giving their individual obligation for the thirty per cent, balance, to be paid in semi-annual installments, with an agreement that the state should deduct these installments from the interest so long as these bonds should remain on deposit with the state. By the terms of the law, sixty per cent, of the proceeds of the bonds had to be paid in coin. The bankers' committee went to work, and with some labor and difficulty induced most of the banks to sell their southern securities at the existing low prices in New York, and thus produce the coin required to pay for our state bonds. From the funds provided by the merchants and bankers, they assisted many of the weaker banks to make good their securities with the banking department of the state. By the 19th of July, six of the ten rejected banks that had been the occasion of the riot, were made good, and restored to the list. The other four were wound up, and their issues redeemed at par, and, before the last of August, the value of the securities of all the banks on the current list were brought up to their circulation, as shown by the comptroller's report. Wisconsin currency at the time of the bank riot was at a discount of about 15 per cent., as compared with gold or New York exchange. At the middle of July the discount was 10 to 12 per cent., and early in August it fell to 5 per cent. The bankers' committee continued their work in preparation for the resumption of specie payment on December i. While the securities for the bank circulation had been made good, it was, nevertheless, evident that many of the banks on the current list would not be equal to the continued redemption of their bills in specie, and that they would have to be wound up and got out of the way in season. Authority was got from such institutions, as fast as possible, for the bankers' committee to retire their circulation and sell their securities. The Milwaukee banks and bankers took upon themselves the great burden of this business, having arranged among themselves to sort out and withhold from cir- culation the bills of these banks, — distributing the load among themselves in certain defined proportions. Instead of paying out these doubted bills, the different banks brought to the bank- ers' committee such amounts as they accumulated from time to time, and received from the committee certificates of deposit bearing seven per cent, interest, and these bills were locked up by the committee until the securities for these notes could be sold and the proceeds realized. Over $400,000 of this sort of paper was locked up by the committee at one time ; but it was all converted into cash, and, when the first of December came, the remaining banks of this state were ready to redeem their issues in gold or its equivalent, and so continued to redeem until the issue of the legal-tender notes and the general suspension of specie payment in the United States. In July, 1861, the number of our banks was 107, with capital, $4,607,000; circulation, $2>3i7>9o7; deposits, $3,265,069. By the contraction incident to the preparations for redemption in specie, the amount of cur- rent Wisconsin bank notes outstanding December i, i86r, was reduced to about $1,500,000. When that day came, there was quite a disposition manifested to convert AVisconsin currency into coin, and a sharp financial pinch was felt for a few days ; but as the public became satisfied that the banks were prepared to meet the demand, the call for redemption rapidly fell off, and the banks soon began to expand their circulation, which was now current and in good demand all through the northwestern states. The amount saved to all the interests of our state, by this successful effort to save our banking system from destruction, is beyond computation. From this time our banks ran along (juietly until prohibitory taxation by act of congress drove the bills of state banks out of circulation. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 197 The national banking law was passed in 1S63, and a few banks were soon organized under it in different parts of the country. The first in Wisconsin was formed by the re-organization of the Farmers' and Millers' Bank, in August, 1S63, as the First National Bank of Milwaukee, with Edward D. Holton as president, and H. H. Camp, cashier. The growth of the new system, however, was not very rapid ; the state banks were slow to avail themselves of the privileges of the national banking act, and the central authorities concluded to compel them to come in ; so facilities were offered for their re-organization as national banks, and then a tax of ten per cent, was laid upon the issues of the state banks. This ta.x was imposed by act of March, 1865, and at once caused a commotion in our state. In July, 1864, the number of Wisconsin state banks was si.\ty-si.\, with capital §3,147,000, circulation $2,461,728, deposits §5,483, 205, and these figures were probably not very different in the spring of 1S65. The securities for the circulating notes were in great part the bonds of our own state, which, while known by our own people to be good beyond question, had never been on the general markets of the country so as to be cur- rently known there; and it was feared that in the hurried retirement of our circulation these lionds would be sacrificed, the currency depreciated, and great loss brought upon our banks and people. There was some excitement, and a general call for the redemption of our state circula- tion, but the banks mostly met the run well, and our people were disposed to stand by our own state bonds. In April, 1861, the legislature passed laws, calling in the mortgage loans of the school fund, and directing its investment in these securities. The state treasurer was required to receive Wisconsin bank notes, not only for taxes and debts due the state, but also on deposit, and to issue certificates for such deposits bearing seven per cent, interest. By these and like means the threatened panic was stopped ; and in the course of a few months Wisconsin state currency was nearly all withdrawn from circulation. In July, 1865, the number of state banks was twenty-six, with capital $1,087,000, circulation $192,323, deposits $2,284,210. Under the pressure put on by congress, the organization of national banks, and especially the re-organiza- tion of state banks, under the national system, was proceeding rapidly, and in a short time nearly every town in our own state of much size or importance was provided with one or more of these institutions. In the great panic of 1873, all the Wisconsin banks, both state and national (in common with those of the whole country), were severely tried; but the failures were few and unimpor- tant; and Wisconsin went through that ordeal with less loss and disturbance than almost any other state. We have seen that the history of banking in Wisconsin covers a stormy period, in which great disturbances and panics have occurred at intervals of a few years. It is to be hoped that a more peaceful epoch will succeed, but permanent quiet and prosperity can not rationally be expected in the present unsettled condition of our currency, nor until we have gone through the temporarj- stringency incidental to the resumption of specie payment. According to the last report of the comptroller of the currency, the number of national banks in AVisconsin in November, 1S76, was forty, with capital $3,400,000, deposits $7,145,360, circulation $2,072,869. At this time (July, 1877) the number of state banks is twenty-six, with capital $1,288,231, deposits $6,662,973. Their circulation is, of course, merely nominal, though there is no legal obstacle to their issuing circulating notes, except the tax imposed by congress. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The material philosophy of a people has to do with the practical and useful. It sees in iron, coal, cotton, wool, grain and the trees of the forest, the elements of personal comfort and sources of material greatness, and is applied to their development, production and fabrication for purposes of exchange, interchange and sale. The early immigrants to Wisconsin territory found a land teeming with unsurpassed natural advantages; prairies, timber, water and minerals, invit- ing the farmer, miner and lumberman, to come and build houses, furnaces, mills and factories. The first settlers were a food-producing people. The prairies and openings were ready for the plow. The ease with which farms were brought under cultivation, readily enabled the pioneer to supply the food necessary for himself and family, while a surplus was often produced in a few months. The hardships so often encountered in the settlement of a new country, where forests must be felled and stumps removed to prepare the soil for tillage, were scarcely known, or greatly mitigated. During the decade from 1835 to 1845, so great were the demands for the products of the soil, created by the tide of emigration, that the settlers found a home market for all their surplus products, and so easily were crops grown that, within a very brief time after the first emigration, but little was required from abroad. The commerce of the country was carried on by the exchange of products. The settlers (they could scarcely be called farmers) would exchange their wheat, corn, oats and pork for the goods, wares and fabrics of the village merchant. It was an age of barter ; but they looked at the capabilities of the land they had come to possess, and, with firm faith, saw bright promises of better days in the building up of a great state. It is not designed to trace with minuteness the history of Wisconsin through the growth of its commercial and manufacturing interests. To do it justice would require a volume. The aim of this article will be to present a concise view of its present status. Allusion will only be incidentally made to stages of growth and progress by which it has been reached. Few states in the Union possess within their borders so many, and in such abundance, elements that contribute to the material prosperity of a people. Its soil of unsurpassed fertility ; its inexhaustible mines of lead, copper, zinc and iron ; its almost boundless forests ; its water-powers, sufficient to drive the machinery of the world ; its long lines of lake shore on two sides, and the " Father of waters " on another, — need but enterprise, energj' and capital to utilize them in building an empire of wealth, where the hum of varied^industries shall be heard in the music of the sickle, the loom and the anvil. The growth of manufacturing industries was slow during the first twenty-five years of our history. The early settlers were poor. Frequently the land they tilled was pledged to obtain means ty pay for it. Capitalists obtained from twenty to thirty per cent, per annum for the use of their money. Indeed, it was the rule, under the free-trade ideas of the money-lenders for them to play the Shy lock. While investments in bonds and mortgages were so profitable, few were ready to improve the natural advantages the country presented for building factories and work-shops. COMMERCE AND MANITFACTURES. 193 For many years, quite all the implements used in farming were brought from outside the state. While this is the case at present to some extent with the more cumbersome farm machinery, quite a proportion of that and most of the simpler and lighter implements are made at home, while much farm machinery is now manufactured for export to other states. Furs. The northwest was visited and explored by French voyageurs and missionaries from Canada at an early day. The object of the former was trading and gain. The Jesuits, ever zealous in the propagation of their religion, went forth into the unknown wilderness to convert the natives to their faith. As early as 1624, they were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Father Menard it is related, was with the Indians on Lake Superior as early as 1661. The early explorers were of two classes, and were stimulated by two widely different motives — the voyag- eurs, by the love of gain, and the missionaries, by their zeal in the propagation of their faith. Previous to 1679, a considerable trade in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the vicinity of Mackinaw and the northern part of " Ouisconsin." In that year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw, bound for Montreal. The whole commerce of this vast region then traversed, was carried on with birch-bark canoes. The French used them in traversing wilds — otherwise inaccessible by reason of floods of water at one season, and ice and snow at another — also lakes and morasses which interrupted land journeys, and rapids and cataracts that cut off communication by water. This little vessel enabled them to overcome all difficulties. Being buoyant, it rode the waves, although heavily freighted, and, of light draft, it permitted the traversing of small streams. Its weight was so light that it could be easily carried from one stream to another, and around rapids and other obstructions. With this little vessel, the fur trade of the northwest was carried on, as well as the interior of a vast continent explored. Under the stimulus of commercial enterprise, the French traders penetrated the recesses ot the immense forests whose streams were the home of the beaver, the otter and the mink, and in whose depths were found the martin, sable, ermine, and other fur-bearing animals. .\ vast trade in furs sprung up, and was carried on by different agents, under authority of the French government. When the military possession of the northwestern domain passed from the government of France to that of Great Britain in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the government changed. The government of France had controlled the traffic, and made it a means of strength- ening its hold upon the country it possessed. The policy of Great Britain was, to charter companies, and grant them exclusive privileges. The Hudson bay company had grown rich and powerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success had excited the 'cupidity of capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The business of the company had been done at their trading-stations — the natives bringing in their furs for exchange and barter. Other companies sent their voyageurs into every nook and corner to traffic with the trappers, and even to catch the fur-bear- ing animals themselves. In the progress of time, private parties engaged in trapping and dealing in furs, and, under the competition created, the business became less' profitable. In 1815. congress passed an act prohibiting foreigners from dealing in furs in the United States, or any of its territories. This action was obtained through the influence of John Jacob Astor. Mr. Astor organized the American fur company in 1809, and afterward, in connection with the North- west company, bought out the Mackinaw company, and the two were merged in the Southwest company. The association was suspended by the war of 1812. The American re-entered the field in 1816. The fur trade is still an important branch of traffic in the northern part of the state, and, during eight months of the year, employs a large number of men. 200 HI.STORY OF WISCONSIN. Lead and Zinc. In 1824, the lead ore in the southwestern part of Wisconsin began to attract attention. From 1826 to 1830, there was a great rush of miners to this region, somewhat like the Pike's Peak excitement at a later date. The lead-producing region of Wisconsin covers an area of about 2,200 square miles, and embraces parts of Grant, Iowa and La Fayette counties. Between 1829 and 1839, the production of lead increased from 5,000 to ro,ooo tons. After the latter year it rose rapidly, and attained its maximum in 1845, when it reached nearly 25,000 tons. Since that time the production has decreased, although still carried on to a considerable extent. The sulphate and carbonate of zinc abound in great quantities with the lead of southwest Wisconsin. Owing to the difficulty of working this class of ores, it was formerly allowed to accumulate about the mouths of the mines. Within a few years past, metallurgic processes have been so greatly improved, that the zinc ores have been largely utilized. At La Salle, in the state of Illinois, there are three establishments for smelting zinc ores. There is also one at Peru, 111. To smelt zinc ores economically, they are taken where cheap fuel is available. Hence, the location of these works in the vicinity of coal mines. The works mentioned made in 1875, from ores mostly taken from Wisconsin, 7,510 tons of zinc. These metals are, therefore, impor- tant elements in the commerce of Wisconsin. Iron. The iron ores of Wisconsin occur in immense beds in several localities, and are destined to prove of great value. From their product in 1S63, there were 3,735 tons of pig iron received at Milwaukee; in 1865, 4,785 tons; in 1868, 10,890 tons. Of the latter amount, 4,648 tons were from the iron mines at Mayville. There were shipped from Milwaukee, in 186S, 6,361 tons of pig iron. There were also received 2,500 tons of ore from the Dodge county ore beds. During 1S69, the ore beds at Iron Ridge were developed to a considerable extent, and two large blast furnaces constructed in Milwaukee, at which place there were 4,695 tons of ore received, and 2,059 tons were shipped to Chicago and Wyandotte. In 1870, 112,060 tons of iron ore were received at Milwaukee, 95,000 tons of which were from Iron Ridge, and 17,060 tons from Esca- naba and Marquette, in Michigan. The total product of the mines at Iron Ridge in 187 1 was 82,284 tons. The Milwaukee iron company received by lake, in the same year, 28,094 tons of Marquette iron ore to mix with the former in making railroad iron. In 1872, there were receivea from Iron Ridge 85,245 tons of ore, and 5,620 tons of pig iron. Much of the metal made by the Wisconsin iron company in 1S72 was shipped to St. I-ouis, to mix with the iron made from Missouri ore. The following table shows the production of pig iron in Wisconsin, for 1872, 1873 and 1874, in tons : Furnaces. 1872. 1873. 1874. Milwaukee Iron Company, Milwaukee.- Minerva Furnace Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin Iron Company, Iron Ridge _.- Northwestern Iron Company, Mayville Appleton Iron Company, Appleton Green Bay Iron Company, Green Bay National Iron Company, Depere FoxRiver Iron Company, W. Depere Ironton Furnace, Sauk county 2i,Si8 3.350 5.033 4,888 6,910 3.420 5.600 1.780 29,3:6 5.822 4.155 4.137 8,044 6,141 7.999 6,832 1,528 33.000 3.306 3,000 6,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 3,300 52.797 73.980 66,600 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 201 The Milwaukee iron company, during the year 1872, entered into the manufacture of mer- chant iron — it having been demonstrated that the raw material could be reduced there cheaper than elsewhere. The Minerva furnace company built also during the same year one of the most compact and complete iron furnaces to be found any where in the country. During the year 1873, the iron, with most other material interests, became seriously prostrated, so that the total receipts of ore in Milwaukee in 1874 amounted to only 31,993 tons, against 69,418 in 1873, and 85,245 tons in 1872. There were made in Milwaukee in 1874, 29,680 tons of railroad iron. In 1875, 58,868 tons of ore were received at Milwaukee, showing a revival of the trade in an increase of 19,786 tons over the previous year. The operation of the works at Bay View having suspended, the receipts of ore in 1876, at Milwaukee, were less than during any year since 1869, being only 31,119 tons, of which amount only 5,488 tons were from Iron Ridge, and the total shipments were only 498 tons. Lumber. The business of lumbering holds an important rank in the commerce of the state. For many years the ceaseless hum of the saw and the stroke of the ax have been heard in all our great forests. The northern portion of the state is characterized by evergreen trees, principally pine; the southern, by hard-woods. There are exceptional localities, but this is a correct state- ment of the general distribution. I think that, geologically speaking, the evergreens belong to the primitive and sandstone regions, and the hard wood to the limestone and clay formations. Northern Wisconsin, so called, embraces that portion of the state north of forty-five degrees, and possesses nearly all the valuable pine forests. The most thoroughly developed portion of this region is that lying along the streams entering into Green bay and Lake Michigan, and border- ing on the Wisconsin river and other streams entering into the Mississippi. Most of the pine in the immediate vicinity of these streams has been cut off well toward their sources ; still, there are vast tracts covered with dense forests, not accessible from streams suitable for log-driving purposes. The building of railroads into these forests will alone give a market value to a large portion of the pine timber there growing. It is well, perhaps, that this is so, for at the present rate of consumption, but a few years will elapse before these noble forests will be totally destroyed. Most of the lumber manufactured on the rivers was formerly taken to a market by being floated down the streams in rafts. Now, the railroads are transporting large quantities, taking it directly from the mills and unloading it at interior points in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, and some of it in eastern cities. From five to eight thousand men are employed in the pineries in felling the trees, sawing them into logs of suitable length, and hauling them to the mills and streams during every winter in times of fair prices and favorable seasons. The amount of lumber sawed in i860, as carefully estimated, was 355,055,155 feet. The amount of shingles made was 2,272,061, and no account was made of the immense number of logs floated out of the state, for manufac- ture into lumber elsewhere. The amount of logs cut in the winter of 1873 and 1874 was 987,000,000 feet. In 1876 and 1877 the Black river furnished 188,344,464 feet. The Chippewa, 90,000,000; the Red Cedar, 57,000,000. There passed through Beef Slough 129,384,000 feet of logs. Hon. A. H. Eaton, for fourteen years receiver of the United States land office at Stevens Point, estimated the acreage of pine lands in his district at 2,000,000, and, taking his own district as the basis, he estimated the whole state at 8,000,000 acres. Reckoning this at 5,000 feet to the acre, the aggregate pine timber of the state would be 40,000,000,000 feet. The log product annually amounts to an immense sum. In 1876, 1,172,611,823 feet were cut. This is about the average annual draft that is made on the pine lands. There seems to be no remedy for the 202 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. wholesale destruction of our pine forests, except the one alluded to, the difficulty of transporta- tion, and this will probably save a portion of them for a long time in the future. At the rate of consumption for twenty years past, we can estimate that fifty years would see northern Wiscon- sin denuded of its pine forests; but our lumber product has reached its maximum, and will probably decrease in the coming years as the distance to be hauled to navigable streams increases. In the mean time lumber, shingles and lath will form an important factor in our commerce, both state and inter-state, and will contribute millions to the wealth of our citizens. Grain. Up to 1S41, no grain was exported from Wisconsin to be used as food; but, from the time of Its first settlement in 1836 to 1840, the supply of bread stuffs from abroad, upon which the people depended, was gradually diminished by the substitution of home products. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, E. D. Holton, of Milwaukee, purchased a small cargo of wheat (about 4,000 bushels), and in the spring of 1841, shipped it to Buffalo. This was the beginning of a traffic that has grown to immense proportions, and, since that time, wheat has formed the basis of the commerce and prosperity, of the state, until the city of Milwaukee has become the greatest primary wheat mart of the world. The following table gives the exports of flour and grain from Milwaukee for thirty-two years, commencing in 1845 : FLOUR, bbls. WHEAT, bus. CORN, bus. OATS, bus. BARLEY, bus. RYE, bus. 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1S52, 1S53 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 i860 I861 1862 1863, 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 IS7I 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 7.550 15.756 34.840 92,732 136,657 100,017 51,889 92,995 104,055 145,032 181,568 188,455 228.442 298,668 282,956 457.343 674.474 711.405 603,525 414.833 567.576 720,365 921,663 1,017,598 1,220,058 1,225,941 1,211,427 1,232,036 1,805,200 2.217.579 2,163,346 2,654,028 95.510 213,448 598,411 602,474 1,136,023 297,570 317.285 564,404 956.703 1,809,452 2,641,746 2,761,976 2,581,311 3.994.213 4.732.957 7,568,608 13,300,495 14,915,680 12,837,620 8,992,479 10,479,777 11,634,749 9.59S.452 9,867,029 14,272,799 16,127.838 13,409.467 11,570.565 24,994,266 22,255,380 22,681,020 16,804,394 2,500 5,000 13,828 2,220 270 164,908 112,132 218 472 43.958 41.364 37.204 1,485 9,489 88,989 140,786 71,203 480,408 266,249 342.717 93,806 103.173 419.133 .557.953 197,920 556.563 226,895 96,908 4,000 2,100 7,892 363.S41 131,716 404,999 13.833 5,433 2.775 562,067 299,002 64,682 1,200 79,094 831,600 811,634 326.472 1,636,595 622,469 536.539 351.768 210,187 772,929 1.323.234 990.525 726,035 1,160.450 1.377.560 15,000 15.270 103,840 322,261 291,890 339.338 63.379 10,398 800 63,178 53.216 28,056 5,220 44,800 133.449 23.479 29.597 18,988 30,822 95,036 120,662 469.325 576,453 931.725 688. 455 464.837 867,970 1,235.481 54.692 80,365 "3.443 20,030 5.378 ",577 9.735 29,810 126,301 84.047 18,210 51.444 255.329 106,795 91.443 78,035 62,494 208,896 209,751 255.928 79.879 98,923 220,964 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 203 Up to 1856, the shipments were almost wholly of Wisconsin products ; but with the comple- tion of lines of railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi river, the commerce of Wisconsin became so interwoven with that of Iowa and Minnesota, that the data furnished by the transpor- tation companies, give us no definite figures relating to the products of our own state. Dairy Products. Wisconsin is becoming largely interested in the dairy" business. Its numerous springs, streams, and natural adaptability to grass, make it a fine grazing country, and stock thrives remarkably well. Within a few years, cheese-factories have become numerous, and their owners are meeting with excellent success. Wisconsin cheese is bringing the highest price in the markets, and much of it is shipped to England. Butter is also made of a superior quality, and is e.xten- sively exported. At the rate of progress made during the last few years, Wisconsin will soon take rank with the leading cheese and butter producing states. The counties most largely inter- ested in dairying, are Kenosha, Walworth, Racine, Rock, Green, Waukesha, Winnebago, Sheboy- gan, Jefferson and Dodge. According to estimates by experienced dairymen, the manufacture of butter was 22,473,000 pounds in 1S70; 50,130,000 in 1S76; of cheese, 1,591,000 pounds in 1870, as against 17,000,000 in 1876, which will convey a fair idea of the increase of dairy produc- tion. The receipts of cheese in Chicago during 1876, were 23,780,000 pounds, against 12,000,000 in 1875 ; and the receipts of butter were 35,384,184, against 30,248,247 pounds in 1875. It is esti- mated that fully one-half of these receipts were from Wisconsin. The receipts of butter in Milwaukee were, in 1870, 3,779,114 pounds ; in 1875, 6,625,863; in 1876,8,938,137 pounds ; ot cheese, 5,721,279 pounds in 1875, and 7,055,573 in 1S76. Cheese is not mentioned in the trade and commerce reports of Milwaukee until 1S73, when it is spoken of as a new and rapidly increasing commodity in the productions of the state. Pork and Beef. Improved breeds, both of swine and cattle, have been introduced into the state during a few years past. The grade of stock has been rapidly bettered, and stock raisers generally are striving with commendable zeal to lival each other in raising the finest of animals for use and the market. The following table shows the receipts of live hogs and beef cattle at Milwaukee for thir- teen years : YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 187I 1870 254.317 144.961 242,326 241,099. 138,106 126,164 66,138 36,802 46.717 22,748 17,262 14,172 9,220 12,972 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864- 1863 52,296 48.717 76.758 31.881 7.546 42,250 56,826 12,521 13,200 15.527 12,955 14.230 18,345 I4.t55 204 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The following table shows the movement of hog products and beef from Milwaukee since 1862 • Shipments by Rail PORK, HAMS, MIDDLES AND SHOULDERS. LARD. BEEF. and Lake. Barrels. Tierces. Boxes. Bulk, lbs. Barrels. Tierces. Barrels. Tierces. Totals 18 76-. 62,461 56.77S 53,702 80,010 90,038 88,940 77,655 69,805 73,526 88,888 74.726 34,013 67,933 90,387 56,432 15,439 15,292 17,124 24,954 20,115 20,192 15,819 9,546 13,146 11,614 7.805 2,713 5.927 15,811 12,685 42,678 28,374 39,572 62,211 89,209 14,938 5,875 5,293 3.239 4,522 34,164 5,000 11,634 5,123,818 2,736,778 1,494,112 1,915,610 4,557,950 5,161,941 4,717,630 2,325,150 1,768,190 454,786 863,746 3,301 601 9,110 4,065 6,276 3,932 2,535 1,180 3,637 2,523 3,287 1,929 5,677 10,987 13,538 21,356 18,950 18,509 24,399 27,765 19,746 10,950 8,568 5,055 8,820 6,292 2,487 7,207 10, 546 6.761 7,333 4,734 5,015 5,365 4,757 3,892 4,427 7.538 10,150 18,984 11,852 10,427 36866 42,987 33,174 3,439 421 707 462 1,500 1,606 '* iS7^ " 1874 " iSV? '* l372 " 187I " 1870 925 2,185 2,221 " i86q " 186S " 1867 6,804 4.584 5,528 5,871 6,377 3,217 " 1S66 " 1865 " 1864 " 1S63 " 1862 Hops. The culture of hops, as an article af commerce, received but little attention prior to i860. In 1865, 2,864 bales only were shipped from Milwaukee. In addition, a large amount was used by the brewers throughout the state. In i866, the amount exi orted was increased, and 5,774 bales were shipped to eastern markets. The price, from forty-five to fifty-five cents per pound, stimulated production, and the article became one of the staple products of the counties of Sauk, Columbia, Adams and Juneau, besides being largely cultivated in parts of some other counties. In 1867, 26,562 bales were received at Milwaukee, and the prices ranged from fifty to seventy cents per pound. The estimated crop of the state for 1867 was 35,000 bales, and brought over $4,200,000. In i86S, not less than 60,000 bales were grown in the state. The crop everywhere was a large one, and in Wisconsin so very large that an over-supply was anticipated. But few, however, were prepared for the decline in prices, that far exceeded the worst apprehensions of tKose interested. The first sales were made at twenty-five to thirty-five cents per pound, and the prices were reluctantly accepted by the growers. The price contiaued to decline until the article was unsalable and unavailable in the market. Probably the average price did not exceed ten cents per pound. Notwithstanding the severe check which hop-growing received in 1868, by the unprofitable result, growers were not discouraged, and the crop of 1869 was a large one. So much of the crop of 1868 remained in the hands of the growers, that it is impossible to estimate that of 1869. The new crop sold for from ten to fifteen cents, and the old for from three to five cents per pound. Hop-cultivation received a check from over-production in 1868, from which it did not soon recover. A large proportion of the yards were plowed under in 1870. The crop of 1869 was much of it marketed during 1870, at a price of about two and one-half to three and one- half cents per pound, while that of 1870 brought ten to twelve and a half cents. During the year 187 1, a great advance in the price, caused by the partial failure of the crop in some of the eastern states, and the decrease in price causing a decrease in production, what was left over of the crop of 1S70 more than doubled in value before the new reached the market. The latter opened at thirty cents, and steadily rose to fifty and fifty-five for prime commercp: and manufactures. 205 qualities. The crop of 1872 was of good quality, and the market opened at forty to fifly-five cents as the selling price, and fell fifteen to twenty cents before the close of the year. A much larger 'quantity was raised than the year previous. In 1873 and 1874, the crop was fair and prices ruled from thirty-three to forty-five cents, with increased production. About 18,000 bales were reported as being shipped from the different railway stations of the state. Prices were extremely irregular during 1S75, and, after the new crop reached market, fell to a point that would not pay the cost of production. In 1876, prices ruled low at the opening of the year, and advanced from five to ten cents in January to twenty-eight to thirty in November. Over 17,000 bales were received at Milwaukee, over 10,000 bales being of the crop of the previous year. Over 13,000 bales were shipped out of the state. Tobacco. Tobacco raising is comparatively a new industry in Wisconsin, but is rapidly growing in importance and magnitude. It sells readily for from four to ten cents per pound, and the plant is easily raised. It is not regarded as of superior quality. It first appears as a commodity of transportation in the railway reports for the year 1S71, when the Prairie du Chien division of the St. Paul road moved eastward 1,373,650 jiounds. During the four years ending with 1876, there were shipped from Milwaukee an average of 5,118,530 pounds annually, the 1 axi- mum being in 1874,6,982,175 pounds; the minimum in 1875, 2,743,854 pounds. The crop of T876 escaped the early frosts, and netted the producer from five to seven cents per pound. The greatar part of it was shipped to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Comparatively little of the leaf raised in the state is used here or by western manufacturers. The crop of the present year, 1877, is a large one, and has been secured in good order. It is being contracted for at from four to six cents per pound. Cranberries. The cranberry trade is yet in its infancy. But little, comparatively, has been done in devel- oping the capabilities of the extensive bodies of marsh and swamp lands interspersed throughout the northern part of the state. Increased attention is being paid to the culture of the fruit; yet, the demand will probably keep ahead of the supply for many years to come. In 185 1, less than 1,500 barrels were sent out of the state. In 1872, the year of greatest production, over 37,000 barrels were exported, and, in r876, about 17,000 barrels. The price has varied in different years, and taken a range from eight to fifteen dollars a barrel. Spirituous and Malt Liquors. The production of liquors, both spirituous and malt, has kept pace with the growth of population and with the other industries of the state. There were in Wisconsin, in 1872, two hundred and ninety-two breweries and ten distilleries. In 1876, there were two hundred and ninety-three of the former and ten of the latter, and most of them were kept running to their full capacity. Milwaukee alone produced, in 1876, 321,611 barrels of lager beer and 43,175 barrels of high wines. In 1865, it furnished 65,666 barrels of beer, and in 1870, 108,845 barrels. In 1865, it furnished 3,046 barrels of high wines; in 1S70, 22,867 barrels; and in 1875, 39,005. A large quantity of the beer made was shipped to eastern and southern cities. The beer made in 1876 sold at the rate of ten dollars per barrel, the wholesale price of the brewers bringing the sum of $3,216,110. The fame of Milwaukee lager beer is widely extended. This city has furnished since 1870, 1,520,308 barrels which, at the wholesale price, brought $15,203,170. The total production of beer by all the two hundred and ninety-three breweries of the state for 1876, was 450,508 barrels. 206 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. In 1876, Milwaukee produced 43,175 barrels of high wines, or distilled spirits, and the state of Wisconsin 51,959 barrels. In 1870, the former produced 108,845 barrels of beer and 22,867 barrels of distilled spirits, and in the same year the state of Wisconsin produced 189,664 barrels of beer and 36,145 barrels of distilled spirits. Miscellaneous. Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is found in numerous places in Wood and Marathon counties. The mineral is found in but few places in the United States in quantities sufficient to justify the investment of capital necessary to manufacture it. In the counties mentioned, the deposits are found in extensive beds, and only capital and enterprise are needed to make their development profitable. Clay of superior quality for making brick and of fair quality for pottery, is found in numerous localities. The famous " Milwaukee brick," remarkable for their beautiful cream color, is made from a fine clay which is abundant near Milwaukee, and is found in exten- sive beds at Watertown, Whitewater, Edgerton, Stoughton, and several places on the lake shore north of Milwaukee. At Whitewater and some other places the clay is used with success for the making of pottery ware. Water-lime, or hydraulic cement, occurs in numerous places throughout the state. An extensive bed covering between one and two hundred acres, and of an indefinite depth, exists on the banks of the Milwaukee river, and not over one and a half miles from the city limits of Milwaukee. The cement made from the rock of this deposit is first-class in quality, and between twenty and thirty thousand barrels were made and sold last year. The capacity of the works for reducing the rock to cement has been increased to 500 barrels per day. Stones suita- ble for building purposes are widely distributed throughout the state, and nearly every town lias its available quarry. Many of these quarries furnish stone of fine quality for substantial and permanent edifices. The quarry at Prairie du Chien furnished the stone for the capital building at Madison, which equals in beauty that of any state in the Union. .\t Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, La Crosse, and many other places are found quarries of superior building stone. Granite is found in extensive beds in Marathon and Wood counties, and dressed specimens exhibited at the " Centennial " last year, attracted attention for their fine polish. Marbles of various kinds are likewise found in the state. Some of them are beginning to attract attention and are likely to prove valuable. The report of Messrs. Foster & Whitney, United States geol- ogists, speaks of quarries on the Menomonee and Michigamig rivers as affording beautiful varie- ties and susceptible of a high polish. Richland county contains marble, but its quality is gen- erally considered inferior. Water Powers. Wisconsin is fast becoming a manufacturing state. Its forests of pine, oak, walnut, maple, ash, and other valuable woods used for lumber, are well-nigh inexhaustible. Its water-power for driving the wheels of machinery is not equaled by that of any state in the northwest. The Lower Fox river between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, a distance of thirty-five miles, furnishes some of the best facilities for manufacturing enterprise in the whole country. Lake Winnebago as a reservoir gives it a great and special advantage, in freedom from liability to freshets and droughts. The stream never varies but a few feet from its highest to its lowest stage, yet gives a steady flow. The Green Bay and Mississippi canal company has, during the last twenty-five years, constructed numerous dams, canals and locks, constituting very valuable improvements. All the property of that company has been transferred to the United States government, which has entered upon a system to render the Fox and Wisconsin rivers navigable to the Mississippi. The fall between the lake and Depere is one hundred and fifty feet, and the water can be utilized COMMERCE AND MANlirACTURES. 207 in propelling machinery at Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, Cedar, Little Chute, Kaukauna, Rapid Croche, Little Kaukauna and Depere. The water-power at Appleton in its natural advantages is pronounced by Hon. Hiram Barney, of New York, superior to those at Lowell, Paterson and Rochester, combined. The water-power of the Fox has been improved to a considerable extent, but its full capacity has hardly been touched. Attention has been drawn to it, how- ever, and no doubt is entertained that in a few years the hum of machinery to be propelled by it, will be heard the entire length of the thirty-five miles. The facilities presented by its nearness to timber, iron, and a rich and productive agricultural region, give it an advantage over any of the eastern manufacturing points. The Wisconsin river rises in the extreme northern part of the state, and has its source in a great number of small lakes. The upper portion abounds in valuable water privileges, only a few of which are improved. There are a large number of saw-mills running upon the power of this river. Other machinery, to a limited extent, is in operation. The " Big Bull " falls, at Wausau, are improved, and a power of twenty-two feet fall is obtained. At Little Bull falls', below Wausau, there is a fall of eighteen feet, partially improved. There are many other water-powers in Marathon county, some of which are used in propelling flouring- tnills and saw-mills. At Grand Rapids, there is a descent of thirty feet to the mile, and the water can be used many times. Each time, 5,000 horse-power is obtained. At Kilbourn City a large amount of power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. Chippewa river has its origin in small streams in the north part of the state. Explorers tell us that there are a large number of water powers on all the upper branches, but as the country is yet unsettled, none of them have been improved, and very few even located on our maps. Brunette falls and Ameger falls, above Chippewa Falls city, must furnish considei-able water- power, but its extent is not known At Chippewa Falls is an excellent water-power, only partially improved. The river descends twenty-six feet in three-fourths of a mile. At Duncan creek at the same place, there is a good fall, improved to run a large flouring mill. At Eagle Rapids, five miles above Chippewa Falls, $120,000 has been expended in improving the fall of the Chippewa river. The city of Eau Claire is situated at the confluence of the Chippewa and Eau Claire rivers, and possesses in its immediate vicinity water-powers almost unrivaled. Some of them are improved. The citizens of Eau Claire have, for several years, striven to obtain legislative authority to dam the Chippewa river, so as to improve the water-power of the Dells, and a lively contest, known as the " Dells fight," has been carried on with the capitalists along the river above that town. There are immense water-powers in Dunn county, on the Red Cedar, Chippewa and Eau Galle rivers, on which there are many lumbering establishments. In Pepin county also there are good powers. The Black river and its branches, the La Crosse, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Beaver, and Tamaso, furnish many valuable powers. The St. Croix river is not excelled in the value of its water privileges by any stream in the state, except the Lower Fox river. At St. Croix Falls, the water of the river makes a descent of eighty-five feet in a distance of five miles, and the vol- ume of water is sufficient to move the machinery for an immense manufacturing business, and the banks present good facilities for building dams, and the river is not subject to freshets. The Kinnekinnick has a large number of falls, some of them partially improved. Within twenty-five miles of its entrance into Lake St. Croix, it has a fall of two hundred feet, and the volume of water averages about three thousand cubic feet per minute. Rock river affords valuable water- privileges at Watertown (with twenty-four feet fall), and largely improved ; at Jefferson, Indian Ford and Janesville, all of which are improved. Beloit also has an excellent water-power, and it is largely improved. Scattered throughout the state are many other water-powers, not alluded 208 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIN. to in the foregoing. There are several in Manitowoc county ; in Marquette county, also. In Washington county, at West Bend, Berlin, and Cedar Creek, there are good water-powers, partly utilized. At Whitewater, in Walworth county, is a good power. In Dane county, there is a water-power at Madison, at the outlet of Lake Mendota; also, a good one at Stoughton, below the first, or Lake Kegonsa; also at Paoli, Bellville, Albany and Brodhead, on the Sugar river. In Grant county there are not less than twenty good powers, most of them well-developed. In Racine county, three powers of fine capacity at Waterford, Rochester and Burlington, all of which are improved. The Oconto, Peshtigo and Menomonee rivers furnish a large number of splendid water- powers of large capacity. The Upper Wolf river has scores of water-powers on its main stream and numerous branches; but most of the country is still a wilderness, though containing resources which, when developed, will make it rich and prosperous. There are numerous other streams of less consequence than those named, but of great importance to the localities they severally drain, that have had their powers improved, and their waterfalls are singing the songs of commerce. On the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, there are numerous and valuable water-powers. The Montreal river falls one thousand feet in a distance of thirty miles. Manufactures. The mechanical and manufacturing industries of Wisconsin demonstrate that the people do not rely wholly upon agricultural pursuits, or lumbering, for subsistence, but aim to diversify their labors as much as possible, and to give encouragement to the skill and ingenuity of their mechanics and artisans. All our cities, and most of our villages, support establishments that furnish wares and implements in common use among the people. We gather from the census report for 1S70 a few facts that will give us an adequate idea of what was done in a single year, remembering that the data furnished is six years old, and that great advancement has been made since the statistics were gathered. In 1S70, there were eighty-two establishments engaged in making agricultural implements, employing 1,387 hands, and turning out products valued at $2,393,400. There were one hundred and eighty-eight furniture establishments, employing 1,844 men, and making $1,542,300 worth of goods. For making carriages and wagons there were four hundred and eighty-five establishments, employing 2,184 men, and their product was valued at $2,596,534; for clothing, two hundred and si.xty-three establishments, and value of product $2,340,400 ; sash, doors and blinds, eighty-one shops, and value of product $1,852,370 ; leather, eighty-five tanneries, employing 577 men, and value of products $2,013,000; malt liquors, one hundred and seventy-six breweries, 835 men, and their products valued at $1,790,273. At many jwints the business of manufacturing is carried on more or less extensively; indeed, there is hardly a village in the state where capital is not invested in some kind of mechanical industry or manufacturing enterprise, and making satisfactory returns ; but for details in this respect, the reader is referred to the department of local history. The principal commodities only, which Wisconsin contributes to trade and commerce, have been considered. There remains quite a number of minor articles from which the citizens of the state derive some revenue, such as flax and maple sugar, which can not be separately considered in this paper. Concluding Remarks. Statistics are usually dry reading, but, to one desiring to change his location and seeking information regarding a new country and its capabilities, they become intensely interesting and of great value. The farmer wishes to know about the lands, their value and the jiroductiveness of the soil ; the mechanic about the workshops, the price of labor, and the demand for such wares COMiMKl'.CI-; AND jMANUFACTl'RES. ' 209 as he is accustomed to make ; the capitalist, concerning all matters that pertain to resources, advantages, and the opportunities for investing his money. Our own people want all the infor- mation that can be gained by the collection of all obtainable facts. The sources of such infor- mation are now various, and the knowledge they impart fragmentary in its character. Provision should be made by law, for the collection and publication of reliable statistics relating to our farming, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, commercial and educational interests. Several of the states of the Union have established a " Bureau of Statistics," and no more valua- ble reports emanate from any of their state departments than those that exhibit a condensed view of the material results accomplished each year. Most of the European states foster these agencies with as much solicitude as any department of their government. Indeed, they have become a social as well as a material necessity, for social science extends its inquiries to the physical laws of man as a social being; to the resources of the country; its productions; the growth of society, and to all those facts or conditions which may increase or diminish the strength, growth or happiness of a people. Statistics are the foundation and corner-stone of social science, which is the highest and noblest of all the sciences. A writer has said that, " If God had designed Wisconsin to be chiefly a manufacturing state, instead of agricultural, which she claims to be, and is, it is difficult to see more than one partic- ular in which He could have endowed her more richly for that purpose." She has all the mate- rial for the construction of articles of use and luxury, the means of motive power to propel the machinery, to turn and fashion, weave, forge, and grind the natural elements that abound in such rich profusion. She has also the men whose enterprise and skill have accomplished most sur- prising results, in not only building up a name for themselves, but in placing the state in a proud position of independence. It is impossible to predict what will be the future growth and development of Wisconsin. From its commercial and manufacturing advantages, we may reasonably anticipate that she will in a few years lead in the front rank of the states of the Union in all that constitutes real great- ness. Her educational system is one of the best. With her richly endowed State University, her colleges and high schools, and the people's colleges, the common schools, she has laid a broad and deep foundation for a great and noble commonwealth. It was early seen what were the capabilities of this their newly explored domain. The northwestern explorer, Jonathan Carver, in 1766, one hundred and thirteen years ago, after traversing Wisconsin and viewing its lakes of crystal purity, its rivers of matchless utility, its forests of exhaustless wealth, its prairies of won- derful fertility, its mines of buried treasure, recorded this remarkable prediction of which we see the fulfillment: "To what power or authority this new world will become dependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire from time immemorial has been gradually progressive toward the west, there is no doubt but that at some future period mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples with gilded spires reaching to the skies supplant the Indian huts, whose only decorations are the barbarous trophies oftheir vanquished enemies." " Westward the course of empire takes its way ; The four first acts already passed, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last." THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. By D. S. DURRIE. In the early part of the seventeenth century, all the territory north of the Ohio river, including the present state of Wisconsin, was an undiscovered region. As far as now known, it was never visited by white men until the year 1634, when Jean Nicolet came to the Green bay country as an ambassador from the French to the Winnebagoes. The Jesuit fathers in 1660 visited the south shore of Lake Superior; and, soon after, missions were established at various points in the northwest. The French government appreciating the importance of possessing dominion over this sec- tion, M. Talon, intendant of Canada, took steps to carry out this purpose, and availed himself of the good feelings entertained toward the French by a number of the Indian tribes, to establish the authority of the French crown over this remote quarter. A small party of men led by Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicolas Perrot as interpreter, set out from Quebec on this mission, in 1670, and St. Lusson sent to the tribes occupying a circuit of a hundred leagues, inviting the nations, among them the Wisconsin tribes inhabiting the Green bay country, by their chiefs and ambassadors, to meet him at the Sault Sainte Marie the following spring. In the month of May, 167 1, fourteen tribes, by their representatives, including the Miamis, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Menomonees, and Pottawattamies, arrived at the place designated. On the morning of the fourteenth of June, " St. Lusson led his followers to the top of the hill, all fully equipped and under arms. Here, too, in the vestments of their priestly office were four Jesuits : Claude Dablon, superior of the mission on the lakes, Gabriel Druillettes, Claude Allouez, and Andre. All around, the great throng of Indians stood, or crouched, or reclined at length with eyes and ears intent. A large cross of wood had been made ready. Dablon, in solemn form, pronounced his blessing on it ; and then it was reared and planted in the ground, while the Frenchmen, uncovered, sang the Vexilla Regis. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it, with a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms ; while St. Lusson's followers sang the exaudiat, and one of the priests uttered a prayer for the king. St. Lusson now advanced, and, holding his sword in one hand, and raising with the other a sod of earth, proclaimed in a loud voice " that he took possession of all the country occupied by the tribes, and placed them under the king's protection. This act, however, was not regarded as sufficiently definite, and on the eighth of May, 1689, Perrot, who was then commanding for the king at the post of Nadouesioux, near Lake Pepin on the west side of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denonville to manage the interests of commerce west of Green bay took possession, in the name of the king, with appropriate ceremonies, of the countries west of Lake Michigan as far as the river St. Peter. The papers were signed by Perrot and others. By these solemn acts, the present limits of Wisconsin with much contiguous territory, came under the dominion of the French government, the possession of which continued until October, 1761 — a period of ninety years from the gathering of the chiefs at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1671. From the commencement of French occupancy up to the time when the British took posses- sion, the district of country embraced within the present limits of this state had but few white inhabitants besides the roaming Indian traders ; and of these few, the locations were separated by a distance of more than two hundred miles in a direct line, and nearly double that distance by THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 211 the usual water courses. There was no settlement of agriculturists; there were no missionary establishments ; no fortified posts at other points, except at Depere and Green bay on Fox -iver, and perhaps at Prairie du Chien, near the junction of the Wisconsin and the Mississippi. The French government made no grant of lands; gave no attention to settlers or agrica.- turists, and the occupation of the country was strictly military. There were, indeed, a few grants of lands made by the French governors and commanders, previous to 1750, to favored indi- viduals, six of which were afterward confirmed by the king of France. There were also others which did not require confirmation, being made by Cardillac, commanding at Detroit, under special authority of the king; of this latter kind, one for a small piece of thirty acres bears with it, says a writer, " so many conditions, reservations, prohibitions of sale, and a whole cavalcade of feudal duties to be performed by the grantee, that in itself, it would be a host in opposition to the agricultural settlement of any country." The grants just referred to, relate to that part of the French possessions outside the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Within its limits there was a grant of an extensive territory including the fort at the head of Green bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in October, 1759, to M. Rigaud. It was sold by the latter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the king of France in January, 1760, at a very critical period, when Quebec had been taken by the British, and Montreal was only wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. This grant was evidently intended as a perquisite to entrap some unwary persons to give a valuable consideration for it, as it would be highly impolitic for the government to make such a grant, if they continued mas- ters of the country, since it would surely alienate the aff"ections of the Indians. The whole country had already been virtually conquered by Great Britain, and the grant of course was not confirmed by the English government. Of the war between the French and English governments in America, known as the French and Indian war, it is not necessary to speak, except in general terms. The English made a determined effort to obtain the possessions claimed by the French. The capture of Quebec in 1759, and the subsequent capitulation of Montreal in 1760, extinguished the domination of France in the basin of the St. Lawrence ; and by the terms of the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to, the vast country watered by the Ohio and the Mississippi were ceded to Great Britain. Among the first acts of the new masters of the country was the protection of the eminent domain of the government, and the restriction of all attempts on the part of individuals to acquire Indian titles to lands. By the King of England's proclamation of 1763, no more grants of land within certain prescribed limits could be issued, and all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands from the Indians, or of making settlements within those prescribed limits. The indulgence of such a privilege as that of making private purchases of the natives, conduced to the most serious difficulties, and made way for the practice df the most reprehensible frauds. The policy pursued by the English government has been adopted and acted upon by the government of the United States in the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands in every part of the country. In face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, under a pretended purchase from, or voluntary grant of the natives, a tract of country nearly one hundred miles square, including large portions of what is now northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, was claimed by Jonathan Carver, and a ratification of his title solicited from the king and council. This was not conceded ; and the representatives of Carver, after the change of government had 212 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. ♦ brought the lands under the jurisdiction of the United States, for a series of years presented the same claims before congress, and asked for their confirmation. Such a demand under all the circumstances, could not justify an expectation of success; and, of course, has often been refused. But notwithstanding the abundant means which the public have had of informing themselves of the true nature and condition of Carver's claim, bargains and sales of portions of this tract have been made among visionary speculators for more than half a century past. It is now only a short period since the maps of the United States ceased to be defaced by a delineation of 5he "Carver Grant." The mere transfer of the dominion over the country from the French to the English govern- ment, and the consequent occupation of the English posts by the new masters, did not in any great degree affect the social condition of the inhabitants. By the terms of capitulation, the French subjects were permitted to remain in the country, in the full enjoyment of their civil and religious privileges. The English, however, did not hold peaceable possession of the territory acquired. The war inaugurated by Pontiac and his Indian allies on the military posts occupied by the English soon followed, and in the month of May, 1763, nine posts were captured with much loss of life. In the spring of 1764, twenty-two tribes who were more or less identified in the outbreak, concluded a treaty of peace with General Bradstreet at Niagara. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, and the conquest of the British posts in 1778 and 1779, had the effect to open the way for the emigration of the Anglo-American population to the Mississippi valley; and at the close of the revolutionary war, Great Britain renounced all claim to the whole territory lying east of the Mississippi river. The dominion of the English in the Illinois and Wabash countries, ceased with the loss of the military posts which commanded the Northwestern territory of the United States. As a result of the enterprise and success of Clark, Virginia obtained possession of the Illinois country; his expedition having been undertaken and carried forward under the auspices of that state. Several of the eastern states under their colonial charters, laid claim to portions of the land comprised in the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The claim of Massachusetts was derived from a grant from King James of November 3, 1620; and included from lat. 42° 2' to about lat. 450, extending to the south sea; Connecticut claimed from lat. 4it> north to 420 2'. The claims of Virginia were from grants from King James, bearing date, respectively, April lo, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, i6ii, and an additional claim for the territory conquered by Clark in the Illinois country ; but they extended no farther north than the southern end of Lake Michigan. It is a popular impression that the territory of the present state of Wisconsin was compre- hended in the lands northwest of the river Ohio, over which Virginia exercised jurisdiction, and, consequently, was included in her deed of cession of lands to the United States. This opinion so generally entertained by writers on American history, is a statement which does qpt appear to have any solid foundation in fact. Virginia never made any conquests or settlements in Wiscon- sin, and at no time prior to the proffer of her claims to the general government had she ever exercised jurisdiction over it. In fact, there were no settlements in Wisconsin except at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien before that time, and these were made by French settlers who were in no wise interfered with while the revolution continued. In Illinois it was otherwise ; and the possession of its territory by Virginia was an undisputed fact. During the revolution the title of the sovereignty in Wisconsin was actually in Great Britain, and so remained until the definite treaty of peace in 1783; at which date England yielding her right constructively to the United States, retaining possession, however, until 1796 ; at which time the western posts were transferred to the United States. THE PT'BLIC DOMAISr. 218 All the claiming states finally ceded their interests to the general government, giving the latter a perfect title, subject only to the rights of the Indians. The deed of cession from Virginia was dated March i, 1784. The other states ceded their claims, some before this date, others subsequent thereto. Virginia made a number of stipulations in her deed of cession; among others, that the French and Canadian inhabitants and the neighboring villages who had professed themselves citizens of Virginia, should have their possessions and title confirmed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and liberties; thr.t 150,000 acres of land near the rapids of the Ohio, should be reserved for that portion of her state troops which had reduced the country; and about 3,500,000 acres between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami be reserved for bounties to her troops on the continental establishment. In consequence of certain objectionable stipulations made by Virginia as to the division of the territory into states, the deed of cession was referred back to that state with a recommenda- tion from congress that these stipulations should be altered. On the 30th of December, 1788, Virginia assented to the wish of congress, and formally ratified and confirmed the fifth article of compact which related to that subject, and tacitly gave her consent to the whole ordinance of 1787. The provisions of this ordinance have since been applied to all the territories of the United States lying north of the 360 40'. After the adoption of the constitution of the United States the the new congress, among its earliest acts, passed one, recognizing the binding force of the ordi- nance of 1787. Of this ordinance it has been said : " It was based on the principles of civil liberty, maintained in the magna charta of England, re-enacted in the bill of rights, and incorporated in our differ- ent state constitutions. It was the fundamental law of the constitution, so to speak, of the great northwest, upon which were based, and with which harmonized ail our territorial enactments, as well as our subsequent state legislation, and, moreover, it is to that wise, statesman-like document that we are indebted for much of our prosperity and greatness." After the close of the revolutionary war, enterprising individuals traversed tlie whole country which had been ceded to the government, and companies were formed to explore and settle the fertile and beautiful lands beyond the Ohio ; but the determination of the British cabinet not to evacuate the western posts, was well known, and had its effect on the peo])le who were disposed to make settlements. The western tribes were also dissatisfied and threatened war, and efforts were made by the government to settle the difficulties. A grand council was held at the mouth of Detroit river in December, 1787, which did not result favorably, and two treaties were subsequently held, which were not respected by the savages who were parties to them. Soon an Indian war ensued, /hich resulted at first disastrously to the American troops under Generals Harmar and St. Clair, but finally with success to the American arms under General Wayne. The treaty of Greenville followed. It was concluded August 3, 1795. At this treaty there were present eleven hundred and thirty chiefs and warriors. It was signed by eighty-four chiefs and General Anthony Wayne, sole commissioner of the United States. One of the provisions of the treaty was that in consid- eration of'the peace then established, and the cessions and relinquishments of lands made by the tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States as the great means of render- ing this peace strong and perpetual, tlie United States relinquished their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and south- ward of the great lakes and the waters united by them, except certain reservations and portions before purchased of the Indians, none of which were within the present limits of this state. The Indian title to the whole of what is now Wisconsin, subject only to certain restrictions, became 214 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. absolute in the various tribes inhabiting it. By this treaty it was stipulated that, of the lands relin- quished by the United States, the Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, were quietly to enjoy them ; hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon so long as they pleased ; but, when those tribes or any of them should be disposed to sell them, or any part of them, they were to be sold only to the United States, and until such sale, the United States would protect all of the tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and all other white persons who might intrude on the same. At the same time all the tribes acknowledged them- selves to be under the protection of the United States, and no other person or jx)wer what- soever. The treaty also prohibited any citizen of the United States, or any other white man, settling upon the lands relinquished by the general government ; and such person was to be considered as out of the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe on whose land the settlement might be made, could drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as it might see fit. It will be seen that the Indians were acknowledged to have an unquestionable title to the lands they occupied until that right should be extinguished by a voluntary cession to the general government; and the constitution of the United States, by declaring treaties already made, as well as those to be made, to be the supreme law of the land, adopted and sanctioned previous treaties with the Indian nations, and consequently admitted their rank among those powers who are capable of making treaties. The several treaties which had been made between commissioners on the part of the United States and various nations of Indians, previous to the treaty of Greenville, were generally restricted to declarations of amity and friendship, the establishment and confirming of bounda- ries, and the protection of settlements on Indian lands ; those that followed were generally for a cession of lands and provisions made for their payment. It is proposed to notice the several treaties that took place after that held at Greenville, showing in what way the territory of the present state, came into possession of the government. As will be seen hereafter, it required trea- ties with numerous tribes of Indians to obtain a clear, undisputed title, as well as many years before it was fully accomplished. 1. A treaty was held at St. Louis, November 3, 1804, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States. William Henry Harrison was acting commissioner on the part of the govern- ment. By the provisions of the treaty, the chiefs and head men of the united tribes ceded to the United States a large tract on both sides of the Mississippi, extending on the east from the mouth of the Illinois to the head of that river, and thence to the Wisconsin; and including on the west considerable portions of Iowa and Missouri, from the mouth of the Gasconade north- ward. In what is now the state of Wisconsin, this grant embraced the whole of the present counties of Grant and La Fayette and a large portion of Iowa and Green counties. The lead region was included in this purchase. In consideration of this cession, the general government agreed to protect the tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their land, against its own citizens and all others who should intrude on them. The tribes permitted a fort to be built on the upper side of the Wisconsin river, near its mouth, and granted a tract of land two miles square, adjoin- ing the same. The government agreed to give them an annuity of one thousand dollars per annum. The validity of this treaty was denied by one band of the Sac Indians, and this cession of land became, twenty-eight years after, the alleged cause of the Black Hawk war. 2. Another treaty was held at Portage des Sioux, now a village in St. Charles county, Mis- souri, on the Mississippi river, September 13, 1815, with certain chiefs of that portion of the Sac nation then residing in Missouri, who, they said, were compelled since the commencement of THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 216 the late war, to separate themselves from the rest of their nation. They gave their assent to the treaty made at St. Louis in 1804, and promised to remain separate from the Sacs of Rock river, and to give them no aid or assistance, until peace should be concluded between the United States and the Foxes of Rock river. 3. On the 14th of September, a treaty was made with the chiefs of the Fox tribe at the same place. They agreed that all prisoners in their hands should be delivered up to the govern- ment. They assented to, recognized, re-established and confirmed the treaty of 1804, to the full extent of their interest in the same. 4. A treaty was held at St. Louis, May 13, 1816, with the Sacs of Rock river, who affirmed the treaty of 1804, and agreed to deliver up all the property stolen or plundered, and in failure to do so, to forfeit all title to their annuities. To this treaty, Black Hawk's name appears with others. That chief afterward affirmed that though he himself had " touched the quill " to this treaty, he knew not what he was signing, and that he was therein deceived by the agent and others, who did not correctly explain the nature of the grant; and in reference to the treaty of St. Louis in 1804, and at Portage des Sioux in 1815, he said that he did not consider the same valid or binding on him or his tribe, inasmuch as by the terms of those treaties, territory was described which the Indians never intended to sell, and the treaty of 1S04, particularly, was made by parties who had neither authority in the nation, nor power to dispose of its lands. Whether this was a true statement of the case, or otherwise, it is quite certain that the grant of lands referred to was often confirmed by his nation, and was deemed conclusive and binding by the government. The latter acted in good faith to the tribes, as well as to the settlers, in the disposition of the lands. 5. A treaty ''S^'-- This pro- vision of the law was ingeniously perverted from its plain purpose in various ways. As fast as these evasions came to the notice of the department, all certificates given to occupants of the same quarter section in excess of the two first, or to more than one member of the same family, to employees, to any person who had not paid for eighty acres originally occupied, as well as those which were not located at the time of such payment, and the additional tract paid for before the public sale, were held to be svorthless or fraudulent ; but a large number of these certificates had been issued, and passed into the hands of speculators and designing men, and were a source of almost endless vexation and annoyance to settlers. The law of 1830 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. z5J5 expired by limitation in one year from its passage, but was revived by the law of 1834 for two years. In the interim no settler could obtain his land by pre-emption. The law of 1834 extended only to those who had made cultivation in 1833, consequently the settlers of later date were excluded from its benefits. Meanwhile the fraudulent floats were freely used to dispossess actual settlers as late as 1835. The pre-emption law of congress, approved September 4, 1841, provided that every person ^ho should make a settlement in person on public land, and erect a dwelling, should be author- ized to enter a quarter section (one hundred and sixty acres), at the minimum price (one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre), and thus secure the same against competition ; and if any person should settle upon and improve land subject to private entry, he might within thirty days give notice to the register of the land office of his intention to claim the land settled upon, and might within one year upon making proof of his right, enter the land at the minimum price. At the public land sales at Mineral Point, held in 1835, all those tracts on which lead was found, or on which it was supposed to exist, were reserved to the United States, and were leased under certain regulations by the government for a rent of ten per centum of all the lead raised. The quantity of land thus reserved was estimated at one million acres. Considerable difficulty was found in collecting these rents, and subsequently it was abandoned, as the amount expended in collecting exceeded the value of the lead collected. In the period of four years the government suffered a loss of over nineteen thousand dollars. The act of congress, approved July 1 1, 1846, authorized the sale of the reserved mineral lands in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, and provided that, after six months' public notice, the lands should not be subject to the rights of pre-emption imtil after the same had been offered at public sale, when they should be subject to private entry. The law also provided, that, upon satisfac- tory proof being made to the register and receiver of the proper land office, any tract or tracts of land containing a mine or mines of lead ore actually discovered and being worked, would be sold in such legal subdivisions as would include lead mines, and no bid should be received therefor at less than the sum of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and if such tract or tracts should not be sold at such public sale, at such price, nor should be entered at private sale within twelve months thereafter, the same should be subject to sale as other lands. This act was changed by an act approved March 3, 1847, providing that any one being in possession by actual occupancy of a mine discovered prior to the passage of this act, who should pay the same rents as those who held leases from the secretary of war, should be entitled to purchase the lands prior to the day of sale at five dollars per acre. Mineral lands were to be offered for sale in forty acre pieces, and no bids were to be received less than five dollars per acre, and if not sold they were then to be subject to private entry at the same price. In 1847 or 1848 the reserved mineral lands were sold at public sale at Mineral Point at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and they were all disposed of at that price. Soon after the formation of Wisconsin territory, an act was passed by its legislature, approved January 5, 1838, incorporating the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, and by an act of congress approved June iS of the same year, a grant of land was made to aid in the construction of the canal. The grant consisted of the odd-numbered sections on a belt of ten miles in width from Lake Michigan to Rock river, amounting to 139,190 acres. Of those lands 43,447 acres were sold at public sale in July, 1839, at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. Work was commenced on the canal at Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee river for a short distance from its outlet was improved by the construction of a dam across the river, which was made available for manufacturing and other purposes. A canal was also built about a mile in length and forty feet wide, leading from it down on the west bank of the river. Mur JT 226 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. dissatisfaction subsequently arose ; the purchasers at this sale, and others occupying these canal and reserved lands felt the injustice of being compelled to pay double price for their lands, and efforts were made to repeal all laws authorizing further sales, and to ask congress to repeal the act making the grant. The legislation on the subject of this grant is voluminous. In 1862 the legislature of the state passed an act to ascertain and settle the liabilities, if any, of Wisconsin and the company, and a board of commissioners was appointed for that purpose. At the session of the legislature in 1 863, the committee made a report with a lengthy opinion of the attorney-gen- eral of the state. The views of that officer were, that the company had no valid claims for damages against the state. In this opinion the commissioners concurred. On the 23d of March, 1875, an act was approved by the governor, giving authority to the attorney-general to discharge and release of record any mortgage before executed to the late territory of Wisconsin, given to secure the purchase money or any part thereof of any lands granted by congress to aid in the construc- tion of this canal. The quantity of lands unsold was subsequently made a part of the 500,000 acre tract granted by congress for school purposes. It is believed the whole matter is now closed against further legislative enactments. The next grant of lands made by congress lor internal improvements in Wisconsin, was one approved August 8, 1846, entitled "an act to grant a certain quantity of land to aid in the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and to connect the same by canal." By this act there was granted to Wisconsin on her becoming a state, for improving the navigation of the above-named streams, and constructing the canal to unite the same, a quantity of land equal to one-half of three sections in width on each side of Fox river, and the lakes through which it passes from its mouth to the point where the portage canal should enter the same, and each side of the canal from one stream to the other, reserving the alternate sections to the United States with certain provisions in relation thereto. On the 3d of August, 1854, an act of congress was approved, authorizing the governor of Wisconsin to select the balance of lands to which the state was entitled to under the provisions of the act of 1846, out of any unsold government lands sub- ject to private entry in the state, the quantity to be ascertained upon the principles which gov- erned the final adjustment of the grant to the state of Indiana, for the Wabash and Erie canal, approved May 9, 1848. In the years 1854 and 1855, acts of congress were passed, defining and enlarging the grant. Under the grants of 1S46, 1854 and 1855, the number of acres donated for this purpose and certified to the state, was 674,100. After the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, by an act of its legislature, approved August 8, 1848, a board of public works was created, through which the work of improving the said rivers, by the application thereto of the proceeds of the sale of the lands granted by con- gress, was undertaken by the state. It soon became apparent that the moneys realized from the sale of lands were insufficient to meet the obligations of the state issued by its board of public works as they became due ; and in 1853 the work was turned over to the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement company, a corpora- tion created under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved July 6, 1853. In 1856, by an act of the legislature of Wisconsin, approved October 3, 1856, the lands granted by congress then unsold were granted by the state, through the said company, to trustees, with power to sell, and to hold the proceeds in trust for the payment of state indebtedness, the completion of the work, thereafter for the payment of bonds issued by the said company, and the balance, if any, for the company itself In February, 1S66, the trustees, in execution of the powers contained in the deed of trust made to them, and pursuant to a judgment of the circuit court of Fond du Lac county, sold at public sale at Appleton, Wisconsin, the works of improvement and the balance of lands granted THE PUBLIC liOMAIX. 227 by congress then unsold, and applied the proceeds to the purposes expressed in the deed of trust. The proceeds were sufficient to pay in full the expenses of the trust, the then outstanding state indebtedness, and to provide a fund sufficient to complete the work according to the plan specified in the act approved October 3, 1856. Under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved April 13, 1861, and the acts amend- atory thereof, the purchasers at said sale, on the isth day of August, 1866, filed their certificate in the office of the secretary of state, and thereby became incorporated as the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, holding, as such company, the said works of improvement. At a subsequent date, under instructions from the engineer department of the United States, the surveys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were placed in the charge of General G. K. War- ren, and by act of congress approved July 7, 1870, the secretary of war was authorized to appoint a board of arbitrators to ascertain how much the government should pay to the suc- cessors of the Improvement company, the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, for the transfer of all its property and rights ; and by a subsequent act, approved June 10, 1872, an appropriation was made therefor. The legislation on matters connected with the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement would make a chapter of itself. The work is now in charge of the government, and will be prosecuted to completion in a satis;factory manner. On the 29th of May, 1848, an act was approved by the president "to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union," by which certain propositions were to be submitted to the convention which were to be acted upon, and subsequently submitted to the people for their approval. The first constitutional convention was held in October, 1846, and, having framed a constitution, it was submitted to a vote of the people at the election in 1847, and it was rejected. The second convention met December 15, 1847, and, having formed a constitution, it was adopted by the people at the election in 1848. The following are the propositions proposed by congress : 1. That section sixteen numbered in every township of the public lands of said state, and where such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the said state for the use of schools. 2. That seventy-two sections, or two entire townships, of land set apart and reserved for the use and support of a university by act of congress approved June 12, 1838, are hereby granted and conveyed to the state, to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such university in such manner as the legislature may prescribe. 3. That ten entire sections of land to be selected and located under the direction of the legislature, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter of a section from any of the unap- propriated lands belonging to the United States within the state are granted to the state for completing the public buildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the direction of the legislature. 4. That all salt-springs within the state, not exceeding twelve in number, shall be granted to the state, to be selected by the legislature, and when selected, to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature shall direct. The title to all lands and other property which accrued to the territory of Wisconsin by grant, gift, purchase, forfeiture, escheat, or otherwise, were, by the provisions of the constitution of the state, vested in the state ; and the people of the state, in their right of sovereignty, were declared to possess the ultimate property in and to all lands within its jurisdiction ; and all lands, the title of which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert or escheat to the people. The act of congress for the admission of the state into the Union gave formal assent to the 22g HISTORY OK WISCONSIK. «ant relative to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement, and the lands reserved to the United I "es by said grant, and also the grant to the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of a.dmg fn openLg a canal to connect the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Rock r.ver, were to be Offered for sale at the same minimum price, and subject to the same nghts of pre-empt.on as other Dublic lands of the United States. By the provisions of the state constitution, the secretary of state, the state treasurer and attorney-general, were constituted a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and unterJtv lands and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. In the year 1850 the CoZSoi's put into market, for the first time, the school lands which had been donated to the star ?he total quantity of lands offered was :48,o3X, 44-i°o acres, wh.ch sold for tne sum of ^%?an^act of congress, approved September 4, 1841, there were granted to the state 500^00 acres of land which were, by act of the territorial legislature of 1849, appropriated to the schoo ?und and the unsold lands of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, amounting to about rolo acres were to be included as a part of the above grant. These lands, and the sixteenth Lct'ion o eacrtownship, make up the whole of the school lands of the state. The whole number of acres sold up'; the year X877 is :,343,984 acres, and there remain unsold, subject to the year 1877, IS 1,869,677. ronstruction of a A Arrant of land was made by congress, approved March 3, 1863, for the construction o said road, and subject to the disposal of the legislature. ^"5 the number of 85,96.89 acres, which realized ^h-^;;/ .^^^^^nf o'the state to build a military An act of congress was approved June 25, '^^Vr ^"^^^^^^^^ ^, .Uernate section of road from Wausau, Wisconsin, to Ontonagon, on Lake bupenor, o' every land dXated as 'odd sections, for three sections in width on each side of the road. The grant was accepted by the state by law, approved April 10, 1865. tup: public DOMAIX. 229 canal at the head of Sturgeon bay, Wis., to connect the waters of Green bay with Lake Michigan. The grant was for 200,000 acres of land. The grant was accepted by the legislature of 1868. In 1 874, the same body by resolution transferred to the Sturgeon bay and Lake Michigan ship canal and harbor company 32,342 acres, and the remaining portion was authorized to be sold for agri- cultural purposes by said company. The first railroad grant in Wisconsin was by act of congress, approved June 3, 1856, by the first section of which there was granted to the state, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of a railroad from Madison or Columbus, by the way of Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one, and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior and to Bayfield ; and from Fond du Lac, on Lake Winnebago, northerly to the state line, every alternate section of land designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads, respectively; the land to be applied exclusively in the construction of said roads, and to no other purpose whatever, and subject to the disposal of the legislature, and the same shall remain public highways for the use of the government, free from toll and other charges upon the transportation of property or troops of the United States, with other conditions as to the disposal of said lands. The grant was accepted by the legislature by an act approved October 8, 1856, and on the nth of the same month an act was approved granting a portion of the lands to the La Crosse & Mississippi railroad company, who were to carry out all the requirements of the original grant. A supplementary act was approved the same session, October 13, incorporating the Wisconsin & Superior railroad, which company was required to commence the construction of their road on or before January i, 1857, and to complete the same to Oshkosh before August i, 1858. Of this land grant John W. Cary says : " That portion of the grant given to aid in the construction of a railroad northerly to the state line was conferred on the Wisconsin & Superior railroad company. This company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad company, and that part of the grant was transferred to it. The road was, in 1859, extended to Oshkosh, and thence to Menasha, and finally to Green Bay. In the panic of 1857, the company failed to meet its obligations, but was afterward enabled to go on, and continued in possession until June 2, 1859, when its road was sold on the foreclosures of the mortgages given thereon ; and on the sixth of the same month the present Chicago & Northwestern railroad company was organized under the statute, by purchasers at said sale, and took possession." A large portion of the original grant was given for the construction of a road from Madison or Columbus to the St. Croix river, as before stated. The La Crosse company, during the years 1857 and 1858, completed its main line to La Crosse; the Watertown line, from Watertown to Columbus, and partially graded the line from Madison to Portage City. Neither it nor its suc- cessors ever received any part of the lands of the land grant. In 1856 and 1857, the La Crosse & Milwaukee railroad graded most of the line from Madi- son to Portage. After the failure of the company, this line was abandoned, and so remained until 1870, when a new company was organized, under the name of the Madison & Portage City railroad company. In 1873, an act was passed chartering the Tomah & Lake St. Croix railroad company, and repealing and annulling that portion of the land grant which bestowed the lands from Tomah to Lake St. Croix upon the La Crosse company, and bestowing the same upon the company chartered by this act. This road is known as the West Wisconsin railroad. An act of congress was approved May 5, 1864, granting lands to aid in the construction of certain roads in the state. This was a re-enactment of the law of 1856, and divided the grant m three sections, one of which was for a road from a point on the St. Croix river or lake, between 230 HISTOKY OF WISCOKSIN. townships twenty-five and thirty-one, to the west end of Lake Superior, and from some point on the line of said road, to be selected by the state, to Bayfield — every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, with an indemnity extending twenty miles on each side, was granted, under certain regulations ; another, for aiding in building a road from Tomah to the St. Croix river, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one — every alternate section by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the road ; another for aiding and constructing a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac, as the legislature may determine, in a northwestern direction, to Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and a grant of every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, was donated. The legislature of 1865 failed to agree upon a disposition of the grant. The succeeding legislature conferred the grant partly upon the " Winnebago & Lake Superior Railroad Company," and partly upon the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company," the former April 6, 1866, and the latter April 9, 1866. The two companies were consolidated, under the name of the "Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad," by act of the legislature, March 6, 1869, and by act of legis- lature approved February 4, 187 1, the name was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad." HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. By JOSEPH HOBBINS, M.D. An article on state health, necessarily embracing the etiology, or causes of disease, involves the discussion of the geographical position of the state; its area, physical features; its elevations, depressions; water supply; drainage; its mean level above the sea; its geology; climatology; the nationality of its people; their occupations, habits, food, education; and, indeed, of all the physical, moral and mental influences which affect the public health. Geographical Position. The geographical position of Wisconsin, considered in relation to health, conveys an imme- diate and favorable impression, which is at once confirmed by a reference to the statistical atlas of the United States. On its north it is bounded by Lake Superior, Minnesota, and the northern peninsula of Michigan; on the south by Illinois; on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi. It lies between 42° 30' and 46" 55' N. latitude, and between 87° and 92° 50' W. long.; is 285 miles long from north to south, and 255 in breadth from east to west, giving it an area of some 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Its natural surface divisions, or proportions, are 16 per cent, of prairie, 50 of timber, 19 of openings, 15 of marsh, mineral undefined. North of 45° the surface is nearly covered with vast forests of pine. The proportion of the state cultivated is nearly one-sixth. Physical Features. Among these, its lacustrine character is most conspicuous, so much so that it may not inaptly be called the state of a thousand lakes, its smaller ones being almost universal and innumerable. HEALTH OF WIS('0:NSIN. 231 It has an almost artificially perfect arrangement of its larger rivers, both for supply and drainage, is rolling in its surface, having several dividing ridges or water sheds, and varies from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. Blue Mounds being 1,729 feet above sea level. Its pine and thickly wooded lands are being rapidly denuded, and to some extent converted to agricultural purposes; its marshes in the north are being reclaimed for cranberry cultivation, and in the more thickly settled parts of the state for hay purposes. The surface of the state is beautifully diver- sified w'th stream, waterfall and rapids ; richly wooded bluffs several hundred feet in height, assuming the most romantic and pleasing forms, and composed of sandstone, magnesian limestone, granite, trap, etc. The health and summer resorts of Wisconsin are illustrative of its beauty, and its numerous mineral springs have long since formed an important feature of its character for salubrity. Geology. The geology of Wisconsin does not require from us but a very general notice, as it is only from its relation to disease that we have to consider it. This relation is in a measure apparent in the fact that everywhere the topographical features are governed by the strata below them. The relationship will be seen still further in the chemical or sanitary influence of the geological structures. Through the greater part of the south half of the state limestone is found, the cliff prevailing in the mineral region, and the blue in the other parts ; while in the north part of the state the primitive rocks, granite, slate, and sandstone prevail. South of the Wisconsin river sandstone in layers of limestone, forming the most picturesque bluffs, abounds. While west of Lake Michigan extends up to these rocks the limestone formation, being rich in timber or prairie land. Sandstone is found underneath the blue limestone. The general dip of the stratified rocks of the state is toward the south, about 8 feet to the mile. Medical geology treats of geology so far only as it affects health. Thus, some diluvial soils and sands are known to be productive of malarial fevers ; others, of a clayey character, retaining water, are productive of cold damp, and give rise to pulmonary and inflammatory diseases ; while others still, being very porous, are promotive of a dry and equable atmosphere. In the Potsdam rocks arise our purest waters and best supply, while our magnesian limestone rocks (a good quality of this kind of rock being composed of nearly equal parts of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia) affect the water to the extent of producing simple diarrhoea in those unaccustomed to drinking it, as is observed in southern visitors, and was especially noticeable in the rebel prisoners at Camp Randall, though singularly enough do not seem to produce stone and gravel, as is alleged of the same kind of water in the north of England. Why this is so — if so — is a question of some interest. Goitre and cretinism are both attributed to the use of the same magnesian limestone water. Goitre is by no means an uncommon affection here, but not common enough, perhaps, to warrant us in thinking its special cause is in the water. Boiling the water is a preventive of all injurious effects. There is still another objection- — -partic- ularly applicable to cities — to this kind of water, the carbonates of lime and magnesia which it contains, not simply making it hard, but giving it the power to promote the decomposition of organic matters, and thus where the soil is sandy or porous, endangering the purity of our well- water. Geology in general affects all our soils and their products; all our drainage; even our architecture, the material with which we build. Our building stone for half of the state is a magnesian limestone, a rather soft or poor quality of which will absorb one-third of its bulk of water, or two and a half gallons to the cubic foot, while most kinds of sandstone are nearly as porous as loose sand, and in some of them the penetrability for air and water is the same. (A single brick of poor quality will absorb a pint of water). Such materials used in the construction 232 HISTOUY OF "WISCOXSIN. of our dwellings, without precautionary measures, give rise to rheumatism, other grave diseases, and loss of strength. Besides, this character of stone absorbs readily all kinds of liquid and gaseous impurities, and though hardening in dry air, decays soon when exposed to underground moisture. The material of which our roads are made, as well as the kind of fuel we use in our homes, have the s.ime unquestionable relationship to geology and disease. Drainage. The natural drainage of the state, bearing in mind that the mean elevation of its hydro- graphical axis is about i,ooo feet above the sea level, is as excellent as it is obvious. (A line running from Lake Michigan across the state to the Mississippi, shows an elevation of about 500 feet). North its drainage is by a few rapid but insignificant streams into Lake Superior, while east it increases greatly and enters Lake Michigan by way of Green bay. The principal part of the supply and drainage, however, is from the extreme north to the southwest through the center of the state, by five large rivers, which empty themselves into the Mississippi at almost equal distances from each other. Climatology. The climatology of Wisconsin will be exhibited in the observations taken at different times, for longer or shorter periods, and at different points of the state. But it must be borne in mind that climate depends quite as much and very frequently more upon the physical surroundings, upon the presence of large bodies of water, like our lakes, upon large forests, like our pineries, like our heavy hard-woods, and of land elevations and depressions, upon isothermal lines, etc., as it does upon latitude. Our historic period is of a character too brief for us to assume to speak of our climate, or of all the changing causes which influence it — in a positive manner, our horticultural writers, to make the difficulty still greater, affirming that it ha.% several climates within itself; still, sufficient data have been gathered from sufficiently reliable sources to enable us to form a tolerably accurate idea of the subject. The great modifiers of our climate are our lakes. These, bounding as they do, the one, Lake Superior (600 feet above the level of the sea. 420 miles long and 160 broad), on the north side of the state, and the other. Lake Michigan (578 feet above the sea level, 320 miles long and 84 broad), on the east side of the state, serve to govern the range of the thermometer and the mean temperature of the seasons, as much as they are governed in New England by the ocean. Our climate is consequently very much like that of the New England sea-board. They both exhibit the same extremes and great extremes, have the same broadly marked continental features at some seasons, and decided tropical features at others. It is of special interest in this con- nection to know that the climate between the eastern coast and the lakes increases in rigor as one advances west until the lakes are reached, and again becomes still more rigorous as one advances into the interior west of the lakes, thus affording proof, if proof were wanting, of the modifying and agreeable influences of large bodies of water During the winter the mean temperature of the east on the New England coast is 8.38 higher than the west (beyond the lakes) ; during the spring 3.53 lower ; during the summer 6.99 lower; and during the autumn 1.54 higher. In the mean temperature for the year there is but a fractional difference. That the winters are less rigorous and the summers more temperate on the Great Lakes is demonstrated to be owing not to elevation, but, as on the ocean, to the equal- izing agency of an expanse of water. On the lakes the annual ratio of fair days is 117, and on the New England coast 215 ; the HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 233 cloudy days are as 127 to 73; the rainy as 63 to 46 . and the snowy as 45 to 29 In the former the prevailing weather is cloudy, and in the latter it is fair. The immense forests on the upper lake shores of course exercise a considerable influence in the modification of our temperature, as well as in the adding to our rain-fall and cloudy days. A climate of this character, with its attendant rains, gives us that with which we are so abundantly supplied, great variety of food, both for man and beast, the choicest kinds of fruits and vegetables in the greatest profusion, and of the best quality, streams alive with fish, woods and prairies with game, the noblest trees, the most exquisite flowers, and the best breeds of domestic animals the world can boast of. The semi-tropical character of our summer, and its resemblance to that of New England, is shown by the mean temperature — 70*^ — for three months at Salem, Massachusetts, at Albany, New York, at southern Wisconsin, Fort Snelling and Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, being the same ; while at Baltimore, Cincinnati and St. Louis, it is 75", and around the gulf of Mexico it is 80°. Another feature of our climate is worthy the notice of invalids and of those who make the thermometer their guide for comfort. It is a well-ascertained fact that during the colder seasons the lake country is not only relatively, but positively, warmer than places far south of it. The thermometer, during the severe cold of January, 1856, did not fall so low at the coldest, by 10° to 15" at Lake Superior as at Chicago at the same time. This remark holds true of the changes of all periods of duration, even if continued over a month. The mean temperature at Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 600 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 44° 40', longitude 87°, observations for nine years, is 44.93; and at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 580 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 43° 3', longitude 90" 53', observa- tions for four years, is 45.65, giving a just idea of our mean temperature for the state. Under the head of distribution of heat in winter, it is found that the maximum winter range at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, for sixteen years, is 9.4. Hyetal or Rain Character. Wisconsin is situated within what is termed the area of constant precipitation, neither affected by a rainy season, nor by a partial dry season. The annual quantity of rain on an average for three years at Fort Crawford, was 29.54 inches, and at Fort Howard the mean annual on an average of four years, was 38.83 inches. The annual quantity of rain, on an average of three years was 31. 88 inches at Fort Winnebago, situate (opposite the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers) 80 miles west of Lake Michigan and 112 miles southwest of Green Bay. The rain-fall is less in the lake district than in the valley of the Mississippi in the same latitudes. One of the peculiarities of our winters is the almost periodical rain-fall of a few days in the middle of the winter (usually in the middle of January), which extends to the Atlantic coast, while north and northwest of us the dry cold continues without a break, winter being uniform and severe, characterized by aridity arid steady low temperature. Another peculiarity of our climate is, the number of snowy and rainy days is increased disproportionately to the actual quantity — the large bodies of water on the boundaries of the state, contrary to the popular opinion, reduc- ing the annual quantity of rain in their immediate vicinity instead of adding to it, the heavier precipitation being carried further away. One of the most pleasing features of our climate is its frequent succession of showers in summer, tempering as it does our semi-tropical heat, increasing the fertility of the soil, and carpeting our prairies with a green as grateful to the eye as that of England. The hygrometric condition of Wisconsin may be judged of with proximate accuracy by that given of Poultney, Iowa : 234 HISTORY OF "WISCONSIN Dav Temperature '' of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. loth II 12 13--- 14 92° 87 92 96 93 78° 75 77 Si 78 51 55 48 50 44 I9lh 20 ... .. 21 29 30 94° 97 96 81 34 Si- Si 80 72 71 55 48 47 63 50 The average depth of snow for three years, at Beloit, Wiscoiisin, was twenty-five inches, while at Oxford county, Maine, the average for twelve years was ninety inches. The isohyetal lines of the mean precipitation of rain and melted snow, for the year 1872, show that of Wiscon- sin to be thirty-two. Isotherms. The mean tempi-iature of spring is represented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters Wis- consin from the west about forty miles south of Hudson, passing in a nearly southeast direction, and crosses the south line of the state near the west line of Walworth county. It then passes nearly around the head of Lake Michigan, then northeast until it reaches the latitude of Milwaukee, whence it passes in a somewhat irregular course east through Ontario, New York, and Massa- chusetts, entering the ocean in the vicinity of Boston. The summer mean isotherm of 70° F. enters Wisconsin from the west bvit little farther north than the spring isotherm, and passes through the state nearly parallel with the course of that line, crossing the southern boundary near the east line of Walworth county ; passing through Chicago it goes in a direction a little south of east, and enters the Atlantic at New Haven. The mean isotherm of 47° F. for autumn, enters the state about twenty miles north of Prairie du Chien, passing in a direction a little north of east through Portage, and enters Lake Michigan near Manitowoc. The isotherm of 20" F. representing the mean temperature of winter, enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes east and north and enters Lake Michigan at Sturgeon bay. The annual mean temperature is repre- sented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes across the State in a direction a little south of east, and enters Lake Michigan a little south of Milwaukee. What influence these isotherms have upon our belts of disease there are no data to show. But from their influence upon vegetable life, one can not but infer a similar good influence on the animal economy. This is a question for the future. Barometrical. Yearly mean of barometer at 32" F. as observed 1,088 feet above the sea : l86g 28.932 inches. 1870 28.867 " 1871 28.986 ■' 1872 28.898 at the University iif Wisconsin, altitude 1873 28.892 inches. 1874.-- 28.867 •' 1875 .28.750 " 1876 28.920 Atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer, is an important element in the causation of disease, far more so than is generally thought. The barometer indicates not only the coming of the storm, but that state of the atmosphere which gives rise to health at one time, and to disease at another. When the barometer is high, both the body and mind have a feeling of elasticity, of vigor and activity, and when the barometer ranges low, the feelings of both are just the reverse ; and both of these states, commonly attributed to temperature, are mostly the result of change in the barometric pressure. Many inflammations, as of the lungs, etc., commonly \ HEALTH OF AVISCONSIN. 235 attributed to change in the temperature, have their origin in barometrical vicissitudes. Winds. Generally speaking, the atmospheric movement is from the west. It is of little purpose what the surface wind may be, as this does not affect the fact of the constancy of the westerly ivinds in the middle latitudes. The showers and cumulus clouds of the summer always have this movement. The belt of westerly winds is the belt of constant and equally distributed rains, the feature of our winds upon which so much of our health and comfort depends. t'LIMATOLOdlCAL ChANCKS I- KOM SeTTLINU THK StATE. There are many theories afloat concerning the effects of reclaiming the soil and the destruc- tion of its forests. To us, a new people and a new state, the question is one of great moment, the more so that it is still in our power not only to watch the effects of such changes, but still more so to control them in a measure for our good. As to the effects upon animal and vegetable life, it would appear that so far as relates to the clearing away of forests, the whole change of conditions is limited to the surface, and dependent for the most part on the retention and slow evaporation in the forest, in contrast with the rapid drainage and evaporation in the open space. The springs, diminishing in number and volume in our more settled parts of the state, do not indicate a lessening rain-fall. It is a well ascertained fact that in other places so denuded, which have been allowed to cover themselves again with forests, the springs reappear, and the streams are as full as before such denudation. With us, happily, while the destruction of forests is going on in various parts of the state, their second growth is also going on, both in the pineries, where new varieties of hard-wood take the place of the pine, and in the more cultivated parts of the state, cultivation forbidding, as it does, the practice so much in vogue some years ago, of running fires through the undergrowth. Thus, though the renewal of forests may not be keeping pace with their destruction, it would seem clear that as time advances, the springs and streams in the more cultivated sections of the state will fill and flow again, increasing in proportion as the second growth increases and expands. The change, however, from denudation, though strictly limited to the surface, affects the surface in other ways than simply in the retention and evaporation of rain. When the winter winds are blowing, the want of the sheltering protection of belts of trees is bitterly felt, both by man and beast. And so, too, in the almost tropical heats of the summer ; both languish and suffer from the want of shade. Nor is the effect of denudation less sensibly felt by vegetable life. The growing of our more delicate fruits, like the peach, the plum, the pear, the better varieties of the cherry and gooseberry, with the beautiful half-hardy flowering shrubs, all of which flourished so well in a number of our older counties some twenty years ago, are as a rule no longer to be found in those localities, having died out, as is believed, from exposure to the cold winds, to the south west winds in particular, and for want of the protecting influence of the woods. In fruits, how ever, we have this compensation, that, while the more tender varieties have been disappearing, the hardier and equally good varieties, especially of apples, have been increasing, while the grape (than which nothing speaks better for climatology), of which we grow some 150 varieties, the strawberry, the raspberry, blackberry and currant, etc., hold their ground. Nor are the cattle suffering as much as forrherly, or as much as is perhaps popularly believed, from this want of forests or tree shelter. With the better breeds which our farmers have been able of late years to purchase, with better blood and better food, and better care, our stock instead of dwindling in condition, or in number, from the effect of cold, has progressed in quality and quantity, and competes with the best in the Chicago and the New York markets. 236 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. There can, however, be no doubt that the planting of groves and belts of trees in exposed localities, would be serviceable in many ways; in tempering the air and impartmg to it an agreeable moisture in the summer; in modifying the severity of the cold in winter ; m moderating the extreme changes to which our climate is subject; and thus in a measure preventing those discomforts and diseases which occur from sudden changes of temperature. Besides, these plantings, when made between our homes or villages and malarial marshes southwest of us, serve (by the aid of our prevailing southwest winds) to break up, to send over and above and beyond us the malarial substratum of air to which we are otherwise injuriously exposed. The effects of reclaiming the soil, or "breaking " as it is called in the west, have, years ago when the state first began to be settled, been disastrous to health and to life. The moist sod being turnedover in hot weather, and left to undergo through the summer a putnfymgfomen- tative process, gave rise to the worst kind of malarial, typhoid (bilious) and dysenteric disease. Not however, that the virulence or mortality altogether depended upon the soil emanations. These were undoubtedly aggravated by the absolute poverty of the early settlers, who were wanting in everything, in proper homes, proper food and proper medical attendance, medicines •ind nursing These fevers have =:wept the state years ago, particularly in the autumns of 1844 and 184s, but are now only observed from time to time in limited localities, followmg in the autumn the summer's " breaking." But it is pleasing to be able to add that through the advancing prosperity of the state, the greater abundance of the necessaries and comforts of life, and the facilities for obtaining medical care, the diseases incident to "settling" are much less common and much less fatal than formerly. Relations of Climatology to Saniiary Status. One of the principal reasons for gathering climalological observations, is to obtain sanitary information, which serves to show us where man may live with the greatest safety to his health. Every country, we might perhaps correctly say every state, has, if not its peculiar diseases, at least its peculiar type of diseases. And by nothing is either this type or variety of disease so much influenced as by climate. Hence the great importance of the study of climatology to health and disease, nay, even to the kind of medicine and to the regulating of the dose to be uiven It is. however, best to caution the reader that these meteorological observations are no always made at points where they would most accurately show the salubrity of a geographical district by reason of the fact that the positions were chosen not for this special purpose, but for purely military purposes. We allude to the forts of Wisconsin, from which our statistics for the most part come, .\nother caution it is also well to bear in mind in looking over the class of diseases reported at these stations in connection with their observations. The diseases are those of the military of the period, a class from which no very favorable health reports could be expected, considering their habits, exposure, and the influences incidental to frontier life. The geography of disease and climate is of special interest to the public, and a knowledge especially necessary to the state authorities, as it is only by such a knowledge that state legis- lation can possibly restrain or root out the endemic diseases of the state. In connection with the gathering of vital statistics must go the collection of meteorological and topographical statistics, as without these two latter the former is comparatively useless for sanitary purposes. More particularly does this apply to the malarial diseases of the state. Acclimation is very rarely discussed or even alluded to by our people in relation to Wisconsin, for the reason that, come from whatever part of Europe men may, or from the eastern states, acclimation is acquired for the most part unconsciously, rarely attended by any malarial aff-ection unless by exposure in such low, moist localities, where even the natives of the state could not HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 237 live with impunity. It seems to be well enough established that where malaria exists, whether in London, New York, or Wisconsin ; where the causes of malarial disease are permanent, the effects are permanent, and that there is no positive acclimation to malaria. Hence it should follow that since life and malaria are irreconcilable, we should root out the enemy, as we readily can by drainage and cultivation, or, where drainage is impossible, by the planting of those shrubs or trees which are found to thrive best, and thereby prove the best evaporators in such localities. Our climate, approximating as it does the 45th degree (being equi-distant from the equator and pole), would a piiori be a common ground of compromise and safety, and from this geographical position is not liable to objections existing either north or south of us. Influence of Nationalities. Our population is of such a confessedly heterogeneous character that naturally enough it suggests the question : Has this intermingling of different nationalities sensibly affected our health conditions ? Certainly not, so far as intermarriages between the nations of the Caucasian race are concerned. This opinion is given first upon the fact that our classes of diseases have neither changed nor increased in their intensity by reason of such admixture, so far as can be learned by the statistics or the history of disease in the northwest. Imported cases of disease are of course excepted. Second, because all that we can gather from statistics and history concern- ing such intermingling of blood goes to prove that it is beneficial in every respect, physically, mentally and morally. England, of all nations, is said to be the best illustration of the good attending an intermingling of the blood of different nations, for the reason that the English character is supposed to be, comparatively speaking, good, and that of all countries she has been perhaps more frequently invaded, and to a greater or less part settled by foreign peoples than any other. From a residence of nearly a quarter of a century in the center of Wisconsin, and from an adequate knowledge of its people, whose, nationalities are so various and whose intermarriages are so common, it is at least presumable that we should have heard of or noted any peculiar or injurious results, had any such occurred. None such, however, have been observed. Some fears have been expressed concerning the influence of Celtic blood upon the American temperament, already too nervous, as is alleged. It is scarcely necessary to say that these fears are unsupported by figures or facts. Reasoning from analogy, it would seem safe to affirm that the general inter- mingling by intermarriage now going on in our population, confined to the Caucasian nationali- ties, will tend to preserve the good old Anglo-Saxon character, rather than to create any new char- deter for our people. If this view needed support or confirmation, it is to be found in some very interesting truths in relation to it. Mr. Edwin Seguin, in his work on Idiocy, lays special stress on the influences of races in regard to idiocy and other infirmities, like deafness. He says that the crossing of races, which contributed to the elimination of some vices of the blood (as may be the case in the United States, where there are proportionally less deaf and dumb than in Europe), produces a favorable effect on the health of the population, and cites as an example, Belgium, which has fewer deaf and dumb than any country in Europe, owing to the influence of the crossing of races in past ages from the crowds of northern tribes passing, mingling and partly settling there on the way to England. We are aware that it has been predicted that our future will give us a new type, distinct from all other peoples, and that with this type must come not only new diseases but modifications or aggravations of the present diseases, in particular, consumption and insanity. But so long as we are in a formative state as a nation, and that this state seems likely to continue so long as the country has lands to be occupied and there are people in Europe to occupy them, such spec- ulations can be but of little value. 238 HISTOKY OF AVISCOXSIN Occupations, P'ood, Education, etc., as affecting Public Health. The two chief factors of the social and sanitary well-being of a people are a proper educa- tion of the man and a proper cultivation of the soil. Our two principal occupations in Wisconsin are education and agriculture, the learners in the schools being in excess of the laborers on the soil. A happier combination could scarcely be desired, to form an intelligent and a healthy people. How this will affect our habits in the future it is easy to conceive, but for the present it may be said (of so many different nationalities are we composed), that we have no habits which serve to distinguish us from the people of other northwestern states. A well-fed and a well-taught people, no matter how mixed its origin, must sooner or later become homogeneous and a maker of customs. In the mean time we can only speak of our habits as those of a people in general having an abundance of food, though it is to be wished the workers ate more beef and mutton, and less salt-pork, and that whisky was less plentiful in the land. The clothing is sufficient, fuel is cheap, and the dwellings comfortable. Upon the whole, the habits of the people are conducive to health. It is thought unnecessary to refer to the influence upon health in general of other occupations, for the reason that manufacturers, traders and transporters are for the most part localized, and perhaps not sufficiently numerous to exercise any marked influence on the State health. History of Disease. In searching for historical data of disease in Wisconsin, we are able to go back to tne year 1766, commencing with the aborigines. The Indians, says Carver, in his chapter on their diseases, in general are healthy and subject to few diseases. Consumption from fatigue and exposure he notices, but adds that the disorder to which they are most subject is pleurisy. They are like- wise afflicted with dropsy and paralytic complaints. It is to be presumed that while Carver is speaking generally, he means his remarks to apply, perhaps, more particularly to those Indians with whom he lived so long, the Sioux of this state. That they were subject to fevers is gathered from the use of their remedies for fever, the " fever bush " being an ancient Indian remedy, and equally valued by the inhabitants of the interior parts of the colonies. Besides this, they had their remedies for complaints of the bowels, and for all inflammatory complaints. These notices sufficiently indicate the class of diseases which have certainly followed in the wake of the Indi- ans, and are still occurring to his white brother, making it plain enough that lung diseases, bowel complaints, and fevers are in fact native to the state. The fact must not be ignored that the Indian is subject to the same diseases as the human race in general. After Carver, we may quote Major Long's expedition in 1S24. The principal disease of the Sacs appears to be a mortification of the intestinal canal, more common amongmen than women, the disease proving fatal in four days if not relieved. It is unaccompanied with pain, and is neither hernia, dysentery, nor hemorrhoids. Intermittents were prevalent, and the small-pox visited them at different periods. As the Chippewas have a common Algonquin origin with the Sacs, and as their home and customs were the same, it may be expected that their diseases were simi- lar. The principal disease to which the Chippewas are liable is consumption of the lungs, generally affecting them between the ages of 30 and 40 ; they linger along for a year or two, but always fall victims to it. Many of them die of a bowel complaint which prevails every year. This disease does not partake, however, of the nature of dysentery. They are frequently affected with sore eyes. Blindness is not common. Many of them become deaf at an early age. Referring to the report of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1854, we find that the decrease in the number of the Menomonees is accounted for by the ravages of small-pox, in 1838,. HEALTH OF WISCOKSIN. 239 of the cholera, in 1847 (which latter was superinduced by misery and starvation), and by the fever, which from time to time, commonly in the winter, has been raging among them, being clearly the consequence of want of provisions and other necessaries. The report for 1850 says, there has been considerable sickness among the Winnebagoes for several months past ; dysentery has been the prevalent disease, confined mostly to children. For 1857 : the Winnebagoes have suffered considerably from chronic diseases, scrofula and consumption. For 1859: the chief malady among the Winnebagoes is phthisis pulmonalis and its analogous diseases, having its source in hereditary origin. Some of the malignant diseases are occasionally met with among them, and intermittent and remittent fevers. In 1863: of the Menomonees, there is a large mortality list of the tribes under my charge. Measles and some of the more common eruptive diseases are the causes. But the most common and most fatal disease which affects the Indians at this agency is pneumonia, generally of an acute character. There is but little tubercular disease to be found in any of these tribes, Menomonees, Stockbridges, Oneidas, etc. In the report for 1865, one can not but notice with some regret the absence of all allusion, except to small-pox, to the diseases of the Indians. Regret, because reliable information of such diseases serves a variety of valuable purposes, for comparison, confirmation, etc., of those of the, white population. For these reasons, if for none other, it is to be hoped that the attention of the proper authorities will be called to this feature of such reports. The first reliable reporfon the diseases of the people (as distinguished from the Indians) of Wisconsin to which we have had access, is Lawson's Army Report of Registered Diseases, for 10 years, commencing 1829, and ending 1838 (ten years before the admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a state). FORT HOWARD, CREEN BAY. This abstract exhibits the second quar- ters only, the mean strength being 1,702. All other diseases 114, excepting vene- real diseases, abcesses, wounds, ul- cers, injuries, and ebriety cases. Intermittent fever 30 Remittent do n Synochal do 4 Typhus do • Diseases of respiratory organs loi Diseases of digestive organs 184 Diseases of brain and nervous system 9 Dropsies - - -- I Rheumatic affections - 61 Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs, are comprised 384 catarrh, 6 pneu- monia, 60 pleuritis, and 28 phthisis pulmonalis; under the class of digestive organs, 376 diar- rhoea and dysentery, 184 colic and cholera, and 10 hepatitis; under the class of diseases of the brain and nervous system, 15 epilepsy, etc. The deaths from all causes, according to the post returns, are 25, being 1% per cent, per annum. The annual rate of intermittent cases is 6, and that of remittent is 3, per 100 of mean strength. Table of Ratio of Sickness at Fort Howard. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. RATE I'ER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 10 first quarters 1.764 1,702 1,526 1.594 715 726 1.073 636 405 425 703 10 fourth " 399 Annual rate 1.647 3.150 1. 91 3 240 HISTORY (»F ^VISCONSIN Every man has consequently, on an average, been reported sick about once in every six months, showing this region to be extraordinarily salubrious. The annual ratio of mortality^ according to the medical reports, is ^ per cent.; and of the adjutant-generals returns, i^ per cent. FORT WINNEBAGO. This abstract exhibits the fourth quarters only, the mean strength being l,57i- All other diseases, 80, with the exceptions as above. Intermittent fever - 21 Remittent fever '° Synochal fever ' Typhus fever - Diseases of the respiratory organs 141 Diseases of digestive organs- 9° Diseases of brain and nervous system.. 2 Rheumatic affections 26 Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are comprised 448 catarrh, 11 pneu- monia, 39 pleuritis and 10 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, '93 elton Dollona Excelsior .. Fairfield... Franklin... Freedom. . 2,026 1,931 11 R 406 402 416 413 311 281 567 485 1 382 842 483 449 560 497 .... 2.827 2,847 993 2,341 963 13.274 ill 1,614 1,665 28,702 361 685 560 573 598 490 463 622 4B3 353 902 749 588 627 527 435 381 614 526 525 587 422 448 697 440 334 965 690 644 483 Vol ■5 1 'io "2' ■3' 742 1,299 Buena Vista 1 086 Dayton 1 098 1,185 912 911 1,219 903 Orion 1,874 1.440 1,132 1 010 Westford 1 004 Willow 851 Total 8,896 8,436 16 5 17,353 Baldwin. 160 355 184 236 636 173 277 648 346 979 604 277 372 ill 164 520 378 119 247 145 209 567 128 260 672 297 993 831 260 316 685 261 314 166 396 304 279 602 "4" T i" 331 447 '303 Eau Galle 629 1,220 643 1.977 725 Pleasant Valley Rush River 621 645 1,140 633 680 1 482 673 916 8.009 6,941 6 1 14,966 3.976 808 329 592 1,053 724 932 1,057 256 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. SAUK COUNTY.-Cont'd. POPULATION. Towns, Cities asd While. Colored ViLLAOKS. a 1 i £ Greenfield Honey Creek.. Ironton La Valle Merrimack Prairie du Sac Reedsbiirg.... Spring Creek. Sumpter Troy Washington... Westfleld Wlnfietd WooiUand Total 391 374 1 766 648 622 1.270 678 633 1,311 604 549 1.153 456 430 888 954 1.045 1,999 1,114 1.128 8 2,242 533 516 1,049 392 381 773 551 501 .... 1,058 567 526 1,093 683 632 H a 1.320 439 378 827 645 575 1,280 13,816 13,088 17 11 26,932 SHAWANO COUNTY. 53 206 363 278 150 477 147 243 80 238 164 90 72 131 405 239 218 30 130 345 198 124 441 135 'tl 828 136 89 60 3ii 816 197 •14 •18 .... .... .... •3 •lO 83 236 Belle^Plaine. 708 470 Green Valley 891 H^rtland 918 888 439 148 Palla 466 300 179 Seneca 132 284 Shawano city 789 455 415 Total 3,548 3,048 26 13 6,635 '■Stockbridge Indians. SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. 1,004 1,152 1,585 1,167 864 637 552 1,369 793 883 754 796 565 1,150 736 918 993 612 872 616 Total 17,368 Greenbush Herman HollanU Lima Lyndon Mitchell Mosel Plymouth Rhine Russell Scott SheboyRaiftown Shebqjgan city— FlrstwarU Second ward Third ward Fourth ward Sheboygan Falls Sheboygan Falls village .. Sherman Wilson 969 1.085 1.402 1,149 793 544 641 1.306 776 267 750 710 631 1,192 683 953 917 563 815 606 16.652 1,973 2,237 2,937 8,316 1.858 1.181 1,093 2.675 1.569 550 1,504 1,508 1.196 8.342 1,419 1,871 1,910 1.175 1,687 1,282 34,021 TREMPEALEAU COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored Villages, s at S 1 IS < 1,464 201 547 293 285 774 889 557 410 755 316 406 882 1368 169 493 212 291 741 856 463 335 706 303 412 795 2,832 Albion 370 1,040 r 510 576 1,515 Gale 1.745 Hale 1,080 745 1,464 619 878 1,678 7,844 7,144 4 14,998 TAYLOR COUNTY. . I 542 897 1 711 3 VERNON COUNTY. "845 476 734 483 506 361 703 358 451 650 519 584 642 554 254 484 659 355 1,046 528 448 403 640 456 451 343 638 359 434 569 487 524 552 561 223 435 621 866 970 473 441 344 1 1 936 1,374 939 957 812 1,341 717 Greenwood 885 1,819 1,006 1,108 1,194 1,115 Liberty 447 1,280 683 2,016 Webster 996 Wheatland 883 Wbitestown 747 Tot,al 11,166 10,846 58 55 21,584 WALWORTH COUNTY. Bloomfield Darien Delavan village 591 713 836 385 704 510^ 836 541 514 506 443 736 490 1,001 596 502 530 655 2,060 l3.149~ 516 729 933 379 685 589 844 •188 495 449 427 664 435 973 584 476 481 616 2,328 13,067 T "l" 7 "i' "9' "s "e 25 1,107 1,448 ill 1,389 1,099 1,88 1.01 1,00 9&S 870 926 1,989 1,180 978 1,011 1,270 4,895 Total 26,259 STATISTICS OF WISCOKSIN. 257 WASHINGTON COUNTY. » POPULATION. Towns, Cities amd Villages. White. Colored 6 3; 6 73 a < 951 660 612 878 1.030 1,403 1.038 731 936 921 330 1,005 855 451 601 857 689 571 839 955 1.331 1,014 703 830 819 160 907 855 444 624 "l" 1.808 1.350 1.183 1,717 1.985 3.737 2.043 1,434 1,756 1,740 380 1 91'* Erin Farniington Germaiuowu Hartford .Tackson Polk Rlchflekl Schieisi ngerville Trenton Wayne 1.710 1.325 Total 12,382 11.576 4 23,863 .... ^^TAUKESHA COUNTY. 1.138 792 617 746 761 1.205 778 568 766 887 464 759 996 1.054 619 657 1.031 1.318 1.095 716 605 639 658 1,143 736 573 684 820 419 710 1,115 1,016 540 588 700 1,449 Delafleld "4 4 ■4 21 1 "4 5 ie Genesee 1,376 1 431 2 348 1,135 893 1,474 2 121 2 080 1 159 2.807 Total 15.140 14,196 33 26 29 425 WAUPACA COUNTY. Bear Creek 393 478 426 131 411 456 111 478 388 408 534 588 192 510 875 511 566 448 205 938 413 261 427 384 451 390 119 363 402 112 439 376 363 208 532 183 426 801 495 512 397 184 1.036 369 237 388 1" "i' ■* 777 Caledonia 929 Helvetia lola 223 917 Lfiid Uctle Wolf .. . 1,120 372 966 Boyalton SPandlnftTla 1.006 1.078 "2" .... — 389 1 976 782 Weyauwega 498 Totai 10,146 9.451 5 4 19,646 WAUSHARA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and villaoes. White. Colored a IS < 537 693 137 356 122 223 443 309 300 331 459 473 193 180 , 384 245 322 347 473 666 147 244 114 256 399 279 369 277 397 437 185 186 319 226 325 361 4 6 1.020 1.358 284 500 236 479 S42 588 856 910 378 366 703 471 647 708 Bioomfield Coloma Deerfieid Hancock Leon Mount Morris Oasis Plainfield Rose Ricliford Saxviiie .Springwater Warren Wautoma 5,953 5.560 4 6 11.523 WINNEBAGO COUNTY. Algoma Black Wolf 393 459 691 1,579 276 697 573 2.062 610 1.622 8.672 4H3 1.055 588 596 1,342 460 396 438 609 331 1,961 252 578 550 1,961 510 1,690 8,263 405 1.018 499 553 535 1,230 417 ■3' ■3" 789 '720 3.170 Clayton Menasha... Nekimi 1.275 1,123 T .31 ■ "3' "4" '3 41' '3' "i' 4.023 3.31a 17.015 868 2.079 1.078 1.141 1.131 2.577 877 Rush ford Utica Wolf River Total 23,106 21.835 51 51 45.033 WOOD COUNTY. Aburndale Ceiitralia city Dexter Grand Rapids city Graiid Rapids Lincoln Port Edwards Rudoipli Remington Saratoga Sigel Seneca. Wood Total 103 74 176 429 371 1 — 800 191 118 — 304 737 680 1 1,418 376 297 1 1 677 425 231 194 193 117 810 255 217 472 79 73 153 159 144 303 331 201 1 433 183 165 849 125 104 229 3.291 2,750 6 1 6,048 258 HISTOKV OK WISCONSIX. POPULATION BY COUNTIES. SUMMARY FROM STATE AND FEDERAL CENSUS. COUNTIES. 1840. 1850. 1855. 1860. 1865. 1870, 1875. 187 6.868 B.492 515 13 353 11.795 3.864 12 7.895 1.895 789 24.441 8.068 43.922 42.818 2.948 813 2.704 3.162 34.154 31.189 19,808 12,663 18.967 4.170 30,438 8.770 13.900 5,530 13,186 18.134 5,698 256 "269 15.282 6,776 171 8,638 3,278 1,011 26,112 11,011 50,192 46,841 3.998 532 5,170 5,281 42.029 33,618 20,646 12,596 20,657 5,631 30,597 10,013 12,676 7,039 14,834 20,358 6,601 221 538 344 25,168 11,123 706 12,335 8,311 3,450 28,803 13,075 53,096 47,035 4,919 1,122 9,48S 10,769 46.273 37.979 33,611 13,195 24,544 7,687 34,0.50 12.396 13,177 10,381 20,295 22,667 6,502 750 3,737 1,032 2,107 6,215 6.699 832 35,373 14,219 1,456 275 1,743 615 ■■"9! 565 2,498 16,639 19,138 3.631 838 2.32 17,965 3,323 37.714 34,540 739 385 1,796 15,065 13,995 7.282 28.803 1,602 314 67 15,035 52,798 4a394 8,020 741 13.427 15.991 139 926 933 14.519 16,198 8,566 24,781 23.170 14,827 ■ i5:2d5 1,098 26,869 50.341 Giiint (iiceii 39.086 22.037 15,274 3,978 9.522 "i5!317 ""10,734 24.133 11,339 914 34.908 15..30O 12,397 1,109 3,904 16,064 13.907 14,405 33,945 ii,5'3'i 23,169 895 235 3,702 489 508 31,077 13,048 447 1,427 46,265 2,407 1,501 4,914 12,973 22,416 2,892 8,233 62,518 8,410 3.592 9.587 15.682 2.392 4.672 1,400 7,.507 21,360 9,732 36,690 5,392 18,963 829 26,875 26,762 3.678 7.327 72,320 11,652 4,858 11,852 14,882 3,002 6,324 1,677 ai45 23,884 12,186 26.033 7,255 20,154 1,369 27,671 33,369 5,885 8,057 89,936 16,562 8,323 18,440 15,579 4,659 10,003 3,422 10,640 26,742 15,736 39,030 11,039 23,868 3,165 31,773 38,456 10,111 18 5,605 8,597 122.927 21.03S 13.812 25.558 16.545 5.816 1,720 547 ,5,151 20,673 5,584 31,364 2,040 13,614 254 20,391 15.101 Polk 1,250 14,973 963 20,750 624 4,371 6,736 1,623 3,475 '"■i',7'o'i 809 102 14,856 28.702 17.3,53 39,039 14,956 26.932 6.635 133 8,370 34.021 849 493 4,823 22,663 18,897 24.012 4,437 5,541 17,439 2,560 11,007 26,496 23.622 26,831 8,851 a 770 23,770 2,425 ,5,199 13.644 25,773 24,019 27,029 11,208 9,002 29,767 2,965 10,728 18,673 25,992 23,905 28,258 15.533 11.379 37.325 3,911 14.992 21, .524 2,611 343 17,862 19,485 19,258 26.259 2,3,863 29,425 19.646 "io.idf 11, .523 13S 45,033 Wood 6,048 Total 30,945 305,391 552,109 775,881 868,325 1,054,670 1,236,729 In a note to the territorj' of Indiana returns appears the following: sippi, had 65, and Green Bay 50 tuUabitauts. •On the 1st of August, 1800, Prairie du Chlen. on the Missis- STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN". 250 NATIVITY BY COUNTIES. CENSUS OF 1870. Adams Ashland Barron BayaeUl Brown Butfalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire... Fond du Lac. (Jrant Green Green Lake. . Iowa Jackson .lefferson .Tuneau Kenosha Kewaunee... La Crosse La Fayette... Manitowoc. . Marathon Marquette . . . Milwaukee... Monroe Oconto Outagamie... Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine Richland Rock Sauk Shawano Sliebovgan... St. Croix Trempealeau Vernon Walworth Washington . Waukesha ... Waupaca Waushara Winnebago .. \Vood...T.... cq 5,351 174 346 288 14.728 6.854 144 7.661 4.725 2.751 19.6.52 9,612 33.4.56 28.708 2.806 712 6,268 7,394 31,477 28,565 18.532 9,098 1,5,366 5,764 31,747 9,361 9,066 4,642 11,695 1,5.935 16868 3.139 5,128 47,697 12,512 4,591 11.741 8,728 3.351 7,460 2,249 7,213 15,949 13.954 30,712 17,308 1,688 19,192 7.451 6,339 13.605 20.822 13,868 18,368 11.011 8.702 25,209 2,538 m 2,649 148 132 175 11,098 4,433 100 5,658 2.764 1.196 12.233 5,808 32,738 20,934 1,903 340 3.177 3,336 20.112 19,390 10,643 4.535 12,563 3,966 15,407 5,359 5,959 4,30J8 6,779 11,346 15,109 3.333 3,343 37.183 6,722 3,677 8,060 8,214 1.612 3,618 931 4,337 11,336 6,547 1,5,309 9,795 1,133 14,957 4,158 3,700 7,333 11,314 13,504 13,304 6.225 »:i 1.587 FoRKKJN Born. 1,250 47 292 56 10,440 4,269 663 4.674 3,586 699 9,150 3,463 19,640 18.337 2,113 410 3,230 3.375 14,796 9,414 ,5,079 4,097 9,178 1,933 12,293 3,011 4,081 5,486 8,602 6.724 16.496 2,746 3.928 43.333 4,038 3,7.30 6.689 6.836 1.308 2.498 1,173 3.431 10.791 1,777 8,318 6,553 1,478 13,557 3,584 4,393 5,040 5,150 10,051 9.906 4,528 2,577 12.070 1.374 « 127 12 127 23 1,687 173 4 165 1,437 236 51! 397 684 565 290 133 437 767 1,754 386 272 290 346 291 369 336 138 159 580 186 518 216 151 884 356 1,645 796 110 208 310 191 401 270 168 7.55 386 111 333 816 309 184 391 97 333 508 364 1,558 636 K) 142 4 2 2 273 56 4 167 120 81 2,046 186 1,631 1,236 89 41 147 ,740 1,291 3,531 598 597 3,897 151 934 395 650 47 570 2,281 223 49 252 1,973 510 111 171 48 91 102 46 217 1,878 222 1,382 765 27 303 150 185 189 931 110 3,065 360 508 1,531 43 225 18 7 4 1,442 242 1 500 417 45 1,333 906 2.955 2.301 228 66 227 487 2,572 1,381 942 413 1,339 137 1,067 1,104 813 313 488 2,345 1,133 103 537 4,604 641 422 792 475 118 422 102 369 1.039 431 2.870 946 24 943 1.202 286 306 1,729 882 1,593 517 307 1,399 171 CO 26 1 1 23 118 125 1 13 39 18 629 48 465 356 33 6 51 54 317 189 50 62 86 92 182 81 100 16 109 111 52 36 198 503 87 38 85 18 39 34 19 99 389 46 490 103 5 38 5B 141 87 148 35 397 60 43 146 34 133 8 41 3 2,733 1.971 1 3,367 958 335 2,774 640 6,276 13,656 426 60 843 835 7,372 3,585 892 2,634 1,447 350 8.445 518 3,083 1,611 2,831 739 9.335 3,239 1,661 39.019 1,601 797 3,362 4,422 300 449 172 1,323 3,859 481 1,142 3.433 1,096 8.497 294 776 661 1,173 8.313 4,335 1,243 816 5,261 299 68 39 "51 34 4 30 35 160 187 27 4 17 34 125 83 39 8 31 39 41 11 39 22 52 17 93 19 1 288 38 23 61 92 27 16 27 39 82 25 78 65 4 119 6 22 30 81 134 37 39 11 53 < 20 13,923 9,813X 216H 4,583 8,734 1,596 40,274 19,173 84,072 89,401'ii- 352 5 9,671 11,765 18,208>4 98,709 58,168 15,608 46,980 8,071H 28,379 11,84RH 15,815 1,056 10,581 61,549 5,-353 3,477X 5.7.38 12.573« 637 9.858 9,032 8,408 24,071 10,584 67,120 85,592K 3.391 50 13.833 7.183 20.763 62.054 34,191 8,013 34,433 18,189>4 16,845 14,272M 14,174 10,632 r.249 tJ,194 712 21,437« 5,020 4,873 10,213M 12,864 3,412 2,447M 9,473 4,475 8,338 1,842 9,086}i 15,84 IM 11,606K 60.103 17,541 24,469V 4,408!< 16,704 54« 15,034 23,055 28.225 14,104 18,980 7,448 8,847 13,813 1,029 83 8,488 282 V 660 5K 1« 759K 27 Bayfield Brown 16.384 48.507)^ 1,179 32,860K 10,442 2,457 64,472 19.054 89.253 128.708 4,771 5,012 2,751 58 4,048V 1,858 808 7.694 3.913 23,499 11,463 696 6,254 870 264 831K 185 95 7 648 1,588 7,410 3.134V 788 17K 9H Buffalo * 39 lOH 3 593V IS 317M 136 9 c\&T^....\J.\\'^'v^V-'.v^'.v^'.y.'.'.'.'. Columbia 4i* 15 2.459M 8 153;< Dodge 27,308 2'' .^85 b.,612 29,643 4,409 37,064 21,676 19,953 33.56!) 11,598)^ 4,782 17,703 38,S''il 4,4.)3 268 4.548 9,517 11,774 31,634 2,490 8 076 2- -isa lb..i90X 41.187 9.293 15.70m 7.884X 13.228X 12,384M 77,810 37,701 6,485 45,959 63,656 42,277 20,588 53,691 34,140 13.516 12.573 49.999 637 1,560 1,248 8 554 2.839 666H 1,170 2,609K 1,739 8.773 445 1,649 2,164 3,045 1,873 20 4,299 670 93 5,063 1,769 357 4.116X 613V 2.851 440 589V 19.484 2.022 2,197K 205 7,519 2 2,381X 5,542 8,934>i 6,614 8,587 1,060 63BV 1,427 29K 1,156 933 3,396 3,793K 3,455 1,898 618 7,611 3,137 611 3,520 3,177 1,735 68 11 44 113« 28 212 179M 71K 840 1,169 8 24iK 1« H 29 44 25,217 363 22 1 10 145 Jefferson 100 3,434 7 8^ La Fayette 16 670 mm 355 1.5.121 7.104K 12,608 734 4 761 2,b84K 6,924 8,984 4,104 11,076 1 904K ■ 460X 1 .,041M .5.390 33.816Ji 1.904 8.244 32 12,106 22,499 45,456 11.613 26.318 9,524 18,786M 15,404 958 5,233 116 10,503 3,074V 1,277 724 514 SAWH 563 258 326 7,665}^ 2,212 1,770V 15,038K 173 6,164X 1,160K 4,333 3 550 633 4,875>< 6.002 7.659 4.363 15.416 982 372K 3 1 1 3 Marquette 139 65 390 3 IIM 15 25« 3 7 22 H 11)4 Pepin Pierce 10 2 3 584 V 31M 499H X in 2X 8,105J< 4,285Si 282 St Croix 4 Sauk 3,118K i< 49 42^ 187 107V 29 239 895 340 110 14 13 Taylor 14 UK 9 1,169 113 5 3 3 9 • Q 2 Total 1,445.650)^ 1,025.801V 854,861>i 183,030V 175,314X 11,184M 4,842 63,008^ 262 HISTORY OF wisco:n^sin. ACREAGE OF PRI NCI PAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. K0MBEB OF ACRES. Cultivated Grasses. Potatoes. Roots. Apples. < ii'iivated Cr.HilHM-ries. Timber. Bushels, 3.161 841 1.843H 100 771 266 841K 30 150 909V 180« 1,017 6 75 55V 58 4)4 25,040 1,153,000 24,175 553 AsliLand B,%rroii. 88V 5 Bayfield Brown Buffalo : 5,769>!i 39 13.361 85K 37 819 4.000 .12,739 57. 463 Burnett 552y, i,7S3 Ohlnpewa Clark 9.348 32.326 4.925 53.219 29.552 257 100 10.032 ""41.609 37.792 28,833 13.920 15.566 5.316 17.407 8.705 29.856 5.665 11.390 22.719 316 32.256K 5.453 3.387 20,557 14,217 6,170 11,681 8,528 425 1,918V 2.493 3.585 3,780)!i 100 989 1.533)i! 2.460 4.830X 16i254 126.000 51,879 104 618 i2 36 1,689 50 Dane 30 111,463 49,369)!; 8,969H 2,489)!; Dodge ,. Door 10 219 8 6iy, 500.000 5.414 g Eau Claire Fond du Lac 2,701)!; 3.038 1,159 921 i.mw 510 2.209 1.738 1.060 1.487 781 1,633 106 2,251 667 926 3,030)!! 1,520 836 61 1.566V 61)« 2,935V 2,766 5,980X 1,467 1,987)4 100 2.233 339 2.170 44 239 994 44.986 126.116 80,313)!; 22,393 51.026 53,880 33.774 1,500 Green 16 5 46 41 94 52)« 18V 10 99 26 • ••> 1,037 45 Iowa 1 515 •Taokson 520 2,757)!; 107 J efferson 5 369 •luueau 781 19.896 37.573 29.763 24.037 1,384 1.174 Lacrosse 8 30 La Fayette 1.007 108 138 50 137X ?? 13 100 689 46 1.856 1.934V 406 257.341 774X 151 1 4,412 20 20.525 16.211 33.756 19,43.3 22,077 1,673 Milwaukee 113 Monroe 1.666 97 1.266V 77 11 60X 16.004 479 3.676 457 1.054V 73,'< 1.730 8 279X 749 4.056)!; .50.095 4.952 805 i.iif^ 1 1,349 Pepin Pierce 12,974 2,642 10,142K 21,515)!) 18,924)!; 57,132)!i 14,293 25,222V 4,111 40,123 173 18,738 20.197 45.093 6.513 38.629 13.540 9.770 23,433 235 724 591 8,016V 1,548V 1,153X 8.930 1.176 3,209X 548 2.723 99 878 X 1.241 8.183)< 46.821 3.982 1.695 1.342 1.630 169 41 3liv lOX 122)i 10 104W 133 34 41H 140 55y. 9,430 383 98 45 35 182,671 121 Polk 2 580 58,150 28,718H 65.394 57.687)!; 3.606 88.058)!i 80.533 68.057 343 840 Richland 2.160)i 5,416 St. Croix 80 1,248« 3,101 16 10,738 Taylor 8 IV 12.149 91.194 50.221 50 080 43.690 25.737 93.242 870 1,134 137^ 30 185 1,053 400 2.798 Washington 16.080 1.629 610 117 Wlnnebapro 780 Wood..... Total 889.018« 183.420M 13.624?i 139.891» 17,664« 4.090 226)i 76.945K ABSTRACT OF LAWS, WISCONSIN. ELECTORS AND GENERAL ELECTIONS. vu ^^p\uh u^^^'''^ T^^ person of the age of twenty-one years or upward, belonginff to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election : •'is 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens con- tormablv to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. 6. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of Congress to be citizens ot the United btates, any subsequent law of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding J f ^u ^"''^"f, ?^ ^"*^'''" ''^''"'''* "°* members of any tribe. Every person convicted ot bribery shall be excluded from the right of sufi-rage unless restored to civil rights • and no person who shall have made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election at which he shall offer to vote shall be permitted to vote at such election. Sec 13. No elector shall vote except in the town,, ward, village or election district in which he actually resides. Sec. 14. The general election prescribed in the Constitution shall be hehl in the several towns, wards, villages and election districts on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November in each year, at which time there shall be chosen such Representatives in Congress, Electors of President and Vice President, State officers, and county officers as are by law to be ciGctGci lo sucn yC3,F. Sec. 15. All elections shall be held in each town at the place where the last town-meetincr was held, or at such other place as shall have been ordered at such last meeting, or as shall have been ordered by the Supervisors when they establish more than one election poll, except that the first election after the organization of a new town shall be held at the place directed in the act or proceeding by which it was organized ; and all elections in villages constituting separate elec- tion districts and in the wards of cities, shall be held at the place to be ordered by the Trustee* ot such village, or the Common Council of such city, at least ten days before such election, un- less a ditterent provision is made in the act incorporating such village or city. Sec. 16 Whenever it shall be(;ome impossible or inconvenient to hold an election at the place designated therefor, the Board of Inspectors, after having assembled at or as near as prac- ticable to such place, and before receiving any votes may adjourn to the nearest convenient place tor holding the election, and at such adjourned place shall forthwith proceed with the election. Upon adjourning any election as hereinbefore provided, the Board of Inspectors shall cause proc- la.mation thereof to be made, and shall station a Constable or some other proper person at the place where the adjournment was made, to notify all electors arriving at such place of adjourn- ment, and the place to which it was made. or j 264 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN Sec. 20. A registry of electors shall annually be made : 1. In each ward or election district of every city which, at the last previous census, had a population of three thousand or more. 2. In each ward or election district of every incorporated village in which, by law, sep- arate elections are held : which village at the last preceding census, had a popula- tion of fifteen hundred or more. 8. In every town containing a village which, at said census, had a population of fifteen hundred or more, in whicli village .separate general elections are not by law required to be held. 4. In all towns any part of which shall have been embraced in any part of any city or village in which a registration by this chapter is required. Such registration shall be made in tiie manner provided by this chapter. The persons authorized by law to act as Inspectors of Election in each of such towns, wards or election dis- tricts shall constitute the Board of Registry therefor. Sec. 21. The said Inspectors shall have their first meeting on Tuesday, four weeks pre- ceding each general election, at the place where said election is to be held ; and in election districts at which there were polled at the previous general election three hundred votes or less, tliey shall sit for one day, and in districts at which there were more than three hundred votes polled, they shall have power to sit two days if necessary, for the purpose of making such list. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon and hold their meetings open until 8 o'clock in the evening of each day during which tliey shall so sit. The Clerks appointed by law to act as Clerks of Election shall act as Clerks of the Board of Registry on the day of election only. The proceedings shall be open, and all electors of the district shall be entitled to be heard in relation to corrections or additions to said registry. They shall have the same powers to preserve order which Inspectors of Election have on election days, and in towns vacancies in the Board shall be filled in the same manner that vacancies are filled at elections. Sec. 22. The said Inspectors at their first meeting, and before doing any business, shall severally take and subscribe the oath of Inspectors at a general election, and said Inspectors shall at their first meeting make a registry of all the electors of their respective districts, placing thereon the full names, alphabetically arranged according to surnames, in one column, and in another the residence by number and name of street or other location, if known. If any elector's residence is at any hotel or public boarding-house the name of the hotel or boarding-house shall be stated in the registry. They shall put thereon the names of all persons residing in their elec- tion district appearing on the poll-list kept at the last preceding general election, and are author- ized to take therefor such poll-list from the office where kept, omitting such as have died or removed from the district, and adding the names of all other persons known to them to be elect- ors in such district. In case of the formation of a new election district since the last preceding general election, the said Board therein may make such registry from the best means at their command, and may, if necessary, procure therefor certified copies of the last poll-list. They shall complete said registry as far as practicable at their first meeting, and shall make four copies thereof, and certify the original and each co]iy to be a true list of the electors in their district so far as the same are known to them. One of said copies shall be immediately posted in a conspicuous place in the room in which their meeting was held, and be accessible to any elector for examina- tion or making copies tliereof, and one copy shall be retained by each Inspector for revision and correction at the second meeting. They siiall within two days after said first meeting file the original registry made by them, and said poll-list in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and niay, in their discretion, cause ten printed copies of said registry to be made and posted in ten of the most public places of said election district, or may publish the same in a newspaper at an expense not exceeding one cent for each name. Sec. 23. The Inspectors shall hold their second meeting at the same place designated for holding elections on the Tuesday two weeks preceding the election. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon. In election districts having less than three hundred voters, as shown by the ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 265 preliminary registry, the Board siiall complete the registry on the same day ; but if there are more than that number of voters, they shall sit two days. They shall remain in session until 8 o'clock in the evening. They shall revise and correct the registry first by erasing the name of any person who shall be proved to their satisfaction by the oatlis of two electors of the district to be not entitled to vote therein at the next ensuing election, unless such person shall appear and if chal- lenged, shall answer the questions and take the oath hereinafter provided ; secondly, by entering thereon the names of every elector entitled to vote in the district at the next election who shall appear before the Board and require it, and state his place of residence, giving street and num- ber, if numbered, or location, as hereinbefore provided, if challenged answer the questions, and take the oaths provided in case of challenge at an election ; but if any person shall refuse to answer all such questions or to take such oath, his name shall not be registered. Any person who is not twenty-one years of age before the date when the registry is required to be corrected, but will be if he lives until the day of election, shall have his name put on the registry if he be other- wise qualified to be an elector. Any elector who did not vote at the previous general election shall be entitled to be registered either at the preliminary or tiie final registration of electors by appearing before the Board of Registration of his election district and establisliing his right to be registered, or, instead of a personal appearance, he may make his application to be registered to the Board in writing. Such application shall state the name and period of continuous resi- dence in the election district and place of residence therein, giving the number and street of the applicant, and, in case the person making the application is of foreign birth, he shall state when he came to the United States and to the State of Wisconsin, and the time and place of declaring his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, and that he is entitled to vote at the election. Upon receiving such application, the Board of Registration shall register the name of such applicant, if it appears to the Board that the applicant is, by his statement, entitled to •vote. Such statement shall be made under oath, and shall be preserved by the Board and be filed in the office of the village or city clerk, as the case may be. All city and village clerks shall keep blanks for making the application for registration, as provided by this section. The form siiall be prescribed by the Secretary of State. Every person named in this section shall be subject to the same punishment for any false statement or other offense in respect thereto aa is provided in case of such false statement or other offense by an elector offering to vote at an election. After such registry shall have been fully completed on the days above mentioned, no name shall be added thereto by any person or upon any pretext. Within three days after the second meeting the said Board shall cause four copies of the registry to be made, each of which shall be certified by them to be a correct registry of the electors of their district, one of which shall be kept by each Inspector for use on election day, and one shall forthwith be filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk. All registries shall at all times be open to pub- lic inspection at the office where deposited without charge. Sec. 24. On election day the Inspectors shall designate two of their number at the opening of the polls, who shall check the names of every elector voting in such district whose name is on the registry. No vote shall be received at any general election in any ward or election district defined in Section 20, if the name of the person offering to vote be not on said registry made at the second meeting as aforesaid, except as hereinafter provided ; but in case any one shall, after the last day for completing such registry, and before such election, become a qualified voter q£ the district, he shall have the same right to vote therein at such election as if his name had been duly registered, provided he shall, at the time he offers to vote, deliver to the Inspectors his affi- davit, in which he shall state the facts, showing that he has, since the completion of such regis- try, become a qualified elector of such district, and the facts showing that he was not such elector on the day such registry was completed, and shall also deliver to such Inspectors the affi- davits of two freeholders, electors in such election district, corroborating all the material state- ments in his affidavit. In case any person who was a voter at tlie last previous general election shall not be registered, such person shall be entitled to vote on making affidavit that he was enti- tled to vote at the previous election, and that he has not become disqualified by reason of removal 266 IIISTOKY OF WISCO^'SIN. from the election district or otherwise, since that election, which affidavit shall also be corrobo- rated by the affidavits of two freeholders, as is provided for other non -registered voters. No one freeholder shall be competent to make at any one election corroborating affidavits for more than three voters. All of said affidavits shall be sworn to before some officer authorized by the laws of this State to take depositions. The Inspectors shall keep a list of the names and residence of the electors voting whose names are not on said completed registry, and attach said list to the registry and return it, together with all such affidavits, to the proper town, city or village clerk. No compensation shall be paid or received for taking or certifying any such affidavits. On the day following the election, one of said poll-lists and one copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be attached together and filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and the other of said poll-lists and copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be returned to the County Clerk with the returns of the election. Such Inspectors shall give notice by advertisement in a newspaper printed in the city, village or town where such registration was made, of the registry, and shall include in such notice all additions to and omissions from the preliminary list, and shall also state where the election is to be held. In case there be no newspaper printed in such city, village or town, such notice shall be given by posting copies thereof in three or more public places in each ward or election district in such city, village or town. For publication of such notice in any such newspaper the publisher thereof shall be entitled to the .same compensation per folio as is prescribed for publishing other legal notices. COMMON SCHOOLS. Sec. 413. The formation of any school district shall be by written order of tlie Town Board, describing the territory embraced in the same, to be filed with the Town Clerk within twenty days after the making thereof. The Supervisors shall deliver to a taxable inhabitant of the district their notice thereof in writing, describing its boundaries, and appointing a time and place for the first district meeting, and shall therein direct such inhabitant to notify every quali- fied voter of the district, either personally or by leaving a written notice at his place of resi- dence, of the time and place of such meeting, at least five days before the time appointed therefor, and said inhabitant shall notify the voters of such district accordingly, and indorse thereon a return containing the names of all persons thus notified, and said notice and return shall be recorded as a part of the record of the first meeting in such district. Sec. 414. In case such notice shall not be given, or the inhabitants of a district shall neg- lect or refuse to assemble and form a district meeting when so notified, or in case any school dis- trict having been formed or organized shall afterward be disorganized, so that no competent authority shall exist therein to call a special district meeting, in the manner hereinafter pro- vided, notice shall be given by the Town Board, and served in the manner prescribed in the pre- ceding section. Whenever a district meeting shall be called as prescribed in this and the preceding section, it shall be the duty of the electors of the district to assemble at the time and place so directed. Sec. 415. Whenever it shall be necessary to form a district from two or more adjoining towns, the Town Boards of such towns shall meet together and form such districts by their writ- ten order, describing the territory embraced in such district, signed by at least two of the Super- visors of each town ; and shall file one such order with the Town Clerk of each town, and deliver the notice of formation to a taxable inhabitant of such district, and cause the same to be served and returned in the time and manner hereinbefore prescribed ; and any such district may be altered only by the joint action of tiie Town Boards of such towns in the same manner that Other districts are altered. Sec. 416. Every school district shall be deemed duly organized when any two of the offi- cers elected at the first legal meeting thereof shall have consented to serve in the offices to which they have been respectively elected, by a written acceptance thereof filed with the clerk of the first meeting, and recorded in the minutes thereof; and every school district shall be considered ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 267 as duly organized after it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for the term of two years. Sec. 425. The annual meeting of all school districts in which graded schools of two or more departments are taught, shall be held on the second Monday of July, and of all other school districts on the last Monday of September, in each year. The hour of such meeting shall be seven o'clock in the afternoon, unless otherwise provided by a vote of the district, duly recorded at the last previous annual meeting ; but at any annual meeting a majority of the electors present may determine that the annual meeting of such district shall be held on the last Monday of August instead of the last Monday of September. Said determination to take eftect when a copy of the proceedings of said annual meeting in reference to such change shall have been filed with the Town Clerk in which the schoolhouse of such district is situated, and to remain in force until rescinded by a like vote of the electors of such district. Sec. 426. The Clerk shall give at least six days' previous notice of every annual district meeting, by posting notices thereof in four or more public places in the district, one of which shall be affixed to the outer door of the schoolhouse, if there be one in the district, and he shall give like notices for every adjourned district meeting when such meeting shall have been adjourned for more than one month ; but no annual meeting shall be deemed illegal for want of due notice, unless it shall appear tliat the omission to give such notice was willful and fraudulent. Sec. 427. Special district meetings may be called by the Clerk, or, in his absence, by the Dii'ectors or Treasurer, on written request of five legal voters of the district, in the manner prescribed for calling an annual meeting ; and the electors, when lawfully assembled at a special nu eting, shall have power to transact the same business as at the first and each annual meeting, except the election of oificers. The business to be transacted at any special meeting shall be particularly specified in the notices calling the same, and said notices shall be posted six full days prior to the meeting. No tax or loan or debt shall be voted at a special meeting, unless three-fourths of the legal voters shall have been notified, either personally or by a written notice left at their places of residence, stating the time and place and objects of the meeting, and specifying the amount proposed to be voted, at least six days before the time appointed therefor. Sec. 428. Every person shall be entitled to vote in any school district meeting who is qualified to vote at a general election for State and county officers, and who is a resident of such school district. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DISTRICT TAXES. Sec. 469. All school district taxes, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall be assessed on the same kinds of property as taxes for town and county purposes; and all personal property which, on account of its location or the residence of its owner, is taxable in the town, shall, if such locality or residence be in the school district, be likewise taxable for school district purposes. BORROWING MONEY. Sec. 474. Whenever, upon any unusual exigency, any school district shall, before the annual meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with the next levy, the district may, by vote, author- ize the District Board to borrow for a period not exceeding one year a sum not exceeding the amount of such tax, and by such vote set apart such tax when collected to repay such loan, and thereupon the District Board may borrow such money of any person and on such terms and exe- cute and deliver to the lender such obligation therefor, and such security for the repayment, including a mortgage or pledge of any real or personal property of the disti'ict, subject to the directions contained in the vote of the district as may be agreed upon and not prohibited by law. Sec. 498. Every District Clerk who shall willfully negl°ct to make the annual report for his district as required by law shall be liable to pay the whole amount of money lost by such 268 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. district in consequence of his neglect, which shall be recovered in an action in the name of and for the use of the district. Sec. 499. Every Town Clerk who shall neglect or refuse to make and deliver to the County Superintendent his annual report, as required in this chapter within the time limited therefor, shall be liable on his official bond to pay tiie town the amount which such town or any school district therein, shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon ; and every Countv Superintendent who shall neglect or refuse to make the report required of him by this chapte'r to the State Superintendent shall be liable to pay to each town the amount which such town or any school district therein shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon, to be recovered in either case in an action prosecuted by the Town Treasurer in the name of the town. Sec. 503. Every member of a district board in any school district in this State in which a list of text-books has been adopted according to law, who shall, within three years from the date of such adoption, or thereafter, without the consent of the State Superintendent, order a change of te.xt-books in such district, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars. Sec. 513. Every woman of twenty-one years of age and upward may be elected or appointed as director, treasurer or clerk of a school district, director or secretary of a town board under the township system ; member of a board of education in cities, or county superintendent. Sec. 560. In reckoning school months, twenty days shall constitute a month and one hun- dred days five months. ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. Sec. 1035. The terms "real property," "real estate" and "land," when used in this title, shall include not only the land itself, but all buildings, fixtures, improvements, rights and privileges appertaining thereto. Sec. 1036. The term " personal property," as used in this title, shall be construed to mean and include toll-bridges, saw-logs, timber and lumber, either upon land or afloat, steamboats, ships and other vessels, whether at home or abroad ; buildings upon leased lands, if such build- ings have not been included in the assessment of the land on which they are erected ; ferry-boats, including the franchise for running the same ; all debts due from solvent debtors, whether on account, note, contract, bond, mortgage or other security, or whether .such debts are due or to become due ; and all goods, wares, merchandise, chattels, moneys and eff"ects of any nature or description having any real or marketable value and not included in the term " real property," as above defined. Sec. 1037. The improvements on all lands situated in this State, which shall have been entered under the provisions of the act of Congress entitled " An act to secure homesteads to act- ual settlers on the public domain," approved May twentieth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and which shall be actually occupied and improved by the person so entering the same, or his heirs, shall be subject to taxation, and such improvements shall be assessed as personal property. All taxes levied thereon shall be collected out of the personal property of the occu- pant of such lands, and in no other manner. Sec. 1038. The property in this section described is exempt from taxation, to wit: 1. That owned exclusively by the United States or by this State, but no lands contracted to be sold by the State shall be exempt. 2. That owned exclusively by any county, city, village, town or school district; but lands purchased by counties at tax sales shall be exempt only in the cases provided in Sec- tion Eleven Hundred and Ninety-one. 3. Personal property owned by any religious, scientific, literary or benevolent association, used exclusively for the purposes of such association, and the real property, if not leased, or not otherwise used for pecuniary profit, necessary for the location and con- venience of the buildings of such association, and embracing the same not exceeding ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 269 ten acres : and the lands reserved for grounds of a chartered college or university, not exceeding forty acres ; and parsonages, whether of local churches or districts, and ■whether occupied by the pastor permanently or rented for his benefit. The occasional leasing of such buildings for schools, public lectures or concerts, or the leasing of such parsonages, shall not render them liable to taxation. 4. Personal property owned and used exclusively by the Stale or any county agricultural society, and the lands owned and used by any such society exclusively for fair grounds. 6. Fire engines and other implements used for extinguishing fires, owned or used by any organized fire company, and the buildings and necessary grounds connected therewith, owned by such company, and used exclusively for its proper purposes. 6. The property of Indians who are not citizens, except lands held by them by purchase. 7. Lands used exclusively as public burial-grounds, and tombs and monuments to the dead therein. 8. Pensions I'eceivable from the United States. 9. Stock in any corporation in this State which is required to pay taxes upon its property in the same manner as individuals. 10. So much of the debts due or to become due to any person as shall equal the amount of bona-fide and unconditional debts by him owing. 11. Wearing apparel, family portraits and libraries, kitchen furniture and growing crops. 12. Provisions and fuel provided by the head of a family to sustain its members for six months ; but no person paying board shall be deemed a member of a family. 13. All the personal property of all insurance companies that now are or shall be organized or doing business in this State. 14. The track, right of way, depot grounds, buildings, machine-shops, rolling-stock and other property necessarily used in operating any railroad in this State belonging to any railroad company, including pontoon, pile and pontoon railroads, and shall henceforth remain exempt from taxation for any purpose, except that the same shall be subject to special assessments for local improvements in cities and villages and all lands owned or claimed by such railroad company not adjoining the track of such company, shall be subject to all taxes. The provision of this subdivision shall not apply to any railroad that now is or shall be operated by horse-power, whether now or hereafter constructed in any village or city. 15. The property, except real estate, of all companies which are or shall be engaged in the business of telegraphing in this State. 16. The real estate of the Home of the Friendless in the city of Milwaukee, not exceeding one lot in amount, is exempted, so long as the same shall continue to be used as such home. 17. All property of any corporation or association formed under the laws of this State for the encouragement of industry by agricultural and industrial fairs and exhibitions, which shall be necessary for fair grounds, while used exclusively for such fairs and exhibitions, provided the quantity of land so exempt shall not exceed forty acres. 18. Such tree-belts as are or may be planted and maintained in compliance with chapter sixty -six of one of these statutes. Sec. liyL Real property, upon which the county holds any certificates of tax sale, shall continue liable to taxation and to sale for unpaid taxes, and the county shall be the exclusive purchaser at the sale ; but when a tax deed shall be issued to the county, and it shall hold tax certificates of sale unredeemed on the same property for two successive years subsequent to the date of the sale on which such deed shall issue, including certificates of sale made prior to the passage of these statutes, such property shall thereafter be exempt from taxation until the same is sold by the county. The County Clerk shall annually, before the first day of June, furnish to the Assessors of each town a list of the lands in such town exempt under this section. Noth- ing in this section shall be so construed as to apply to lands owned by minors, married women, widowed women, idiots or insane persons. 270 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. COLLECTION OF TAXES. Sec. 1089. The Town Treasurer of each town, on the receipt of the tax-roll for the cur- rent year, shall forthwith post notices in three or four public places in such towns, that the tax- roll for such town is in his hands for collection, and that the taxes charged therein are subject to payment at his office at any time prior to the first day of January in such year; and after the said first day of January he shall proceed to collect the taxes charged in such roll and r'iinaining unpaid, and for that purpose shall call at least once on the person taxed, or at any place of his usual residence, if within the town, and demand payment of the taxes charged to him on such roll. Sec. 1090. On all taxes paid or tendered at the office of such Treasurer prior to said first day of January, he shall remit all of the 5-per-cent collection fees, except so much thereof as he is authorized by law to have for his fees upon taxes so paid. Sec. 1091. Town orders shall be receivable for taxes in the town where issued, and shall be allowed the Town Treasurer on settlement of town taxes; and county orders and jurors' cer- tificates shall be receivable for taxes in the county where issued, and shall be allowed such Treas- urer on settlement of county taxes with the County Treasurer, but no Town Treasurer shall receive town orders in payment for taxes to a larger amount than the town taxes included in his assessment-roll exclusive of all taxes for school purposes, nor county orders and jurors* certifi- cates to a greater amount than the county tax included therein. Sec. 1097. In case any person shall refuse or neglect to pay the tax imposed upon him, the Town Treasurer shall levy the same by distress and sale of any goods and chattels belong- ing to such person, wherever the same may be found within his town ; and if a sufficient amount of such property cannot be found in such town, the Town Treasurer may levy the same by dis- tress and sale of the goods and chattels belonging to such person, wherever the same may be found in the county or in any adjoining counties. Sec. 1098. The Town Treasurer shall give public notice of the time and place of such sale, at least six days previous thereto, by advertisement, containing a description of the prop- erty to be sold, to be posted up in three public places in the town where the sale is to be made. The sale shall be at public auction, in the daytime, and the property sold shall be present ; such property may be released by the payment of the taxes and charges for which the same is liable, to be sold ; if the purchase-money on such sale shall not be paid at such time as the Treasurer may require, he may again, in his discretion, expose such property for sale, or sue, in his name of office, the purchaser for the purchase-money, and recover the same with costs and lO-per-centum damages. Sec. 1099. If the property so levied upon shall be sold for more than the amount of tax and costs, the surplus shall be returned to the owner thereof; and if it cannot be sold for want of bidders, the Treasurer shall return a statement of the fact, and return the property to the person from whose possession he took the same ; and the tax, if unsatisfied, shall be collected in the same manner as if no levy had been made. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. Sec. 1223. The Supervisors of the several towns shall have the care and supervision of the highways and bridges therein, and it shall be their duty : 1. To give directions for repairing the highways and bridges within their respective towns, and cause to be removed all obstructions therefrom. 2. To cause such of the roads used as highways as have been laid out but not sufficiently described, and such as have been lawfully laid out and used as such up to the then present time, but not fully and sufficiently recorded, to be ascertained, described and entered of record in the Town Clerk's office. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 271 3. To cause bridges which are or may be erected over streams intersecting highways to be kept in repair. 4. To divide their respective towns into so many road districts as they shall judge conven- ient, and specify every such division in writing under their hands, to be recorded in the office of the Town Clerk ; but no such division shall be made within ten days next preceding the annual town meeting. 5. To assign to each of the said road districts such of the inhabitants liable to pay taxes on highways as they think proper, having regard to the nearness of residence as much as practicable. 6. To require the Overseers of Highways from time to time, and as often as they shall deem necessary, to perform any of the duties required of them by law. 7. To assess the highway taxes in their respective towns in each year, as provided by law. 8. To lay out and establish upon actual surveys, as hereinafter provided, such new roads in their respective towns as they may deem necessary and proper ; to discontinue such roads as shall appear to them to have become unnecessary, and to widen or alter such roads when they shall deem necessary for public convenience, and perform all other duties respecting highways and bridges directed by this chapter. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. Sec. 1548. The Town Boards, Village Boards and Common Councils of the respective towns, villages and cities may grant license to such persons as they may deem proper, to keep groceries, saloons or other places, within their respective towns, villages or cities, for the sale in quantities less than one gallon of strong, spirituous, malt, ardent or' intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises ; and in like manner may grant licenses for the sale in any quantity of such liquors not to be drank on the premises. The sum to be paid for such license for the sale of such liquor to be drank on the premises shall not be less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars ; and for the sale of such liquors not to be drank on the premises shall be not less than ten nor more than forty dollars. Sec. 1549. Every applicant for such license shall, before delivery thereof, file with such town, village or city clerk a bond to the State in the sum of five hundred dollars, with at least two sureties, to be appi-oved by the authorities granting the license, who shall each justify in double its amount over and above their debts and liabilities and exemptions, and be freehold- ers and residents of the county, conditioned that the applicant, during the continuance of his license will keep and maintain an orderly and well-regulated house ; that he will permit no gambling with cards, dice or any device or implement for that purpose, within his premises or any out-house, yard or shed appertaining thereto ; that he will not sell or give away any intoxi- cating liquor to any minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, unless upon the writ- ten order of the parents or guardian of such minor, or to persons intoxicated or bordering upon intoxication, or to habitual drunkards ; and that he will pay all damages that may be recovered by any person, and that he will observe and obey all orders of such Supervisors, Trustees or Aldermen, or any of them, made pursuant to law. In case of the breach of the condition of any such bond, an action may be brought thereon in the name of the State of Wisconsin, and judgment shall be entered against the principals and sureties therein named for the full penalty thereof; and execution may issue thereupon by order of the court therefor, to satisfy any judgment that may have been recovered against the principal named in said bond, by reason of any breach in the conditions thereof, or for any penalties of forfeitures incurred under this chap- ter. If more than one judgment shall have been recovered, the court, in its discretion, may apply the proceeds of said bond toward the satisfaction of said several judgments, in whole or in part, in such manner as it may see fit. Sec. 1550. If any person shall vend, sell, deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, malt, ardent or intoxicating liquors or drinks in any 272 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. quantity whatever without first having obtained license therefor, according to the provisions of this chapter, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof shall be punished by fine of not less than ten nor more than forty dollars, besides the costs of suit, or, in lieu of such fine, by imprisonment in the county jail of the proper county not to exceed sixty days nor less than twenty days ; and, in case of punishment by fine as above provided, such per- son shall, unless the fine and costs be paid forthwith, be committed to the county jail of the proper county until such fine and costs are paid, or until discharged by due course of law ; and, in case of a second or any subsequent conviction of the same person during any one year, the punish- ment may be by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 1551. Upon complaint made to any Justice of the Peace by any person that he knows or has good reason to believe that an offense against this chapter, or any violation thereof, has been committed, he shall examine the complainant on oath, and he shall reduce such com- plaint to writing and cause the same to be subscribed by the person complaining. And if it shall appear to such Justice that there is reasonable cause to believe that such offense has been committed, he shall immediately issue his warrant, reciting therein the substance of such com- plaint and requiring the officer to whom such warrant shall be directed forthwith to arrest the accused and bring him before such Justice, to be dealt with according to law ; and the same war- rant may require the officer to summon such persons as shall be therein named to appear at the trial to give evidence. Sec. 1552. The District Attorney of the proper county shall, on notice given to him by the Justice of the Peace before whom any such complaint shall be made, attend the trial before such Justice and conduct the same on behalf of the State. Sec. 1553. Every supervisor, trustee, alderman and justice of the peace, police oflicer> marshal, deputy marshal and constable of any town, village or city who shall know or be credi- bly informed that any offense has been committed against the provisions of this chapter shall make complaint against the person so offending within their respective towns, villages or cities to a proper Justice of the Peace therein, and for every neglect or refusal so to do every such oflGcer shall forfeit twenty-five dollars, and the Treasurer of such town, village or city shall pros- ecute therefor. Sec. 1557. Any keeper of any saloon, shop or place of any name whatsoever for the sale of strong, spirituous or malt liquors to be drank on the premises in any quantity less than one gallon, who shall sell, vend or in any way deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away any spirituous, ardent or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever to or with a minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, or to a person intoxicated or bordering on a state of intoxication, or to any other prohibited person before mentioned, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor ; nor shall any person sell or in any way deal or traffic in, or, for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, ardent, intoxicating or malt liquors or ilrinks in any quantity whatsoever within one mile of either of the hospitals for the insane ; and any person who shall so sell or give away any such liquors or drinks shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Sec. 1675. All notes in writing made and signed by any person or for any corporation, and all certificates of the deposit of money issued by any person or corporation, whereby he or it shall promise to pay to any person or order, or unto the bearer, any sum of money, as therein mentioned, shall be due and payable as therein expressed, and shall have the same effect and shall be negotiable in like manner as inland bills of exchange, according to the custom of mer- chants. But no order drawn upon or accepted by the Treasurer of any county, town, city, village or school district, whether drawn by any ofiicer thereof or any other person, and no obligation nor instrument made by such corporation or any officer thereof, unless expressly authorized by law ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 273 to be made negotiable, shall be, or shall be deemed to be, negotiable according to the customs of merchants, in whatever form they may be drawn or made. Sec. 1680. On all bills of exchange payable at sight, or at future day certain, within this State, and all negotiable promissory notes, orders and drafts payable at a future day cer- tain, within this State, in which there is not an express stipulation to the contrary, grace should be allowed in like manner as it is allowed by the custom of merchants on foreign bills of exchange payable at the expiration of a certain period after date or sight. The provisions of this section shall not extend to any bill of exchange, note or draft payable on demand. Sec. 1684. All notes, drafts, bills of exchange or other negotiable paper maturing on Sunday or upon any legal holiday shall be due and payable on the next preceding secular day. HOURS OF LABOR. Sec. 1728. In all manufactories, work-shops and other places used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, the time of labor of children under eighteen years of age and of women employed therein, shall not exceed eight hours in one day ; and any employer, stockholder, director, officer, overseer, clerk or foreman who shall compel any woman or any child to labor exceeding eight hours in any one day, or who shall permit any child under fourteen years of age to labor more than ten hours in any one day in any such place, if he shall have control over such child sufficient to prevent it, or who shall employ at manual labor any child under twelve years of age in any factory or work-shop where more than three persons are employed, or who shall employ any child of twelve and under fourteen years of age in any such factory or work- shop for more than seven months in any one year, shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for each such offense. Sec. 1729. In all engagements to labor in any manufacturing or mechanical business, where there is no express contract to the contrary, a day's work shall consist of eight hours, and all engagements or contracts for labor in such cases shall be so construed ; but this shall no/ apply to any contract for labor by the week, month or vear. FORM OF CONVEYANCES. Sec. 2207. A deed of quitclaim and release of the form in common use or of the form hereinafter provided, shall be sufficient to pass all the estate which the grantor could lawfully convey by deed of bargain and sale. Sec. 2208. Conveyances of land may be in substantially the following form: WARRANTY DEED. A B, grantor of County, Wisconsin, hereby conveys and warrants to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. [Here describe the premises.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In the presence of 1 ' [seal. J- QUITCLAIM DEED. [SEAL. A B, grantor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby quitclaims to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County, (Here describe the premises) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In presence of ~j I — [seal.] J [SEAL.l 2<4 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Such deeds, when executed and acknowledged as required by law, shall, when of the first of the above forms, have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns of the premises therein named, together with all the appurtenances, rights and privileges thereto belonging, with a covenant from the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives, that he is lawfully seized of the premises : has good right to convey the same ; that he guaran- tees the grantee, his heirs and assigns in the quiet possession thereof ; that the same are free from all incumbrances, and that the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives will forever war- rant and defend the title and possession thereof in the grantee, his heirs and assigns against all lawful claims whatsoever. Any exceptions to such covenants may be briefly inserted in such deed, following the description of the land ; and when in the second of the above forms, shall have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, of all the right, title, interest and estate of the grantor, either in possession or expectancy, in and to the prem- ises therein described, and all rights, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. MORTGAGES. Sec. 2209. A mortgage may be substantially in the following form : A B, mortgagor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby mortgages to C D, mortgagee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. [Here describe the premises-) This mortgage is given to secure the following indebtedness : ^ Here state amount or amounts and form of indebtedness, whether on note, bond or otherwise, time or times when due^ rate of interest, by and to whom payable, etc.) The mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes and assessments on said premises, and the sum of dollars attorney's fees in case of foreclosure thereof. Witness the hand and seal of said mortgagor this day of , 18 — . In presence of j [seal.] [seal.] when executed and acknowledged according to law shall have tlie effect of a conveyance of the land therein described, together with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging in pledge to the mortgagee, his heirs, assigns and legal representatives for the payment of the indebtedness therein set forth, with covenant from the mortgagor that all taxes and assess- ments levied and assessed upon the land described during the continuance of the mortgage shall be paid previous to the day appointed by law for the sale of lands for taxes, as fully as the forms of mortgage now and heretofore in common use in this State, and may be foreclosed in the same manner and with the same effect, upon any default being made in any of the conditions thereof as to payment of either principal, interest or taxes. ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE. Sec. 2210. An assignment of a mortgage substantially in the following form : For value received I, A B, of ■, Wisconsin, hereby assign to C D, of , Wis- consin, the within mortgage (or a certain mortgage executed to by E F and wife, of County, Wisconsin, the day oi' — '■ , 18 — , and recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds of County, Wisconsin, in Vol. of mortgages, on page ), together with the and indebtedness therein mentioned. Witness my hand and seal this day of , 18 — . In presence of ) I J A B. [seal.] ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 275 shall be sufficient to vest in the assignee for all purposes all the rights of the mortgagee under the mortgage, and the amount of the indebtedness due thereon at the date of assignment. Such assignment, when indorsed upon the original mortgage, shall not require an acknowledg- ment in order to entitle the same to be recorded. TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY BY DESCENT. Sec. 2270. When any person shall die, seized of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein in fee simple, or for the life 'of another, not having lawfully devised the same, they shall descend subject to his debts, except as provided in the next section, in the manner following : 1. In equal shares to his children, and to the lawful issue of any deceased child, by right of representation; and if there be no child of the intestate living at liis death, his estate sh^I descend to all his other lineal descendants ; and if all the said descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall share the estate equally, otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 2. If he shall leave no lawful issue, to his widow ; if he shall leave no such issue or widow, to his parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit his said estate. If a woman shall die, leaving no issue, her estate shall descend to her husband, if she shall have one afthe time of her decease, and if she shall leave, surviving her, neither issue nor husband, to her parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit her said estate. 3. If he shall leave no lawful issue, nor widow, nor father, nor mother, his estate shall descend in equal shares to his brothers and sisters, and to the children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation. 4. If the intestate shall leave no lawful issue, widow, father, mother, brother nor sister, his estate shall descend to his next of kin in equal degree, except that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming through different ances- tors, those who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote; provided, however, 6. If any person die leaving several children, or leaving one child, and the issue of one or more other children, and any such sui'viving child shall die under age, and not having been married, all the estate that came to the deceased child, by inheritance from such deceased parent, shall descend in equal shares to the other children of the same parent, and to the issue of any such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. 6. If, at the death of such child, who shall die under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the estate that came to said child by inheritance from his said parent, shall descend to all the issue of the other children of the same parent ; and if all the said issue are in the same degree of kindred to said child, they shall share the said estate equally ; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 7. If the intestate shall have no widow nor kindred, his estate shall escheat to the State, and be added to the capital of the school fund. Sec. 2271. When the owner of any homestead shall die, not having lawfully devised the same, such homestead shall descend free of all judgments and claims against such deceased owner or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens, in the manner following : 1. If he shall have no lawful issue, to his widow. 2. If he shall leave a widow and issue, to his widow during her widowhood, and, upon her marriage or death, to his heirs, according to the next preceding section. 3. If he shall leave issue and no widow, to such issue, according to the preceding section. 4. If he shall leave no issue or widow, such homestead shall descend under the next pre- ceding section, subject to lawful liens thereon. 276 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIN. OF WILLS. Sbc. 2277. Every person of full age, and any married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, seized in his or her own right of any lands, or of any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein, descendible to his or her heirs, may devise and dis- pose of the same by last will and testament in writing ; and all such estate not disposed of by will, shall descend as the estate of an intestate, being chargeable, in both cases, with the pay- ment of all his debts or her debts, except as provided in the next preceding chapter, and in sec- tion twenty-two hundred and eighty. Sec. 2278. Every devise of land in any will shall be construed to convey all the estate of the devisor therein, which he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear by the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate. Sec. 2279. Any estate, right or interest in lands acquired by the testator, after the making of his will, shall pass thereby in like manner as if possessed at the time of making the will, if such shall manifestly appear, by the will, to have been the intention of the testator. Sec. 2280. When any homestead shall have been disposed of by the last will and testa- ment of the owner thereof, the devisee shall take the same, free of all judgments and claims against the testator or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens. Sec. 2281. Every person of full age, and every married woman of the, age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, may, by last will and testament in writing, bequeath and dispose of all his or her personal estate remaining at his or her decease, and all his or her rights thereto and interest therein, subject to the payment of debts ; and all such estate not dis- posed of by the will shall be administered as intestate estate. Sec. 2284. All beneficial devises, legacies and gifts whatsoever, made or given in any will to a subscribing witness thereto, shall be wholly void, unless there be two other competent sub- scribing witnesses to the same ; but a mere charge on the lands of the devisor for the payment of debts, shall not prevent his creditors from being competent witnesses to his will. Sec. 2285. But if such witness, to whom any beneficial devise may have been made or given, would have been entitled to any share of the estate of the testator, in case the will was not established, then so much of the share that would have descended or been distributed to such witness as will not exceed the devise or bequest made to him in the will, shall be saved to him, and he may recover the same of the devisees or legatees named in the will, in proportion to and out of the parts devised or be((ueathed to them. Sec. 2286. When any child shall be born, after the making of his parent's will, and no provision shall be made therein for him, such child shall have the same share in the estate of the testator as if he had died intestate ; and the share of such child shall be assigned to him, as pro- vided by law, in case of intestate estates, unless it shall be apparent from the will that it was the intention of the testator that no provision should be made for such child. Sec. 2290. No will, or any part thereof, shall be revoked, unless by burning, tearing, can- celing or obliterating the same, with the intention of revoking it, by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, or by some other will or codicil in writing, executed as prescribed in this chapter, or by some other writing, signed, attested and subscribed in the manner provided in this chapter, for the execution of a will ; excepting, only, that nothing con- tained in this section shall prevent the revocation implied by law, from subsequent changes in the condition or circumstances of the testator. The power to make a will implies the power to revoke the same. OF THE ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Sec. 4021. Any inhabitant of this State may petition the County Court, in the county of his residence, for leave to adopt a child not his own by birth ; but no such petition made by a married person shall be granted, unless the husband or wife of the petitioner shall join therein ; ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 277 nor shall any such petition be granted, unless the child, if of the age of fourteen years, or more, shall consent thereto in writing, in the presence of the court. Sec. 4022. No such adoption shall be made, without the written consent of the living parents of such child, unless the court shall find that one of the parents has abandoned the child, or gone to parts unknown, when such consent may be given by the parent, if any, having the care of the child. In case where neither of the parents is living, or if living, have abandoned the child, such consent may be given by the guardian of such child, if any ; if such child has no guardian, such consent may be given by any of the next of kin of such child, residing in this State, or, in the discretion of the court, by some suitable person to be appointed by the court. 2. In case of a child not born in lawful wedlock, such consent may be given by the mother, if she i3 living, and has not abandoned such child. Sec. 4023. If upon such petition and consent, as herein provided, the County Court shall be satisfied of the identity and the relations of the persons, and that the petitioners are of suffi- cient ability to bring up, and furnish suitable nurture and education for the child, having refer- ence to the degree and condition of its parents, and that it is proper that such adoption shall take effect, such court shall make an order, reciting said facts that, from and after the date thereof, such child shall be deemed, to all legal intents and purposes, the child of the petitioners ; and by such order the name of such child may be changed to that of the parents by adoption. Sec. 4024. A child so adopted, shall be deemed for the purposes of inheritance and succes- sion by such child, custody of the person and right of obedience by such parents by adoption, and all other legal consequences and incidents of the natural relation of parents and children, the same to all intents and purposes as if such child had been born in lawful wedlock of such parents by adoption, excepting that such child shall not be capable of taking property expressly limited to the heirs of the body of such parents. The natural parents of such child shall be deprived, by such order of adoption, of all legal rights whatsoever, respecting such child, and such child shall be freed from all legal obligations of maintenance and obedience to such natural parents. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent. A higher rate of interest, not exceeding 10 per cent, may be contracted for, but the same must be clearly expressed in writing. If a higher rate than 10 per cent is collected or paid, the party so paying may, by himself or his legal rep- resentative, recover treble the amount so paid above the 10 per cent, if the action is brought within one year, and all bills, notes, or other contracts whatsoever, whereby a higher rate than 10 per cent is secured, shall be liable for the principal sum, but no interest shall be recovered. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. The Circuit Courts have general jurisdiction over all civil and criminal actions within their respective circuits, subject to a re-examination by the Supreme Court. The County Courts shall have jurisdiction over the probate matters in their respective counties, and shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction in the counties of Brown, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee and Winnebago in all cases of appeals from Justices of the Peace in civil actions, and all cases commenced in Justices' Courts therein, there shall be an answer put in, showing that the title of lands will come in question. And such Courts shall have concurrent and equal jurisdiction in all civil actions and pro- ceedings with the Circuit Courts of said counties to the following extent respectively : The County Court of Brown, when the value of the property in controversy, after deduct- ing all payments and set-off's, shall not exceed five thousand dollars. The County Court of Dodge County, when such value shall not exceed twenty-five thousand dollars. 278 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The County Court of Fond du Lac, when such value shall not exceed twenty thousand dollars. The County Court of Milwaukee, when such value does not exceed five million dollars. The County of Winnebago, when such value does not exceed twenty thousand dollars. They shall have jurisdiction of all actions for foreclosure where tiie value does not exceed the above amounts, and of all actions for divorce or for affirmation or annuUment of marriage contract. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where two hundred dollars or less are involved. The criminal jurisdiction of Justices extends to all cases where the fine is one hundred dol- lars, or the imprisonment six months. JURORS. All persons who are citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State shall be liable to be drawn as jurors, except as provided as follows : The following persons shall be exempt from serving as jurors: All officers of the United States, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Superintendent and Treasurer ; all Judges, Clerks of Courts of Record ; all county officers, Constables, attorneys and counselors at law, ministers of the Gospel of any religious society, practicing physicians, surgeons, dentists, and the President, pi-ofessors and instructors of the University and their assistants, and of the several colleges and incorporated academies ; all teachers of the State Normal Schools, one teacher in each common school, the officers and employes of the several State institutions, one miller in each grist-mill, one ferry- man at each licensed ferry, one dispensing druggist in each prescription drug-store, all telegraph operators and superintendents, conductors, engineers, firemen, collectors and station-agents of any railroad or canal, while in actual employment as such ; all officers of fire departments, and all active members of fire companies organized according to law ; all persons more than sixty years of age, and all persons of unsound mind or subject to any bodily infirmity amounting to disability ; all persons who have been convicted of any infamous crime, and all persons who have served at any regular term of the Circuit Court as a grand or petit juror within one year, except he shall be summoned on a special venire or as a talesman. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Capital punishment has been abolished in this State. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of five dollars is paid for each wolf scalp. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever either of the articles, as commodities hereafter mentioned, shall be sold by the bushel, and no special agreement as to measure or weight thereof shall be made by the parties, the measure shall be ascertained by weight, and shall be computed as follows: Sixty pounds for a bushel of wheat, clover seed, potatoes or beans. Fifty pounds for a bushel of green apples ; fifty-six pounds for a bushel of rutabagas, flax- seed, rye or Indian corn shelled, and seventy pounds of Indian corn unshelled; fifty pounds for a bushel of rape seed, buckwheat, beets, carrots or onions ; forty-eight pounds for a bushel of barley ; forty-five pounds for a bushel of timothy seed ; forty-four pounds for a bushel of pai-s- nips ; forty-two pounds for a bushel of common flat turnips ; thirty-two pounds for a bushel of oats ; and twenty-eight pounds for a bushel of dried apples or dried peaches. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 279 No person shall sell, buy or receive in store any grain at any weight or measure per bushel other than the standard weight or measure per bushel fixed by law ; and, for any violation, the offender shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. DAMAGES FOR TRESPASS. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly destroy, remove, throw down or injure any fence, hedge or wall inclosing any orchard, pasture, meadow, garden, or any field whatever on land belonging to or lawfully occupied by another, or open and leave open, throw down, injure, remove or destroy any gate or bars in such fence, hedge or wall, or cut down, root up, sever, injure, destroy or carry away when severed, any fruit, shade, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, root, plant, fruit, flower, grain or other vegetable production, or dig up, sever or carry away any mineral, earth or stone, or tear down, mutilate, deface or injure any building, signboard, fence or railing, or sever and carry away any part thereof, standing or being upon the land of another or held in trust, or who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly cut down, root up, injure, destroy or remove or carry away any fruit, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, fruit, flower, vase or statue, arbor, or any ornamental structure, standing or being in any street or public ground in any city or village, in any private inclosure or highway, or destroy, remove, mutilate or injure any milestone or board, or any guide-post or board erected in any highway or public way, or on any turnpike, plank-road or railroad, or deface or obliterate any device or inscrip- tion thereon, or cut down, break down, remove, mutilate or injure any monument erected or tree marked for the purpose of designating the boundaries of any town or tract of land or subdivision thereof, or deface or obliterate any figures, letters, device or inscription thereon, made for such purpose, or break, remove, destroy or injure any post, guard, railing or lamp-post or lamp thereon, erected or being on any bridge, street, sidewalk, alley, court, passage, park, public ground, highway, turnpike, plank or rail road, or extinguish or break any lamp on any such lamp-post, or tear, deface, mutilate or injure any book, map, pamphlet, chart, picture or other property belonging to any public library, or take and carry away the same with intent to con- vert to his own use, or shall injure or destroy any personal property of another, shall be pun- ished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months, or by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. Any person who sBall willfully, maliciously or wantonly kill, maim, mutilate, disfigure or injure any hoi'se, mule, cattle, sheep or other domestic animal of another, or administer poison to such animal, or expose any poison, with intent that the same may be taken or swallowed by such animal ; and any person who shall overdrive, overwork, overload, maim, wound, torture, torment, cruelly beat or kill any sucli animal belonging to himself or another, or being the owner or having the care or charge thereof, shall fail to provide necessary food, water or shelter for any such animal, or who shall turn out and abandon, without proper care and protection, or cruelly work any such animal when old, diseased, disabled or unfit for work, or shall carry or confine any live animal, fowl or bird, in a cruel or inhuman manner, or who shall cause, procure or abet any cruelty above mentioned, or the fighting or baiting of bulls, dogs or cocks, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months or by fine not exceeding one hun- dred dollars. ESTRAYS. No stray, except horses and mules, shall be taken up by any person not a resident of the town in which it is found ; nor unless it is found upon land owned or occupied by him. Every finder for a stray must notify the owner, if he is known, within seven days, and request him to pay all reasonable charges and take the stray away. If the owner is not known, he must file a notice with the Town Clerk within ten days, who shall transmit a copy thereof to the County Clerk. If the stray is not worth five dollars, the finder shall po?t a copy of such notice in two pub- lic places in such town ; if it exceed five dollars in value, he shall publish such notice four 280 IIISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. successive weeks either in some newspaper published in the county or in an adjoining county, if one be published nearer his residence than any published in his county ; but if no newspaper is pub- lished within twenty miles of his residence, then he must post such notice in three public places in his county. Such notice shall describe the stray by giving its marks, natural or artificial, as near as possible, the name and residence of the finder, specifying the section and town, and tlie time when such stray was taken up. For neglect to post up or publish as required, the finder shall be liable to double the amount of damages sustained by the owner. For neglect to post or publish for one year, the finder shall be liable for its full value, to be recovered in the name of the town, and the amount recovered to be added to the school fund of such town. The finder shall, within one month, cause the stray to be appraised by a Justice of the Peace and a certificate of such appraisal signed by such Justice filed in the Town Clerk's office. The finder shall pay the Justice fifty cents for such certificate, and ten cents per mile for each mile necessarily traveled to make the same. The owner may have the same restored to him any time within one year after such notice is filed in the town Clerk's ofiice, by pi'oving that the stray belongs to him, and paying all lawful charges incurred in relation to the same. If the owner and finder cannot agree as to the charges, either party, on notice to the other, may apply to a Justice of such town to settle the same, who, for that purpose, may examine witnesses upon oath, and tlie amount found due, with the costs, sliali be a lien upon sucli stray. If no owner applies for the return of such stray, as pro- vided, and the same is not worth more than ten dollars, it shall become the absolute property of such finder ; but if the appraisal shall exceed ten dollars, it shall be sold at public auction by the Sheriff or any Constable of the county, on the request of the finder, and he shall be entitled to one-half the proceeds, and the other half shall be paid to the Treasurer of the town within ten days. If the finder shall neglect or refuse to cause such sale, he shall pay to the town the value of such stray, to be recovered by the town. If any person, without the consent of the owner, shall take away such stray, without first paying the lawful charges, he shall be liable to the finder for the value of such stray. If the finder shall neglect to do any act prescribed above, he shall be precluded from acquiring any right in such stray, and from receiving any charges or expenses relative thereto. FENCES. • The Overseers of Highways in their respective towns, the Aldermen of cities in their respective wards, and the Trustees of villages in their respective villages, shall be Fence Viewers, and in towns liaving less than three road districts, the Supervisors shall be Fence Viewers. All fences four and a half feet high, and in good repair, consisting of rails, timber, boards or stone walls, or any combination thereof, and all brooks, rivers, ponds, creeks, ditches and hedges or other things which shall be considered equivalent thereto, in the judgment of the Fence Viewers, within whose jurisdiction the same may be, shall be deemed legal and sufficient fences. Every partition of a fence, or line upon which a fence is to be built, made by the owners of the adjoining lands, in writing, sealed and witnessed by two witnesses, or by Fence Viewers in writing, under their hands, after being recorded in the Town Clerk's office, shall oblige such owners and their heirs, as long as they remain owners, and after parting with the ownership, until a new partition is made. A division of a partition fence, or line upon which a partition fence between adjoining lands shall be built, may be made by Fence Viewers in the following cases : 1. When any owner of uninclosed lands shall desire to inclose the same, he may have the line between his land and the adjoining land of any other person divided, and the portion upon which the respective owners shall erect their share of the partition fence assigned, whether sucii adjoining land be inclosed or not. 2. When any lands belonging to different persons in severalty, shall have been occupied in common, or without a partition fence between them, and one of the occupants shall be desirous ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 281 to occupy his part in severalty, and the others shall refuse or neglect, on demand, to divide with him the line where the fence ought to be built, or to build a sufficient fence on his part of the line, when divided, the occupant desiring it may have the same divided, and the share of each assigned. 3. When any controversy shall arise about the right of the respective occupants in parti- tion fences, or their obligations to maintain the same, either party may have the line divided, and the share of each assigned. In either case, application may be made to two or more Fence Viewers of the town where the lands lie, wlio shall give reasonable notice in writing to each party, and they shall in writing under their hands, divide the partition fence or line, and assign to each owner or occupant his share thereof, and in the second and third cases direct within what time each party shall build or repair his share of the fence, having regard to the season of the year, and shall file such deci- sion in the Town Clerk's office. If either party shall neglect or refuse to build or repair within the time so assigned, his part of the fence, the other may, after having completed his own part, build or repair such part, and recover double the expense thereof Where the whole or a greater share than belongs to him has been built by one of the occu- pants, before complaint to the Fence Viewers, the other shall be obliged to pay for his share of such fence. Where uninclosed land is afterward inclosed, the owner shall pay for one-half the partition fence upon the line between him and any other owner or occupant. If any person shall determine not to keep inclosed any part of his land adjoining any par- tition fence, and shall give six months' notice of such determination to all adjoining occupants, he shall not be required to maintain any part of such fence during the time his lands shall lie open. LANDLORD AND TENANT. The common law right to destrain for rent is abolished. The atonement of a tenant to a stranger shall be absolutely void, and shall not in anywise effect the possession of his landlord, unless it be made 1. With the consent of the landlord ; or 2. Pursuant to, or in consequence of, a judgment or order of a court of competent juris- diction; or 3. To a purchaser upon a judicial sale, who shall have acquired title to the lands by a conveyance thereof, after the period for redemption, if any, has expired. A tenancy, a will or sufferance may be determined by the landlord, giving one month's notice to quit, or the tenant giving one month's notice of his intention to quit, or if the terms of payment are for less than a month, notice equal to the time between payments, or for non-payment of rent, fourteen days' notice to quit. Such notice shall be served by delivering the same to such tenant, or to some person of proper age residing on the premises, or if no such person can be found, by affixing the same in a conspicuous part of the premises, where it may be conveniently read, and, at the expi- ration of the time required after the service of such notice, the landlord may re-enter, or main- tain an action for the recovery of the possession thereof, or proceed in the manner prescribed by law to remove such tenant without further or other notice to quit. If, after giving notice of deter- mination to quit, the tenant neglects or refuses to deliver up the premises, he shall be liable to double the rent agreed upon, to be collected the same as single rent. MARKS AND BRANDS. Every Town Clerk shall, on application of any person residing in his town, record a description of the marks or brands with which such person may be desirous of marking his horses, cattle, sheep or hogs ; but the same description shall not be recorded or used by more than one resident of the same town. If any person shall mark any of his horses, cattle, sheep 282 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. or hogs, with the same mark or brand previously recorded by any resident of the same town, and while the same mark or brand shall be used by such resident, he shall forfeit for every such offense $5 ; if any person shall willfully mark or brand any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs, of any other person with his mark or brand, he shall forfeit for every such offense $10 ; and, if any person shall willfully destroy or alter any mark or brand upon any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs of another, he shall forfeit $10, and pay to the party injured double damages. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. A County Surveyor is elected every two years. The surveyor may appoint and remove deputies at will, on filing a certificate thereof with the County Clerk. He shall be responsible on his bond for the faithful performance by every deputy of his duties. It shall be the duty of the County Surveyor: (1.) To execute, himself or by his deputy, any survey which may be required of him by order of court, or upon application of any individual or corporation. (2.) To make a record of the plat and field notes of each survey made by him or his deputies, in record books kept therefor, and to so arrange or index the same as to be easy of reference, and to file and preserve in his office the original field notes and calculations thereof. (3.) To safely keep all books, records, plats, files, papers and property belonging to his ofiice ; afford opportunity to examine the same to any person desiring, and deliver the same to his successor in office. (4.) To furnish a copy of any record, plat or paper in his office, to any person on demand and payment of his legal fees therefor. (5.) To administer to every chainman and marker assisting in any survey, before com- mencing their duties as such, an oath or affirmation faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of chainman or marker, as the case may be ; and the surveyor and his deputies are empowered to administer the same. (6.) To perform such other duties as may be required by law. The surveyor and his deputies may demand and receive the following fees, except it be other- wise agreed upon with the parties employing them, to wit : For each day's service, $3. For each mile traveled in going from his office to the place of rendering service and return- ing, 10 cents. For plat and certificate, except town plats, 50 cents. For recording a survey, 50 cents. For each chainman and marker necessarily employed, $1.50 per day, unless they be fur- nished by the person for whom the survey is made. For making a copy, 10 cents a folio, and 25 cents for his certificate. SUPPORT OF THE POOR. Every town shall relieve and support all poor and indigent persons lawfully settled therein, whenever they shall stand in need thereof, excepting as follows: The father, mother and children, being of sufficient ability, of any poor person, who is blind, old, lame, impotent or decrepit, so as to be unable to maintain himself, shall, at their own charge, relieve and maintain such poor person in such manner as shall be approved by the Super visors of the town where such person may be, and, upon the failure of any such relative so to do, the Supervisors shall apply to the County Judge for an order to compel such relief Legal settlement may be acquired by one year's residence in a town of this State. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 283 MARRIED WOMEN. In Wisconsin, the marriage of a femvie sole, executrix ot administratrix, extinguishes her authority ; and of a female ward, terminates the guardianship as to custody of person, but not as to estate. The husband hokls his deceased wife's lands for life, unless she left, by a former husband, issue to whom the estate might descend. Provisions exist by which powers may be given to married women, and regulating their execution of them. If husband and wife are impleaded, and the husband neglects to defend the rights of the wife, she applying before judg- ment, may defend without him ; and, if he lose her land, by default, she may bring an action for ejectment after his death. The real estate of females married before, and the real and per- sonal property of those after February 21, 1850, remain their separate property. And any married woman may receive, but not from her husband, and hold any property as if unmarried. She may insure the life of her husband, son, or any other person, for her own exclusive benefit. The property of the wife remains to her separate use, not liable for her husband's debts, and not subject to his disposal. She may convey her separate property. If her husband desert her, or neglect her, she may become a sole trader; and she may insure his life for her benefit. Her husband is not liable for her debts contracted before marriage ; the individual earnings of the wife are her separate property, and she may sue, and be sued alone, in regard to the same. She may make and hold deposits in savings-banks. She may, by a separate conveyance, release her dower in any lands which her husband has conveyed. If a woman has authority, she can transact all her husband's business for him ; and while they live together, the wife can buy all family things necessary for the support of the family, and for which he is liable. The husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to his wife, if he does not supply them himself ; and he continues so liable, if he turns her out of his house, or otherwise separates him- self from her without good cause. But he is not so liable, if she deserts him (unless on extreme provocation), or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him, because he treats her so ill, that she has good right to go from him, this is the same thing as turning her away, and she carries with her his credit for all necessaries supplied to her ; but what the misconduct must be, to give this right, is uncertain. In America the law miist be, and undoubtedly is, that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty and indecency. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be so, he is responsible, the same as if she were his wife, even if it is known that she is not his wife. • ACTIONS. All distinctions have been abolished, and there is now but one form, which must be prose- cuted in the name of the real party in interest, except in case of executors, administrators and trustees, and which is begun by the service of a summons on the defendant, to be answered within twenty days. ARREST. Defendant may be arrested : 1. In an action to recover damages not on contract, where the defendant is a non-resident, or is about to remove from the State, or where the action is for injury to the person or character, or for injury to, or wrong taking, detaining or converting property, or in an action to recover damages for property taken under false pretenses. 2. In an action for a fine or penalty or for money received or property embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer or attorney, solicitor, or counsel or officer of a corpora- tion as such, or factor agent or broker, or for misconduct or neglect in ofl5cial or professional employment. 3. In an action to recover property unjustly detained where it is so concealed that the Sheriff cannot find the same. 284 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 4. Where the defendant was guilty of fraud in contracting the debt, or in concealing or disposing of the property for the taking, detaining or disposing of which the action is brought. An affidavit must be made on the part of the plaintiff, stating the cause of action and one of the above causes. ATTACHMENT is allowed on an affidavit that the defendant is indebted to plaintiff, and stating the amount and that it is due on contract ; and, 1. That defendant has absconded, or is about to abscond, or is concealed to the injury of his creditors. 2. That defendant has assigned, disposed or concealed his property or is about to do so with intent to defraud creditors. 3. That the defendant has removed, or is about to remove, liis property from the State with intent to defraud creditors. 4. That the debt was fraudulently contracted. 5. That he is a non-resident. 6. Or a foreign corporation. 7. That he has fraudulently conveyed or disposed of his property with intent to defraud creditors. The amount sued for must exceed $50. GARNISHMENT is allowed on an affidavit on behalf of the creditor, that he believes that any third person (naming him) has property effects, or credits of defendant, or is indebted to him, also in execution, on a similar affidavit. JUDGMENT is a lien on real estate in the county where rendered from the date of docketing, and in other counties from the time of filing a transcript, and the lien continues for ten years. It bears interest at 7 per cent, or as high as 10 per cent if stipulated for in the contract. STAY LAWS. In Justices' Courts, on giving bond with surety within five days after judgment was ren- dered, stay of execution is allowed, as follows : On sums not exceeding $10, exclusive of costs, one month ; between $10 and $30, two months ; between $30 and $50, three months ; over $50, four months. EXEMPTIONS. A homestead not exceeding forty acres, used for agriculture and a residence, and not included in a town plat or a city or village ; or, instead, one-quarter of an acre in a recorded town plat, city or village. Also, 1, Family Bible : 2, Family pictures and school-books; 3, Private library ; 4, Seat or pew in church ; 5, Right of burial : 6. Wearing-apparel, beds, bed- steads and bedding, kept and used in the family, stoves and appurtenances, put up and used, cooking utensils and houseliold furniture to the value of $200, one gun, rifle or fire-arm to the value of $50 ; 7, Two cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, or, in lieu thereof, a span of horses or mules, ten sheep and the wool therefrom, necessary food for exempt stock for one year, provided or growing or both, one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and other farm utensils, including tackle for the teams to the value of $50 ; 8, Provis- ions and fuel for the family for one year ; 9, Tools and implements or stock-in-trade of a ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 285 mechanic or miner, used and kept, not exceeding $200 in value, library and implements of a professional man to the value of $200 ; 10, Money arising from insurance of exempt property destroyed by fire; 11, Inventions for debts against the inventor; 12, Sewing-machines; 13, Sword, plate, books or articles presented by Congress or Legislature of a State ; 14, Printing- material and presses to the value of $1,500; 15, Earnings of a married person necessary for family support for sixty days previous to issuing process. LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS. Real actions, twenty years ; persons under disabilities, five years after removal of the same. Judgments of Courts of Record of the State of Wisconsin and sealed instruments when the cause accrues within the State, twenty years. Judgments of other Courts of Record and sealed instruments accruing without the State, ten years. Other contracts, statute liabilities other than penalties and forfeitures, trespass on real property, trover detinue and replevin, six years. Actions against Sheriffs, Coroners and Constables, for acts done in their official capacity, except for escapes, three years. Statutory penalties and forfeitures, libel, slander, assault, battery and false imprisonment, two years. Actions against Sheriffs, etc., for escapes, one year. Persons under disabilities, except infants, may bring action after the disability ceases, provided the period is not extended more than ^'re 2/ears, and infants one year after coming of age. Actions by representatives of deceased persons, one year from death ; against the same, one year from granting letters testamentary or of administration. New promise must be in ■writing. COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ — Means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now. United States currency. £ — Means pounds, English money. @ — Stands for at or to ; Ife for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; "^ for per, or by the. Thus : Butter sells at 20@.30c f ft, and Flour at $8(« 12 f bbl. % for per cent., and * for numbers. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1. 25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling short to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts " are termed "bears." Buying long is to contrive to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of publishing books by subscription having so often been brought into disre- pute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made : A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publisli the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the 286 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com- mission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they cannot be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but, if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the sub- scription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it in any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They cannot collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of deli.ery. nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they cannot read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. CONDENSED. PREAMBLE. We, the People of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom ; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquillity, and promote the general welfare, do establish this Constitution. Article I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. Section 1. All men are born free and independent, and have, among other rights, those of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Governments are instituted to secure these rights. Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punish- ment of crimes. Sec. 3. Liberty of speech and of the press shall not be abridged. Sec. 4. The right of the people to peaceably assemble to consult for the common good shall never be abridged. Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall I'emain inviolate. Sec. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel pun- ishments inflicted. Sec. 7. In criminal prosecutions, the rights of the accused shall be protected. Sec. 8. Criminal off'enses shall be prosecuted on presentment of a grand jury. No one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor be compelled to be a witness against himself Every one shall have the right of giving bail except in capital offenses ; and the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion. Sec. 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy for all injuries or wrongs. Sec. 10. Treason consists in levying war against the State, or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. Two witnesses are necessary to convict a person of the crime. Sec. 11. The people are to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. Sec. 12. Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing obligation of contracts, shall never be passed. Sec. 13. No property shall be taken for public use without compensation. Sec. 14. All laws in the State are allodial. Feudal tenures are prohibited. Sec. 15. The rights of property are the same in resident aliens and citizens. Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Sec. 17. Wholesome exemption laws shall be passed. Sec. 18. Liberty of conscience and rights of worship shall never be abridged. The public money shall never be applied to sectarian uses. Sec. 19. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any office. 287 288 HISTOKY OF WlbCOXSlN. Sec. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Sec. 22. A free government can only be maintained by adhering to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue. Article II. BOUNDARIES. Section 1. The boundary of the State, beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, runs with the boundary line of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menominie River : up that stream and the Brule River to Lake Brule ; along the southern shore of that lake to the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head of Montreal River ; down the main channel of that stream to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of said lake to the mouth of St. Louis River ; up the channel of that stream to the first rapids ; thence due south to the main branch of the St. Croix ; down that river and the Mississippi to the northwest corner of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of that State to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. The propositions in the enabling act of Congress are accepted and confirmed. Article III. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. The qualified electors are all male persons twenty-one years of age or upward, who are (1.) white citizens of the United States ; (2.) who are white persons of foreign birth that have declared their intentions, according to law, to become citizens ; (3) who are persons of Indian blood and citizens of the United States ; and (4.) civilized Indians not members of any tribe. Sec. 2. Persons under guardianship, such as are non compus mentis or insane, and those convicted of treason and felony and not pardoned, are not qualified electors. Sec. 3. All votes shall be by ballot, except for township officers when otherwise directed by law. Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence by reason of his absence on business for the State or United States. Sec. 5. No person in the army or navy shall become a resident of the State in conse- quence of being stationed therein. Sec. 6. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous crime, or those who bet on elections, may be excluded by law from the right of suffrage. Article IV. LEGISLATIVE. Section 1. The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and Assembly. Sec. 2. Members of the Assembly shall never number less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; of the Senate, not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the mem- bers of the Assembly. Sec. 8. Census shall be taken, every ten years, of the inhabitants of the State, beginning with 1855, when a new apportionment of members of the Senate and Assembly shall be made ; also, after each United States census. Sec. 4. Members of the Assembly shall be chosen on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of each year. Sec. 5. Members of the Senate shall be elected for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSliS'. 28y Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, unless a resident of the State one year, and a qualified elector. Sec. 7. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications of its members. A majority shall be necessary to form a quorum. Sec. 8. Each House shall make its own rules. Sec. 9. Each House shall choose its own officers. Sec. 10. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. Sec. 11. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government once a year. Sec. 12. No member shall be eligible to any other civil office in the State, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 13. No member shall be eligible to any oflSce of the United States, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 14. Writs of election, to fill vacancies in either House, shall be issued by the Gov- ernor. Sec. 15. Except treason, felony and breach of the peace, members are privileged from arrest in all cases; nor subject to any civil process during a session. Sec. 16. Members are not liable for words spoken in debate. Sec. 17. The style of all laws shall be, " The people of the State of Wisconsin rep- resented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: " Sec. 18. Private or local bills shall not embi'ace more than one subject. Sec. 19. Bills may originate in either House, and a bill passed by one House may be amended by the other. Sec. 20. Yeas and nays, at the request of one-sixth of the members present, shall be entered on the journal. Sec. 21. [Each member shall receive, as an annual compensation, three hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov- ernment]. As amended in 1867. Sec. 22. Boards of Supervisors may be vested with powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, such as shall be conferred by the Legislature. Sec. 23. One system only, of town and county government, shall be established by the Legislature. Sec. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce. Sec. 25. Stationery, for State use and State printing, shall be let by contract to the low- est bidder. Sec. 26. Extra compensation to any public officer shall not be granted after service is rendered, nor shall his compensation be increased or diminished during his term of office. Sec. 27. The Legislature shall direct, by law, in what manner and in what Courts suits against the State may be brought. Sec. 28. Public oflRcers shall all take an oath of office. Sec. 29. The Legislature shall determine what persons shall constitute the militia, and may provide for organizing the same. Sec. 30. Members of the Legislature shall vote viva voce in all elections made by them. Sec. 31. [Special legislation is prohibited (1) for changing the names of persons, or con- stituting one person the heir-at-law of another ; (2) for laying out, opening or altering high- ways, except in certain cases; (3) for authorizing persons to keep ferries; (4) for authorizing the sale of the pi'operty of minors ; (5) for locating a county seat ; (6) for assessment of taxes ; (7) for granting corporate powers, except to cities; (8) for apportioning any part of the school fund ; and (9) for incorporating any town or village, or to award the charter thereof]. Added by amendment, in 1871. Sec. 32. [General laws shall be passed for the transaction of any business prohibited by Section 21 of this Article.] Added by amendment, in 1871. 290 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Article V. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office two years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term. Sec. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State. Sec. 3. Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature. ^ Sec. 4. The Governor shall be (1) commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State; (2) he has power to convene the Legislature in extra session ; (3) he shall communi- cate to the Legislature all necessary information ; (4) he shall transact all necessary business with the officers of the State ; and (5) shall expedite all legislative measures, and sec that th» laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 5. [The Governor's salary shall be five thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons. Sec. 7. The executive duties shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor when, from any cause, the executive office is vacated by the Governor. Sec. 8. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate. The Secretary of State shall act as Governor when both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are incapacitated from any causes to fill the executive office. Sec. 9. [The Lieutenant Governor shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 10. All legislative bills shall be presented to the Governor for his signature before they become laws. Bills returned by the Governor without his signature may become laws by agreement of two-thirds of the members present in each house. Article VL administration. Section 1. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature, who shall severally hold their offices for two years. Sec. 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department. He shall be ex officio Auditor. Sec. 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the Treasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 4. Sheriffs, Coroners, Registers of Deeds and District Attorneys shall be elected every two years. Article VTI. judiciary. Section 1. The Senate shall form the Court of Impeachment. Judgment shall not extend further than removal from office ; but the person impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial anil punishment, according to law. Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts of Probate, and in .Justices of the Peace. Municipal courts, also, may be authorized. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only. Trial by jury is not allowed in any case. The Court shall have a general superintending control over inferior courts, and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 293 Sec. 4. [The Supreme Court shall consist of one Chief Justice, and four Associate Justices, each for the term often years.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five Judicial Circuits. Sec. 6. The Legislature may alter the limits or increase the number of the circuits. Sec. 7. There shall be a Judge chosen for each Circuit, who shall reside therein ; his term of ofiBce shall be six years. Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim- inal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited hereafter by law, and appellate juris- diction from all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, man- damus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry their orders and judgments into effect. Sec. 9. Vacancies in the office of Supreme or Circuit Judge shall be filled by the Gover- nor. Election for Judges shall not be at any general election, nor within thirty days before or after said election. Sec. 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars, and shall hold no other office, except a judicial one, during the term for which they are respectively elected. Each Judge shall be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of twenty-five years. He shall also be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen. Sec. 11. The Supreme Court shall hold at least one term annually. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice in each year, in each county of this State organized for judicial pur- poses. Sec. 12. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court chosen in each county, whose term of office shall be two years. The Supreme Court shall appoint its own Clerk. Sec. 13. Any Judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court may be removed from office by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to both Senate and Assembly. Sec. 14. A Judge of Probate shall be elected in each county, who shall hold his office for two years. Sec. 15. ' Justices of the Peace shall be elected in the several towns, villages and cities of the State, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, whose term of office shall be two years. Their civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 16. Laws shall be passed for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation. These may be established in and for any township. Sec. 17. The style of all writs and process shall be " The State of Wisconsin." Criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by authority of the State ; and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the same. Sec. 18. A tax shall be imposed by the Legislature on all civil suits, which shall consti- tute a fund, to be applied toward the payment of the salary of Judges. Sec. 19. Testimony in equity causes shall be taken the same as in cases at law. The office of Master in Chancery is prohibited. Sec. 20. Any suitor may prosecute or defend his case in his own proper person, or by attorney or agent. Sec. 21. Statute laws and such judicial decisions as are deemed expedient, shall be pub- lished. No general law shall be in force until published. Sec. 22. The Legislature at its first session shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners to revise the rules of practice in the several Courts of Record in the State. Sec. 23. The Legislature may confer judicial powers on one or more persons in each organized county of the State. Powers granted to such Commissioners shall not exceed that of a Judge of a Circuit Court at chambers. 294 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article VIII. FINANCE. Section 1. Taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature may prescribe. Sec. 2. [No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appro- priation by law. Claims made against the State must be filed within six years after having accrued.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 3. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association or corporation. Sec. 4. The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner provided in this Constitution. Sec. 5. A tax shall be levied each year sufiBcient to defray estimated expenses. Sec. 6. Debts not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars may be contracted by the State, which shall be paid within five years thereafter. Sec. 7. The Legislature may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend the State in time of war. Sec. 8. All fiscal laws in the Legislature shall be voted on by yeas and nays. Sec. 9. State scrip shall not be issued except for such debts as are authorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article. Sec. 10. No debt for internal improvements shall be contracted by the State. Article IX. EMINENT DOMAIN AND PROPERTY OF THE STATE. Section 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes border- ing on Wisconsin. Sec. 2. The title to all property which has accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin shall vest in the State of Wisconsin. Sec. 3. The ultimate property in and to all lands of the State is possessed by the people. Article X. EDUCATION. Section 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State Superintend- ent and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The annual compensation of the State Superintendent shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars. Sec 2. The school fund to support and maintain common schools, academies and nor- mal schools, and to purchase apparatus and libraries therefor, shall be created out of (1) the proceeds of lands from the L^nited States ; (2) out of forfeitures and escheats ; (3) out of moneys paid as exemptions from military duty ; (4) out of fines collected for breach of penal laws; (5) out of any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified; (6) out of the proceeds of the sale of five hundred thousand acres of land granted by Congress Sep- tember 14, 1841 ; and (7) out of the five per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall con- sent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned.) Sec. 3. District schools shall be established by law which shall be free to all children be- tween the ages of four and twenty years. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. Sec. 4. Each town and city shall raise for common schools therein by taxation a sum equal to one-half the amount received from the school fund of the State. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 295 Sec. 5. Provisions shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the school fund among the several towns and cities for the support of common schools therein ; but no appropriation shall be made when there is a failure to raise the proper tax, or when a school shall not have been maintained at least three months of the year. Sec. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University. The proceeds of all lands granted for the support of a university by the United States shall consti- tute "the University fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Sec. 7. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall constitute a Board of Commissioners to sell school and university lands and for the investments of the proceeds thereof. Sec. 8. School and university lands shall be appraised and sold according to law. The Commissioners shall execute deeds to purchasers, and shall invest the proceeds of the sales of such lands in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. ' Article XI. CORPORATIONS. Section 1. Corporations without banking powers may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. Sec. 2. No municipal corporation shall take private property for public use, against the consent of the owner, except by jury trial. Sec. 3. Cities and incorporated villages shall be organized, and their powers restricted by law so as to prevent abuses. [No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall become indebted to exceed five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein.] As amended in 1874. Sec. 4. Banks shall not be created except as provided in this article. Sec. 5. The question of " bank " or "no bank " may be submitted to the voters of the State; and if a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of banks, the Legislature shall have power to grant bank charters, or pass a general banking law. Article XIL Section 1. Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed in either house of the Legis- lature, and referred to the next Legislature and published for three months previous. If agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then the amendment or amendments shall submit them to the vote of the people ; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, they shall become a part of the Constitution. Sec. 2. If a convention to revise or change the Constitution shall be deemed necessary by the Legislature, they shall recommend to the electors of the State to vote at the next general election for or against the same. If the vote shall be for the calling of such convention, then the Legislature, at its next session, shall provide for the same. Article XIII. MISCELLANEOUS. PROVISIONS. Section 1. The political year for Wisconsin shall commence on the first Monday in Jan- uary in each year. General elections shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. Sec. 2. A duelist shall not be qualified as an elector in this State. Sec. 3. United States oiBcers (except Postmasters), public defaulters, or persons convicted of infamous crimes, shall not be eligible to office in this State. 296 HISTORY OF WISCONSm. Sec. 4. A great seal for the State shall be provided, and all official acts of the Governor (except his approbation of the laws), shall be authenticated thereby. Sec. 5. Residents on Indian lands may vote, if duly qualified, at the polls nearest their residence. Sec. 6. Elective officers of the Legislature, other than the presiding officers, shall be a Chief Clerk, and a Sergeant-at-Arms, to be elected by each House. Sec. 7. No county with an area of nine hundred square miles or less, shall be divided, without submitting the question to the vote of the people of the county. Sec. 8. [The Legislature is proliibited from enacting any special or private laws, for locating or changing any county seat.] See amendment adopted in 1871, as Sec. 31 (Subdivision 5) of Art. IV. Sec. 9. Officers not provided for by this Constitution shall be elected as the Legislature shall direct. Sec. 10. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. Article XIV. schedule. Section 1. All rights under the Territorial government are continued under the State government. Territorial processes are valid after the State is admitted into the Union. Sec. 2. Existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin not repugnant to this Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by limitation or are altered or repealed. Sec. 3. All fines, penalties or forfeitures accruing to the Territory of Wisconsin shall inure to the use of the State. Si:c. 4. Territorial recognizances, bonds and public property shall pass to and be vested in the State. Criminal prosecutions, offenses committed against the laws, and all actions at law and suits in equity in the Territory of Wisconsin shall be contained in and prosecuted by the State. Sec. 5. Officers holding under authority of the United States or of the Territory of Wis- consin shall continue in office until superseded by State authority. Sec. 6. The first session of the State Legislature shall commence on the first Monday in June next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of government until otherwise provided by law. Sec. 7. Existing county and town officers shall hold their offices until the Legislature of the State shall provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices. Sec. 8. A copy of this Constitution shall be transmitted to the President of the United States to be laid before Congress at its pi-esent session. Sec. 9. This Constitution shall be submitted to the vote of the people for ratification or rejection on the second Monday in March next. If ratified, an election shall be held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Attorney General, members of the State Legisla- ture and members of Congress, on the second Monday of May next. Sec. 10. [^Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 11. The several elections provided for in tliis Article shall be conducted according to the existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin. Sec. 12. [^Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 13. The common law in force in the Territory of Wisconsin shall continue in force in the State until altered or suspended by the Legislature. Sec. 14. The Senators first elected in the even-numbered Senate districts, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and other State officers first elected under this Constitution, shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and hold their offices for one year from the first Monday of January next. The Senators first elected in the odd-numbered districts and the CONSTITI'TION OF THE UNITED STATES. 297 members of the Assembly first elected shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and continue in office until the first Monday in January next. Sec. 15. The oath of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct. We, the undersigned, members of the Convention to form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, to be submitted to the people thereof for their ratification or rejection, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the Constitution adopted by the Convention. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, at Madison, the 1st day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1848. Morgan L. Martin, President of the Convention and Delegate from Brozvn County. Thomas McHugh, Secretary. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. CONDENSE r>. PREAMBLE. We, the peoj}le of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice,, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the States, and electors shall have qualifications for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Representatives must be twenty-five years of age, and must have been seven years citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State in which they shall be' chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States according to population, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including apprentices and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of Congress, and every ten years there- after in such manner as Congress fehall by law direct. States shall have one Representative only for each tliirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made. New Hampshire shall choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Del- aware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five, and Georgia, three. Vacancies in the representation from any State shall be filled by elections, ordered by the executive authority of the State. 298 HISTORY OF WISC0XS1^•. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Senators shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes immediately after assem- bling, in consequence of the first election. The first class shall vacate their seats at the expira- tion of the second year ; the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and vacancies happening by resignation or otherwise during the recess of the Legislature of any State may be filled by temporary appointments of the Executive until the next meeting of the Legislature. All Senators shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been nine years citizens of the United States, and shall be inhabitants of the State for which they shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President, Tlie Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President is tried, the Chief Justice shall pre- side, and concurrence of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary to conviction. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall be limited to removal from office and disqualifica- tion to hold any office under the United States ; but the party convicted shall be liable to trial and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. Tlie Legislature of each State shall prescribe the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, but Congress may make or alter such regu- lations, except as to the place of choosing Senators. Congress shall assemble annually, on the first Monday in December, unless a different day be appointed. Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel attendance of absent members, under penalties. Each House may determine its own rules of proceeding, punish its members, and, by a two- thirds vote, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal, which shall be published at their discretion, and one-fifth of those present may require the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that in which they are sitting. Sec. 6. The compensation of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall be privileged from arrest during attendance at the session of their respective Houses, except for treason, felony and breach of the peace, and shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the United States which shall have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended by the Senate. Every bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. it, with his objections, to that House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, and, if approved by two- thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the yeas and nays shall be taken, and entered upon the journal of each House, respectively. Any bill not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall be a law, as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote requiring the concurrence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives (except a question of 'adjournment), shall be approved by the President before tak- ing effect ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by a two-thirds vote of each House, as in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. Congress shall have power: To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the public credit; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank- ruptcies ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof and foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post offices and post roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insur- rection and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States — the several States to appoint the officers and to train the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, over the seat of Government, and over all forts, magazines, arsenals, dock -yards and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. 9. Foreign immigration or the importation of slaves into the States shall not be pro- hibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed not exceeding ten dollars for each person so imported. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless required by the public safety in cases of rebellion or invasion. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 300 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu- meration hereinbefore directed to be made. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. In regulating commerce or revenue, no preference shall be given to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury unless appropriated by law ; and accounts of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office under them shall accept any present, emolument, office or title from any foreign State, without the consent of Congress. Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except for the execution of its inspection laws; and all such duties shall be for the use of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded or in imminent and immediate danger. Article II. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President. He shall hold office for four years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, shall be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint in the manner directed by the Legislature, a number of electors equal to the whole number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding any office under the United States shall be appointed an elector. [ The third clause of this section has been superseded and ameyided by the 12th Amendment. '\ Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. A natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, only shall be eligible to the office of President; and he must have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. If the President be removed from office, die, resign, or become unable to discharge the duties of his office, the same shall devolve upon the Vice President, and Congress may provide by law for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly,. until the disability be removed or a President elected.* The President shall receive a compensation for his services, which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been electedf and within that period he shall not receive any other emolument from the United States or from any of them. Before entering upon office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." * By act of March 1, 1792, Congress proTided for this contingency, designating the President of the Senate pTo tempore, or if there be noD* the Spealter of the House of Representatives, to succeed to the chief Executive office in the event of a vacancy in the offices of both President and Vice President. t The Presideot'a salary was fixed February 18, 1793, at $i5,O0O. and was increased March 3, 1873, to $20,000. CONSTITL'TION OF THE UNITED STATES. 301 Sec. 2. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when in actual service of the United States; he may require the written opinion of the principal officers of the several executive departments upon subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for oflenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and shall nominate to the Senate ambassa- dors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for ; but Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President may fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend measures to their consideration ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them as to the time of adjourn- ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The Judges, both of the Suprehie and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive a compensa- tion which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, treaties, cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, subject to exceptions and regu lations made by Congress. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury, and in the State where the crime was committed ; but Congress shall fix the place of trial for crimes not committed within any State. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Each State shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judi- cial proceedings of every other State, and Congress may prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof 302 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from justice in any State found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu- tive, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted to the Union, but no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of and to regulate and govern the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. Every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government, and shall be protected against invasion ; and on an application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis- lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sufirage in the Senate. Article VI. All existing debts and engagements shall be valid against the United States under this Constitution. This Constitution and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VIL The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. [Other signatures omitted.] CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 303 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitiition. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No pei'son shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted witli the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- ishments inflicted. 304 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIN. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; distinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; if no person have such majority, then from those having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the House of Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall hold any office under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, faken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the Uniied States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 306 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTIES AND CITIES WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. !fote. — The Republican or Democratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. Oreea* back majority is only given when the vote for AUis exceeds the others, and is talten from the highest vote. COUNTIES. GOVERNOR. 1877. PRESIDENT. 1876. Smith. Mallory Allis. Maj. 1 Hayes. Tildeo. M^j. Adams.. 580 86 459 40 1387 1076 336 460 686 449 2048 806 3613 2333 477 21 1174 1208 3086 2620 1823 879 1461 802 1917 1045 938 247 1968 1409 27 1365 301 447 5843 1102 1059 777 437 521 1523 916 1080 2304 233I 1 1 6 R. 347 D. 77 R. 256 R. 6 D. 353 R. 265 R. 312 D. 680 D. 18 G. 367 R 451 D. 202 D. 290 D. 1934 R. 351 D. 7 R. 767 R. 403 D. 328 R. 682 R. 974 D. 17 R. 286 R. 411 D. 201 R. 162 R. 31 D. 311 R. 853 R. 109 G. 142 D. 586 D. 454 D. 283 D. 545 R. 6 R. 295 D. 1228 D. 1142 R. 350 R. 9781 R. 553 R. 163| R. 398 981 109 644 86 I 2756 1186 285 1012 1596 1255 3532 1356 6435 3236 1095 42 2033 2266 4845 4723 2601 1739 2651 1507 2874 1714 1610 561 2644 2424 71 2700 668 697 9981 2558 1813 1859 583 836 2135 1019 1855 3560 442 189 257 74 3647 1162 28 2145 1774 660 2493 1604 5726 6361 696 67 894 1785 5660 3198 1736 1514 2348 R 539 Ashland 163 203 34 1740 810 24 1130 693 153 1597 1008 3903 4267 12c 28 407 805 3414 D 80 63 2 1015 76 R 387 Bayfield R 12 Brown D 892 BufiFalo R 24 Burnett R. 267 Calumet 389 689 816 118 146 614 381 283 D 1133 D 178 Clark R 595 Columbia R 1039 Crawford D. 249 Dane D. 291 Dodge D. 3125 Door R. 499 D 25 Dunn '412 597 1949 R. 1139 Eau Claire R. 481 D. 815 Grant 1938J 1037 849! 580 896; 215 1176' 1021 3911 521 2418 296 883 463 907 51 R. 1526 Green R. 866 Green Lake R. 225 R. 303 Jackson 718 R. 789 4134 D. 1260 1458 1432 1664 2481 2299 174 3908 1796 1112 12026 2030 1174 3608 5480 394 985 362 1794 2880 R. 256 Kenosha R. 178 Kewaunee 558 1115 1300 15 20 524 269 169 D. 1093 La Crosse R. 163 La Fayette R. 125 D. 103 1951! 98 755, 746 730' 70 6388 1228 1096^ 1019 764 157 20051 992 1579 17 171 123 645 408 363 60 917 728 1906 112 D. 1208 D. 1128 Marquette D. 415 D. 2045 Monroe R. 528 R. 639 D. 1749 D. 1897 Pepin R. 447 R. 1152 Polk R. 650 R. 61 Racine R. 680 307 GUBEKNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES— 1877-1876— CowiMmcd. COUNTIES— Confinued. Richland Rock St. Croix Sauk Shawano Sheboygan Taylor Trempealeau Vernon Walworth Washington Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago Wood. CITIES Appleton Beaver Dam Beloit Berlin Buffalo Centralia Chilton Chippewa Falls Columbus Eau Claire Fond du Lac Fort Howard Grand Rapids Green Bay Hudson Janesville Kenosha La Crosse Madison Manitowoc Menasha Milwaukee Mineral Point Neenah New London Oconomowoc Oconto Oshkosh Plymouth Portage Prairie du Chiea Prescott Racine Ripon Shawano Sheboygan Stevens Point Watertown Waupaca Wausau GOVBRNOB. PRESIDENT. IS 77. 1876. Smith. Mallory. AIIU. Maj. Hayes. Tilden. Maj. 1201 729 705 R. 472 2038 1591 R. 447 3375 1620 781 R. 1755 5755 2814 R. 2893 1558 1489 93 R. 70 1775 1736 R. 39 1826 922 574 R. 904 3395 2201 R. 1194 269 605 92 D. 336 582 873 D. 291 1598 1737 750 D. 139 3224 3633 D. 409 195 254 53 D. 59 240 24b D. 6 2483 731 176 R. 1452 2360 790 R. 1570 1678 416 846 R. 1262 2764 1117 R. 1647 2904 1374 160 R. 1530 4212 1970 R. 2242 994 2187 187 D. 1993 1321 3047 D, 1726 2484 2388 276 R. 96 3129 3335 D. 206 1473 990 772 R. 483 2642 1592 R. 1050 1282 - 257 377 R. 1025 2080 548 R. 1532 2068 2238 1887 D. 170 5092 4426 R. 666 247 196 601 G 354 658 745 D. 87 231 522 201 D. 291 549 911 D. 362 320 361 6 D. 41 357 465 D. 108 377 109 240 R. 268 745 627 R. 118 219 197 36 R. 22 456 312 R. 144 25 17 5 R. G. 8 81 14 64 31 93 D. D. 17 16 97 29 31 128 294 33 143 D. D. 97 65 229 475 572 D. 97 210 123 3 R. 87 254 212 R. 42 620 459 250 R. 161 1205 1013 R. 189 862 884 520 D. 22 1382 1542 D. 160 150 85 195 G. 45 669 288 R. 81 50 42 110 G. 60 121 191 D. 70 432 333 181 R. 99 696 647 R. 49 226 207 3 R. 19 250 224 R. 26 771 605 31 R. 166 1036 848 R. 188 281 314 42 I). 33 514 544 D. 30 712 671 351 R. 41 1085 1549 D. 464 740 1057 13 D. 317 834 12-52 D. 418 349 284 17 R. 61 660 512 R. 148 146 311 67 D. 165 291 344 D. 53 4816 5027 1050 D. 211 8218 9625 D. 1407 260 249 21 R. 11 348 324 R. 24 115 146 376 G. 230 511 385 R. 126 84 125 118 D. 41 206 208 D. 2 172 167 24 R. 5 222 238 D. 16 270 311 6 D. 41 399 506 D. 107 724 954 375 D. 230 1496 1910 D. 414 69 245 127 405 28 7 D. D. 58 160 366 532 D. 1G6 155 267 3 D. 112 215 377 D. 162 87 61 10 R. 26 143 108 R. 35 1052 921 82 R. 131 1672 1324 R. 348 270 239 33 R. 31 397 333 R. 64 65 73 13 D 18 87 83 R. 4 248 440 68 L). 192 575 873 D. 298 252 270 145 D. 18 423 563 D. 140 232 687 164 D. 446 372 1295 D 923 210 49 20 R. 161 280 52 R. 228 76 170 300 G. 130 210 595 D. 385 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. MlIS R. R. 1872. Statks A>'n Tkrritorikr. States. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentuclty Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michtpan" Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. Ohio Oregon Area in s Territories. Slnlts. Pennsylvania Rtiode Island. .. South Carolina... Tennessee Tex.is Vermont ^'ir^,'iIlia West VirRlnla Wisconsin Total Slates Territories. Arizona Colorado Dakota Dlst. of Columbia. Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah WasliiiiRton Wyoming Totnl Trrritortet. Area In square Miles. 46, 1 29, 45, 237, 10. 40. 23, 53, Population. 3,521.791 217.353 705,606 1,258.620 818.579 330,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054.670 258,239 925.145 1.236.729 1,950,171 113,916 104,500 147,490 60 90.932 143,776 121,201 80,056 69,944 93,107 38,113,253 . 965,032 9, 39, 14, 131, 14, 20, 91. 86, 23, 9. 658!. 864 ., 181;., 700 . 999'. 595i. 874,. 786 . 955 . 118 . S,11S 136 1.201 1,530 865 675 1,490 485 1.725 59.587 875 498 442,7301 ; 1.265 Aggregateof U. S.. 2,91d,203'38,555.983i 160,85'. • Included in the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; ]'OPULATION AND ArEA. COUNTIilKS. Populatloti. China British Kmpire Russia United States with Alaska... France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland... German Empire Italy Spain Ilrazll Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium Bavaria , Portugal Holland >ew Grenada Chili Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argetitine Kepubllc Wurteinljurg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Haytl Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San I>onilngo Costa Rica Hawaii 446, 226. 81, 38. 36, 35, 34, 31. 29, 27, 16, 10, 16, 9, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 1 1 I, 1 1 1 1 1, 500,000 817,108 925,4'10 925.600 469 800 904,400 785.300 817,100 906,093 439,921 642,000 000,000 463.000 173.000 921.500 000,000 021.300 861,400 995,200 688.300 000.000 000.000 669.100 500.000 ,000,000 ,812,000 ,818,500 ,784.700 .500,000 ,461,400 ,457,900 ,180,000 300,000 000.000 823,138 718,000 600,000 572,000 350,000 300.000 350.000 136,000 165,000 62.9.50 Date of Census. 1871 18T1 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 1869 1871 1870 '1871 1870 1871 1871 1871 'isVi 1871 1871 Area in Square Miles. 3,741,846 4,677,432 8,003,778 2.603,884 204,091 240.348 149,399 131,315 160,207 118,847 195 775 3,253,029 673,621 761,526 292,871 635.964 11.373 29,292 34.494 12.680 357.157 132.616 15.992 471.838 497,321 871.848 7,533 14,753 368.238 5.912 19,353 40.879 218,838 63,787 2,969 9,576 7.335 10,205 58.171 66,722 47,093 17,827 21.505 7.633 Inhabitants to Square Mile. 119.3 486 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4,2 247. 75.3 28.9 5.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekln London St. Petersburg.. Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro ConstantinoiJle . Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels..." Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota .Santiago Berne Lima chuquisaca. .. . Buenos Ayres. . Stuttgart Copenhagen I'uraccas Carisruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt (Monrovia Sal Salvador Port au Prince Managua Monte V.deo... Comayagua San Domingo... Sin Jose Honolulu Population. ,648,800 ,351,800 667,000 109,199 ,835.300 833,900 .554.900 ,351,800 885.400 244,464 332,000 420,000 ,075,000 210,300 136.900 120,000 314,100 169.500 224.063 90,100 45,000 115.400 36.001) 160,100 25,000 177,800 91,600 162,043 47,000 36,600 43,400 40,00(1 70.000 48.000 30.0011 3.0011 15.000 20.000 10.000 44.500 12.000 20.000 2,000 7,683 ■ti,^\ "■''* ^_ (DECEA SE D) PORTAGE CITY. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. CHAPTEE I. Geological ±'ormations of Coltjmbia County — Geological Formations of the Several Towns— Rivers in Columbia County— WATERsiiEDS-ALXixunES. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF COLUMBIA COUNTY The geological formations of Columbia County are the Huronian quartzite and quartz- porphyry; the Potsdam sandstone; the Mendota limestone and Madison sandstone (beds of passage between the Potsdam and Lower Magnesian) ; the Lower Magnesian limestone ; the St. Peters sandstone; the Trenton limestone; the Glacial drift, and the recent alluvial deposits. The Huronian appears in the quartzite ridges of the town of Caledonia, which, uniting at tlieir eastern extremities form a bold point around which the Wisconsin is forced to find its way in a wide bow. The Huronian also rises to the surfiice on Section 7, of the town of Marcellon, where are low knobs of quartz-porphyry. The quartzite and quartz-porphyry have a tliickness measured by thousands of feet, are folded and tilted, and have all the more recent formations placed upon them unconformably. The Potsdam sandstone, eight hundred to one thousand feet thick, underlies the whole of the county, except where the Huronian appears, coming to the surface over all the lower levels along the Wisconsin and its tributaries, besides forming considerable portions of the slopes of the outliers and higher lands. All about the Caledonia quartzite ranges, it rises to very considerable altitudes, apparently rising here into the horizon of some of the newer formations. Farther north again, it occupies all levels, having attained now a much increased altitude by virtue of its general northern rise. The Mendota and Madi- son beds, sixty to eighty feet thick, occupy parts of the slope, or else cap the summits, of many of the outliers, flanking the great limestone escarpment which runs diagonally across the county from Scott, in the northeast, to West Point, in the southeast. These layers also form the surface rock along the western slope of the limestone edge just westward, occasionally, as in Lowville and Springvale, coming to the surface over a belt of country several miles in width. Even east of the limestone escarpment, a considerable area in the adjoining portions of Otsego and Fountain Prairie is eroded down to the level of the Madison sandstone. The Lower Magnesian, with a thickness of from fifty to one hundred and forty feet, caps many of the outlying bluffs east of the Wisconsin, and is the surface rock over most of the county east of the limestone escarpment. It is overlaid, however, by the St. Peters' sandstone (thickness fifteen to one hundred and twenty-five feet), and the Trenton limestone (thickness in Columbia County proba- bly never more than thirty feet), in southeastern Hampden, southern Columbus, eastern Fountain Prairie, northeastern Courtland and eastern Randolph. The St. Peters sandstone alone, occurs also in several patches in southeastern Arlington, lying upon the irregular upper surface of the Lower Magnesian. It also, with the great thickness of one hundred and twenty-five feet, forms the face of Gibraltar Bluff, in the town of West Point. The Glacial drift spreads all over Columbia County, reaching a morainic development in the towns of West Point and Newport. 310 iriSTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE SEVERAL TOWNS. Randolph {Township 13 7iorth, Range L? east). — The Potsdam sandstone comes to the surface along the bottom of a deep ravine in the southeast corner of this town. Through this ravine, the bottom of which has an altitude above Lake Michigan of only 240 feet, flow the headwaters of Duck Creek. On its walls, the Mendota and Madison beds are seen in several quarries. The Lower Magnesian limestone underlies the western and northern parts of the town, and comes to the surface, also, in the low area along the east line in Sections 13, 24, 2.5 and 36. The principal exposure noticed is at P. Schleissmann's quarry, on the west line of the southwest quarter of Section 6. Here a ten-foot quarry-face shows below, in thin and very regular layers, a close-textured, buiF-colored, nearly pure dolomite, which weathers with a smooth, yellowish surface, is marked finely with dendritic manganese oxide, and is coated, in places, with white stalactitic lime carbonate ; and at the top. a heavy layer of concretionary, dark-colored dolomite. On the hill above, are exposures of the ordinary rough-textured Lower Magnesian, near the base of which formation the quarry layers appear to lie. The Lower Magnesian is to be seen, also, near the middle of the south line of Section 6 ; on a small open- ing on B. Evans' land, southeast quarter of Section 17 ; on the hill above the Madison and Mendota quarry, in Section 31 ; on T. Sanderson's land, near the east line of Section 32 ; at the head of Duck Creek, near the center of Section 28 ; on A. Wolsleyel's land, southeast quarter of Section 9 ; on the east side of the marsh, southeast quarter of Section 1 ; in the road on south side of Section 13 ; at the creek-crossing, on the south line of Section 24, and at the grist-mill, in the southeast quarter of Section 36. The Trenton limestone, with the underlying St. Peters sandstone, covers most of the mid- dle and western sections of the town, in one continuous area, and occurs, also, in small, isolated areas in Sections 15, 11, 2 and 1. Eight feet of the lower layers of the Trenton are exposed in a small quarry at the top of the 'hill on the north side of the marsh in Section 2; the lower layers thick and regular, the upper ones shaly. Two feet below the base of the quarry is the junction with the St. Peters, seventy-five feet above the marsh, beneath which the Lower Mag- nesian lies, at shallow depths. Another quarry in the lower layers of the Trenton, on the south side of the same marsh, northeast quarter of Section 11, shows ten feet of thin and regularly bedded buff limestone, underlaid by ferruginous sand, the junction sharply defined. Other exposures of Trenton were noticed at several points on the road running north through Section 12, at D. R. Jones' quarry, in the northeast quarter of Section 13, where the junc- tion with the St. Peters is again seen ; on the northwest quarter of Section 2.5, in a quarry on H. Hutchinson's land, northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 26, where the junction of the blue and buff beds is seen ; and in a quarry on R. Arms' land, near the center of Section 15. At the latter place, the St. Peters and Lower Magnesian are also exposed, the former nearly loose sand, and having a thickness of not over fifteen feet. The same small thickness was observed again on Sections 36 and 25, where the Lower Magnesian at the grist-mill is only twenty feet below the Trenton, one-half mile south. Courtland {Township 1 .', Range 13 east). — The Potsdam sandstone is at the surface only along the bottom of the ravines on Sections 5 and 6. It is seen in small exposures below the mill-dam at Cambria. The Mendota and Madison beds constitute the tongue of high land lying between the branches of Duck Creek, and on which the village of Cambria is built, and are the surface formations over a considerable area in the northern parts of Sections 4 and 5. Reddish shaly Mendota is exposed in a railway cutting on the northwest quarter of Section 5. The Lower Magnesian' is the surface rock over the larger part of the town, though, for the most part, covered by drift. It may be seen at the head of the ravine on the southeast quarter of Section .5, on the roadside on the northeast quarter of Section 34, and on a high point on the prairie in the northwest quarter of Section 20. The Trenton and St. Peters occupy an area in the north- eastern sections continuous with that of middle and eastern Randolph. The Trenton is quar- ried on R. Davies' land, in the southeast quarter of Section 12. At Randolph, on Section 1, the HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 311 wells pass through twenty-eight feet of Trenton limestone and twenty feet of St. Peters sand- stone into the lower magnesian. The eastward slant of the strata begins in this town to increase rapidly eastward. Fountain Prairie {Township 11, Range 12 east). — The Madison sand-beds come to the sui-face along the valley of the Crawfish, in Sections 17 and 18, where tliey give rise to a very sandy soil. The Lower Magnesian is the surface formation for nearly all the town, though not frequently exposed. It is little exposed on the northwest quarter of Section 32 ; on the south- west quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 29 ; in the railway cutting near Fall River Depot, where it is a white crystalline-textured rock, with numerous cavities ; on the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 32, and at other points. A narrow northeast and Southwest ridge, composed of St. Peters and Trenton, extends into the town in Sections 1 3 and 24. Columbus (Township 10, Range 13 east). — The lower levels are occupied by the Lower Magnesian limestone, which may be seen exposed in a small quarry on the southeast quarter of Section 3, with a thickness of six feet of a reddish, concretionary and cherty rock ; on the west side of Section 9 ; on the southwest quarter of Section 24, and again on the east side of the stream in the east half of Section 26. The Trenton and St. Peter's formations occupy higher ground in the south and southwest, projecting northeastward in long narrow points. At Luey's place, on thanortheast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 20, the quarry face shows the following : (1) soil and drift, one foot ; (2) blue shaly limestone, containing brachi- opods, orthoceratite casts, G-yroceras and Raphistoma, five feet; third, bluff limestone in heavy regular layers, ten feet. The St. Peters sandstone is found in Mr. Luey's well, thirty feet below the base of the quarry and forty feet below. The Trenton shows also in the road near the center of Section 19, and near the center of Section 20. A.t Vosburg's quarr.y, on the south side of the stream, in Section 29, the buff limestone only is exposed, the layers being regular, three to ten inches in thickness, and showing a few of the ordinary braehiopods and orthoceratite casts. Large slabs, four feet by three feet eight inches, are easily obtained. Below the quarry, the junction with the St. Peters is seen. Boldt's quarry, near the cen- ter of Section 22, is on nearly the same horizon as Luey's, on Section 20, showing six feet of the blue and seven feet of the buff beds. The junction of the two is thirty feet below the same junction at Lucy's, proving an eastward descent of fifteen feet per mile. Miller's quarry, on the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 26, is at the top of the steep southern bank of a small stream. It shows only five feet of thin-bedded buff" limestone, which is burned for lime. In the bank below, and running down to the stream, the St. Peters is seen with a thickness of twenty feet. Half a mile down the stream, the Lower Magnesian is exposed at an elevation of only twenty-five feet below the top of the St. Peters at Miller's. The buff beds are exposed again in a small quarry on the east side of Section 36, at a short distance from which place the St. Peters is found in wells. The base of the Trenton, thus indicated, has descended from its elevation at Luey's quai-ry, in a distance of four and three-fourths miles, and a direction E., 25°; S., 6.5 feet, or 13.6 feet per mile. From Miller's quarry, two miles in the same direction, the descent is 35 feet, or 17i feet per mile. These figures agree with the generally observed fact of an increase in the amount of an eastern dip as we pass east- ward. Hampden [Township 10, Range 11 east). — Except in the southeast, where the Trenton and St. Peters occur, the Lower Magnesian appears to be everywhere the surface rock, but it is not frequently exposed. Small exposures may be seen on the southwest quarter of Section 11 ; near the northwest corner of Section 33, and on the southwest quarter of Section 33. Otsego {Totvnship 11, Range 11 east). — A large area in the central sections of the town- ship, is eroded down to the horizon of the Madison sandstone, and presents a loose, sandy soil. This sandstone, coarse, brown and friable, is exposed on the roadside just north of the center of the east line of Section 11, and again on the road ascending the hill on the east line of Section 23, where it is overlaid by twenty feet of roughly weathered, concretionary Lower 312 HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNT\ . Magnesian. In the railroad-cutting, just northwest of Rio, both Madison and Mendota beds are to be seen. Springvale {Township 12, Range 11 east). — The Potsdam sandstone is the surface forma- tion along the stream valleys. The Mendota and Madison beds reach the surface on the flanks of the higher land, and form the whole of one large, elevated area in Sections 21 and 22. Coarse, friable, brown-stained Madison sandstone is seen in a large, flat exposure at the center of the west half of Section 6, and again near the center of the south line of Section 15. The Lower Magnesian occupies all the higher levels. It is exposed on the north half of Section 16, at the center of the south half of Section 15, and at a few other points. Scott {Township 13, Raiige 11, east). — The Potsdam sandstone immediately underlies all the lower parts of the town, but is infrequently exposed. It shows on the north of the north- east quarter of Section 6, fine-grained, friable, noncalcareous, light colored, and in horizon about seventy feet below the Mendota base. The Mendota and Madison beds reach the surface in belts along the flanks of the higher ground. Reddish, shaly Mendota shows on the side of the ravine, on the south line of the southwest quarter of Section 34, and brown, friable, non- calcareous Madison at the southeast corner of Section 31. The Lower Magnesian caps all the high land, and may be seen in a small quarry on the southeast quarter of Section 34, and on the southeast quarter of Section 27, and several small outcrops on the west line of Section 31. Marcellon {Township 13, Range 10 east). — The Potsdam sandstone is exposed quite fre- quently in the southwestern sections, where it is generally friable, fine grained, light to dark brown in color, and upward of a hundred feet below the Mendota base. Wyocena {Township 13, Range 10 east). — The Potsdam sandstone is everywhere the surface-rock, and is not often exposed, more commonly in the southern than in the northern portions. For the most part, it is eroded below the calcareous portions of the formation. LowviUe {Township 11, Range 10 east). — The eastern and southeastern sections of this town are underlaid by the Lower Magnesian limestone. Further northwest, the surface forma- tions are the Madison and Mendota beds, except on a few isolated outliers. The northern and northwestern sections have the Potsdam sandstone as the surface-rock, but including several very prominent limestone-capped outliers. In these sections are the ravines in which heads Rocky Run. In Sections 31 and 32, is a low area, about the headwaters of Okee Creek, with a basement of Potsdam sandstone, but including a large and prominent limestone outlier. The Potsdam sandstone, friable, light colored, non-calcareous, is seen in the ravine near the northwest corner of Section 9. The Mendota beds are passed through in a well on S. W. Delaney's land, southwest quarter of Section 20, with a thickness of twenty feet of hard, yel' lowish, fine-grained, argillaceous limestone. On the hill one-fourth of a mile south of here, are exposures of fine-grained, friable, brown, non-calcareous Madison sandstone, composed of sub- angular glassy quartz grains. The same rock is seen quite largely exposed on the road in the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 28 ; also near the middle of Section 31, and near the northwest quarter of Section 13. The Lower Magnesian may be seen in rough- weathered exposures on the hill near the southwest corner of Section 1 ; in a large ledge on the top of the blufl' in Section 3 ; on the bluff" in the southeast quarter of Section 9 ; on the west line of the northwest quarter of Section 13 ; on the hill on the south line of the southeast quar- ter of Section 23 ; on top of the bluff near the middle of Section 31, and at H. M. Delaney's quarry, on the northeast quarter of Section 28. This quarry lies on the south side of an isolated hill of Lower Magnesian. It shows a face of five feet of very regularly bedded, yel- lowish, fine-textured limestone, which is more nearly alike in character to the limstone of the Mendota beds than to that of the Lower Magnesian, as ordinarily seen. The layers are one to two inches in thickness, and flat slabs of large size are obtainable. The surface of the layers shows fucoidal and fine black dendritic markings. Below the quarry is a large exposure of the ordinary rough-weathered lower magnesian, whose base is on a level with the tops of the Madison sandstone exposures a few rods west, the whole thickness of limestone uncovered being fifteen feet. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 313 Leeds and Arlington {Township 10, Range 10 east, and Township 10, Range 9 east). — In these towns, the Potsdam sandstone comes to the surface in the lower ground in northern Arlington and northwestern Leeds. Large ledges of it rise on the south side of a small creek in the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 3, Arlington, a short distance south of the village of Poynette. Here are exposed iifteen feet of white, heavily bedded, friable, non- calcareous sandstone, with some thin green-sand layers, the base of the ledge being fifty to sixty feet below the base of the Mendota horizon. Similar but higher ledges occur along the creek in Pine Hollow, in the adjoining parts of Sections 3 and 4. At this place are exposed thirty feet of very friable, white-and-yellow-banded sandstone, heavily bedded below, thinner above, the base of the exposures being almost eighty feet below the Mendota base. Along the slopes up to the high ground, the Madison and Mendota beds are at the surface. The former rock is quarried near the southeast corner of Section 2, yielding a coarse-grained, white, regularly bedded sandstone. The Lower Magnesian is the surface rock of nearly the whole of the two townships, and must reach a thickness in the higher parts of at least 120 feet. Rose's well, southeast corner of Section 20, Arlington, is ninety-eight feet in limestone. In Arlington, the Lower Magnesian is exposed above the sandstone quarry on Section 2 ; on the east line of Section 10 ; at a high point on the south line of the southwest quarter of Section 1-i; at a similar point on the south line of the southeast quarter of Section 21, where it holds an unusual amount of cherty material ; in several small outcrops on Section 29 ; in a small quarry on the south line of Section 31, and in the south part of Section 6. In Leeds, the exposures are not frequent. The St. Peters sandstone remains on top of the Arlington prairie, in five isolated knobs, the highest seventy-five to one hundred feet in height. Three of these are close together, on each side of the line between Sections 28 and 29. The bluffs on Spoonam's land, northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 29, shows large outcrops, in a disturbed condition, of fine-grained, friable, white and brown mottled sandstone, composed of glassy quartz grains, the larger ones of which ai-e rolled, the smaller ones angular. Most of the rock has a very hard vitrified crust, one-fourth to one-half inch in thickness, in which the quartz grains appear to possess distinct crystalline surfaces. No trace of calcareous matter is present. Fine lamination and cross-lamination are plainly perceptible. The smaller knob on Mrs. A. D. Forbes' land has, on the south side, a vertical cliff, eighty feet in height, of sim- ilar but of distinctly horizontal and undisturbed sandstone. In the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 27, and extending into Section 28, and again in the north half of Section 34, are other similar bluffs. At the west end of the first named, the ledges are large, rising abruptly from the prairie level, the rock being much disturbed, and in all other respects like that on Spoonam's land, on Section 29. Near the southwest corner of Section 27, the sandstone is thin-bedded, incoherent and disturbed. At the east end of the bluff, which is about half a mile in length, there is a vertical cliff of entirely horizontal rock. On the prairie around these sandstone mounds, exposures of the Lower Magnesian limestone are seen at several points whose elevation is greater than that of the sandstone ledges ; whilst at two points on the south line of Section 21, and in the north part of Section 29, the limestone rises as high as the tops of the St. Peters. The irregular nature of the upper surface of the Lower Magnesian is thus distinctly proven. Dekorra {including Township 11, Range 9 east, and the triangular half of Township 11, Range 8 east, which borders the Wisconsin River), lies almost wholly within the area of the Potsdam sandstone, whose proximity to the surface is evinced by the prevalent sandy soil. The surface is generally wooded with the ordinary small oaks, showing only one small patch of prairie in the southeast corner of Township 11, Range 8 east. Along Okee Creek, in the southern part, and along Rocky Run, in the northern part, are marsh belts about a mile in width. Near the Wisconsin River, the altitude is generally 190 to 200 feet; away from it, 2-50 to 300 feet. The higher limestone country skirts Dekorra along its southern and western sides, sending into it a few projecting points. A number of isolated bluffs also dot the surface of Dekorra, rising 100 to 200 feet above the general level, the higher ones reaching the horizon 314 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. of the Lower Magnesian. The Lodi and Portage road crosses in Section 20, Township 11,^ Range 9 east, a high bluff, in a deep cut, which exposes about thirty feet of the calcareous lay- ers which immediately underlie the Mendota beds. Pacific (includinff that part of Township 12, Raiufe 9 east, ivhich lies east of the Wis- consin River). — The Potsdam sandstone is the only indurated formation and is unfrequently exposed. Fort Winnebago ( Township IS, Range 9 east). — The Potsdam sandstone is the only indurated formation, and the soil is generally loose and sandy. At T. Coughlin's quarry, northeast quar- ter of the southwest quarter of Section 20, are exposed ten feet of heavily bedded, fine-grained, white, porous, friable sandstone, which is composed of glassy subangular quartz grains, and is blotched with ferruginous spots. Rows of little brown-stained pores mark the laminations very plainly. Large fucoidal impressions occur. Large regular-shaped blocks are obtained. The isolated bluff on the adjoining parts of Sections 25 and 36 shows numerous small exposures of , white crumbling non-calcareous sandstone for a thickness of about ninety feet. Lewiston and Newport {Toivnship 13, Range 7 east, and portions of Township 12, Range 8 east and Township 13, Range 6 east), are like the town of Fort Winnebago, in being entirely within the Potsdam sandstone area. Lodi and West Point {Township 10, Range S east, and that part of Township 10, Range 7 east, which is south of the Wisconsin). — The Potsdam sandstone underlies all the lower levels, and forms the lower portions of the bluffs, which above includes the Mendota and Madison beds, the Lower Magnesian limestone, and in one case the whole thickness of the St. Peters sandstone. Rock exposures are very frequent along the bluff sides. Near the southeast corner of Section 27, Lodi, Township 10, Range 8 east, the road ascending the bluff is cut into the Madison sandstone, of which twenty-five feet in thickness is exposed. The uppermost layers are light-brownish, medium grained, friable and calcareous, the rolled quartz grains having mingled with their fragments of cleavable calcite. The rest of the exposure shows the usual dark brown, friable, non-calcareous sandstone. Above is sixty feet of Lower Magnesian limestone in small weather-roughened exposures, and below a small outcropping of the Mendota beds. The Lower Magnesian, Mendota and upper calcareous layers of the Potsdam are exposed again on the south side of the bluff in the southeast quarter of Section 12 ; and again, on the south face of the blufi" on the northeast quarter of Section 21, both in Township 10, Range 8 east. The Lower Magnesian limestone is also exposed in quar- ries in the southwest quarter of Section 7 ; the southeast quarter of Section 20 ; the southwest quarter of Section 20 ; the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 32 ; near the middle of the north half of Section 34, where the Madison sandstone shows well in a cave below the quarry, and near the center of the north line of Section 31 ; all in Township 10, Range 8 east; also near the center of the north line of Section 13, in the southwest quarter of Section 24; the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 26, the north half Sec- tion 31, and in the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 36, all in Township 10, Range 7 east. These quarries are generally at the top of the bluff faces, where the rock is often to some extent naturally exposed. The Mendota is quarried on the hillside just west of the depot at Lodi, where it presents the typical yellow color and reddish stains, and is over- laid at the top of the hill by white incoherent Madison sandstone. Another and much larger Mendota quarry is on the south side of the blufi" in the south half of Section 18, Township 10, Range 8 east. There are some ten feet of very regularly bedded, yellow sandy lime- stone, the layers below heavy, above thin and shaly, with fine large specimens of Dicello^ cephalus Minnesotvnsis. Gibraltar Blufi" is the name given to the bold cliff of St. Peters sandstone, which sur- mounts the western end of a large outlying area of limestone-capped bluffs in Sections 17 and 18, Township 10, Range 8 east. The area over which the sandstone is present is proba- bly not more than forty rods in diameter, but the top of the bluff reaches an elevation of about six hundred and thirty feet above Lake Michigan, or upwards of four hundred and fifty feet HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 315 above the adjacent river, so that it constitutes one of the most striking points in the scenery of this part of the valley of the Wisconsin, rising far above all the immediate surrounding country. The eastern face of the bluff is precipitous in its upper portion for over a hundred feet. At the top of the cliff is a wooded summit, composed in part of glacial drift, but showing in one place a few broken layers of limestone, which are in the proper place and have the proper character for the buff or lower Trenton limestone. The cliff itself is made up of fine-grained, light-colored to nearly white, friable sandstone, which is composed of angular and subangular quartz grains, and possesses a hard, vitrified crust. In the uppermost part of the cliff, the hori- zontal bedding is distinct — the layers being quite thin ; below, however, it is not plainly percep- tible ; whilst the whole has n sort of a vertically columnar appearance due to jointing. On the upper part of the long, wooded slope below are numerous very large sandstone masses, evidently fallen from the cliff. At the lower edge of this slope, the Mendota limestone is partly exposed ; and below it, the upper layers of the Pottsdam with intercalated calcareous bands. To the right and left of the line of section, lower, non-calcareous sandstone layers are exposed, in low cliffs, rising from the edge of a marsh. At a point on top of the hill, only a few rods from the sand- stone cliff, but at an elevation of forty-eight feet above its base, is an outcrop of much disturbed Lower Magnesian limestone. Numerous points on the surrounding bluffs also show limestone at elevations above the base of the sandstone of the Gibraltar cliff, proving the existence of a very irregular upper surface to the Lower Magnesian. Caledonia. — This large township is the most interesting, geologically, of any in the county. Extending east and west through the central part are the two bold quartzite ridges known as the Baraboo Bluffs. In the eastern part of the township, these two ranges unite, forming a bold point, around which the Wisconsin River is forced to flow. The spoon-shaped space between the two uniting ranges is filled up by the Potsdam sandstone to a high level. The same forma- tion shows in numerous remnants clinging to the outer flanks of both quartzite ranges, and the surface rocks over all of r.he rest of the town, except on the tops of the highest bluffs of the southern portions, where Madison, Mendota and Lower Magnesian beds all present themselves. Very fine and striking sections, showing the unconformity of the Potsdam sandstone and con- glomerate to the Huronian quartzite, are to be seen at Derevan's Glen, on the north side of Section 18, Township 11 north, Range 8 east, and at Jones' Glen, on Section 22, Township 12 north. Range 8 east, both of which places are very interesting, also, from a scenic point of view. RIVERS IX COLUMBIA COUNTY. Central Wisconsin may be said to include portions of four distinct drainage systems — those of the Wisconsin, Black and Rock Rivers, flowing southward and westward to the Mississippi, and that of the Fox River, of Green Bay, flowing northward and eastward to Lake Michigan, and is thus tributary to the St. Lawrence. The direction and areas of these river systems are more or less directly influenced by the rock structure of the State. Extending into Wisconsin from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and forming the central nucleus of the northern half of Wisconsin, is a great mass of ancient crystalline rocks, which is bordered on all sides by newer and undisturbed formations, whose outcropping edges, on the south, east and west, succeed one another in concentric bands. The central crystalline mass, probably for the most part never covered by later formations, includes the highest land in the State. It has a general slope to the southward, reaching its greatest elevation — 1,100 feet above Lakes Michigan and Superior — along its northern edge, within thirty miles of the latter lake. The waters which fall upon it are shed in four different directions — to the north, into Lake Superior ; ro the southeast, into Lake Michigan ; to the south, into the Wisconsin, which ultimately reaches the Mississippi, and to the southwest, directly into the last mentioned river. Wisconsin River. — This stream is much the most important of those which drain the ele- vated lands of the State. Its total length from its source to its mouth is about four hundred and fifty miles. It forms, with its valley, the main topographical feature of Central Wisconsin. 316 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Rising in Lac Vieux Desert, on the summit of the Archsean watershed, at an elevation of 951 feet above Lake Michigan, it ])ursucs a general southerly course for 300 miles over the crystal- line rocks, and then, passing on to the sandstones which form its bed for the remainder of its course, continues to the southward some eighty miles more. Turning then westward, it reaches the Mississippi within forty miles of the south line of the State, at an elevation of only thirty feet above Lake Michigan, so that its fall from Lac Vieux Desert is 921 feet, an average of a frac- tion over two feet to the mile. Like all the other streams which run to the south, southeast and southwest from the crystalline rocks, it has its quite distinct upper or crystalline rock portion, and its lower or sandstone portion. This river, however, may be regarded as having three dis- tinct sections — the first including all that part from the source to the last appearance of crystal- line rocks in the bed of the stream, in the southern part of Wood County ; the second, that part from this point to the Dalles, on the south line of Adams and Juneau Counties, and the third, that portion from the Dalles to the mouth of the stream. The first of these divisions is broken constantly by rapids and falls, caused by the descent south of the surface of the Archa-an area, and by the obstructions produced by the inclined ledges of rock which cross the stream. The second and third sections are alike in being almost entirely without rapids or falls, and in the nature of the bed rock, but are separated by the contracted gorge known as the Dalles, which, acting in some sort as a dam, prevents any considerable rise in the river below, the water above not infrequently rising as much as fifty feet in flood seasons, whilst below, the e.xtreme fluctuation does not e.xceed ten feet. The width of the river, where it enters Marathon County, is from three hundred to five hundred feet. It pursues a general southerly course through Townships 2'.i, 28, 27, 26, 2.5 and •24 north, of Range 7 east, and Townships 24 and 23 north, of Range 8 east, in the southern portion of Portage County. In this part of its course, the Wisconsin flows through a densely timbered country, and has, except where it makes rapids or passes through rock gorges, a narrow bottom land, which varies in width, is usually raised but a few feet above the water level, and is wider on one side than on the other. Above this bottom, terraces can often be made out, with surfaces in some cases one or two miles in width. Above, again, the country surface rises steadily to the dividing ridges on each side, never showing the bluft' edges so characteristic of the lower reaches of the river. Heavy rapids and falls are made at Wausau (Big Bull Falls), at Mosinee (Little Bull Falls), at Stevens Point, and on Section 8, in Township 23 north, of Range 8 east (Conant's Kapids). All but the last named of these are increased in height by artificial dams. Two miles below the foot of Conant's Rapids, just after receiving the Plover River on the east, the Wisconsin turns a right angle to the west, and enters upon the sparsely timbered sand plains through which it flows for 100 miles. At the bend, the river is quiet, with high banks of sand, and a few low outcrops of gneiss at the water's edge. From the bend the course is westward for about nine miles, then, after curving southward again, the long series of rapids soon begin, which, with intervening stretches of still water, extend about fifteen miles along the river to the last rajiid at Point Basse, in southern Wood County. East of the river line, between the city of Grand Rapids and Point Basse, the country rises gradually, reaching altitudes of one hundred feet above the river at points ten or fifteen miles distant. On the west, the surface is an almost level plain, descending gradually as the river is receded from. At Point Basse, the gneissic rocks disappear beneath the sandstones which for some miles have formed the upper portions of the river banks and now become, in turn, the bed-rock ; and the first division of the river's course ends. The main tributaries which it has received down to this point are, on the left bank, the Big Eau Claire, three miles below Wausau ; the Little Eau Claire, on the north side of Section 3, in Township 25 north, of Range 7 east, just south of the north line of Portage County ; and the Big Plover, on Section 9, in Township 28 north, of Range 5 east, just at the foot of Conant's Rapids ; on the right bank, the Plaoota or Big Rib, about two miles below Wausau ; the Sheshe-ga-ma-isk, or Big Eau Pleine, on Sec- tion 19, in Township 26 north, of Range 7 east, in Marathon County ; and the Little Eau Pleine, on Section 9, in Township 25 north, of Range 7 east, in Portage County. All of these HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 317 Streams are of considerable size and drain large areas. They all make much southing in their courses, so that their lengths are much greater than the actual distances from the sources to the Wisconsin at the nearest point ; and all of them have a very considerable descent, making many rapids aud falls over the tilted edges of schistose and gneissic rocks, even down to within short distances of their junctions with the main river. The streams on the west side head on the high country along the line of the Fourth Principal Meridian, about forty miles west of the Wisconsin, and at elevations of from two hundred to three hundred feet above their mouths ; those on the east head on the divide between the Wisconsin and Wolf, about twenty miles east, at elevations not very much less. Reaching back, as these streams do, into a country largely timbered with pine, and having so large a descent, they are of great value for logging and milling purposes. The second section of the Wisconsin River begins at Point Basse, with a width of from seven hundred to nine hundred feet. The next sixty miles of its course, to the head of the Dalles, is a southerly stretch, with a wide bow to the westward, through sand plains, here and there timbered with dwarf oaks and interspersed with marshes. These plains stretch away to the east and west for twenty miles from the river bottom, gradually rising in both directions. Scattered over them, at intervals of one to ten miles, are erosion peaks of sandstone, from fifty to three hundred feet in height, rising precipitously from the level ground. Some of these are near and on the bank of the river, which is also, in places, bordered by low, mural expos- ures of the same sandstone. The river itself is constantly obstructed by shifting sand-bars, resulting from the ancient disintegration of the sandstone, which, in the vicinity, everywhere forms the basement rock ; but its course is not interrupted by rock rapids. As it nears the northern line of Columbia County, the high ground that limits the sand plain on the west curving southeastward, finally reaches the edge of the stream, which, by its southeasterly course for the last twenty miles, has itself approached the high ground on the east. The two ridges thus closing in upon the river, have caused it to cut for itself the deep, narrow gorge known as the Dalles. In the second section of its course, the Wisconsin receives several important tributaries. Of those on the east, the principal ones are Duck Creek and Ten-Mile Creek, in the southern part of Wood County ; and the Little and Big Roche-a-Cris Creeks, both in Adams County. The two former head in a large marsh twenty-five miles east of and over one hundred feet above the main stream. The two latter head on the high, dividing ridge, on the west line of Wau- shara County, at elevations between one hundred and fifty and two hundred feet above their mouths. These streams do not pass through a timbered country, but have very valuable water- powers. Of those on the west, two are large and important — the Yellow and Lemonweir Rivers. Yellow River heads in Township 25 north, in the adjoining corners of Wood, Jackson and Clark Counties, and runs a general southerly course, nearly parallel to the Wisconsin for over seventy miles — the two gradually approaching one another and joining in Township 17 north of Range 4 east. The Yellow River has its Archtean and sandstone sections — the former exceedingly rocky and much broken by rapids and falls, the latter comparatively sluggish and without rock rapids. The upper portions of the river extend into the pine regions, and much logging is done in times of high water. The water-powers are of great value. The Lemonweir is also a large stream. Heading in a timbered region in the southeast corner of Jackson County, it flows southward for some distance through Monroe and entering Juneau on the mid- dle of its west side, crosses it in a southeasterly direction, reaching the Wisconsin in Section 24, in Township 15 north, of Range 5 east, having descended in its length of some seventy miles about two hundred feet. The Wisconsin enters the gorge already spoken of as the Dalles not far above the southern boundary line of Juneau and Adams Counties. This well-known passage, of about seven and one- half miles, is hereafter described. At its foot, between the counties of Sauk and Columbia, the Wisconsin enters upon the last section of its course, and also upon the most remarkable bend in its whole length. Through the Dalles, its general course is southward, but it now turns almost 318 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. due east, in which direction it continues, with one or two subordinate turns southward for about seventeen miles, through low sand banks, as far as Portage. Here it bends abruptly south again, and, reaching its most eastern point not far below, soon swerves around into the final southwest- ward stretch to the Mississippi. The cause of this long detour to the east is siiiSciently evident. As the river leaves the Dalles, it finds lying directly athwart its course two bold quartzite ranges, which extend east and west through Sauk County for upwards of twenty miles, and, crossing into Columbia, finally unite about eight miles east of the county line in a sharp and bold, east- ward-projecting point, rising four hundred feet above the river-bottom. Above Portage, where the Wisconsin forms the southern boundary line of the town of Lewiston, the ground immediately north is lower than the water in the river — the heads of Neenah Creek, a tributary of the Fox, rising a short distance from its banks. In times of high water, the Wisconsin over- flows into these streams, and thus contributes to a totally different river system. At Portage, the Fox, after flowing south of west for twenty miles, approaches the Wisconsin, coming from the oppo- site direction. Where the two streams are nearest, they are less than two miles apart, and are separated by a low, sandy plain, the water in the Fox being five feet below that of the Wiscon- sin at ordinary stages. The greater part of this low ground is overflowed by the latter stream in times of high water, and to this is chiefly due the spring rise in the Fox River. After do'ubling the eastern end of the quartzite ranges, as already said, the Wisconsin turns again to the west, being forced to this by impinging on the north side of a high belt of limestone country, which, after trending southward across the eastern part of Columbia County, veers gradually to a westerly direction, lying to the south of the river, along the rest of its course. Soon after striking this limestone region, the river valley assumes an altogether new character, which it retains to its mouth, having now a nearly level, for the most part treeless, bottom, from three to six miles in width, ten to thirty feet in height, usually more on one side than on the other, and bounded on both sides by bold and often precipitous bluffs, one hundred to three hundred and fifty feet in height, of sandstone capped with limestone. Immediately along the water's edge is usually a narrow timbered strip, rising two to four feet above the river, which is overflowed. at high water. The line of bluffs along the north side of the valley is the northern edge of the high limestone belt just mentioned, which reaches its greatest elevation ten to fifteen miles south of this edge. In front of the main bluff'-face, especially in its eastern extension, are frequently to be seen bold and high isolated outliers of the limestone country. On the north bank, the bluffs are at first the edges of similar large outlying masses, but farther down they become more continuous, the river crossing over the northwestward-trending outcrop line of the Lower Magnesian limestone. In this last section of its course, the Wisconsin is much obstructed by bars of shifting sand, derived originally from the erosion of the great sandstone formation which underlies the whole region, and to whose existence the unusual amount of obstruction of this kind in the river is due. The altitude of the water surface of the Wisconsin at Lac Vieux Desert above Lake Michigan, is 951 feet ; at Wausau, above dam, 623 feet ; at Knowlton (high), 538 feet — (low), 523 feet ; at Stevens Point, 485 feet ; at Conant's Rapids, 468 feet ; at Grand Rapids, — railroad bridge, 420 feet; at Kilbourn City — railroad bridge, 233 feet; at Portage. 211 feet ; at Merrimac, 182 feet ; at Sauk City, 165 feet ; at Spring Green bridge, 134 feet ; at Muscoda, 115 feet; at the mouth of the stream, 34 feet. The average velocity of the river below Portage is remarkably uniform, and is just about two miles per hour. The daily discharges of the river at Portage, in times of extreme low water, is about two hundred and fifty-nine million cubic feet. The average fall of the water surface of the river below Portage is one and one-half foot per mile. This rapid fall, were it not for the great amount of sand in the river- bed, would make the stream a series of pools and rock rapids. Rock River. — The Rock River, by its head streams, drains nearly all of eastern Columbia County territory. Its branches are everywhere divided from the tributaries of the Wisconsin by the high belt of limestone country, already described as running southwestward through the eastern part of the county, and then westward through the northern part of Dane County. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 319 Fox River. — This stream heads in the northeastern part of Columbia County, and the adjoining portions of Green Lake County, on the west edge of the high limestone belt previously alluded to. Flowing at first southwest and then due west nearly parallel to the Duck Creek branch of the Wisconsin, it approaches the latter stream at Portage. When within less than two miles of the Wisconsin, separated from it and from Duck Creek by only a low, sandy plain, it turns abruptly northward, and with a sluggish current continues on this course for twelve miles to the head of Lake Buffalo, in the southern part of Marquette County. It has already been said that in the spring this portion of the Fox receives a large amount of water from the Wisconsin, much of which reaches it through a branch known as the Big Slough, or Neenah Creek, which, heading within a mile of the Wisconsin, in the town of Lewiston, reaches the Fox just south of the north line of Columbia County, in the town of Fort Winnebago. At the head of Lake Buifalo, the Fox begins a wide curve, which brings its direction finally around to due east. From the foot of the lake, the river for seven miles has an irregular, easterly course, with a somewhat rapid current, to the head of Lake Packawa. At the foot of the last-mentioned lake, there are wide marshes through which the river leaves on the north side, and, after making a long, narrow bend to the west, begins its northeast stretch to Lake Winnebago, keeping along the western edge of the northern extension of the same limestone ridge, so many times referred to. From Lake Packawa to Berlin, the river is wider and deeper, interrupted by but few sand-bars, and nins for a considerable portion of the distance between high banks. The distance from Portage to Berlin is seventy-thi-ee miles — the river falling a fraction over twenty-five feet. It is thought unnecessary in this connection to continue the description of this stream after it leaves Berlin. WATERSHEDS. The high limestone prairie belt, which separates the systems of the Rock and Wisconsin Rivers, crosses Green Lake County in a south-southwest direction, enters Columbia County on the north line of the towns of Scott and Randolph, crosses the county in a line gradually veering to the west, and, entering Dane County in the towns of Dane and Vienna, turns due west. On the west, this divide has an abrupt serrated face, which increases in boldness and height as followed southward and westward — the watershed itself reaching altitudes of 400 feet above the adjacent Wisconsin. The eastern slope on the other hand, is, in Columbia County, very gradual, owing to the general descent eastward of the strata. As the watershed turns westward, the direction of the dip changes gradually to the south, its amount at the same time becoming lessened. As a result, the slopes toward the Catfish Valley are again somewhat more abrupt, but never become like those on the Wisconsin side of the divide. The western and northern face of this divide forms the eastern and southern side of the Wisconsin Valley continuously from the mouth of the river to the most eastern point of its great bend in Columbia County. Farther north, however, the ridge continues its northeasterly trend, leaving the Wisconsin entirely, and becoming the eastern boundary of the valley of the Upper Fox River as far as Lake Winnebago. . The " Baraboo Bluffs " are two bold east and west ridges — the southern much the bolder and more continuous of the two — extending through Sauk and western Columbia County for twenty miles and lying within the great bend of the Wisconsin River. Their cores and summits, in some places their entire slopes, are composed of tilted beds of quartzite, metamorphic con- glomerate, and porphyry, whilst their flanks are for the most part made up of beds of horizontal sandstone, which, in lower places, sometimes surmounts and conceals the more ancient rocks. ARTESIAN WELLS. The great usefulness of artesian wells as a source of water uncontaminated by surface impurities, and the great success with which these wells have met in other parts of the State, will render a brief statement of the probabilities of success in the attempt to obtain flowing wells in Columbia County of some interest. In this respect the county divides itself at once 320 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. into two portions. For that portion east of the meridian of Portage, the prospect of success is good, growing more and more nearly to a certainty as the attempt shall be made nearer and nearer to the east line of the county. At Portage, to judge from the boring at Kilbourn, in which the water reaches a level of about forty-nine feet above the Portage depot, there would probably be a flow above the top of the well, though this is not quite a certainty. At all events the expense attending the experiment would be but slight, since the boring would pass through soft rock, and if not successful at 500 feet, would not be so at all. East of the Wisconsin River within the limits of Columbia County, the probabilities are very strongly against success. ALTITUDES. The altitudes of several points in each of the towns in Columbia County have been deter- mined, and when hereafter mentioned are given in feet above Lake Michigan. By adding 589 feet to the height of any particular point, the result will be the altitude above the ocean. Township 10 north, Range 7 east ( West Point). — Gibraltar Bluff, middle, east line, Section 13, 635 feet; marsh at foot of same, east half. Section 13, 230 feet ; cemetery, south- east quarter of southeast quarter, Section 14, 370 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 15, 270 feet; southwest corner. Section 14, 290 feet; middle, south line. Section 15, 280 feet ; south line, southeast quarter. Section 16. 290 feet ; middle, south line, Section 16. 280 feet ; bend in road, north line, northeast quarter, Section 20, 250 feet ; top of limestone bluff, northeast quarter. Section 20, 485 feet ; southeast corner, Section 21, 320 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 22, 280 feet ; middle, east line. Section 22, 325 feet ; middle, south line. Section 24, 420 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 25, 400 feet ; mid- dle, east half, Section 27, 270 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 27, 310 feet ; southeast corner, Section 27, 275 feet ; center, southwest quarter, Section 27, 310 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, southwest. Section 27, 340 feet ; middle, east line. Section 28, 330 feet ; southwest corner. Section 28, 290 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 29, 280 feet ; road, southeast quarter. Section 31, 290 feet ; middle, west half, northeast quar- ter. Section 33, 370 feet ; cross-roads, north half. Section 36, 245 feet. Township 10 north, Range S east [Lodi and West Point, in j) art). — Bluff, top, southwest quarter. Section 7, 520 feet; road, corners, northwest quarter. Section 14, 330 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 14, 420 feet ; middle, north half. Section 14, 475 feet ; center, northwest quarter, Section 15, 340 feet; center, northwest quarter. Section 16, 315 feet; mid- dle, east line. Section 19, 310 feet ; middle, west half, Section 20, 250 feet ; one-eighth mile south of center. Section 20, 240 feet ; southwest corner. Section 20, 440 feet ; center, north- west quarter. Section 23, 360 feet ; middle, east line, northeast quarter. Section 23, 460 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 23, 340 feet; bluff-top, southeast quarter. Sec- tion 23, 560 feet ; bluff-top, northwest quarter. Section 24, 560 feet ; center. Section 26, 250 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 27, 330 feet ; center, southwest quarter, Section 28, 470 feet; middle, west line, southwest quarter. Section 28, 420 feet; middle, west line. Sec- tion 29, 360 feet ; bluff-top, middle, north half. Section 31, 475 feet ; middle, east line, Section 31, 350 feet ; middle, east line. Section 32, 380 feet. Township 10 7iorth, Range 6' east [Arlington). — Creek crossing, northeast quarter. Sec- tion 1, 300 feet ; bluff-top, southeast corner. Section 2, 445 feet ; southwest corner, Section 2, 380 feet ; center. Section 3, 305 feet ; creek crossing, southeast quarter. Section 3, 270 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 4, 375 feet ; southwest corner. Section 4, 355 feet; southwest quarter. Section 5,370 feet; middle, west line, Section 5,340 feet; south line, southwest quarter. Section 7, 525 feet ; southeast corner. Section 7. 425 feet ; southeast corner. Section 8, 465 feet ; middle, east line. Section 8, 440 feet ; middle, east line. Section 10, 520 feet ; southeast corner. Section 10, 480 feet ; middle, north line, northwest quarter. Section 13, 440 feet; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 13, 460 feet; Arlington Station, Section 13, 460 feet; southwest corner. Section 14, 470 feet; southwest corner. Sec- tion 15, 500 feet ; middle, south line. Section 16, 460 feet; southwest corner. Section 16, 440 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 321 feet; southwest corner, Section 17, 490 feet; middle, west line, Section 17, 460 feet; center, Section 19, 540 feet ; southeast corner. Section 19, 460 feet ; knob, south line, southeast quar- ter, Section 21, 525 feet; middle, east line, southeast quarter. Section 21, 500 feet; bluff-top, southwest ([uarter. Section 27, 520 feet ; bluff-top, northwest quarter, Section 28, 525 feet ; bluff-top, west line, southwest quarter, Section 28, 520 feet ; middle, west line, Section 28, 420 feet ; southwest corner, Section 29, 480 feet ; bluff-top, northeast quarter, Section 34, 520 feet. Township 10 north, Range 12 eagt {Columbus). — Middle, south line Section 7, 300 feet; stream, south line, southeast quarter. Section 8, 275 feet ; middle, north line. Section 9, 310 feet ; northeast corner, Section 9, 385 feet ; northeast corner, Section 16, 285 feet ; northwest corner. Section 17, 295 feet ; middle, north line. Section 17, 285 feet ; west line, northeast quarter. Section 19, 365 feet ; middle, east line. Section 20, 325 feet ; northeast corner. Sec- tion 20, 305 feet; middle, east half. Section 21, 285 feet; stream crossing, northwest quarter, Section 28, 300 feet ; middle, north half, Section 32, 395 feet ; middle, east half, Section 33, 395 feet. Township 11 north. Range 8 east (Dekorra). — Middle, east half, Section 23, 240 feet ; middle, east line, Section 23, 240 feet. Township 11 north, Range 9 east (Dekorra). — Middle, west line, southwest quarter. Sec- tion 11, 280 feet; cross-roads, west half. Section 11, 335 feet; middle, west line. Section 17, 340 feet; southwest corner. Section 17, 370 feet; southwest corner. Section 20, 220 feet; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 16, 380 feet ; cemetery, west half, Section 23, 310 feet ; middle, west half. Section 28, 320 feet ; stream crossing, northeast quarter, Section 30, 220 feet ; middle, east line, northeast quarter. Section 30, 240 feet ; middle, south half, Section 33, 270 feet ; Poynett Depot, 264 feet. Toivnship 11 north. Range 10 east (Lowville). — Southeast corner. Section 1, 360 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 2, 330 feet ; middle, south line, southweast quar- ter. Section 3, 320 feet; bluff one-fourth mile north, 725 feet; ravine, southwest corner, Sec- tion 4, 260 feet ; southwest corner. Section 5, 320 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 6, 300 feet ; middle, east half. Section 8, 280 feet ; bluff-top, southeast quarter. Section 9, 400 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 9, 330 feet ; middle, south line. Sec- tion 10, 350 feet; southwest corner. Section 11, 350 feet; southeast corner. Section 11, 370 feet; southeast corner. Section 12, 370 feet; middle, west line. Section 13, 350 feet; middle, southwest quarter, Section 17, 310 feet; middle, west half. Section 18, 290 feet; middle, east line. Section 19, .840 feet ; middle, east half, Section 20, 360 feet ; middle, south line., south- east quarter. Section 20, 420 feet; knob, south line, southeast quarter. Section 23, 460 feet; southeast corner. Section 23, 400 feet; middle, south line. Section 24. 400 feet; middle, west line, northwest quarter, Section 28, 400 feet ; center, northeast quarter. Section 29, 420 feet ; bluff-top, southeast quarter. Section 31, 410 feet ; middle, east line, Section 31, 350 feet ; mid- dle, east half. Section 32, 400 feet. Township 11 north, Range 11 east [Otsego). — Middle, west half. Section 1, 345 feet; middle, west line. Section 1, 375 feet; center. Section 2, 345 feet; middle, east half. Section 3, 330 feet; middle, west line. Section 3, 350 feet; center. Section 4, 375 feet; center, Sec- tion 5, 340 feet ; middle, west line, Section 5, 360 feet ; middle, west line, Section 7, 420 feet ; middle, east line, Section 11, 365 feet; Doylestown, Section 12, 360 feet ; southwest corner. Section 15, 380 feet; southwest corner. Section 16, 390 feet; middle, south line, Section 17, 365 feet ; southwest corner. Section 17, 380 feet ; middle, south line, Section 19, 340 feet ; southeast corner. Section 19, 350 feet; middle, south line. Section 20, 355 feet; center, south- west quarter. Section 22, 360 feet ; middle, north half, Section 22, 365 feet ; Otsego, Section 22, 355 feet ; stream, east line, northeast quarter. Section 23, 345 feet ; middle, east line. Sec- tion 23, 365 feet ; middle, east line, southeast quarter. Section 23, 345 feet ; middle, east half Section 32, 365 feet; middle, east line, Section 32,365 feet; center. Section 33, 365 feet ; 322 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. center, Section 34, 365 feet ; middle, west half, Section 35, 355 feet ; middle, east line. Section 35, 350 feet. Toivrmhip 11 north, Range S east {Fountain Prairie). — Marsh west half. Section 2, 312 feet; center, northwest quarter. Section 2, 370 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Sec- tion 6, 400 feet ; middle, south line. Section 6, 340 feet ; middle, south half of north half, Sec- tion 7, 370 feet ; middle, west line, southwest quarter. Section 8, 370 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 8, 360 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 9, 350 feet; middle, south line. Section 9, 330 feet ; stream, south line, southwest quarter, Section 10, 300 feet; middle, south line, Section 10, 330 feet; middle, west half. Section 11, 360 feet; stream crossing, north half, Section 14, 320 feet ; center, northeast quarter. Section 13, 314 feet; middle, west line. Section 28, 350 feet ; middle, east half, Section 29, 360 feet ; stream, south- east corner. Section 30, 295 feet ; one-quarter mile south, 340 feet ; southeast corner, Section 31, 310 feet; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 32, 335 feet; middle, south line. Sec- tion 33, 295 feet ; middle, south line. Section 34, 280 feet ; southeast corner. Section 36, 252 feet. Township 11 north, liange 8 east (Caledonia). — Middle, northwest quarter, Section 3, 360 feet ; middle, south line. Section 7, 480 feet; middle, so(ith half. Section 8, 510 feet ; center, southeast quarter, Section 8, 395 feet ; center, southeast quarter, Section 9. 520 feet ; middle, south line. Section IG, 485 feet ; middle, west line. Section 16, 385 feet ; middle west line, northwest quarter, Section 21, 330 feet; middle, west line, Section 21, 375 feet. Township 12 north, Range S east {Caledonia). — Church, northwest quarter, northwest quar- ter. Section 21, 280 feet ; one-third mile south, 420 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 22, 500 feet ; middle, north half, Sec. 25, 205 feet ; center, northwest quarter. Section 25, 340 feet ; road, west line, northwest quarter. Section 25, 505 feet ; middle, east half. Sec- tion 26, 560 feet; center. Section 26, 560 feet; southeast quarter of northeast quarter, Sec- tiou 26, 620 feet ; center. Section 27, 510 feet ; stream ci'ossing, southwest quarter, Section 27, 480 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Sectino 27, 610 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 28, 470 feet; southwest corner, Sectino 28, 440 feet; middle, south line. Section 29, 360 feet ; southwest corner. Section 29, 420 feet ; middle, north half. Section 29, 580 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 29, 505 feet ; center, northwest quar- ter. Section 30, 515 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 30,540 feet ; bluff-top, southeast quarter, Section 34, 760 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 35, 310 feet. Township 12 north, Range 10 east {Caledonia). — Bridge, Section 7, 220 feet. Township }2 north. Range 10 east { Wyocena). — Railroad, east line, Section 1, 235 feet ; middle, west line. Sec. 10, 225 feet ; southwest corner, Section 10, 240 feet ; center, Section 12, 230 feet; stream, south line. Sec. 12, 215 feet; center, Sec. 13, 260 feet; middle, west line. Section 13, 275 feet ; stream, center. Section 14, 210 feet; center. Section. 15, 250 feet; middle, west line. Section 15, 230 feet; Wyocena depot, 240 feet ; center. Section 28, 280 feet ; middle west line. Section 28310 feet ; middle, east half. Section 29, 275 feet ; southwest corner. Section 29, 320 feet ; middle, east half. Section 31, 280 feet ; middle, west half, Sec- 31, 235 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 36, 290 feet. Totvnship 13 north. Range 11 east {Springvale). — One-fourth mile, north of center. Sec- tion 1, 235 feet ; middle, east line. Section 1, 240 feet ; middle, west line, northwest (juarter. Section 2, 280 feet ; middle, north half, Section 3, 290 feet ; middle, west line. Section 4, 235 feet ; railroad, west line, Section 5, 240 feet ; southeast quarter. Section 5. 230 feet ; middle, east half Section 7, 235 feet ; center. Section 7, 230 feet ; center. Section 15, 360 feet ; middle, west line. Section 15, 360 feet ; bluff-top, northeast quarter. Section 16, 370 feet ; middle, east half Section 17, 300 feet; stream crossing, north half, Section 18, 222 feet; stream crossing, north half, Section 22, 266 feet ; middle, south half, Sec. 22, 320 feet ; middle, north half, Section 27, 270 feet; road, west line, northwest quarter, Section 27, 260 feet; middle, south HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 323 line, southeast quarter, Sec. 28, 280 feet ; middle, south line, Section 28, 300 feet ; south- west quarter. Section 28, 290 feet; southwest corner. Section 28, 290 feet; middle, south half. Section 29. 250 feet ; southwest corner, Sec. 29, 300 ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 29, 280 feet. Toivnship 1:2 north, Range 13 east {Oourtland). — Randolph depot. Section 1, 378 feet; southeast cornei'. Section 1, 360 feet ; middle, north half, Sec. 2, 365 feet ; center. Section 2, 355 feet; middle west line, Section 2, 375 feet; middle west half, Sec. 3, 355 feet; middle, north line, northwest quarter. Section 3, 355 feet ; middle, north line, northeast quarter, Sec- tion 4, 355 feet ; middle, north line, northwest quarter, Section 4, 325 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter. Section 5, 375 feet; Cambria depot. Section 6, 284 feet ; middle, west half. Section 8, 380 feet ; southwest quarter. Section 8, 390 feet ; center northwest quarter. Section 11, 402 feet ; middle, west half, Section 11,390 feet ; southwest quarter. Section 11, 383 ; southwest corner, Sec. 13, 377 feet ; middle, south line, Section 14, 364 ; middle, west line, southwest quarter. Section 14, 380 feet ; middle east line, Section 13, 367 feet ; middle, west half, Section 17, 410 feet; center, Section 19, 430 feet; middle, south half. Sec. 19, 350 feet ; middle, west half. Section 20, 390 feet ; middle, north half. Section 23, 360 feet ; stream crossing, north half. Section 26, 335 feet ; middle, south half. Section 26, 357 feet ; middle north half. Section 30, 400 feet ; middle, south line. Section 30, 360 feet ; middle, south half, Section 31, 360 feet; middle, north half. Section 35, 369 feet; middle,south line. Sec- tion 35, 370 feet. Township 13, north. Range 7 east (Lewiston). — Lewiston depot. Section 26, 231 feet. Township 13 north. Range 8 east (Lewiston). — Middle, north half of southwest quarter, Section 14, 250 feet ; center, southwest quarter. Section 23, 220 feet ; middle, west line. Section 25, 240 feet ; middle, north half. Section 36, 230 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 36, 249 feet. Township 13 north, Range east {Fort Winnebago). — Middle, west half. Section 16, 230 feet ; middle, west line, southwest quarter. Section 16, 260 feet ; southwest corner. Section 16, 280 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 19, 300 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 19, 250 feet; middle, south line. Section 20, 260 feet: middle, west line, Section 21, 240 feet ; Coughlin's quarry, east half Section 20, 350 feet ; center, northeast quarter. Section 30, 240 feet ; middle, east half. Section 31, 390 feet ; middle, north half, Section 36, 265 feet ; bluff-top, northwest quarter. Section 36, 390 feet. Toivnship 13 north. Range 10 east (Marcellon). — Northeast quarter. Section 1, 260 feet ; middle north line, northeasfquarter. Section 1, 320 feet; northwest corner. Section 1, 260 feet; middle, west line. Section 1, 300 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 12, 320 feet ; middle, south line, northwest quarter. Section 12, 290 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 13, 270 feet ; center, southeast quarter of northeast quarter. Section 14, 285 feet ; center, northwest quarter, southeast quarter, Section 14, 295 feet ; middle, south half, southwest quarter, Section 14, 290 feet; one-eighth mile east, southwest quarter. Section 14, 270 feet; center. Sec- tion 16, 370 feet ; middle, south half. Section 16, 340 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 16, 350 feet ; middle, south line, Section 16, 350 feet ; middle, east line, northeast quarter. Section 21, 355 feet ; middle, east line. Section 21, 305 feet ; center, southeast quarter, southeast quarter. Section 21, 335 feet; center, southeast quarter, northeasfquarter. Section 22, -320 feet ; southeast corner. Section 23, 350 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 23, 360 feet ; middle, south line. Section 23, 350 feet ; middle, south line. Section 24, 300 feet; middle, south line, southeast quarter, Section 24, 290 feet ; middle, east line, northwest quarter, Section 25, 350 feet ; center, northwest quarter, northeast quarter. Section 28, 260 feet. Toivnship 13 north. Range 11 east {Scott). — One-eighth mile east, northwest corner, Sec- tion 2, 390 feet ; middle, north half, Section 2, 360 feet ; middle, north line, northeast quarter. Section 3, 330 feet ; northwest corner. Section 3, 280 feet; middle, north line, northwest quarter, of northeast quarter. Section 4, 280 feet ; middle, north line, northwest quarter. Section 4, 260 feet ; middle, north line, northeast quarter, Section 5, 320 feet ; one-eighth mile east, northwest 324 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. corner, Section 5, 260 feet ; middle, north line, northeast quarter, Section 6, 280 feet ; middle, north half of north half of Section 11, 350 feet ; middle, south line, Section 11, 340 feet ; middle, north half. Section 14, 385 feet ; middle, north half, south half. Section 14, 340 feet ; middle, south line. Section 14, 320 feet ; middle, north line, southeast quarter. Section 14, 370 feet ; one-sixteenth mile north, southeast corner. Section 19, 230 feet : middle, south line, Sec- tion 19, 270 feet; middle, north half of north half of Section 23, 290 feet; middle, south line. Section 23, 370 feet ; one-eighth mile north, center. Section 26, 380 feet ; one-sixteenth mile south, northwest corner. Section 29, 230 feet ; middle, west line, Section 29, 240 feet ; south- west corner, Section 29, 325 feet ; middle, east line. Section 31, 400 feet ; one-eighth mile north, southeast corner, Section 31, 375 feet ; one-eighth mile east, southwest corner. Section 32, 350 feet ; southeast corner. Section 32, 440 feet ; middle, south line, southeast quarter. Section 33, 380 feet ; middle, south line, southwest quarter, Section 34, 275 feet ; southeast corner. Section 34, 400 feet ; middle, south line. Section 35, 420 feet ; southeast corner. Section 35, 425 feet ; middle, south line, Section 36, 420 feet ; southeast corner. Section 36, 400 feet. Township 13 north, Range 12 east [Randolph] — Northwest corner. Section 1, 415 feet; center, southeast quarter. Section 1, 320 feet ; middle, north line. Section 2, 420 feet ; north- west corner. Section 2, 250 feet ; middle, west line. Section 2, 370 feet ; middle, north half, south half. Section 5, 350 feet ; middle, south line. Section 5, 340 feet ; middle, east line. Section 6, 320 feet ; southwest corner. Section 6, 350 feet ; middle, south line. Section 7, 420 feet ; middle, west line, southwest quarter. Section 7, 320 feet ; middle, north half. Section 8, 350 feet ; middle, south line. Section 8, 360 feet ; middle, east line. Section 9, 365 feet ; middle, east line. Section 11, 395 feet ; center. Section 12, 395 feet ; southwest corner, Section 15, 390 feet ; middle, west line. Section 15, 356 feet; middle, north half, north half, Section 16, 356 feet; middle, north half, south half. Section 16, 432 feet ; middle, south line. Section 16, 409 feet ; center, southeast quarter. Section 17, 400 feet; center, northwest quarter. Section 17, 365 feet; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 18, 380 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 19, 400 feet ; middle, north half, north half. Section 20, 400 feet ; center, southwest quarter. Section 20, 400 feet; middle, east line, southeast quarter. Section 21, 386 feet ; middle, north half, west half. Section 24, 350 feet ; center, southwest quarter, southeast quarter. Section 24, 330 feet ; center, northeast quarter. Section 25, 330 feet ; middle,- west line. Section 25, 365 feet ; middle, west line. Section 27, 420 feet ; center. Section 28, 353 feet ; southwest quarter, Section 28, 420 feet ; center, southeast quarter, northeast quarter. Section 29, 360 feet ; northwest corner. Section 30, 440 feet ; one-eighth mile north, southwest corner, Sec- tion 30, 400 feet ; middle, west line, northwest quarter. Section 31, 350 feet ; southwest corner. Section 31, 240 feet; southeast corner. Section 31, 260 feet; center, southwest quarter, north- west quarter. Section 32, 390 feet ; middle, south half, northwest quarter, Section 32, 380 feet ; southeast corner, Section 36, 360 feet. f;^i^4^t^^0^ PORTAGE CITY. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 327 CHAPTER IT. e JM'RFACE Features of the County— The Mound-Builders— Indian Occupancy— Was John NicoLET IN Columbia County in 1634?— First White Men at the Portage— Early Visits to what is now Columbia County— The Portage from 1793 to 1827— The "Win- nebago War"— Fort Winnebago. surface features of the county. The surface of Columbia County is drained, as already explained, by three principal rivers — the Rock, the Fo.x and the Wisconsin ; but only the two last mentioned have any part of their main channels in the county. The Crawfish River carries the water from the eastern side of the county into the Rock River ; the north central portions of the county are drained by the Fox River and its affluents ; the western and central parts, by the Wisconsin and its tribu- taries. The principal affluent of the Fox on the east is French Creek ; on the west, Neenah Creek. The Wisconsin has, on the west, the Baraboo River as a tributary ; on the east, its main affluents in the county are Duck Creek, Rock Run and Spring Creek. The three princi- pal branches of Duck Creek are the North Branch, Middle Branch and the South Branch. The Baraboo heads in the counties of Monroe, Vernon and Juneau, at an elevation of about four hundred feet above its mouth ; runs southeastward into Sauk County, where it breaks into the valley between the two east and west quartzite ranges, already spoken of, through a narrow gorge in the northern range. Turning then eastward, it runs along the middle of the valley between the two ranges for about fifteen miles, and then, breaking again northward through the north range, follows its northern side east to the Wisconsin, into which it empties on Section 28, of Township 12 north, of Range 9 east, in the town of Caledonia. The Baraboo is a stream of very considerable size, and yields a number of excellent water-powers in the valley between the quartzite ranges (Baraboo Bluffs), — having a fall, on this portion of its course, of seventy feet. The other streams of the county are sufficiently described in the histories of the various towns. There are a half score of small lakes in the county, which are considered of sufficient importance to appear with names upon the county map and county atlas. They are : Swan Lake, in Wyocena and Pacific ; Whiting's Lake, Lake Loomis and Lake Corning, in Lewiston ; Lake George, in Pacific ; Mud Lake, in Fort Winnebago ; Grass Lake in Otsego, and Silver Lake, in the city of Portage. One of these. Mud Lake, in Fort Winnebago, may be consid- ered merely as an enlargement of the channel of Fox River. The three different kinds of surface in Columbia County, as to vegetation, are the prairies, marshes and timber land. The prairies, or treeless portions, are not exactly identical in extent now as when the county was first settled, for the reason that in some places, once prairie, there has been an invasion of a timber growth, — this, in former times, having been checked by the annual prairie fires. The prairie areas are by no means always flat ; indeed the flat prairies are the exception, and are chiefly seen along the bottom land of the Wisconsin River. The ordi- nary prairie of the county is very rolling, commonly showing abrupt changes of level, even up to fifty or a hundred feet. The changes in level are, scientifically speaking, due in places to heaped-up drift, but more commonly to unequal denudation of the rocky strata. In some cases, as, for instance, in the town of West Point, the prairie area includes both lowland and bold out- lying bluffs, as much as two hundred, or even three hundred, feet in height. The limestone-prairie belt in Columbia County occupies large portions of the towns of West Point, Lodi, Arlington, Leeds, Hampden and Lowville, continuing northeast, though somewhat broken, through the towns of Otsego and Courtland, and finally passing into Green Lake County. This extensive prairie area is. for the most part, on high land, occupying the summit of the watershed between B 328 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. the Wisconsin anJ Rock Rivers. It is nearly always underlaid by the lower magnesian lime- stone, whose irregular upper surface contributes much to the rolling character of the prairie. In the south central part of the county, the northern limb of Empire Prairie projects far out, like a great bay, through the southern and into the second tier of townships. In the south- east part of the county lies Fountain Prairie, and in the northeast are Welsh and Portage Prairies. All these, as before intimated, are beautifully rolling. The marshes of Columbia County are usually small. There are, however, some notable exceptions — those extending along Duck Creek and the Upper Fox River, east of portage, are several miles in extent. With regard to forest trees, it may be said that the whole of the county outside the prairie region is covered by a prevailing growth of small oaks of different varieties, frequently inter- spersed with other forest trees. Along the Wisconsin and Baraboo Rivers, on one side or both, nearly through their whole length in the county, is a belt of heavy timber of several kinds of oak, basswood, elm and hickory, with some butternuts and soft maple. There are a few groves of heavy oaks in other parts of the county. THE MOUND-BUILDERS. Within the boundaries of Columbia County are found many notable and interesting evi- dences of prehistoric occupation and existence. The geographical position of the county is such as to intimately associate it with some of the important chains or series of earthworks that are found extending along most of the favorable routes for primitive transportation between the great lakes and the Mississippi River. The county in this regard seems to confirm the generally accepted theory that primitive man, or the Mound-Builders, whoever they were, existed in greatest numbers along the borders of lakes and rivers ; and the more prominent these bodies of water and the position occupied appear with relation to the great problems of transportation and subsistence, the more important and numerous are these ancient artificial works. The importance of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers and their navigable tributaries has been recognized by all nations and tribes in this region that have a written or traditional history. This and the numerous evidences of a prehistoric occupation found along their entire course, would seem to warrant a conclusion that these rivers have furnished a medium of transporta- tion from the days of primitive man's unrecorded existence down to the present time. In this great thoroughfare of ancient and modern times, the " portage" occupies a central and important position. The situation of the mounds (many of them) seems to establish a belief that the observation since the settlement of the county by the whites with relation to the gradual diminution in volume of the lakes and rivers, is not exceptional as to the present, but that this decrease has been continuous from the time the mounds were erected; and, with relation to the importance of some of the streams associated with the Mound-Builders, their present condition would not justify conclusions that are consistent with former proportions. Not only is it certain that there has been a notable decrease in the volume of all existing bodies of water, but in some instances appearances would indicate that even quite large lakes have entirely disappeared, and that some of the works of the Mound-Builders now stranded on an inland hillside, at the time of their construction marked the water-line of their primitive proportions. As usual in these ancient earthworks, spherical mounds, numerically considered, occupy the leading position, while the irregular works rank first in size and importance, and would require special drawings and exjilanations to render a description valuable or intelligent. In some of the mounds examined in Columbia County are found, near the surface, relics of Indian origin, such as flint arrowheads, beads, etc., while farther below, and always near the base line, come the stone implements and the remnants of human bones that crumble into dust as soon as brought to the surface. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 329 In the immediate vicinity of the Dalles, there are several groups of mounds, all of which will be found well worthy of a visit. There is a portion of one in Kilbourn City, but it is not perfect now, having been partially destroyed in grading a street. It appears to have been made to represent a lizard-like animal. Originally, the figure must have been 200 feet long, its head pointing toward the west. Very often, one of these image or animal mounds will be surrounded by several of the conical ones. A few miles from Kilbourn may be found one of the most curious groups to be seen in this section of the State. It occupies a plat of ground about five rods wide and eighteen long. Near the southeast corner of the plat is the figure of a deer, the head being towai'd the west. Immediately to the north is a representation of a lizard, the length being about eighteen rods, while around its head are arranged eight or ten conical mounds, some of them being twelve feet in height. About four miles south of Kilbourn, on the east bank of the Wisconsin River, and but a short distance from the railroad track, may be found quite an interesting group which is well worth visiting. Other groups may be found by driving a few miles in almost any direction. Many of the mounds in the vicinity have been opened, and bones and various stone imple- ments found ; while in others, broken pottery has been unearthed in considerable quantities. That the mounds were built at a remote period, it is evident. On many of them, trees more than two hundred years old are found growing, and how many more have attained their full size and then died and fallen into decay, it is impossible to tell. As another proof of the great antiquity of the mounds, we would call attention to the fact that the depth of the alluvial soil is the same on the mounds as it is twenty rods distant. This is one of the strongest evi- dences of the age of these remains of the handiwork of a people long since extinct. INDIAN OCCUPANCY. As early as the year 1615, Samuel Ohamplain heard of a tribe of Indians living many leagues beyond Lake Huron, called the Fire Nation, better known at a later date as the Mas- coutins. Their homes were upon the Fox River at that time, as it is believed, and hgre they were visited by civilized man a little less than a score of years after. It is presumed that their villages were located within the present limits of Green Lake County, somewhere on Fox River, between Berlin and Lake Puckaway, and that they claimed as their hunting-grounds, among much other territory, that now included within the boundary lines of the county of Columbia. The nearest tribe to the Mascoutins down the Fox River was that of the Winnebagoes, whose homes were at the mouth of that stream. To the south, extending perhaps well up Rock River, was the territory of the Illinois. In the immediate neighborhood of the Mascoutins (but in what direction is uncertain) were the Kickapoos and the Miamis. The Illinois, who lived in a country " where there was a quantity of buffaloes," were afterward driven beyond the Mississippi, but subsequently returned to the river which still bears their name. Meanwhile, there commenced an emigration of the Mascoutins and their kindred, the Kickapoos and Miamis, to the southward, as far at least as the south end of Lake Michigan. Their place was taken by the Foxes and their relatives, the Sacs, and, in time, these also emi- grated, but not to the southward ; the course taken by them was to the west and southwest. It is certain the Foxes claimed for a time the country now forming Columbia County, as well as much other circumjacent territory. Then came the Winnebagoes from below, that is, from the head of Green Bay, moving up the Fox River by degrees, having outlying villages on the shores of Winnebago Lake and in the valley of Rock River. They finally reached the " portage," and their territory extended down the Wisconsin. This brings us to the time when the LTnited States began making treaties with them. The first of these was held at St. Louis, June 3, 1816, with that portion of the tribe residing on the Wisconsin. This treaty (so soon after the war with Great Britain, in which the Winnebagoes engaged on the side of the British) was one for peace only, no cession of land on the part of the Indians being made to the United States. In 1820, the Winnebagoes had five villages on Winnebago Lake, and fourteen on Rock River. 330 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. In 1825, the claim of this tribe was extensive, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the sources of Rock River to within forty miles of its mouth, in Illinois, where they had a villaije. On the west, it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing westward and southwestward into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached as far as Black River and the Upper Wisconsin ; in other words, to the Chippewa territory ; but did not extend across the Fox to the lands of the north side, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago Lake. Within their territory, then, in 182.5, was the whole of the present county of Columbia, except so much of what is now the town of Fort Winnebago, as lies west of the Fox River, and also excepting the present towns of Lewiston and Newport. By a treaty held with the Winnebagoes on the 1st day of August, 1829, at Prairie du Chien, these Indians relinquished, among much other territory, all of their land in what is now Columbia County, lying west of a line drawn along the road running "by the most northern of the four lakes to the crossing of Duck Creek, thence in a direct course toward the most south- easterly bend of Lake Puckaway." Three years later, at a treaty held at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, the residue of the Winnebago lands lying in the present Columbia County — that is, all east of the line just mentioned — was (with much other territory) ceded to the United States. This treaty was proclaimed February 13, 1833, and on that day all of what had been before that time, in what is now Columbia County, the lands of the Winnebagoes, now belonged to the General Government. And these lands were ready for the surveyor, that is, all of Colum- bia County except the present towns of Caledonia, Newport, Lewiston, and so much of Fort Winnebago as lies west of the Fox River. West of the Wisconsin, including the whole of the present town of Caledonia, was still a part of Winnebago territory ; but, in November, 1837, this nation ceded to the General Gov- ernment all their lands east of the Mississippi River. Not an acre was reserved. So the Winnebago title to all of what is now Columbia County was extinguished. Ever since the Menomonee Indians had been taken under the wing of the General Govern- ment, and treaties made with them, their claim was (including other territory) to all lands lying north of the Fox River, and east of the Wisconsin, extending northward to the Chippewa country. This being recognized as their territory by the United States, made them owners of so much of the present county of Columbia as includes, in general terms, the towns of Newport, Lewiston, and that part of Fort Winnebago lying west of the Fox River. Finally, by treaty, confirmed January 23, 184!', the Menomonees sold all their land to the General Government in Wisconsin, including, of course, so much of it as lay within the limits of what is now Columbia County ; that is to say, the whole of the territory now forming the towns of Newport and Lewiston, and so much of Fort Winnebago as lies west of Fox River. The Menomonees remained in possession two years, when it was delivered over to the United States. Thus it was that the General Government, at different periods, became the actual owners and possessors of all the domain of Columbia County. Although owners of a portion of Columbia County, under treaties with the United States, the Menomonees were never residents, any of them, of territory now included within its present boundaries. Not so the Winnebagoes. Their chief had a village two miles above the portage. Afterward, this chief, De-kau-ry (the name that is now written Dekorra), had a village on land that is now known as the Caffrey place, in the town of Caledonia, at the foot of the bluff, be- tween the Wisconsin and Baraboo Rivers. The schoolhouse of District No. .5 now occupies the spot. De-kau-ry 's town contained over one hundred lodges, and was the largest of the Winnebago villages. Outside of the present Columbia County, soon after the building of Fort Winnebago, the villages of the nation which were included in the agency established at the fort were scattered in various directions. Their occupants assembled here to be paid their annuities, and to have talks with their father, the agent. A payment made to the Winnebagoes in 1830 is thus described by an eye-witness: " There were two divisions of tlie Winnebago Indians, one of which was paid by the agent at the portage; the other at Prairie du Chien, by Gen. Street. The first, between four and HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 331 five thousand in number, received, according to treaty stipulations, $15,000 annually, besides a considerable amount of presents and a certain number of rations of bread and pork, to be issued in times of emergency throughout the year. The principal villages of this division of the tribe were at Lake Winnebago, Green and Fox Lakes, the Barribault [now written Bara- boo], Mud Lake [in the present Dodge County], the Four Lakes, Kosh-ko-nong [White Crow's village] and Turtle Creek [now Beloit], Messengers were dispatched, at or before the arrival of the annuity money, to all the diiferent villages, to notify the heads of fiimilies or lodges to assemble at the portage. " When arrived, the masters of families, under their different chiefs, gave in their names and the number in their lodges, to be registered. As, in paying, a sum of money is apportioned to each individual, it is, of course, an object to the head of a lodge to make the number regis- tered as great as possible. Each one brings his little bundle of sticks and presents it to the agent to register. Sometimes a dialogue like the following occurs : ' How many have you in your lodge?' The Indian carefully and with great ceremony counts a bundle of sticks — ' Fif- teen.' ' How many men y 'Two.' The agent lays aside two sticks. ' How many women '.'' 'Three.' Three more sticks are separated. ' How many children ':" 'Eight.' Eight sticks are added to the heap. ' What is the meaning of those two sticks that remain 'i' The culprit, whose arithmetic had not served him to carry out this deception, disappears amid the shouts and jeers of his companions, who are always well pleased at the detection of any roguery in which they have had no share. " The young officers generally assisted in counting out and delivering the money at these payments, and it was no unusual thing, as the last band came up, for the chiefs to take a quan- tity of silver out of the bo.x and request their father to pay his friends for their trouble, seem- ing really disturbed at his refusal. In this, as in almost every instance, we see the native courtesy and politeness which are never lost sight of among them. If a party comes to their father to beg for provisions, and food is offered them, however hungry they may be, each waits patiently until one of the company makes an equal distribution of the whole, and then, taking his share, eats it quietly, with the greatest moderation. I never saw this rule violated, save in one instance. " Our friend, Pawnee Blanc, ' tlie old dandy,' once came with a party of Indians, request- ing permission to dance for us in the open space before the door. It was a warm, dusty after- noon, and, as our friends grew heated and fatigued with the violent and long-continued exercise, a pitcher of raspberry negus was prepared and sent out to them. Pawnee received the pitcher and tumbler, and pouring the latter about half-full, gave it to the first of the circle, then filled the same for the next and so on, until it occurred to him to look into the pitcher. What he saw there determined his course of action ; so, setting the tumbler upon the ground, he raised the pitcher to his lips and gave a hearty pull, after which he went on, giving less and less, until he was called to have the pitcher replenished. All present agreed it was the only instance they had ever witnessed of an Indian appearing afraid of getting less of a thing than his share. " During the payment, a good many kegs of whisky find their way into the lodges of the Indians, notwithstanding the watchfulness of both officers and agent. Where there is a demand, there will always be a supply, let the legal prohibitions be what they may. The last day of the payment is invariably one of general carousing. " When the men begin their frolic, the women carefully gather all the guns, knives, toma- hawks and weapons of every description, and secrete them, that as little mischief as possible may be done in the absence of all restraint and reason. I am sorry to record that our little friend, Pawnee Blanc, was greatly addicted to the pleasures of the bottle. "Among the presents for the chiefs which Shaw-nee-aw-kee had brought from the East, was a trunk of blue cloth coats trimmed with broad gold lace, and a box of round, black hats, ornamented in a similar manner. All who are familiar with Indians, of whatever tribe, will have observed that their first step toward civilization, whether a man or woman, is mounting a man's hat, decorated with tinsel, ribbons or feathers. Pawnee was among the happy number 382 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. remembered in the distribution, so, donning at once his new costume and tying a few addi- tional bunches of gay-colored ribbons to a long spear that was always his baton of ceremony, he came at once, followed by an admiring train, chiefly of women, to pay me a visit of state. " The solemn gravity of his countenance as he motioned away those who would approach too near and finger his newly received finery ; the dignity with which he strutted along, edging this way and that, to avoid any possible contact from homely, everyday wardrobes, augured well for a continuance of propriety and self-respect and a due consideration of the good opinion of all around. *' But alas for Pawnee I late in the day, we saw him assisted toward his lodge by two stout young Indians, who had pulled him out of a ditch, his fine coat covered with mud, his hat bat- tered and bruised, his spear shorn of its gay streamers, and poor Pawnee himself weeping and uttering all the doleful lamentations of a tipsy Indian." When, in 1837, the Winnebagoes disposed of all their land to the United States east of the Mississippi, they stipulated that, within eight months, they would move west of the great river. This arrangement was not carried out fully, and many of the AVinnebagoes, as elsewhere mentioned, were afterward forcibly carried beyond the Mississippi. The last of these forcible removals occurred in 1878, and, as to those captured in Columbia County, is thus described by a Portage writer at that date : " On Saturday morning last [December 23, 1873], a thrill of excitement ran through the community by the announcement that Capt. S. A. Hunt, agent for the removal of the Winne- bago Indians, and ex-Sheriff Pool, had crossed the Wisconsin River bridge at this place, at the head of a detachment of the United States troops, at the early break of day. What did it all mean ? A little inquiry revealed the further fact that a considerable number of the ' 'Bagoes ' had gathered on tiie Baraboo River, near the Crawford bridge, and were having an annual meet- ing, a dog feast, a deer-feast, or something of that kind., Almost every lodge for forty miles had its delegate. They had pooled their wigwams, their squaws, their feathers, their paint, their wampum, and were having a first-class blow-out, when their festivities were interrupted by the appearance in their caravansary of the uninvited boys in blue. Of course, the greatest consternation prevailed, for they knew at once it meant they must go to the Winnebago reserva- tion, in Nebraska, where the larger portion of the tribe had gone several years since, in accord- ance with their treaty obligations. Considerable parleying followed, and there was a manifest determination not to go. " Capt. Hunt was anxious to use as little force as possible to accomplish the success of his mission, and used all the persuasive power he could, as he had been doing all through the season, to have them go with him ; but when it became fully apparent that they would not do so unless comjjolled to, he gave the signal, and at once the leaders of the Indians found them- selves captives. With as little delay as possible, they were arranged in marching order, and, just before noon, the entire number — eighty-five, we believe — were seen coming over the hill near the Catholic Church, escorted by the troops, conspicuous among them being the stately and towering form of Big Jim. They were at once marched to the depot and safely lodged in the cars, and a full supply of rations was dealt out to them. " After they had been safely housed, Capt. Hunt set about informing himself whether any of his captives had become real-estate owners, or had done anything else to show that they had abandoned their tribal relations, and were entitled to remain as citizens. Inquiry was made for Yellow Thunder, Good Village, War Club, Snake Swallow, McWima and Pretty Man and one or two others, but it was found that only two of them were among the captives, and they were permitted to take their departure. ' John Little John ' and ' High Snake ' were of the number and were taken along, but we are informed they will be returned here if they desire to be, although they are not legally entitled to remain. They are vouched for by respectable citi- zens as making some progress in the line of civilization, and there are no objections to their remaining. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 333 " The ponies and the ' traps and calamities ' generally belonging to the Indians were brought in and placed in baggage cars, and at about 6 o'clock the train was under motion for Sparta, which was to be the point of rendezvous. " As an Indian dance is very like a white man's frolic in some of its characteristics, it was not a matter of surprise to learn that a number of braves were alone at this dance, while the squaws were doing the menial work of housekeeping at home and attending to the papooses. Now, Big Jim was just one of that kind, and several others might be named, but, out of respect to their families, we will not put their names in print. The circumstances, however, made it necessary for Capt. Hunt to dispatch Mr. Pool and other messengers for their families, which were at Briggsville and other places. By Monday evening, Mr. Pool had two or three dozen of them congregated here, and, on Tuesday evening, they were forwarded to Sparta, and we presume that they took their Christmas dinner on their reservation, although at the time of writing this we had not learned definitely as to when they were sent forward." WAS JOHN NICOLET IN COLUMBIA COUNTY IN 1634?* The question is no longer an open one as to whether John Nicolet was the first white man who set foot upon any portion of what is now Wisconsin. It has been definitely settled. It is also quite as well determined that his explorations and discoveries were made in the Great West during the last half of the year 1634 — only ten years after the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Eock — and the first half of the following year. He, therefore, who would read under- standingly the first chapter in the history of Wisconsin ought to investigate the life-history of that remarkable man. He will find him, at an early age, leaving his home in Normandy for the New World, landing at Quebec in 1618, and immediately starting for the Ottawa River to immure himself in the dark forests of Algonquins, sent thither by the Governor of Canada to learn their language. He will see how the young Norman applied himself to his task " in the midst of those hardships which may be readily conceived, if we will reflect what it must be to pass severe winters in the woods, under a covering of cedar or birch bark ; to have one's means of subsistence dependent upon hunting ; to be perpetually hearing rude outcries ; to be deprived of the pleasant society of one's own people ; and to be constantly exposed, not only to derision and insulting words, but even to daily peril of life." He will note how the youthful French- man followed the Indians in their wanderings ; how he partook of their dangers, their fatigues and their privations ; how, finally, having become familiar with their language, he entered into their frequent councils. The return of Nicolet to the St. Lawrence and civilization, after a half-score years of savage life, an excellent interpreter of the Algonquin language, was followed, in 1634, by his being sent to smoke the pipe of peace with nations beyond — far beyond — the Ottawa. So he started upon his perilous voyage. He visited the Hurons, upon the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. With seven of tlikt nation, he struck boldly into wilds to the northward and westward never before visited by civilized man. He paddled his birch-bark canoe up the St. Mary's Strait to the falls. He floated back to the waters of Lake Huron, and courageously turned toward the west, passing through the straits of Mackinaw out upon the broad expanse of Lake Michigan. He then entered Green Bay and Fox River. It is claimed that he ascended the last-mentioned stream as far as the "portage," now the city of Portage, Columbia Co., Wis., and descended the Wisconsin River a considerable distance, thus re-discovering the great Valley of the Mississippi. The term "re-discovering" is used, for no one will call in question its dis- covery by De Soto in 1.541, although its existence seems soon to have well nigh faded from the recollections of men — to have been almost wholly forgotten. What has been written in support of Nicolet's claim as the re-discoverer of the Mississippi is based upon this declaration of Father Vimont, in the Jesuit Relation of 1640 : " The Sieur Nicolet, who has penetrated the furthest into these so remote countries, assured me that, if he By C. W. Butterfield, of Madison, Wis. 334 HISTORY OF COLUMJUA COUNTY. had sailed three days further upon a large river which issues from this lake, he would have reached the sea." It is evident that the "remote countries" referred to by Vimont are those of the upper lakes traversed by Nicolet. and that the words "this lake" had reference to Green Bay and Lake Michigan combined. But we are told, also, that the phrase "a large liver" means the Wisconsin; and that "the sea" spoken of is the Mississippi, Nicolet taking the word missippi (great water) to mean "the sea," instead of that river. A careful consid- eration of the length of the Wisconsin below the " portage," and of the time usually employed by Indians in navigating it, justify the assertion that the words of the Relation of 1640 — ■■ if he had sailed three days further upon a large river" — have no application to that stream. The words "three days further" clearly imply that he had already sailed several days; whereas, the distance, 118 miles, down the rapid current of the river, from the "portage" to the Mississippi, was less than three days' "sail" for the swift birch-bark canoe of the savage, and would have been for the swift birch-bark canoe of Nicolet. Upon examination of the Relation of 1654, a sentence is found which has heretofore escaped attention, in this connection : " It is only nine days' journey from this great lake [Green Bay and Lake Michigan combined] to the sea," where "the sea" is evidently identical with the one mentioned by Nicolet to Vimont and spoken of by the latter in the Relation of 1640. It is discovered, upon investigation, that the average time for canoe voyages up the Fox River, from its mouth to the "portage," in early times, was nine days. The "sea," then, of Nicolet — musippi of the savages — was the Wiscon- consin River, considered by itself or as a tributary of the Mississippi ; and the "large river" was the Fox River, of Green Bay. A word as to the mistake of Nicolet in stating that, while on " a large river " (the Fox) he nearly reached "the sea." Nicolet's mind, even before he left the St. Lawrence, was inflamed with vague reports of a "great water" to the westward of the Winnebagoes, which was supposed by him to be a sea. When, therefore, he entered Green Bay and the Fox River, and heard the savages, as they pointed toward the west, repeat the word missippi (great water, not " father of waters ") it was an easy matter for him to mistake their meaning and conclude a sea was nigh, when, in fact, they w^ere trying to tell him of the Wisconsin, which was itself the " great water," or a tributary thereof. But why should Nicolet have " sailed " up Fox River to within three days of " the sea " (that is to say, of the Wisconsin) and have gone no further 't The answer is that six days' journeying up the Fox brought him to the homes of the Mascoutins or Fire Nation — Gens de Feu. These Indians were a powerful nation of Algonquins, who had for their neighbors, prob- ably, the Kickapoos and Miamis. It is certain that Nicolet visited not only the Winnebagoes, but some of the surrounding tribes. It would be his policy, of course, to smoke the pipe of peace with the bravest and most warlike of these, were they of easy access. Such were the Mascoutins, as is to be inferred from cotemporaneous accounts and from the journals of those whites who, not long after, saw them in their villages, located, probably, within the present limits of Green Lake County, Wis. West of the Mascoutins, at that period (16-34), there vere living no tribes of Indians either upon the Fox or Wisconsin ; at least there is no tradition that such was the case. Beyond the Wisconsin, and above its confluence with the Mississippi, there resided some Dakota bands — the terrible Sioux. Without doubt, a journey so far as the villages of these savages was not to be thought of by Nicolet, if it was his purpose, as it must have been, to return to the St. Lawrence early in the summer of 1635. It is believed, therefore, that he turned back, after visiting the Mascoutins, to the Winnebagoes — going up Fox River no farther than the village of the Fire Nation. It will be borne in mind that Vimont speaks of a " large river [the Fox] which issues from the lake," meaning Green Bay and Lake Michigan combined. Now, the account taken from the lips of Nicolet by Vimont found in the Relation of 1640, was not, probably, reduced to writing until sometime subsequent to its narration, and very naturally the writer (Vimont) would conclude that the narrator was mistaken in stating (and he probably did so state) that the "large river " flowed into Green Bay ; at the same time declaring that, had he sailed three days further upon it, he would have reached the sea. Rivers do not flow out of seas into lakes ; they HISTORY or COLUMBIA COUNTY. 335 frequently flow out of lakes into seas. Doubtless, then, when Vimont wrote down his recollection of what Nicolet had told him, he took the liberty of correcting what to him seemed to be so mani- festly an error. Hence, as the sentence stands in the Relation of 1640, Fo.x River flows out of Green Bay ; but every one knows that it empties into it. The language, therefore, of Vimont, as now interpreted, is equivalent to this : " The Sieur Nicolet, who has penetrated the furthest into the upper lake regions, assured me [Vimont] that if he had paddled his birch-bark canoe three days further up the Fox River, which flows into Green Bay, he would have reached the Wisconsin." Nicolet, then, did not visit the valley of the Mississippi — he did not re-discover it. This honor belongs to another. He was not in what is now Columbia County in 1634, nor at any other time. FIRST WHITE MEN AT THE PORTAGE. John Talon, intendant of Canada, labored assiduously to develop the industrial resources of New France. In 1670, he ordered Daumont de St. Lusson to search for copper mines on Lake Superior, and at the same time to take possession, in a formal manner, of the whole interior country for the King of France. St. Lusson set out accordingly, accompanied by a small party of men and Nicholas Perrot, a Canadian voyageur, as interpreter, who spoke Algonquin fluently and was favorably known to many tribes of that family. It was arranged that St. Lusson should winter at the Manatoulin Islands, while Perrot proceeded to invite the tribes to a general confer- ence at the Sault Ste. Marie, in the following spring. The interpreter, having first sent messages to the diff'erent ti'ibes of the north, proceeded to Green Bay, to urge the nations upon its waters to the meeting. St. Lusson and his men, fifteen in number, arrived at the Sault more than a month in advance of the day set for the meeting. When all the Indians had reached the rapids, the Frenchman prepared to execute the commission with which he was charged. A large cross of wood had been made ready. It was now reared and planted in the ground. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it with a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms. " In the name," said St. Lusson, " of the most high, mighty and redoubtable monarch, Louis, four- teenth of that name, most Christian King of France and of Navarre, I take possession of this place, Sainte Marie du Sault, as also of Lakes Huron and Superior, the island of Manatoulin, and all countries, rivers, lakes, and streams contiguous and adjacent thereunto ; both those which have been discovered and those which may be discovered hereafter, in all their length and breadth, bounded on the one side by the seas of the North, and of the West, and on the other by the South Sea : declaring to the nations thereof, that from this time forth they are vassals of his majesty, bound to obey his laws and follow his customs: pi-omising them on his part all succor and protection against the incursions and invasions of their enemies : declaring to all other potentates, princes, sovereigns, states, and republics — to them and their subjects — that they cannot and are not to seize or settle upon any parts of the aforesaid countries, save only under the good pleasure of his most Christian majesty, and of him who will govern in his behalf; and this on pain of incurring his resentment and the eff'orts of his arms." Thus passed, so far as words and shouts could eff"ect it, the Northwest, including the present State of Wisconsin, under the domination of France. And why not ? She had discovered it — had to a certain extent explored it — had to a limited extent established commerce with it — and her missionaries had proclaimed the faith to its wondering savages. But none of her fur-traders — none of her mis- sionaries — none of her agents — had yet reached the Mississippi — the great river, concerning which so many marvels had been heard. Now, however, the hour was at hand, in which would be solved the problem and be revealed the mystery of the " great water " of the savages. The Governor of Canada was resolved that the stream should be reached and explored. He made choice of Louis Jolliet,* who was with St. Lusson when the Northwest was for the first time claimed for the King of France, and who had just returned to Quebec from Lake Superior. *The spelling of the nauie as here given is the same as that adopted by the indomitiible Canadian himself— with two Vs and one t : no* with one I And one t ( Joliet ), as it. usually seen in print. — Ed. 336 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. This was in the year 1672. Said the governor, on the 2d of November : " It has been judged expedient to send Sieur Jolliet to the Ma-skouteins [Mascoutins], to discover the South Sea, and the great river they call the Mississippi, which is supposed to discharge itself into the Sea of California," " He is a man," continues Frontenac, "of great experience in these sorts of discoveries, and has already been almost at the great river, the mouth of which he promises to see." Jolliet passed up the lakes, and, on the 17th of May, 1673 (having with him Father James Marquette and five others), started from the mission of St. Ignatius, a point north of the Island of Mackinaw, in the present county of that name in the State of Michigan, journeying in two bark canoes, firmly resolved to do all and to suffer all for the glory of re-discovering the Mississippi. Every possible precaution was taken that, should the undertaking prove hazardous, it should not be foolhardy ; so, whatever of information could be gathered from the Indians who had frequented those parts, was laid under contribution, before paddling merrily over the waters to the westward, and up Green Bay to the mouth of Fox River. The first Indian nation met by Jolliet was the Menomonees. He was dissuaded by them from venturing so far into ulterior regions, assured that he would meet tribes which never spare strangers, but tomahawk them without provocation ; that the war which had broken out among various nations on his route, exposed him and his men to another evident danger — that of being killed by the war parties constantly in the path ; that the "great river" was very dangerous unless the difficult parts were known; that it was full of frightful monsters who swallowed up men and canoes together: that there was even a demon there, who could be heard from afar, who stopped the passage and engulfed all who dared approach ; and lastly, that the heat was so excessive in those countries, that it would infallibly cause their deaths. Nevertheless, Jolliet determined to persevere; so he ascended Fox River to the portage, he and his companions being the first white men to set foot upon any portion of the territory now constituting Columbia County. Jolliet found the Fox River very beautiful at its mouth, having a gentle current. It was full of bustards, duck, teal and other birds, attracted by wild oats which were plentiful and of w'hich they were very fond. As the party advanced up the river a little distance, it was found to be difficult of ascent, both on account of the currents and of the sharp rocks which cut their canoes. Nevertheless, the rapids in the stream were passed in safety, when the party not long after came to the nation of the Mascoutins. In their village were also gathered two other tribes — the Miamis and Kickapoos. The Miamis were found to be civil in their deportment. They wore two long ear-locks which gave them a good appearance. They had the name of being warriors, and seldom sent out war parties in vain. They were found very docile, disposed to listen quietly to what was said to them. The Mascoutins and the Kickapoos, however, were rude and more like peasants, compared to the Miamis. Bark for cabins was found to be rare in this village, the Indians using rushes, which served them for walls and roof, but which were no great shelter against the wind and still less against the rain when it fell in torrents. The advantage of that kind of cabins was that they could be rolled up and easily carried whenever it suited these Indians in hunting-time. The view from the Indian village was beautiful and very pictures([ue, for, from the emi- nence on which it was perched, the eye discovered on every side delightful prairies, spreading away beyond its reach, interspersed with thickets or groves of lofty trees. The soil was found to be very good, producing much corn. Plums, also, and grapes were gathered in the autumn in quantities by the Indians. The arrival of Jolliet and his party at the village of the Mascoutins, was on the 7th of June;' their departure was on the 10th. "We knew," wrote Father Marquette, "that there was, three [thirty] leagues from Mas- koutens [Mascoutins], a river entering into the Mississippi ; we knew, too, that the point of the compass we were to hold to reach it was west, southwest, but the way is so cut up by marshes and little lakes that it is easy to go estray, especially as the river leading to it is so covered with wild oats that you can hardly discover the channel. Hence, we had good need of our HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 337 two [Miami] guides who led us safely to a portage of twenty-seven hundred paces [the site now occupied by the city of Portage], and helped us to transport our canoes to enter this river [Wisconsin], after whicli they returned, leaving us alone in an unknown country in the hands of Providence. "We now leave," continues Marquette, "the waters which flow to Quebec, a distance of four or five hundred league.s, to follow those which will henceforth lead us into strange lands. Before embarking, we all began together a new devotion to the Blessed Virgin Immaculate, which we practiced every day, addressing her particular prayers to put under her protection both our persons and the success of our voyage. Then after having encouraged one another, we got into our canoes. The river on which we embarked is called Meskousing [Wisconsin ;] it is very broad, with a sandy bottom, forming many shallows, which render navigation very dif- ficult. It is full of vine-clad islets. On the banks appear fertile lands diversified with wood, prairie and hill. Here you find oaks, walnut, whitewood, and another kind of tree with branches armed with thorns. We saw no small game or fish, but deer and moose in considera- ble numbers." On the 17th of June, with a joy that was inexpressible, Jolliet and his party entered the Mississippi. After dropping down the "great river" many miles, Jolliet returned to Green Bay, thence to Quebec, to report his discovery and explorations to the Governor of New France. EARLY VISITS TO WHAT IS NOW COLUMBIA COUNTY. Not many years elapsed after the visit of Jolliet and his companions to the portage, before the narrow neck of land connecting the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, in what is now Columbia County, was again crossed by civilized man. Louis Hennepin, a Recollet friar, and his party, as a detail from La Salle's expedition to the Illinois, reached the portage in 1680, on his way from the Upper Mississippi to the great lakes, passing up the Wisconsin and down the Fox River to Green Bay. He says: " After we had rowed about seventy leagues upon the river Ouisconsin [Wisconsin], we came to the place where we were forced to carry our canoe for half a league. We lay at this place all night, and left marks of our having been there by the crosses which we cut on the barks of the trees. Next day, having carried our canoe and the rest of our little equipage over this piece of land [the portage], we entered upon a river [the Fox] which makes almost as many meanders as that of the Illinois at its rise." Le Sueur and his party made the portage in 1683, on his way to the Mississippi. " About forty-five leagues up this river [the Wisconsin], on the right, is a portage, of more than a league in length. The half of this portage is a bog ; at the end of this portage, there is a little river [the Fox] that falls into a bay called the Bay of the Puans [Green Bay], inhabited by a great number of nations that carry their furs to Canada." In 1766, Jonathan Carver made a voyage to St. Anthony's Falls, by way of the portage, from the East. Of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, and the carrying place [the portage] he wrote : " The Fox River, from the Green Bay to the carrying place, is about one hundred and eighty miles. From the Winnebago Lake to the carrying place, the current is gentle, and the depth of it considerable ; notwithstanding which, in some places, it is with difficulty that canoes can pass through the obstructions they meet with from the rice-stalks, which are very large and thick, and grow here in great abundance. The country ai-ound it is very fertile, and proper in the highest degree for cultivation, excepting in some places near the river, where it is rather too low. It is in no part very woody, and yet can supply sufficient to answer the demands of any number of inhabitants. This river is the greatest resort for wild fowl of every kind that I met with in the whole course of my travels ; frequently the sun would be obscured by them for some minutes together. " About forty miles up this river from the great town of the Winnebagoes, stands a smaller town, belonging to that nation. 338 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. " Deer and bears are very numerous in these parts, and a great many beavers and other furs are taken on the streams that empty themselves into this river. The river I am treating of is remarkable for having been, about eighty years ago, the residence of the united bands of the Ottigaumies and the Saukies, whom the French had nicknamed, according to their wonted custom Des Sacs, and Des Reynards — the Sacs and the Foxes. About twelve miles before I reached the carrying place, I observed several small mountains, which extended quite to it. These, indeed, would only be esteemed as mole-hills when compared with those on the back of the colonies ; but as they were the first I had seen since my leaving Niagara, a track of nearly eleven hundred miles, I could not leave them unnoticed. " The Fox River, where it enters the Winnebago Lake, is about fifty yards wide, but it gradually decreases to the carrying place, where it is no more than five yards over, except in a few places, where it widens into small lakes, though still of a considerable depth. I cannot recollect anything else that is remarkable in this river, except that it is so serpentine for five miles as only to gain in that place one-quarter of a mile. " The carrying place, between the Fox and Ouisconsin Rivers, is in breadth not more than a mile and three-quarters, though in some maps it is so delineated as to appear to be ten miles. Near one-half of the way between the rivers is a morass overgrown with a kind of long grass ; the rest of it a plain, with some few oak and pine trees growing thereon. I observed here a great number of rattlesnakes. I observed that the main body of the Fox River came from the southwest, that of the Ouisconsin from the northeast ; and, also, that some of the small branches of these two rivers, in descending into them, doubled within a few feet of each other, a little to the south of the carrying place. That two such rivers should take their rise so near each other, and, after running such different courses, empty themselves into the sea at a distance so amazing (for the former, having passed through several great lakes and run upward of two thousand miles, falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the other, after joining the Mississippi and run an equal number of miles, disembogues itself into the Gulf of Mexico), is an instance scarcely to be met in the extensive continent of North America. I had an oppor- tunity, the year following, of making the same observations on the affinity of various head branches of the waters of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi to each other ; and now bring them as a proof that the opinion of those geographers who assert that rivers taking their rise so near each other must spring from the same source, is eiToneous. For I perceived a visibly distinct separation in all of them, notwithstanding, in some places, they appeared so near that I could have stepped from one to the other. On the 8th of October, we got our canoes into the Ouisconsin River, which at this place is more than a hundred yards wide ; and the next day arrived at the great town of the Saukies. This is the largest and best-built Indian town I ever saw. It contains about ninety houses, each large enough for several families. These are built of hewn plank, neatly jointed and covered with bark so compactly as to keep out the most penetrating rains. Before the doors are placed comfortable sheds, in which the inhabitants sit, when the weather will permit, and smoke their pipes. The streets are regular and spacious ; so that it appears more like a civilized town than the abode of savages. The land near the town is very good. In their plantations, which lie adjacent to their houses, and which are neatly laid out, they raise great quantities of Indian corn, beans, melons, etc., so that this place is esteemed the best market for traders to furnish themselves with provisions, of any within eight hundred miles of it. " The Saukies can raise about three hundred warriors, who are generally employed every summer in making incursions into the territories of the Illinois and Pawnee nations, from whence they return with a great number of slaves. But those people frequently retaliate, and in their turn destroy many of the Saukies, which I judge to be the reason that they increase no faster. " Whilst I stayed here, I took a view of some mountains that lie about fifteen miles to the southward, and abound in lead ore. I ascended one of the highest of these, and had an exten- sive view of the country. For many miles nothing was to be seen but lesser mountains, which appeared at a distance like hay cocks, they being free from trees. Only a few groves of hickory HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 339 and stunted oaks covered some of the valleys. So plentiful is lead here, that I saw large quantities of it lying about the streets in the town belonging to the Saukies, and it seemed to be as good as the product of other countries. " On the iOth of October, we proceeded down the river, and the next day reached the first town of the Ottigaumies. This town contained about fifty houses, but we found most of them deserted, on account of an epidemical disorder that had lately raged among them and carried off more than half of the inhabitants. The greater part of those who survived had retired into woods to avoid the contagion. " On the 15th, we entered that extensive river, the Mississippi. The Ouisconsin, from the carrying place to the part where it falls into the Mississippi, flows with a smooth but a strong current ; the water of it is exceedingly clear, and through it you may perceive a fine and sandy bottom, tolerably free from rocks. In it are a few islands, the soil of which appeared to be good, though somewhat woody. The land near the river also seemed to be, in general, excellent ; but that at a distance is very full of mountains, where it is said there are many lead mines." The Wisconsin River was visited by Maj. S. H. Long in 1817, and again in 1823. He says : "The Wisconsin River, from its magnitude and importance, deserves a high rank among the trib- utaries of the Mississippi. When swollen by a freshet, it affords an easy navigation for boats of considerable burden through a distance of more than one hundred and eighty miles. [The actual distance to the portage is but 118 miles.] Its current is rapid, and, like the Mississippi, it embosoms innumerable islands. In a low stage of water, its navigation is obstructed by numer- ous shoals and sand-banks. At the distance from its mouth above mentioned [which is too great an estimate by over sixty miles], there is a portage of one mile and a half across a flat meadow, which is occasionally subject to inundation, to a branch of Fox River of Green Bav, thus affording another navigable communication which boats have been known to pass." In 1819, the Fifth Regiment of United States Infantry made the voyage from Fort How- ard, near Green Bay, to Prairie du Chien by the way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, crossing the portage. Capt. Henry Whiting, of that regiment, says : " The Fox River, from Lake Winnebago to the portage, has always a strong current, and is often entirely overgrown with grass and wild rice, but presents no other impediments. It winds through a narrow prairie, bordered by oak openings and undulating lands, generally of a beautiful appearance, but prob- ably not remarkably I'ich in their soil, which, wherever the river washes them, seems to be a sandy, reddish loam. The portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers is about two thou- sand five hundred yards ; the road runs over a marshy prairie. There is a Frenchman [Francis Le Roy] residing on the rising ground between the rivers. He keeps the proper transportation for boats and baggage. The limestone bluffs and highlands begin on the Wisconsin about eight miles below the portage. Just above Prairie du Sac appears to be the apex of the highland of that river, and the head of the great valley through which it winds." THE PORTAGE FROM 1793 TO 1827. In 1792-93, Laurent Barth and family (French Canadians) wintei-ed on the St. Croix River, with James Portier and Charles Reaume. On his return East, in the spring of 1793, with his family, he stopped at the portage and obtained permission from the Indians to trans- port goods at the carrying-place — that is, from the Fox to the Wisconsin Rivers. On his arrival, he built a cabin at the portage, the first one ever erected by a white man within the present limits of Columbia County. Its locality was somewhere on the low land between the two rivers ; the exact site is unknown ; it was probably within what are now the boundaries of the city of Portage, and southeast of the canal. Barth, finding the spot occasionally sub- merged by water from the Wisconsin, during floods in that stream, removed the next year to the high ground above. Shortly afterward, the elder De-kau-ry, a French trader, made his appearance from Lake Puckaway, and founded an Indian settlement on the Wisconsin, two miles above the portage. Others followed, and it grew to comparative size and importance. 340 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The next white resident at the portage was John Lecuyer, a brother-in-law of De-kau-ry ; he stopped there in 1798. Competition and improvement are not things of to-day only. Lecuyer, too, gained permission of the Winnebagoes to transport goods. Barth had used but a single horse and cart ; but Lecuyer brought several teams and carts, with the addition of a wagon constructed with a long reach, to transport barges between the rivers. Augustin Grig- non spent the winters of 1801 and 1802 at this point, and James Portier early passed two cr three. About 1803, Mr. Campbell — later the first Indian agent at Prairie du Chien — purchased Earth's right. Shortly afterward, he sold his fi.xtures to Lecuyer, who supposed that he was relinquishing the business. But he placed his son John, and afterward his son Duncan, at the east end of the portage. Barth removed to Prairie du Chien and died there, at the opening of the war of 1812. Campbell was killed in a duel in 1808. Lecuyer died in 1810. His widow continued the transf.ortation business through the agency of Laurent Filly, until the British war broke out, when Francis LeRoy, a son of Joseph LeRoy, of Green Bay, became her son-in- law and carried on the business. LeRoy was at the portage in 1817, and charged $10 for taking a boat from one river to the other. His price for carrying goods across was 50 cents per 100 pounds. After the war, Joseph Rolette was also engaged for a brief period in the transportation business, employing Peter Pauquette as manager. During the years of which we have been writing, the portage was a point of some conse- quence as a trading-post. Barth kept no goods for sale to the Indians after he had disposed of the remnant of stock which he brought from the St. Croix, but Lecuyer always kept a consider- able variety. His widow, and, after her, LeRoy, had smaller quantities, and Campbell sold goods during one year. In 1814, CoL McKay, of the British army, came up the Fox, from Green Bay, with a large force of wliites and Indians, crossed the portage, descended the Wisconsin and captured the post at Prairie du Chien. In 1818, William Farnsworth, who subsequently resided at Sheboygan, accompanied by twenty others, traveled from Green Bay to St. Louis by these rivers and the Mississippi. In 1819, the Fifth Regiment of United States Infantry (as already related) crossed the portace on their way from Fort Howard to Prairie du Chien, when Francis LeRoy was still found as a resident of the carrying-place. He lived upon the high ground, northwest of what is now the canal, in the city of Portage, and was engaged in the transportation business between the two rivers. He remained there a number of years longer. Ebenezer Childs records making the same trip in a bark canoe, in 1821. He conducted the first Durham boat that ever went up the Fox and over the portage. In 1826, a flotilla of thirty-five boats carried the ^hird United States Infantry from Green Bay to St. Louis, by the same streams and crossing. In 1827, Gen. Cass passed over this route to ascertain the feeling among the Winneba- goes toward the United States Government. THE "WINNEBAGO WAR." In the early part of the year 1827, a party of twenty-four Chippewas, being on their way to Fort Snelling, at the mouth of St. Peter's River, were surprised and attacked by a war-party of the Winnebagoes; and eight of them were killed. The commandant of the United States troops at the fort took four of the offending Winnebagoes prisoners, and (certainly with great impru- dence) delivered them into the hands of the exasperated Chippewas, who immediately put them to death. This act was greatly resented by a chief of the Winnebagoes, named "Red Bird," and in addition to this source of enmity was to be added the daily encroachment of the whites in the lead region ; for at this time they had overrun the mining country from Galena to the Wisconsin River. In the spirit of revenge for the killing of the four Winnebagoes, Red Bird HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 341 led a war-party against the Cbippewas, by whom he was defeated, and thus, having been disap- pointed, he turned the force of his resentment against the whites, whom he considered as having not only invaded his country, but as having aided and abetted his enemies in the destruction of his people. Some time previously, a murder by the Winnebagoes had been committed in the family of a Mr. Methode, near Prairie du Chien, in which several persons had been killed. It was ajjpar- ent that a spirit of enmity between the Indians and the whites was effectually stirred up ; and, for the first time since the war of 1812, disturbances were daily looked for by the settlers and miners. On the 28th of June, 1827, Red Bird, We-Kaw, and three of their companions, entered the house of Registre Gagnier, about three miles from Prairie du Chien, where they remained several hours. At last, when Mr. Gagnier least expected it, Red Bird leveled his gun, and shot him dead on his hearthstone. A person in the building, by the name of Sip Cap, who was a hired man, was slain at the same time by We-Kaw. Madame Gagnier turned to fly with her infant of eighteen months. As she was about to leap through the window, the child was torn from her arms by We-Kaw, stabbed, scalped, and thrown violently on the floor as dead. The murderer then attacked the woman, but gave way when she snatched up a gun that was leaning against the wall, and presented it to his breast. She then effected her escape. Her eldest son, a lad of ten years, also shunned the murderers ; and they both arrived in the village at the same time. The alarm was soon given ; but, when the avengers of blood arrived at Gagnier's house, they found in it nothing living but his mangled infant. It was carried to the village, and, incredible as it may seem, it recovered. Red Bird and his companions immediately proceeded from the scene of their crime to the rendezvous of their band. During their absence, thirty-seven of the warriors who acknowl- edged the authority of Red Bird, had assembled, with their wives and children, near the mouth of the Bad Axe River. They received the murderers with joy, and loud approbation of their exploit. A keg of liquor which they had secured was set abroach ; and the red men began to drink, and, as their spirits rose, to boast of what they had already done and intended to do. Two days did they continue to revel ; and on the third the source of their excitement gave out. They were, at about four in the afternoon, dissipating the last fumes of their excitement in the scalp- dance, when they descried one of the keel-boats, which had a few days before passed up the river with provisions for the troops at Fort Snelling, on her return in charge of Mr. Lindsay. Forth- with a proposal to take her, and massacre the crew, was made, and carried by acclamation. They counted upon doing this without risk ; for they had examined her on the way up, and supposed there were no arms on board. Mr. Lindsay's boats had descended the river as far as the village of Wabashaw, where they expected an attack. The Dakotas on shore were dancing the war-dance, and hailed their approach with insults and menaces, but did not, however, offer to obstruct their passage. The whites now supposed the danger over ; and, a strong wind at that moment beginning to blow up stream, the boats parted company. So strong was the wind, that all the force of the sweeps could scarcely stem it ; and, by the time the foremost boat was near the encampment at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, the crew were very willing to stop and rest. One or two French- men, or half-breeds, who were on board, observed hostile appearances on shore, and advised the rest to keep the middle of the stream ; but their counsel was disregarded. Most of the crew were Americans, who, as usual with our countrymen, combined a profound ignorance of Indian char- acter with a thorough contempt for Indian prowess. They urged the boat directly toward the camp with all the force of the sweeps. There were sixteen men on deck. It may be well to observe here, that this, like all keel-boats used in the Mississippi Valley, was built almost exactly on the model of the Erie and Middlesex canal-boats. The men were rallying their French companions on their apprehensions, and the boat (named Oliver H. Perry) was within thirty yards of the shore, when suddenly the trees and rocks rang with the blood-chilling, ear-piercing tones of the warwhoop, and a volley of rifle-balls 342 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. rained upon the deck. Happily, tlie Winnebagoes had not yet recovered from the effects of their debauch, and their arms were not steady. One man only fell from their fire. He was a little negro, named Peter. His leg was dreadfully shattered, and he afterward died of the wound. A second volley soon came from the shore; but. as the men were lying at the bottom of the boat, thdv all escaped but one, who was shot through the heart. Encouraged by the non-resistance, the Winnebagoes rushed to their canoes, with intent to board. The whites, having recoverel from their first panic, seized their arras, and the boarders were received with a very severe discharge. In one canoe, two savages were killed with the same bullet, and several were •wounded. The attack was continued until night, when one of the party, named Mandeville, who had assumed command, sprang into the water, followed by four others, who succeeded in setting the boat afloat, and then went down the stream. Thirty-seven Indians were engaged in this battle, seven of whom were killed, and fourteen wounded. They managed to put Gt'S bullets into and through the boat. Two of the crew were killed outright, two mortally and two slightly wounded. The presence of mind of Mandeville undoubtedly saved the rest, as well as the boat. Mr. Lindsay's boat, the rear one, did not reach the mouth of the Bad Axe until midnight. The Indians opened fire upon her, which was promptly returned, but, owing to the darkness, no injury was done, and the boat passed on safely. Great was the alarm at Prairie du Chien when the boats arrived there. The people left their houses and farms, and crowded into the dilapidated fort. An express was immediately sent to Galena, and another to Fort Snelling, for assistance. A company of upward of a hundred volunteers soon arrived from Galena, and the minds of the inhabitants were quieted. In a few days, four imperfect companies arrived from Fort Snelling. The consternation of the people of the lead mines was great, and in all the frontier settlements. This portion of the ■country then contained, as is supposed, about five thousand inhabitants. A great many of them fled from the country. On the 1st of September, 1827, Maj. William Whistler, with Government troops, arrived at the portage; and, while here, an express arrived from Gen. Atkinson, announcing his approach, and directing the former to halt and fortify himself at the portage and wait his arrival. The object of the joint expedition of Gen. Atkinson from Jefferson Barracks below St. Louis, and of Maj. Whistler from Fort Howard on Green Bay. was to capture those who had committed the murders at Prairie du Chien, and put a stop to any further aggression. At the opening of the council at the Butte des Morts, between the Government and the Indians, the Winnebagoes were advised that the security of their people lay in the surrender of the mur- derers of the Gagnier family. While Maj. Whistler was at the portage, he received a call in a mysterious way. An Indian came to his tent, and informed him that, at about 3 o'clock the next day, "they will come in." In reply to the question, "Who will come in?" he said, "Red Bird and WeKaw." After making this answer, he retired by the way he came. At 3 o'clock the same day, another Indian came, and took position in nearly the same place and in the same way, when, to like questions he gave like answers; and at sundown a third came, •confirming what the two had said, adding that he had, to secure that object, given to the fami- lies of the murderers nearly all his property. There was something heroic in this voluntary surrender. The giving-away of property to the families of the guilty parties had nothing to do with their determination to devote them- selves for the good of their peojde, but only to reconcile those who were about to be bereaved to the dreadful expedient. The heroism of the purpose is seen in the fact that the murders com- mitted at Prairie du Chien were not wanton, but in retaliation for wrongs committed on this people by the whites. The parties murdered at the prairie were doubtless innocent of the wrongs and outrages of which the Indians complained; but the law of Indian retaliation does not require that he alone who commits a wrong shall suffer for it. One scalp is held due for another, no matter whose head is taken, provided it be torn from the crown of the family, or (people who may have made a resort to this law a necessity. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 345 About noon of the day following, there were seen descending a mound on the portage a body of Indians. Some were mounted and some were on foot. By the aid of a glass it could be discerned that the direction was toward Maj. Whistler. They boi'e no arms, and Whistler was at no loss to understand that the promise made by the three Indians was about to be fulfilled. In the course of half an hour they had approached within a short distance of the crossing of Fox River, when on a sudden was heard singing. Those who were familiar with the air said, " It is a death-song.'' When still nearer, some present who knew him said, " It is Red Bird singing his death-song." The moment a halt was made, preparatory to crossing over, two scalp- yrlls were heard. The Menomonees and other Indians who had accompanied us were lying carelessly about tiie ground, regardless of what was going on; but when tlie "scalp-yells" were uttered they sprang as one man to their feet, seized their rifles, and were ready for battle. They were at no loss to know what these "yells" were; but they had not heard with sufficient accuracy to decide whether they indicated scalps to be taken or given, but doubtless inferred the first. Barges were sent across to receive, and an escort of military to accompany them within Whistler's lines. The white flag which had been seen in the distance was borne by Red Bird. And now the advance of the Indians had reached half up the ascent of the bluff" on which was Whistler's encampment. In the lead was Kar-ray-mau-nee, a distinguislied chief. Arriv- ing on the level upon which was the encampment of the Americans, and order being called, Kar-ray-mau-neo spoke, saying, "They are here. Like braves they have come in; treat them as braves; do not put them in irons." This address was made to Col. McKenney. The latter tdld him he was not the big Captain. His talk must be made to Maj. Whistler, who would do what was right. Mr. Marsh, the sub-agent, being there, an advance was made to him, and a hope expressed that the prisoners might be turned over to him. The military had been previously drawn out in line. The Menomonee and Wabanackie (Oneida) Indians were in groups, upon their haunches, on the left flank. On the right was the band of music, a little in advance of the line. In front of the center, about ten paces distant, were the murderei's. On their right and left were those who had accompanied them, forming a semicircle; the magnificent Red Bird and the miserable-looking We-Kaw a little in advance of the center. All eyes were fi.xed on the Red Bird. In height he is about six feet, straight, but without restraint. His proportions were those of most exact symmetry ; and these embraced the entire man from his head to his feet.- He and We-Kaw were told to sit down. At this moment, the band struck up Pleyel's Hymn. Everything was still. Red Bird turned his eyes toward the band. The music having ceased, he took up his pouch, and, taking from it kinnikinnic and tobacco, cut the latter in the palm of his hand, after the Indian fashion ;• then, rubbing the two together, filled the bowl of his calumet, struck fire on a bit of punk with his flint and steel, lighted, and smoked it. All sat except the speaker. The substance of what they said was as follows : They were required to bring in the murderers. They had no power over any except two ; the third had gone away ; and these had voluntarily agreed to come in and give themselves up. As their friends, they had come with them. They hoped their white brothers would agree to accept the horses, of which there were perhaps twenty ; the meaning of which was, to take them in commutation for the lives of their two friends. They asked kind treatment for tiiem, and earnestly besought that they might not be put in irons, and concluded by asking for a little tobacco and something to eat. They were answered and told in substance that they had done well thus to come in. By having done so, they had turned away our guns and saved their people. They were admonished against placing themselves in a like situation in the future, and advised, when they were aggrieved, not to resort to violence, but to go to their agent, who would inform the Great Father of their complaints, and he would redress their grievances ; that their friends should be treated kindly, and tried by the same laws by which their Great Father's white children were c 346 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. tried ; that for the present Red Bird and We-Kaw should not be put in irons ; that thev should all have something to eat and tobacco to smoke. Having heard this, Red Bird stood up; the commanding officer, Maj. Whistler, a few paces in front of the center of the line, facing him. After a moment's pause and a quick sur- vey of the troops, he spoke, saying, "/a?w ready." Then, advancing a step or two, he paused, saying, "I do not wish to be put in irons. Let me be free. I have given away my life ; it is gone" (stooping and taking some dust between his finger and thumb and blowing it away) "like that," eying the dust as it fell and vanished from his sight, adding, " I would not take it back ; it is gone." Having thus spoken, he threw his hands behind him and marched up to Maj. Whistler, breast to breast. A platoon was wheeled backward from the center of the line, wlien, the Major stepping aside. Red Bird and We-Kaw marched through the line, in charge of a file of men, to a tent provided for them in the rear, where a guard was set over them. The com- rades of the two captives then left the ground by the way they had come, taking with them Maj. Whistler's advice and a supply of meat, flour and tobacco. We-Kaw. the miserable-looking being, the accomplice of the Red Bird, was in all things the opposite of that unfortunate brave. Never were two persons so totally unlike. The one seemed a prince, and as if born to command, and worthy to be obeyed ; the other, as if he had been born to be hanged — meager, cold, dirty in his person and dress, crooked in form like the starved wolf, gaunt, hungry and bloodthirsty ; his entire appearance indicating the presence of a spirit wary, cruel and treacherous. The prisoners were committed into safe-keeping at Prairie du Chien, to await their trial in the regular courts of justice for murder. The next spring. Red Bird, We-Kaw and another Winnebago prisoner were tried at Prairie du Chien, before Judge J. D. Doty, who went from Green Bay, by way of the portage, for that purpose, convicted and sentenced to death. Red Bird died in prison. A deputation of the tribe went to Washington to solicit the pardon of the others. President Adams granted it on the implied condition that the tribe would cede the lands then in the possession of the miners. The Winne- bagoes agreed to this. Mme. Gagnier was compensated for the loss of her husband and the mutilation of her infant. At the treaty held at Prairie du Chien in 1829, provision was made for two sections of land to her and her tAvo children ; and the Government agreed to pay her the sum of $50 per annum for fifteen years, to be deducted from the annuity of the Winnebago Indians. In closing this account of the "Winnebago war," we give an anecdote which places the Winnebago character in an amiable light : The militia of Prairie du Chien, immediately after the affair of the boats, seized the old chief, De-kau-ry, and four other Indians ; and he was informed that, if Red Bird should not be given up within a certain time, he and the others were to die in his place. This he steadfastly believed. A messenger, a young Indian, was sent to inform the tribe of the state of affairs ; and several days had elapsed and no information was received of the murderers. The dreadful day was near at hand, and De-kau-ry, being in a bad state of health, asked permission of the officer to go to the river to indulge in his long- accustomed habit of bathing in order to improve his health ; upon which Col. Snelling told him if he would promise, on the honor of a chief, that he would not leave town, he might have his liberty and enjoy all his privileges until the day appointed for his execution. Accordingly, he first gave his hand to the Colonel, thanking him for his friendly offer, then raised both hands aloft and in the most solemn adjuration promised that he would not leive the bounds prescribed, and said if he had a hundred lives he would sooner lose them all than forfeit his word. He was then set at liberty. He was advised to flee to the wilderness and make his escape. " But no !" said he, " do you think I prize life above honor?" He then complacently remained until nine days of the ten which he had to live had elapsed, and still nothing was heard promising the apprehension of the murderers. No alteration could be seen in the countenance of the chief. It so happened that, on that day. Gen. Atkinson arrived with his troops from Jefferson Bar- racks, and the order for the execution was countermanded and the Indians permitted to return to their homes. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 347 FORT WINNEBAGO. There seems to hang, in perpetual solemnity, an enchanted halo around the site of Fort Winnebago. We approach this historical spot with feelings profound and reverential. The fragmentary descriptions written of the old place and its early associations have been wafted upon the wave of intelligence far and wide. We know that, immediately preceding its com- mencement, there were at the east end of the portage a log house and barn, which then formed a trading-post of the American Fur Company, and that Peter Pauquette lived there and had charge of the buildings ; that there was another building, where the sub-agent, John Kinzie, was living, and still two others, occupied by half-breeds ; and on the east side of Fox River, there was a house belonging to Francis LeRoy, son of Joseph LeRoy, of Green Bay. Where that house was, the fort was afterward built. At the west end of the portage, there was a log house built, and three houses where Per- rish Grignon and his wife, sister of the chief, De-kau-ry, were living ; the second one was occu- pied by his son, Lavoin Grignon ; the other, by J. B. Lecuyer. LeRoy was living near where 0. P. Williams' house was afterward located. Fort Winnebago was established at a period, not remote, when civilization had but a sin- gle line of communication from the great lakes to the " American Amazon." The necessity for some means of protection to the fur trade from Winnebago exactions, and as security against further aggressions — such as the "Winnebago War," just described — becoming evident, the General Government, at the solicitation of John Jacob Astor, who was then at the head of the American Fur Company, and upon whose goods the Indians levied exorbitant tolls, authorized the erection of a post at the portage. Late in the fall of 1828, the First Infantry, stationed at Fort Howard, and commanded by Maj. Twiggs, was ordered to proceed to the portage and enter upon the work. The small detachment was composed of three companies, under Capt. Buell, Capt. Spence and Captain — afterward General — Harney, of Mexican war fame. The First Lieutenants were Jefferson Davis, Ganes Miller and Abercrombie. The latter commanded at the battle of Falling Waters, early in the rebellion, and rose to the rank of a general officer. The Second Lieutenants were Pegram, Lamotte and Burbanks. Surgeon Abbott accompanied the troops to heal the wounds incident to house-building. The soldiers came amply provided with provisions and otherwise prepared for a winter cam- paign. Maj. Twiggs, in the capacity of " boss carpenter," erected temporary barracks of tam- arack logs, in which to winter his command, and detailed a party to go up the Wisconsin River and procure pine timber, with which to construct the permanent fort. Another party was detailed to quarry stone, at what was called " Stone Quarry Hill." With the first rise of water in the spring of 1829, rafts of logs were floated down to the portage, and were hauled, by teams, to the place of building, where all the lumber was sawed by hand, with whip-saws, with which to build the entire fort. The brick necessary for the chimneys, etc., were burned just opposite the " narrows," on the Wisconsin River, where Armstrong's brickyard is now located. The manual labor was performed by the private soldiers, while the officers did the " heavy work," such as drawing plans and superintending the job. Some amusing incidents occurred, in which the architectural skill of the epauleted "bosses" was sorely tried. During the con- struction of the commissary-stores building, one of the young Lieutenants being in charge, a question arose among the privates as to the propriety of placing in the building thirty-foot beams as "sleepers," without anything beneath them to prevent the floor from "sag- ging" when the structure should be filled with heavy and indigestible army stores. One of the workmen, a practical builder, was delegated by his companions to interview the "super- intendent," and point out to him the fallacy of observing the plans and specifications in this regard. He did so, but beat a hasty retreat after receiving this reply from his superior : " Who in h— 11 pays you for thinking? " 348 HISTORY OF COHMBIA COUXTY. The fort was completed in the spring of 1830. The principal buildings stood on the side of a s(|uare. Defense against cannon did not enter the plan. The only structures in the nature of fortifications were two heavy, compact blockhouses, perforated for musketry, and situ- ated at the northeast and southwest corners of the quadrangle. .\t the same angle was the magazine, a low, arched structure of heavy stone. A little south, and acro.ss the military road leailing to Fort Howard, were the hospital and the quarters of the medical staff: and still fur- ther south, were the carpenters' shops, in which Jeff Davis is said to have exhibited more skill in the manufacture of (juaint furniture than he has since shown in a wellrcmembered attempt to organize a " government. "' Westward, on tlie slope toward the river, was the commissary building, near which was the cynosure of the sutler. The capacious stables were not many rods away, and just removed from them were the slaughter-houses. Forty rods east were located the blacksmith-shops. On the north and south sides of the fort itself were the gardens, which, in time, became highly cultivated. On the east was the drill and parade ground. The fort proper was inclosed by a solid picket or stockade. There were two entrances, each guarded by thick, double gates. The main buildings were neat one-and-a-half-story edifices, painted r.diite, with sharply sloping roofs and uniform dormer windows, the whole being clean and tasty of aspect. Time does not appear to have hung heavily on the garrison. There was much leisure for amusement, anrl they improved it. Billiards, cards, dancing and amateur theatricals varied the monotony by night, while liorse-racing and athletic sports diminished the hours by day. At one period, the n.ail arrived every two weeks from Chicago via Mineral Point. The vehicle which brought it hove in sight upon a height three miles distant from the fort. It was a favor- ite pastime to lay wagers on the moment of its first appearance, the precise moment it would reach the post office (which was the sutler's storehouse), or whether the wagerer would have a letter or not. Game was abundant in its season, and many days were devoted to the hunt. Sleigh-riding parties were also popular. In the spring of 1834, when Henry Merrell came to the fort, he found there Col. Cutler, the conimanding officer; Lieut. Lacy, Quartermaster and Commissary; Captains Low, Clark and Plyrapton ; Lieutenants Van Cleve, Johnston, Collinsworth, Kuggles, Hooe and Reed, and Surgeon McDougall ; also Burley Follett, Daniel Bushnell and Satterlee Clark, Jr., the latter three in charge of the sutler's store as agents for Oliver Newberry, of Detroit; Capt. McCabe w;us Postmaster and Indian agent. Maj. Twiggs had been relieved by Companies C, D, E and F of the Sixth United States Infantry. Capt. Plymi)ton, who was a brevet Major, assumed command for a short time prior to the arrival of Col. Cutler. Two companies of the First Infantry subsequently relieved this detachment and remained until the evacuation in 1845. Col. Cutler's successors in command at the fort were Maj. Green, Col. Mcintosh, Capts. Low and Jewett, and Lieut. Mumford. When the evacuation took place, the fort was left in charge of Ordnance Sergeant Van Camp, who looked after it until 1847, when he died. William Weir, an old soldier of the fort, then had charge of it until 1853, when it was sold at auction under an order affecting such property, made by Jeff Davis, as Secretary of War. In March, 1856, a fire destroyed or seriously damaged most of the buildings, which were then occupied by private families. The reservation, comprising nearly four thousand acres, l)ecame the property of J. B. Martin and others, of Milwaukee ; they paid for it $20,000. W. H. Wells, of Fond du Lac, anil F. II. Marsten, of Buffalo, subse(|uently owned it. In 1809, Val- entine Ilelmann, of Portage, bought forty acres of Messrs. Widls and Marsten, and, on the 14th of Febriuiry, 1873, he added another "forty"' by purchase. The latter sale included all the old buildings, spared by time and fire, on the left-hand side of the old military road, in the town of Fort Winnebago. The stone was afterward sold by Mr. Helraann to the Government and used in constructing breakwaters along the Wisconsin River. Thirty-three thousand brick (the first ever made at the portage) were taken from the massive fireplaces and chimneys and used in the construction of Mr. Helmann's residence on his farm. The old commissary build- ing was removed and now does service as a barn on the same farm. Nearly all of the remaining HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNT r. 349 buildings were torn away, the material being sold to different parties in Portage and tlie town of Fort Winnebago. All that now remains of old Fort Winnebago are the well and the cellars. In the fall of 1879, the framework about the former plunged into the shaft below. OM age is supposed to have been the cause of the rash act. About thirty rods south stands a portion of the old hospital building, owned by Andrew Weir and occupied by a family named Estabrook. The agency building, on Agency Hill, west of the canal and river, fell not into the hands of the despoiler. It is owned and occupied as a residence by E. S. Baker, who has put upon it improvements calculated to keep it intact for another half a generation. In size, it is 30x36 feet on the ground, and two stories high with a garret. The kitchen is 20x24 feet, and one and a half stories high. The framework is very ponderous, the studding, rafters, joists, sleepers and sills being twice the size of similar material used in buildings of the present day. The house was originally surrounded by a circular row of maples and elms, planted fifty years ago. But four trres have survived, and they are now two feet in diameter. Near by is the icehouse, a hole in the ground twenty feet deep and sixteen across the top, substantially walled with "hard-head" stone. A lady resident of the fort, in 1831, has left the following interesting reminiscence of her observations and experience at the post.* "Maj. and Mrs. Twiggs and a few of the younger officers (for nearly all of the older ones were absent), with our brother Robert, or Bob, as he is called throughout all of the Indian tribes, gave us a cordial welcome — how cordial those alone can know who have come like us to a remote, isolated home in the wilderness. The Major insisted on our taking possession at once of vacant quarters in the fort, instead of at ' the agency,' as had been proposed. " No ; we must be under the same roof with them. Mrs. Twiggs had been without a com- panion of her own sex for more than four months, and would certainly not hear of a separation now. But we must be their guests untTl the arrival of the boats containing our furniture, which, under the care of our old acquaintance, Hamilton Arndt. was making its way slowly up from Green Bay. * " A dinner had been prepared for us. This is one of the advantages of the zigzag ap- proach by the Fox River — travelers never take their friends by surprise ; and when the whole circle sat down to the hospitable board, we were indeed a merry company. After dinner. Mrs. Twiggs showed me the quarters assigned to us, on the opposite side of the spacious hall. They consisted of two large rooms on each of the three floors or stories of the building. On the ground floor the front room was vacant. The one in the rear was to be the sleeping apartment, as was evident from a huge, unwieldy bedstead of proportions amply sufficient to have accom- odateil Oil, the Kinc of Bashan, with Mrs. Os and the children into the baro;ain. AVe could not repress our laughter; but the bedsteiid was nothing to another structure which occupied a second corner of the apartment. This edifice had been built under the immediate superinten- dence of one of our young lieutenants, and it was plain to be seen that upon it both he and the soldiers who fabricated it had exhausted all their architectural skill. The timbers of which it was composed had been grooved and carved ; the pillars that supported the front swelled in and out in a most fanciful manner; the doors were not only paneled, but radiated in a way to excite the admiration of all unsophisticated eyes. A similar piece of workmanship had been erected in each set of quarters, to supply the deficiency of closets, an inconvenience which had never occurred, until too late, to the bachelors who planned them. The three apartments of which each structure was composed, were unquestionably designed for clothes-press, storeroom and china-close^ ; such, at least, were the uses to which Mrs. Twiggs had appropriated the one assigrned to her. There was this slight difficultv, that in the latter the shelves were too close to admit of setting in even a gravy-boat, but they made up in number what was wanting in space. We christened the whole aifiiir, in honor of its projector, a Davis, thus placing the first laurel on the brow of one who was afterward to signalize himself in cabinet-making of quite a different character. ' Waii-Buu, the Early Day in the Northwest," (.ty Mra. John H. Kiuzie, lip. 6S-76. 350 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. " The bold promontory upon which Fort Winnebago was built looked down upon the ex- tended prairie and the Fox River on one side, and, on the other, stretched away into the thickly wooded ridge that led off to Belle Fontaine and Lake Puckaway. In front lay an extent of meadow, across which was the portage road, of about two miles in length, leading between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Teams of oxen and a driver were kept at the agency by the Gov- ernment to transport the canoes of the Indians across the place, which, at many seasons, was wet, miry and almost impassable. The woods were now brilliant with the many tints of autumn, and the scene around was further enlivened by groups of Indians, in all directions, and their lodges, which were scattered here and there, in the vicinity of the agency buildings. On the low grounds might be seen the white tents of the traders, already prepared to furnish winter sup- plies to the Indians in exchange for the annuity money they were about to receive. "A great concourse had been for many days assembling in anticipation of the payment, which was expected to take place as soon as Shawnee-aiv-kee should arrive with the silver. Preparatory to this event, the gre.it chief of the nation, Four-Legs, whose village we had passed at the entrance to Winnebago Lake, had thought proper to take a little carouse, as is too apt to be the custom when the savages come into the neighborhood of a sutlers establishment. In the present instance, the ficilities for a season of intoxication had been augmented by the presence on the ground of some traders too regardless of the very stringent laws prohibiting the sale of liquor to the Indians. Poor Four-Legs could not stand this full tide of prosperity. Unchecked by the presence of his Father, the agent, he carried his indulgence to such excess that he fell a victim in the course of a few days. His funeral had been celebrated with the usual pomp the day before our arrival, and great was my disappointment at finding myself too late to witness all the ceremonies. His body, according to their custom, having been wrapped in a blanket and placed in a rude coffin along with his guns, tomahawk, pipes and a quantity of tobacco, had been carried to the most elevated point of the hill opposite the fort, followed by an immense procession of his people, whooping, beating their drums, howling, and making altogether what is emphati- cally termed a 'pow-wow.' After the interment of the body, a stake was planted at its head. on which was painted, in vermilion, a series of hieroglyphics, descriptive of the great deeds and events of his life. The whole was then surrounded with pickets of the trunks of the tamarack trees, and hither the friends would come for many successive days, to renew the expression of their grief, and to throw over the grave tobacco and other offerings to the Great Spirit. It was a consolation to find that, although delayed, we were yet in time to furnish a (juantity of white cotton for a flag to Avaive over the grave, and also to pay a considerable bill at the sutler's for the different articles that had been found necessary for the funeral parade — it being a duty expected of their Father, to bury the dead suitably. The funeral observances in honor of the chief had not yet ceased. Throughout the day, and all that night, the sound of instruments, mingled with doleful lamentations, and with the discordant whoops and yells of those in a partial state of intoxication, filled the air and disturbed our repose. To these were added occasionally the plaintive sounds of the Indian flute, upon which the young savage plays when he is in love. Grief and whisky had made their hearts tender, and the woods resounded to their melancholy strains. Early the following morning, before I left my room, I was startled by the sounds of lamentation and woe proceeding from the adjoining apartment. On entering it, I found several squaws seated on the floor, with downcast looks, expressive of condolence and sympathy, while in their midst sat a little ugly woman in tattered garments and blackened face and disheveled hair, sobbing and wailing bitterly. Not doubting they were the family of the deceased chief, I was quite troubled at my inability to express, otherwise than by gestures, my participation in their sorrows. LTnacquainted as I was with their customs, I took it for granted, from their wietched appearance, that poverty and destitution formed one of the sources of their aflliction. One of the party, at least, seemed in the very depth of misery. Can it be possible, said I to myself, that this poor creature has only these scanty rags to cover her ? Stepping back to my own room, I brought out a pretty calico wrapper, which I presented to the little dirty, blackened object. She took it and commenced a fresh series of sobbing and sighing. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 351 I made signs to her to put it on, opening it, and explaining to her how it was to be worn, and recommending to her, by gestures, to lose no time in making herself more comfortable. At this the other women burst into a laugh. Very mal-apropos, thought I, and somewhat unfeeling. At that moment my husband, entering, explained to me that the chief mourner was Madam Four-Legs, the widow ; that she had undoubtedly a comfortaple wardrobe at home, but that it was part of the etiquette of mourning to go for a season with neglected persons and blackened faces. All this was told me in the interval of shaking hands, and offering and receiving con- dolences in the most uncouth, guttural language that I had ever heard. Their Father at length dismissed them with a promise of some presents to help dry up their tears. It must not be inferred that the grief of the poor little widow was not sincere. On the contrary, she was greatly attached to her husband, and had had great influence, not only with him, but with the nation at large. She was a Fox woman, and spoke the Chippewa, which is the court language among all the tribes, so that she was often called upon to act as an interpreter. She was a person of great shrewdness and judgment, and, as I afterward experienced, of strong and tenacious affections. " After breakfast, I received a visit from the principal chiefs, who had put on their beat of apparel and paint, to receive their new mother. There was Naw-Kaw or Kar-ray-mau-nee, ' The Walking Turtle,' then the principal chief of the nation, a stalwart Indian, with a broad, pleas- ant countenance, the great peculiarity of which was an immense under lip, hanging nearly to his chin. There was the old De-Kau-ray, the most noble, dignified and venerable of his own, or, indeed, of any, tribe. His fine Roman countenance, rendered still more striking by his bald head, with one solitary tuft of long, silvery hair, neatly tied, and falling back on his shoulders ; his perfectly neat and appropriate dress, almost without ornament, and his courteous demeanor, never laid aside under any circumstances, all combined to give him the highest place in the con- sideration of all who knew him. There was Black Wolf, whose lowering, surly face was well described by his name. The fierce expression of his countenance was greatly heightened by the masses of heavy, black hair hanging around it, quite contrary to the usual fashion among the Winnebagoe?. They, for the most part, remove a portion of their hair, the remainder of which is drawn to the back of the head, clubbed and ornamented with beads, ribbons, cock feathers, or, if they are so entitled, an eagle's feather for every scalp taken from an enemy. There was Talk-English, a remarkably handsome, powerful young Indian, who received his name in the following manner : He was one of the party of sixteen Winnebagoes who had, by invitation, accompanied their agent and Maj. Forsyth (or the Chippewa, as he was called), on a visit to the President, at Washington, the year previous. On the journey, the question naturally ad- dressed to them by people not familiar with Western Indians, was : ' Do you talk English ? ' The young fellow, being very observant, came to his Father. ' What do they mean by this ? Every body says to me talk English ! ' The agent interpreted the words to him. ' Ah, very well.' The next place they arrived at was Lockport, in the State of New York. Jumping off the canal boat upon the lock, he ran up to the first man he met and, thrusting forward his face, called out: 'Talk Eengeesh ? ' ' Yes," said the man; 'Do you talk English?' 'Ya-as.' From that time forward he always bore the name of Talk-English, and was registered on the pay-rolls by that title, of which he was not a little proud. Hoo-wau-nee-kah, ' The Little Elk,' was another of the distinguished men of the tribe. He had likewise been at Washington. Henry Clay, when he visited them, after looking carefully at the countenances and bearing of all the members of the deputation, had indicated him as the one possessing the greatest talent ; and he was greatly pleased when informed that he was the principal orator of the nation, and decidedly su- perior in abilities to any other individual of the tribe. Then there was Kau-ray-kaiv-saw- kaw, 'The White Crow,' a Rock River Indian, who afterward distinguished himself as a friend of the whites during the Sauk war. He was called by the French, ' le Borgne,' from having lost an eye ; and the black silk handkerchief which he wore drooping over the left side of his face, to disguise the blemish, taken with his native costume, gave him a very singular appearance. There was a nephew of the defunct chief Four-Legs, to whom, with justice, was given, by both 352 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. whites and Indians, the appellation of ' the Dandy.' When out of mourning, his dress was of the most studied and fanciful character. A shirt (when he condescended to wear any) of the briglitest colors, ornamented with innumerable rows of silver brooches set thickly together; never less than two pairs of silver arm bands ; leggings and moccasins of the most elaborate embroidery, in ribbons and porcupine quills ; everything that he could devise in the shape of an ornament, hanging to his club of hair behind ; a feather fan in one hand, and in the other a mirror, in which he contemplated himself every few minutes. These, with the variety and brilliancy of the colors upon his face, the suitable choice and application of which occupied no small portion of the hours allotted to his toilet, made up the equipment of young Four-Legs. This devotion to dress and appearance seemed not altogether out of place in a youthful dandy ; but wo had likewise an old one of the same stamp. Pawnee Blanc, or the White Pawnee, surpassed his younger competitor, if possi- ble, in attention to his personal attractions. Upon the present occasion, he appeared in all his finery, and went through the customary salutations with an air of solemn dignity, and then walked, as did the other, into the parlor (for I had received them in the hall), where tliey all seated themselves on the floor. Fortunately, the room was not bare of furniture, but ' alas ! ' thought I, 'for my pretty carpet, if this is to be the way they pay their respects to me I ' I watched the falling of the ashes from their long pipes, and the other inconveniences of the use of tobacco, or kin-ni-kin-nic, with absolute dismay. " The visit of the chiefs was followed by one from the interpreter and his wife, with all the Canadian and half-breed women whose husbands found employment at the agency, or at the Ameri- can Fur Company's establishment. By this time, my piano had been taken from its case and set up in our quarters. To our great joy, we found it entirely uninjured, not a note was out of tune. The women, to whom it was an entire novelty, were loud in their exclamations of wonder and delight: ' Eh-h-h ! regardezdonc ; Quelles inventions ! Quellcs merveilles !' * One, observing the play of my fingers reflected in the name-board, called in great exultation to her compan- ions. She had discovered, as she thought, the hidden machinery by which the sounds were produced, and was not a little mortified when she was undeceived." * Ooly look! what inventions! what wonders! HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 353 CHAPTER in. The Blaok H.vwk "War— A Supplemental Episode ok the Black Hawk War— United States Land Surveys— United States Land Districts- Early Govehnmknt of Columbia County Territory— Colujiuia County on Early' Maps. THE black hawk WAR. The months of June and July, 1882, were months of excitement in Fort Winnebago and its immediate vicinity, for it was known that the Sacs, painted and plumed, at war with the whites, with Black Hawk as their leader, had retreated up Rock River. The Sac chief, with his braves, finally reached a point (Black Hawk Grove) just outside of what is now the city of •Janesville, Rock County, where he remained some time in camp. It must not be understood that they were now at their former homes. This was not the ease. It was not then the country of the Sacs, but of the Rock River Winnebagoes. The last mentioned had not yet ceded their territory east of Sugar River. While Black Hawk Avas in camp at the grove, which has received his name, there were brought in two prisoners — Sylvia and Rachel Hall ; and it was there they were handed over to the Winnebagoes. The tent-poles, ashes and brands of the Indian camp-fires, where the two captives were given over to the Winnebagoes by the Sac Indians, were plainly discernible when the first settlers located in the vicinity. Gen. Atkinson, having arrived at the mouth of the Pecatonica, in pursuit of the savages, and, hearing that Black Hawk was further up Rock River, determined to follow him, with the intention of deciding the war by a general battle, if possible. Black Hawk, judging of his intentions from the report of his spies, broke up his camp, near what is now Janesville, and retreated still farther up the stream to the foot of Lake Koshkonong, where, on the west side of the river, in what is now the town of iNHlton, Rock County, he again formed a camp. Here he remained some time, when he again removed, this time to an island in the lake, still known as Black Hawk's Island. It is in the southeast corner of the town of Sumner, in Jefferson County. He afterward made his way farther up the valley. The march of Gen, Atkinson in pursuit of Black Hawk through what is now Rock County, and his arrival at Lake Koshkonong, in the present county of Jefferson, where he found the Sac chief had eluded him, is best related by one who was present : '• The oOth of June, 1832, we passed through the Turtle Village [now the city of Beloit], which is a considerable Winnebago town, but it was deserted. We marched on about a mile, and encamped on the open prairie, near enough to Rock River to get water from it. We here saw very fresh signs of the Sac Indians, where they bad been, apparently, fishing on that day. Gen. Atkinson believed we were close to them, and apprehended an attack that night. The sentinels fired several times, and we were as often paraded and prepared to receive the enemy ; hut they never came, though, from the accounts given by the sentinels to the officers of the day, there was no doubt that Indians had been prowling about the camp. "July 1. We had not marched but two or three miles before an Indian was seen across Rock River, at some distance off, on a very high prairie, who, no doubt, was a spy, and. likely, was one that had been prowling about our encampment the night before. We proceeded a few miles further, and came to the place where the Indians, who had taken the two Misses Hall prisoners, had stayed for several days [near the present city of Janesville]. It was a strong position, where they could have withstood a very powerful force. We afterward discovered that they always encamped in such places. We Iiad not marched but a few miles from this place before 354 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUKTY. one of our front scouts came back, meeting the array in great haste, and stated that he had discovered a fresh trail of Indians, where they had just gone along in front of us. Maj. Ewing, who was in front of the main army some distance, immediately formed his men in line of battle, and marched in that order in advance of the main army about three-quarters of a mile. We had a very thick wood to march through, where the undergrowth stood very high and thick. The signs looked very fresh, and we exjjected every step to be fired upon from the thickets. We marched in this order about two miles, not stopping for the unevenness of the ground or anything else, but keeping in line of battle all the time, until we found the Indians had scat- tered ; then we resumed our common line of march, which was in three divisions. Soon after we had formed into three divisions, the friendly Indians that were with us raised an alarm by seven or eight of them shooting at a deer — some little in advance of the army. The whole army here formed for action, but it was soon ascertained that these children of the forest had been at what their whole race seems to have been born for — shooting at the beasts of the forest. "We here camped by a small lake [Storr's] this night, and had to drink the water, which was very bad, but it was all that could be found. Here a very bad accident happened. One of the sentinels, mistaking another that was on post, with a blanket wi-apped around him. for an Indian, shot him just below the groin in the thick of the thigh. At first the wound was thought mortal. I understood, before I left the army, that the man was nearly well. Here Gen. Atkinson had on this night breastworks thrown up, which was easily done, as we were encamped in thick, heavy timber. This was a precaution which went to show that he set a great deal by the lives of his men, and by no means was any mark of cowardice ; for general- ship consists more in good management than anything else. "July 2. We started this morning at the usual time, but went oftly a few miles before Maj. Ewing, who was still in front with his battalion, espied a very fresh trail, making off at about a left angle. He dispatched ten men from the battalion, in company with Capt. George Walker and a few Indians, to pursue it, and see, if possible, where it went to. He moved on in front of his battalion a short distance further, when we came on the main Sac trail of Black Hawk's whole army, which appeared to be about two days old. Capt. Early, who commanded a volunteer independent company, and had got in advance, this morning called a halt ; so did Maj. Ewing with his battalion. Then Maj. Ewing sent back one of his staff officers for the main army to call a halt for a few minutes. He, with Maj. Anderson, of the infantry, Capt. Early and Jonathan H. Pugh, went a little in advance, when Maj. Anderson, with a telescope, took a view across the lake, as we had now got to Lake Koshkonong. [The army entered what is now Jefferson County, very nearly where, in going north, its south line is crossed by the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. The trail, after leaving the southeast quarter of Section 35, in Township 5 north, of Range 13 east, ran nearly due north to the southeast corner of Section 26, in the same township and range, where the army reached the lake, in what is now the town of Koshkonong.] They then discovered three Indians apparently in their canoes. Maj. Ewing went himself and informed Gen. Atkinson what discovery was made, and requested Gen. Atkinson to let him take his battalion round through a narrow defile that was between two of those lakes, where we supposed the Indians were. By this time our scouts, who had taken the trail that led off on our left, returned, bringing with them five white men's scalps. They followed the Indian trail until it took them to a large Indian encampment that they had left a few days before. They reached it ; the scalps were sticking up against some of their wig- wams ; some of them were identified, but I do not recollect the names of any except one, which was said to be an old gentleman of the name of Hall. Maj. Ewing then marched his battalion about a mile, where the pass on the side of the lake appeared so narrow that he dismounted his men and had his horses all tied, and a few men left to guard them. The rest of us marched on foot about one mile through a narrow defile on the [east] bank of Koshkonong Lake. This was considered a dangerous procedure ; but Maj. Ewing, who was in front with Maj. Ander- son, would have been first in danger. We now found that we were getting too far in advance of our horses, so Maj. Ewing sent a part of the men back for them. When we mounted our HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 355 horses, we were joined by Capt. Early and his independent corps. We then marched some dis- tance around the [Koshkonong] lake, and went in between two of them in a narrow defile, until we found another deserted encampment. We now saw clearly that the Indians were gone from the Koshkonong Lake, so the next thing to be done was to find in which direction they had steered their course." Gen. Atkinson having been re-enforced by Gen. Alexander, took up his line of march, arriving at the Burnt Village on the 6th of July. The Burnt Village, known also as the White Crow's town, was on the south side of what was then called the Whitewater River, now Bark River, at its most southerly point, on the north half of Section 12, in Township 5 north, of Range 14 east, town of Koshkonong, about two and a half miles southeast of the present Fort Atkinson. This is the village generally, but incorrectly, stated to have been located upon the north side of Lake Koshkonong, some eight miles distant. When Gen. Atkinson reached the place, it was found deserted. That evening (the 6th), Gen. Posey's brigade, in company with Col. Dodge's squadron, joined Atkinson. Col. John Ewing and his regiment came within a mile and a half of the main army and encamped. On the 10th, Gen. Atkinson sent Col. Ewing with his regiment down Rock River to Dixon's; Gen. Posey, with the rest of his bri- gade, was dispatched to Fort Hamilton, while Col. Henry and his brigade. Gen. Alexander's brigade and Col., Dodge's squadron were sent to Fort Winnebago, now Portage, Columbia Co., for provisions. Atkinson dropped down a short distance from the Burnt Village and built a stockade fort, which he called Fort Koshkonong. It was located on the south side of Rock River, in the eastern outskirts of the present village of Fort Atkinson. Alexander returned from Fort Winnebago by the direct )-oute, while Dodge and Henry took a more easterly one, striking Rock River at a point where there was a small Winnebago village, now Hustisford, Dodge County, which point was reached July 18. Information was here obtained that Black Hawk was at "Cranberry Lake," farther up the river. This was believed to be reliable, and an express was immediately started down the stream to inform Gen. Atkinson of the Sac chief's whereabouts. The express, consisting of Dr. E. H. Merryman, W. W. Woodbridge, with Lit- tle Thunder, a Winnebago, came very unexpectedly, at a distance of not more than eight miles from their starting-point, upon the trail of Black Hawk, making his way down the river. The express returned to the army with the news, and the next morning, July 19, the pursuit began. The fugitives, leaving the river near what is now the city of Watertown, were followed to the Third Lake (Monona), across the site where the city of Madison now stands. Meanwhile, Atkinson being informed of the movements of Henry and Dodge, broke up his camp and fol- lowed on with the main army, leaving Capt. Gideon Low, of the United States Regulars, with thirty or forty men, to hold Fort Koshkonong, afterward known as Fort Atkinson. The two commands, following so close upon the Sac chief, brought on an engagement on the 21st of July, upon the Wisconsin River, mention of which — the battle of Wisconsin Heights — has already been made in the general history of the State. After the conclusion of the war, Capt. Gideon Low abandoned Fort Atkinson, proceeding with his men to Fort Winnebago. Notwithstanding the fact that Black Hawk and his army did not, in their northward move- ment, reach the limits of what is now Columbia County, yet his retreat up the Rock River valley and the danger of (as many believed) the Winnebagoes joining him in a body, caused not only much uneasiness at Fort Winnebago, but the resort to active measures to induce that tribe to remain steadfast in their friendship to the Americans. What transpired at that post during these months of alarm, is best related by one who was there a resident:* " The arrival of my brother, Arthur, from Kentucky, by way of the Mississippi, in the latter part of April, bi'ought us the uncomfortable intelligence of new troubles with the Sauks and Foxes. Black Hawk had, with the flower of his nation, recrossed the Mississippi, once more to take possession of their old homes and corn-fields. " It was not long before our own Indians came flocking in to confirm the tidings, and to assure us of their intention to remain faithful friends to the Americans. We soon heard of the Mrs. John H. Kinzie. See " Wau-BiMi, the Early 9ay in the Northwest," pp. 311-318. 356 HISTORY OF COLl'MBIA COUXTY. arrival of the Illinois Rangers in the Rock River Country, also of the progress of the regular force under Gen. Atkinson, in pursuit of the hostile Indians, who, by the reports, wore always able to elude their vigilance. It not being their custom to stop and give battle, the Sauks soon scattered themselves through the country, trusting to some lucky accident (and sucii arriveil, alas I only too often) to enable them to fall upon their enemies unexpectedly. "The experience of the pursuing army was, for the most part, to make their way, by toil- some and fatiguing marches, to the spot where they imagined the Sauks would be waiting to receive them, and then to discover that the rogues had scampered ofl" to quite a different part of the country. '' Wherever these latter went, their course was marked by the most atrocious barbari'ie.s, though the worst had not at this time reached our ears. We were only assured that they were down in the neighborhood of the Rock River and Kishwaukee, and that they lost no opportunity of falling on the defenseless inhabitants and cruelly murdering them. "As soon as it became certain that the Sauks and Fo.xes would not pursue the same course they had on the previous year, that is, retreat peaceably across the Mississippi, Mr. Kinzie resolved to hold a council with all the principal chief's of the Winnebagoes who were accessible at this time. He knew that the Sauks would use every effort to induce their neighbors to join them, and that there existed in the breasts of too many of the young savages a desire to dis- tinguish themselves by • taking some white scalps.' They did not love the Americans. Why should they ? By them they had been gradually dispossessed of the broad and beautiful domains of tlicir forefathers, and hunted from place to place, and the only equivalent they had received in exchange had been a few thousands annually in silver and presents, together with the pernicious example, tlie debasing influence and the positive ill treatment, of too many of the new settlers upon their lands. "With all these facts in view, therefore, their Father felt that the utmost watchfulness was necessary, and that the strongest arguments must be brought forward to preserve the young men of the Winnebagoes in their allegiance to the Americans. Of the older members he felt quite sure. About fifty lodges had come at the commencement of the disturbances and encamped around our dwelling, saying that, if the Sauks attacked us, it must be after killing them ; and. knowing them well, we had perfect confidence in their assurances. " But their vicinity, wliile it gave us a feeling of protection, likewise furnished us with a channel of the most exciting and agitating daily communications. As the theater of operations approached nearer and nearer, intelligence was brought in by their runners — now that ' Capt. Harney's head had been recognized in the Sauk camp, where it had been brought the day pre- vious ; ' next, that 'the Sauks were carrying Lieut. BealTs head on a pole in front of tlicm as they marched to meet the whites.' Sometimes it was a story which we afterward found to be unhappily true, as that of the murder of their agent, M. St. Vrain, at Kellogg's Grove, by the Sauks themselves, who ought to have protected him. "It was after the news of this last occurrence that the appointed council with the Winne- bagoes was to be held at the Four Lakes, thirty-five miles distant from Fort Winnebago. In vain we pleaded and remonstrated against such an exposure. It was his duty to assemble his people and talk to them, my husband said, and he must run the risk if there were any. He had perfect confidence in the Winnebagoes. The enemy, by all that he could learn, were now far ilistant from the Four Lakes — probably at Kosh-ko-nong. He would set off early in the morn- ing with Pauquette, hold his council, and return to us the same evening. " It were useless to attempt to describe our feelings during that long and dreary day. When night arrived, the cry of a drunken Indian, or even the barking of a dog, would fill our hearts with terror. " As we sat, at a late hour, at the open window, listening to every sound, with what joy did we at length distinguish the tramp of horses I We knew it to be Griffin and Jerry ascend- ing, the hill, and a cheerful shout soon announced that all was well. My husband and his interpreter had ridilen seventy miles that day, besides holding a long 'talk' with the Indians. HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 357 " The Winnebagoes, in council, had promised to use their utmost endeavors to preserve peace and good order among their young men. They informed their father that the bands on the Rock River, with the exception of Wiu-no-sheek's, were all determined to remain friendly, and keep aloof from the Sauks. To that end they were abandoning their villages and corn- fields and moving north, that their Great Father, the President, might not feel dissatisfied with them. With regard to Win-no-sheek and his people, they professed themselves unable to answer. " Time went on, and brought with it stories of fresh outrage.?. Among these were the murders of Auberry, Green and Force, at Blue Mound, and the attack on Apple Fort. The tidings of the latter were brought by old Crelie, the father of Mrs. Pauquette, who rode express from Galena, and who averred that he once passed a bush behind which the Sauks were hiding, but that his horse smelt the sweet-scented grass with which they always adorn their persons when on a war party, and set out on such a gallop that he never stopped until he arrived at the portage. " Another bearer of news was a young gentleman of the name of Follet, whose eyes had become so protruded and set from keeping an anxious lookout for the enemy, that it was many days after his arrival at a place of safety before they resumed their accustomed limits and expression. '' Among other rumors which, at this time, reached us, was one that an attack upon Fort Winnebago was in contemplation among the Sauks. That this was in no state of defense, the Indians very well knew. All the effective men had been withdrawn upon a requisition from Gen. Atkinson to join him at his newly-built fort at Kosh-ko-nong. " Fort Winnebago was not picketed in ; there were no defenses to the barracks or officers' quarters, except slight paneled doors and Venetian blinds, nothing that would long resist the blows of clubs or hatchets. There was no artillery, and the Commissary's store was without the bounds of the fort, under the hill. " Mr. Kinzie had, from the first, called the attention of the officers to the insecurity of their position in case of danger, but he generally received a scoffing answer. •' 'Never fear,' they would say, • the Sauks are not coming here to attack us.' ■' One afternoon, we were over on a visit to some ladies in the garrison, and, several officers being present, the conversation, as usual, turned upon the present position of affairs. •■ ' Do you not think it wiser,' inquired I of a blustering young officer, ' to be prepared against possible danger ? ' '• 'Not against these fellows,' replied he, contemptuously. 'I do not think I would even take the trouble to fasten the blinds to my quarters.' " ' At least,' said I, 'if you some night find a tomahawk raised to cleave your skull, you will have the consolation of remembering that you have, not been one of those foolish fellows who keep on the safe side.' ' • " He seemed a little nettled ac this, and still more so when sister Margaret observed — •"For my part, I am of Gov. Cass' opinion. He was at Chicago during the Winnebago war. We were all preparing to move into the fort on the first alarm. Some were for being brave and delaying, like our friends here. ''Come, come," said the Governor, " hurry into the fort as fast as possible; there is no merit in being brave with the Indians. It is the height of folly to stay and meet danger which you may by prudence avoid." ' ''In a few days, our friends w^aked up to the conviction that something must be done at once. The first step was to forbid any Winnebagoes coming within the garrison, lest they should find out what they had known as well as ourselves for three months past, namely, the feebleness of the means of resistance. The next was to send fatigue parties into the woods, under the protection of a guard, to cut pickets for inclosing the garrison. " There was every reason to believe that the enemy were not very far distant, and that their object in coming north was to break a way into the Chippewa country, where they would find a place of security among their friends and allies. The story that our Indian runners brought in 358 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. most frequently was, that the Sauks were determined to fall upon the whites at the portage and fort, and massacre all except the families of the agent and interpreter. " Plante and Pillon, with their families, had departed at the first word of danger. There only remained with us Manaigre, whose wife was a half Winnebago, Isidore Morrin and the blacksmith from Sugar Creek, Mata and Turcotte. " At night, we were all regularly armed and our posts assigned us. After every means had been taken to make the house secure, the orders were given. Sister Margaret and I, in case of attack, were to mount with the children to the rooms above, while my husband and his men were to make good their defense as long as possible against the enemy. Since I had shown my sports- manship by bringing down accidentally a blackbird on the wing, I felt as if I could do some execution with my little pistols, which were regularly placed beside my pillow at night, and I was fully resolved to use them if necessity i-equired. I do not remember to have felt the slightest compunction at the idea of taking the lives of two Sauks — as I had no doubt I should do ; and this explains to me what I had before often wondered at, the indifterence, namely, of the soldier on the field of battle to the destruction of human life. Had I been called upon, however, to use my weapons effectually, I should no doubt have looked back upon it with horror. " Surrounded as we were by Indian lodges, which seldom became perfectly quiet, and excited as our nerves had become by all tliat we were daily in the habit of hearing, we rarely slept very soundly. One night, after we had, as much as possible, composed ourselves, we were startled, at a late hour, by a tap on the window at the head of our bed, and a call of ' Chon I Chon ! (John! John!) ' Tshah-ko-zhah ' (what is it?). It was Hoo-wau-ne-kah, the Little Elk. "He spoke rapidly and in a tone of great agitation. I could not understand him, and I lay trembling and dreading to hear his errand interpreted. Now and then I could distingush the word ' Saukee ' (Sauks), and ' shoonk-hat-tay-rah ' (horse), and they were not very re-assur- ing. "The trouble, I soon learned, was this: A fresh trail had been observed near the Petit Rocher, on the Wisconsin, and the people at the villages on the Barribault [now Baraboo], were in a state of great alarm, fearing it might be the Sauks. There was the appearance of a hundred or more horses having passed by this trail. Hoo-wau-nekah had been dispatched at once to tell the Father and to ask his advice. " After listening to all he had to communicate, his Father tohl him the trail was undoubt- edly that of Gen. Henry's troops, who were said to have come north looking for the enemy ; that as the marks of the horses' hoofs showed them by this report to have been shod, that was sufficient proof that it was not the trail of the Sauks. He thought that the people of the villages need not feel any uneasiness. " ' Very well. Father,' replied Hoo-wau-nee-kah, ' I will go back and tell my people what you say. They will believe you, for you always tell them the truth. You are not like us In'dians, who sometimes deceive each other.' So saying, he returned to his friends much com- forted. " The completion of the picketing and other defenses, together with the arrival of a detach- ment of troops from Fort Howard, under Lieut. Hunter, at our fort, now seemed to render the latter the place of greatest safety. We therefore, regularly every evening immediately before dusk, took up our line of march for the opposite side of the river, and repaired to quarters that had been assigned us within the garrison, leaving our own house and chattels to the care of the Frenchman and our friends the Winnebagoes." A SUPPLEMENTAL EPISODE OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR. At the conclusion of the Black Hawk war, a summons was sent to the Indian agent at Fort Winnebago — John H. Kinzie — to collect the principal chiefs of the Winnebagoes and meet Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), wliere it was proposed to hold a treaty for the purchase of all the Indian lands south and east of the Wiscon- sin and Fox River of Green Bay. The principal men of that nation were collected accordingly, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 359 and a treaty concluded September 15, 1832. One of tlie stipulations of the treaty was the surrender by the Winnebagoes, of certain individuals of their tribe accused of having participated with the Sacs in some of the murders on the frontier, in order that they might be tried by the laws of the United States, and acquitted or punished, as the ca.'^e might be. A Winnebago Indian called the Little Snake, gave himself voluntarily as a hostage until the suspected persons of his tribe should be delivered to the custody of the United States. He was accordingly received by the Indian agent at Fort Winnebago, and placed in confinement until the seven — the number of the accused — should appear to redeem him. The suspected Indians having engaged the services of James Duane Doty, of Green Bay, to defend them on their future trial, notice was given that on a certain day they would be brought to the portage — Fort Winnebago — and surrendered to the Indian agent, to be by him transferred to the keep- ing of the military officer at the fort appointed to receive them. It was joyful news to Little Snake, that the day of his release was at hand. At the time appointed, a moving concourse of people was discerned from the fort, upon the portage road. Gen. Dodge, Maj. Plympton, and one or two other officers took their seats with Mr. Kinzie on a platform in front of the residence of the agent, to receive the Win- nebagoes who were coming with seven of their tribe to be delivered up as prisoners for trial. The procession wound slowly up the hill and approached Mr. Kinzie's residence. It was a grand, solemn sight. First came some of the principal chiefs in their most brilliant array ; ne.xt, the prisoners, all of them habited in white cotton, in token of their innocence, with girdles about their waists. The music of the drum and the shee-shee-qua accompanied their death-song, which they were chanting. They wore no paint, no ornaments — their countenances were grave and thoughtful. It might well be a serious moment to them, for they knew but little of the customs of the whites, and that little was not such as to inspire cheerfulness. Only the agent's assurance that they should receive strict justice would probably have induced them to comply with the engagements of their nation made at the treaty, by delivering themselves up to the United States. The remainder of the procession was made up of a long train of Winnebagoes — all of them decked out in their holiday garb. The chiefs approached and shock hands with the gentlemen, who stood ready to receive their greeting. Then the prisoners came forward and went through the same salutation with the officers. When they offered their hands to the agent, he declined. "No," said he, "You have come here accused of great crimes — of having assisted in taking the lives of some of the defenseless settlers. When you have been tried by the laws of the land, and proved innocent then I will give my hand." The accused looked still more serious at this address, as if they thought it indicated that Mr. Kinzie, too, believed them guilty, and stepping back a little, they seated themselves, without speaking, in a row upon the ground, facing the agent and the officers. The other Indians all took seats in a circle around them, except the one-eyed chief, Kau-raw- kaw-saw-kaw (the White Crow), who had been deputed to deliver the prisoners to the agent. He made a speech in which he set forth that, "although asserting their innocence of the charges preferred against them, his countrymen were quite willing to be tried by the laws of white men. He hoped they would not be detained long, but that the matter would be investigated soon, and that they would come out of it clear and white.' In reply he was assured that all things would be conducted fairly and impartially, exactly as if the accused were white men, and the hope was added that they would be found to have been good and true citizens, and peaceful children of their Great Father, the President. The accused were then conducted by a file of soldiers and committed to the dungeon of the guard- house until such time as they should be summoned to attend court appointed to try them. Not long after the incarceration of the prisoners, they commenced their operations to effect an escape. They observed that their meals were brought regularly, three times a day, and that in the intei'- vals, they were left entirely ,to themselves. With their knives, they began e.xcavating an opening, the earth from which, as it was withdrawn, they spread about on the floor of their prison. A blanket was placed over the hole, and one of the company was always seated upon it before the •i60 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COIXTY. regular time for the soMier who ha I chai-^e of them to make his appearance. When the perioil- ical visit was made, the Indians were always observed to be seated, smoking in the most quiet and orderly manner. There was never anything in their appearance to excite suspicion. Thev worked on, shaping the opening spirally, until, in about si.x weeks, they came out to the open air beyond the walls of the fort. That they might be as little encumbered as possible in their flight, they left their blankets behind thera, and although it was bitter December weather, they took to the woods and'prairies with only their calico shirts and leggings for covering. The question among the officers of the fort was, how to get the fugitives back. Mr. Kin- zie, the agent, could promise no more than that he would communicate with the chiefs and represent the wishes of the officers that the prisoners should once more surrender themselves, and thus free those who had the charge of them from the imputation of carelessness, which the Government would be very likely to throw upon them. When, therefore, according to their custom, the Winnebago chiefs assembled at the agency on New Year's Day, 1833, the agent laid the subject before them. The Indians archly replied that if they sair the young men they would tell them what the officers would like to have them do! They could, themselves, do nothing in the matter. They had fulfilled their engagement by bringing them once and putting them in the hands of the officers. The Government had had them in its power once and could not keep them ; it must now go and catch them I The United States, having had, during the trouble with the Sacs just ended, some experience in catching Indians, wisely concluded to drop the matter. UNITED STATES LAND SURVEYS. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, in 1832, and after the acquisition by the United States of the Indian title to all the land west of Lake Michigan not reserved to par- ticular tribes or secured to specified individuals by terms of previous treaties, a survey was com- menced by the General Government. The northern boundary line of the State of Illinois, fixed April 11, 1818, on the parallel of 42^^ 3U' north latitude, became, properly enough, the base line of these surveys. A principal north and south line (known as the Fourth Meridian) was run, extending from the base line to Lake Superior, at right angles with the last-mentioned line. The Fourth Meridian is west of the territory of Columbia County, running on the east boundary of what is now the county of Grant, and on the west boundary of La Fayette and Iowa Counties, and thence onward due north, a distance west of the most westerly point of Columbia County of thirty-three miles, striking Lake Superior a short distance west of the mouth of Montreal River. Parallel lines to the Fourth Meridian were run every six miles on the east and west sides of it. The intervening six miles between these lines are called ranges. Range 1 east is the first six miles of territory east of the Fourth Meridian ; Range 2 east is the second six miles, and so on to Lake Michigan — Columbia County lying in Ranges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 east. Parallel lines north of the base line (the north boundary line of the State of Illinois) were lun evcrv six miles, wliich, crossini; the ranges at risht ansrles, cut the whole into blocks six miles square, called townshi])s. These are numbered by tiers going north from the base line, the first tier being known as Townships 1 north, the secon, an. tThomas McCrate, a native of Maine, was a cadet from 1832 to 1836, when he entered the army as a Second liieutenant of dragoons, serving on the frontiers and at Fort Crawford, in 1840-41, and subsequently on the frontiers, until his health failing him, when he retired on sick leave, dying at Boston Septtmber 18, 1845, at the age of thirty. L. G. D. J William Steele, of New York, was a cadet from 1836 to 1840, when he joined the army, in the dragoons, as Second Lieutenant, and, for good conduct in various battles in the Mexican war, was brevetted Captain, and, from 1848 to 1861, was mucli engaged on the frontiers, against the Indians. In May, 1861, he resigned and joined the Confederate forces, and survived the war. L. C. D. 404 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. was granted, and he was taken to Mineral Point. Gov. Dodge asked him what he wanted of him, after having given so much trouble to the Government. He .said he Avaiited to talk with him in council, which request was granted. Then Dandy took a Bible from his bosom, and sisked the Governor, through me. if it was a good book. The Governor was surprised to see a Bible in the hands of an Indian, and bade me intjuire where he got it. Dandy answered that if the Governor would be so good as to answer his question, he would render an account of all he would like to know. Then the Governor told him that it was a good book — that he could never have a better one in his hand. " Then," said Dandy, " if a man would do all that was in that book, could any more be required of him?" The Governor said no. " Well," said Dandy, "look that book all through, and if you find in it that Dandy ought to be removed by the Government to Turkey River, then I will go right off; but if you do not find it, I will never go there to stay." The Governor gave him an answer that his trick had no effect. He was then replaced on the horse, chained up again and taken to Prairie du Chien. The chain had so blistered his legs and feet that it was two or three weeks before he was able to walk. Some time after, an order came from Turkey River to send Dandy there. He had been put in charge of a corporal at Fort Crawford, who was obliged to carry Dandy on his back when he had occasion to be moved. After the order was given to the Corporal to take his prisoner to Turkey River, he procured a buggy and drove it to the fort gate, carried Dandy on his back to the vehicle, and then went back into the fort to get his whip. He thought that the prisoner was not able to run away, as he could not walk. But as soon as the Corporal was out of sight. Dandy jumped from the buggy and took his course toward the bluffs, at a full run. When the Corporal returned, finding his prisoner gone, he went after him, but failed to overtake him. The Corporal swore that if he ever saw Dandy again he would kill him, as he had made him so much trouble in carrying him about from place to place, and then to play him such a bad trick. " That was the last time the military ever went after Dandy ; and the good old chief lived many a year thereafter, to recount his exploits. Like the most of his people, he was a great beggar, and dearly loved the "fire-water ' of the whites. He died at Peten Well, near Nece- dah, where he and his family were encamped, in June, 1870, at about the age of seventy- seven years.* IV BY SATTKRLEE CLARK. t To give a proper understanding of the history, not only of Fort Winnebago, but of the persons connected with it, it will be necessary to detail my early recollections, from my arrival in what is now the State of Wisconsin. On the 14th day of April, 1828, I landed at Green Bay, then considered a small French settlement. Fort Howard was then situated near where the" passenger depot of the Chicago & North- Western Railway now stands. On the opposite side of the river, where the city of Green Bay is located, there was a wilderness. Three miles above, on the river, was a small group of houses that could hardly be termed a village, but which was, nevertheless, called " Shanty Town." Residing there were several American families, among whom were Daniel Whitney, Henry S. Baird, Robert Irwin, Alexander Irwin, Samuel Irwin, and quite a number of French and half-breeds. The fort contained three com- panies of United States Infantry, and was commanded by then Major, afterward General, Twiggs. The companies were severally commanded by Captain, and his brother, Major, Buell, Capt. Spence, and Captain, since General, William Harney. The same season, 1828, the First Infantry was ordered to the portage to build a fort, to be called Fort Winnebago. They were relieved at Fort Howard by four companies of the Fifth * J. T. KiiiKHton furrii.shcs this date of Dandy'8 death aud his ag(>, di'iivod from his band of Winnelmgooi. " IVti-n Well," adds Mr. Kinestoii, •' is an isolated rockv peak, 250 feet ahove the surface of the river, inimediatcly on the west bank of the Wiaciinsin, and situated on Section !l, Tonii Is north. Uange 4 east." Owen, in his Geological Report, says : "It is the most elevated of all the isolated peaks measured on this part of the Wisconsin, being isa feet above the river. Its east face is nearly perpendicular; on the west side is a very steep elope, Kii) feet alwve tliH surface of the plain, thickly strewn with immense blocks of sandstone. The north side is worn into several subordinate peaks, but little inf.rior in height to the m lin mass, being about 200 feet above a creek that flows near their base." L. C. D. tThe foot-notes to Sir, Clark's reminiscence, marked " L. C. D," are from the able pen of Dr. Lyman C. Draper.— E». HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 405 United States Infantry, under command of Col. William Lawrence. Previous to 1827 (the year of "the Winnebago war," under Red Bird, a Winnebago chief), the Indians had been in the habit of levying tolls on the goods of the American Fur Company, and others who were obligeil to unload to cross the portage. At the earnest solicitation of John Jacob Astor, who was then . the head of the American Fur Company, the Government concluded to erect a fort for their protection. Maj. Twiggs then left for the portage, where he erected temporary barracks of tamarack logs, in which to winter his command, and detailed a party to go up the Wisconsin and procure pine timber with which to erect a permanent fort. Another party was detailed to quarry stone at what was called " Stone Quarry Hill." With the first rise of water in the spring of 1829. the timber and logs were floated down to the portage, were hauled by teams to the fort, where all the lumber was sawed by hand with whip-saws with which to build the entire fort. The brick necessary for the chimneys, fire-places, etc., were burned just opposite the narrows, on the Wisconsin River, a short distance above. Of the officers stationed at Fort Winnebago from 1828 till the 5th of July, 1831, only two survive, to wit, Gen. William Harney and Lieut. Jefiierson Davis. Harney, at that time, was a Captain, and Davis was his subaltern. Both were considered among the best ofiicers in the service. I think it is conceded that, for frontier service, Capt. Harney had no superior any- where. There was no better disciplinarian, and no more indulgent officer to his men when their behavior was good. It has been said of him by persons in civil life that he was cruel to his men ; but this was not true. He was, however, a terror to evil-doers, whether soldiers or citizens. To give an idea of the man, he was over six feet in height, well proportioned, and exceedingly active and strong. I will relate an anecdote or two, which will give a more correct idea of his character. Gen. Harney once took offense at an Indian, and determined to cowhide him ; but was per- suaded to give him "a chance for his life." He had him taken half a mile above the Govern- ment wash-houses, on the bank of the river ; gave him 100 yards the start, with the agreement that, if the Indian passed the wash-houses before he was caught, he should go free for that time. Peter Pauquette gave the word, and away they went. Harney gained on him so rapidly that * he seemed sure to overtake him. There was a spot about 200 yards from the wash-house that only froze over in very cold weather, and opened again during the day. The night before was very cold, and this point had frozen over about half an inch thick. When they reached this point, Harney was just ready to put his hand on him, when the Indian, being quite light, crossed the thin ice safely. Not so, however, with the Captain ; he carried too many pounds, and down he went. He came to the surface at once, and called to a sentinel to shoot the Indian. The sentinel fired well and the ball struck the ice half a mile from the Indian. All the officers were on the bank witnessing the race and of course were convulsed with laughter. On another occasion it was necessary to punish the champion pugilist of the fort, a very large man named Hewitt. The man said to the Captain : " If you were an enlisted man, or I was a captain, you could not treat me in that way." Harney took him out behind the barracks, told him to consider himself a captain, and do his best. Hewitt pitched at the Captain fuwously, when the Captain knocked him down. This was repeated about a dozen times when he said," Cap- tain, I have been captain long enough to suit me, I would now like to be reduced to the ranks." At another time, Harney causht a citizen from the lead mines selling whisky to his men. He tied him up to the flag-staff and cowhided him with his own hand. Neither Harney nor Davis were addicted to those habits that destroyed so many worthy officers, and it in some measure accounts for their being still alive. In June, 1830, I was appointed sutler at Fort Winnebago, by Gen. Jackson, who was then President. Being under age, I was obliged to farm the privilege out to Oliver Newbury, of Detroit, and as the sutler was required to remain at the post, I was employed by Mr. Newbury as clerk, devoting most of my time to the Indian trade. I arrived at Fort Winnebago on the 21st of July, 1830. 406 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The most interesting event since my advent into Wisconsin was what is known as the- " Black Hawk war," the truthful history of which has never been published, and I think the causes which led to it, and the incidents connected therewith, are known to very f(W people now living. In 1831, in violation of a treaty stipulation, the Sauk and Fox Indians, under Black Hawk and the Prophet, crossed the Mississippi into Illinois. Black Hawk was a Fox Indian, and the Prophet was a Winnebago, who, with a small band, became discontented and left the Winnebagoes and joined the Sauk and Fox tribes, where they had intermarried, and became part of the same tribe. Gen. Atkinson was ordered to remove them. They offered to go back and remain for 60,000 bushels of corn, and as corn was only 5 cents a bushel he gave it to them and they retired. The following summer, thinking to get 60,000 bushels of corn quite easily, they again crossed the river, and again Gen. Atkinson was ordered to remove them. Instead of buying corn for them, he ordered all the available troops into the field, and the President ordered out the Illinois militia under the command of Gen. Henry and Gen. Alexander, all under the com- mand of Gen. Atkinson. The Indians started up Rock River, pursued by the troops, commit-, ting occasional depredations as they went along. After they got into Wisconsin the troops lost track of them, and Gen. Atkinson continued up Rock Riv^ to where the village of Fort Atkin- son now stands, where he established his headquarters and built a temporary fort. In the meantime. Black Hawk, learning from the Winnebagoes who also promised to assist him, that only thirty men remained in Fort Winnebago, determined to burn it and massacre its inmates. They accordingly came and encamped on the Fox River, about four miles above Swan Lake, and about eight miles from the fort. Every possible means that could be devised was adopted to protect the fort, and save the lives of the inhabitants, most of whom were women and children ; but after all had been done that was possible, the commanding officer concluded that without re-enforcements we would be lost, and determined to send to Gen. Atkinson for troops. I was selected for that duty for several reasons ; among which was my thorough acquaintance with the country, and another was the probability that the Winnebagoes would not harm me. Every day some Winnebago would come to me and advise me to go at night and stay in his wigwam, where, he said, I would be safe. At 9 o'clock at night I left the fort, with many a God speed you, armed with a small Ruggles rifle, my dispatches, a tomahawk and bowie-knife. I crossed the Fox River at a shallow point just above where the public stables used to stand, and keeping the Indian trail that led from here to White Crow's village* on Lake Kosh-ko-nong on my right, I traveled rapidly all night, walking up hill, and running down hill, and on a level. I struck the trail several times during the night, but left it immediately, as I feared some Indians might be encamped upon it, whose dogs would discover me before I would discover them. I arrived safely at the fort at half-past 11 o'clock in the forenoon, and delivered my dispatches to Gen. Atkinson, who sent 3,000 men at once to relieve Fort Winnebago. I may add, that Fort Atkinson was constructed of log pickets, with loop-holes for musketry, with block-houses on the southeast and northwest corners, with about an acre of ground within the inclosure. I slept till 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and then started on my return, following the trail of the mounted militia for twelve miles, when I passed them, and reached the head of a stream that used to be called Rowan's Creek, about twelve miles from the fort, shortly after daylight; and fearing to go further till night, I crawled into some brush and went to sleep. As soon as it was quite dark, I left my hiding-place and returned to the fort as near as pos- sible by the route Heft it, arriving between 10 and 11 o'clock P. M. I reported that the troops were on the way, and would arrive next evening. We kept close watch all that night, and at 4 o'clock P. M. next day, the troops arrived. It may surprise some of my readers that I should * Mr. Clark writes thiit White Crow's village was built in the usual style of ludgee, nut wigwams, more like houses, covered with wliite cedar bark ; and contained a population of about twelve hundred souls. — L- C. V. [This estimate of the population of the White Crow's village is probably too large. — Ed.] HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 407 travel so rapidly, and the mounted troops should be so long on the road ; but, you must recollent, the marshes were very wet at that time, that the whole country was a wilderness, and that when I jumped into a stream and waded through or walked across the marsh, the troops had to build bridges and causeways. The war would have been ended within two days if the militia had been in condition to fol- low the Indians; but the horses needed rest and food, rations had to be issued to the men, and many of them were without a change of underclothing, and it was absolutely necessary to wait at least one day at the fort. The second night the horses took fright (probably at some Winnebago Indians), and there was a regular stampede. Probably some of my readers may not thoroughly comprehend a stampede; and it may be proper to describe it, if possible, though only an eye-witness can properly appre- ciate how terrible it is. Some horse, or may be a few horses get frightened and start to run ; the entire drove may see nothing to alarm them, but, presuming there is danger, they fall into line, and once fairly under way nothing can stop them. Those in front cannot stop without being run over, and those in the rear run to keep up. On this occasion, several hundred horses started with a noise like thunder, running so close together that when one was so unfortunate as to face a tree he was either killed or so badly injured as to be unable to proceed, and was run over by the whole drove ; so, if a horse was unable to keep up, he was knocked down and killed ; between the bank of the Wisconsin and the point of land between there and the fort, thirty-seven horses were found dead. They took the trail they came on and ran to the prairie, a distance of about sixteen miles ; over sixty horses were killed, and it was late next day before those recovered were brought back.* This, of course, occasioned another delay, and it was not till the fifth day, that they lef the fort in pursuit of the Indians. The enemy, in the mean time, went to the Four Lakes, where, as I learned later, they were advised to cross the Wisconsin and the Mississippi as soon as possible. A few reliable Winnebagoes, under Peter Pauquette and myself, were secured for scouts. We had no difficulty in following their trail, and gained upon them rapidly, overtaking them on the bank of the Wisconsin, about twenty-five miles below, where the battle of the Wisconsin was fought. That battle made many heroes, and so it should. About one hundred and twenty half-starved Indians defended the pass against nearly three thousand whites, while the remainder of the Indians in plain sight were crossing the Wisconsin with the women and children, and, as soon as these were safe, the Indians broke and ran. Then came the struggle for scalps. Every man who could run started down the hill at his top speed, my Indian scouts and myself far ahead of the militia, and I was about thirty feet ahead of all. Just as I commenced raising the hill on the other side of the valley, Pauquette passed me on horseback, and, as he went by, I caught his horse by the tail and held on till we reached the top of the hill, where we found four dead Indians. Pauquette took one scalp, I took one, and the Indian scouts took the other two. The Indians lost four killed all told, and the whites one. This ended the battle of the Wis- consin, about which so much has been written. The Indians traveled as rapidly as possible to the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Bad Axe River. I went home. Shortly after, Capt. Alexander Johnson was ordered to take command of the regular troops, and endeavor to intercept the Indians and prevent their crossing the Mississippi. A steamboat was sent up the river from Fort Crawford, commanded by Jefferson Davis. He drove the Indians back, and they were all killed or taken prisoners except Black Hawk and the Prophet and their families, who crossed the river before the steamboat arrived. *Iii Wakefield's "History of the Sank and Fox War," published at Jacksonville, 111., in 1834, the following account is given of this stampede — the writer then servinf; with the Illinois troops : " Our horses were given to fripht and running in a most fearful manner ; and the army was constantly in danger of sufteriug great damage by their taking those frights. No one can tell what a horrid sight it i.s to see 2,1100 horses coming at full speed toward an encampment in tlie dead hour of night. This night — at Fort Winnebago — they got more scared than common. There were about three hundred on this night, that ran about thirty miles before they stopped, and that, too, through the worst kind of swamps. This circumstance caused us to stay here two days, trying to recover our horses ; but all could not be found ; our road baoK the way we had come was hunted for upward of fifty miles, and still a great number of them was missing." L. C. D. 408 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. Gen. Winfield Scott offered a reward of $2,000 for the capture of Black Hawk and the Prophet, which was earned by a Winnebago called Little Thunder.* All were then taken to Rock Island, where Gen. Scott had established his headquarters. From there the leaders were taken to all the large cities in the country, to show them how impossible it was for them to wage successful war against the whites. That ended the Black Hawk war. In 1837, a detachment of recruits arrived at Fort Winnebago, among whom was a man named Carpenter, who was discharged because he was unable to pass the surgeon for muster. He had a wife, and determined to remain in the country. He accordingly located upon the bank of the Wisconsin River, and after that time kept a tavern for the accommodation of lum- bermen. It may safely be said of him that he was the first white civilian of Portage City, if bis house was within what are now the city limits. Then followed Andrew Dunn, Hugh McFarlane, Richard F. Veeder and others, and I think in the order I have named them. Capt. Gideon Low left the army in 1839 [1840], and settled on the portage, where he kept a public house a number of years. He died long ago. The old man Crelie was an important element in the early history of this locality, and I cannot well avoid giving him a passing notice. Mr. Crelie was the father-in-law of Pauquette, and was sixty years of age when I came to Fort Winnebago in 1830, so that when he was on exhibition at the several soldiers' home fairs in 1863, he was ninety-three years old. This corresponds with the opinion of Mr. Beouchard, a Frenchman, who came to the State much earlier than I did, as given in his letter to the Milwaukee Sentinel, while the old man was being exhibited at one hundred and forty. In 1832, during the Black Hawk war, he was bearer of dispatches, much too fatiguing a duty for a man more than sixty-two years of age. John T. De La Ronde, who died recently in the town of Caledonia, came to Wisconsin about the year 1834 instead of 1828. as is stated in an obituary I read recently.! It was the custom of the American Fur Company to enlist Canadians for a term of years and bring them into the Northwest to be used as voyagers and packers. De La Ronde was so enlisted, and was assigned to work for Peter Pauquette. Shortly after his arrival, he married the daughter of Whitehead De-kau-ry, who had once been a sort of morganatic wife of an officer of the army,+ and had been left a widow when he was ordered off. He lived with her until she died, and since then I have known very little of him. I must say something of Count Haraszthy and his family. In about 1842 or 1843, I am not certain which, Haraszthy came to Wisconsin, bought some property at Sauk City, on the Wisconsin, and settled there with his family. He was a nobleman in every sense, and he and his wife were among the most refined people I ever knew ; and both were exceedingly good looking. I saw them frequently, both at home and at Madison. At the latter place, they had a large number of friends and acquaintances, by whom they were much respected. Early in the spring * This appears to be an error. Traditions are valuable when sustaining and elaborating historical documents, written at the time and upon the spot, by reliable men ; but it wiil not he safe to set aside such written documents and substitute traditijuB. Gen. .Foseph M. .Street, then Indian agent at I'rairiedu Chien, writes from that place, Anguit 2", 18:i2: "At 11 o'clock to-day, Black Hawk and the Prophet were delivered to Gen. Joseph M. Street, by the One-Eyed Dccorri and Chaetar, Winnebagoes belonging to this agency" and then gives in full the address of Decorri and ('haetar, the latter claiming the chief merits of the capture, saying : " Near the Dalle, on the Wisconsin, I took Black Hawk. No one did it but me — I say this in the ears of all present, and they know it — and [ now appeal to the Great Spirit, our grandfather, and the earth, our grandmother, for the truth of what I say." In a subsequent letter of September ;i. Gen. Street adds: " The day after Gens. Scott and Atkinson left this place, I sent out t-vo parties of Winnebagoes to bring Black Hawk, the Prophet and Neopope to me." Thus Little Thunder may have been with the unsuccessful party, aud would perhaps speak of it subseipiently in such a way as to convey the idea that he aided in the capture of Black Hawk — that is, searched for him, but probably did not mean to be understood that he actually captured him. "^ . J- ^ 1,. U. D. t De La Ronde's first visit to the portage was in 1828, remaining but a few days. He returned in 1832. — En. X Capt. Tliomas Page Gwynne, who had entered the army as a cadet in 1813, serving in the Black Hawk war, had risen through regular grades to Major, in 1^47, and died at Norfolk, Va., February 26, 1861. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 409 of 1849, he joined a party that left Madison to go overland to California. Among those who went out with him was Thomas W. Sutherland, who had formerly been United States District Attorney of the Territory. Haraszthy was (juite successful in raising grapes, and in the man- ufacture of wine and distilled spirits. Within two or three years last past, I read in some paper a thrilling account of his death. It seemed he had procured the exclusive privilege of man- ufacturing distilled spirits in Central America : that he went with a small party in search of a good locality for raising grapes and establishing a distillery ; that the party came to a bayou filled with crocodiles, over which there was a small foot bridge. Haraszthy, being in the advance, attempted to cross the bridge, which gave way, precipitating him into the water, and, before he could be recovered by his friends, a large crocodile caught him by the middle and carried him off, while a large number followed. His fate can well be imagined.* V. BY MKS JOHN H. KINZlE.f This day [they were traveling from Chicago to Fort Winnebago, in 1831], we were jour- neying in hopes to reach, at an early hour, that broad expanse of the Rock River which here forms the Kosh-ko-nong. The appellation of this water, rendered doubly affecting by the sub- sequent fate of its people, imports " the lake we live on." Our road for the early part of the day led through forests so thick and tangled that Grig- non and Lecuyer were often obliged to go in advance as pioneers with their axes, to cut away the obstructing shrubs and branches. It was slow work and at times quite discouraging, but we were through with it at last, and then we came into a country of altogether different description — low prairies, intersected with deep, narrow streams like canals, the passage of which, either by horses or carriages, was often a mitter of delay and even difficulty. Several times in the course of the forenoon, the horses were to be taken from the carriage and the latter pulled and pushed across the deep narrow channels as best it might. The wooded banks of the Kosh-ko-nong were never welcomed with greater delight than by us when they at length broke upon our sight. A ride of five or six miles through the beautiful oak openings brought us to Man-Eater's village, a collection of neat bark wigwams, with extensive fields on each side, of corn, beans, and squashes, recently planted, but already giving promise of a fine crop. In front was the broad blue lake, the shores of which, to the south, were open and marshy, but near the village and stretching far away to the north, were bordered by fine lofty trees. The village was built but a short distance below the point where the Rock River opens into the lake, and during a conversation between our party and the. Indians at the village, an arrangement was made with them to take us across at a spot about half a mile above. After a short halt, we again took up our line of march through the woods, along the bank of the river. A number of Winnebagoes (for we had been among our own people since leaving Gros-pied Lake) set out for the appointed place by water, paddling their canoes, of which they had selected the largest and strongest. Arrived at the spot indicated, we dismounted, and the men commenced the task of unsaddling and unloading. We were soon placed in the canoes, and paddled across to the oppo- site bank. Next, the horses were swum across — after them was to come the carriage. Two long wooden canoes were securely lashed together side by side, and being of sufficient width to admit of the carriage standing within them, the passage was commenced. Again and again the tottering barks would sway from side to side, and a cry or a shout would arise from our party on shore, as the whole mass seemed about to plunge sideways into the water, but it would pres- ently recover itself, and at length, after various deviations from the perpendicular, it reached the shore in safety. We now hoped that our troubles were at an end, and that we had nothing to do but to mount and trot on as fast as possible to Fort Winnebago. But no. Half a mile farther on was *Count Haraszthy'.^ deatli is elsewhere described in this booli with particularity, t From " Wau-Buii, the Early Day in the Northwest," pp. 264-26G. 410 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. a formidable swamp, of no great width it is true, but with a depth of from two to three feet of mud and water. It was a question whether, with the carriage, we could get through it at all. Several of the Indians accompanied us to this place, partly to give us their aid and counsel, and partly to enjoy the fun of the spectacle. On reaching the swamp, we were disposed to laugh at the formidable representations which had been made to us. We 'saw only a strip of what seemed rather low land covered with tall, dry rushes. It is true, the ground looked a little wet, but there seemed nothing to justify all the ap- prehensions that had been excited. Great was my surprise, then, to see my husband, who had been a few minutes absent, returned to our circle attired in his duck trowsers, and without shoes or stockings. " What are you going to do ? " inquired I. " Carry you through the swamp on my shoulder. Come, Petaille, you are the strongest — you are to carry Madame Kinzie, and To-shun-nuck there (pointing to a tall, stout Winnebago), he will take Madame Helm." " Wait a moment," said I, and, seating myself on the grass, I deliberately took off my own boots and stockings. "What is that for ? " they all asked. " Because I do not wish to ride with wet feet all the rest of the day." " No danger of that," said they, and no one followed my example. By the time they were in the midst of the swamp, however, they found my precaution had been by no means useless. The water through which our bearers had to pass was of such a depth that no efforts of the ladies were sufficient to keep their feet above the surface, and I had the satisfaction of feeling that my burden upon my husband's shoulders was much less, from my being able to keep my first position, instead of changing constantly to avoid a contact with the water. The laugh was quite on my side when I resumed my equipment, and mounted, dry-shod, into my saddle. It will be perceived, that journeying in the woods is, in some degree, a deranger of cere- mony and formality ; that it necessarily restricts us somewhat in our conventionalities. The only remedy is, to make ourselves amends by a double share when we return to the civilized walks of life. By dint of much pulling, shouting, encouraging and threatening, the hoi'ses at length dragged the carriage through the difficult pass, and our red friends were left to return to their village, with, doubtless, a very exaggerated and amusing account of all that they had seen and assisted in. We had not forgotten our promise to Lieut. Foster to put up a "guide-board of some sort, for his accommodation in following us. We therefore, upon several occasions, carried with us from the woods a few pieces, of three or four feet in length, which we planted at certain points, with a transverse stick through a cleft in the top, thus marking the direction he and his party were to take. We therefore felt sure that, although a few days later, he would find our trail, and avail himself of the same assistance as we had, in getting through the difficulties of the way. Our encampins ground, this night, was to be not far distant from the Four Lakes. We were greatly fatigued by the heat and exercise of the day, and most anxiously did we look out for the clumps of willows and alders which were to mark the spot where water would be found. We felt hardly equal to pushing on quite to the bank of the nearest lake. Indeed, it would have taken us too much off our direct course. When we. at a late hour, came upon a spot fit for our purpose, we exchanged mutual con- gratulations that this was to be our last night upon the road. The next day we should be at Winnebago. Our journey had been most delightful, a continual scene of exhilaration and enjoyment ; for the various mishaps, although, for the moment, they had perplexed, yet, in the end, had but HISTORY OF COI-UMBIA COUNTY. 411 added to our amusement. Still, with the inconstancy of human nature, we were pleased to ■exchange its excitement for the quiet repose of home. Our next morning's ride was of a more tranquil character than any that had preceded it ; for, at an early hour, we entered upon what was known as the " Twenty Mile Prairie," and I may be permitted to observe that the miles are wonderfully long on the prairies. Our passage ■over this was, except the absence of the sand, like crossing the desert. Mile after mile of unbroken expanse — not a tree, not a living object except ourselves. The sun, as if to make himself amends for his two months' seclusion, shone forth with redoubled brilliancy. There is no such thing as carrying an umbrella on horseback, though those in the wagon were able to avail themselves of such a shelter. Our mother's energies had sustained her in the saddle until this day, but she was now fairly ■obliged to give in, and yield her place on little Brunet to Sister Margaret. Thus we went on, one little knoll rising beyond another, from the summit of each of which, in succession, we hoped to descry the distant woods, which were to us as the promised land. " Take courage !" were the cheering words, often repeated ; "Very soon you will begin to see the timber." Another hour would pass heavily by. " Now, when we reach the rising ground just ahead, look sharp .'" We would look sharp — nothing but the same unvarying landscape. There were not even streams to allay the feverish thirst occasioned by fatigue and impatience. At length a whoop from Shaw-nee-aw-kee broke the silence in which we were pursuing our way. "Le voila!" (There it is!) Our less-practiced eye could not, at first, discern the faint blue strip, edging the horizon, but it grew and grew upon our vision, and fatigue and all discomfort proportionately dis- appeared. We were in fine spirits by the time we reached Hasting's Woods, a noble forest, watered by a clear, sparkling stream. Grateful as was the refreshment of the green foliage and the cool- ing waters, we did not allow ourselves to forget that the day was wearing on, and that we must, if possible, complete our journey before sunset; so we soon braced up our minds to continue our route, although we would gladly have lingered another hour. The marsh of Duck Creek was, thanks to the heat of the past week, in a very difi"erent state from what it had been a few months previous, when I had been so unfortunately sub- merged in its icy waters. We passed it without difiiculty, and soon found ourselves upon the banks of the creek. The stream, at this point, was supposed to be always fordable ; and, even were it not so, that, to the majority of our party, would have been a matter of little moment ; to the ladies, how- ever, the subject seemed to demand consideration. " This water looks very deep. Are you sure we can cross it on horseback?" " Oh, yes ! Petaille, go before, and let us see how the water is." Petaille obeyed. He was mounted on a horse like a giraife, and, extending his feet hori- zontally, he certainly managed to pass through the stream without much of a wetting. It seemed certain that the water would come into the wagon, but that was of the less conse- quence, as, in case of the worst, the passengers could mount upon the seats. My horse Jerry was above the medium height, so that I soon passed over with no inconve- nience but that of being obliged to disengage my feet from the stirrups, and tuck them up snugly against the mane of the horse. Sister Margaret was still upon Brunet. She was advised to change him for one of the taller horses, but, while the matter was under debate, it was settled by the perverse little wretch taking to the water most unceremoniously, in obedience to the example of the other animals. He was soon beyond his depth, and we were at once alarmed and diverted at seeing his rider. 412 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. with surprising adroitness, draw her feet from the stirrups and perch herself upon the tjp of the saddle, where she held her position, and navigated her little refractory steed safely to land. This was the last of our adventures. A pleasant ride of four miles brought us to the fort, just as the sun was throwing his last beams over the glowing landscape, and, on reaching the ferry, we were at once conducted, by the friends who were awaiting us, to the hospitable roof of Maj. Twiggs. VI. BY HENRY MERRELL.* Born and brought up to the age of fifteen in Utica, N. Y., I moved with my father's family to Sacket'.s Harbor, in that State, in 1819, where I lived, with the exception of two years, until the spring of 1834, when it was proposed to me to remove to Fort Winnebago, and carry on the sutler's business, and by the advice of Col. Cummings, Capt. Clitz and Bradley. t I decided upon going. Capt. Bradley had been through from Prairie du Chien, by way of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, to Green Bay, at an early date, stopping and making the portage at Fort Winnebago. Col. Cummings was also in Wisconsin at an early period, visiting Mil- waukee, when Solomon Juneau was the only trader and resident there, and from them I obtained valuable information, they being delighted with the country. In April of 18-34, I made arrangements, going to New York, purchasing goods and ship- ping them to Fort Winnebago, Wis., by way of Buifalo. I then returned to Sacket's Harbor, bidding my friends good-bye, who thought I was going to "the jumping-off place," as ,;ome expressed it ; and in company with J. L. Huntington, who was going out with me as clerk, started for Buffalo, meeting my goods there; but I found I could not ship them farther tlian Detroit by steam, so I shipped them on board the Pennsylvania, and started out on a beautiful day, the lake calm and smooth ; but before we got to Erie, Penn., the wind rose and blew fresh. We stopped a short time and started for Cleveland, the wind increasing, which made many sick ones, but we stood it without any trouble. The next morning when I went on deck, I found the land on the wrong side of us, and at first concluded the wind had blown us on the Canada shore: but on inquiry was told we were running back to Efie, having broken a shaft. When we arrived there, I concluded to take the stage for Cleveland, as I had got to stop there to pur- chase supplies of provisions, etc. The captain told me he would be there before me, but I hardly tliought so ; but when I got to Cleveland I found the steamer had passed. I found matiy old acquaintances here, and was much pleased with the town site. Getting through my business, I tnok boat for Detroit, arriving there the Tth of June. I found this a pleasant place, and thought it would become an important point eventually. Here I - also found many old acquaintances, Gen. Brady, Lieut. Backus and others. This place is an old settlement ; I am told it was settled before Philadelphia, and is so well known I need not attempt a description of it. In improving it, many old relics were found. In digging for the foundation of the Presbyterian Church, many bodies were disinterred, no one knowing when they were buried ; all of them had been tomahawked. The landlord called my attention to a tombstone, standing beside the house, which he said was dug up in the alley by his house, with the following inscrip- tion : " Here lyes the body of Johu Lewis Page, Ensign in the 31st regiment of foot, who died the 8th of May, 1770 ; " the stone was about two feet long, and evidently executed by some inex- perienced hand. As there was no certainty of a steamer going to the upper lakes, I shipped my goods on board a small schooner, the Commodore Lawrence, Capt. Nelson, master, and started on the 11th of June for Green Bay, where we arrived on the 18th at evening, or rather at the mouth of •The foot-notes to this reminiscence of Mr. Merrell, marked " L. C. V.," are frum the pen of Dr. Lyman ('. Draper, Corresponding Secretary of the State Historical Society. — Ed. f Of these three army officers, early visitors of Wisconsin, Col. Alexander CumminKS was a native of Pennsylvania, entering the army in 1808, serving as captain during the war of 1812, a major in 181. C. D. 6. Daniel Buggies, a native of Massachusetts, a cadet from 1829 to 1833, when he entered the army, serving at Fort Winnebago from 1833 to 1835, and again in 183S ; served with reputation in the Mexican War, becoming a Captain and Brevet Major and Lieutenant Colonel, resigning in 1861 and joining the Confederates, and surviving the war. L. C. D. 7. Lieut. Hooe has elsewhere been noticed. — Ed. 8. John Chester Reid, a native of Massachusetts, a cadet from 1828 to 1833, when he entered the army, serving at Fort Winnebago in 1833-34, and again in 1836-37 ; was Aid de Camp to Gen. Gaines from 1837 to 1845; served in the military occupation of Texas in 1845, and died November 17, in that year, at Wheeling, at the age of thirty-one years. L. C. D. 9. See the Reminiscence of Mrs. M. C. Low in another chapter of this book. 10. Nathan Clark, of Connecticut, entered the service in 1813; rose to the rank of Captain in 1824; he was Brevet Major in June, 1834, and died at Fort Winnebago February 18, 1830. I.. C. D. 11. Joseph Plympton was born at Sudbury, Mass., March 22, 1787 ; entered the army as a Lieutenant in January, 1812, serving with distinction on the northern frontier during the war of 1812-15 ; he was a Captain i n 1821 ; a Major in 1840 ; commanded in the attack on the Seminolea, near Dunn's Lake, Fla.. .January 25, 1842; he was Lieutenant Colonel, September, 1846, and led his regiment under Gen. Winlield Scott iu Mexico, and won brevets for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Contreras. Ho was promoted to Colonel in 1853, and died at Staten Islanti Junes, 1800. L. C. D. 12. Lyman Foot, of Connecticut, entered the army in 1818 as a Surgeon Mate, becoming a Surgeon in 1831, and dying at Port Lavaca, Tex., October 24, 1846. I,. C. D. G 418 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. the Colonel told me, they had rain, more or less, thirty-one days. I found Burley Follett, Daniel Bushnell and Satterlee Clark, Jr., in charge of the sutler's store, as agents of Oliver Newberry of Detroit, for whom they were carrying on the business. Capt. McCabe,' Postmaster and Indian agent, was living in the agency house across the river; a fine jolly man I found him. My goods arrived on the 1st of July, six weeks from New York. How was that for speed? July 2, Capt. Low arrived at Duck Creek, four miles from the fort, with his wife and two daughters in a carriage, and sent up word for men to help them across. So the Colonel sent twenty men to help them across Duck Creek marsh, and they arrived safe at the fort. This fort was situated on a beautiful plateau forty or fifty feet above the Fox River, on the east side of it and of the portage, the river forming an oxbow around it on three sides. The grounds about the buildings embraced ten or fifteen acres, with a substantial board fence. The fort buildings were inclosed with an ornamental picket fence, in a circular form, with walks graded and kept in perfect order, together with the rest of the grounds, and altogether it was a delightful place. The portage is low ground one mile and a half across the Wisconsin River, over which they haul boats. Peter or Pierre Pauquette, a half-breed Indian trader, kept fifteen or twenty yoke of cattle to haul boats across from one river to the other, and finally had large wheels mounted, on which to convey the boats. As the American Fur Company sent all their furs from Prairie flu Chien this way to Mackinaw, thei'e were many boats that crossed the portage. At this time, there were no white American inhabitants outside the fort, except the Indian agent, Capt. McCabe, who had a shock of palsy, and left in August, when I was appointed Postmaster in his stead, which office I held for twelve yeare. After he left, the commanding ofiicer at the fort was ordered to perform the duties of Indian agent, and after that there was no other agent at this point, except for a few months, when Thomas A. B. Boyd was stationed here as sub-agent. Col. Cutler commanded until May, 1835, when he was ordered to New York, and Maj. Nathan Clark succeeded him, who died at this post; and Maj. John Green* took the command in October, 1835, Maj. W. V. Cobbsf succeeding him in 1838, he being disabled with palsy. Capt. Low was the chief officer for a short time, when Col. Mcintosh;]; succeeded him in 1840. The garrison was reduced to one company, finally, with Lieut. F. S. Mumford§ in command, who was ordered, in 1845, to remove the property and evacuate the fort, leaving Ordnance Sergeant Van Camp in charge of the premises, who soon after died, and William Weir, who left with the last troops, returning (he having been discharged), was put in charge of the property. In 1853, Col. F. H. Marston was ordered to sell the property. He had the lands of the reserve, consisting of about four thousand acres, surveyed ofi" into forty-acre lots, and sold them at public sale. Falling into the hands of a company, they were kept out of the market for a number of years, and the buildings went into decay, and the lands ran to waste. The fort was located there, I was told, in 1828, by Maj. David E. Twiggs, who came from Fort Howard with a command of soldiers, and lived here in tents until they could build log buildings, in which they wintered, and proceeded to erect the present buildings, into which they moved in 1830. Parties of soldiers went up the Wisconsin River, cut and floated down pine logs, out of which they cut all the lumber with whip-saws, and made shingles, timber, etc. Parties were set at work making brick near the bank of the Wisconsin, and another party sent out twelve miles, near Belle Fontaine, who made there all the lime needed. Fine gardens were made, where they raised all the vegetables necessary for the men and officers. 1. Robert A. McCabe, a native of Pennsylvania, entered the army as an Ensign in January, 1812; participated in tlie battle «f Maguago, in Michigan, after which he was promoted to a lieutenancy and to a captaincy in 1824, serving much on the Northwestern frontier. He resigned in October, le3;j. He conducted two emi;;raling parties. L. C. D. * John Green, a native of Pennsylvania, entered tlie army in March, 1812, serving throughout the war that ensued, attaining the rank of Captain in 1814, IJrevet Major in 1824, Major in 18;j:i, Lieutenant Colonel in 1838, and dying at Tallahassee, Fla., September 21, 184(1. L. C. D. f W^addy V. Cobbs, a native of Virginia, entered the army as an Ensign in 1813, rose to Captain in 1810, Major in 1838, and died at Exeter, N. H., January 1, 184S. L. C. D. I James S. Mcintosh, born in Liberty County, Ga., June 19, 1787; entered the army in 1812; was in the affair at Sandy Creek, and wounded near Black Kook August :?, 1814 ; afterward served under Gen. -\Ddrew Jackson. He was Captain in 1817, Major in 1836, and Lieu- tenant Colonel in 183'.»; he served with distinction in the Mexican war, having been wounded during the battles of May 0, 184li, and was mortally wounded at the battle of Molino del Key, dying in the City of Mexico September 26 of that year. L. C. D. ^ Ferdinand S. Mumford, of New York, a cadet from 1834 to 1838; he entered the army as Second Lieutenant; he became FitBt Lisutcnant in 18.39, Captain in 1848. and resigned in August, 1849. , L. C. D. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 419 Although I met Twiggs, I had no particuhir acquaintance with him. He was a hirge, portly, pompous man, and had the reputation of being an arbitrary, overbearing officer — as Ebe- nezer Childs expressed it, "A little god, who could do as he pleased, in his own estimation." Many acts of his were told in the army, sucli as horsewhipping the Surgeon, having a soldier tied up to a tree and whipped every day for some time. The same man threatened to shoot him whenever he got out of his clutches; but he never had the opportunity, Twiggs being spared to turn traitor, and surrendered his army to the Confederates in 1861. When I arrived at the fort, the old chief De-kau-ry had his village on the west side of the Wisconsin River, about eight miles below the portage. His hair was as white as wool, and he must have been very old. He liad several brothers, but. from his looks, I should judge that he was the oldest of the family. He died soon after. His mother w.is pointed out to me some years afterward, when I was told she must be over one hundred and forty-three years old, for she recollected the massacre of the Indians at Butte des Morts, she being there at the time, which was 140 years previous ; but this, I think, must be a mistake, as I am informed that it was not so long since that massacre.* At the time I saw her, she was able to walk six or eight miles to and from the portage. She lived several years after, and finally came to her death by the burning of her wigwam. Joseph Crelie, the father of Madam Pauquette, lived to a great age. He carried the mail on horseback to and from Green Bay, and seemed to ride a horse as well as a young man, when he was thought to be one hundred years old. He died a few years ago, when, it was said, that from the best information that could be had, he was one hundred and thirty-odd years old, though I do not think he was as old as represented. In the fall of 1834, the Winnebago nation was assembled opposite the Fort, and received their payment from the Government, through the Quartermaster, together with a quantity of provisions. Over 3,000 men, women and children were assembled, which was quite a sight. I had a boat-load of goods started up from Green Bay, and, as it came on freezing weather, for fear it would be frozen in, I started Satterlee Clark down to put additional men on and rush the boat through. The next day, I jumped on a horse and started to meet them at Lake Pucka- way. I soon found I had taken a wrong road, it being a wood-track, on which the soldiers were hauling wood ; so I took a trail and followed it for some time, but concluded it led me too much east, so I drew up and started in a northwest course, as that would bring me to the road, which I finally struck ; and, knowing there was no other wagon-road, I took it and brought up at Gleason's house, where the town of Marquette now is. Gleason was a Vermonter, having a squaw wife, and was engaged in the Indian trade. He was absent. I found Clark had stored my goods there, and gone to the Fort, so I concluded I had missed him, I having traveled through the woods until I struck the road. The next morning, I started back, and, on arriv- ing at Pauquette's farm at Belle Fontaine, I met Clark, who said they thought at the Fort I must be lost; that Col. Cutler sent the bugler out with one man, with orders to blow the bugle and fire a gun every little distance. The Colonel, supposing I was not used to the woods, was sure I was lost. We got in all right, but the men did not put in an appeai'ance until a day < r two afterward. During the winter, it was rather a lonely life, to be confined to the garrison, with 'no city or village within 100 miles, and not even a farmhouse to visit. But we managed to enjoy our- selves pretty well, there being ladies enough to form one cotillon, and we often met at one of the officer's quarters, and danced, there being good musicians among the soldiers. One winter, the soldiers got up a theater, the officers contributing toward scenery and dresses. There being a great variety of character among the soldiers, they got up quite a respectable company, which afforded us much amusement. Then we would sometimes make up a party and go a-visiting, but, to do so, we had to go over 100 miles to Green Bay, Prairie * If in 17311, then it was 104 years before Mr. MttrreU*s advent at Fort WinOHba^o; if in 1746, as the trailition^ of Aiigustin Griguon fix the time, then it was only eighty-eiglit years before. But this aged Winnebago woman conld not have been presant, as it was the SaukB and Foxes, and not the Winnebagoes, whom the French attacked and deleated. L. C. D. 420 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. du Chien, or Chicago. One visit we made to Chicago is very well told by Gen. Marcy, in a former number oi Harper' » Monthly * when we were all taken upon the road for stealing a buf- falo robe, for the purpose of filching money out of us, as they thought we would sooner pay than be detained at a log tavern over night. About the 1st of March, 1835, I got ready to start for New York on horseback, but the only sure way to go was via Galena, and from there to Chicago, as there were no roads through the country in any other direction, and if I attempted to cross the country to Milwaukee or Chicago, there were no bridges or ferries for crossing the streams. Capt. Harris, from Galena, came up to the Fort on business, and I gladly embraced the opportunity of accompanying him on his return. The first night, we stayed at Rowan's celebrated house, thirty-five miles from the fort. I had heard much of his inn, and found that it filled the bill. It consisted of two log buildings, with an open space about ten feet between, all under the same roof After taking care of our horses and getting something to eat, we inquired where we should sleep, and madam told us in the other house ; so we went in, and concluded we should do very well, as there was nothing in the room but a bed and one or two three-legged stools. After lying down, and by the time we were ready to go to sleep, there was an unearthly squeal and grunt of hogs in the open space between the two rooms, only a partition of logs between our heads and them. I was told that Gov. Doty once stayed there, and after supper, as was his custom, rolled himself in his blanket on the floor. The family all lived, cooked and slept in the one room, and in the night the Governor felt something poking about him, and found it was a pet pig the children had running about the house. The Governor felt of the puncheons of the floor, and found one loose, which he raised carefully, and, grabbing the pig, thrust him under, and was relieved of his company that night. The next morning, thei'e was a great search for the pig. Dr. Worrel, of the army, with a companion, arrived there at one time, and on hearing him called doctor, madam says, " I am dreadful glad you are a doctor, for my children are most rot- ten with the itch." When she was cooking supper, there was a dish of potatoes upon the hearth, and the pet pig stuck his nose in it ; the doctor says, '• Madam, I would like to be served before the pig." So, in traveling through the country, we came across some curious specimens of humanity. We journeyed on through Mineral Point to Galena; as we were going in, we met most of the population, as I judged, going out to a horse race. I called for dinner at Bonnet's Hotel, but it was difficult to get waited upon, as most of the folks had gone. So I got something to eat, and pushed on, taking the stage road via Dixon's Ferry. At night, I rode up in front of a house where a woman was standing in the door, and inquired if I could stay with them over night. " I reckon," said she. I looked at her, and thinks I to myself she means yes ; so con- cluded to find out by dismounting and walking in, when she informed me, as the men were not in, I would have to put my horse in the barn myself, which I was by this time well accustomed to do. I pushed on through Chicago around by Michigan City to Detroit, my pony and I 'anding it well. I had prepared myself so well that I could stand it, storm or sunshine, i re I sold my pony, and took a steamer to Cleveland ; from there I had to stage it. T first visited Mineral Point in 1835, where I made many acquaintances ; Col. Abner Nichjls, a peculiar character, whom all will recollect who ever knew him; Col. William S. Hamilton, Col. Charles Bracken, Maj. Henry, Levi Sterling, Tom Parish, Mr. Black, a very amusing man — one who could keep a company laughing all the evening with his amusing stories; Col. Sheldon, Maj. Enos, Ebenezer Brigham, resident of Blue Mounds, who came into Wisconsin as a settler in 1828, a stanch, sound man ; James Morrison, who afterward settled in Madison ; Gen. Dodge, a firm old Roman, who, when in Congress as Senator with I. P. Walker, from Wisconsin, was instructed by resolution of the Legislature to vote against a clause in a bill applying to California, which was construed as admitting slavery. Walker, disregarding * September, 1869. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 421 the dictation of the Legislature, voted for it. Gen. Dodge, being sick at the time, had himself carried into the Senate chamber, and when his name was called, requested the Clerk to read the instructions to her Senators from the Legislature of Wisconsin. When finished, he voted "No," which was looked upon as great a rebuke as could have been given to Walker, whose action then laid him on the shelf, for it was never forgotten or forgiven by the people of the State. Many others too numerous to mention I met there. After visiting Mineral Point, I called on friend N. Goodie, at Elk Grove, and then rode to the furnace of Tom Parish, a very genial man. Spending a short time with him, I pushed on, and it became very dark, and traveling on an Indian trail, so dark I could not see it, but let my horse take his own course. Finally I brought up to a fence, and following it, I came to a house where I was to stay, at Patch's Grove. I got into very good quarters, Mr. Patch being very sociable, as most people were in those days, for they were glad to see company and get the news, as probably they had no mails oftener than once a month, and neighbors being few and far between. After conversing a long time, he wanted to know what State I came from, for he said he could generally tell ; but in my case he could not make it out. When I told him I was from New York, he said he thought so ; for it was the only State he was puzzled about. The next morning, I followed a road to a ferry across the Wisconsin, and then pushed on three miles to Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien. This was my first visit to the great Father of Waters — the Mississippi, at Prairie du Chien, or "the Prairie of de d d dog," as I heard a Frenchman call it. At Fort Crawford I made many acquaintances, among them Col. Zachary Taylor, afterward General, and since President of the United States. Fort Crawford and most of the town were handsomely situ- ated on a beautiful plateau, rising, I should think, not more than ten or twelve feet above the high-water mark of the river. What was called the Old Town, where the French firSt built, was across a slough, but as the high waters of the river overflowed the ground, many moved across on to a higher situation. Here I became acquainted with Mr. Joseph Rolette, an old French trader, and a smart man in his way. He, together with Mr. Hercules L. Dousman, conducted the business of the American Fur Company. I had met them before, as their busi- ness took them, via Portage and Green Bay, to Mackinaw, through which route they transported all their fui's and peltries, Mackinaw being the depot of the company for the Northwest, where the furs were received and repacked, previous to being shipped to New York. Tiiis town [Prai- rie du Chien], being the oldest settled point, except Green Bay, by the whites, in the North- west, invested much interest in it. I thought it delightful, although there were but few Americans living there at the time, most of the inhabitants being French and half-breeds. Their houses were a curiosity to me, covered, as they were, I'oof and sides, with white cedar bark. The prairie is, I think, six miles long by about three miles back to the bluff. Like the locality where La Crosse is situated, I think it evidently all made ground, where ages ago was an extensive lake. The Mississippi is a noble river, it being filled with islands covered with a dense vegeta- tion, with the bluff sometimes rising perpendicularly to some hundreds of feet, varying in shape constantly at every turn in the river, with here and there a small valley or ravine reaching the stream from the hills or prairies ; and one never tires, while ascending or descending the river, in admiring the scenery. I was amused at the remarks of Daniel Whitney, from Green Bay, while he and I were standing on the bank watching the current. " Oh," said he, " I wish I had as many guineas as drops of water ever passed this place." I told him he was altogether too extravagant, laughing at his remark. In March, 1836, I wanted to go by the way of Sheboygan on a journey to New York, so the commanding officer gave a soldier by the name of Moore a furlough for the rest of his time — about a month — and his discharge, for the purpose of accompanying me. I got a jumper- sleigh and a harness, calculating to throw it away when it was necessary ; put my horse before it, and Moore and I started and went to Fond du Lac, where we found, on the bank of the stream, part of an old wigwam, and decided to encamp in it. I went to building a fire, and 422 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Moore went to the stream for water. I heard him talking, and supposed some Indian had come up : but on his return he said he was swearing, for he had to cut through three feet of ice before he got water. We made our tea, ate our supper, and slept finely. Ne.xt morning we started east, but, after getting upon the high lands, the small bushes wore so thick, I told my companion we could not take the sleigh any further, so we left the sleigh and packed the baggage on the horse and took it oft foot. When I got tired, I mounted the horse and rode, and after getting rested would jump off and lead him. At length we struck a trail and followed it, supposing it must lead to Sheboygan, but, after going some distance, I concluded it led too far south. So we altered our course and struck north of east. As night approached, I selected a camping ground near a little lake, as we supposed. The snow was so frozen to the ground we could not get it off, so I cut a lot of bushes with the leaves on, and spread them on the frozen snow, upon which we laid ilown, after building a good tire and eating our supper. Moore said he cut through three feet of ice for water and struck into mud, thus proving it to be a marsh instead of a lake. We had to melt ice for water. The next day we pushed on, and, hearing the report of a gun, I called aloud and an Indian came up, who directed us to a trail, which took us to a house on the river, where a man by the name of Follett was living. I had intended stopping here a day to look at some land I had purchased, but Follett told me he had no hay or anything for my horse, and there was none to be had, as there were no other inhabitants in that region. I found he had some corn meal, and I persuaded him to let me have a peck for §1. I then decided upon going on in the morning. Moore struck up a bargain with Follett for a pony to ride to Chicago ; so we mounted in the morning and renewed our journey. At night we came to a place where logs had been put up for a house, inside of which we camped. We had provisions, but nothing for our horses. Next day, we arrived at Milwaukee, stopping at Mr. Vail's Cottage Inn. Here there was quite a crowd, so much so that they had to set several tables, and at meal times there was a great rush for the table. The hostler asked me how much oats he should give my horse. " Haifa bushel," I said. He stared at me. " I don't think they will hurt him," I added ; but when I came to settle the bill, they charged me at the rate of $3 a bushel for them, and I thought that was what astoni.shed him so much. I found that was the price along the road until we got to Chicago, for at that time provisions and grain had to be hauled from Indiana, and necessarily made the prices high. I sold my horse at Chicago and took stage, having the company of Capt. Hunter, since General, as far as Detroit. I became tired of stage-riding, and resolved to buy a horse the first chance I had, and secured one at Cleveland, thence going on horseback by way of Sacket's Harbor tr Utica, N. Y. I found I could get along by daylight as far as the stage could day and night, as the roads were heavy. On my return from Green Bay one season, I stayed at a house in the Stockbridge settle- ment, and, pursuing my journey alone through where Fond du Lac now is, seven miles south- west of it, I came to a creek, and there found a shanty put up by the soldiers when they were cutting a road through from Fort Winnebago. Thev had inserted some posts in the ground, and some poles across the top, with brush and a little straw for a roof. I concluded this was a good place to encamp, as it began to rain. So I spanceled my horse, ate my lunch, which I always carried with me through the country, then spread my horse blanket on some loose straw, hung up my saddlebags and saddle carefully, where I thought they would not get wet, and lay down, covering myself with the blanket and camlet cloak. But I had lain but a few moments before the Avatcr came in streams through the straw roof Soon I found the water settling under me ; it lodged upon the blanket and was forming a pool, so I pulled it from under me, and then the rain settled through the straw, and 1 went to sleep and slept soundly until afier sunrise. When I awoke, it was hard to get my eyes open ; I went to the creek and washed, when I found that all my clothing was soaking wet, even to my saddle-skirts. Having a flask of spirits along, I ate some crackers and took a good drink, saddled and mounted, it still raining. I hooked my cloak, letting it hang loosely around me, and rode through to the fort. It stopped HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 423 raining in the afternoon, and from the exercise I got dry, at least next to my body. I never felt any ill effects from the thorough soaking I got, although I supposed, before my experience, that serious if not fatal results would have attended such an exposure. While I was Postmaster for many years at Fort Winnebago, for Dr. Charles W. Borup, who had charge of the American Fur Company's post at La Pointe — now Bayfield — near the head of Lake Superior, used to send through to me at Fort Winnebago, for his mail in the winter. The only way he could get it was to employ two or three voyageurs, as these men were called, who would come through prepared with their snow shoes, to use when necessary. In 1836 or 1837, John Baptiste Dubay* came through with two men and a dog train. He pur- chased of me supplies (of flour and tallow principally) and loaded the train, together with a horse and French train which I sold him, and started off, four dogs hauling about 50U pounds on one train. They and the management of them were quite a curiosity. Those voyageurs, I was told, would start into the Indian country, carrying on their backs goods or furs to the amount of 150 pounds, and travel some days sixty or seventy miles. The daily rations allowed them were a pint of dry corn and two ounces of tallow. For anything else, they depended upon game or the Indians. This accounted for Boi'up's wanted tallow, which was at first a mystery to me. I had frequent communications from Mr. Borup for several years. He at last settled at St. Paul, I suppose retiring from business. One seasonf I arrived at Mineral Point on my way to New York, and found Messrs. M. M. Strong and John Catlin were going to Chicago, and they proposed we should all go together and strike a straight line for that place. We started, and went to the East Branch of the Peca- tonica, and found it full of running ice, so we concluded to encamp there, as we always went prepared with our blankets, etc., for it ; and, the next morning, we could build a raft so as to float our baggage over. In the morning, we cut down a small pine tree, and made two string- ers of it, and picked up some dry limbs, putting them across ; but we found it would not hold up our saddles. " Well," said Mr. Strong, " we can swim our horses across twice, and so get our baggage across," and he prepared himself, putting his papers in his hat, and swam his horse across, leav- ing his hat on the opposite shore, and returned ; by this time, he shook like an aspen leaf. We rolled him up in blankets, and he laid down by the fire, trying to get us to try it, but we declined. I told him I could swim my horse across once, but I would not try it twice, and the only way for us was to go to the West Branch, and around by Rockford. After urging us until he found it was of no use, he got warmed up, and mounted his horse and went over and got his hat and papers ; returning, we mounted and rode over to the West Branch ; then he got a canoe, and, putting our baggage in, swam our horses over by passing several times ; thence we went on to Rockford. One night we came to what we supposed a ravine full of water running from the prairie. Strong was on the lead. I, watching his horse closely, thought he stepped as though there was a causeway he was going over Catlin said to me, " Here is a narrower place ; I believe I will try it." I answered, " I see Strong has got over very well ; I will follow him," which I did, and Catlin followed me. But a little further on we came to a house we were to stay at over night. When we rode up, a man asked us which way we came, and how we got over the bridge. We told him we had not crossed any, when he said, if we had gone ten feet either side, we would have plunged into thirty feet of water. Strong tells the story that our horses crossed on the stringers, the bridge being carried off. We had a great deal of sport on our way, and I do not think either of us will ever forget the journey. Gov. Dodge, being at Portage in 1837, invited the Winnebagoes to send a delegation to visit their Great Father at Washington. Suspicious of a purpose to obtain their lands, they *Thi8 early voyageur and trader was born at Green Bay in 1810. L. C. D. tMoseB M. Strong states that he, in company with Mr. Merrell and Mr. Catlin, started on this trip from Mineral Point March 21, 1837, reaching Chicago on the Seth. L. C. D. 424 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. asked, " What for ? — to make a treaty?" The Governor evaded the point, suggesting that they could get acquainted with their Great Father, and obtain presents, and, after much per- suasion, it was agreed to send a delegation — Yellow Thunder and two other chiefs, the others being young men, generally sons of chiefs. Satterlee Clark accompanied them as one of the conductors. As soon as they reached Washington, they were beset to hold a treaty and cede their lands to the Government. They finally declined, saying they had no authority for any such purpose ; that the most of their chiefs were at home, who alone could enter into such a negotiation. Every influence was brought to bear upon them, and they began to get uneasy lest winter should set in and prevent their returning home. They were without means to defray their expenses back, and those managing Indian matters at Washington availed themselves of the necessities of the delegation, keeping them there, and urging them to enter into a treaty. At length they yielded, not their judgments, but to the pressure brought to bear upon them, and, while reluctantly signing the treaty, yet all the while stoutly protesting against hav- ing any show of authority to do so. The treaty, as they were informed, permitted them to remain in the peaceful occupancy of the ceded lands eight years, when in fact it was only that number of months ; and, as each went forward to attach his name, or rather mark, to the treaty, he would repeat what he understood as to the time they were to remain, " eight years," And thus the poor red men were deceived and outwitted by those who ought to have been their wards and protectors. One of the young men, son of a prominent chief, dared not, on his return home, visit his father for a long time. The whole nation felt that they had been outraged, and forced to leave their native homes. Yellow Thunder declared he would never go — that he would leave his bones in Wisconsin ; but he was invited, with young Black Wolf, into Fort Winnebago, on pre- tense of holding a conncil, when the gates were treacherously closed on them, and they and many others were conveyed by the United States troops beyond the Mississippi, But Yellow Thunder got back sooner than the soldiers who forced him away,* Then he induced John T. De La Ronde to accompany him to the Land Office at Mineral Point, and enter forty acres of land in his behalf, on the west side of the Wisconsin, about eight miles above Portage. At the Land Office, inquiry was made if Indians would be permitted to enter land? " Yes," was the reply, " Government had given no orders to the contrary," So Yellow Thunder, the head war chief of his peo]ile, secured a homestead, on which he settled, declaring that he was going to be a ■white man.t And there he has quietly lived ever since. The fraudulent treaty of November 1, 1837, caused the Government a vast deal of trouble and e.xpense, and very naturally engendered the most embittered feelings and recollections on the part of the Winnebagoes, Is it any wonder that we have Indian wars, when they are so treated ? I think it would be better to do as Great Britain does — not recognize any title in the Indians to the soil, and, when the lands are needed, say to them they must move, and give them a country where they can live, and make comfortable provision for them ; but probably it is too late to do that now. Still, it is wrong to deceive, cheat or mislead them, as they are as sharp to see through such management as civilized men, if not more so, for they have more time to think over transactions of this kind. *********** In 1839, I took charge of a fleet of lumber, and went on board a raft at the portage, float- ing down the Wisconsin to its mouth, and thence to St. Louis, I had a board shanty on the raft to sleep in, a canoe, or, as some called it, a " dug-out," so that when we came in sight of a town, I would jump into the canoe and paddle ahead, visit the town, and when the raft was near, *By the rep'irt eubniittei] to tliH House of Representatives, September 17, 1850, on the removal of the Winnebagoes, it appears that aboat 900 were forced from the Fort Winnebago region, while aI>out 300 remained in swamps, inaccessible to the troops bunting for them, of which there were over two regiments under Gens. W'ortli and Brooke. In 1816, a new treaty wa-* effected, by which it was stipulated that they were to rem»ve about 500 miles north of their allotted country in Iowa, and about 1,300 of them did so in the summer ot 1848, about 400 still lingering in Wisconsin and Iowa. In February, 1850, quite a band of them located between the Bad Axe and Black Kivera, became quite threat- ening and insolent; but they yielded to better counsels. L. C. D. fin the Report to Congress, in l.'*.50, on the removal of the Winnebagoes, Col. Francis Lee, commanding at Fort Howard, stated, in March of that year, that " Yellow Thunder lias bought forty acres of laud on Dell Creek, resided there, and is cultivating it.'' L. C. D. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 425 go on board again. In this way, I called at nearly every town on each side of the river. After leaving the Wisconsin, we had all the Wisconsin rafts locked together, and floated down the Missis- sippi in that way. At some towns, men would comedown and take passage. I would tell them to come on. At one place, there was an old backwoodsman came on board, dressed with his hunting-shirt, bullet-pouch and powder-horn strung over his shoulder, having a long heavy riile, a quiet, modest old man, from Ohio. Soon after, there was a man of a very different class took passage, a swaggering boast of a fellow, from Texas. He had a small steel-barrel rifle, and told many large stories. Finally, he proposed to shoot at a mark with the old man, for the drinks all round, it being a fine calm day. So I put up a mark at one end of the raft, a board with a piece of paper the size of a silver dollar. The old mati did not shoot as close as I expected, and the brag rather beat him, but neither hit the mark. They then proposed that I should shoot. "Well," I said, "I will shoot the old man's rifle," and told him to load it. It was so heavy I could not hold it at arm's length, so I kneeled down and rested it over one knee, and drove the nail. That pleased the old man very much. The braggart left us at Fort Madison, without saying anything about the drinks, and the old man thought that was mean, not that he cared about the drinks ; but he could not get over his delight at ray beating him. I considered it rather luck than expertness. I enjoyed my trip vastly. I understood that one set of rafts, and one only, had been run down the river to St. Louis before mine, and many stories had been told of the dangers. I had a crew of Canadian Frenchmen, some of whom had had experience in Canadian waters. I got what information I could from the steamboat men about the river, and feared nothing; but at Dubuque some Frenchmen came on board and told my men we would have to hire a pilot, that we could not get over the rapids without, and they felt alarmed. I told them we would wait until we got to the rapids, and, if necessary, we would hire a pilot. I had learned enough of the river to know when we got to the rapids, from the descriptions given. So when we got into them and well down, " Here," says I, "boys, these are the great rapids you have been so much afraid of," at which they set up a tremendous shout and laugh. I heard no more of their fears, for it was the best running we had on the river. In 1840, a commission was sent to me by the United States Marshal, to take the census of the country, and, as there was no time to be lost, I started up the Wisconsin to Messrs. Camp- bell & Conant's mill, opposite where Stevens Point is now ; there I hired two Chippewas to paddle me up to Big Bull Falls, now Wausau. Leaving my horse at Little Bull Falls. I walked up along the west channel, while the Indians carried over the canoe. At Big Bull Falls, I found a mill built by Mr. George Stevens, who had not quite completed it. After getting the number of his employes, who constituted all the inhabitants, I started back in the canoe, and, on arriv- ing at Campbell & Conant's, I engaged Francis Shaurette and his brother to take me to the port^ age in a bark canoe, sending a boy with my horse. I had quite an exciting time of it going over Grand Rapids, but, having implicit confidence in the men, I had no fears. The way they would handle the canoe was admirable ; the one in the bow had as much to do in steering as the one in the stern, which was done by holding his paddle in the water and turning it when he wanted to change the course of the canoe, which sometimes had to be done almost as quick as lightning ; for now it would seem as though we must strike the bold rocks, and the bow seemed within a foot of them, but, as quick as thought, the canoe would sheer off" and clear them ; and such were the swells in the rapids, that the spray would dash all over us. I sat in the middle of the canoe, and enjoyed the ride very much. Further down the river, the rock views were grand and beautiful. At one point, we saw in front of us the rocks rising in one solid perpendicular front, a hundred or more feet, with the top scalloped, and pinnacles looking like some ancient fortifications, or the battlements of some old feudal castle. I wondered where the river was going to get by it, as it was directly facing us ; but the stream here took a turn, and we left the towering rock to the right of us. Then we passed through the dells, a narrow gorge through the rocks for nine miles, ending where Kilbourn City now is, the rocks rising in some places hundreds of feet perpendicularly, and deep water 426 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. lashing the rocks on both sides, the abrasions of centuries having worked out the rocks into cor- nices, pilasters, etc., very much resembling the work of art. At another time, when I was coming down from the Upper Wisconsin alone on horseback, I was belated until it was so dark I could not see the trail, but had to let my faithful horse take his way, and he brought mc safely into Yellow Thunder's village. Yellow Thunder was the war chief of the Winnebagoes, and had his summer village about sixteen miles from the portage. I dismounted and went into a large lodge, twenty or twenty-five feet long, built of poles and covered with bark. Here I found Uandy and others, on a visit. Little Duck said to me " Go to my lodge; " so I followed him and soon reached it, a little distance off. I tied my horse near the entrance of his lodge, and he gave me .some corn with which to feed him, and some boiled corn for my supper, of which I had no need, as I had some provisions along. After this, he spread a clean mat on a sort of bunk made of poles, raised two feet from the gi-ound, reaching along the side of the lodge, for me to sleep on. On this I spread one of my blankets, and with the other one over me lay down and had almost got to sleep when, from the noise in the camp, I discovered there were drunken Indians about. I felt something touch me, and looking up saw it was the old man, who told me to take my horse into the bushes and tie him, giving me a long cord. I jumped up and led the horse off some distance into the bushes and tied him, know- ing the old Indian was afraid the drunken ones would meddle with him if they saw him. Then I returned and lay down again ; but gradually a drunken Indian approached the wigwam, as we could hear him, singing, crying and shouting all the time, as they generally do when they are drunk. Finally he came rushing into the lodge, and flung himself down by a few brands of fire in the center of the lodge, singing and grieving about something, I suppose because he could get no more whisky. In a short time the old man got up, called upon another Indian, and helped up the drunken fellow and marched him off, and, hearing no more of him, I slept finely. The ne.xt morning, I went out and found my horse had broken loose, and while I was look- ing for him. Dandy came up and wanted to know what was the matter. After telling him, he wanted to know how much cord was attached to him. Telling him as near as I could, he com- menced looking for his track and soon got on it. Following a short distance, he called to me and pointed out the horse, quietly standing by a large tree. I walked up to him and led him back to the lodge, and, after saddling him, mounted and bade good-bye to the hospitable Indians. Judge David Irvin was to hold court at the portage in, I think, 1841 or 1842. He sent me an appointment as Clerk of the Court, and as there was no time to lose, requested me to go to Columbus and have a jury list made out and put into the hands of the Sheriff. I did so, and the Judge held the first court in this county [then Portage] at the Franklin House, kept by Capt. Low — after which I resigned. In 1848, I was elected State Senator in the Second District, which embraced all that part of the State north of Dane County to Lake Superior, and including Sauk, Marquette, Green Lake and Portage Counties, since divided into eight or ten districts. I was elected as the Whig candidate, over the Hon. James T. Lewis, the Democratic nominee. In the Senate, there were but three Whigs. I served during tliis, the first session under the Constitution, which met at Madison on the 5th dav of June, 1848, and during the next session, which met on the 10th day of January, 1849. During these two sessions, there was an immense deal of work done, in organizing the State, revising the statutes, etc., etc. My first visit to La Crosse was in 1853, when I arrived in company with Benjamin L. Webb, of Detroit. La Crosse was then but a small village. The • United States Land Office had been removed there from Mineral Point. We met Judge Lord, Col. Rodolph, Hon. S. D. Hastings, Lieut. Gov. Timothy Burns, Ebenezer Childs (with whom I had long been acquainted) and many others. We stopped at the Tallmadge House over Sunday ; in the afternoon, I took a ramble nearly to the bluffs. La Crosse now, I believe, contains about twelve thousand inhab- itants ; then there could not, I should think, have been as many hundreds. HISTORY OF COLIMBIA COUNTY. 427 We then took steamer for St. Paul, and a carriage thence a hundred miles above, crossing the Mississippi thirty miles west of Long Prairie, where the Winnebagoes were located, culti- vating the lands assigned them by the Government ; but they were uneasy, as I learned, for they were afraid of the Chippewa and Sioux Indians, which, I suppose, was the reason of their subsequent removal to a less exposed region. We returned, by way of Galena, to Fort Win- nebago. VII. — BY .1. T. KINGSTON. In the fall of 1836, Samuel B. Pilkington and the writer, the former a native of Ireland, while at Helena, on the Wisconsin River, heard of a very extensive forest of pine timber, and a spendid water-power on the Lemonweir River, about twelve miles from the mouth. As the Winnebago Indians had just sold their lands on the south side of that river to the Govern- ment, we conceived the idea of making an exploration in that direction, to ascertain the truth of those reports, intending, if matters were found as represented, to engage in the lumber business; but not then being just ready to make the trip, we concluded to wait until the next year. Accordingly, in the month of December, in the following year, 1837, we packed our Indian pony and started from Racine, to explore the valley in question. Our outfit consisted of a Mackinaw blanket and butcher-knife, an ax, a box of matches, and provisions for a week, besides the necessaiy camp fixtures, including a small fly tent. Firearms and ammunition we considered of no particular use, and carried none. We found but few settlers after crossing Fox River, thirty miles west of Racine, two or three at Spring Prairie, Luke Taylor and one or two others on Turtle Creek, near the present location of Delavan, a Mr. Johnson on the east e!Ty. July 20. 1860 — Frank Dickerman and Laura, his wife, of Fort Winnebago, adopted Will- iam Armer, a child of Lydia 0. Purvis. COUXTT BUILDINGS. Oourt House. — After the question had been definitely settled that Portage was to be the future county seat, a deed was made to the county, by Messrs. Webb k Bronson, of Block No. 180 of their plat, for county purposes. The county records were removed to Portage, and, until 1856. the ofiBcials occupied the upper part of Lemuel Berry's store, on the east side of the canal. The old building is still in existence. It stands on the northeast corner of Clark and Pleasant streets, and is owned and used by the city for housing its fire apparatus. From the Berry store, the county records and officers removed to Vandercook's building. In 1861, the subject of a county building was agitated ; but the report from the committee on that subject, providing for building a court house, at an expense not exceeding $12,000, was laid on the table — ayes, 12 ; noes, 11. In 1863, the subject was brought before the County Board again (the Board having been reduced to three), and L. W. Barden offered a resolution, appropriating $8,000 for building a court house. Barden was Chairman of the Board, and when he put the question, C. L. Brown voted "aye." Barden was silent, and the resolution was declared adopted. When the Board met, in January following, an effort was made to place the $8,000 in the general fund, but it was resisted by G. M. Bartholomew, who had just been elected Supervisor. The initiatory steps toward building were taken soon afterward. A plan was presented by Alexander Car- nagie, proposals were solicited, and a contract was let to Carnagie & Prescott February 10, 1864, for building the court house, at the sum of $17,830. The site was presented to the county by citizens of Portage. Work on the building was commenced in the spring of the same year, and was completed in the fall of 1865, at the contract price, and, with the sidewalks, iron fence, grading, trees and all other improvements and additions, cost the county something less than $26,000. It is a model of architectural neatness and simplicity. Its dimensions are 80 feet front by 60 feet deep, constructed of cream-colored brick, with dark trimmings. It is three stories high, with a well-proportioned dome, surmounted by a colossal statue of Justice, sword in hand and scales extended. Entering at the front of the court house, the visitor finds himself within a spacious hall-way, leading through the building, with a corridor passing at right angles in the center. The first door on the right, and near the entrance, bears the omi- nous inscription, " Sheriff," and one cannot help but think of executions, documentary and otherwise — principally otherwise. On the left is the Treasurer's office ; and we remember that it is the especial duty of the blind image that stands upon the zenith of the brown dome above to guard over this particular place, and to strike down with her sword the first who dares to misappropriate the funds within. At the north end of the corridor are the rooms of the County Judge and the Clerk of the Court ; at the south end, the oflSces of Register of Deeds, Clerk of the Board and District Attorney, all these offices having fire-proof vaults, for storing docu- ments, etc. On the second floor are the court-room and jury-rooms, the former being 58x56 feet in size, handsomely finished, with a seating capacity of 400. The County Jail. — Within the walls of this institution are placed individuals of a retiring disposition, who forego the pleasures of freedom and outdoor exercise for definite periods, unless death or the Governor interferes. A refuge for this class was built in Columbia County in 1851, by H. McNeil, upon a block of ground given to the county by Webb & Bronson. It was of stone, two stories in height, with cells in the upper part and the Sheriff's dwelling on the lower floor. It was destroyed by fire in 1864. The present jail was erected in 1865 by Carnagie & Prescott. It is of substantial stone, thirty-two feet square and two stories in height, sur- rounded by a brick wall, within which the prisoners are allowed to air themselves. The Sheriff's dwelling is a well-arranged two-story brick structure, standing in front of the jail. Columbia County Poor-House. — Prior to 1858, the care of the poor of Columbia County was vested in the towns in which the unfortunates resided. It was the duty of the town oflicers HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COL^NTY. 455 to provide homes for all paupers within their jurisdiction, and pay the necessary expenses from a town fund set aside for that purpose. On the 3d of November of the year above mentioned, the County Board of Supervisors voted to abolish the town system, and measures adequate to the establishment of a county poor-house were immediately taken. At the same session of the board, Daniel White, John Quincy Adams and H. W. Roblier were appointed Superintendents of the Poor, and $1,500 was appropriated to aid them in the performance of their duties. The old E.xchange Hotel, together with one acre of land in the village of Wyocena, was purchased, and on the 30th of December, 1858, it was formally opened for the accommodation of the poor of the county. In 1867, a brick addition forty feet square and two stories high was built by Messrs. Carnagie & Prescott, and, in 1878, a second addition, 36.x40 feet and two stories high, was constructed by the same parties. The total expense incurred the last year (1858) the town system was in vogue was $7,633.74 ; during the first ten months under the county system the expenditures amounted to $3,929.40. In 1872. there were 26 inmates of the poor-house, of whom 11 were insane, and the cost of caring for them was something over $4,000, including the salary ($400) of Hugh Hill, the overseer, and $200 paid other help. The Superintendents, in their report for 1879, say : " The number of inmates at the poor-house at date of last report was 49 ; admitted during year, 49 ; total number at the poor-house during the year, 98. Of this number, 8 have died, 2 have been bound by indentures, 1 has been sent to the Industrial School for Girls at Milwaukee, 1 has been sent to the Reform School for Boys at Waukesha, and otherwise discharged, 38. Remaining at poor-house at date of this report, November 1, 1879, 48. Of this number, 13 are insane, 3 are demented, 4 are blind, 2 crippled, 2 have a cancer, 2 are over eighty years of age, 8 are seventy years, 7 are over sixty, and none are under twenty-two years of age. There has been furnished at the poor-house during the year 2,983 weeks' board, at a cost of $4,074.77, being $1.37 per week, which includes all expenses for provisions, clothing, bedding, furniture, fuel, lights, medicine, medical attendance, repairs, salary of steward, hired help and other miscellaneous expenses." The total expenses during 1879 were $6,829.28. Messrs. Adams and Roblier have been continually in oiEce as Superintendents. Upon the death of Mr. White, George Wall succeeded to the position. Mr. Wall was succeeded, in turn, by W. W. Corning. The county has acquired title to seven acres of land adjoining the original one acre bought in 1858, and, in 1875, forty acres were purchased on Section 16, a short distance north of the village of Wyocena. AGRICULTURE. He who follows agriculture is the pioneer in all new countries, and prepares the way for lawyer, editor, miller, minister, blacksmith, and all others who depend upon anything but farm- ing for a livelihood, and who never fail to come after them when the soil has been made sufB- ciently productive. There are better agricultural counties in the State than Columbia, but they are few. There are poorer counties, too — much poorer — and a great many of them. Columbia County is therefore far above the average, as statistics will show. Any other condition of things would be unnatural, as, with its productive soil and good mar- kets, the county has always furnished a field for profitable returns to industry, skill and means applied to the labor of tilling the ground. The whole county is more than usually well watered. Where there are no springs, lakes and streams, good water is obtained at a moderate depth. Gen- erally, speaking, the soil is most suitable for raising wheat, or was when new, and that has always been the principal product. Corn, oats, barley, rye, flax, hops, tobacco, potatoes and other root crops, fruits and grasses, are also cultivated. The southeastern portion of the county is considered the richest in agricultural worth, though there are patches of very excellent land in other parts. A general idea of the productiveness of each town is herewith given : West Point. — Soil rich, above the average; wheat the principal product; more timber than prairie ; well watered ; no sand, or but very little in the soil ; especially noted as a hog-raising section ; land valued at $14 per acre. 456 . HISTORY OP COLUMBIA COUNTY. Lodi. — Largely devoted to dairying ; generally well watered ; land surface more or less broken by bluffs ; northern portion sandy ; valuation, $14 per acre. Arlington. — Said by many to be the richest town in the county ; devoted almost exclusively to grain-raising ; no waste land in the town ; four-fifths of the area under cultivation unfenced ; but little attention paid to stock ; valuation, $19.50. Leeds. — Second in agricultural importance to Arlington, and especially noted for its flocks of fine-wool sheep ; largely prairie, but sufficiently wooded to make the lands valuable ; well watered ; valuation, $19. Hampden. — Somewhat more marshy and hilly than the two previously described towns, but none the less important as an agricultural section ; stock-raising is a leading industry ; val- uation, $19.50. Columbus. — One of the richest agricultural towns in the State ; in a high state of cultiva- tion ; no waste land ; excellent water ; valuation, $20.50. Fountain Prairie. — Much the same as Columbus, but with a greater area of marsh, espe- cially in the northern portion ; valuation, $14.50. Otsego. — Southern and middle parts exceptionally good ; northern portion broken, with considerable lowland ; valuation, $13.50. Lowville. — South and southeast parts prairie ; the northern portion hilly ; well supplied with timber ; agriculturally very rich ; boasts the most extensive farms in the county — Warren Gilbert's, for instance ; largely devoted to stock-raising ; valuation, $13.50 ; considered very low. Dekorra. — About one-half under cultivation ; timber abundant ; somewhat marshy ; sandy along the river ; quite a number of good farms in the town, however ; valuation, $6. Caledonia. — A great variety of soil ; rocky and broken ; marshy along the river ; soil gen- erally good ; valuation, $6.80. Pacific. — Some desirable land along the Fox River ; southern portion marshy ; well wooded ; valuation, $3.20. Wyocena. — Soil the better order of light lands or sandy loams ; mostly timbered ; some swamp ; wheat and corn the chief products ; dairying carried on to some extent ; two-thirds in cultivation; valuation, $7.20. Springvale. — About two-thirds under cultivation ; not materially unlike Wyocena as to soil, marsh and timber ; penetrated by small streams ; stock-raising quite a feature ; valuation, $10.50. Oourtland. — North third mostly prairie ; remainder made up of " openings " and marsh, sandy clay soil; a valuable farming section ; stock-raising to some extent; valuation, $16.75. Randolph. — South half mostly prairie, with black loam soil ; northern part covered with " openings," sandy clay soil ; quite a number of large farms ; considerable stock raised ; valua- tion, $18. Scott. — Something over one-third under cultivation ; southern part regarded as the garden spot of Columbia County ; noted for its natural meadows along the Fox River, marked by numerous " openings ; " stock-raising quite an interest ; valuation, $11, which is considered very low. Marcellon. — Nearly one-half under cultivation ; scarcely so rich as Scott ; the finest por- tions lie in the second and third tiers of sections running from east to west ; small amount of prairie; well timbered ; quite an area of tame meadows ; valuation, $7.25. Fort Winnebago. — About one-third under cultivation ; southern portion regarded as good land; northern part "bluffy ; " quite an area of marsh along the Fox River; valuation, $6.40. Lewiston. — A large proportion of this town is waste land, being for the most part low and wet; perhaps one-third of the town is under cultivation ; valuation, $3.20. Newport. — The best portion lies along the AVisconsin River ; the most thoroughly culti- vated part is that occupied by the Norwegians ; remainder of land below the average ; valua- tion, $5. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 467 The following table exhibits the principal farm products growing in the county of Colum- bus at the time of making the annual assessment for the year 1879 : NAMES OV TOWNS, CITIES AND VILLAGES. Arlington Caledonia Columbus (town) Columbus (city) Courtland Dekorra Fort Winnebago Fountain Prairie Hampden Leeds Lewiston Lodi Lowville Marcellon Newport Otsego Pacific Portage Randolph Scott Springvale West Point *V T0CGD9, West Ward v'iirRandoiph Totals NUMBER OF ACRES. 4452 3780 4950 174 5750 262: 170' 3666 4651 6988 1511 672 4194 2452 881 4408 435 46 5440 5479 3544 1679 1681 10 3178 1389 1456 95 1375 1793 1636 1384 1542 1965 1431 1220 1584 1960 449 1845 644.i 151' 2167 1697 1629 2252 1970 10 2122 1317 1238 104 917 785.? 469" 1603 1334 1669 1067 867 1142 472 368 951 86.5 72' 1577 803 826 1387 417 1528 395 349 10 147 97- 324 497 903 41 202 124 28 33 249 6 272 80 53 375 5 40 154 17 463 522 25 26 37 1200 258 102 278 334 137 313 69 69 173 101 193 615 663 122J 113 58 51 84 231 81 82 158 37 68J 65^ 6i 134 m 30 71^ 43 40A 66" 60 3} 2! 14 3i 16 69162 35122i 21594 5720A|5126 1740g 66] 1782 01404 35993 58202 11727 $171695 Apple Or- chard. og >2 " .is" 70} 193 110 663 104 152 69 58 71 76i 146| 10 104 19] 2 99i 92" 120 76 43 be , o o o a 2 3351 3786 5765 4300, 2105 28331 4303 3655 ■ 1305 3712 4104 2834 90(' 3992 755 100 3301 3105 2087 3300 1730 75 5122 1462 427 180 2209 1830 1008 2029 2020 3076 607 867 1096 1669 217 1645 30 20 3670 1120 1688 2436 1565 1305 1845 1795 4284 2954 3003 2192 3022 428 4116 5422 995 737 1181 2620 4633 5200 4184 4427 Milch Cowa. 'A 745 719 6^8 150 657 480 408 860 589 492 477 525 408 375 210 675 117 438 606 416 501 658 573 11426 9314 8840 2250 7998 5774 5102 17215 7385 8364 6698 7765 5965 4046 3150 9841 1531 6785 6984 7176 9078 9900 9168 In addition to the foregoing, there were grown iii the town of Caledonia, 1 acre of flax ; in the town of Fort Winnebago, 4 acres of cranberries ; in the town of Hampden, 1 acre of tobacco ; in the town of Lodi, 3 acres of cranberries and 19 acres of flax ; in the town of Randolph, 1 acre of flax, and in the town of Springvale, li acres of flax. There were also 188 acres of hops cultivated in the county, divided as follows : Caledonia, 23J acres ; Columbus, 5 ; Dekorra, 4 ; Fort Winne- bago, 1 ; Hampden, 3 ; Leeds, 5 ; Lewiston, 54 ; Marcellon, 6i ; Newport, 40 ; Otsego, 22 ; Portage City, 7 ; Springvale, 10 ; West Point, 3, and Wyocena, 4. For two or three years prior to 1868, hops were largely grown throughout the county. The early settlement of Columbia County was made by a robust, thrifty, industrious and frugal class of men and women, in their youth and prime of physical life, full of energy and days' work. They found a rich soil, like themselves new and young and full of fertility, yield- ing readily to the will and wishes of the earnest and ambitious toiler who owned and cultivated it, and rewarding his efibrts with abundant harvests of all kinds. The land yielded so abun- dantly and persistently, that the opinion prevailed for many years that the grain-producing qualities of the soil were inexhaustible, hence the straw was burned to get it out of the way, and the manure was permitted to go to waste. Crop after crop of grain was taken from the soil, and nothing returned in exchange therefor to preserve its fertility, until, through course of time, the crops became less and less, and less still, so that now, lands which at one time would yield with reasonable certainty thirty to forty bushels of wheat to the acre, cannot be depended upon to yield with like certainty ten or fifteen bushels of wheat to the acre. Meantime, the habits of slothfulness and waste, begotten of prosperity, have, in some cases, become a part of the farmer's being, and they seem to have no desire to shake off" the wretched and ill-begotten 458 • HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. incubus that weighs and keeps them down, and places them at great disadvantage in the general struggle against impending adversity. There are exceptions to this, the general condition of the farmers of this county, but such exceptions merely establish the rule. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Columbia County Ai/ricultural Society. — It was at the autumn meeting of the Board of Sujiervisors of Columbia County, held at Portage in November, 1851, that a suggestion for the organization of an agricultural society was first acted upon. Jessie Van Ness, of West Point, made the suggestion. The members received the proposition With favor, and a preliminary meeting was called. It met in Schoolhouse No. 7, in the town of Fort Winnebago. Van Ness became President pro tem. Messrs. Joseph Kerr, of Randolph ; F. C. Curtis, of Lowville, and Guptil, of Scott, became the Committee on Constitution. Messrs. Ketchum and Bartholomew, of Lodi ; Jones, of Springvale ; Bushnell, of Wyocena, and Adams, of Fountain Prairie, were appointed a committee to nominate officers. On the 19th of the same month, the meeting re-as- sembled at the same place, when an address was delivered by Joseph Kerr, of Randolph ; an acceptable constitution was reported, including five short articles. The qualifications for mem- bers consisted in subscribing to the constitution and paying 2.5 cents. On that occasion the fol- lowing persons wrote their signatures and became the charter members : Jessie Van Ness, Fred C. Curtis, G. M. Bartholomew, A. Ketchum, J. Q. Adams, Thomas Dalzell, Perry Lee, J. B. Fargo, E. K. Vaughan, H. W. Phelps, Joseph Utley, Yates Ashley, Reuben Baughman, G. Smythe, Joseph Kerr, John Byrne, J. A. Guptil, Daniel S. Bushnell, Josiah Arnold, H. Car- penter, Alvin Alden, Elijah Lee, David Wyman, S. K. Vaughan, James Andrews, Shadrick Sherman, Hubbel West, Jr., Charles Spear, Fred G. Smythe, J. C. Smith, Henry Converse, J. Whitney, Jacob Rood, Stephen Brayton, 0. Jones, Michael Van Winter, Ransom H. Mead, C. M. Kingsbury, M. Wheeler, Mr. Sargeant, B. M. Haynes, John McTighe, Alex McDonald, A. A. Bull, Henry Ayer and J. W. Rhodes. The first oSicers of the society were : President, J. Van Ness, West Point ; First Vice President, Joseph Kerr, Randolph ; Second Vice President, Thomas C. Smith, Columbus ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis, Lowville ; Recording Secretary, John A. Byrne, Otsego ; Correspond- ing Secretary, Henry Converse, Wyocena. Executive Committee — Messrs. Curtis, Guptil, Adams, Bartholomew, Bushnell and T. C. Smith. The first fair was held in November, 1852, on the commons at Wyocena. The receipts were $15.75, and the disbursements, f 11.80. The society claimed the gathering to be a success. January 4, 1853. At that date a meeting was held, various amendments to the by-laws were made, and the following officers elected : Joseph Kerr, President ; D. S. Bushnell and G. M. Bartholomew, Vice Presidents ; Henry Converse, Recording and Corresponding Secre- tary ; F. C. Curtis, Treasurer. Executive Committee — Messrs. Rockwood, Adams, Converse, Van Ness and Merrell. June 14, 1853, when Kerr, Van Ness and Converse, as Executive Committee, resolved to "hold the next show and cattle-fair at Wyocena, September 28, 185-3," and to " award premiums as the funds of the society would allow," judges for fourteen classes were appointed. At that exhibition there were nineteen entries under the department of horses, and twelve under that of cattle; poultry, one; farm implements, two — one of which was a plow and the other a vertical gate. The receipts of the exhibition were $20, and the disbursements, $18.81. In November of the same year, Joseph Kerr was elected President, Jessie Van Ness and J. T. Lewis, Vice Presidents, and Henry Converse and F. C. Curtis were continued as Secretary and Treasurer. The Executive Board chosen consisted of James C. Carr, William Wiley, D. S. Bushnell, J. F. Hand and Hugh McFarlane. At a subsequent meeting of the Executive Com- mittee, it was decided to hold the ensuing exhibition at Columbus, September 20, 1854. The scene of the rural festivities was at the forks of the road on the westward declivity of what is now Lewis & Cook's hill. The Mountain House, kept by A. P. Birdsey, then situated there, a little HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. ' 459 •building between the two roads owned by him, was the hall of fine arts, and in it were displayed a few fruits and some fine needlework, etc. There were ninety-nine entries in all. The receipts for fees of members were $32. Of this $18 was disbursed in premiums, together with 31 volumes of the Transactions of the State Agricultural Society, and sundry diplomas. The next business meeting of the society was held at Portage November 16, 1854, N. H. Wood presiding. James C. Carr, of Fountain Prairie, was elected President ; C. J. Pettibone, of Portage, and Peter Van Ness, of Lodi, Vice Presidents ; and Henry Converse, Secretary. E.xecutive Committee — William T. Whirry, of Randolph ; N. H. Wood, of Pacific ; John A. Bowen, of Columbus ; R. H. Mead, of Waushara ; and E. F. Lewis, of Lewiston. Since that date, fairs have been held and officers elected as follows: In September, 1855, Portage won the prize by offering a handsome donation. The receipts of the exhibition were $52.50, and $120 was paid in premiums. J. W. Earll delivered the address. OflBcers elected in November — President, Peter Van Ness ; Vice Presidents, M. W. Patton and Andrew Dunn ; Secretary, F. B. Haslim; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — Messrs. Powers, Folsom, Adams, Hardy and McFarlane. 1856— Fair held at Wyocena the 2d and 3d of October. Receipts, $117.19 ; disburse- ments, $126.15. Address delivered by J. J. Guppey. Officers — President, John Con- verse ; Vice Presidents, J. C. Carr and Daniel White ; Secretary, Henry Converse ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee— R. T. Graves, T. Terrill, T. Dalzell, A. P. Smith and John Ewing, Jr. 1857 — Fair held at Wyocena September 22 and 23 ; address delivered by J. T. Lewis ; premiums, $84; receipts, $244; entries, 183. Officers — President, John Converse; Vice Presi- dents, W. T. Bradley and R. T. Graves ; Secretary, Henry Converse ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — A. W. Ingalsbee, Peter Van Ness, R. H. Mead, D. White and J. J. Guppey. 1858 — Fair held at Portage September 23 and 24; receipts (including Portage City's sub- scription of $175 and the State appropriation of $100), $401 ; disbursements, $476.25. Offi- cers — Pi-esident, Royal T. Graves ; Vice Presidents, J. J. Guppey and J. C. Carr ; Secretary, Henry Converse ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — D. White, W. T. Bradley, J. T. Lewis, P. Van Ness and E. F. Lewis. 1859 — Fair held at Portage September 20 and 21 ; entries, 201 ; premiums, $303.50 ; funds on hand November 17, $67. Officers — President, J. J. Guppey; Vice Presidents, R. T. Graves and J. C. Carr ; Secretary, Henry Converse ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — P. Van Ness, D. White, Samuel McConochie, John 0. Jones and Nathan Hazen. I860 — Fair held at Cambria, the citizens paying $165 for the luxury, September 18, 19 and 20 ; receipts, $402 ; expenditures, $309. Officers — President, Daniel White ; Vice Presidents, R. T. Graves and J. Q. Adams; Secretary, Henry Converse ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Execu- tive Committee — H. S. Haskell, A. W. Ingalsbee, J. Whitney, C. L. Brown and W. N. Baker. 1861 — Fair held at Portage September 18, 19 and 20; receipts (including appi-opriation and subscription), $475.21; expenses, $426; out of which had been paid $363 in premiums. Officers — President, John Q. Adams ; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and J. B. Dwinnell ; Secretary, Henry Converse ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — P. Van Ness, R. T. Graves, Conrad Collipp, Thomas Robertson and G. W. Campbell. At the business meet- ing of November it was decided that elections for officers should take place on the second day of the fair of each year. 1862 — Fair held at Portage September 24, 25 and 26. Officers — President, J. B. Dwin- nell ; Vice Presidents, John Pardee and Ervin McCall; Secretary, H. B. Munn ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — C. Collipp, W. Rice, J. Van Ness, B. Williams, P. Houston, R. McConochie, W. Young, J. Bradley and J. Q. Adams. 1863 — Fair held at Lodi September 22, 23 and 24 ; receipts (including two years' State appropriation), $769; disbursements, $607. OfHcers — President, J. B. Dwinnell; Vice Presi- dents, R. McConochie and J. F. Hand ; Secretary, H. B. Munn ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. 460 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Executive Committee — C. Collipp, A. McDonald, P. Van Ness, R. T. Graves, P. Houston, J- R. Jones, F. Clark Smith, J. W. Bobinson and C. Roys. 1864 — Fair held at Columbus September 21, 22 and 23; receipts, $619; disbursemetits, $480 ; Officers — President, J. 0. Eaton ; Vice Presidents, R. McConochie and J. Q. Adams ; Secretary, H. B. Munn ; Treasurer, F. C. Curtis. Executive Committee — J. P. McGregor, A. McDonald, H. M. Ayer, J. W. Robinson, E. Fairbanks, A. W. Ingalsbee, J. 0. Jones, J. B. Smith and Henry Converse. 1865 — Fair held at Portage September 19, 20 and 21 ; receipts, $687 ; disbursements, $632. Officers — President, J. Q. Adams ; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and J. 0. Jones ; Secretary, C. C. Britt ; Treasurer, J. B. Dwinnell. Executive Committee — J. Van Ness, C. Collipp, P. McKenzie, F. C. Curtis, R. B. Sanderson, A. W. Ingalsbee, R. McConochie, J. B. Jones and J. B. Smith. 1866 — Fair held at Portage September 19, 20 and 21 ; receipts, $812 ; disbursements, $992, including $112 expended in building Floral Hall. Officers — President, J. Q. Adams ; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and F. C. Curtis ; Secretary, C. C. Britt ; Treasurer, J. B. Dwinnell. Executive Committee — Cyrus Hill, R. 0. Loomis, David Owen, J. T. Lewis, L. H. Doyle, J. W. Robinson, R. T. Graves, R. McConochie and J. R. Jones. 1867 — Fair held at Columbus September 18, 19 and 20; receipts, $877; disbursements, $926. Officers— President, H. S. Haskell; Vice Presidents, F. C. Curtis, J. T. Lewis; Secre- tary, C. C. Dow ; Treasurer, J. B. Dwinnell. Executive Committee — R. 0. Loomis, C. C. Britt, David Owen, J. Q. Adams, J. W. Robinson, L. H. Doyle, E. Woodard, J. R. Jones and R. T. Graves. 1868 — Fair held at Portage September 23, 24 and 25 ; receipts, $977 ; disbursements, $1,125, including $200 for a tent and $175 for Floral Hall. Officers— President, F. C. Curtis ; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and J. T. Lewis ; Secretary, C. C, Britt ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Executive Committee — J. B. Dwinnell, P. Pool, D. Owen, L. H. Doyle, T. Sander- son, F. L. Henry, I. McCall, L. Lloyd and J. Pardee. 1869 — Fair held at Columbus September 22, 23 and 24 ; receipts, $960 ; disbursements, $780 ; 700 entries were made, which was far in excess of any previous year. Officers — Presi- dent, F. C. Curtis; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and J. T. Lewis ; Secretary, L. H. Doyle; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Executive Committee — J. B. Dwinnell, E. F. Lewis, R. 0. Loomis, A. G. Cook, F. L. Henry, E. Fairbanks, M. W. Twitchell, J. R. Jones and David H. Langdon. 1870 — Fair held at Portage September 21, 22 and 23; receipts, $909; disbursements, $867. Officers— President, A. G. Cook ; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and F. C. Curtis ; Secretary, L. H. Doyle ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors (one from each town) — G. A. Clark, J. S. Richmond, F. F. Farnham, J. R. Jones, S. M. Carr, C. Baker, J. Foster, E. Fair- banks, J. W. Robinson, J. Ewing, J. B. Dwinnell, F. L. Henry, M. H. Smith, E. T. Hooker, D. Buchanan, B. F. Flower, C. Collipp, G. Perry, P. Houston, I. McCall, J. Van Ness and M. W. Twitchell. 1871 — Fair held at Columbus September 19, 20 and 21 ; receipts, $1,267 ; disbursements, $1,248 ; entries, 700. Officers— President, A. G. Cook ; Vice Presidents, H. S. Haskell and F. C. Curtis ; Secretary, L. H. Doyle ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — John H. Young, John S. Richmond, F.F. Farnham, J. R. Jones, J. McKenzie, C. Baker, J. Foster, E. Fair- banks, C. L. Brown, J. Ewing, J. B. Dwinnell, F. L. Henry, G. Smith, M. H. Smith, S. Jones, B. F. Flower, R. 0. Loomis, G. G. Marvin, P. Houston, K. Scott, J. Van Ness and D. S. Bushnell. 1872 — Fair held at Portage September 18, 19 and 20 ; receipts, $761 ; disbursements, $954. Officers — President, E. Fairbanks; Vice Presidents, F. C. Curtis and L. W. Barden ; Secretary, L. H. Doyle ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — G. H. Clark, D. Owen, J. R. Jones, Henry Morse, H. Jamieson, E. S. Baker, J. Foster, S. Hasey, C. L. Brown, J. Ewing, J. B. Dwinnell, F. L. Henry, E. Woodard, G. F. Noble, J. Batty, J. L. Porter, C. Collipp, G. G. Marvin, P. Houston, J. R. Rowlands, J. Van Ness and M. W. Twitchell. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 461 1873 — Fair held at Columbus September 17, 18 and 19; receipts, $1,115; disbursements, $1,032. Officers — President, E. Fairbanks ; Vice Presidents, L. W. Barden and F. C. Curtis ; Secretary, L. H. Doyle ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — G. F. Richardson, D. Owen, J. R. Jones, Henry Morse, H. Jamieson, E. S. Baker, J. Foster, S. Hasey, S. J. Scott, E. F, Lewis, -T. B. Dwinnell, F. L. Henry, E. Woodard, G. F. Noble, D. Buchanan, A. Coapman, C. Collipp, G. G. Marvin, P. Houston, J. R. Rowlands, J. Van Ness and M. W. Twitchell. 1874 — Fair held at Portage September 29 and 30 and October 1 ; receipts, $1,012 ; dis- bursements, $925. Officers — President, L. W. Barden ; Vice Presidents, F. C. Curtis and D. Buchanan; Secretary, L. H. Doyle; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — T. Graham, J. Ewing, E. Woodard, I. W. York, R. C. Rockwood, J. Marvin, D. H. Langdon, 0. R. Luey, J. T. Lewis, G. Richards, J. Foster, E. Fairbanks, T. Thompson, J. R. Rowlands, R. Lloyd, D. Owen, J. McKenzie, T. Sanderson, J. B. Dwinnell, F. L. Henry, B. F. Flower, J. Van Ness and D. S. Bushnell. 1875 — Fair held at Portage September 28, 29 and 30; receipts, $1,087 ; disbursements, $1,045. Officers — President, R. C. Rockwood ; Vice Presidents, F. C. Curtis and J. Van Ness ; Secretary, L. H. Doyle ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — G. Perry, G. Paine, Z. Merrill, C. Baker, E. F. Lewis, C. A. Noyes, S. M. Carr, E. E. Chapin, G. Robinson, E. Roys, P. Boutwell, J. Foster, G. Richards, S. Huntley, J. Collins, D. Owen, W. Reedal, F. L. Henry, C. L. IJrown, W. M. Bartholomew, B. F. Flower, R. Wilson, 0. D. Vandusen. 1876 — Fair held at Portage September 26, 27 and 28 ; receipts, $1,135 ; disbursements, $1,314. Officers — President, F. C. Curtis; Vice Presidents, V. E. Brewer; and J. Foster Secretary, E. S. Baker ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — J. Whitney, W. McDonald, M. H. Smith, P. G. Stroud, E. S. Purdy, G. G. Marvin, D. H. Langdon, J. W. Leffingwell, J. J. Sutton, J. R. Jones, H. C. Field, E. Roys, K. Scott, A. C. Jennings, Louis Lintner, D. Owen, N. P. Irons, T. Sanderson, J. B. Dwinnell, G. W. Webb, J. F. Warren, J. Van Ness and C. Spear. F. C. Curtis delivered an address on butter making and the care of cows. 1877 — Fair held at Portage September 18, 19 and 20 ; receipts, $2,441 ; disbursements, $2,867 (including $1,500 paid for the Floral Hall). The society's financial standing at that date is figured up as follows: New Floral Hall, built by Lewis Green, A. Carnagie, architect, $1,500 ; fixtures, library, etc., $450 ; total, $1,950. Deduct $409 indebtedness, and the soci- ety considered itself worth $1,540. Officers — President, F. C. Curtis ; Vice Presidents, V. E. Brewer and C. L. Brown ; Secretary, Z. J. D. Swift; Treasurer, J. A. Adams. Directors — L. Lintner, H. J. Fisk, M. Adams, 'M. H. Smith, E. F. Lewis, A. B. Stearns, E. S. Purdy, D. S. Merrell, W. Morris, D. H. Langdon, G. Richards, J. E. McMahon, S. Hasey, D. Buchanan, S. Scott, D. Owen, J. McKenzie, S. J. Scott, J. Wilson, Jr., S. Dunn, J. L. Porter, J. Van Ness and W. Yale. 1878 — Fair held at Portage September 24, 25 and 26 ; receipts, $1,368 ; expenditures, $1,938. Officers — President, L. W. Barden; Vice Presidents, D. Buchanan and D. Richards; Secretary, Z. J. D. Swift ; Treasurer, J. Q. Adams. Directors — L. Lintner, H. J. Fisk, A. W. Ingalsbee, M. H. Smith, E. F. Lewis, A. B. Stearns, W. W. Corning, C. Baker, J. San- derson, C. F. Roberts, C. Lawrence, H. Stanley, J. Jones, J. Foster, C. Roys, K. Scott, G. Hall, D. Owen, W. Reedal, T. Sanderson, J. B. Dwinnell, F. C. Curtis and J. Van Ness. 1879 — Fair held at Portage September 16, 17 and 18; receipts, $1,499; disbursements, $1,493. Officers — President, D. Buchanan ; Vice-Presidents, G. Richards and W. Currie ; Secretary, Z. J. D. Swift ; Treasurer, G. Yule. Directors — L. Lintner, D. Owen, J. Lloyd, H. J. Fisk, J. Q. Adams, D. McCulloch, J. Foster, J. Whitney, C. Roys, W. McDonald, C. L. Brown, C. J. Pardee, G. Bartholomew, F. C. Curtis, D. B. Herrman, A. B. Stearns, K. Scott, B. F. Flower, W. W. Corning, W. Morris, L. H. Langden, A. C. Jennings and Isaac Van Ness. At a meeting of the Board of Directors, held February 24, 1880, it was decided to hold the next fair at Portage, September 13, 14 and 15, 1880. It was also decided to issue compli- mentary tickets to editors and clergymen, and the Treasurer's bond was fixed at $1,0(10. The 462 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. present indebtedness of the society is $597.50. Article XII, of the society's rules and regula- tions, contains the following: "No games of chance, or pools on horse-racing will be allowed on the grounds during the fair, and the sale of malt and spirituous liquors is strictly prohibited." And it is worthy of remark that its provisions have been implicitly adhered to. Union Fair. — A meeting was called to assemble at the building of Leuders & Krause, in Columbus, Saturday, August 7, 1875, to consider the propriety of organizing an agricultural society, composed of people living in that vicinity. On motion, A. G. Cook was made Chair- man, and H. D. Bath, Secretary. On taking the chair, Mr. Cook said that he supposed all understood the object of the present meeting was to determine whether a fair for this section of the country should be held at or near the city that fall, and declared the question open for con- sideration. C. L. Bering understood the object to be also the election of officers. He stated that Capt. Wisner had the Bearer Dam subscription, and had the consent of the persons named thereon to transfer the same to Columbus. The amount that had been secured was $215, and this was without any special effort, and when only $200 had been asked. The Chairman said it was customary when such bodies were organized to adopt articles of association. As it was proposed to make this fair a permanent institution, that course, doubtless, would be proper. G. W. Hazelton said at the suggestion of some parties he had drafted some resolutions which could be used if desired. He supposed it was the design of the people living contiguous to Columbus to organize a local fair. Fairs have lately become local expositions. On account of the small premiums necessarily offered, it was impossible to draw competition any great distance. No antagonism was meditated against the Columbia County fair. It was designed merely to make this a local organization for the benefit of people contiguous to Columbus, and to accommodate a section not accommodated by any other fair as they are now located. He then read the sub- joined resolutions. The citizens of tlie counties of Columbus, Dodge and Dane, residing in, and within convenient distance of' Columtnis, assembled, pursuant to notice, at Holmes' Hall, in said city, August 6, 1875, for the purpose of taking into consideration the organization of a local fair, to be held at or near said city, do hereby adopt the following resolutions, viz.: Resolved, For the purpose of bringing together annually, or so often as may be deemed best, at the city of Colum- bus, all persons interested in a periodical exposition of stock, farm products, specimens of mechanical skill, of the fine arts, etc., we do hereby organize a fair to be known as the Columbus Union Fair, and cordially invite the co-opera- tion herein of the surrounding towns. Resolved, That the officers of the Columbus Union Fair shall consist of a President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer, and an executive committee of five persons shall hereafter be elected annually, for the term of one year. Resolved, That the said officers and the said executive committee shall, until a code of by-laws shall be prepared and adopted, be fully empowered to take hold of this subject, and make all needful rules and regulations to carry out the purposes of this organization ; to fix a time and place for holding the fair ; to prepare and publish a listof Judges, together with a premium list, and to do all acts and things necessary in the premises, and that a majority of said officers, including the committee, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Resolved, That the following persons are hereby designated and elected as officers for the current year, and until their successors shall he duly chosen. The following officers were then elected : President, Clarendon Roys, of Hampden ; Vice President, J. Webster, of Elba ; Secretary, C. L. Bering, of Columbus ; Treasurer, M. Adams, of Columbus. The following gentlemen were selected as the Executive Committee : John Fos- ter, of Fountain Prairie ; E. Fairbanks, of Hampden ; G. Weeks, of York ; J. J. Sutton, of Colum- bus ; C. K. Stewart, of Elba. Mr. Hazelton suggested that the working committee ought not to be too cumbersome, and favored the appointment of a co-operation of one from each of eight or ten adjoining towns, to take hold of the fair and help make it a success. The following were at length selected as such committee : W. A. Pulver, Otsego ; Henry Fields, Fountain Prairie: Levi Nelson, Hampden; W. W. Drake, Columbus ; Harvey Baxter, Bristol; Eli Sherman, York; S. Austin, Portland; H. J. Rol)erts, Elba; William Williams, Calamus. On motion of G. W. Hazelton, A. G. Cook, of Columbus, was added as Chairman of the above committee. Mr. Cook expressed the opinion that a permanent fair could be organized, and that it would not be difficult in time to raise money to erect suitable buildings, and, perhaps, purchase the required HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 463 grounds. C. L. Bering moved that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to solicit aid and obtain the funds necessary for immediate use. Adopted. Adam McConnell, M. B. Misner and Dr. D. C. Davies were selected as such committee. The first fair of the society was held on the 6th, 7th and 8th days of October, 1875, and was a complete success financially and otherwise. The total receipts were $1,587.50, from which were paid out for premiums, $894 ; general expenses, $395.66 ; Secretary's office, $31 ; leaving a balance on hand of $26J.84. • * The second annual fair was held October 10, 11, 12 and 13, 1876. Total receipts, $1,917.99. Paid for premiums, $1,319.80 ; expenses, $543.79 ; Secretary's expenses, $54.40. The exhibition was a success, but financially it was not satisfactory. The officers of the society were the same as the previous year. In 1877, another successful fair was held. The total receipts were $1,730.55 ; premiums paid, $1,166.82 ; fair expenses, $510.85 ; Secretary's oflBce, $52,88. The fair was held the 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th of October. The officers at this time were John Foster, President ; Chas. L. Bering, Secretary ; M. Adams, Treasurer. In 1878, the fair was held September 18, 19, 20 and 21, with total receipts amounting to $562.17, from which premiums were paid of $200 ; expenses, $288.66 ; Secretary's ofiice, $50. Owing to a storm which destroyed the main building during the second day of the fair, the latter was a comparative failure. Officers for the year, James Webster, President; Charles L. Bering, Secretary, M. Adams, Treasurer. The officers for 1879 were James Webster, President ; M. Adams, Secretary ; L. Birdsey, Treasurer; the annual fair was held September 24, 25 and 26, with total receipts of $1,199.11, from which were paid for premiums $740.50 ; fair expenses, $321.24 ; Secretary's office, $45 ; leaving a balance on hand of $42.37. It was a success in every particular, greatly encouraging to its officers and friends. The exhibition grounds of the society are owned by A. W. Ingalsbee, and are situated one- half mile northeast of the city, and are well adapted for the purpose. The society is not a joint-stock company, and was formed simply by the people organizing and electing officers. Its resources consist in the proceeds of their exhibitions, after expenses are paid, together with $100 anually appropriated by the State. Lodi Union Agricultural Society. — The Columbia County Agricultural Society had its annual exhibition in the village of Lodi September 22, 23 and 24, 1863. The fair was a suc- cess financially and otherwise ; the attendance was good, although but few attended outside of the towns immediately surrounding. This fact suggested to James 0. Eaton, of Lodi, the idea of an organization of a union fair composed of citizens of neighboring towns. In the issue of the Lodi Herald, October 7, 1863, was published from his pen, the following letter : " Editor Herald : — Permit me through your columns to call the attention of the farmers and others interested in agricultural matters, in the towns of Bekorra, West Point, Lodi and Arlington, in Columbia County, and Roxbury, Bane and Vienna, in Bane County, to the propriety of organizing a union agricultural society. At the fair recently held in this place, the receipts were nearly $600, and probably not $25 of the amount were received from persons living beyond the limits of these towns, while a number of premiums went beyond the limits of those towns in Columbia County ; and those towns in Bane County, which contributed largely to the receipts of the fair, received no part in the disbursement of the premiums. That those towns in this county are, as regards county fairs, isolated from the balance of the county, was fully demon- strated by the non-attendance at the fair in this place, of persons living in other portions of the county. Nature intended that these towns in Dane County should aflSliate with those in Colum- bia County, and it is self-evident that the people do not intend to deviate from the course pointed out by nature. Lodi as a central point would give but a short distance for gathering together of stock, and from the fact that all these towns are first-class agricultural towns, but little effort would be necessary to get up and sustain from year to year, one of the most successful fairs in the State. 464 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. " What say you, gentlemen agricultui'ists, to having a meeting of the friends of the enterprise, for the purpose of organizing such an association ? * "LoDi, October 5." It was not until 1866, that the suggestions of the letter were carried out. A preliminary meeting for the organization of the society was held at the Lyon House, in the village of Lodi, July 28, 1866, pursuantto the following call: All persons in the towns of Roxbury, Dane, Vienna, West Point, Dekorra, Arlington and Lodi, who are in favor of organizing a union agricultural society, are requested to meet at the Lyon House on Saturday, .July 28, at 3 o'clock P. M., to organize such a society. [Signed] Many Citizens. July '2i, 1806. At this meeting, James 0. Eaton was elected temporary Chairman, and George Yule, tem- porary Secretary. On motion, it was resolved that the meeting proceed to organize an agricult- ural society, embracing the towns of Roxbury, Dane and Vienna, in Dane County, and Wes- Point, Dekorra, Arlington and Lodi, in Columbia County. It was also voted that the' organizat tion be known as the Lodi Union Agricultural Society. Richard Lindsay, W. S. Schermerhorn and Alpheus King were appointed a committee to draft a constitution and by-laws to be sub- mitted at the annual meeting in October. Alpheus King, of Dane, was elected President ; H. W. Cass, of Lodi, Secretary, and H. M. Ayre, of Lodi, Treasurer. The first fair of the society was held in the village of Lodi, October 2, 3 and 4, 1866, and was regarded as a success. Annual fairs have since been held up to and including 1879, from which were received from all sources $13,872.7:2, of which amount have been e.xpended for premiums, $6,652.55 ; rent of grounds, $1,295; fitting up of grounds, $2,938.12. It has paid its premiums in full every year, excepting in 1878, when the weather was so unfavorable the fair was a comparative failure. A constitution and by-laws were adopted at the annual meeting in October, 1866. The oflicers of the society from that date to 1880 have been as follows : 1866 — Alpheus King, of Dane, President ; H. W. Cass, of Lodi, Secretary ; H. M. Ayre, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1867 — Alpheus King, of Dane, President ; H. AV. Cass, of Lodi, Secretary ; H. M. Ayre, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1868 — Alpheus King, of Dane, President ; H. W. Cass, of Lodi, Secretary ; II. M. Ayre, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1869— Fred Perry, of West Point, President ; H. W. Cass, of Lodi, Secretary: H. M. Ayre, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1870 — Jonas Narrecong, of Lodi, Presi- dent; H. W. Cass, of Lodi, Secretary; J. B. Dwinnell, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1871 — Jonas Narrecong, of Lodi, President; Isaac Van Ness, of West Point, Secretary; J. B. Dwinnell, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1872 — P. S. Kingsley, of Lodi, President ; Isaac Van Ness, of West Point, Secretary ; J. B. Dwinnell, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1873 — P. S. Kingsley, of Lodi, President ; Isaac Van Ness, of West Point, Secretary ; J. B. Dwinnell, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1874 — Robert Steele, of Dane, President; E. W. Gardner, of Lodi, Secretary; D. C. Stanley, of Vienna, Treasurer (died during the year). 1875 — Robert Steele, of Dane, President ; E. .W. Gardner, of Lodi, Secretary ; P. S. Kingsley, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1876 — J. T. Collins, of Arlington, President ; E. W. Gardner, of Lodi, Secretary ; P. S. Kingsley, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1877 — J. 0. Eaton, of Lodi, President ; E. W. Gardner, of Lodi, Secretary ; J. Caldwell, of Arlington, Treasurer. 1878 — J. 0. Eaton, of Lodi, President ; E. W. Gardner, of Lodi, Sec- retary ; J. Caldwell, of Arlington, Treasurer. 1879 — Robert Steele, of Dane, President ; E. W. Gardner, of Lodi, Secretary ; Job Mills, of Lodi, Treasurer. 1880 — A. A. Boyce. of Vienna, President ; E. W. GartJner, of Lodi, Secretary ; Job Mills, of Lodi, Treasurer. At a special meeting of the Executive Committee, held February 12, 1870, a contract was made with James McCloud for grounds for a period of five years, for the purpose of holding the annual fairs, Mr. McCloud to fit up and furnish the same for the convenience of the fair, and to receive an annual rent therefor of $250. At the annual meeting of the society, August 30, 1873, on petition of Thomas Sanderson and twenty-five other freeholders of the town of Leeds, that town was admitted to all the privi- leges of the society. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 465 In 1875, an arrangement was made with the Lodi Driving Park Association, by which the * society was to have the use of their park for fair purposes, and its meetings have since been held at that place. The grounds have been well fitted up for all purposes of an agricultural society. One of the best half-mile tracks in the State affords an opportunity for the display or training of fast horses ; an art hall, 34x110 feet, suitably arranged for the display of such arti- cles as are found therein, and a hall for agricultural products, are among the attractions. At this time (1880), the society has no floating debt, but is owing $675, due in 1884, contracted for fitting up the grounds. By legislative action, it has been placed on the same footing, for State aid, as the county societies. potters' joint-stock emigration society. In 1844, the Potters' Union, of Staffordshire, England, was supporting in idleness a large number of unemployed potters, at an expense of some £70 per week. The idea was then con- ceived of organizing an emigration society, in order to give these unemployed men, or others "of their trade, an opportunity of emigrating to America, where lands were cheap and where industry would surely be rewarded, thus relieving their country of surplus labor, and enabling those that remained to obtain better wages. It was argued that a redundancy of hands depre- ciates the value of labor and lowers it in price ; if, therefore, any plan could be acted upon by which that redundancy could be destroyed, an efficient blow would be given to the cause of labor's wrongs. " Low prices are the effect of surplus labor ; surplus labor is a consequence of the increasing power of production and the ignorance of the working classes. If the working classes had possessed intelligence, the millions of money expended by them in battling with effects — in useless strikes for a raise of price when starving men were in the land, and prepared to work at any price — would have been devoted to a more sterling object; to the eradicating of the cause that produced low prices, and the consequent distress that has existed and that now exists among the working classes of this empire."* It was to this process of reasoning that the pottei's of Staffordshire owed the existence of their joint-stock emigration society. If a general plan of emigration could be brought into practical operation, the £70 per week being expended could speedily be dispensed with, by the removal of its claimants to happy homes in this Western World, where they would not have to starve on the charitable pittance of their brethren and to waste their days in idleness, but where all the powers of their existence would be called into active operation, and where industry and economy would be certain of producing independence in the progress of time. The "Potters' Joint-Stock Emigration Society and Savings Fund" was organized, accord- ing to an act of Parliament, May, 1844. Its object was " to raise a fund, by weekly contribu- tions from each member, according to the number of shares held by such member, to purchase, in the Western States of the North American Union, 12,000 acres of land ; to raise on the same buildings for the use of British operative potters desiring to emigrate, through the medium of shares, of not less than =£1 each." It was proposed that, with the moneys realized by these ,£1 shares, a given number of fam- ilies, elected by ballot, should be sent to the society's land, to each of which families should be given twenty acres of land, and the migrating expenses of the whole to be defrayed by the com- pany's funds. It was also permitted of any member who had paid £1, the privilege of emigrat- ing, he bearing his own expenses, and to choose twenty acres of land, erecting thereon a build- ing, and to cultivate the same. Any one elected by ballot, who did not choose to go, was per- mitted to dispose of his chance as he might think proper to any member of the society. Women were permitted to become members of the society, but were not permitted to hold office. Its general management was vested in a President, Vice President, Secretary, two Money Stew- ards, three Trustees, two Treasurers, one Estate Steward and one Deputy Estate Steward, who were permitted to remain in office so long as they gave general satisfaction, and did their duty according to its rules and regulations. * P.,410; Warren Chase, Ab.,16. 1851— Don A. J. Upham, B., 738; Leonard J. Farwell, W., 714 ; Allen Chaffee, 1. 1853— William A. Barstow, B., 816 ; Henry S. Baird, W., 206 ; Edward D. Holton, Ab.,- 706. 1856 — William A. Barstow, D., 906 ; Coles Bashford, R., 1,585 ; scattering, 7. 1857— James B. Cross, B., 1,280 ; Alexander W. Randall, R., 1,731. 1859 — Alexander W. Randall, R., 2,595 ; Harrison C. Hobart, 2>., 1,645 ; scattering, 1. 1861 — Louis P. Harvey, R., 1,925; Benjamin Ferguson, B., 741. 1863— James T. Lewis, R., 2,896 ; Henry L. Palmer, D., 1,262. 1865— Lucius Fairchild, R., 2,021 ; Harrison C. Hobart, B., 1,087. 1867 — Lucius Fairchild, R., 2,649 ; John J. Talraadge, B., 1,603 ; scattering, 1. 1869— Lucius Fairchild, R., 2,185 ; Charles D. Robinson, B., 1,342 ; Anthony Van Wyck, 1. 1871 — Cadwallader C. Washburn, R., 2,248 ; James R. Doolittle, B., 1,579 ; scattering, 3. 1878— Cadwallader C. Washburn, R., 2,001 ; William R. Taylor, Reformer, 1,509. 1875— William R. Taylor, B., 1,618 ; Harrison Luddington, R., 2,413 ; C. F. Ham- mond, P., 31. 1877— William E. Smith, R., 2,048 ; James A. Mallorv, B., 1,597 ; Edward P. AUis, G. B., 118 ; J. C. Hall, P., 14; C M. Campbell, 2. 1879— William E. Smith, R., 2,862 ; James G. Jenkins, B., 1,673 ; Reuben May, G. B., 126 ; W. R. Bloomfield, 5. The Presidential vote in Columbia County has been as follows: 1848— Zachary Taylor, W., 308; Martin Van Buren, F. S., 166 : Lewis Cass, 2)., 145. 1852— Franklin Pierce, B., 1,233 ; Winfield Scott, W., 1,111 ; John P. Hale, F. S., 81. 1856 — John C. Fremont, R., 2,951 ; James Buchanan, B., 1,242 ; Millard Fillmore, A., 7. 1860— Abraham Lincoln, R., 3,386 ; Stephen A. Douglas, B., 1,614 ; John Bell, U., 4. 1864— Abraham Lincoln, R., 2,652 ; George B. McClellan, B., 1,483. 1868— Ulysses S. Grant, R., 8,867 ; Horatio Seymour, B., 1,893. 1872— Ulysses S. Grant, R., 3,070 : Horace Greeley, L., 1,835 ; Charles O'Connor, B., 11. 1876— Rutherford B. Hayes, R., 3,532; Samuel J. Tilden, B., 2,494. The distances from Portage to various points are (1) By wagon road to Baraboo, 17 miles; Lodi, 20 ; Montello, 22 ; Kingston, 22 ; Oxford, 20 ; Poynette, 12 ; Pardeeville, 9 ; Briggsville, 12 ; Reedsburg, 80 ; Friendship, 42 ; Westfield, 30 ; Packwaukee, 20 ; Sauk City, 30 ; Merri- mac, 16 ; Devil's Lake, 21 ; Cambria, 20 ; Randolph, 24 ; Columbus, 30 ; Kilbourn City, 20 ; Rio, 15; Otsego, 20; Wyocena, 10. (2) By airline to Lewiston Station, 9.2; Kilbourn City, 16.8; Pardeeville, 8.1; Cam- bria, 17.4; Randolph Center, 20.2; Wyocena, 8.4; Rio, 12.7; Doylestown, 17.4; Otsego, 17.3; Fall River, 23.3; Columbus, 26.2; Hartman Station, 7.2; Poynette, 10.6; Arlington, 14.4; Dekorra, 5.5; Iiodi, 14.4; Leeds Center, 16.6. (3) By railroad to Lewiston, 9; Kilbourn, 17; Lyndon, 25; Lemon weir, 33; Mauston, 36 ; Lisbon, 41 ; Orange, 47 ; Camp Douglas, 50 ; Tomah, 62 ; Greenfield, 65 ; Sparta, 79 ; Bangor, 89 ; West Salem, 93 ; La Crosse, 104 ; Winona, 138 ; Wabasha, 186 ; Lake City, 201 ; Redwing, 219; Prescott, 249; Hastings, 252; St. Paul, 284; Wyocena, 8; Otsego, 18; Fall River, 24; Columbus, 28; Lowell, 37; Watertown, 47; Oconomowoc, 64; Pewaukee, 78; 480 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUKTY. Brookfield, 82 ; Milwaukee, 91 ; Pacific, 5 ; Hartman, 10 ; Poynette, 14 ; Arlington, 19 ; Mor- rison, 21; De Forest, 23; Windsor, 27; Sanderson, 32; East Madison, 37; Madison, 38; Janesville, 77; Chicago, 168; Pardeeville, 8; Cambria, 18; Randolph, 23; Beaver Dam, 34; Minnesota Junction, 41 ; Iron Ridge, 50; Horicon, 44; Fox Lake, 28 ; Corning, 6 ; Mound- ville, 10; Packwaukee, 16; Westfield, 26; Steven's Point, 71. Following are the abstracts of assessments of the several towns, cities and villages in the county of Columbia, as returned to the County Clerk, for the year 1879, under the provisions of "Chapter 106, of General Laws of 1869 ; also the average valuation of the items in detail of personal property, and average price per acre of farming lands, together with the aggregate valuation of all property for 1879 : TOWNS. Arlingtou Caledonia CoIumbuB Town Columbus City Courtland Dekorra Fort Winnebago Fountain Prairie Hampden Leeds Lewiston Lodi Lowville Marcellon Newport Otsego Pacific Portage Randolph Scott Springvale West Point W^yocena W. W. v. Kandolph Total SKAT CATTLB. .MUX.E8 AND ASSES. No. At. Value. 569 573 59: 263 507 447 304 526 682 527 394 424 410 429 237 618 114 322 .528 438 421 448 422 14 Total Value. No. $57 82 43 65 46 48 ,50 12 36 14 41 67 35 26 42 57 39 36 46 26 45 82 60 76 53 26 30 62 61 76 44 39 31 67 51 24 51 86 40 59 28 74 42 66 36 55 53 57 $32899 26012 27565 12680 18323; 18680! 1072"! 22390 268:18: 24376' 18054 ; 21518 21838' 13135 12265 27435 .3610 1649S 27380 17779 12009, 19111 15425, 760; 2040 2367 1468 2:i3 1309 1384 905 1901 1629 1104 1286 1673 964 856 498 1335 447 647 1606 1276 1308 1686 H89 10300 $43 76 $446279' 28869 SIO 63 $306731' 163 $44 48 At. Value. $10 64 9 54 10 2' 12 76 10 66 9 47 9 22 10 .19 9 11 13 45 10 35 11 11 12 62 9 00 14 45 10 88 9 71 15 12 11 30 10 02 9 30 10 98 10 86 20 56 Total Value. No. $21713 22676 14969 2974 13954, 13111 8:i41 20124! 14842, 14846 13305 18592 12167 7706 7201 14519 4341 8271 18146 127901 121641 18507 11288 185 $77 85 42 00 At. Value. Total Value. 50 00 27 50 33 76 35 00 42 50 32 00 42 00 46 07 54 52 30 00 32 50 46 92 28 00 50 00 55 63 35 00 30 00 43 45 26 25 8545 210 SHEEP AND LAUB8. No. At. Value, lOO 110' 135 14o! 6'.0 16o: 2101 646 1 1146 60 130 610' 140! 260 446 140] 180' 8.36 106 3460 2132 6163 715 6638 1694 1402 3737 3631 3682 860 686 2788 3612 456 2477 613 13 7559 4328 4139 1608 1306 $6806' 62278 $1 42 $1 98 1 48 1 69 1 46 1 27 1 43 1 71 1 30 1 34 1 55 1 34 1 97 1 73 1 03 1 28 1 45 1 24 1 69 1 18 1 29 1 24 2 01 Total Value. 31.58 8188 1045 8406 2282 2396 4866 4738 6657 1140 1349 4826 3727 634 3601 633 22 9929 6476 6141 3.3;)2 1281 1910 875 1218 129 1614 1009 914 1883 1250 919 891 870 684 1008 410 1124 256 260 1706 1404 1287 1439 634 5 At. Total Value. Value. $2 66 2 31 2 29 2 20 1 62 2 41 1 87 2 15| 2 01 3 22' 2 46, 2 81 2 91 2 32| 2 06| 3 13! 1 96 2 22' 2 15' 2 48 1 09 3 21, 1 93' 2 00, $5081 2022 2793 284 2449 2434 1712 4047 2516 2967 2192 2443 2002 2339 842 3520 503 577 3672 3488 1409 4624 1221 10 $88518' 23699 $2 33' $65137 WAGONS, CAR- RIAGES & SLEIGHS. GOLD A SILVER WATCHES. PI A N OS AND MELODEONS. BANK STOCK. Merchants & Man'frs Stock. All other Personal Property. Total All Personal Property. TOWNS. No. Total Value. No. Average Value. Total Value. No. Total Value. No. Value. Value. Value. Value. 308 295 148 243 2.32 276 195 190 212 129 227 282 196 263 130 224 46 400 350 202 245 270 192 23 $4390 4188 3400 7205 3296 3282 2.333 3089 4733 2897 3032 6728 3682 3475 3429 3860 624 13205 7495 2631 1083 4406 2543 765 16 32 3 62 44 39 10 2 IS 4 19 76 7 20 76 23 221 20 30 30 29 8 12 $ 9 06 4 16 23 33 29 36 13 11 9 95 7 90 60 00 8 06 21 25 6 21 15 57 15 71 6 25 17 04 10 78 6 00 23 36 9 00 5 60 4 40 9 66 11 25 27 08 $145 133 70 1820 577 388 79 100 14.5 85 118 1163 110 125 1295 248 36 5172 180 165 132 280 90 325 2U 6 17 72 26 33 11 24 13 19 5 67 23 22 34 30 1 152 16 18 29 7 $ 1075 200 455 6355 685 14.50 31(1 946 495 595 130 3005 623 8U0 1815 1285 26 11243 630 210 150 877 990 946 $ 1760 $ 27369 13102 28263 159755 25197 19826 2967 22064 21676 26813 &»38 34162 10327 5643 12360 211.54 2625 164249 10626 11691 4635 21719 2835 8400 $101805 711701 85703 Columbu.s City 500 $40000 94350 14050 12110 325668 87crt7 Dekorra 1775 75373 Fountain Prairie 3310 81445 76042 8150 86484 45051 Lodi 26566 1 15671 LowTille 55634 37080 25965 12985 66:166 88747 12402 Portage 6 13500 16469:1 160 397580 785.53 64369 Springrale 36093 73391 4940 4776 40718 \V. W. Vil. Randolph 1G166 Total 6277 $96771 807 $16 08 $12981 682 $33903 606 $6,5275 $372694 $663682 $2137866 HISTORY OF COLIMBIA COUNTY. 481 The following is the report of the Committee on Equalization for the year 1879 : TOWNS. < 6 z; ® s s 22783 38196 20364 1751 22787 28620 21861 22963 22567 22652 32810 18894 22881 22850 14440 22625 12985 2711 23083 22776 26049 19726 25340 47 119 50 6 80 2 50 40 00 16 75 6 00 6 40 14 50 19 50 19 00 3 20 14 00 13 50 7 25 5 00 13 .50 3 20 10 00 18 00 11 00 10 50 14 00 7 20 30 00 S444268 259732 417462 70040 381682 171720 139910 332963 440056 430388 104992 264516 308893 $ 80626 62920 80000 330000 83000 62550 30094 78000 80550 80000 35683 109920 55000 42775 55000 82600 10290 335000 80000 52000 50000 60000 4500U 18000 $524893 422652 497462 $37.5000 44235 30000 776040 508917 264270 17(004 18000 428963 520606 510388 140675 Lodi 72000 446436 363893 165662 72200 305437 415.52 27110 415494 250536 273514 276164 182448 1410 208437 85000 26600 212200 414637 51842 620000 4000 982110 499494 Scott 302536 323514 336164 20000 10000 247448 W. W Village of Randolph.... 29410 Totals $.5778149 $1304835 $1909007 $9081991 At the time of making the assessment for the year 1879, there was a certified statement made of the number of acres of the principal farm products growing at that time. From this statement it is ascertained there were growing 69,162 acres of wheat ; 35,122 acres of corn ; 21,594 acres of oats; 5,720 acres of barley; 5,126 acres of rye; 1,740 acres of potatoes, and 1,784 apple orchards. Following is a comparative statement of the assessments made in the county for the years 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878 and 1879 : TOWNS. TOTAL REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY, AS ASSESSED BY TOWNS. TOTAL REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY, AS ASSESSED BY COUNTY BOARD. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1876. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. $629019 419580 711603 83267S 541442 299354 187655 328705 619B72 552178 162467 471098 389704 203030 266697 465472 62595 1160967 544803 295947 315493 296733 240751 31330 J6551109 4298S5 745927 951206 562292 317279 250411 424465 526487 550510 184288 .532969 396048 240723 336666 486396 74474 1150904 5611204 293916 329429 322624 261223 31454 $489716 321472 501671 819954 548569 204868 168647 420650 498442 457.-)12 134024 614667 319070 193970 222815 396186 G1868 11198242 437673 282723 333411 256334 192734 34833 $486400 367113 608634 761309 564661 271095 160940 418835 492193 465202 145853 606019 321841 191602 2372-9 398473 62991 1082406 4921114 2.3734" 343104 260571 . 190841 37401 $474208 316261 514524 742848 656250 271998 161462 420466 620576 456573 142327 603160 325325 198166 244132 384626 54541 1074065 523888 301307 355093 263649 202070 31447 $527607 314989 508640 758974 499226 264695 169300 414934 508699 496774 139039 435641 350325 208376 239687 396696 54872 886566 472566 289467 3231172 332247 250434 24380 $525024 317235 611887 771064 499290 263612 170193 4211058 5077S3 49402.". 144345 467:'.G7 360659 208607 223300 381316 63789 976065 472423 288645 322874 3321911 346898 33820 $621286 320S06 497236 766280 496633 261371 170554 417034 618771 499025 139225 448537 350568 207132 208300 403342 611G9 976055 472297 289101 318961 334872 245837 31175 $524913 319049 497462 775080 497660 2G4611 170010 440446 620576 510407 140829 445891 363907 207298 212515 414641 61841 982110 499494 302636 323625 336178 248716 29426 $524893 322652 497462 775040 508917 264270 170004 Fouutain Prairie 428963 520606 510388 140676 Lodi 446436 363893 208437 212200 414637 Pacific 61842 982110 499494 302536 323614 336164 247448 W W Vil Randolph 29410 Total $9928863 $10603688 $89589«_ S892456G $9037840 $8866184 $7972448 $8944621 $9078918 $9081991 482 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The census of 1875 as compared with 1870, is as follows : TOWNS. Population. a ! i a i s J 1 1 .a a a 1 M. 1 3 1870. 1875. s 822 1180 962 1009 1223 881 607 533 763 1903 1309 1280 727 1461 1012 1103 1046 1448 886 858 1721 1496 249 725 755 905 1029 923 4337 1186 783 770 923 1120 67 187 43 "n 512 639 481 276 265 371 912 662 662 376 749 515 597 541 705 449 448 856 759 130 371 361 441 526 472 2171 1 630 409 423 486 580 33 497 584 400 331 268 392 991 647 618 351 712 497 506 505 743 437 410 865 737 119 354 394 464 503 451 Columbus Town (6) Columbus City First Ward (c) Third Ward 1888 1388 1397 709 1286 1000 1098 1031 1566 879 920 1702 1715 247 684 707 473 1117 964 3946 1157 832 797 949 1281 61 15 "is 175 12 5 15 .....^ ""19 ""'2 "■79 117 "ii's '62 "219 1 Fort Winnebago Hampden i '5 6 "7 3 1 1 2 "i "ti 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 "i 1 2 Lewiston Lodi id) . 2 1 1 Portftge First Ward 1 Second Wnrd 8 Fourth Ward (/") "i 1 9 "3 1 392 29 ""e 925 '49 27 21 161 924 2I661I2 556... 5 1 Scott 374L..! 1 t 347 1 West Point 442 540 34 .. 2 1 "4 13 West Ward V Randolph. Totals 28802 28803 1472S 14078 24I18 21 25 COUNTY MAPS AND ATLAS. The first map of Columbia County was published in 1861, by A. Menger & Co., of Mad- ison, and "compiled from the latest records and actual surveys," by A. Ligowsky and C. Wasmund. On this map Arlington is given thirty sections and Lodi thirty-six. The plat of " Wisconsin Village" (Newport) is given, it not being vacated at that time. The mechanical work of the map was excellent. It was regarded as generally correct. In 1877, Merrill, Woodard & Co., of Milwaukee, published a large wall-map which is a very creditable piece of work. An "Atlas of Columbia Co., Wisconsin, drawn from actual surveys and county records," was published by Harrison k Warner, of Madison, in 1878. This atlas contained a sectional map of the county, one of each of the towns, showing plainly every railroad, wagon-road, river and creek, with names of all owners of real estate, and is a valuable work. fa) Six sections added to the town from Lodi in 1870. (6) A portion of the town of Columbus added to the city in 1874. (c) City of Columbus created in 1874 out of the village and a portion of the town. (d) Six sectiouB taken from the town and added to Arlington. (e) Limits of ward extended eo as to include aportion of the Fourth and Fifth Wards. (/) A portion of the ward added to the Third Ward. (g) .V portion of the ward added to the Third Ward. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 483 CURLING. The game of curling is so identified with the land of Scott and Burns and with the magic name of Scotland, that apart from its real merits its mention is always winsome. It is associ- ated with brae and burn, craig and loch, and with all the natural scenery of a country as romantic as any on the globe. It is, indeed, one of the heartiest and most exhilarating of sports, and binds its lovers in a genial devotion that it makes them for the time "brithers a'." It is pre-eminently a healthy and manly game, and rewards its followers with pure blood and good digestion. Though its practice is on the increase, it is far from being an universal game, and, outside of bonnie Scotland, it would be difficult to find a locality where more interest is felt in it than in Columbia County. Portage for years has had a well-organized club. There are many skilled players about Poynette and in Caledonia, and Otsego now has a good club. Con- siderable obscurity hangs over the origin of the game. Some contend it is merely Scottish ; others that it has been imported from abroad. It is certain that the amusement is not known to have been practiced, until a comparatively recent period, anywhere out of Scotland, and, further, that the old curling stones that have been preserved or discovered, indicate a mode of play so very rude and primitive as greatly to favor the notion of its indigenous origin. On the other hand, etymology favors the idea that the continent of Europe was its original home. Pennant, who made his celebrated tour through Scotland in 1771, thus speaks of the game: " Of all the sports in this part, curling is the favorite. It is an amusement of the winter and is played upon the ice by sliding from one mark to another — great stones from forty to seventy pounds in weight, of hemispherical form with a wooden or iron handle at the top. The object of the player is to lay the stone as near the mark as possible and guard that of his partner which has been well laid before, or to strike off that of his antagonist." This is so far not an incorrect description of the popular Scottish sport as it must have presented itself to the observant eye of the Welsh naturalist, one hundred years ago. The progress of curling in Scot- land, since the beginning of this century, has been very marked. Still in many of the more purely highland districts, it is even to this day almost as unknown as it is in England. Indeed, to a comparatively recent period, the great bulk of the Scottish curlers were to be found south of the Forth. The Royal Caledonian Curling Club, which was established in 1838, has done much to introduce the game further northward, as the northern men are proverbially loyal, and now we believe there are few parishes, except, of course, in the highlands, without a curling club. In this country, the love of the game is fast spreading over the length and breadth of the land, and the Grand National Curling Club is nobly doing its duty toward fostering the spread of a knowledge of the game. Before the Reformation in Scotland, curling was generally practiced on Sundays ; and i n former and more feudal days, when the nobility were principally resident on their estates, it was customary for one baron and his tenantry to challenge another. Year after year, the friendly feud was waged on the icy board with somewhat of the ancient hereditary keenness. Now, however, it is parish vs. parish, or district vs. district, for a boll of meal or coals for the poor of of the parish or the district. Toward the close of the old or the opening of the new year, the curler began to look out for his sport. Frost in some seasons sets in as early as Christmas, and continues through the months of January and February. How anxiously the aspect of the sky and the direction of the wind are watched when the day has been fixed for some important bonspiel. And how gladly is the brisk, keen, frosty air of the eventful morning welcomed by the expectant combatants. Three days hard frost is required to fit the ice for playing. Arti- ficial curling-ponds exist in some places and have the advantage that, a single night's frost fits them for use, while a fresh coating of ice may be secured each morning. These ponds, however, require considerable outlay to keep them up, and are, necessarily, of limited extent, and, though excellent for private games, are unfit for the ordinary bonspiels, where considerable numbers are engaged. During some of the calm days of severe winter weather, when the hills are snow-covered and every leaflet and blade of grass is crisp to the footfall ; when the sun 484 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. perchance begins to look through the cool, bracing air, and to shed its beaming warmth on the • smooth mirror of the frozen loch, it is a joy to engage in the game of curling. The recollec- tions of such days, with their memories of battle and victory and, perhaps, the inspiration also of the festive gatherings when the play is over, has prompted many a local poet curler to sing in honor of his loved pastime, and many pleasing ditties are the result of such inspiration. No sport is so productive of sociality and good feeling as that of curling. It binds class to class. All distinctions of rank and social positions vanish before the all-absorbing interest of the game. On the icy fields may be seen, either as spectator or eagerly engaged in the contest — "Tlie tenant with his jolly laird. The pastor with his flocli." The Scottish poet, Graham, the author of the "Sabbath," in the true spirit of a curler, thus describes the crisis of a game of curling : " Keen, keener still, as lite itself were staked, Kindles the friendly strife. One points the line To him, who, poising, aims and aims again ; Another runs and sweeps wliere nothing lies. Success alternately, from side to side. Changes, and quick the hours unnoted fly, Till light begins to fail, and, deep below, Till player, as he stoops to lift his stone. Sees, half-incredulous, the rising moon. But now the final, the decisive, spell Begins. Near and more near, the sounding stones Come winding in, and some, bearing straight along, Crowd jostling all around the mark, with one Just slightly touching. Victory depends I'pon the final aim; long swings the stone — Then, with full force, careening, furiously Rattling, it strikes aside both friend and foe, Maintains its force and takes the victor's place." COLUMlilA COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY. This society was organized in June, 1854, as an auxiliary to the American Bible Society, its object being to promote the circulation of the Bible "without note or comment," and in English — those of the commonly received version. It was provided in the constitution of the society that any person contributing $1 or more, should receive, if called for within one year, a common Bible in return, and those contributing $15 at one time, or $20 in two payments, should be members for life. It was proposed to keep a good supply of books on hand, and appoint agents to make collections, and see that every family was provided with a Bible. Branch societies have been formed in Lodi, Rio, Leeds Center, Kilbourn City, Poynette, and Pardee- ville ; but at this time (1880) only those of Leeds Center, Rio, Poynette and Pardeeville, are co-operating. S. M. Smith is President ; E. J. S. Wright, Secrettiry ; and W. T. Parry, Treas- urer. The first President was Rev. Mr. Miner ; Secretary, Rev. W. W. McNair ; Treasurer, Dr. C. G. Culloch. FISH CULTURE. Three-fourths of a mile southeast of the village of Lodi, on the East Branch of Spring Creek, may be found the fish ponds of James McCloud. Others are near. In the park of Mr. McCloud are five ponds stocked with fish. Within this park are about a dozen springs, out of which gushes the purest spring water, which maintains almost an even temperature through- out the year. In April, 1875, Mr. McCloud made two ponds, in one of which he put 1,000 young brook trout or fry, and in the other 5,000 fry of the Atlantic salmon. In the fall of the same year, he made four more ponds, one of which he stocked with brook trout one year old ; one with white and black bass, and with the bass he also put in four sturgeon. One pond he stocked with catfish. In November, 1875, he put into his hatching-house 10,000 spawn of the the California salmon, which hatched out during the winter. A recent writer, who visited the HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 485 ponds, says : " The fish had been fed during the morning, and Mr. McCloud thought his pets would not, on that account, evince as keen an appetite as usual. We approached pond No. 1, and peered over the bank, eager to catch a glimpse of the beauties. Not a fish deigned to show himself The water was clear as crystal, with here and there a few aquatic plants and grasses. These were distinctly visible, but where were the fish ? Mr. McCloud knew the secret of bring- ing them up to the ' dress parade,' and a few spoonfuls of the liver thrown into the water, brought in full view the flashing forms of six hundred brook trout, that would weigh from one- half to two pounds each. And such a scramble as ensued for the dainty repast that was fur- nished them is easier alluded to than described. "In pond No. 2, a little larger than No. 1, were five hundred Atlantic salmon, whose speckled, glistening sides seemed to reflect every hue of the raiivbow, as they lazily swam to and fro. The white line on the lower part of their fins added greatly to the elegance of their appear- ance. Every motion could be observed in the depths of the limpid stream as readily as the gyra- tions of gold fish in a crystal globe. The casting upon the waters of some of our stock of liver had a similar effect as in the former case, and jjroved that their prison life had not seriously im- paired their relish for food. " In pond No. 3 were about 1,000 California salmon, which seemed to enjoy their food as well as the more common varieties. " We approached pond No. 4 by means of a plank, level with the water, and, while upon this plank, Mr. McCloud held a spoon containing some pieces of liver about two inches above the surface of the water, and now began a scene that I was not prepared to witness. We knew, for Holy Writ tells us so, that " the ass knoweth his master's crib," but we were not aware that fish knew their master's spoon. So tame had the little fellows become, that they leaped out of their natural element to gobble the contents of the spoon as eagerly as a pack of hungry wolves would go for a flock of sheep. When the hand was placed gently in the water, it was quickly surrounded by the confiding little creatures, and the experimenter was convinced in this case that a nibble was better than a bite. " The fifth or last pond of the series was devoted to native fish. All I know of the number is that it was legion. Bass, perch and suckers dwelt in commendable unison herein. " These facts demonstrate that fish culture may be prosecuted with every reasonable assu- rance of success. Whoever has a spring or brook on his farm can, with very little outlay and trouble, have this greatest of luxuries at all times at his command, for they thrive equally well in hard as in soft water." Several years' experience enables Mr. McCloud to speak knowingly of fish culture in Columbia County. He says : " My fish are all doing well, except the Atlantic salmon, which have not been a success. They prospered for the two first years, when they commenced dying. I have lost the most of them. The surviving ones are not over one-half as large as the California salmon. The latter are the fastest-growing fish in the ponds, and I think are doing the best of any. They com- menced spawning at three years old, and are all healthy so far. The brook trout are also healthy and are doing well. The water in my pond is hard, or limestone water. I find the brook trout get their full growth at about four years old. They began spawning at two years of age. They are the tamest and nicest fish to take care of that I have ever raised. The bass and catfish do not require as much care as trout and salmon, as they eat a great variety of food that the latter will not." RAILROADS. A brief outline of the changing interests of the various branches of railroad passing through the county will serve the purpose of preserving the essentia] features of their history. The present Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company has grown up out of the former La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company, now the La Crosse Division of the present line of road. It will only be necessary to refer to the lines belonging to this mammoth corporation which affect Columbia County. 486 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The La Crosse & Milwaukee Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature approved April 2, 1852, and Timothy Burns, Samuel T. Smith, Benjamin Healey, of La Crosse County ; Moses M. Strong, of Iowa County ; Thomas J. Moorman, of Portage County ; Henry Weil and Patrick Toland, of Washington County ; John Lowth, of Dodge County ; Hugh McFarlane, of Columbia County ; Patrick Rogan, of Jefferson County ; Henry Shears, of Waukesha County ; Leonard J. Farwell, of Dane County ; D. C. Reed, Edwin H. Good- rich, Levi Blossom and Garrett Vliet, of Milwaukee County, were appointed Commissioners to organize the company. At the first meeting of the stockholders, the following officers were elected : President, Byron Kilbourn ; Secretary, E. H. Goodrich ; Treasurer, Jacob L. Bean. Directors — Byron Kilbourn, Moses M. Strong, Edwin H. Goodrich, George W. Strong, Garrett Vliet, Timothy Burns, Jacob L. Bean. In 1854, stock subscriptions were procured, surveys were made, and the general line of the road established. In 1851, an act of the Legislature had been passed incorporating the Milwaukee & Fond du Lac Railroad Company, and, in 1853, a company was chartered called the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Railroad Company. By an act of the Legislature approved June 27, 1853, these two companies were authorized to consolidate with each other. This consolidation occurred, and the new company commenced the construction of a railroad toward Fond du Lac. In the mean time, the officers of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company had held public meet- ings on the line of their proposed railroad, and had applied the system of farm mortgages to procure means for its construction. In 1854, the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Rail- road Company consolidated with the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company, assuming the name of the latter, and proceeded with the construction of the railroad already commenced, but turned it in the direction of La Crosse. The ne.Kt election of Directors was held February 7, 1855, and the following were chosen: President, Stoddard Judd. Directors — Hiram Barber, S. L. Rose, Byron Kilbourn, Moses Kneeland, James Ludington, William Dawes, E. D. Clinton, Moses M. Strong, Edwin H. Goodrich, Edwin Townsend, Samuel T. Smith, Hugh McFarlane, Russell S. Kneeland, Chase A. Stephens. C. D. Cook elected in place of Dawes resigned. At the special legislative session of 1836, the western portion of the land grant donated to the State by Congress to aid in railroad construction was conferred by the State on the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company. The road was completed to Fox Lake, sixty-eight miles from Milwaukee, November 1, and to Portage, ninety-eight miles from Milwaukee, and one-half the distance to La Crosse, March 14, 1857. In that year, the company suffered by the financial depression of the times, and there were repeated changes in its board of officers. In August, 1857, the track was completed to Kilbourn City, and in November, to New Lisbon, forty-three miles west of Portage. At the close of the year 1857, the stock of the road amounted to $7,687,540.20 : the mortgage and floating debt were $8,263,660.91. In the annual report of the company for that year, the melancholy story of the financial embarrass- ments are given, and among the rest, ample admission is made in guarded language, of the disastrous results to the company itself of the legislative and other official corruption by which the land grant was secured the pi-evious year. The report says : " In referring to the causes that have produced the present embarrassments of the company, it cannot be disguised that the land grant itself, so eagerly sought, has, by the expense of the contest for its possession, con- tributed very largely to the result." On the 27th of September, 1857, the road passed into the hands of Selah Chamberlain, as lessee, by whom, as (Contractor, a large portion of it had been built. He leased from the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company, and continued the construction of the road during the balance of 1857, and till October 1, 1858, when the whole line was opened to La Crosse. He continued to operate the road as such lessee till 1860, when he sarrendered control to Bronson and Sutter, the trustees of the second mortgage bondholders. At that time, an order had been made in the United States District Coui-t, appointing Hans Crocker receiver of the Western Division of the road from Portage to La Crosse. A motion was also pending GOVERNOR OP WISCONSIN, 1864-65. COLUMBUS. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 489 for the appointment of a receiver of the Eastern Division of the road, which was granted a few days after, and the same receiver was appointed. As such receiver Col. Crocker took possession of the entire road at the close of business, June 11, 1860, and operated it till June 12, 1863, when, on an order of the court, he surrendered possession of the Western Division, from Portage to La Crosse, to the Milwaukee & St. Paul Company, as purchaser. By another order, he surrendered the Eastern Division to the same company, to operate under him as receiver. Col. Crocker continued to act as receiver of the Eastern Division till January 9, 1866, when he surrendered that road to the Milwaukee & Minnesota Railroad Company. That company continued to operate it till March 6, 1867, when they surrendered it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul Company, under a decree rendered on the so-called Cleveland judgment, in the Circuit Court of the United States. The history of the Milwaukee & Minnesota Railroad Company is thus described : On the 21st day of June, 1858, what was called the Albany board of the La Crosse Company, made a mortgage to William Barries, of Albany, commonly known as the third mortgage, as security for $2,000,000 of boods which they proposed to issue. Of this sum in bonds, $550,000 were set apart for delivery, and were delivered to Stoddard Judd, as trustee, to take up farm mort- gages, but were never used for that purpose. About $150,000 in bonds were used in paying the company's debts. Over $700,000 were hypothecated for the sum of $35,000 in cash, and were suffered to be sold at 5 cents on the dollar, and were bought in by some of the Directors, and by certain other Eastern parties acting in concert with them. These bonds bore interest from July 1, 1858. Default was made in the payment of interest January 1, 1859, and proceedings were at once begun to foreclose the mortgage, the trustees claiming that all the bonds had been dis- posed of. No suit for the foreclosure was prosecuted, but a sale was had under the power in the mortgage, and the property was bid off for the bondholders by the trustees, William Barnes, May 21, 1859. Immediately thereafter, he, with persons claiming to hold $1,400,000 of the bonds, formed articles of association as the Milwaukee & Minnesota Railroad Company. By the articles of association, Russell Sage, of New York ; Ludlow A. Battershall, of Troy, N. Y. ; William Gould, of Albany, N. Y. ; William B. Gilbert, of Syracuse, N. Y. ; Hans Crocker, Nor- man J. Emmons and Lemuel W. Weeks, of Milwaukee ; William R. Sill, of La Crosse ; and William E. Smith, of Fox Lake ; were named as Directors. This organization never had con- trol of the road, and was a mere paper organization. Some time in 1862, a new board of directors was elected, and in 1866, they obtained possession of the road, holding it until March 9, 1867, as before described. In 1863, Isaac Seymour, N. A. Cowdrey, Horace Galpen, David H. Hughes, William Gould, Frederick P. James and George Smith, all of New York, and Asahel Finch and William H. White, both of Milwaukee, associated themselves under articles of agreement, dated May 5, of that year, as the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. They had purchased, at mort- gage sale, the Western Division of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad, being that portion of the lines between Poi'tage and La Crosse, and in their articles of agreement stipulated that they might purchase the Milwaukee & Western Railroad, commonly called the Watertown road, running from Milwaukee to Columbus, with a branch to Sun Prairie ; the Milwaukee & Horicon road, running from Horicon to Berlin, and the Eastern Division of the La Crosse & Milw^^iikee road, when practicable ; and these purchases were subsequently perfected. Other persons after- ward became associated with them, and the company operated, under orders of the United States Court, the Eastern Division of the La Crosse & Milwaukee road, accounting to the court for its use. The lines owned by the company, under the purchases made by them, were as follows : From Milwaukee to Columbus, via Watertown, 78 miles ; from Portage to La Crosse, 98 miles ; from Watertown to Sun Prairie, 26 miles ; from Horicon to Berlin, 49 miles ; from Ripon to Omro, 10 miles. In order to own a through line from Milwaukee to La Crosse, the company constructed 28 miles of track, from Columbus to Portage, which was completed in September, 1864, when the through line was open to travel. All through trains previous to that time had I'un over the Eastern Division of the La Crosse road. The cost of the lines of road and entire 490 HISTORY or COLUMBIA COUNTY. property purchased by the company, of which they entered into the possession June 13, 1863, was $8,144,138, for 261 miles of road, or $31,203 per mile. In 1864, Russell Sage was elected President of the company in place of D. M. Hughes, and filled that office till July 1, 1865, when he was succeeded by Alexander Mitchell. During the balance of the year 1863, after the formation of the St. Paul Company, and during 1864, its organization was perfected, and the difi"erent interests represented by the capitalists composing the corporation were harmonized and consolidated. During the year 1865, the struggle over the possession of the Eastern Division of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad continued between the Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Milwaukee & Minnesota Companies. There was a vigorous but unsuccessful effort made in the Legislature of that year to procure legislation which would authorize the latter company to run through trains between Milwaukee and La Crosse over the track of the former company, west of Port- age; and the failure of this project still further impaired the resources of the weaker company. In April, 1856, a pooling arrangement was made between the Milwaukee & St. Paul Com- pany and the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien Company. This experiment proved successful, and led to a still closer relation between the two companies, and a majority of the stock of the Prairie du Chien Company was transferred to the St. Paul Company's trustees. As a result, the Directors of the Prairie du Chien Company, elected in that year, were fully identified in interest with the St. Paul Company, and negotiations progressed favorably for a complete union of the two companies by the absorption of the property of the Prairie du Chien line in the St. Paul corporation. In fact, the arrangement progressed so far during the year that at its close, the reports of the two roads were consolidated so far as the miles of road in operation, and the total cost, indebtedness, revenues and expenses of the two companies were concerned. During this year, the litigation over the possession of the Eastern Division of the La Crosse & Milwau- kee road proceeded, but it was not completed, though close approaches were made to the right of possession in the St. Paul Company. The earnings of the company for 1866 were $2,538,- 799.96. The expenses were $1,604,696.49. On the 1st of January, 1872, the Milwaukee & St. Paul Company formally effected the purchase of the Chicago & St. Paul Railroad, running 138 miles, from St. Paul to Winona and La Crescent, opposite to La Crosse. The purchase was made by giving the bonds of the St. Paul Company for £800,000, or about $4,000,000 in gold, payable in London in A. D. 1902, at 7 per cent. The line of the road between Milwaukee and Chicago, eighty-five miles, was also completed in the fall of 1872, but its formal transfer to the St. Paul Company was not efiected till the fol- lowing year. This completed the route between Chicago and St. Paul, a distance of 410 miles. In 1873, the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry became numerous and powerful in Wiscon- sin, and they cultivated a popular sentiment unfriendly to the existing system of railroad man- agement. The wheat crop of the Northwest was enormously productive, and the price ruled high. The railroad companies, not satisfied with the large profits they had been making, crop or no crop, advanced the rates of freight on all their lines. This step led to increased hos- tility from the Grange organizations. The Legislature of Wisconsin, which met in January, 1874, enacted the law limiting the rates to be charged by railroad companies for transporting passengers and freight, and also pro- viding for the appointment of a board of railroad commissioners. George H. Paul, John W. Hoyt and Joseph H. Osboi'n were appointed such commissioners, and the " Potter law," as the act in question was called, went into effect May 1. The railroad companies, regarding the law as unconstitutional, refused to acquiesce in the reduction of charges which the law established, and the State authorities enforced the requirements of the law by legal proceedings, resulting in final judgment in the Supreme Court, affirming the paramount control of the Legislature over all corporations created by law. This judgment became operative on the railroad companies October 1, 1874, and their subsequent charges conformed to the prices fixed by law. During this year, and the course of this litigation, public feeling ran high, and intense hostility existed in many localities of the State on the part of the people against the railroad companies. By an i HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 491 act of the Legislature, in February, 1874, the name of this company was changed to " The Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company." The Legislature of 1876 repealed the '"Potter law " and enacted in its stead a law estab- lishing maximum prices for freights. By the terms of this law the maximum prices established were the rates fixed by the St. Paul Company in its schedule of freights, adopted in June, 1872. The Columbus ^ Portage Line. — The Milwaukee & Watertown Railroad was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, approved March 11, 1851, and Edward D. Holton, Alexander Mitchell, Eliphalet Cramer, James Kneeland, Daniel Wells, Jr., Hans Crocker, John H. Tweedy, George H. Walker, Byron Kilbourn, Daniel H. Chandler, John W. Medberry, all of Milwaukee County, William M. Dennis, Daniel Jones, Benjamin F. Fay, Luther A. Cole, Simeon Ford, Peter Rogan, Peter V. Brown and Edward Oilman, of Jefferson County, were appointed Commissioners to form the company. This charter authorized the company to build a railroad from some point in the city of Milwaukee, or on the line of the Milwaukee & Missis- sippi Railroad in the county of Waukesha, to Watertown. By subsequent amendments, the company was authorized to extend its line to Columbus. A preliminary survey of the line of the road between Milwaukee and Watertown was made in the same month, and was extended to Fort Winnebago in the March following, and the construction of the road at Brookfield Junc- tion, thirteen miles from Milwaukee, was commenced. In 1851, the line was opened for traffic to Oconomowoc, and on the 1st day of October, 1855, the road was completed to Watertown. In the winter of 185G-57, the line reached Columbus. About this time. Congress donated to the State of Wisconsin an extensive land grant to aid in the construction of railroads, and one line of road provided for in the grant was to extend from Madison or Columbus to Portage City, and thence to Lake St. Croix, from there to the head of Lake Superior and to Bayfield. The Mil- waukee & Watertown Company, though owning but a short line of road pointing in the direction of the prescribed land-grant route, was, as will be seen, under the management of an association of the ablest business men in the State, and entered into vigorous competition with the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company as an applicant for the grant. A special session of the Legislature was held, commencing September 3, 1856, for the purpose of disposing of this grant. The struggle between the rival roads was animated, until September 20, when the antagonistic interests were compromised by the consolidation of Milwaukee & Watertown Company with the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company. The line in question is now a part of the great system under the control of Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Company. The Madison ;)'• Portage Line. — In 1856-57, the La Crosse & Milwaukee Company partly graded a track for a railroad between Madison and Portage, as a part of its land-grant line, but with the collapse of that company the work was abandoned. In 1860, a new company was formed, which procured the right of way and grade of the old company. Principally through the efforts of James Campbell and R. B. Sanderson, the track was completed and the road opened January 8, 1871, a large delegation of Portage citizens going to Madison by invitation on the first passenger train over the line. It was for a time operated by the St. Paul Company under a lease, and, in 1878, that company secured the ownership of the road, which now forms a part of its general lines. Chicago tf- North western. — A stretch of about seven and a half miles of this road passes through Columbia County. In 1870, the Baraboo Air Line Railroad Company was incorporated with authority to build a railroad from Columbus, AVatertown, Madison, or any point intermediate, via the village of Lodi, Baraboo, Abelman's Mills and Reedsburg, to Tomah, La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi River above La Crosse. In 1871, the Baraboo Air Line Company was consoli- dated with the Beloit and Madison Company, and both were then consolidated with the North- western Company, and the construction of the road northwest of Madison, or the Madison Extension, as it was called, was rapidly pushed forward toward AVinona Junction, a distance of 129 miles. Aid was voted to the Air Line road previous to the consolidation, and was paid to aid its construction as follows: City of Madison, $25,000 cash ; Lodi, $25,000 bonds and $15,000 cash; 492 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. West Point, $5,000 ; Baraboo, $70,000 bonds ; Excelsior, $12,500 ; Freedom, $7,500; Green- field. $5,000 ; Reedsburg, $25,000 ; Winfield, $5,000 ; Sparta, $63,000 ; RidgeviUe, $2,500. In this year the line was opened to Lodi ; in 1872, to Reedsburg ; in 1873 it was completed to Elroy, and through trains from Chicago ran to St. Paul over the Northwestern and West Wis- consin Roads. In 1874, this line was completed to Winona Junction, and the whole is now operated as the Madison Division. The Wisconsin Central. — By Chapter 80, Laws of Congress of 1864, there was granted to the State of Wisconsin every alternate section of public land, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each mile of said road, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac, as the State by its Legislature might determine, to Bayfield, thence to Superior. By joint resolution of the Legislature of the State, approved March 20, 1865, the grant was accepted " and the State of Wisconsin hereby consents to execute the said trust created, by the aforesaid act of Congress, pursuant in all things to the terms, limitations and conditions of said act." The Legislature of that year failed to agree upon a bill for the disposition of the land grant. The contest over it was renewed the next winter, and after a protracted struggle between the contesting interests, the grant was dis- posed of by fixing the city of Portage as the point of commencement and conferring the grant upon the Portage & Superior Company, with a joint ownership in it to the Winnebago & Lake Superior Company from Stevens Point to the lake. It was also provided that the road should be built via Ripon, provided Congress should give its assent to the change of route, which was given by joint resolution of Congress, adopted June 21, 1866. The first Directors of the Portage & Superior Company, were C. C. Washburn, John P. McGregor, George Esterly, E. W. Keyes, J. H. Rountree, W. W. Reed, H. S. Winsor, T. C. Pound, W. W. Corning, H. L. Palmer, John Nazro, E. H. Galloway, H. G. Webb, S. 0. Raymond, W. H. Doe, Asaph Whit- tlesey and H. P. Strong. Mr. Washburn declining to accept a directorship, C. H. Upham succeeded him in the board. The board was organized at Portage, June 5, 1866, by the elec- tion of John P. McGregor, as President; H. L. Palmer, Vice President ; Henry B. Munn, Secretary, and John Nazro, Treasurer. Mr. Munn shortly after resigned the secretaryship, and A. J. Turner was elected to succeed him. At this meeting of the board, a formal acceptance of the grant was made by a resolution presented by H. L. Palmer, in the following language : Resolved, That the Portage & .Superior Railroad Company accepts the trust lands granted for railroad purposes, conferred upon and granted to the said company by an act of the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin, approved April 9, 1866, * * * upon the terms and conditions prescribed in said act of the Legislature, and in the said act of Congress ; and that the President and Secretary of the company are hereby directed to file a notice of such acceptance in the name of the company in the ofBce of the Secretary of State. The first directory of the Winnebago & Superior Company was organized about the same time the organization of the Portage & Superior Company was made. It being at a time when railroad projects in this State were at a standstill, hut little progress was made toward active work. Finding it inconvenient to operate separately, the two companies were consolidated as authorized by act of the Legislature, Chapter 257, Laws of 1869, under the name of the Port- age, Winnebago & Superior Railroad Company, and an organization of the two companies was effected at Oshkosh June 2, 1869, with George Reed as President; John P. McGregor, Vice President; Julius S. Buck, Secretary; Henry Hewitt, Treasurer; S. W. Budlong, Chief Engi- neer. On the 15th day of June, 1869, the first stake for the line of the road was set at Port- age, and a preliminary line was run through to Lake Superior, and the lands granted to the com- pany were withdrawn from the market. Through the active efforts of Hon. George Reed, the President of the consolidated company. Eastern capitalists were enlisted in the enterprise, with Gardner Colby, of Boston, at the head, and sufficient local aid was secured to induce the com- pany to put a portion of the line under contract, commencing at Menasha in June, 1871, reach- ing Stevens Point in November of the same year. In 1871, the name of the company was changed to the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. In the early stages of the organization of this company, the Winnebago & Superior Company was also consolidated with the Manitowoc HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 493 & Minnesota Company, the last-named company having been empowered to build a road from Manitowoc on Lake Michigan, west through Menasha and Stevens Point to the Mississippi River, but the road had not been constructed. Its chartered rights, however, passed by consoli- dation into the Portage, Winnebago & Superior Company. In 1870, the Portage, Stevens Point & Superior Railroad Company was incorporated, with W. W. Corning, S. A. Pease, A. J. Turner, Robert Cochran, G. L. Park, J. 0. Raymond, Seth Reeves, George A. Neeves and Joseph Wood as Directors, with the purpose of building a road on a direct line from Portage to Stevens Point, to connect with the land-grant road. On the 3d of December, of the same year, at Montello, the company was consolidated with the Portage, Winnebago & Superior Company, and its line was adopted as the line of the land-grant road. The Legislature of 1876 gave its consent to the change of route, which was ratified by act of Congress in the same year. The Wisconsin Central commenced to build its road from Menasha west, in the spring of 1871, and in spite of almost insurmountable obstacles, and during a time of severe panics in the money markets, it pressed the work of construction forward and laid its last rail in June, 1877, having constructed 330 miles of railroad, all in the State of Wisconsin. The cost of this road in cash was about $9,000,000. It has had so far a hard struggle to pay its expenses and the interest on its coupons, which were funded in July, 1875. DARK DEEDS. "State of Wisconsin vs. Edward Leahey." The defendant in this suit was an ex-Catholic priest, who married, emigrated from Ireland, and settled in the town of Scott, in the year 1850. He was a very passionate man, and exceedingly jealous of his wife. Bernard Mauley was a near neighbor, and, on his return from a lecturing tour, Leahey had him arrested on a charge of seducing his wife. An examination of Mauley was had before a Justice, in the village of Par- deeville, on the 6th day of August, 1852, when he was acquitted. On leaving the court room, he was shot and instantly killed by Leahey, who was promptly arrested, committed to jail, and an indictment found against him by the grand jury, September 30, 1852. A continuance was granted at the September term of court, his trial taking place at the April term, 1853, the jury finding him guilty of murder in the first degree. Sentence was not passed upon him until the 7th day of October, 1853, when he was sentenced by Judge Charles H. Larrabee to the peni- tentiary for life, with twenty days' solitary confinement. On the 6th day of July, 1860, he was pardoned and restored to citizenship by Gov. Alexander W. Randall. John Baptist Dubay came to Portage at an early day, and for some time traded vith the Indians, the American Fur Company furnishing him with goods, but he finally moved up the Wisconsin, at a trading-post above Stevens Point. When the canal at Portage was made, Nel- son McNeil leased from the State the water power and built a mill, and, when the military reserve (on which Fort Winnebago was built), was sold out, about thirty acres were reserved by the Government to go with the water-power to the State, or rather to the Fox River Company, as the State had turned over the improvement to them. Dubay was made to believe he had a claim there, having lived on the same land. The fur company had, through their agents, lived upon it for several years, and some men standing high in the State contended that Dubay had a claim upon the land, and tried hard to get Congress and, it is believed, the Legislature to recog- nize it, which appeared strange to those who knew there was not any legitimate claim there, for the fur company could not preempt. McNeil sold out his mill and lease to Reynolds & Craigh, and they went to putting up a house for the millers. Dubay had a small house on the land not far from where they commenced building. They had had the studding put up and a part of the roof boards on, when Dubay went over there and took an ax and chopped it down. Afterward, Reynolds went over to look at it, and as he passed the house some words passed between them, when Dubay went into his house and got his gun and shot, killing Reynolds immediately. This tragical event took place August 15, 1857. 494 HISTORY OF COLOMBIA COUNTY. " I was standing in the street in front of my house," says Henry Merrell, " perhaps half a mile from the mill, when McNeil came past, his horse on a run ; as he passed me he said, ' Dubay has shot Reynolds.' I immediately went down to the mill, and found several men there watch- ing the house, but none dared go near it. I inquired if any one was watching to see if he escaped into the woods, and was informed there was. Soon a wagon drove up, filled with men, who jumped out, and called for a rope; while they were going into the mill, Sheriff Edward F. Lewis drove up in a buggy, and crossed over the other side of the canal to the house and hur-. ried Dubay into the buggy and drove up the north bank of the canal. When the men saw that move, they jumped into the wagon and drove back the way they came. I, knowing Lewis could not get over on that bank, concluded the men would catch him ; but Lewis drove as far as he could, and left the buggy and horse, and hurried Dubay on foot, getting to the jail before the men got around, as they had some distance farther to go to get the wagon through. Quite a crowd assembled, determined to lynch Dubay; but Lewis foiled them. One man by the name of Mason cried, ' Come on, boys,' but as he made a rush for the door, Lewis stood there with a pair of iron shackles in his hand, and, as Mason rushed at him, he hit him over the head, knock- ing him down. So no others backed him up, and the mob dispersed. The wildest excitement ensued. An attempt was made to lynch the murderer ; but Sheriff Lewis, by diligent effort, secured him as a prisoner, and took him to Madison, where he was tried twice, the jury not agreeing. So he was discharged." On the afternoon of the 16th of September, 1869, the city of Portage witnessed a revolt- ing double tragedy — the shooting of Barney Britt, on one of the most public thoroughfares, by William H. Spain, and the subsequent lynching of the murderer by a mob within a stone's throw of the spot where Britt fell. Both Britt and Spain were Irishmen, and former members of Company D, Nineteenth Wisconsin Volunteers, Spain succeeding to the captaincy of the company on the promotion of Col. Vaughan, Britt being a private. During their service, bitter feelings were engendered between them, and they scarcely ever met without some hard words ensuing. On the day of the tragedy, Britt, who lived in the town of Fort Winnebago, came to the city, and, meeting Spain, the old feud was revived. During the afternoon, Spain went to his house, and jirocured a loaded revolver; upon his return, he perceived Britt following after him. He stopped and informed Britt that he must not follow him. Britt replied that he was not following him, but was going about his business. Spain repeated his admonition, and was replied to as before, whereupon he raised his weapon, and, muttering an oath, fired, shooting Britt through the heart, killing him instantly. The shooting was witnessed by a large number of people, and the news, spreading rapidly, created an excitement and consternation. The cry of " Hang him I " " Hang him ! " was soon raised, and Spain started for Justice Haskell's office, with the intention of surrendering himself. He was overtaken at the head of the stairs by Marshal Hickey and Deputy Sheriff Pool, who arrested him, and started for the jail. When near Heartel's saloon they were met by a crowd of excited people, who violently took the pris- oner from them, and, forcing him into the express office, detailed a posse to guard the door. In a few moments, surging crowds of people came, seemingly, from every quarter. The door of the express office was forced open, a rojie thrown about Spain's neck, and, within a few minutes, he had been dragged through the street and hanged to the limb of a tree. Spain's body, having been cut down by Sheriff Pool soon afterward, was removed to the home of his brother's in the town of Fort Winnebago. Spain was at one time Register of Deeds in Adams County, but for six months previous to the tragedy, he had practiced law in Columbia County. Britt left a wife and eight children. Spain was also a man of fiimily, having a wife and four children. About 1 o'clock of the morning of Saturday, September 18, not quite two days after the shooting of Britt, and the lynching of Spain, Pat Wildrick, a notorious desperado, was taken from the Columbia County Jail and hanged to a tree near by. This was done by a mob of unknown men, who came into the city during the night. Wildrick was probably one of the worst men that ever trod upon Wisconsin soil. He had served two years at Waupun for highway robbery, and soon after his release, Schuyler S. Gates, who, with his wife and household goods, was moving down HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 495 the AVisconsin River from Kilbourn City on two boats lashed together, was robbed, while encamped on the bank of the river at night, of about |2,400, Mrs. Gates being outraged by one of the robbers, whom the people had every reason to believe was none other than Pat. Wildrick. At any rate, Wildrick was arrested and lodged in jail, being taken to Sauk County, where he was indicted, and, having his case continued, he broke jail, but was recaptured. Pending his trial, which was set for October 9, Wildrick was released on bail. He then came to Portage, where, almost immediately afterward, he was caught in the act of perpetrating a highway robbery. During his examination for this latter offense, Mr. Gates was murdered near Kilbourn City, and it was generally believed Wildrick's accomplices in the robbery were the perpetrators of the deed, as Gates would have been an important witness in the case. The lynching of Wildrick was conducted shrewdly. Two men, with a third one between them, went to the jail and knocked upon the door. Deputy Koerner, upon answering the knock, was informed by one of the outsiders that they were officers in charge of a criminal whom they wished to lock up. The door was opened and they were admitted, whereupon Koerner was seized and others of the party immediately entered the jail. Sheriff Sorrenson, coming upon the scene, was also secured, his hands being tied behind him and a handkerchief being placed over his mouth. The key to Wildrick's cell was then taken from Koerner's pocket. What followed need not be repeated, but Wildrick's dead body was found hanging to a tree the next morning. In December the grand jury returned indictments against eleven of the supposed lynchers, but it was subsequently shown that one-third of the members of that jury were disqualified on account of being aliens. It also appeared that one of the eleven men indicted was many miles away when the tragedy was enacted. The whole matter was finally dropped. " State of Wisconsin vs. John Maloney." On the 4th day of August, 1875, John Maloney, of Doylestown, shot and killed his wife, for which crime he was arrested, and on the 18th day of December, of the same year was tried, convicted of murder in the first degree, and sentenced to the State prison for life. ABSTRACT OFFICE. Absolutely certain knowledge in regard to the title of land is important to every owner or prospective owner of a home or of any parcel of real estate. In this country, the records of conveyance in the office of Register of Deeds govern as to the ownership of real property, and every transfer or mortgage is supposed to be recorded therein. There are, however, other facts which may be of consequence as affecting the condition of title, which the law does not require to be registered in that office. Moreover, it is a frequently a tedious and difficult task to obtain at the Register's office the statement of a long chain of title. For these and other reasons, abstract offices, as they are called, have been established throughout the country. They con- tain a complete and perfect history, so far as it is possible to obtain it, of every piece of land in the counties where they are located, so arranged as to be accessible with the least possible delay or difficulty. The abstract office for Columbia County is regarded as one of the most perfect in Wiscon- sin. It was started by A. B. Alden, who issued his first abstract in 1859. He recorded 58,320 conveyances, No. 1 of which, was, of course, the first conveyance ever of record in this county. The foundation of the abstract office required an immense amount of attention and labor, much of which was bestowed in the early stages of the enterprise by A. B. Alden and his brother-in-law, M. P. Wing, Charles Holden, Charles J. Randall, 0. C. Dibble and Ambrose Hoffman. Mr. Alden was Clerk of the Board of Supervisors when he founded the abstract office, and, his time being occupied by his official duties, it was managed successively by the individuals mentioned above. In September, 1872, he sold the business to M. T. Alverson and Thomas Yule. Both of the latter were real-estate men and very accurate, and they did much to perfect the records of the office and more thoroughly systematize its methods. During their 496 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. time, the number of conveyances reached 70,169, 11,849 of which were made while they were in the ofBce. On the 1st of November, 1878, S. M. Smith and C. L. Bering assumed the management of the business, which they had purchased from Alverson & Yule, and to which they now devote everv requisite attention. Mr. Bering is an attorney and real-estate conveyancer of long expe- rience, and Mr. Smith is well known as a careful, methodical man, abundantly qualified to con- duct the affairs of the ofiice. Up to and including the 31st day of March, 1880, and after November 1, 1878, they recorded 3,104 transfers, which made the whole number in Columbia County 73,273 at the close of the day first mentioned. The Columbia County Abstract Ofiice now contains eleven volumes of abstracts, so called, three index books, a volume each of abstracts of Government and State entries, one volume of powers of attorney, a volume of judgment, as liens on real estate, a volume of mechanics' liens, etc., etc. Already there are in Columbia County parcels of realty which have changed owners from one hundred and fifty to two hundred times, and there are but very few pieces of land that have not been repeatedly sold. Suppose, now, that A wants to buy of B certain land, almost the first detail about which the former will desire information will be in reference to the title ; and it is the vendor's business to show him that his right to the property is complete, to do which he must obtain an abstract of title. As already stated, the abstract ofiice contains the history of every piece of land in Columbia County, embodying every legal detail which can in any way afiect its title. Now, for the purpose of illustrating the methods of the abstract office, suppose that, on the morning of 1st of April, 1880, Messrs. Smith & Bering, in making their daily visit to the Register of Beeds' OflBce, found that another conveyance has been recorded there. They at once make a virtual copy of the deed, and on their return to the abstract ofiice they transfer it to what they call the book of abstracts. Each conveyance in this volume is desig- nated by a number, and in the case we have supposed the number would be 73,274. Opposite this number, they will note volume and page on which the instrument is recorded with the Reg- ister ; names of grantor and grantee ; date of the deed, date of acknowledgment ; date, hour and minute of record ; nature of the instrument ; description of the property ; consideration, etc. The next step is what is termed posting on the index-book, which is arranged for reference by descrip- tion of lands, and which contains a printed description of every forty and of every city and village lot in this county, and opposite it is simply placed that number, which completes the record there so far as this transfer is concerned. Of course, all previous transfers have previously been similarly indicated by recording their numbers from the abstract-book ; so that the index- book consists merely of descriptions of forties and lots, with the numbers indicating each con- veyance set opposite them. When an abstract of title is desired, the land described is readily found by reference to the index-book, and there, opposite the description, are found numbers indicating all the transfers of that property that have ever been made. Those numbers are readily found by reference to the abstract-book, where, opposite each number, are set forth all the details of that conveyance. Thus it will be seen that an abstract may be obtained for any piece of land by simply sending a description of it, and without even mentioning the name of the present owner. Of course, the utmost care is required in these entries, and every record is subjected to a double comparison before it is relinquished as accurate. Thus far, all the information alluded to as regarding land has been obtained from the Register's office, but there are legal facts other than those which the law requires the Register to spread upon his books that may, to some extent, aflfect the right to realty. For instance, a judgment become a lien on real estate, a record of which is to be found in the Clerk of the Court's office. And there is a large amount of other information which it is essential that a perfect abstract oflBce should possess, and which is obtained from the General Land Ofiice at Washington, the State Land Ofiice, the County Treasurer's oflSce, and elsewhere. Indeed, the abstract business requires the constant exercise of vigilance and the utmost care, and is a constant source of outlay, so that the occasional expensiveness of abstracts need not surprise the applicant for it. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 497 The Columbia County Abstract Office is located in the bank building in Portage, on the corner of Cook and Wisconsin streets, and in the rear of the office is a stone vault, absolutely fire-proof, within which is a fire-proof safe, where all the books and papers belonging to the business are nightly secured. Many of the business men of this city have availed themselves of this certain protection against fire by placing their valuable papers in the custody of Smith & Bering ; and as there is never any money deposited there, nor any papers of value except to the owners, there is nothing to excite the cupidity of burglars. THE WELSH LITERAKY MOVEMENT IN COLUMBIA COUNTY. The Welsh commenced to settle in Columbia County in the summer of 1845. They were' almost without exception, from the northern part of Wales — most of them from the counties of Carnarvon, Anglesea and Denbigh — from the neighborhood of Snowdon, Moel Siabod and other glorious mountains. Eminent writers maintain that the general aspect of nature has a decided influence on the habits, thoughts and characteristics of the human mind. They further assert that mountain scenery and air nourish poetical and musical tendencies, and encourage moral feelings. If this is so, the Welsh emigrants who first settled in Columbia County, nurtured in that part of Europe described by one of their bards as " Rude, rugged and romantic land of e'erlasting hills, Where echo sounds terrific, 'midst cataracts and rills — Mountains of ancient glory adorned with lovely vales — Creation in its beauty, my Home, my dearest Wales," should have imaginative, religious and industrious minds. The above theory proved true in the case of the first settlers as shown in the particular attention paid to public religious worship, even before houses were secured for the families. Music was cultivated from the very first; but not until the year 1848 did the difierent settlements organize and form into a musical union. It was then decided that the inhabitants of the different settlements in Columbia County should join in a grove about eight miles north of the present village of Cambria, to celebrate the Fourth of July in a manner worthy of the day. Music was furnished by a large and well- trained choir. E. B. Williams delivered a philosophical lecture on music. Several speeches on different subjects were made by many who were present from different settlements. It is worthy of mention that this manner of celebrating the Fourth of July became popu- lar and much good came out of it. Every year brought some new celebrity to the platform and more cultivation to the choir. This musical union continued to gain ground steadily for about fifteen years, when religious revivalists claimed the privilege to hold a prayer-meeting on the same day. The prayer-meeting was held but once, but that was enough to break up the musical union. Were it not for that fact, it is probable that the Fourth would have continued, to this day, to be celebrated in the same manner as of old. Still, nothing was done to encourage and cultivate the literary tastes of the people until Dr. J. LI. Williams returned from Pennsylvania and settled in Cambria in the year 1853. He was the founder, first teacher and patron of literature among the Welsh in this part of Colum- bia County. He organized literary societies in every schoolhouse, aroused and held regular weekly or two-weekly meetings, which were well attended, especially by the young people. Different subjects were given for competitory compositions in prose and verse ; lectures and speeches were delivered, and music in its various forms was taught and encouraged. In the month of April, 1856, the first grand Eistedfod was held in the old church or chapel, called Zion, on Welsh Prairie. This was well attended by musicians, poets, lecturers and other literary characters, from all parts of' the State, and was a decided success. Not only that that particular congress of bards and literati was a success in itself; but, by drawing out talents not previously known to the public, it proved that there was material enough among the Welsh population for holding such meetings in future. 498 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The Eistedfod is an ancient institution, and was probably peculiar to the Celts. Now it is peculiar to that small branch of the Celts inhabiting Wales and their children in foreign countries. First established by the Druids, and being then of much more importance than at present — all public matters in law, religion and literature being settled in those meetings in presence of the public therein assembled — it was deemed necessary, or at least beneficial, to keep up this Bardic assembly, after the overthrow of Dru^dism by Christianity, in order to fos- ter learning and especially poetry. For ages, each Eistedfod was held under the auspices and protection of some Welsh prince ; afterward they were under the patronage of the Barons, and, last of all, they were licensed by the English sovereigns. The last royal license was granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1.567 or 1568. Since that time, the Welsh have felt independent enough to hold an Eistedfod when and wherever they choose, without asking any one's consent. The Welsh in Columbia County have held an Eistedfod (sometimes on rather a small scale) at home, or have joined with others to hold one in some other part of the State almost every year since 1856. Money is sometimes contributed beforehand ; sometimes the sale of tickets to the meetings is depended upon and rewards are offered for the best compositions in prose, verse and music, and sometimes for works of art. Umpires are usually chosen from a distance, to determine upon the merits of the competitors. Everything is arranged as well as can be to secure justice. Each of these occasions brings out a great number of competitors, and it does much to stimulate and encourage the youths to labor hard for excellency, and it has contributed not a little to the education of those who must educate themselves or remain uneducated. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 499 OHAPTEE Tni. • Some of Columbia County's Illustrious Dead— Peter Pauquette, Elbert Dickason, La Pay- ette Hill, John A. Brown, Jeremiah Drake, Joseph M. Doty, Baron Steuben Doty, William T. Whirry', Emmons Taylor, Jacob Low, Carl Haertel, William Wier, Squire Sherwood Case, John Converse, Alfred Topliff, Harrison S. Haskell, Samuel Stephen Brannan, ANDRE^v Dunn, Thomas J. Emerton, Joseph Bailey, Henry Merrell, Julius Con\'erse Chandler, Samuel K. Vaugiian, Joseph Kerr, John Pardee, Andrew Sweany". PETER pauquette was the son of a French father and a Winnebago mother. He was born in the year 1796, and was married in St. Louis in 1818 to Theresa Crelie, whose father, "old Crelie," was a Canadian half-breed, and whose mother was a half-breed Sac. At the date of his marriage, which event took place at Prairie du Chien, he was in the employ of the American Fur Company. Pau- quette was the interpreter at the treaties with the Winnebagoes at Green Bay, in 1828 ; at Prairie du Chien, in 1825; and at Rock Island in 1832. In the year last mentioned, he was active in raising a party of Winnebagoes to unite with the Americans 'against Black Hawk. After this war, he was engaged as a trader, on the west side of the Wisconsin, at Portage. He had two children — Therese J., the eldest, was born at the portage in 1826 ; she has been twice married, and is a resident of Columbia County. Her brother, Moses Pauquette, was born in 1828, also at the portage ; and he, too, is still a resident of the county. Pauquette was always reputed to be one of the best friends and counselors of the Winne- bagoes. No man who knew him ever suspected his honesty or patriotism. In October, 1836, he was shot and killed at the portage, by an Indian. On the 17th of October, [1836], says John de La Ronde, " Gov. Dodge came to Portage to hold a council with the Indians ; H. L. Dousman and Joseph Brisbois came also ; Peter Pau- quette acted as interpreter. The result of the council was advising the Winnebagoes to sell their lands east of the Mississippi. The Indians could not agi-ee, and the matter was postponed until the next year, and a treaty for the sale of the land was abandoned, they preferring an annuity, and Peter Pauquette demanded for them twenty-one boxes of money — $21,000 — declar- ing that that was the amount due him from the Indians for goods and provisions advanced to them. " Man-ze-mon-e-ka, a son of one of the chiefs of the Rock River band, residing a mile or two above the present locality of Watertown, named Wau-kon-ge-we-ka, or Whirling Thunder, or One-who-walks-on-the-iron, objected on the ground that he belonged to the Rock River band, and had received no provisions or goods from Pauquette, desiring that the money should be divided between the several bands ; then those who were indebted to Pauquette, might pay him if they chose, as for himself, or his band, they had their own debts to pay to the traders at Rock River. The result was that the council dissolved without coming to a decision. " Pauquette crossed the Wisconsin, going to a saloon where Carpenter's house now stands, and there indulged in drinking. Man-ze-mon-e-ka, who had spoken so frankly in the council, also happened there, when Pauquette whipped him. I came there at the time, and with the help of others rescued the Indian from Pauquette. The chief retired to the other end of the portage, near where the house of Henry Merrell once stood, on Fox River ; Pauquette followed him there and whipped him again. Satterlee Clark and I took the Indian away from him again, who was by this time badly bruised. He went home, which was near where Armstrong's brickyard now is ; and Pauquette went to the old post of the American Fur Company near the grist-mill ; and while on his way home, between 1 and 2 o'clock in the morning, he stopped at my place. 500 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. I was then living in the house that used to belong to Francis Le Roy, near where 0. P. Will- iams' bouse stood before it was burnt. I did all that I could to persuade him to stay with me that night, seeing that he was under the influence of liquor, but he would go on ; his brother- in-law, Touissant St. Huge, and AVilliam Powell (not Capt. William Powell, of Butte des Morts), from Green Lake, were with him. There were some Indians drinking at the house of Paul Grignon — the same house now used for a stable by 0. P. Williams. Among these Indians were Black Wolf and his son. Rascal De-kau-ry, the Elk, Big Thunder and others. " When Pauquette arrived there, he whipped Black Wolf; Rascal De-kau-ry ran away north from where they were, right in the direction of the lodge of Man-ze-mon-e-ka, whom Pau- quette had beaten the preceding day. On arriving at the chief's cabin, he informed him that Pauquette was coming to whip him again. Man-ze-mon-e-ka emerged from his lodge and told Pauquette very pointedly not to come any farther; that he had whipped him twice the day before without a cause, and if he advanced another step he was a dead man. Pauquette, putting his hand to his breast, said, 'Fire if you are brave,' when Man-ze-mon-e-ka shot and Pauquette fell. William Powell was close to Pauquette at the time, and as soon as I heard the report of the gun I ran for the spot as fast as I could. It was close to where I was living. I met William Powell running toward the fort, and asked him was the matter ; but he was going so fast that he did not hear me. I went where Pauquette was, took his hand, which was warm, and asked him if he knew me to press my hand ; but he was dead. The ball had passed through his heart. Old Crelie, father-in-law to Pauquette, wanted to carry him home, but I would not allow him to touch him until the jury came. William Powell arrived there with Lieut. Hooe, Sergt. Pollinger, ten private soldiers, Satterlee Clark, and, I believe, Henry Merrell. Lieut. Hooe refused to go into the lodge to take the Indian ; the chief. White French, went and brought him out, when they took him across in a scow ; the body of Pauquette being also taken over. They asked Man-ze-mon-e-ka if he shot Pauquette, which he frankly acknowledged. I really believe that he thought he was going to be killed on the spot, as he sang his death-song. He was taken to the garrison, kept in strict confinement, and afterward conveyed to Green Bay, where he was tried by regular authority, and finally acquitted, it being determined on a second trial that he had killed Pauquette in self-defense. Says Satterlee Clark : " Peter Pauquette was born in the y^ar 1800, of a French father and a Winnebago mother ; the latter was buried nearly in front of the Old Agency house opposite the fort. He was thirty years old when I first knew him, and was the very best specimen of a man I ever saw. He was six feet two inches in height, and weighed 240 pounds — hardly ever varying a single pound. He was a very handsome man, hospitable, generous and kind, and I think I never saw a better- natured man. " I had heard much of his strength before I left Green Bay, and of course, was anxious to see him perform some of the wonderful feats of strength of which I had beard. From my first acquaintance with him to the day of his death I was his most intimate friend, and consequently had a better opportunity to know him than any other person. * * * jjg often told me that all persons seemed alike to him. When I was nineteen or twenty years old, my business kept me constantly in training, and though I weighed less than 150 pounds, my muscles were like iron ; notwithstanding he often said it was no more trouble to take me across his lap than a child one year old. and so it seemed to me. ****** " He was employed by the American Fur Company up to the day of his death. For the last four years of his life he had a bookkeeper, but previous to that time (not being able to read or write), he gave credit to hundreds of Indians, relying entirely on his memory, and their hon- esty. Those who have been acquainted with the Indian character only since their association with the whites has degraded them, will be amused to hear of the honesty of the Indians ; and I desire to do them the justice to say, that while they saw no impropriety in stealing from another and a hostile tribe, I never knew them to steal from a trader, or refuse to pay what they owed him, till whisky was introduced among them by the worst class of whites. The women HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUJfTY. 501 were especially honest and virtuous. Their marriage amounted to the purchase of the daughter from the father, whether by an Indian or a white man ; when, as soon as the trade was made, the girl considered herself the wife of the purchaser, and accompanied him home often (when pur- chased by a white man who could not speak the Indian language) very reluctantly, and in tears ; still the right of the father was never resisted. " But to continue as to Pauquette. The last of September, 1836, the War Department (then having the Indian Bureau), directed Gov. Dodge to assemble the Winnebagoes, at Fort Winne- bago, and if possible treat with them for all the lands they owned east of the Mississippi; and he called to his assistance all the half-blood Winnebagoes he could get. The council lasted several weeks, during which time every possible effort was made to induce them to sell ; but there seemed to be an undercurrent somewhere to prevent it, and the Governor failed. This he attributed to the influence of Pauquette and myself, and I think we never denied it. In the Governor's next official report, he recommended that no license be granted to one Satterlee Clark to trade with the Winnebagoes, for the reason that his iniluence with the Indians was so great that he prevented them from doing what the Government desired, and caused them to do what the Government did not desire to be done ; and that he further induced them to give large sums of money out of their annuity to himself and friends. Pauquette would undoubtedly have been included with me in this report, but for his death. " This council closed on the 17th day of October, 1836, and the next day Pauquette came to my store to rejoice over our victory. ()n this occasion, he drank too much wine, and became just enough intoxicated to be impatient of contradiction. In this condition, he started home on foot, and when within about one quarter of a mile of the ferry, opposite his house, he found an Indian and his wife sitting by a little fire in the bushes. The Indian was Man-ze-mon-e-ka, or Iron Walker, who was also drunk. What there occurred, is only known as related by the squaw that night. She said Pauquette kicked the fire apart, the Indian arose up and said some- thing that offended Pauquette, who slapped the Indian's face, knocking him down. The Indian got up, saying, ' You knocked me down ; but I got up. I will knock you down, and you will never get up. I will go for my gun.' Pauquette only laughed and sat down. The Indian returned, when Pauquette stood up, pulled open his coat, placed his hand on his breast and said, ' Strike, and see a brave man die.' The Indian fired, killing him instantly, the ball severing one of the main arteries leading from the heart. No man in Wisconsin could have died who was so much regretted. His death can safely be attributed to intoxication, though it was the first time I ever knew or heard of his being in that condition.* "Man-ze-mon-e-ka was tried, convicted and sentenced to be hung; but the judgment was reversed by the ^preme Court, and he never was punished. He is long since dead. " There has been some doubt as to where Mr. Pauquette was buried, and I will state what I know of his burial. In the first instance, while he did not claim to belong to any religious denomination, his wife being a Catholic, he built a small church near the center of what is now Portage City. At his death, I assisted to bury his remains under the floor of this church. Sub- sequently the church was burned ; and still later, while I was living at Green Lake, I received a summons to come up and point out the grave, some of his friends being desirous to remove his body. I came up and found the locality without any difficulty ; but never heard whether he was removed, or, if so, where. At that time Portage City had been surveyed,, and his grave was in the middle of a street.'' * The Galena Adverlieer, of Saturday, October 22, 1836, thus referred to Pauquette's death : After mentioning that Gov. Dodge had failed in hia negotiation with the Winnebago Indians for a further ceasion of their lands to the United States, stated : " On Monday eveninglast [October 17], Mr. Pauquette, long and favorably known as an Indian trader and interpreter, was shot by a son of Whirling Thunder, a prominent chief of the tribe." The Belmont Gazette gives the following account of Pauquette's death from an eye witness : "Some of the Indians, instigated, it was said, by a family of half-breeds, named Grignon, propagated a report that Pauquette had acted treacherously in his capacity of interpreter. Indignant athaving his correctness questioned, he pursued several of the Grignon family, all of whom fled before him, until he was some con- siderable distance from the place where the treaty was being held. While returning from the fruitless pursuit, his murderer emerged from a copse of wood, and ordering him to Btand,^avowed bis intention of shouting him. Pauquette deliberately bared his bnsom, and remarking that he feared not to die, bade him fire. The ball ot the Indian passed through his heart, and he almost instantly expired. The author of the deed, with stoical indifl'erence, expressed a perfect willingness to expiate his olfense with his own life. Mr. Pauquette, we are informed, was a man of noble and generous qualities, and had scarcely an enemy in the world. He wa.s in our service during the Black Hawk war, and distin- guished himself by hi.s cool and collected courage in every emergency." Col. Ebenezer Childs, in a letter to hia wife written at Belmont, November 1,1836, speaking of his journey there, states : "At Pau- quette's farm, I got the news of poor Pauquette's death, and waa never more astonished in my life." — Ed. 502 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Henry Merrell thus wrote of Pauquette : " Peter Pauquette lived opposite Fort AVinnebago, on what was called the Agency Hill. I considered him the best specimen of Nature's noblemen I ever met. He was born, I think, in Missouri, and engaged in the Indian trade at an early day. When I knew him he was six feet two inches in height, large and fleshy, but his flesh was hard, and felt more like my knee- pan than common flesh. I once took my handerchief and measured round his thigh, and it just reached around my waist. He was the strongest man I ever knew ; he would pick up a barrel of pork and throw it into a wagon as easily as a man would a ten-gallon keg. I had a cask of dry white lead at my door, with 800 pounds of lead in it, and I was told by my clerk that he took it by the chimes, and lifted it off the ground. ***** He was of a mild disposition, could neither read nor write ; but had as fine a sense of honor as any gentleman I ever knew ; and all who knew him would take his word as soon as any man's bond. " He and a companion (as he told me) were trading among some Indians in the Northwest until some others, the Flat Heads, took them prisoners, and determined to burn them ; they tied them each to a tree with their arms around it, then piled brush and wood around them, and set fire to the pile around his companion. He thought his time had come; but witnessing the excruciating sufferings of his fellow, he gave one superhuman pull at his thongs, and felt them give way. As he did so, an old squaw, the only one near him, caught him by the arm and gave a scream. He tried to shake her ofl", but could not; so he caught her hatchet and embedded it in her head, which loosened her hold, and he jumped and ran, the Indians at his heels after him ; but he could outrun almost any man, and outstripped them. Night coming on, he secreted himself, and finally got to a trading-post, after three days. He finally settled at Portage in the Indian trade ; and at the time I knew him, he had such influence over the chiefs of the Winnebagoes, that he was considered at the head of the nation. He could talk the Winnebago, French and English languages fluently, and was the only good Winnebago interpreter in the country. He was with Col. Dodge in the Sauk war, and the Colonel would always call for him to interpret when he held councils with the Winnebagoes. He used to trust the Indians, from year to year, I am informed, without any books, carrying their accounts in his head ; and when they would come in with their furs, he would tell them what they owed him, and they were invariably satisfied. When I arrived, he was trading for the American Fur Company, they furnishing him with goods and a book-keeper, he in the spring turning over to them his furs, they fi.xing the prices of his goods and furs. Thus they of course had it all their own way. John T. De La Ronde was his clerk when I came, but he finally discharged him. " In the fall of 1836, Gov. Dodge came to t\\e fort, and had the Indians called in to meet him, and receive their payment. The chiefs met him in council, with Pauquette as interpreter. The Governor proposed to make a treaty with them, and buy their country between the Wiscon- sin and Mississippi. After they had counseled for some days, tliey refused to sell their country. It was generally supposed, as Pauquette advised them, they would act; therefore, the story was raised that Pauquette had advised them not to sell, and that he had not interpreted truly, which came to the ears of Pauquette, and he said it was untrue. He told me the chiefs asked his advice, but he told them he could not advise them, for he did not know anything about the country the Government wanted them to go to ; and therefore, they must make up their own minds about it. " The traders and half-breeds, all the way from Prairie du Chien and Green Bay, were assem- bled here; and it was supposed that many of them, if not most of them, wanted the Indians to form a treaty, so they could get money by it. As it was thought that Pauquette had as much influ- ence with the nation as a king, he was courted as well as feared by all ; therefore every man of them wanted to court his favor, and would treat him, and urge him to drink. The conse- quence was, that after getting through interpreting, and settling up with Gov. Dodge, which was the latter part of the third day, he drank too much — the first time I ever saw him under the influence of liquor. I had a long talk with him .in the afternoon, when he told me he was HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUJTTY. 603 satisfied the agents of the fur company had cheated him, and he should settle off with them as soon as the payment was over, which was to take place the next day, if he could get any one to furnish him. I told him I would furnish him all the goods he wanted. 'Will you?' said he. 'If I had known that, I would have proposed it long ago.' I told him that no one supposed that he could be induced to leave the fur company. He then appeared to be per- fectly himself " After tea, Satterlee Clark and I went down to the sutler's store ; met there Pauquette, and Messrs. Powell and Gleason. We stood in the yard in front of the store, talking for some time. Pauquette said some of the traders had been lying about him, and he would lick some of them before they left the ground. As he felt so aggrieved, and dwelt so much upon it, I feared he would get into a quarrel with them. While we were talking, Paul Grignon rode up on horseback, and Pauquette caught hold of him and pulled him off of his horse, playfully ; and, laughing, commenced talking to him, but we, not understanding the language, did not know what was said. Finally, I saw he became enraged, having hold of the man's cravat, a black silk one, tied loosely around his neck, with his left hand, and flourishing his right, as though he would strike him. I said to the men, ' Don't let him hurt Grignon,' and remarked to Pauquette, ' Don't hurt him, for he is no more than a child in your hands.' Three men, all strong ones, caught hold of his right arm, but he would sway them backward and forward as though they were children ; but as long as they held on to his arm he could not strike him ; I, in the mean time, trying to unfasten his grip, but, finding I could not, as his grasp seemed like a vise, I took out my knife and cut the cravat in two, jerking Grignon away at the same time, and tell- ing him to clear out, as Pauquette was crazy, and would kill him. He then readily jumped upon his horse and rode off. Pauquette seemed to give up, and did not try to stop him, but said he would whip some of them yet. He stayed and talked with us for a time. " There were (juite a number of the Grignons at the portage from Green Bay and the country, and Pauquette said it was some of them who had lied about him. By this time, it was getting dark, and he started to go over to the Agency Hill, as it was called, about half a mile opposite the fort, where the traders and half-breeds were encamped, some in tents and some in wigwams. I said to Satterlee Clark, he had better go and see that he did not get into a fight, for if he did he would kill some one, or would get killed himself He started, but Pauquette told him to go back as he did not want to get any of his friends into a scrape, so Clark turned back, and I asked him if he was not going, when he said no. I then said to Mr. Gleason, ' We must go.' 'Agreed,' said he, and we followed him over. I told Gleason we would keep out of his sight, but watch him, which we did. Pauquette went into a wigwam, and chatted a few minutes, and then went into Judge Law's tent, and talked with him a short time. After com- ing out, he met Amable Grignon, who had on a plaid cloak, hooked at the neck. He com- menced talking with him, but soon got into a rage, as he had before, and insisted upon fighting him, pulling off his coat. Several went up and tried to appease him, but could not. Louis Grignon finally came up, and I supposed he would quiet him, as I had reason to believe Pauquette thought a great deal of him, as he always called him Father Grignon ; but he would not listen to him. " Then I thought I would try and see what I could do ; so I took his coat and went up to him, saying, • Pauquette, what are you doing out here, a sick man, in the night air, without his coat on ?' 'I ain't sick,' he replied. ' Well, you will be, if you expose yourself in this way ; put on your coat, and go with me over to the shanty ; there is no use quarreling, for we are all friends here.' ' Well, I will, if you say so,' said he. He then put on his coat, and went over with us to the sutler's store, to my astonishment, for I never supposed I had so much influence over him as the circumstance indicated. This night he stayed with us (there being several ofiicers in), conversing with us until 11 o'clock. Ever and anon he would speak about the reports about him, and the lies told, so that I saw it was the one thing uppermost in his mind. He said he would not tell a lie for any man, not even his father, and they should not lie about' him. All at once, he started out of the door, and down across the bridge, Gleason and I after 504 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. him. When Gleason got on the bridge, he called to him, when Pauquette stopped and asked what he wanted. ' Merrell wants you,' said Gleason. ' What does he want ?' said Pauquette. " Just then I came up, and said to him, ' Pauquette, there is no use of your going over there; you will only get into a scrape if you do ; but go over home; Gleason, Powell and Touissant will go home with you and stay to-night.' ' Well, agreed,' he replied, ' if you say so.' They all started, and went over toward the Wisconsin River, across which he lived, and Satter- lee Clark and I went to bed, thinking he was safe, but, about 12 or 1 o'clock, Mr. Powell rapped at our window, and said Pauquette was killed by an Indian. We sent word to the officers, and a number of us mounted our horses — -Lieut. Hooe taking a file of soldiers — and went over and found, sure enough, he lay dead in the bushes, near where the Catholic Church now stands. We took the body and carried it over to his house, he having a ferry-boat for his own use. " I, being a Justice of the Peace, commenced taking the testimony, when an Indian came in, and said the Indian who shot Pauquette was in a wigwam across the river, and if the soldiers would go he would show them where he was. So Lieut. Hooe went with his men, but, before reaching the wigwam, the Indians proposed going in and pinioning him, as he was armed, which they did, and delivered him up to Lieut. Hooe, who said the Indians wanted he should let them kill him on the spot, but he would not let them, and brought him over to the house. The Indian proved to be Man-ze-mon-e-ka, son of the chief Whirling Thunder, who, according to his mother's statement, came up from the mines determined to kill Pauquette. " William Powell, from Green Lake, who was with Pauquette when he was shot down, tes- tified that on their way they stopped at Mr. Gleason's house, a short distance from where we found the body, and Pauquette went out. That he, Powell, went to look for him, and found him sitting, talking with an Indian by a small fire ; and seeing he was without his coat, he went to the house and got it, and helped him on with it, and started for the ferry. Soon they met the Indian with his gun on his shoulder, and passed him, who immediately turned and said, " Pau- quette, is that you ? ' Pauquette turned and said, ' Yes — what do you want ? ' The Indian asked ' Are you a man ? ' ' Yes,' was his reply, striking his breast with his hands, ' and a good man, too.' The Indian leveled his gun, and shot, the ball passing through the left lung ; and Powell further related, that he was so near the Indian that he caught hold of the gun, but it went ofi" at that instant. Powell ran to the house, and called the men out, thinking the Indian would fall on him. When they got to Pauquette, he was just breathing his last. The Indian said Pau- quette stuck him over the head with a brand from the fire ; but there was no mark on his head, and his mother's statement, who witnessed it, was thought to be the correct one. " I committed Man-ze-mon-e-ka, and requested the commanding officer at the fort to keep him until the Sheriflf from Green Bay could come up and take him to jail, which was done, and he was taken to Green Bay, tried, and sentenced to be hanged. The Sheriff" made all preparations to hang him. but, on the day he was to be executed, there came an order to the Sheriff" to stay proceedings, that a new trial would be granted ; so he was not hanged on that day, and then it was found out he could not be tried a second time, and so was released ; but he never dared let himself be seen in the nation again, as many Indians were determined to kill him if they could find him, for they felt — and there was no doubt in the minds of any one — that they had lost the best friend they ever had.* Pauquette was always called upon to divide the provisions and goods, furnished them by the Government, among the several bands, of which there were si.\ or eight, which was done in this way : The heads of families of each band were seated on the ground in a large circle, and Pauquette would go into the center of the ring, and deal out to each the proportion according to the size of the families, of flour, pork, salt, tobacco, etc. Here was one cause of jealousy. Then he trusted the Indians, receiving their furs when they came in; and, of course, those who were the best hunters, got the greatest credits — and this was another camSe of jealousy. • In Schoolcrafta *' History and Condition of the Indian Tribes," Vol. iii, page 281, is thiecorroborative testimony of Pau.juette's good char- acter: " One of the worst acts, and which stains thi-ir cliaracter liy iti atrocity, was the assassination of Peter Pauquette, the interpreter at the agency, on the Wisconsin Portage. He was a man of Winnebago lineage, and was reputed to be one of the best friends and counselors of the nation." COLUM BUS. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 507 " In the preceding summer of 1836, the chiefs came in, and requested the commanding officer, who was acting as Indian agent, by order of the War Department, to pay Pauquette when their payment was made, for goods and provisions, to be furnished the nation, as they were in a starving condition; and the commandant agreed to pay him at their request $22,000, which would have been his the next day had he lived ; but, after his death, they refused and forbade it being paid to the agent of the American Fur Company. Whirling Thunder had fallen into dis- grace with the other chiefs, as he did not live in the country with the nation, but lived in the mines, pitching his wigwam near the dwelling of a man by the name of Doherty, who had taken Thunder's daughter for his wife; and as Pauquette, Doherty thought, stood in his way of influ- ence with the nation, as well as trade, it was believed he felt it for his interest to prejudice the chief and his son against Pauquette, and the son got so wrought up that he determined to make way with him. " At one time, Doherty came to the fort, and tried to get the chiefs to sign an agreement to give his wife and children each a section of land, when they made a treaty, and Pauquette laughed at it, as he knew the Government had decided not to give any more lands to the half- breeds, but would give money instead ; but Doherty would not believe it. In this way, probably, the feeling against Pauquette was kept up. Man-ze-mon-e-ka said Pauquette did not give them their share of goods and provisions, and would not trust them as he did other Indians. " I have dwelt upon this the longer as many stories were raised in regard to the cause of the Indians being incited to the deed. One was, that Pauquette had whipped him once or twice, which was the cause; but there was no evidence of it, and no one who knew all the facts believed it for a moment. " Some years after, Capt. Thompson was out with a party of soldiers gathering up the Indians to remove them west of the Mississippi, and came across a young Indian whom he induced to guide him to Man-ze-mon-e-ka's camp, and he surrounded his wigwam before the Indian knew it. The Captain said he found him on an island in Winnebago swamp — since Lake Horicon — and never could have discovered his retreat but for his guide. Man-ze-mon-e-ka was taken to Prairie du Chien, from which he soon disappeared, and no one knew what became of him. Capt. Thompson said that Man-ze-mon-e-ka, after taking him, said that he was never happy after killing Pauquette, as he dare not venture himself among his nation, and had to secrete himself. He probably lived the rest of his life away from his people. " Pauquette had purchased a number of sections of land from half-breeds, besides three sections which were given him by the Indians under their treaties, so that, at his death, he had twelve or sixteen sections of land, a large number of cattle and horses, together with a fine store of Indian goods and other personal property. " The agent of the fur company took possession of the goods, and sold them for the benefit of the company, giving, as he said, Pauquette credit for them. " In 1838, the company i-eceived the $22,000 which the Indians owed Pauquette at his death. The lands were disposed of by the administrator, and all this property disappeared without the heirs receiving a cent of it, and some outside debts were never paid. Had he lived, I have no doubt he would have been very wealthy. He had put up a log building for a Catholic church, which was not finished, and his remains were deposited under it. The build- ing was afterward burned down. The lot belonged to Benjamin L. Webb, of Detroit, who reserved it from sale, for he (the owner) esteemed Pauquette so highly that he intended erecting a monument to his memory. Webb was tlie proprietor of Portage, platted as Fort Winnebago, originally a French grant of 640 acres, granted to a Frenchman named Lecuyer. I being Webbs agent, the Catholic priest applied' to me for the lot, but I could not let him have it. He then got the consent of the family, which Mr. Webb required, and the lot was deeded to the church, stipulating that they should take care of the grave. Another church was built near the spot, which was afterward turned into a Catholic schoolhouse. " At one time, Pauquette proposed, when the old men of the Winnebago Nation were in, that he would get them together and inform me, so as to have them give their history, and I 508 " HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. take it down ; but, to my regret, the opportunity never occurred, as he was too soon cut oflf. He told me the nation was divided into two sects — one believing the Great Spirit was a large animal, describing the mammoth, and they took their tribal names from animals, such as the bear, the elk, the wolf, beaver, fox, etc., etc., and carved the likeness of some animal upon their war-clubs, guns, and other things ; the other believed him to be a great bird, and took their names from thunder and birds, such as the eagle, the hawk, the crow, etc., etc., and always marked upon their articles the likeness of some bird. " There was an old Indian and his squaw, who lived in their wigwam close by Pauquette's house — whether any relation or not I never knew ; but Pauquette was very kind to them, and supplied them with provisions. We at the fort called him Pony Blau or Blaw. One day, he and wife had been over to some whisky shanty, and came across the portage singing, hand in hand ; and when they got near the bridge leading to the fort, one says to the other, ' Let's go and see the Great Spirit ' — believing him to be in a cave under Fo.x River. ' Agreed,' said the other; so they walked off into the river. Pauquette happened along just then and pulled them out, else they would have drowned. " I was told that, in the Sauk war, there was a company of rangers, I believe from Illinois, who encamped on the bank of the Wisconsin, and Paucjuette was walking around, looking at them, when a large man kicked a little dog following Pauquette. The latter said to the soldier, 'Don't kick that dog, he is mine.' The man replied, 'I'll kick you if you say much. Who are you? ' 'My name is Pauquette,' was the response. 'Ah,' said the ranger, 'you are the very fellow I want to see. I have heard of you, and came up here on purpose to lick you.' Thereupon he pitched at Pauquette, who struck the man but once, peeling the skin from his cheek and knocking him down. Then he caught the man by the throat, raising him to his feet, and, shaking him like an aspen leaf, asked him if he called himself a man. ' I was a man where I came from,' was the reply, ' but I see I ain't here.' Thus it ended. The soldier con- cluded he would not whip Pauquette." ELBERT DICKASON. When Milwaukee was but a straggling village, with most of her populous and busy streets and splendid architecture scarcely disturbed by the pale-face, and when East Water street, the great thoroughfare of Wisconsin, was yet a swamp, with the wild rice on its surface instead of Nicholson pavement, a certain New York capitalist named Nelson, we are told, sent the elder James Luddington to the Territory of Wisconsin, then the Far West, to secure land at low rates. He came to Milwaukee, and, as it is stated, meeting with Maj. Dickason, induced him to come to what is now Columbus, and assisted him with means to secure a large amount of land, Maj. Dickason may be regarded as the founder of Columbus. He was a Virginian by birth, and removed to Ohio and subsequently to Illinois. When he came to this county, he was somewhat advanced in middle life, and is described as a tall spare man with light hair, which he always wore long upon his shoulder. He is represented as a very brave man and extremely generous. He served during the whole of the memorable Black Hawk war, and it was from that fact that he gained his designation as Major, and most of his knowl- edge of this Western country. He erected the first habitation ever built by a white man in Columbus. It was a log cabin and stood upon the Crawfish, just beyond the site of the present depot. The Major brought with him, as previously reported, sixty or seventy head of cattle, upward of twenty horses and four or five wagons, and took possession of a considerable amount of land, which he had purchased of Luddington and another on time. The Major seemed to have a Daniel Boone idea of retain- ing sufficient hunting ground for himself. He believed that the wooded ground between Mud Lake and Lost Lake would never be settled, and that prairie lands alone would be ample for all the demands of agriculture. But it is also reported that, shortly after he he arrived here, he staked out twelve lots near his cabin for village purposes and called them Columbus, the embryo of a beautiful and prosperous village. The first ground broken by the HISTORY or COLUMBIA COUNTY. 509 plow extended beyond the hill upon which are now situated the residences of James T. Lewis and William L. Lewis and that of A. G. Cook. Here the Major stacked his first harvest of wheat, and here the stealthy savage applied the torch to his stacks and burned them. He also erected on the spot now occupied by the grist-mill in Columbus a saw-mill, and built near it a blacksmith-shop. The Major was of a hospitable and free-hearted nature. Even in the months succeeding the period we have mentioned, when blazed trees were the only milestones and guides to the adventurer on this frontier, the wave of civilization was flowing rapidly westward into the inte- rior of this Territory, and not a few men exploring these wilds in search of future homes, and whoever stopped with the Major departed without charge. He was not by nature intended for a farmer, and was not successful. Unable to meet his liabilities, he gave up his claim of 1,300 acres, now partially occupied by the city of Columbus, to Luddington, receiving a small sum for what he had done. With a team or two, he removed to Wyocena, where he remained until his death. His cabin remained standing in Columbus for some time, and was afterward occupied by some of " the first families." A story is told about a hurricane which passed over the village and partially unroofed this cabin ; the cellar underneath it was merely a hole in the ground, but the family, terrified by the blackness of the air and the fury of the tornado, sought refuge in it and closed the door in the floor after them ; the deluge poure I through the rent roof in torrents and passed into the cellar, until the inmates, to prevent being submerged, were compelled, before the storm was fairly abated, to seek refuge at their next neighbor's. " After considerable consideration, Lewis Luddington and myself," says Mr. Hustis, "were induced to purchase for Maj. Dickason about seventeen hundred acres of land on and about the site of Columbus, in the month of February, 1839, each of us taking about one-half of that amount of land in our mutual arrangements about the several tracts. Mr. Luddington took the water power, and I, the cultivated land. It so happened at the sale of the Milwaukee land dis- trict, I became the first purchaser of land sold, by bidding-in part of Section 12, near Columbus,* and closed the sale by purchasing a tract on Section 28, near Racine. These tracts, near and including Columbus, were at once contracted to Dickason on a four-years credit, and Mr. Luddington aided him in building a saw-mill, and afterward in constructing for him a grist-mill. Dickason was in occupancy of the property for a period extending over the four years without paying either of us a cent of principal or interest, or any of the taxes levied thereon. We found that we had considerable of an elephant on our hands. Finally, Luddington gave Dickason some $600 in cash and the income of the mill for one year, it having been leased to Col. Drake. With these means, Dickason made a purchase of what was afterward Wyocena." "Not a few of our old residents," says a Columbus writer, " remember Maj. Dickason, and are familiar with many incidents concerning him. He was the pioneer of Columbus, and among the very first white men who wandered over these prairies and through these groves. The little log cabin he built upon the banks of the Crawfish River, where the railroad depot now stands, in the dawn of settlement here, remained until a few years ago. The old borderer is buried at Wyocena. His grave is in a weedy, straggling cemetery encircled by Duck Creek, which here widens into quite a river, and shores as blue and gold of a cold, clear morning as some more pre- tentious waters, but the surroundings are desolate even in the brightest morning. Sandy slopes dotted with brown brush, wide-spreading marshes to the eastward, and a low line of dark woods, form the outline. Wyocena is within full view. The old Major's grave has a respectable slab, bearing the inscription : ' Maj. Elbert Dickason, died August 9, 1848, aged 48 years 9 months and 9 days.'" LA FAYETTE HILL. La Fayette Hill was the son of John and Cynthia Hill, and was born in Burlington, Vt., August 28, 1812. He received a common-school education, such as was afforded by the times * The entrj' here spoki'ii of was made on the 18th of February, and on the same day Lews Luddington also entered a portion < f Section 12. Mr. Luddington entered, at the same time, the half of Sections 13 and 24. — Ed. 510 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. in which he lived. Just before completing his majority, he removed to Rochester, N. Y. Here he made the acquaintance of Elizabetli French, daughter of Amos H. French, and was united with her in marriage February 18, 1835. In the fall of that year, the young couple removed to Chicago, 111., but the outlook not being sufficiently encouraging, in the fall of 1836, he moved to Milwaukee, Wis., where he remained until August, 1837, and on the 21st day of that month he landed in Columbia County, and in the newly platted village of " Kentucky City," now Dekorra, he erected a public house, which he kept for eleven years. " Kentucky City," at this time, aspired to be the State capital, and its founders, Thompson, Trimble & Morton, were making every effort to that end. In the fall of 1846, without solicitation on his part, he received the nomination for member of the Constitutional Convention, and was elected without opposition. He was elected several times member of the Town Board of Supervisors, Justice of the Peace, and member of the County Board of Supervisors. He was also, at different times, solicited to use his name for the office of Sheriff, but, having no special love for political life, and his private business being such as to require his personal supervision, he invariably declined. In 1848, Mr. Hill purchased the northeast quarter of Section 9, in the town of Dekorra, and here laid out the village of Oshaukuta. He also erected here the first hotel in the village, and " Hill's Tavern " was soon known far and wide. This attempt to found here a village was unsuccessful. La Fayette Hill was a man universally esteemed. His kindness of heart was proverbial. In the family circle, not a harsh word was ever spoken by him ; he was kind in the extreme. It mattered not under what circumstances a favor was asked by a mem- ber of the family, he was ever ready and willing to accede to it if in his power. On the 7th day of July, 1853, he was called to his rest, after a lingering illness of six months, leaving his loved companion to mourn his loss. JOHN A. BROWN was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., on the 10th of November, 1812, and was emphatically a self- made man. He enjoyed only the ordinary advantages of a common-school education, in what w^as then a backwoods country. He graduated where so many of the ablest, most successful and distinguished men of our country have graduated — in the printing office. His trade was learned in that good old school of good practical printers — Batavia — working in David Miller's office while Miller was publishing Morgan's famous book on Freemasonry, and [when the office and all hands were threatened with violence from an excited community. In the intervals of an industrious application as an apprentice to an old established printer, he made himself acquainted with the classic literature of our own tongue, and paid some attention to Latin and mathematics. In those studious nights of boyiiood, he stored his mind with choice selections of English poetry and prose, which his retentive memory enjoyed to the last. At the age of nineteen, he assumed the editorship of the Hartford (Conn.) IntelUgencvr. Here he was brought into contact with some of the leading minds of American literature at that time, and formed friendships which lasted through life. Some time was thus spent in a round of genial duties, when, in 1833, the love of adventure drove him to sea. For some two or three years at least, he was well acquainted with the changing moods of the great deep in all latitudes and longtitudes, and once was among the very few saved from a wreck of the ship of which he was second officer, on the coast of South America. He returned to his own country shortly after this occurrence, and taking to his old employ- ment, removed to then Territory of Michigan, in 1837, joining his brother Beriah at Tecumseh, where they published the Democrat, until, in February, 1838, he joined C. C. Britt, at Niles. Here he remained as a partner in the publication of the Xiles Intdligencer until 1 841, when he removed to Galena, 111., where he published a paper several months. This enterprise was unsuc- cessful, and he went to Rockford, where he published the Rockford Pilot until the fall of 1842, when he removed to Chicago and took charge of the Daily Democrat of that city — its proprietor having been nominated for Congress. In 1843, he came to Wisconsin, taking up his residence in Milwaukee, and publishing until 1847 the Milwaukee Courier, afterward the Dailt/ Wiscotmn. HISTORY OP COLUMBIA COUNTY. 511 He then went to Washington County, and there established a Democratic paper at Port Washington, which he subsequently published at Grafton. Thence he removed to Janesville, where he published the Badger State, which he published until his removal to Madison, where he was engaged with his brother on the Madison Democrat, afterward the Daily Argus and Democrat. In 1853, he came to Portage, a point which he had kept a long time in view, and where he had determined to make a permanent home. He began his work there with the ardor and energy of youth, purchasing the River Times newspaper, the name of which he changed to that which had become a favorite, and which he had come to regard as his own — the Badger State. Continuing its publication in connection with Mr. Britt, his political friends forced upon him, in 1856, the oiEce of Postmaster, to which he was again appointed just previous to his death by President Buchanan, and confirmed by the Senate of the United States. He died in Madison February 10, 1859, and was buried in Portage on the 12th, after appropriate and impressive funeral services. Thus, at the age of forty-six, closed the career of a brave, true man, of refined and generous sentiments^the exemplary citizen, the chivalrous champion of the innocent and oppressed, who rebuked vice, detested meanness, and, hating with a cordial hatred all falsehood, all dishonesty, and all trickery, worked faithfully to fulfill the law of truth and love. JEKEMIAH DRAKE was born in Ulster County, N. Y., and at an early age removed to Herkimer County in the same State. When quite young, he was thrown upon his own resources, and supported himself by the fruits of his own labor. Thus early was laid the foundation of that self-reliance and that independence of spirit which distinguished his whole life, and thus was developed a strong and vigorous constitution, and a mind fitted in a remarkable degree for the transaction of business. Western New York at that time was a wilderness. The busy tongue of enterprise had as yet uttered no prophecy of its future development. Mr. Drake was among the early pioneers who explored that portion of the State. He was among those who projected and urged to completion the Erie Canal. He saw the first section completed, and was present when the first trip was made. As the work progressed, he superintended large contracts, and saw this great line of communication stretching from Albany to Buff'alo, thus connecting the East with the then unknown West. He was largely acquainted with the leading men of those times, and took a deep interest in the political ((uestions of the day. His piety was a principle rooted in the heart, and yielding the fruits of righteousness. His sympathy was always with progress, laboring to advance those measures that should result in general good. Statesmen of a past generation were his neighbors. De Witt Clinton was his friend, and he remembered Gov. Seward as a mere stripling. He was for a time largely engaged in public works in the State of New Jersey, and during the war of 1812 he was in the lumber trade in Canada. He came to what is now the city of Columbus in 1842, when there were but fcAv improvements, and thus he took rank among the early pioneers of the West. He repaired and enlarged the grist-mill, and built the first frame house in Columbus. After residing there five years, he removed on a farm three miles south, where he remained until the gradual decay of nature rendered it neces- sary for him to relinquish his business and seek that rest which he had so richly earned by a long life of labor. But the rest was short. Old age has but few comforts at best. Mr. Drake was a man to whom honor was more than a name. He was a man positive in his principles, of remarkable energy and perseverance, strong in his political views, firm in his Christian faith, reliable in his business as a man tried and true. He died early in December, 1868, aged eighty-four. JOSEPH JI. DOTY. Mr. Doty was born in Lewis County, N. Y., and entered Union College at the age of six- teen. After graduating, he read law in the office of Davis & Pierson, of Troy, N. Y., and, oa completing the course, took up his residence in Ogdensburg, N. Y. Taking an active part in the current politics of the day, and enjoying the. friendship of that eminent statesman, the 512 HISTORY OF COLI'MBIA COUXTY. lamented Silas Wright, as well as of Preston King, he at once took a high position in the party whose cause he had espoused, and was appointed, by President Polk, Postmaster at Ogdens- burg, which position he held for four years. His natural tastes, however, led him into the editorial chair, and for five years he was editor of the Buffalo Courier, the leading Democratic paper in Western New York. Removing to the West, he was editorially engaged in Milwaukee for awhile, and afterward was associated with H. D. Barron, in the editorial conduct of a Democratic paper at Waukesha. Removing to Portage, where his parents resided, he became editorially connected with the Badger State, in conjunction with John A. Brown, and on his retirement from the sheet he became the sole editor. He wont to Florida in the spring of 1861, for the benefit of his health, and was there when the war broke out. After the war was over, he edited a paper for awhile, but latterly was engaged in fruit-growing. A residence of several years in Portage — during which time he took a leading and conspicuous part in all public mat- ters — as editor of the Badger State, gained for him many friends who will, through life, ever cherish the virtues which distinguished him. Few men possessed more of those peculiar abilities which distinguish the good editor than Mr. Doty. Possessed of fine scholarly attainments and culture, with a fondness for all public matters, more especially politics, and with a large fund of rare good nature and humor, the posi- tion of editor was one exactly adapted to his tastes and habits, and he lent to the columns of his paper unusual interest. Always liberal in sentiment, generous and courteous, he never suffered his columns to be defiled by coarse, vulgar abuse of political adversaries, and never allowed political differences to disturb personal friendships. He died in Jacksonville, Fla., June 19, 1868, aged forty-five years. BAKON STEUBEN DOTY was born at Salem, Washington Co., N. Y., in 1795, but removed to Lewis County with his father when a child. He was educated under Dr. Alexander, at Fairfield, and subsequently studied law at Cherry Valley with Mr. Hammond, an eminent jurist of his day, and completed his seven years' course with Judge Williams, at Utica. He went into practice with Ela Collins, District Attorney of Lewis County, in 1818. Mr. Doty was a brother of James Duane Doty, one of the Territorial Governors of the State. About 1818, he married. Subsequently, he removed to Ogdensburg, and was there associated in business with Bishop Perkins. In 1826-2/, he served St. Lawrence County in the Legislature of New York. Jabez D. Ham- mond, the eminent political historian, makes special mention of Mr. Doty, speaking of him as one of the most prominent of the Democratic members, and with others named respectable for talents and intelligence. He was the political associate of the lamented Silas Wright and Preston King, and was appointed Collector of the port at Ogdensburg by Gen. Jackson, which position he held through the administration. Removing to Buffalo, he remained there for a few years. He came to Wisconsin about the year 1851, first settling at Green Bay. He removed to Portage about 1855. Here he practiced law. For several years, he was the Treas- urer of Portage. Judge Doty, as he was accustomed to be called, was truly a gentleman of the old school. His manner and habits of life were formed at a time of which few of the present generation have any knowledge. He had a proud, dignified sj)irit, a courtly bearing, and in his intercourse with men was a true gentleman. He attracted friends to him and won their attachment by his magnetic influences and forever held them by his faithfulness to them under all circumstances. He died in Portage on the 28th day of October, 1872. WILLI.\M T. WHIRRY was a native of England, and was about sixty-five years of age at the time of his death. He came to this country at an early date, taking up his residence in Randolph, and sharing with his few neighbors all the hardships incident to the settling up of a new county. Twenty years ago, he was elected to the Assembly from the northern district of this county, and discharged the duties of the position with rare judgment and unquestioned fidelity. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 513 He died at his residence in the village of Randolph the 18th of November, 1874. He was the Supervisor of the West Ward of that village, and he left a sick-bed to come up to the county seat the week before his death, to attend to his official duties. But he was unable to meet with the board except on a single occasion, and it was apparent to all that he was under- going great bodily suflfering at that time. He returned to his room at the hotel, but his asso- ciates on the Board freely expressed their fears that he would never meet with them in deliber- ation aorain. Their fears were soon confirmed. His time had come. EMMONS TAYLOR was born in the town of Rupert, Bennington Co.. Vt., June 26, 1828. He entered Williams College, at Williamstown, Mass., at the early age of fifteen, and graduated when only nineteen years old. He read law at Granville, N. Y., in the office of J. C. Hopkins, afterward United States Judge for the Western District of Wisconsin, and, on being admitted to the practice, he came to this State, taking up his residence, in 1857, in Portage, and becoming the business partner of L. S. Dixon, afterward Chief Justice of Wisconsin. He continued in that rela- tion until Mr. Dixon's elevation to the bench, in 1859. More recently, a like partnership was formed with his brother, J. B. Taylor, which continued to his death. In 1868, Mr. Taylor was elected District Attorney of Columbia County, and was unani- mously re-elected in 1870, and again in 1872. In political sentiment, he was a Republican, but not a partisan. His talents would have given him almost any position he might have aspired to, had his ambition led him into the field of politics, which it did not. Political preferment had no charms for him. The law was his chosen profession, and he devoted himself to it with an assiduity rarely excelled. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that he achieved a high distinction at the bar. He died April 13, 1874, in Portage, after an ill- ness of about ten weeks' duration. He left no family, his wife — Martha Pride, having pre- ceded him to the grave something more than a year before his death, and his infant boy a few months earlier still. "Nature was bountiful in her gifts to Mr. Taylor," said one who knew him well. " She gave him a kindness that reached out to all with whom he became acquainted. She gave him 80 full a love of justice that it was the guiding star of all his actions. She bestowed on him the gift of oratory, and an intellect of no common power, accompanied by an ambition that secured their careful and generous culture. He was, therefore, a kindly, justice-loving, talented man, a fine scholar and an accomplished orator. In the closer walks of professional life, the qualities I have named gave their coloring to all his thoughts, all his words and all his actions. In his intercourse with his brethren, he was a pleasant and genial companion, a reliable associate and an honorable opponent, who kept his promise in spirit as well as in letter. He never forgot the obligation of the attorney to give his client the most intelligent and faithful labor that careful preparation and diligent study could furnish. Victory never elated him so as to make him forget the amenities of the profession, or the courtesy due to the losing party, nor did defeat ever make him unjust to the court, to the jury, or to an opposing counsel. In short, his bearing and conduct, under all circumstances, were so commendable that the man seemed greater than the lawyer." Says another who was brought into intimate association with Mr. Taylor, as a member of an ancient and honorable society, in which at the time of his death he was prominent in official position : "As a lawyer. Gen. Taylor — the name by which we all delighted to call him — was the equal and peer of any member of the bar. He was studious, earnest, careful in all the practice of the profession. He was laborious, painstaking, thoughtful in all matters of prepar- ation. He was in action and execution vigorous, strong and emphatic. The hammer in his hand was carefully poised ; and the blow from it that followed carried with it the added power of the preparation that preceded. His inclinations and his habits were to do thoroughly and well all that he deemed worthy to be done at all. His work was not slighted or neglected, when once entered upon, but was diligently, thoroughly and conscientiously performed. And so 514 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. his labor was earnest and untiring. He was industrious in the most faithful sense of the terra." " His great abilities and acquirements," wrote a friend eminently qualified to judge of them, " placed him in the very front rank of his profession. As a counselor he was thoughtful, impartial, conscientious and judicious. He always told the truth to his client and gave honest and candid advice, whether it was encouraging or discouraging to the preconceived opinions of the client, and without regard to consequences to himself or others. As an advocate, he had few superiors, if any, at the bar. " His presence and bearing when before the coart and jury, in forensic debate, were dignified, courteous and manly, his manner most impressive and convincing, his logic sound and lucid, his language well chosen and his elocution perfect. His well-rounded periods, pro- nounced in a strong and well-modulated voice, were correctly interspersed with accent and emphasis, always conveying his exact meaning, and always producing effect. His sarcasm and denunciation were terrific and his pathos and tender feeling most melting and sympathetic. He was, in short, invested with all the elements and graces'of the advocate and orator. Amongst his brother lawyers, and in his legal practice, he was the very soul of honor ; kind, courteous and obliging in every sense — the highest type of the lawyer and gentleman. In social life, he was most eminently fitted to both ornament and influence society, and his friendships were well chosen, most intimate, disinterested, strong and lasting. He was a most kind and tender hus- band, a warm and generous friend, and so attached to the scenes, associations and labors of his home, that it was with great reluctance and effort that he was ever induced to go abroad and enlarge the sphere of his acquaintance, influence, and professional practice and triumphs. It was owing to these local and friendly attachments, more than to anything else, that his appre- ciation and his fame were not as great throughout the country as in his own State, and in the county of Columbia. JACOB LOW. Jacob Low, only son of Capt. Gideon Low, was born in the town of Hyde Park, Dutchess Co., N. Y., November 5, 1807. He died at his home in Lowville, Columbia Co., Wis., June 24, 1875. His fondness for travel and adventure led him to adopt, while quite young, a sailor's life, and, by diligence and strict attention to business, he was soon promoted to commander of a steamer. During the time not actively engaged on the water, he learned the hatter's trade, at which he was very expert, and to which, in after years, he often referred with pride. His wife objecting to his seafaring life, and having saved something with which to start business for himself, he opened a hat store in Albany, N. Y., where soon, in the general crash of business, in 1837, he found his $10,000 swept away, and himself again with only his hands with which to fight the battle of life. He could see no better chance to retrieve his fortunes than to again try the water. Through the assistance of his brother-in-law, Capt. Winship, of the ship Richmond, he was made super- cargo of the vessel, which was trading at most of the principal seaports of Europe and the Indies. To these visits to the Old AVorld was he indebted for his extensive knowledge of characters, cus- toms and things, which, added to his native wit, rendered him so entertaining and instructive a conversationalist. On one of these voyages, an attack of yellow fever came near bringing his life to a close, sapping his constitution and leaving him ever after fragile and weakly. On his return, he opened a grocery store in New York City, and, while there, was a member of the famous old Seventh Regiment, New York State Militia. His ventures on shore, however, not proving remunerative, he emigrated with his family, early in 1843, to Green Bay, Wis., where he conducted a hotel called the Astor House, and, in the fall of the same year, removed to old Fort Winnebago, Columbia Co., Wis., where, in com- pany with his brother-in-law, John Schaumburgh, he operated a general store, the principal por- tion of their trade being with the Indians. In 1845, he removed to his farm in what is now the town of Lowville, but at that time simply a delightful spot, where the prairie and openings seemed to contest their right to the HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 515 beautiful little rivulet which separated the two, and after that date formed one of two halting^ places on the road leading from Fort Winnebago to Madison, the other at Token Creek being an older claim. Here he erected his buildings, subdued the virgin soil, reared his children, and passed his maturer years. Here he lived and died, honored and respected by his kindred and neighbors, many of whom had been attracted to the vicinity through his influence. Not being hardy enough to labor in the field on this new farm himself, his time was employed in making home beautiful, advising his neighbors, and dispensing hospitality to the many strangers who were then flocking to Wisconsin. As a host he had no superior; his friends were always enter- tained in royal good style, and made to feel a welcome seldom experienced elsewhere. Whoever enjoyed his unbounded hospitality were indeed fortunate. He was quick and impulsive ; his friends could do nothing wrong, his enemies nothing right. His convictions were strong and his influence positive. As an instance : when Deacon Clinton and his associates went to him to assist them in obtaining mortgages for the old LaCrosse Rail- road Company, he told them plainly that he considered it a dangerous experiment, and would neither mortgage his own farm nor assist them in obtaining mortgages from others. The soph- istry of the smooth-tongued Deacon could not prevail, and, as the neighboring farmers were accustomed to refer to him for advice on matters not fully understood by themselves, but a soli- tary mortgage was obtained in that vicinity. In politics, he was a radical, originally a Whig, and latterly an active worker in the formation of the Republican party ; with him language was not strong enough to express his condemnation of the Democratic party. As a Whig, he was elected Sheriff of Columbia County in 1850 ; and, as a Republican, he was elected to the Assem- bly from the Third District for the year 1872. In 1863, he was appointed by the Governor as State Agent to look after the interests of the sick and wounded soldiers, with headquarters at Memphis. In 1859, he was Assistant Sergeant-at-arms in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He was married at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., May 6, 1836, to Catherine Morgan, only daugh- ter of David Morgan, of that city. Had four children — Lewis, born January 27, 1837, who died January 19, 1873 ; Bartlett Marshall, born February 1, 1839 ; Melissa A., born March 28, 1841, and John H., born December 29, 1842. The disease which finally ended his life was consumption. The home where he resided for thirty years, and which was a landmark so long, has passed into other hands, and the living members of the family are all removed from the town. The monument in the pleasant little country cemetery, less than a mile from his old home, and the name bequeathed the township, are the only outward indications to remind the present generation of the warm, true-hearted pioneer, who was once so important a factor in the life of the community. CARL HAERTEL was born on the 16th of June, 1824, in the village of Bechenheim, Grand Duchy of Hesse- Darmstadt. At fourteen, he was bound to learn the trade of cooper and brewer ; at the expira- tion of his apprenticeship, he made extensive travels in Europe. In 1851, he came to the United States with his sister, Mrs. Fauerbach, of Madison. In 1852, he came to Portage and took up his residence, residing here until his death, which occurred Wednesday, June 7, 1876. Begin- ning business in Portage on a small scale, and in a manner commensurate with his limited means, by prudence, industry, and strict attention to business, he soon laid the foundation for the large estate he subsequently acquired. The fine buildings and business blocks he has erected are enduring monuments to his enterprise, sagacity and public spirit. Mr. Haertel was thoroughly domestic in his habits, and rarely left home for more than a day or two at a time. He loved his home, and he loved his adopted city with all the aft'ection he felt for his Fatherland. Coming here when it was a mere hamlet, he knew all the people ; started with them in their battle for life ; shared their joys and their sorrows, and had an attach- ment for them all that amounted almost to a brotherly affection. No word, no act, no assistance was ever withheld by him that would promote the happiness of his fellow. No man that ever 616 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. lived had a kinder heart or more unlimited benevolence than Mr. Haertel. His reputation in this respect was not confined to Portage, but it was co-extensive with the State, and his country- men left their homes from across the sea, to come to Portage and vicinity, and they sought the counsel and invoked the aid of Mr. Haertel with as much confidence as the little child flies to its parent for protection, and they were never denied any assistance it was possible for his great heart to extend. His public spirit was no less marked than his private enter]irise. Everything having for its object the advancement and the local interests of Portage found in him an active and and liberal supporter. No public man or distinguished citizen ever came to Portage, whose comfort was not sought to be promoted by Mr. Haertel. He desired every stranger who came here to leave with a good impression of the city and its people, and to him is due in a great measure the reputation the city has gained for its public spirit, liberality and good fellowship. His unbounded humor Was also a distinguishing feature of his character, and in the years to come early settlers of Port- age and their children will often recount a pleasant anecdote of Cai'l Haertel. On the 9th of June, 1876, he was laid away to rest in the beautiful Silver Lake Cemetery. WILLIAM WIER. William Wier, one of the earliest settlers and most eccentric residents of Portage, died very suddenly on the 6th day of July, 1877, aged about sixty years. He was in his usual health on the day previous, and was at the old fort on that day, but was drenched in a storm. He was a native of Scotland, and first appeared in this country as a soldier in a British regiment, stationed in Canada. He subsequently enlisted in the First United States Infantry, and, as a member of that regiment, served in the Seminole war. At the close of the Florida war, in 1842, he came with his regiment to Fort Winnebago, and remained here until the troops were ordered to Mex- ico in 1845. His term of service was close upon its expiration, and he was soon after mustered out at one of the forts in the Southwest. He then returned to Fort Winnebago, which had been left in charge of Sergt. Van Camp. The latter died within a brief period, and Weir succeeded him. Fort Winnebago became Portage ; this frontier grew to be a center of civilization, and the old fort that is the dejected memento of so many stirring memories, became a deserted ruin. Silence and desolation succeeded the sounds of reveille and retreat, and all the martial activity that once gave life to the place. But it was ever the same with Fort Winnebago to him, and he always considered himself its commander and special guardian. When the rebellion broke out. he enlisted in the Nineteenth Wisconsin. He was afterward promoted to a second lieutenancy in the Thirty-third, and was mustered out as a Captain. The worn old veteran, who was out of his sphere in these piping times of peace, was buried in the neglected cemetery on the fort grounds, and he is entitled to the sound sleep of a faithful soldier. SQUIRE SHERWOOD CASE was born in Hillsdale, Columbia Co., N. Y., September 27, 1801. During his childhood, his parents removed to Chautauqua County, N. Y., then the extreme western limit of civilization. Here his father engaged in farming, lumbering and kindred occupations, and, as help was scarce and high, the boy here laid the foundation of the habits of industry which sei'ved him so welt in after life. He removed, when about twenty-one years of age, to Buffalo, N. Y., and rented the Farmers' Hotel in that place, which, after three years, he was enabled to buy. His con- nection with this hotel, first as lessee, then as proprietor, continued eleven years. He then took up the business of contracting for the building of public works and pursued it for a time with great success. He built the first macadamized road in the western part of New York, thereby converting an almost impassable road into a fine drive, an achievement which was then con- sidered one of the wonders of the age. Unfortunately, however, he took a contract on the Erie Canal, and, by the suspension of work on it in 1842, he lost the bulk of his property. While in Buffalo, he was a member of the Common Council for ten or twelve years. He was Colonel of the Two Hundred and Eighth Regiment, New Yoi-k Militia, and served under Scott in the HISTORY OF CODUMBIA COUNTY. 517 Patriot war. He represented Erie County in the New York Legislature in 1837 and also in 1842. After the loss of his property in 1842, he removed to Wisconsin and took up a farm in what is now Merton Township, Waukesha County, formerly a portion of Milwaukee County. But farming was less to his taste than mechanical work, so, in 18.51, he removed to Waukesha Village and purchased the car-shops there. He built the first cars used in the construction of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. He obtained the right of way for the company between La Crosse and Portage, to which latter city he removed in the spring of 1857. In the fall of 1857, he became station agent at Portage, which position he held for ten years. In the spring of 1868, he moved to Mauston, and, being advanced in years and broken in health, never again took an active part in business or politics. His death occurred at Mauston March 30, 1878. In summing up the events of Mr. Case's active and useful life, it must not be forgotten that he was a member of the convention which formed the State Constitution. In this convention, he represented in part the county of Waukesha. JOHN CONVERSE. Mr. Converse was born at Randolph, Orange Co., Vt., November 9, 1797. He removed thence to Stafford, Tolland Co., Conn. About the year 1820, was married to Miss Azubah Pinney, of Stafford, and lived there and at Chesterfield, N. H., until about 1843, when he removed west- ward. He stopped a short time at Tully, N. Y., but came to Randolph in this county about 1844 or 1845, and resided in Columbia County until 1877. For some years, he resided with his daughter, Mrs. A. B. Alden, in this city, but at her death he removed to Dundas, Minn., and made his home with his son, Frederick J., an reason to boast of her educational advantages, except such as are furnished by her high, graded and common schools. Of the latter she has good reason to be proud. The ample provision made by the State for common schools has been liberally supple- mented bv the tax-payers of this county. The need of the influence and inspiration derived HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 547 from institutions of higher culture is greatly felt, but the want is being rapidly outgrown by reason of the increased facilities for getting to and from places of higher learning. The early schools of Columbia County were, like all others in a new country, small in their beginnings. Previous to 1850, Eliza Haight taught a private school at "the portage," as did also Delos Brown in the year just mentioned. The first district formed in the vicinity of Cam- bria was in 1848 ; a schoolhouse was built in the same year, and a public school taught by Miss Betsy Griffin. In 1852, Julia Landt taught in the town of Newport, near Kilbourn, for $1.25 per week, and "board around; " and Frances Howard taught the same school for $2.50 per week, and boarded herself The first year of public schools reported was in 1849, when the average wages paid male teachers were $11.75 a month; female, $5.39. The average value of the schoolhouses for each town in the State was $575, which for the eleven towns reported of Columbia County, would give an aggregate of $6,223.25; and, if the forty-one districts in these towns that reported had each a schoolhouse, the average value would be about $150. Just thirty years after this, in 1879, the county contained 146 " regular " school districts, with schoolhouses valued on the average at over $500 each. There were also seventy-three "parts" of districts, and forty "joint " districts. The average wages paid male teachers were $37.07 per month, and female teachers, $20.87. The whole number of children of school age in the county is 8,550, of whom 6,370 have attended school. Outside of school age, which is from four to twenty years, eighty-three have also attended public schools. To teach all these, 272 different teachers have been employed during the year 1879, only 163 of whom could be teach- ing during the same term. The total amount of money received by the county for school pur- poses, from all sources, was very nearly $46,000, of which there has been paid out for teachers' wages alone the sura of $32,167. The total expense of the common schools of Columbia County for 1879 was very nearly $58,000, or about $9 for each one of those attending school. Through the agency of teachers' associations and institutes, the more advanced ideas and methods of modern teaching are disseminated throughout the county, and many good teachers are found in the common schools even at the present low rate of wages. This year (1880) is also witnessing an increased activity in the building of new schoolhouses, and the repairing of old ones, and the introducing of modern and improved styles of school furniture and apparatus. Exclusive of the high schools in the cities of Portage and Columbus, there is a free high school at Lodi. This was established as a graded school in September, 1864, with A. J. Riley as Principal at a salary of $850. In 1869, a high-school building was built, and for five years Mr. Yocum was Principal. He was followed in 1874 by A. A. Miller, and subsequently, ih 1877, by W. E. Todd, who is still Principal and has done much to give the school its present excellent reputation. On the 29th of March, 1878, the building was burned down and a new one afterward erected at a cost of about $8,000. There are six departments, employing as many teachers, with an attendance of 275 pupils, seventy-five of whom are in the high-school department. In the village of Kilbourn there is a graded school of five departments, employing six teachers, with an attendance of 384 pupils. The schoolhouse was built in 1869 at a cost of $16,000, and the annual running expenses for 1879 were about $2,750. At Cambria, a school of two departments was organized in 1859, and enlarged to three departments in 1869. In 1867, the total enrollment of scholars was 311, and again in 1879 the number was 253. The total expense yearly of running the school is $1,125. In the list of Principals are the names of Henry Rust, J. J. Lloyd, Orson Kellogg, D. A. Strong, Kennedy Scott and Zed. Merrill. There is also a school of two departments and three teachers at Poynette, which was first organized in the fall of 1862, with Miles T. Alverson as Principal. The total expense that year was $400. The number of children enrolled in the district was 127, and the attendance in both departments 103. The total attendance in 1880 is about 140, and the annual expense of running the school over $1,000. To within a year two teachers only have been employed. Besides these there are schools of two departments at Wyocena, Pardeeville, 648 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Rio, Fall River and Randolph, all of which tend to draw in the larger scholars from the sur- rounding country districts. The supervision of schools was in the care of town Superintendents until the close of 1861, when the county superintendency was adopted. The first to fill the oflBce of County Superin- tendent of Schools of Columbia County was D. W. Rosenkrans, of Columbus, six years, 1862- 67 ; then Levi Bath, of Columbus, two years, 1868-69 ; J. J. Lloyd, of Cambria, two years, 1870-'71 ; L. J. Burlingame, of West Point, three years, 1872-74 ; Kennedy Scott, five years, 1875-79, and the incumbent, Henry Neill, of Caledonia, elected for the term of 1880-81. COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. The following, are the towns, cities and villages in Columbia County entitled each to one representative upon the County Board : Towtfs. — Arlington, Caledonia, Columbus, Courtland, Dekorra, Fort Winnebago, Fountain Prairie, Hampden, Leeds, Lewiston, Loili, Lowville, Marcellon, Newport, Otsego, Pacific, Ran- dolph, Scott, Springvale, West Point and Wyocena — 21. Cities. — Columbus, First Ward, Second Ward, Third Ward ; Portage, First Ward, Second Ward, Third Ward, Fourth Ward, Fifth Ward— 8. Villages. — Cambria, Kilbourn City, Lodi, Randolph (West Ward) — 4. The following are the names of the membei's of the Board of County Commissioners and Board of Supervisors for the years mentioned : County CommissionerH.* — 1846 — Solomon Leach, J. Q. Adams, John Langdon.f 1847— R. F. Veeder, N. Griffin, J. D. McCall. 1848 — J. Q. Adams, J. J. Guppey, G. M. Bartholomew. 1849 — J. C. Carr, LaFayette Hill, John 0. Jones. Board of Supervisors. — 184!t — A. A. Brayton, S. Brayton, 0. Kincaid, J. 0. Jones, W. T. Whirry, AV. K. Custar, L. Warner, J. Williams, W. W. Patton, Linus Blair, Edwin Sylves- ter, M. C. Bartholomew, Bishop Johnson — 13. 1850 — Jeremiah Drake, J. Kerr, J. Hewett, J. Seavey, J. Whitney, E. Cook, B. Johnson, D. Bisbee, J. 0. Jones, J. Williams, A. A. Brayton, 0. Kincaid, 0. C. Howe, I. Polley, T. Dalziel, E. Lee — 16. 1851 — Joseph Kerr, J. Q. Adams, D. S. Bushnell, G. M. Bartholomew, F. C. Curtis, Thomas Dalziel, J. H. Guptil, J. 0. Jones, A. C. Ketchum, 0. Kincaid, Elijah Lee, J. W. Rhoades, J. Rood, T. C. Smith, R. H. Mead, Jesse Van Ness, J. Whitney — 17. 1852 — Joseph Kerr, J. Q. Adams, G. M. Bartholomew, M. F. Cass, William W. Drake, J. M. Forrest, F. Folsom, Elijah Lee, R. H. Mead, John Pate, M. W. Patton, D. Vandercook, Jesse Van Ness, D. White, C. J. Chapin, R. Closs, F. C. Curtis, F. E. Whiton— 18. 1853— Jesse Van Ness, W. G. Simons, W. H. Young, W. W. Drake, J. C. Carr, G. D. Mead, J. F. Hand, D. White, J. S. Richmond, C. H. Moore, H. Converse, J. 0. Jones. R. H. Mead, Benjamin Williams, W. Wiley, E. Williams, Abram Dates, Samuel Reeder, J. Christy, E. Lee— 20. 1854 — F. C. Curtis, M. Barden, John Hagan, E. A. Tolles, George Wall, H. Converse, J. 0. Jones, R. H. Mead, F. Folsom, D. White, J. S. Richmond, Peter Van Ness, M. C. Bar- tholomew, John Derr, J. A. Bowen, E. F. Lewis, J. C. Carr, E. A. McDowell, Benjamin Dow, W. T. Whirry, W. H. Young— 21. 1855 — M. W. Patton, Nathan Hazen, Thomas Robertson, N. Griffin, J. Drake, S. Cook, John Hagan, J. Walton, J. Montgomery, I. C. Sargent, F. C. Curtis, M. C. Bartholomew, Jacob Jacobia, J. Seavey, Ed. Dawes, F. Folsom, Benjamin Dow, Andrew Dunn, J. N. Hardy, John 0. Jones, S. W. Walker, S. H. Briggs— 22. 1856— F. C. Curtis, A. N. Smith, Thomas Robertson, W. W. Drake, F. G. Randall, Daniel AVhite, J. C. Carr, J. Devlin, Ed. Fairbanks, J. Ewing, Jr., S. Dutton, M. F. Cass, E. ♦The fii-st officer named in each year, in this Board, and in tlie Board of Supervisors, waa Chairman. fDid not qualify. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 549 Dawes, C. S. Tompkins, William Weir, G. G. Marvin, M. W. Patton, N. White, W. M. Blair, T. Tirrill, N. Goodall, Josiah Arnold— 22. 1857 — Peter Van Ness, J. Austin, Alexander McDonald, W. W. Drake. R. H. Mead, Daniel White, S. M. Smith, A. Sweany, E. Fairbanks, S. A. Wheeler, W. G. Simons, W. T. Bradley, Samuel Dunn, J. H. Bonney, Ed. Dawes, Frank Folsom, J. P. McGregor, William Weir, R. T. Graves, M. Barden, J. 0. Jones, H. Converse — 22. 1858— J. C. Carr, J. Austin, J. Williams, Thomas Robertson. W. M. Griswold, D. White, A. Sweany, Henry Lull, S. Dunn, W. T. Bradley, J. B. Dwinnell, J. Devine, J. H. Bonney, S. Blood, F. G. Smythe, Francis Wood, L. G. Sever, S. E. Dana, G. N. Richmond, R. S. Stoyell, R. T. Graves, M. Barden, Evan Meredith, J. Pound, H. W. Roblier— 25. " 1859 — J. C. Carr, J. T. Hillyer, Thomas Robertson, J. D. Jones, William M. Griswold, W. Waugh, L. Sweany, W. K. Custar, W. N. Baker, James Devine, J. F..Hand, C. L. Brown, M. M. Williams, J. Bowman, J. L. Burk, F. Wood, P. Sheehan, John Graham, A. M. Craig, J. Collins, A. Warren, M. Barden, E. Meredith, Ira PoUey, N. B. Ellis— 25. I860— W. N. Baker, J. T. Hillyer, W. Stevenson, W. Bump, Thomas Silsbee, D. White, J. Q. Adams, 0. S. Smith, Ed. Fairbanks, James Devine, Delos Bundy, C. L. Brown, S. A. Knapp, J. W. King, C. S. Tompkins, Henry Emder, S. E. Dana, A. P. Bennett, H. W. Emery, A. Weir, Abram Warren, M. Barden, R. B. Sanderson, N. Coapman, Ira Policy — 25. 1861— W. N. Baker, H. J. Sill, W. Stevenson, S. Harvey, A. G. Cook, Hugh Jamieson, 0. S. Smith, E. H. Wood, J. H. Sutton, L. A. Squire, L. D. Dean, J. F. Hand, S. A. Knapp, J. W. King, J. L. Burk, Andrew Weir, Ed. O'Keeffe, John Graham, S. S. Brannan, G. H. Osborn, G. G. Marvin, J. 0. Jones, M. Barden, George Yule, E. B. Blaisdell — 25. 1862 — Levi W. Barden, C. L. Brown, Marcus Barden. 1863 — Levi W. Barden, C. L. Brown, Marcus Barden. 1864— W. W. Drake, G. M. Bartholomew, M. Barden. 1865— W. W. Drake, G. M. Bartholomew, M. Barden. 1866— W. W. Drake, E. F. Lewis, M. Barden. 1867— Marcus Barden, E. F. Lewis, W. W. Drake. 1868— E. F. Lewis, W. W. Drake, M. Barden. 1869— G. M. Bartholomew, Ira H. Ford, J. Meredith. 1870 — A. J. Turner. H. McFarlane, Alexander Prentice, A. G. Cook, A. W. Ingalsbe, H. B. Rust, E. 0. Jones, H. Jamieson, Abram Dates, W. H. Proctor, S. Hasey, L. A. Squire, E. F. Lewis, Joel Pruyn, W. H. Young, Hiram Albee, George Smith, D. B. Kuney, J. L. Burk, B. F. Flower, Thomas Dalton, S. S. Brannan, E. Arthur, W. W. Corning, S. S. Tor- bert, S. M. Smith, M. Barden, J. R. Rowlands, Jr., F. 0. Sisson, E. B. Blaisdell— 30. 1871— William M. Griswold, H. McFarlane, J. G. Staudenmayer, E. 0. Jones, W. W. Drake, G. M. Bennett, John McKenzie, Charles Sweany, H. C. Field, Samuel Hasey, D. B. Kuney, L. A. Squire, E. B. Craig, Joel Pruyn, Samuel Dunn, H. Albee, George Smith, J. L. Burk, Stephen Calverly, L. G. Bever, John Gates, Daniel Wells, W. W. Corning, C. Wheeler, G. G. Marvin, M. Barden, J. R. Rowlands, J. L. Farr, E. B. Blaisdell, S. M. Smith— 30. 1872 — A. J. Turner, H. McFarlane, J. G. Staudenmayer, E. 0. Jones, I. Smith, E. E. Chapin, G. M. Bennett, J. McKenzie, Charles Sweany, H. C. Field, C. S. Tompkins, D. B. Kuney, L. A. Squire, Albert Sharf, A. Eaton, John Foote, Samuel Dunn, Hiram Albee, George Smith, J. Boutwell, J. L. Porter, L. Prehn, James Fyfe, B. Doherty, W. W. Corning, John Chamberlin, M. Barden, J. R. Rowlands, J. L. Farr, C. J. Pardee, S. M. Smith — 31. 187-3 — A. J. Turner, H. McFarlane, J. G. Staudenmayer, E. 0. Jones, J. J. Sutton, E. E. Chapin, G. M. Bennett, J. McKenzie, Abram Dates, H. C. Field, Samuel Hasey, P. G. Stroud, . W. C. Kleinert, Albert Sharf, A. Eaton, J. Foote, Samuel Dunn, Hiram Albee, I. W. York, J. Boutwell, S. Calverly, Louis Prehn, S. S. Brannan, B. Doherty, J. Collins, W. T. Whirry, M. Barden, J. R. Rowlands, J. L. Farr, Charles Spear, J. Stolker — 31. 1874 — A. J. Turner, H. McFarlane, J. G. Staudenmayer, R. J. Rowlands, Paul Miller, W. M. Griswold, C L. Dering, H. A. Whitney, G. M. Bennett, J. McKenzie, Charles Sweany, 650 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. H. C. Field, John Derr, M. Griffin, W. C. Kleinert, Alber; Sharf, A. Eaton, John Foote, Samuel Dunn, Hiram Albee, A. Chamberlin, J. Boutwell, Edward Smith, Peter Mahon, Will- iam Meacher, Evan Arthur, W. W. Corning.* Samuel Clark, Marcus Barden, J. R. Rowlands, J. A. Parr, C. J. Pardee, W. T. Whirryf— 33. 1875 — A. J. Turner, Hiram Albee, Evan Arthur, Alan Bogue, Stephen Calverly, Samuel Clark, John Derr, John Foote, Michael Griffin, Alfred Hasey, J. C. Hoppin, D. M. Hall, Evan 0. Jones, Hugh Jamieson, J. R. Jones, W. C. Kleinert, Matthew Lowth, John W. Lee, I. G. Loomis, Peter Mahon, William Meacher, W. H. Proctor, Charles J. Pardee, F. G. Randall, J. G. Staudenmayer, Charles Sweany, Albert Sharf, John Sawyer, Joseph Stalker, Matbias Traut. James Wilson, Jr., I. W. York, George Yule — 33. 1876 — A. J. Turner, Alan Bogue, William Black, M. W. Patton, Matthew Lowth, J. R. Decker, A. Hasey, N. C. Bissell, John W. Lee, A. Hastie, Charles Sweany. 0. W. Field, John Derr, P. G. Stroud, W. C. Kleinert, Peter Tennison, James Wilson, A. Eaton, F. C. Curtis, 0. D. Coleman, I. W. York, T. Thompson, Edward Smith, Peter Mahon, S. S. Brannan, S. S. Johnson, I. G. Loomis, John Sanderson, John Sawyer, John R. Jones, John Evans, C. J. Par- dee, Joseph Stalker — 33. 1877 — J. R. Decker, Alan Bogue, Charles McLeish, John Davis, Matthew Lowth, A. Hasey, A. G. Cook, John W. Lee, A. Hastie, Charles Sweany, W. H. Proctor, Thomas San- derson, P. G. Stroud, W. C. Kleinert, Albert Sharf, James Wilson, Addison Eaton, F. C. Cur- tis, 0. D. Coleman, I. W. York, Thornton Thompson, J. L. Porter, Jacob Bauer, LI. Breese, M. Waterhouse, C. C. Britt, N. H. Wood, John Sanderson, D. C. Merrill, John D. Jones, A, Vanderpoel, Stephen Calverly, Joseph Stalker — 33. 1878— J. R. Decker, Alan Bogue, Robert Whitelaw, J. J. Edwards, J. W. Leffingwell, A. Hasey, C. L. Dering, John J. Lloyd, A. Hastie, Charles Sweany, M. C. Hobart, J. Montgom- ery, P. G. Stroud, L. L. Phinney, John H. Clark, Charles Goodall, Addison Eaton, F. C. Cur- tis, Asa Smith, I. W. York, Samuel Sampson, Henry Jennings, Jacob Bauer, William Meacher, E. C. Maine, C. C. Britt, N. H. Wood, J. B. Smith, D. C. Merrill, John D. Jones, J. A. Parr, Stephen Calverly, G. C. Foster— 33. 1879— J. R. Decker, Alan Bogue, Robert Whitelaw, E. W. Lloyd, J. W. Leffingwell. A. Hasey, Hobart R. Cook, D. D. Morris, J. R. Hastie, Charles Sweany, M. C. Hobart, Edward Fairbanks, P. G. Stroud, L. L. Phinney, John H. Clark, Charles Goodall, Addison Eaton, John W. Palmer, Asa Smith, L W. York, Hans H. Tongen, Edward Smith, Jacob Bauer, George Shackell, Sr., Evan Arthur, R. C. Rockwood, C. Collipp, J. B. Smith, John Sawyer, John Leatherman, Julius A. Parr, M. G. Tucker, G. C. Foster — 33. 1880— Alan Bogue, C. F. Mohr, Evan W. Loyd, J. W. Leffingwell, M. Burnham, Alfred Hasey, H. A. Whitney, D. D. Morris, J. R. Hastie, Charle^ Sweaney, Spencer Randall, H. R. Clark, William C. Kleinert, John H. Clark, James Wilson, Addison Eaton, .James Price, P. G. Stroud, Asa Smith, I. W. York, H. Phillips, Andrew Weir, John Brickwell, George Shackell, Evan Arthur, M. T. Alverson, C. C. Collipp, Thomas Williams, Marcus Barden, John Leather- man, William H. Cook, R. C. Falkner, G. C. Foster, — 33. Chairman not yet elected for 1880. authors and artists. Hattie Tyng Grlswold was born in Boston on the 26th of January, 1842. She is the daughter of the Rev. Dudley Tyng, a Universalist divine, now deceased. At the age of eleven years she came with her parents to Wisconsin, and when fourteen years old began to attract attention as one marked with literary ability by her short stories and poems in the Madison State Journal. She also wrote for the Knickerbocker Magazine and the Home Journal, New York publications of note, and the Louisville Courier-Journal. In 1878, Mrs. Griswold collected many of her poems • Resigned and Charles C. Dow appointed. t W. T. Whirry, deceased, and J. Stalker appointed. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 551 and published them, with others not before given in printer's ink, in a neat little volume entitled "Apple Blossoms." *' These poems illustrate this fact, that a born singer must sing, no matter how or where ; no matter what coveted boons of culture fortune may withhold, or how niggardly fate may be of outward advantage. Mrs. Griswold is a student of nature and sings the emotions of common humanity. Hers is a healthful, hopeful, songful book for everybody who has soul enough to love a singing bird and sense to appreciate truth. The sun is called the sun, not Phoebus, in this book, and home here is home, and heart, simply heart. The author seems to love the unpretending household phrase of the land, and she knows no disdain for any soul of humanity, who is sincere and earnest and truth-seeking." One of the Apple Blossoms is " INACHIEVED. " I am sad for the poems which have been but dreamed, For the books which have never been writ, • ' For the pictifres which never on canvas have gleamed, For the thought which no language would fit. " I am sad for the songs that have burdened the brain Of the singer, but could not find birth : For the melodies struggling, and struggling in vain, To break on the world with their worth. " 1 am sad for the work which has never been wrought By the hands which were pinioned and pent ; I lament that the deed could not equal the thought. Nor the action the spirit's intent. " Alas ! for the deeds wliich have never been done, So heroic, and grand, and sublime ; Alas ! for the battles which have not been won, In this contest with life and with time. " Alas I for the possible loves in the heart Of the man who loves never at all ; For the sadness and sorrow of lives set apart, Who might have found joy in love's thrall. " Ah, me ! fur the idols we make to our souls, And who live not, save in our ideal ; Alas ! for the sorrow that over us rolls, When our dreams are dispersed by the real. " Every life has two strands : the life that we see. And the other, that which might have been ; The being we are, and the one we might be — Who shall say where they end or begin ? " And who, that there is not success in defeat, And a failure in every success ; That the battle-field held may not be a retreat, And the wrong that we suffer, redress ?" An intelligent critic pronounced Mrs. Griswold's book one of rare merit. He says an undertone of sadness, a refrain of grief and pathos, runs through all her poems ; but their les- son is always of patience and resignation and hope, rather than despondency or despair. Their sadness is that of life and of a woman's heart, when it has known " a sorrow's crown of sor- rows," such as is portrayed in "THREE KISSES. " I have three kisses in my life So sweet and sacred unto me. That now, till death-dews on them rest, My lips shall ever kissless be. "One kiss was given in childhood s hour. By one who never gave another ; Through life and death, I still shall feel That last kiss of my mother. 552 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. " The next kiss burned by lips for years ; For years my wild heart reeled in bliss At every memory of that hour, When my lips felt young love's first kiss. "The last kiss of the sacred three Had all the woe %vhich e'er can move The heart of woman ; it was pressed Upon the dead lips of my love. " When lips have felt the dying kiss, And felt the kiss of burning love, And kissed the dead, tlien nevermore In kissing should they think to move." One of this poet's gifted friends truly says of her : " She writes out of the fullness of a rich nature. She has thrilled at the heroism and self-sacrifice of Father Marquette, and has told tenderly a mother's sorrow over ' A little one quietly sleeping.' " " Apple Blossoms " has reached its second volume. Sarah Dyer Hobart is the daughter of Wayne B. Dyer, and was born at Otsego, in Columbia County, in 1846. She commenced her literary career at the age of eighteen, writing for the local newspapers. She has written a number of poems of acknowledged merit, among them, "The Record of Company B," " The Legend of St. Freda "' and " Hector's Recompense. " As a regular prose contributor to the Toledo Blade she wrote over the nom de plume of " Floyd Bentley." Her superior talents as a musician have won for her a reputation reaching beyond local confines, and of late years she has turned her attention almost exclusively to the divine art of melody. The follow- ing is "THE RECORD OF COMPANY B. " At the open door of the cottage, With a book upon her knee, A fair-haired child sat reading The record of Company B. " ' Father, the names are many. And the lists are long,' she said ; ' But tell me, who are the living. And who were the wounded and dead.' " Then he took the ancient record And laid it on his knee, And he told, in the purple twilight, The story of Company B. " They came fmm the heart of the prairie, These men so brave and true. Who left their homes and dear ones, To march in the army-blue. " One hundred stalwart yeomen. Plowing in springtime sweet. Gathering the sheaves in autumn, Reaping the ripened wheat. " They marched in storm and sunshine, They fought in the battle-rain ; Ah me ! 'twas different labor From gathering golden grain. ' In the wild Virginia mountains 8ome rendered up their lives. With prayers for the stricken country. With prayers for mothers and wives. •HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 653 " On the plains of sunny Georgia Others were laid to rest, With traitor-soil around them, And its clods upon their breast. " Some died on the dreary marches — Hungry, weary and worn — And some in Southern prisons, From friends and comrades torn. " And when the crippled remnant Came back, and peace was given, Of the hundred who enlisted, » The veterans were but seven. " By many a blue- waved river. And where old ocean's surge Wakes through the solemn ages An anthem and a dirge — " Unmoved by bugle's summons Or drum's deep reveille, While angels guard above, Sleep the men of Company B. " ' Ah me ! ' she sighed, 'the record Is sad, and full of pain; • Praise God, the war is over. And the land's at rest again ! " ' But I'm proud that, when the country Was torn from sea to sea, My father fought to save her In the ranks of Company B.' " The following brief extract clearly shows the remarkable power of Mrs. Hobart as a poet. Jt is from a poem entitled " UNREQUITED. " I gave my all, with a lavish hand, With a holy love, with a purpose grand ; I robbed my life of its rarest flowers, To brighten another's lonely hours. " I crushed my pride with an iron will. To shield another from pain and ill; For I said, ' When the night of gloom shall cease, Above me shall dawn the morn of peace.' \ " In vain ! In vain ! The years roll on, And the joy of youth is forever gone ; And the happy bird on the wind-tossed tree Singeth no song of bliss for me. " mother earth, on thy bosom brown Let the child in painless rest lie down ; Hope's bark lies wrecked on the rocks of time. And the boon I crave shall never be mine. " Le Boy Irons. In his former home at Winfield, N. Y., the early days of Le Roy Irons were full of the brightest promise of a fine literary career. He was the life of society, the ready writer of prose or verse. But with failing health, commenced the struggle against fate. He came to Columbus about the year 1867. He contributed largely to the Republican, of that city, and, for about three months, had editorial control of the paper. He was, also, for a few months, local editor of the Duluth Morning Call. He at one time contributed largely to the columns of the New York Ledger, and was almost always writing for the local papers where he might be living. 554 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Some of the best of his poems were collected in 1876, and published under the title of " Cen- tennial Columbia." From this work is selected a short poem, as illustrative of his facility of versification, entitled " HESTLING. " Come, ilarling, fair darling, creep into the fold, The winters are long, and the frosts are cold, And the snows for your feet are many-fold. "Come, darling, bright darling, the nest is so warm, And the world is so sorrowful under the storm ; Creep to thy nesting-place, happy and warm. " And darling, oh 1 darling, sweet daisy of ours, Half life is toilsome, half golden with flowers. Half tempest and shadow, half sunshine and showers. " Then come while you may, darling, unto your rest. The moon breaks the clouds, ragged edged, in the west. Creep in while you may to your warm, warm nest." He was married, in the spring of 1872, to Miss Frank Langworthy, of Clarksville, N. Y. He died in April, 1877, leaving his wife and little daughter to mourn his loss. Mrs. a. C. Kellogg. The maiden name of Mrs. A. C. Kellogg was Harriet R. Aokerman. She was born in the town of Brownville, Jefferson Co., N. Y. When quite young, she was put in boarding- school (at Fairfield Seminary, Fairfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y.), where she remained several years. She evinced a decided taste for the study of nature. Her parents, thinking this merely a childish freak, compelled her to fill up her spare time with music, which she considered of minor value. Leaving this branch, she commenced the study of art, and soon drew and painted in a very creditable manner for the time and advantage she had in her course at Fairfield. At the age of eighteen, she assumed the responsibilities of teacher of the art department in the same institution, which position she filled three years. She afterward taught nearly two years in Hungerford Collegiate Institute, until the building was destroyed by fire. While in these institutions, she did much for the cultivation of art. She then made preparations to con- tinue the study of art in New York City and Philadelphia, when she was urged to accept the vocation of art teaching in the Wesleyan Female College at Wilmington, Del., where she remained two years, teaching a class of young ladies and zealously pursuing her art studies. She visited Philadelphia two and three times a week, having access to Mr. Earl's gallery, mean- while receiving several complimentary notices through the press. Miss Ackerman came to Wisconsin, in the summer of 1870, with the intention of return- ing when the fall term commenced at Hungerford Collegiate Institute, which was then rebuilt. Her health being delicate, she concluded to remain in this State. She has since instructed a large number of pupils in oil painting, and has done much for the cultivation of art in Portage. She was married to Dr. A. C. Kellogg September 27, 1871. " The Valley in Autumn," Wisconsin scenery, is a painting on which Mrs. Kellogg has lavished much wealth of coloring. Its title is suggestive ; a widespread and faithful landscape, with perspective handsomely displayed, and a general effect whose beauty is marred by no hasty finish of details. The water, transparent and yielding, reflects with soft luster what the bank presents. Still beyond the scenes already noted, there stretch away the Baraboo hill-tops, their summits tipped with the radiance of the sun. It possesses a freshness of color that charms, an atmosphere elastic, yet subdued and mellowed by the genial rays of an autumn sun. "The Brook Trout" is a painting also worthy of special mention. It is much smaller than the one already spoken of. Its harmony of color is excellent, and the trout, that seem to have just been taken from the crystal brook, are very life-like. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 555 PRESIDENT HAYES AND PARTY. Tuesday, September 10, 1878, was a gala day in Portage. Attached to the regular 8 o'clock train from St. Paul, was a special car, containing President Hayes and party, consisting in all of forty-six gentlemen and ladies. The distinguished visitors were received at the depot by the Uuppey Guard, with the Schulze Band, and a large number of prominent citizens of Port- age ; also by a committee of gentlemen — Horace Rublee, L. B. Caswell, George W. Burchard, Sat. Clark and H. M. Lewis — who came up from Madison the evening before to escort the party to the State capital. Amid the commingling of cheers and music, the guests were escorted to the din- ing-hall of the Fox House, where an excellent breakfast awaited them. After partaking of the morning repast, the President was introduced by Mr. Caswell. He expressed himself pleased to meet and become acquainted with people of the Northwest, spoke of his recent visit to Dakota and the Red River country, and said that what had been regarded in years past as the " Great American Desert" was in fact a region of almost unlimited agricultural and mineral resources. He said he had become a convert to the advice of Horace Greeley — " Go West, young man." The President then introduced Attorney General Devens, who was pleased to meet everybody, especially those with whom he had been associated during the war. " The material evidences of the war are sinking out of sight every day ; the fortifications and entrenchments, which have been the scenes of conflict, are gradually vanishing from sight. So every other evidence of the war should sink out of sight except the grand result — freedom for all men." Mrs. Hayes, being introduced, smiled pleasantly and bowed gracefully to the assemblage. The distinguished party then arose, and, escorted by the Guppey Guard, the Schulze Band and the committee from Madison as escort, boarded the train and took their departure. COLUMBIA county's WAR RECORD. Treason, always despicable, even unto the eyes of traitors, never became more intensely odious than in 18G1, when the climax of a conspiracyj long brewing, was reached, and the best government under the sun found itself face to face with an unholy and unrighteous civil war. The object of the South in attempting a separation of the Union was the erection of a great slave empire, encircling the Mexican Gulf; the duty of the North was clearly to prevent the success of a scheme so monstrous and inhuman. The fii'st movements of the Confederates were made under very favorable circumstances. They were in possession of many of the chief national offices, and they very largely controlled the army and the navy. Their military plan embraced three principal objects— ^the seizure of the forts and coast defenses, the capture of the national capital and the possession of the Mississippi River. The South was, nevertheless, thrown upon the defensive from the beginning of the struggle, and very soon effectually beleaguered. It was the unfaltering aim of the North to bring the war to a close, with as little bloodshed as pos- sible, by the capture of Richmond, the rebel capital ; but the first forward movement terminated almost disastrously at Bull Run on the 21st of July, 1861. This battle, however, was without military significance, since it did not secure the seizure of Washington by the rebels. It taught the North the real nature of the terrific struggle in which they were engaged. On the day after the battle. Congress voted $500,000,000 and called for 500,000 volunteers. From that moment the rebellion was doomed. This act of President Lincoln and his patriotic Congress increased the nation's confidence in them to deal the righteous blow, and, at the same time, struck terror to the hearts of the Secessionists. The responses to the call were immediate and of the most encoui-aging character. Already a previous call for three-months' volunteers had been filled. No State in the Union was more prompt in sending forward volunteers than was Wisconsin, and no part of Wisconsin responded with greater vigor than did Columbia County. When the first call for troops was made, the Portage Light Guard immediately offered its services to the Governor. Simultaneous action on the part of other military organizations 'throughout the State, more favorably situated, for a 556 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. time delayed the Governor's acceptance, and the Light Guard was compelled to take a place as Company G in the Second Regiment of Infantry, being mustered in at Camp Randall, on the 11th of June, 1861. With it went the heartfelt sympathies of the citizens of Columbia County for the integrity of the Government. It was the substantial result of their first patriotic efforts toward maintaining that Government. But they did not pause. Volunteers continued to go forward until the serpent-twined palmetto had ceased to wave, and the " peculiar institution," slavery, was entombed, never again to exist in a free and enlightened country. From the descriptive book of Company G, now in the possession of Capt. C. C. Dow, of Portage, the following correct list of the names of those who joined its ranks is obtained. It is an authentic roll of Columbia County's first contribution to the grand army that preserved the Union : Capt. John Mansfield, First Lieut. A. S. Hill, Second Lieut. S. K. Vaughan, Sergeants — W. S. M. Abbott, *G. W. Marsh, Charles D. Ettinger, John G. Kent. Corporals — Julius C. Chandler, Hervey G. Clark, *Charles C. Dow, Horace E. Emerson, J. C. Allen, E. S. Fletcher, 0. F. Winnie and *Charles P. Austin. Musicians — * Anson Linscott and J. A. Stanton. Privates— M. C. Alfred, Henry Acker, A. 0. Adams, E. S. Best, R. 0. Batson, G. W. Briffett, G. W. Blanchard, C. Bloom, P. V. Brisbois, A. R. Clement, H. R. Cofiin, D. F. Crane, T. F. Cowing, J. M. Carr, 0. W. Davis, J. B. Divin, W. Dean, T. H. Dolan, E. H. Dorsey, J. Chapman, G. Elterman, T. Fletcher, G. Folinsbee, E. Fout, F. J. Gilmore, J. H. Grace, S. H. Hammond, F. D. Helmes, G. Hill, *W. Holden, C. P. Heath, J. House, G. H. Irwin, P. C. Irvine, J. Jacobsen, I. Jordan, F. Kanzenbeck, G. Leclair, F. M. Lewis, *Archa Linscott, J. Lynch, J. T. Metcalf, J. P. McDermott, S. McHugh, G. H. Miles, S. H. Morrison, W. H. Matthewson, G. W. Mack, J. Noonan, P. Maloney, F. Noble, H. Neally, S. A. Nichols, D. O'Brien, A. F. Pardee, W. L. Plumsted, M. S. Phillips, C. Rice, E. Rice, C. E. Reynolds, J. Russell, H. Rensimer, J. P. Schildgen, G. Slierwood, F. Smith, H. Smith, J. A. Snyder, J. Stone, H. Sweetman, M. Sweeney, A. P. Tifi"any, J. X'wycross. J. M. Vantassell, W. H. Williams, G. Williams, J. A. .Wisor, R. V. Dey, M. McMahon, W. Whitney and J. Chrystie. The following enlisted October 7, 1861, at Fort Tillinghast, Va. : Van R. Bentley, C. Blackman, J. Castly, A. B. Cole, W. H. Church, *Charles Delaney, S. R. Eggleston, E. Jack- son, J. H. Langdon, G. F. Leeds, J. Lester, J. T. Loomer, C. Mooter, R. C. McDonald, E. H. H. May, C. R. Mosher, W. L. Pratt, 0. Parker, J. B. Rowell, C. E. Reiley, J. H. Sharpe, J. T. Sines, G. Stalker, H. C. Tupper and L. Wilkins. Subsecjuent enlistments were as follows : T. J. Staley, November 1, 18lil ; H. S. Cave, March 19, 1862; W. T. Davis, December 10, 1868; B. Cooper, January 6, 1864; C. B. Allen, J. Ford, W. Wilds, F. O'Neil, G. A. Lupient, M. Kane and D. Bracey, January 16, 1864; I. S. Allen, *M. W. Hartman and A. Keebaugh, January 26, 1864; R. K. Chrystie, February 6, 1864 ; T. W. Jones, W. N. Sheeks, E. Van Horn and H. Williams, February 17, 1864. A brief account of the wonderful experience of Company G is herewith given : The Second Regiment was originally enrolled under the President's call for 75,000 three-months volunteers. Under orders to rendezvous at Camp Randall, the various companies were organised early in May, 1861. Meanwhile, the General Government had decided to accept no more troops for this short term of service, and accordingly, on the 16th of May, the regiment was called upon to re-enlist "for three years or during the war." With the exception of one company, the entire regiment complied enthusiastically. On the 11th of June, the Second Regiment, thus organ- ized, was mustered into the United States service, being the first Wisconsin organization so mus- tered. On the 20th of the same month, the regiment left for Washington, and was the first body of three-years men to appear at the capital. On the 2d of July, tliey were ordered to Fort Corcoran, on the Fairfax road, where they were brigaded with three New York regiments, under * At preuent residing iD Columbia County. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 557 Col. (now Gen.), Sherman, and, on the 16th, when the movement on Manassas was made, were attached to Gen. Tyler's Division, by whom the enemy was engaged at Blackburn's Ford, on Bull Run. On the 21st, the Second Regiment was ordered to assault one of the enemy's batteries. They moved up, under a terrific enfilading fire of shell and canister from other bat- teries, formed in line at the foot of a hill and charged up, driving back the rebel infantry which had emerged from cover in pursuit of a body of our troops just repulsed in a similar assault. Here they fought against enormous odds for over an hour, but, the enemy being reinforced, were compelled to fall back, having suffered a loss of 30 killed, 105 wounded and 60 prisoners. On the 23d, the regiment went into camp near Fort Corcoran, where they remained until August 27, when they were transferred from Col. Sherman's command to that of Brig. Gen. Rufus King, which then consisted of the Fifth and Sixth Wisconsin and the Nineteenth Indiana, composing what afterward became known as the " Iron Brigade." Thus organized, they crossed the Potomac on the 5th of September, and, after assisting in the construction of Fort Marcy, recrossed the river, and, October 5, went into winter quarters at Fort Tillinghast, on Arlington Heights, Va. Here they remained until March 10, 1862, when they took part in the advance upon Manassas. Nothing of startling importance occurred until the forenoon of the 28th of August. The brigade having been assigned a position in the advance line of the Army of Vir- ginia, they proceeded slowly on the left of the ai-my, via Gainesville, to Groveton, where they turned to the right on the Bethlehem Church road, and lay under arms until 5 in the afternoon, when they returned to the Warrenton pike, marching toward Centerville. While moving by the flank, the Second Regiment was attacked by a battery posted on a wooded eminence to the left. The regiment promptly advanced upon the battery, and soon encountered the enemy's infantry. While awaiting the arrival of the rest of the brigade, this regiment sustained and checked for nearly twenty minutes the onset of " Stonewall " Jackson's entire division, under a murderous concentric fire of musketry. When the brigade arrived, the battle was continued until 9 in the evening, when the enemy was repulsed. August 30, the Second, having been temporarily consolidated with the Seventh Wisconsin, moved with the brigade in the second line of battle, to assault the enemy's left, posted in a thick wood. While engaged in assaulting this position, the success of the rebel attack upon the left flank of our army made it necessary to fall back. The " Iron Brigade " formed in line of bat- tle, retained the position until the entire army had passed on the road to Centerville. The Second Regiment also participated in the movements of the army under the command of Gen. McClellan, and, on the 14th of September, with the rest of the brigade, was assigned the duty of storming Turner's Pass, of South Mountain, where the rebels were strongly posted in a gorge. The enemy was routed and driven from the pass with heavy loss. This movement led them to take a prominent part in the battle of Antietam, and afterward in the memorable battle of Fredericksburg, December 13. During that winter, the Second engaged in several very profitable expeditions in Virginia, under Col. Fairchild, and, in April following, under command of Gen. Hooker, forced a passage of the Rappahannock at Fitz Hugh's Crossing, driving the rebels from their rifle-pits, and capturing several hundred prisoners. June 1, they found themselves near Gettysburg, and the Second, having that day the lead of the marching column, first met the enemy, under an order to support Gen. Buford's cavalry. The regiment came into line, on the double-quick, behind a slight elevation, and, without wait- ing for the rest of the brigade to form, advanced over the crest, and received a volley which cut down over 30 per cent of the rank and file. But they dashed upon the enemy's center and crushed it, thus checking the rebel advance. At that date, the loss of the Second Regiment since its re-enlistment, in killed, wounded and missing, amounted to 652. In December, 1863, forty members of the Second Regiment re-enlisted, and, on the 28th of January, 1864, arrived at Madison, received their furloughs and dispersed to their homes to enjoy a short respite from duty. During the absence of the re-enlisted men, the remainder of the Second, with the non-veterans of the brigade, participated in a reconnaissance to the Rapidan River. About the 1st of March, the veterans returned to the front, and their regiment was 558 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. soon after assigned to position in the First Brigade, Fourth Division, Fifth Army Corps. Accompanying the grand forward movement of the Army of the Potomac, under Gens. Grant and Meade, the Iron Brigade participated in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House, after which, the Second Regiment, having been reduced to less than one hundred men present for duty, and having lost both field officers, was detailed as provost guard to the Foui'th Division, Fifth Army Corps, thus severing its connection with the " Iron Brigade." The battle-scarred members of the regiment followed the destinies of that division in the grand movement to the left, arriving June 6 at Bottom's Bridge, on the Chickahominy, where they remained until the expiration of their term of service. Those absent on detached duty were recalled, and on June 11 the remnant of the regiment took its departure for home, arriving in Madison on the 18th, being enthusiastically welcomed. By order of the division commander, those who had joined the regiment at various times after its original organization were formed into an independent battalion of two companies under Capt. D. B. Dailey, and assigned to duty as provost guard of the Fourth Division, Fifth Army Corps. Crossing the James River, on the 16th of June, they took part in the battle before Petersburg. They participated in various unimportant engagements until November 30, when thev were transferred, as Companies G, and H, to the Sixth Wisconsin, with which they were thereafter connected until mustered out. The names of those of the original Company G who were killed in battle, or died from the effects of wounds or disease, are as follows : Bull Run, July 21, 1861 : Killed — Privates Henry R. Coffin, John Christie, John Nooman and William H. Williams. Gainesville, August 28, 1862 : Killed — Sergt. John G. Kent ; Corps. Owen W. Davis and Gustav Leclair ; Privates Charles Bloom, William Dean, Edwin Jackson, John Lester, Randall McDonald, George W. Mack, Andrew F. Pardee, Walter C. Plumstead, Monroe L. Phillips, Orson Parker, John P. Schildgen, Guy Sherwood, James D. Snyder, and Trevyllian J. Staley. Antietam, September 17, 1862 : Killed — Gustav Etterman. Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 : Killed — Patrick Moloney and Hanford Tupper. Died of wounds — Van R. Bentley and Theodore Fletcher. Died of disease — C. B. Allen, Joseph Castley, J. Chapman, John Ford, Stephen McHugh, H. Ransaeler, James T. Sines, J. H. Sharpe, Alonzo P. Tiffany. Capt. Mansfield was made a Major in February, 1863. He is now Lieutenant Governor of California. Lieut. Hill was wounded at the first Bull Run, and also at Antietam ; was pro- moted to captaincy in March, 1863 : discharged in July of the same year. Second Lieut. Vaughan resigned in September, 1861. Sergt. Dow was wounded in the neck at Gainesville, August 28, 1862 ; made a Second Lieutenant in September, 1862 ; promoted to First Lieuten- ant in March, 1863, and to a captaincy in August following. The Second Regiment was under fire the first time at Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 1861. Company G went into the battle of Gainesville (the second Bull Run) with 54 men and lost in killed and wounded 43 — 13 being killed outright. Anson Linscott, now a resident of Portage, went out with Company G as a musician at the age of fifteen years, and afterward became drum major of the regiment. After the battle of Gainesville, young Linscott penned the following brief but graphic letter to his parents in Portage : Camp near Munson Hii.l, Va., Sept. 3, 1862. Dtar FiithtT and Mother: I thought I would write you a few lines about the awful battles we have had. We have been under heavy cannon and musket tire and in bittles for the last two weeks. Our regiment is about all gone, killed and wounded. There are only about ten men left in our company. The last battle we fought was on the old Bull Run battle-field, where we were engaged more than a year ago. I will try and give you a list of the killed. *.\rcha was shot through the neck. I was in the rear of the regiment, with the ambulances, taking care of the wounded, and saw him fall, but we could not save him : he died in a few minutes. Poor brother, it is hard, but it is true. Snyder, Billy Dean, Staley, Kent, Owen Davis, Plumbstead and some others fell dead, and a great many of our company are wounded. The regiment has about two hundred and fifty men left. I suppose they will put us in some place to stay awhile and recruit ; if they do, I will have a better chance to write to you. I have a poor chance now * Recovered ami still living. / A tJf 7^K^-^, Nineteenth Regiment. — Recruited in December, 1861, with Samuel K. Vaughan as Captain, William H. Spain as First Lieutenant, and Edward 0. Emmerson as Second Lieutenant. They were mustered into service April -30, 1862, and left for the Potomac on the 2d of June. Going to Norfolk, Va., soon afterward, they remained there until April, 1863, and thereafter did outpost and picket duty in Virginia and North Carolina. They were engaged for the first time at Newbern, N. C, on the 1st of Februai'y, 1864. On the 12th of May, a portion of the regiment, including Company D, participated in the movement upon Fort Darling, and on the 16th, in attempting to dislodge a party of rebel skirmishers, lost twenty-five men killed and wounded. In June, they accompanied the advance of Gen. Grant's army upon Petersburg, and participated in the celebrated assault upon the enemy's works. In August, the re-enlisted men of the regiment, 250 in number, received veteran furloughs, and reached Madison on the 22d of that month, returning in October, and proceeding at once to the trenches before Richmond. On the 21st of October, they took part in the battle of Fair Oaks, leaving on the field seven officers and 136 enlisted men, most of whom were wounded and captured. The regiment returned to Camp Chapin, before Richmond, with eighty men, where they were joined by the non-veteran portion, who had been on duty at Norfolk. On the 3d of April, 1865, they were ordered to assault the enemy's works, and, meeting with but little opposition, marched into the city and planted the regimental colors upon the city hall. Their subsequent movements were unimportant, save that which brought them home. They were mustered out of service on the 9th of August, in the rebel capital, and reached Madison on the 15th. The fatalities in Company D were : Killed in action. Corps. Sylvester Richmond and Albert Waldref; Privates C. Allen, B. Sherwin and N. Shandt. Died of disease — Corp. B. S. Daniels; Privates W. Alverson, J, Congor, G. Dey, C. Gilson, D Hall, A. Kline, J. Lord, P. Redmond and G. R. Smith. Capt. Vaughan, through various promotions, was Colonel of the regiment when mustered out, Lieut. Spain succeeding him as Captain. Twenty-third Begiment, Companies 0, G- and H. — i ully one-third of this regiment went from Columbia County. Company C was organized in Portage, with Edgar P. Hill as Cap- tain ; Oliver H. Sorrenson, First Lieutenant, and John Shoemaker, Second Lieutenant. Com- panyG was from Columbus, James F. Hazelton, Captain ; Chester W. Tuttle, First Lieutenant, and William H. Dunham, Second Lieutenant. Company H was from Lodi, with K. Howard Irwin as Captain ; D. Cyrus Holdridge, First Lieutenant, and Robert Steele, Second Lieu- tenant. J. J. Guppey, promoted from the Tenth, was Colonel of the Twenty-third during its entire service. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Carrion Crow Bayou, La., November 3, 1863, and exchanged in December, 1864. Captain Hill, of Company C, became Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment in August, 1863. The regimental organization was perfected at Camp Randall, under the superintendence of Col. Guppey, and left for active service September 15, 1862, under orders to proceed to Cincinnati, then menaced by Kirby Smith's forces. Parsing through Cincinnati, they crossed into Kentucky, and were assigned to position in Gen. Green Clay Smith's Division. After marching through various parts of the Blue Grass State, they proceeded to Memphis, Tenn., by water, arriving on the 27th of November. The regiment was there assigned to the First Brigade, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 565 Tenth Division, and at once took position in the army destined for the reduction of Vicksburg. Their first engagement of any note occurred at Fort Hindman, on the Arkansas River, January 11, 1863. While moving forward, the Twenty-third was assailed by an unexpected enfilading fire from the enemy's rifle-pits. Companies B, G and K were thrown out as skirmishers, the remaining companies attacking the rifle-pits. The conflict continued with great fury for three hours, when the rebels, anticipating the charge which had been ordered, raised the white flag and surrendered unconditionally. The regiment received many congratulations for their conduct from the division and brigade commanders. Their loss was 4 killed and 34 wounded. The regiment then returned to Young's Point, near Vicksburg, but the malaria of the Yazoo swamps came near accomplishing what the rebels had failed to do, and of 700 men in line of battle, three- fourths were under the surgeon's care. The health of the regiment improving, their next active work was at Cypress Bend, Ark., on the 18th of February, when a body of rebels were driven through the native swamp, some prisoners and munitions of war being taken. March 30 found them on the battle-field at Fort Gibson, Miss., and on the 2d of May, were the first to enter that village. On the 15th, the line of march was resumed, and the 16th witnessed the battle of Champion Hills, in which the Twenty-third participated with such ardor and effect as to receive the congratulations of the commanding General. The next day, they pushed forward to Black River Bridge, capturing the Sixtieth Tennessee, with its colors. The 18th brought them to within three miles of Vicksburg, and on the 22d they took part in the general assault on the enemy's works, pushing forward to the base of one of the forts. At the close of the siege that followed, the Twenty-third numbered but 150 men for duty. August 24, they proceeded south, in transports, to Algiers, opposite New Orleans. After an extended expedition through Missis- sippi, the brigade was attacked, at Carrion Crow Bayou, on the 3d of November, by a vastly superior force. The Twenty-third stood firm, doing eff"ective work, until flanked on both sides, when the order was given to fall back. This movement was executed without panic, and upon the arrival of re-enforcements, they again advanced in line, forcing the enemy back and gaining possession of the field. The regiment, at the beginning of the action, numbered 220 oflicers and men, of whom 128 were killed, wounded or taken prisoners, the latter including Col. Guppey and Capt. Sorrenson, who were severely wounded. The regiment thereafter engaged in the Texas and Red River expedition. On the 8th of April, 1864, occurred the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, in which the Twenty-third lost 7 killed, 14 wounded aud 43 prisoners. The last general engagement in which they participated was at Mobile, Ala. In the mean time, they had performed some wonderful marches and engaged in numerous skirmishes. They were mustered out of service July 4, 1865, reached Madison on the 16th, and were disbanded ott the 24th. The losses of the three companies from Columbia County, were : Killed — Sergt. J. A. Lewis and Private Martin Cook, Company C ; Corp. J. G. Jones, Privates N. Dedish and J. Williams, Company G ; Privates John Bates, C. L. Brown and J. D. Stroud, Company H. Died of wounds — Corp. L. Cobb, Company C ; Privates M. L. Johnson and C. E. Quinn, Company G ; Sergt. W. T. Shurtliff, Corp. J. F. Stahl, Privates E. Brownfield and J. W. Shaw, Com- pany H. Died of disease: Company C — Sergts. T. E. Halsey, S. E. Van Zandt and J. Dempsey, Corp. P. Glasgow, Privates R. Anderson, G. W. Becker, J. Crosley, J. L. Edgerton, W. Eastman, J. F. Fitts, C. B. Flower, J. W. Hosford, J. Hewett, Jr., W. E. Jones, N. Morrison, S. D. North- rup, G. G. Parmenter, J. H. Pulver, W. M. Roberts, F. Rosecrans, J. Smith, C. Townley, N. D. Wilson and J. D. Williams. Company G — Sergt. E. E. Eason, Corps. J. Kelley, J. M. Moore, and E. Parry, Privates E. Bentley, F. S. Cowes, A. E. Fuller, W. H. Grindall, L. Kehler, F. F. Keifei, N. H. Nickerson, F. Nelson, L. Plumb, Q. A. Page (drowned), M. Rogers, S. Trask, R. R. Williams, D. C. Warner and W. J. Whiting. Company H — Sergt. C. F. Stacker, Privates T. Bunker, T. J. Dowden, A. F. Duel, 0. Ellingson, F. A. G. Eaton, 0. E. Holcomb, J. Harmley, W. J. Jones, G. W. Kingsley, J. Kenworthy, L. Olesoa (accidentally killed), J. Petit, W. H. H. Rood, W. Ring, E. C. Riddle, G. H. Varrender and L. C. Warriner. The total deaths in the regiment were 287, of whom 249 died of disease- 5(36 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Companies A and E, Twenty-ninth Regiment. — Company A was composed almost entirely of citizens of Columbia County. Bradford Hancock, who, in April, 1865, became Colonel of the regiment, was its first Captain, being succeeded by Lieut. 0. F. Mattice, in April, 1863. Capt. Mattice was succeeded, upon his death in June, 1864, by Lieut. 0. D. Ray. promoted from the ranks. Company E recruited along the border between Dodge and Columbia Coun- ties. Its Captains were Hezekiah Dunham, Darius J. Weils and Joshua A. Stark, the two latter by promotion from lieutenancies. The Twenty-ninth was mustered into service at Camp Randall September 27, 1862, and left to join the army in the Southwest November 2, arriving opposite Helena, Ark., on the 7th. Their first active duty was the routing of guerrilla bands in that vicinity. During February, 1863, they made nn expedition to the Ya/.oo country, returning to Helena March 1. The regi- ment was soon afterward assigned position in the Thirteenth Army Corps. Their first battle was at Port Gibson. In this connection the brigade commander said of them : " I cannot refrain from special mention of the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin. It is a new regiment, but they fought like veterans, suffering severely, as their list of casualties will show." Their loss was 75 killed and wounded. They marched tiirough the village the day after the battle, and, on the 15th of May, while going in the direction of Vicksburg, fell in with the enemy near Balton. On the 16th, the battle of Champion Hills was fought, the Twenty-ninth making one of the most brill- iant bayonet charges on record, capturing over 300 prisoners, a stand of colors, and a brass battery. Their loss was 19 killed and 95 wounded. Six days later, they were before Vicks- burg, engaged in the general assault upon the enemy's works, and during the remainder of the celebrated siege were employed in the rifle-pits before the rebel stronghold, losing 6 men killed and wounded. When Vicksburg surrendered they took part in the siege of Jackson, losing 5 men killed and wounded, returning to Vicksburg July 22. November 3 found them support- ing a Missouri battery at the battle of Carrion Crow Bayou. January 5, 1864, they embarked at Algiers to take part in the Texas expedition, returning to New Orleans February 23. On the 8th of April, they took part in the battle at Sabine Cross Roads, and out of 183 men engaged 63 were reported killed, wounded and missing. After aiding in the construction of the famous Red River dam, they took part in the battle of Simmsport on the 18th of May. The remainder of their service was devoted to those worse forms of warfare, forced marches and guard and picket duty, concluding with the battle of Mobile, at which place 2 members of the regiment were killed by the explosion of a magazine. The Twenty-ninth was mustered out of service June 22, 1865, and reached Madison July 5, receiving their pay and being disbanded on the 17th. The death losses in Company A were : Killed in action — Corp. C. F. Matthews ; Privates N. H. Carter, li. Coughlan, J. King and W. Peschock. Died of wounds — Sergt. L. E. Rob- bins ; Privates C. B. Andrews, J. S. Bridges and W. J. Blocker. Died of disease — Capt. Oscar F. Mattice ; Privates John Agnew, G. Balcom. N. Butler, J. Cruger, T. Draugerson. G. K. Gaskins, F. D. Griffin, L. B. Gregg, C. B. Lintner, T. Levere, J. Nelson, W. H. Parks, F. Smith, J. Spooner. H. Thompson, A. Wilsey, W. Wetmore, L. Yerges. Company E : Killed in action — Sergts. D. S. Ketchum and G. W. Alexander ; Privates J. Jackson and A. Sawistaskie. Died of wounds — Privates R. D. Fendon, A. J. Floyd, C. Grosse, W. R. Herrick, G. Hugget, H. J. Spring and G. Van Arnum. Died of disease — Corps. J. W. Bennett, N. Powers and R. Seckerson ; Privates C. Bryant, S. Barrett, N. Carlisle, H. H. Evans, W. Follet, A. D. Gary, S. Mead, S. B. Oliver, J. O'Riley, G. Ragow, B. W. Wilbur and P. Derivan (suicide.) The total deaths in the regiment were 296, all but 86 of this number dying of disease. Company K, Thirty-second Regiment. — Recruited in August, 1862, and mustered into service September 25, 1862, at Camp Bragg, Oshkosh, with John E. Grant as Captain, Lewis Low, First Lieutenant, and John Walton as Second Lieutenant. The regiment joined Gen. Sherman's command at Memphis, Tenn., on the 3d of November, taking a place in the army that advanced toward Jackson, Miss., on the 26th of the same month. The surrender of Holly HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 567 Springs having caused an abandonment of the movement southward, the Thirty-second was the first to enter the town after its capture. Returning by way of Jackson, Tenn., they arrived at Memphis toward the latter part of January, 1863, where they remained until the following November. Moscow being threatened by Gen. Lee, the Second Brigade, to which the Thirty- second belonged, arrived just in time to repulse the attack. They subsequently moved to Vicksburg, where they joined Sherman's Meridian expedition, marching over two hundred miles into rebeldom, and returning to Vicksburg March 4, 1864. From there they went to Cairo, 111. ; thence into Tennessee and Alabama, arriving at Decatur on the 10th of April, where they Were employed in guard duty and building fortifications with the Third Brigade, to which they had been transferred. While stationed at Decatur, they made three eflective reconnaissances, returning each time with rebel prisoners and other worthless trophies. On one occasion, they met a largely superior force, and lost eight men, who were taken prisoners. On the 7th of August, they joined the Union forces in front of Atlanta, where they remained in the trenches until the 26th. On that day, they accompanied the Army of the Tennessee in its movement to the right, and when twenty-two miles from Atlanta, were attacked by the rebels. In the two- days engagement that followed, they lost six killed, fifteen prisoners and six wounded. Re- joining Sherman's forces, they set out on the march to Savannah, November 15, encountering the rebels on several occasions, and putting them to flight quite as often. On the 3d of January, 1865, they embarked at Savannah for Beaufort, S. C, arriving there on the 5th. On the 1st of February, they encountered the enemy at Rivers' Bridge on the Salkehatchie. On the 3d, after a hard day's fight, the enemy having retreated, the regiment moved into his abandoned works, having worked from six in the morning until four in the afternoon, in water from one to four feet deep, sustaining a loss during the day of eight killed and forty-three wounded. On the yth, they again came upon the rebel hosts, strongly fortified, on the Sout^ Edisto River. The stream being crossed by means of pontons, the enemy's works were carried by assault at 9 o'clock in the evening. In this gallant affair, the regiment lost one killed and five wounded. Similar encounters with the rebels were experienced until the 21st of March, when they came Upon the enemy in full force near Bentonville. Charging through a swamp, two miles wide, they captured his works, driving him from the field in confusion. The Thirty-second held the cap- tui-ed ground until all support had fallen back, when they received orders to withdraw. In this action they sustained a loss of two killed, twenty-three wounded and two missing. On the 14th of April, they arrived at Raleigh, N. C, and reached Richmond, Va., May 9. On the 24th of that month, they took part in the grand review of troops at Washington, and were mustered out June 12, 1865. Company K's losses were : Killed in action — Privates J. Bissett, S. Taunt and A. White. Died of wounds — Privates M. Gunderson and D. Mason. Died of disease — Corp. J. Hunting, Jr., Privates T. C. Babcock, A. Baker, I. Bissett, J. Carman, R. F. Davis, C. Eichle, C. Esterbrook, B. J. Fromdol, T. Gillson, N. W. Hunting, E. W. Morgan, A. Oleson, D. Prevot, A. Simmonson, P. Thompson, E. E. Warner, A. W. Wright, I. N. Watson, A. Whitehead and S. Dumbleton (drowned). There were 274 deaths in the regiment, 243 being from natural causes. Companies G and JE, Forty-second Regiment. — These companies recruited in the summer and fall of 1864, only a portion of the latter being raised in Columbia County. They were mustered in at Camp Randall, as a part of the Forty-second Regiment, on the 7th of Septem- ber. George McHumphrey was Captain ; Robert Steele, First Lieutenant, and Cassius M. Bush, Second Lieutenant of Company C. Augustus Haight, B. M. Low and Joseph Curtis held corresponding positions in Company E. They reached Cairo, 111., under orders, on the 22d of September, where they were employed in post and garrison duty. On the 25th of October, Companies B, E, G, H and K were ordered to Springfield, 111., where they remained until April, 1865, returning to Cairo. In June following, they were mustered out of the service, reaching Madison on the 20th of that month, without having participated in any engagements. Nearly all their death losses were from disease. Company C losing two men 568 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. — U. S. West and Henry Koch, the latter having been drowned at Cairo. Company E did not fare so well. Its losses were as follows : Privates L. W. Benson, C. Cherwick, J. B. Howlett, B. Hampton, I. M. Lewis, W. Moore, I. Outland, H. Smith, F. A. Saddoris and R. H. Baker. The latter was drowned at Paducah, Ky. Company Z), Forty-sivth Regiment. — Recruited in the two first months in 1865, and mus- tered out on the 27th of September of the same year. Company D's officers were : John E. Grout (promoted from Second Lieutenant), Captain ; Gilson Hinton, First Lieutenant. The regiment left Camp Randall on the 5th of March, under orders to report at Louisville, Ky., arriving on the 10th, and proceeding, the following day, to Athens, Ala., on the Nashville & Decatur Railroad, along which they were stationed at various points. In September, they proceeded to Nashville, Tenn., and were mustered out as above stated, arriving in Madison October 2. During their service, three of the members cf Company D — Corp. C. P. Hen- ton, and Privates W. A. Brown and T. O'Connor — died of disease. Cavalry — Company E, Second Regiment. — This company was known as Columbia County Cavalry. It recruited in the fall of 1861, and was accepted for service at various dates between December 3, 1861, and March 12, 1862. The commissioned officers of Com- pany E were : George N. Richmond, Captain ; Wallace Smith, First Lieutenant, and Joseph T. Dean, Second Lieutenant. Captain Richmond, in April, 1863, was promoted Major of the Third Battalion — C. W. Beach, who had in the mean time succeeded Lieut. Smith, becoming Captain. Stephen Woodward was Captain when the company was mustered out, in November. 1865. The regiment left Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, March 24, 1862. Proceeding to Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, they were thoroughly equipped. Marching south through Missouri, they joined Gen. Curtis' forces at Augusta, Ark., June 14, and a month later arrived at Helena. Here they remained until the latter part of January, 1863, when they moved up the Mississippi to Memphis. In June, they proceeded south and took part in the operations against Vicksburg Upon the surrender of that place, they joined Gen. Sherman's Jackson (Miss.) expedition, returning to Redbone Church, near Vicksburg, soon afterward. Here the second and third bat- talions remained until April 1864, when they moved to Vicksburg. The first battalion, com- prising Companies A, D, 6 and K, during all this time, had been on duty in Missouri. In Septem- ber, 1864, they joined the main body of the regiment at Vicksburg, where they continued to remain until November 23, when they joined an expedition into Mississippi, during which they destroyed large quantities of rebel property, and, on the 1st of December, engaged the enemy near Yazoo City, in considerable force. A brisk encounter followed, in which the Second lost five killed, nine wounded, and twenty-five missing. The return to Vicksburg was made by the fifth, and, after three days' stay, they embarked for Memphis. On the 25th, they joined an expedition under Gen. Grierson, and marching in a southeasterly direction, destroying rebel stores, railroads and bridges, engaged and defeated the enemy on the 2Sth, at Egypt Station, capturing a large number of prisoners. After marching over four hundred miles, the expedi- tion arrived at Vicksburg ou the 5th of January, 1865. January 13, they again embarked for Memphis, and, on the 26th, descended the Mississippi to Gaines' Landing, Ark., returning to Memphis February 17. In March, a short expedition was made into Mississippi, and, on the 9th of May, 330 men of the Second set out from Memphis for Grenada, Miss., arriving there on the 14th. The regi- ment came together again at Alexandria, La., July 6. Here they were assigned to the Second Brigade, Second Cavalry Division, Military Division of the Gulf. Leaving Alexandria on the 8th of August, they arrived at Hempstead, Tex., 310 miles distant, on the 26th. From there they went to Austin, Tex., where they were mustered out November 15, 1865. The casualties to Company E during their service were : Killed in action — Private Will Payne; died of disease — Sergt. M. Z. Riblett; Corp. E. H. Moore: Privates W. Atkin- son, J. Chandler, J. Cook, J. Carr, T. Day, E. Evans, T. Ferguson, C. C. Fuller, J. Ferguson, E. W. Hale, C. C. Heath, E. Herriman, W. H. Lee, H. Mills, R. Murray, J. McCaroll, E. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 569 Mathewson, W. Parker, G. W. Ross, W. Stollman, W. Sholes, R. Singleton, L. Taylor and R. Whiting. Total deaths in the regiment 293, 265 being from natural causes. Company F, First Heavy Artillery. — Organized in Portage, in September, 1864. with Erastus Cook as Captain ; Herman Fenner, Senior First Lieutenant ; Asa P. Peck, Junior First Lieutenant ; Jared S. W. Pardee, Senior Second Lieutenant, and Thomas Graham, Junior Second Lieutenant. The company left Camp Randall on the 3d of October, 1864, and was assigned to duty in the defenses of Washington, as part of the Fourth Brigade, De Russey's Division of the Twenty-second Army Corps, where it remained until June 26, 1865, being mus- tered out of service at that date. It is the only company of troops going from Columbia County which returned without loss of life. The Draft. — The first official steps taken in Columbia County toward conscription occurred in May, 1863. For many months previous, rumors of an impending draft had been rife ; the local press teemed with appeals to the loyal citizens to volunteer their services in defense of the Union in sufficient numbers to remove the necessity for such an alternative. And although they responded with alacrity, and notwithstanding the fact that the county's representation in the army was equal to any other section of the State, in proportion to population, the inevit- able finally came. In June, Provost Marshal S. J. M. Putnam, of Janesville, under orders, appointed the following enrolling officers to take the names of those liable to military duty in Columbia County: Perry G. Stroud, Newport; E. F. Lewis, Lewiston ; J. B. Wood, Fort Winnebago ; Hiram Albee, Marcellon ; David H. Langdon, Scott ; John M. Bay, Randolph ; Jeremiah Williams, Courtland ; John R. Rowlands, Springvale ; Henry Converse, Wyocena ; Wells M. Butler, Portage and Pacific ; J. C. Mohr, Caledonia ; Jacob Cosad, Dekorra, Jesse F. Hand, Lowville ; E. W. McNett, Otsego ; E. T. Kerney, Fountain Prairie ; G. W. Campbell, Columbus ; William K. Custer, Hampden ; Ammond Christophers, Leeds ; A. G. Dunning, Arlington ; Thomas Yule, Lodi ; Cyrus Hill, West Point. Toward the latter part of July, the enrolling officers having completed their work, it was shown that the number of persons in Columbia County liable to military duty, was 2,045 of the first class, and 1,609 of the second. Under the President's call for 800,000 men in 1863, the quota to be filled in the county was about two hundred and seventy. In this connection, the following table, compiled by Adjt. Gen. Gaylord, showing the quotas of towns in Columbia County, under the calls for volunteers made in 1861-62, will be interesting : ArliDgton Caledonia Columbus Courtland Dekorra Fort Winnebago... Fountain Prairie.. H.ampden Leeds Lewiston Lodi Quota. Vols. 63 53 40 34 134 166 63 58 67 90 32 33 54 93 .50 47 59 36 42 42 83 142 Towns. Lowville Marcellon... Newport Otsego Pacific Portage Randolph .. Scott Springvale.. West Point. Wyocena Total 1342 Quota. 54 78 43 49 59 66 57 48 10 17 171 242 67 77 47 38 41 34 52 68 64 88 1599 After the first enrollment, three persons enlisted — one each from the towns of Columbus, Marcellon and Randolph — making the total number of volunteers from the county up to August 20, 1863, 1,602, or 260 in excess of the quotas under the calls of 1861-62. Notice of the draft of 1863, under the President's call for 300,000 men, given by S. J. M. Putnam, Captain and Provost Marshal for the Second District, was dated Janesville, Novem- ber 11, 1863. Accompanying the notification, was a statement of the number to be drafted in each of the towns of Columbia County, with " the 50 per cent added," as follows : West Point, 12; Lodi, 20; Arlington, 13; Leeds, 14; Hampden, 16 ; Columbus, 32 ; Fountain Prairie, 570 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 11; Otsego, 14; Lowville, 14; Dekorra, 21; Caledonia, 12; Portage and Pacific, 46; Wyo- cena, 11 ; Springvale, 15 ; Courtland, 23 ; Randolph, 17 ; Scott, 13 ; Marcellon, 12 ; Fort Winnebago, 8 ; Lewiston, 11 ; Newport, 18. Total, 353. The excess of 260 on the quotas under the 1861-62 calls being deducted, there remained but 93 to be supplied under the call of January, 1863. Under the calls of the President for 500,000 and 200,000, the quota in the latter call not having been filled, Columbia County's quota in April, 1864, stood as follows : Total number of men to be furnished, 871 ; total credits since date of first call, 731, leaving a deficit of 140 men. On the 18th of July, another call was issued for 500,000 more, and after a deal of figuring among those interested in the prospective drawing, it was discovered that Columbia County's quota of men to be furnished was 806. This included the deficiency under previous calls, amounting to ninety-eight men in the county at large. Numerous credits subsequently made a deduction of almost one-third in this number. But the inevitable came at last, and the 2l8t of September was an interesting day to those whose names went into the box at Janesville. The quota of Portage was eighty-six. Prominent among those who drew prizes were E. C. Maine, 1). G. Muir, H. 0. Lewis, V. Helmann, William Armstrong, J. P. McGregor, F. H. Ellsworth, W. W. Corning, LI. Breese, John T. Clark, James Collins, Carl Haertel, A. J. Turner, Alva Stewart, Israel Holmes and many others. Most of those mentioned belonged to the " Draft Insurance Club," and were entitled to draw $380 each from a citizens' fund to pay substitutes. Supplemental drafts soon followed in a few of the towns in the county. Another call for 300,000 volunteers having been made on the 19th of December, 1864, it was ascertained that Columbia County's quota would amount to about 540 men, according to the number of votes polled at the last preceding election, but it afterward transpired that the actual number to be raised was 423, including all deficiencies and deducting all credits. The quota of Portage by wards was fifty-one. There was some lively volunteering about this time, under the patriotic influence of nearly $500 bounty, $200 wages for a year, with board and clothes, and very little prospect for a fight. A draft took place in the towns of Marcellon and Lewiston on the 27th of February, 1865, but by the time the drawing was announced, nearly every man in those towns liable to be drafted had enlisted. Following is a statement of the bounty money raised in the various towns mentioned : Arlington $17,453 00 Courtland 25, .576 00 Columbus 30,204 R9 Caledonia 10,912 90 Dekorra 13,304 00 Fort Winnebago 7,182 00 Fountain Prairie 15,200 00 Hampden 14,638 00 Leeds 18,712 35 Lodi $23,000 00 Newport 14,300 00 Otsego 18,384 00 Pacific 1,.595 00 Randolph 17,160 00 Scott 11,430 00 Springvale 18,.S03 00 West Point 10,814 11 Wyocena 6,500 00 Certain iiistorical events occurring in the spring and summer of 1865, made further drafts unnecessary. The Union had been preserved. Old veterans and new volunteers returned to their homes. Peace reigned again. Above the smoke of battles well-fought, floated the starry emblem of liberty, humanity and equality. A million lives had been sacrificed beneath its folds, but it still waved aloft, brighter and more brilliant, bathed in the life-fluid of patriots dead. '• But what shall be the fate of those Who designed that sea of blood ? It cannot be that they shall die To grace the throne of God ! " The Roll of Honor. — Following is a list of the names of soldiers occupying patriots' graves in Columbia County : Silver Lake Cemetery, Portage — Col. S. K. Vaughan, Company D, Nineteenth Regiment ; Herman W. Kind, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment ; Corp. HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 571 John A. Harmon, Company A, Twenty-fifth Regiment; Henry Junge, Second Cavalry; Andrew J. McFarlane. Company K, Thirty-third Regiment ; Melvin Merrill, Company G, Twentieth Regiment ; William F. Ward, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment ; John Crosby, Jr., Company C, Twenty-third Regiment ; Martin Bellinghauser, Company D, Nineteenth Regi- ment ; Judson A. Lewis, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment; George Parmenter, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment; Walter Plumstead, Company G, Second Regiment; Francis H. Snow, Company K, Third Cavalry ; Capt. Erastus Cook, Battery F, First Artillery ; Col. Frank A. Haskell, Thirty-sixth Regiment. Columbus — Dr. Charles C. Axtel ; Sabins J. Bennett; Sergt. Benjamin Campbell, Sixth Regiment, died of disease ; Bissell Carter, Company A, Seventh Regiment, died of disease ; Walter P. Carter, Company A, Seventh Regiment, died in Andersonville ; Francis Fouler, Company A. Seventh Regiment, died in Andersonville: Alfred Fuller; Walter Houton, Com- pany A, Seventh Regiment, died of wounds ; Sergt. L. P. Holmes, Company A, Seventh Regi- ment, killed at the battle of the Wilderness ; Lieut. James Holmes, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at the battle of the Wilderness ; A. T. Hopkins ; W. H. Horton ; Dr. James ; William Kurst, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at the battle of the Wilderness ; Uri F. Laskey, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at Gainesville ; Albert McCalvey, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at Petersburg ; Charles E. Mills, Company A. Seventh Regiment, killed at Gainesville ; Edwin E. Polly, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at Cedar Mount- ain ; William Richards, Third Regiment, killed at Five Forks; Seymour A. Sawyer, Company B, Forty-first Wisconsin Regiment ; Jacob D. Sawyer, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at Antietam ; Eli P. Sawyer, Company A, Seventh Regiment, died of disease; E. Silsbee; M. Silsbee ; Asher M. Starkweather, Company D, Fortieth Wisconsin Regiment; Stutson ; C. Tuttle ; Allen Vanwalker, Company A, Seventh Regiment, died of wounds ; Milo Waterhouse, Company A, Seventh Regiment, killed at Antietam ; Warren J. Wheeling. Fall River — George Adams, Company I, Eighteenth Regiment, killed at Pittsburg Landing; Israel Bissett, Thirty-second Regiment, killed in action ; Joseph Bissett, Thirty-second Regiment, died ; John Bissett, Company B, Thirty-second Regiment, killed at the battle of the Wilderness ; Capt. George H. Brayton, Company B, Seventh Regiment, killed at the battle of Gainesville ; Eli Bronsen, Company B, Seventh Regiment, killed at Antietam ; Lorin Bronsen, Company I, Eighteenth Regiment, killed at Pittsburg Landing ; Manly Bronson, Company B, Seventh Regiment, killed at Belle Plain ; George Brossard, Eleventh Regiment, died ; Alpheus Cassen, Company B, Seventh Regiment, died at Madison ; Nathan Chase, died at Cumberland Gap, Tenn. ; Jerome Comar, Thirty-second Regiment, died; George C. Farrand, Fifty-first Regiment; Brainard Graves, Company B, Seventh Regiment, died ; Aldro A. Grant, Company B, Seventh Regiment, died ; Edwin Hancock, Company B, Seventh Regiment, killed at South Mountain ; Perry Henton, Forty-first Regiment, died ; A. D. Hicks, Company C, Fifty-first Regiment, died at Milwaukee; James 0. Hellaker, died in Andersonville Prison; Wright Hunburg, Thirty- second Regiment, died of disease ; Jabey Hunburg, Thirty-second Regiment, died of wounds ; RufuB Kendall, Government employe, killed by bushwhackers ; Charles Machen, Thirty-second Regiment, returned at close of war and was killed in a flouring-mill at Beaver Dam ; Augustus Martin, Third Cavalry, killed by bushwhackers ; Charles Plummer, Company B, Seventh Regi- ment, killed at Gainesville, Va. ; Dennis Prevot, Company B, Seventh Regiment, killed by bushwhackers ; Lewis Prevot, Company B; Thirty-second Regiment, died at Oshkosh ; William Rumsey, a patriot of Florida and Mexican wars ; Felix Sainlong, Government employe, killed by bushwhackers ; Benjamin Schaefier, Company I, Eighteenth Regiment, killed at Pitts- burg Landing ; Charles Sickles, died in hospital ; Frank Smith, died at Sulphur Springs ; Francis A. Smith, Forty-ninth Regiment, died since discharged ; Seth Thurber, killed by bush- whackers ; Seneca Warner, a patriot of the war of 1812; Newton Watson, Thirty-second Regiment, died ; John Wood, Company I, Eighteenth Regiment, died after he was dis- charged ; Joseph Zeeman, Company B, Seventh Regiment, died of disease contracted in the army. 572 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Wyocena — Bull Alansen, Company D, Tenth Regiment, killed at Perryville ; Volney Carpenter, (,'ompany C, Nineteenth Regiment, killed at the battle of the Wilderness ; Henry Coffin, killed at the first battle of Bull Run ; Michael Conlon, Company — , Tenth Regiment, killed at Stone River ; Girard Dey, Thirty-second Regiment, died on the Potomac ; James Dixon, Company D, Tenth Regiment, killed at Perryville ; John Grover, Company G, Twenty- fifth Regiment, killed at Kenesaw Mountain, the only man wounded in Company G, and he had nine bullets in him ; George Hand, Company D, Tenth Regiment, died at Andersonville ; Alonzo Jones, Company D, Tenth Regiment, buried at Wyocena ; Hobart Parmenter, Company D, Tenth Regiment, shot at Perryville ; Marcus Parmenter, Company D, Tenth Regiment, died in Nashville ; Alexander Wilsey, ^Company D, Tenth Regiment, died in Nashville ; Harlon Wiltham, Company D, Tenth Regiment, killed at Chickamauga. Scraps of War Ristorij. — It would be almost impossible to generalize, so far as loca' history is concerned, in a description or statement of occurrences during the war. Of course, there was intense excitement following the news that Fort Sumter had been assaulted. Citizens of all classes, no matter what may have been their sympathies, were deeply interested through- out the momentous struggle that culminated with the fall of Richmond and the capture of the traitor President of the Southern Confederacy. We herewith present a compilation of local events, chronologically arranged, pertaining to a history of the " war at home : " 1861, March — S. E. Dana, of Portage, appointed Colonel, and H. S. Haskell, also of Portage, appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment of Wisconsin Militia by Gov." Randall. Portage Light Guard vote unanimously to offer their services to Gov. Randall. April — Flag-raising in Wyocena ; enthusiastic Union meeting. Yates Ashley, Pardee- ville, commissioned to raise a company. Large number of volunteers from Lodi and vicinity enrolled themselves in Madison companies. Portage Light Guard accepted by the Governor, and assigned to the Second Regiment. Meeting of citizens in Portage, at which strong Union resolutions were passed. City Council of Portage resolved to provide for the needy families of those who volunteered, the credit of the city being pledged to the extent of $1,000. Grand military supper at the Ellsworth House to Portage Light Guard. May — Enthusiastic meeting in Portage, and presentation of Stars and Stripes, made by ladies, to Light Guard ; patriotic speeches by Emmons Taylor, Alva Stewart and others. Departure of the Guard for Camp Randall. The Stars and Stripes unfurled from Bank Block, amid the singing of national airs by the various church choirs of Portage, the firing of rockets, burning of bonfires, etc. A complete company formed at Lodi. Meeting of citizens at Verandah Hall, Portage, for the purpose of organizing another military company; officers elected as fol- lows : Captain, H. W. Emery ; First Lieutenant, A. Stewart ; Ensign, C. Schneider ; First Sergeant, A. Blockwitz; Second, S. V. Bedford; Third, J. Jolley ; Fourth, T. E. Best; First Corporal, C. Brunhoeter; Second, P. Shehan ; Third, H. Bolting; Fourth, T. Dalton ; to be called the Portage Rifles. A large number of the members of the Portage Light Guard return from Camp Randall, having reached that point too late to be accepted as a part of the first quota of Wisconsin under the President's call for 75,000 three-iponths' volunteers ; most of them re-enlist, however, for three years. The Columbia Rifles, of Kilbourn City, having offered their services under the first call too late for acceptance, re-enlist for " three years or during the war ; " flag presentation to the Rifles, and patriotic speeches. June — The Rifles go into camp at Racine. Flag raising in Marcellon, and enthusi- astic gathering of the citizens. July — Capt. Christie organizes a company in Portage. Battle of Bull Run ; the first blood of Portage patriots shed on the field of battle ; the casualties in Company G, Capt. Mans- field, Second Regiment, were : Killed — W. H. Williams, shot through the heart ; H. R. Coffin, son of Dr. Coffin, of Wyocena, shot through the head ; Johd Noonan. Wounded — Lieut. A. S. Hill, R. 0. Batson, A. R. Clement, H. Neally, M. L. Phillips, C. C. Dow, J. A. Wiser and John Lynch. Missing — E. S. Best, J. P. Christie, John House, D. F. Crane, D. O'Brien, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 673 Peter Irvine and G. W. Briflett. It afterward transpired that O'Brien and Christie were taken prisoners. August — George W. Marsh, of Company G, returned, discharged, on account of injuries received at Bull Run. Funeral of H. R. Coffin, at Wyocena. Capt. Christie tenders the services of his "Dixon Guard," which are accepted by the Governor. Erastus Cook, City Marshal of Portage, commissioned to enroll men for an artillery company. Mayor Richmond, of Portage, appointed Captain, with authority to raise a company of cavalry. Commissions issued to Dr. J. L. Coffin, of Wyocena, as Captain, and T. L. Kennan, of Portage, as First Lieutenant, to raise a company of infantry. J. J. Guppey appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the Tenth Regiment. The ladies of Portage engaged in making clothing for the Light Guard. September — Lieut. Hill, of the Portage Light Guard, while at home nursing wounds received at Bull Run, enrolled the following recruits to fill the depleted ranks of his com- pany : Van R. Bentley, C. Blackman, J. Castley, A. Carter, W. H. Church, C. Delaney, S. K. Eggleston, E. Hathaway, E. Jackson, T. H. Kennedy, G. F. Leeds, J. H. Langdon, C. Morter, R. C. McDonald, E. H. A. May, C. H. Mosher, W. L. Pratt, 0. Parker, C. C. Reiley, J. B. Rowell, J. T. Lines, J. Sharp, H. C. Tapper and L. Wilkins. Departure of the Seventh Wisconsin from Madison for the seat of war. Company A being the Lodi Guards (Capt. George Bill), and Company B the Columbia County Cadets (Capt. J. H. Huntington). The Fremont Rifles (Capt. Coffin) assigned to the Tenth Regiment, and ordered into camp. Dr. Robert Mitchell, of Portage, appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Tenth. Departure of Lieut. Hill and his recruits to join the Light Guard. October — George W. Marsh (" Agawara ") recovers from his disabilities, re-enlists and is appointed Second Lieutenant of the Fremont Rifles. Lieut. S. K. Vaughan, of the Light Guard, resigns, and is succeeded by W. S. M. Abbott. Capt. Christie's Dixon Guards assigned to the Eleventh Regiment, as Company H, and go into camp at Madison. Letter from Swift Best, who was wounded and taken prisoner at Bull Run, announcing his incar- ceration in the Richmond Prison Hospital ; also announcing the death of John P. Christie, who, seriously wounded, fell into the hands of the rebels in the same battle. November — Return of Capt. Mansfield, of the Portage Light Guard, to enlist recruits for the Second , Regiment. Capt. Christie, of the Dixon Guards, presented with an elegant sword by L. S. Dixon, in honor of whom the company was named. Dr. G. F. Huntington, of Portage, appointed Surgeon of the Eighteenth Regiment. Capt. Coffin, of the Fremont Rifles, appointed Chaplain of the Tenth Regiment. W. A. Coleman, Ira Ford and 0. A. South- mayd, of Columbus, granted commissions to raise a company of infantry. Return of J. C. Chandler (" Shanghai ") of the Portage Light Guard, honorably discharged from service. Capt. Richmond's cavalry company go into camp in Milwaukee. December — Death of John D. Bannister, of Company D (Fremont Rifles), Tenth Regi- ment, at Shepherdsville, Ky. A recruiting rendezvous for the Thirteenth Infantry, regular army, opened at the City Hotel, Portage. John Delaney received a Captain's commission to recruit a company for the Eighteenth Regiment. S. K. Vaughan commissioned as Captain, with authority to raise a company for the Nineteenth Regiment. 1862, January — Return of Capt. Richmond, George Race and Surgeon Huntington, on a flying visit from "Dixie. "' February. — Lieut. Hill presented with a $100-sword by the Portage Light Guard. Lieut. H. B. Converse opens a recruiting office in Portage, to fill the depleted ranks of the Second Regiment. The fall of Donelson. Great rejoicing throughout the county. In Portage, the *' big gun " boomed, church bells rang and locomotives screamed. Uncle Sherwood declared that the man who failed to get drunk on such an occasion would be declared a secessionist ; the test of loyalty said to have been a complete success. April — Battle of Pittsburg Landing ; large number of Columbia County patriots engaged ; members of the Lewis Rangers write : " Those known to have been killed are R. Cronk, Maurice Cook, George Hillman, Benjamin Shorer, and one other, name unknown, torn to shreds by a 57-4 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. cannon ball ; among the missing are Allen Church and John Sines, of Dekorra ; William Mil- ler, of Caledonia, was wounded in the mouth by a ball, and the last seen of him he was down at the river washing his wound ; Peter Mead, John Cook, John Delaney and Ole Severson are among the missing ; we lost everything except what we had on when the fight commenced ; Lieuts. Ford and Southmayd were taken prisoners. May — Anson Linscott, the petite drummer of the Light Guard, promoted to the post of Drum Major of the Second Regiment. George Carnes and Wells M. Butler receive commis- sions as Captain and Lieutenant, respectively, to raise a company of infantry, and open a recruiting office in Verandah Block. June — Swift Best, of the Portage Light Guard, taken prisoner at the battle of Bull Run ; released after a year's sojourn in rebel prison-pens. July — Thomas H. Dolan, Portage Light Guard, discharged on account of sickness. Capt. Mansfield, Portage Light Guard, in the capacity of Military Governor of Fredericksburg, Va., stirs up the ''secesh " citizens. Deatli of Fred Langdon, William IL Powers and P. Newman, Capt. Christie's company, in Arkansas. Return of Capt. Christie on account of wounds received at the battle of Bayou Cache. Edgar P. Mills commissioned to raise a company for the Twenty- third Regiment ; Lieut. Col. Guppey, of the Tenth Regiment, appointed Colonel of the Twenty- Third. August — Resignation of Lieut. Kennan, of the Fremont Rifles (Company D, Tenth Regi- ment), on account of ill health. Capt. Mansfield arrested and taken to Washington, charged with favoring the rebels, by allowing contraband trade through the Federal lines. Intense war feeling throughout the county owing to the call for .300,000 men and the prospective draft ; enthusiastic war meeting at Pettibone's Hall, addressed by Alva Stewart, Col. Guppey, Capt. Hill, M. M. Davis and others ; committee of tiiirteen appointed to canvass the city and obtain subscriptions to a bounty fund ; .$3,200 subscribed within two days. War meeting at Kilbourn City ; $1,000 subscribed and eight men enlisted. War meeting in Caledonia ; §1,000 subscribed and seven men enlisted. W. ll. Bennett, J. P. Corbin, D. C. Holdridge, A. M. Kent, W. A. Dunham and 0. H. Sorrenson, Portage veterans, promoted to lieutenancies in Col. Guppey's regiment (the Twenty-third). M. M. Davis appointed Commissioner to superintend the draft in the county, and Robert W. Earle, of Columbus, Examining Surgeon. One, thousand dollars subscribed to the war fund and seventeen men enlisted in the town of Lowville ; town of Scott contributes $1,200; Lodi, §1,500 and fifty-two men; the town of Arlington oilers .flOO and a cow to each recruit. Dr. James Prentice appointed Surgeon of the Twenty-third Regiment. War meeting at West Point ; $760 si^bscribed, eight men enlisted and $50 voted for each mar- ried and $25 for each unmarried volunteer. Departure of Capt. Hill's company for Camp Randall. October — Lieuts. Ford, Southmayd and their associates of the Eighteenth Regiment taken prisoners at Corinth, released on parole, and return of Capt. Chrystie. taken prisoner near Helena, Ark. Death of Dr. Axtell, of Columbus. Assistant Surgeon of the Twenty-third Regi- ment. Death of Col. Emory of the Fifth Rotriment. November — A court of inquiry vindicates Capt. Mansfield of the crime of " disloyal con- duct " while Provost Marshal of Fredericksburg, Va. December — C. C. Dow, of Portage, promoted to Second Lieutenant of Company G (Light Guard), Second Regiment. D. P. Slierwood, of tlie Eighteenth Regiment returns, honorably discharged. Capt. Hill appointed Brigade Quartermaster of the Twenty-third. 1863. January — Return of Lieut. Hill, Company G, of the immortal Second, for the purpose of raising recruits. Capt. Irwin, Company H, Twenty-third Regiment resigns ; Lieut. Holdridge promoted to fill vacancy ; E. F. Fletcher promoted to Captain of Company K, same regiment, vice Frost, deceased. James Dempsey, Company C, Twenty-third, killed by one of his own company, while on picket duty, near Vicksburg. February — Capt. Mansfield promoted to the rank of Major of the Second. Death of James F. Fitts, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment, fi-om typhoid fever, in the hospital at Memphis, HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 675 Tenn. Death of John W. Hosford and S. E. Van Zandt, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment, in the hospital at St. Louis. Resignation of Dr. Prentice, as Surgeon of the Twenty-third. Bohag, of the Second Cavalry, and ex-devil of the State Register, chases a " secesh" Lieutenant two miles, and takes him prisoner. March — Death of Chester B. Flower, Nelson Morrison and John Smith, Company C, Twenty-third, First Lieut. A. S. Hill, appointed Captain Company G, Second Regiment, vice Mansfield, promoted ; Second Lieut. C. C. Dow, appointed First Lieutenant, vice Hill, pro- moted. Accidental death of Adelbert Staley, Company F, Seventh Regiment, near Belle Plain, Va. April— Capt. E. P. Hill promoted to the majorship of the Twenty-third Regiment ; Capt. J. Bailey promoted to a similar rank in the Fourth Regiment. Acknowledgment by Company G, Second Regiment, of the receipt of " various and divers bottles, and cans of fruit, pickles and other luxuries," from Mrs. F. H. Ellsworth, Mrs. A. P. Bennett and Mrs. McGregor. May — Promotions of Portage Soldiers : George N. Richmond, as Major of the Third Bat- tallion vice Luxton, resigned ; First Lieut. 0. H. Sorrenson as Captain of Company C, Twenty third Regiment, vice Hill, promoted ; Second Lieut. Schoemaker, as First Lieutenant, vice Sorrenson, promoted ; J. W. Richardson, as Second Lieutenant, vice Schoemaker, promoted. June — Organization of a Home League in Poynette. E. F. Lewis, of Lewiston, appointed Deputy Provost Marshal for Columbia County. Enthusiastic Union meeting at Poynette, addressed by Gov. Solomon, Rev. Henry Drew, W. C. Webb, Rev. D. Y. Kilgour and N. H. Wood. July — Lieut. Chas Allen, Company H., Eleventh Regiment, returns to Portage, having suffered the loss of a foot in the assault upon Vicksburg. Capt. A. S. Hill, Company G, Second Regiment, discharged from service on account of wounds received at South Mountain. Death, in Portage, of Lieut. A. J. McFarlane, Company K, Twenty-third Regiment, from wounds received at Vicksburg. Fall of Vicksburg ! Great rejoicing. Return of Col. Guppey from Vicksburg, on a twenty-day furlough ; an ovation, including aserenade by the Bohemian band. Joseph Bailey, who went into the service as Captain of Company D, Fourth Regiment, promoted to a colonelcy by Gen. Banks, for gallant and meritorious conduct before Port Hudson. August — Lieut. J. L. Jolly, Major E. P. Hill, Capt. 0. H. Sorrenson and Lieut. John Schoemaker, of the Twenty- third Regiment, home on short furloughs. Maj. John Mansfield promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Regiment ; Lieut. C. C. Dow made Captain of Company G, and S. H. Morrison First Lieutenant. Return of Maj. Richardson, of the Sec- ond Cavalry, on furlough, after an absence of two years in Secessia. October — Maj. E. P. Hill, Twenty-third Regiment, appointed Lieutenant Colonel in place of Vilas, resigned. Capt. M. A. Leahy, Thirty-fifth Regiment, opens a recruiting office in Portage, offering $402 bounty to nine-month veterans, and $200 to novices in the art of war. Resolutions of respect by the pupils of the Portage High School, to the memories of Melvin E. Merrell, Richard Williams, Judson A. Lewis, Edward Owen, Trevyllian J. Staley and Edward C. Andrews, killed in the war against rebellion. November — Grand ball at Pettibone's hall. Portage, by the ladies of the Soldier's Aid Society. E. H. Bronson, First Sergeant, Company K, Thirty-second Regiment, detailed to recruit in the towns of Fountain Prairie, Columbus, Otsego, Lowville, Leeds and Dekorra. December — Special town meetings held in Fountain Prairie and Marcellon, at which it was voted to pay $200 bounty, to volunteers. Resignation of Lieut. Wanner, Twenty-third Regi- ment. 1864, January — Col. Guppey and Capt. 0. H. Sorrenson, of the Twenty-third Regiment, released by the rebels. ,War meeting at Vandercook Hall, Portage, at which over $(!00 was subscribed as bounty money. Town of Scott votes $250 bounty to volunteers ; Fort Winnebago votes $200 ; Dekorra raises $1,950 cash as a fund to supply her quota of thirteen. Capt. Vaughan, Nineteenth Regiment, promoted to the rank of Major. Sergt. Joseph Twycross, Company G, Second Regiment, receives a first lieutenant's commission. 676 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. February — First Lieut. W. F. D. Bailey appointed Captain of Company G, Thirty-second Regiment. Death of W. F. Ward, one of the trio of Reghter printers who enlisted in the Twenty-third Regiment, in 1862. Lieut. Lewis Low, of Lowville, promoted to the captaincy of Company K, Thirty-second Regiment. March — The citizens of Portage vote to appropriate $3,500 for a volunteer fund ; 276 votes were cast, of which number 27 were against the proposition. April — Portage offers a bounty of $150 each for volunteers to avoid the impending draft. June — Grand reception to the returned remnants of the valorous Second Regiment, to which the Portage Light Guard belonged as Company G ; but ten of this company's members were spared to reach home, as follows : Capt. C. C. Dow, Sergt. Joseph Twycross, George Hill, Freeman Smith, Fritz Kanzenbach, Henry J. Acker, Simon Jordan, C. P. Austin, J. A. Stan- ton and Anson Linscott. July — John A. Jolly made Second Lieutenant Company C, Twenty-third Regiment. Lieut. John Schoemaker, Company C, Twenty-third Regiment, made Captain of Company I, same regiment. Speaking of the impending draft, a local newspaper said : " The thing is now reduced to a single allspice, and every man must make arrangements for a fight or skedaddle to Canada." September — Erastus Cook reports si.xty men enlisted for his artillery company. Maj. Vaughan, Nineteenth Regiment, home on furlough. Vigorous volunteering under the stimulus of high-bounty patriotism. Col. Mansfield and Lieut. Newton, paroled from Libby Prison, return home. Capt. Cook's company of heavy artillery leave for Madison ; in the ranks were five brothers, the Douglas boys of Lewiston. Formation of a " draft insurance club " in Por- tage. John Jolly opens a recruiting office in Portage for the Fifth Regiment. November — Col. Guppey appointed Post Commandant at Paducah, Ky. Columbia County gives 1,178 majority for Lincoln. Rev. J. B. Bachman, of Portage, appointed Chaplain of the Thirty-second Regiment. Death in a Southern prison hospital of Paul V. Brisbois, Com- pany G, Second Regiment, from wounds received at the Wilderness. 1865, January — Dr. T. E. Best, of Portage, appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Four- teenth Ilegiment. Arthur W. Delaney, of Portage, appointed Adjutant of the Forty-seventh Regiment. Town of Newport votes a tax of $6,000, and raises a subscription of $2,000, for the purpose of filling the quota under the last call. Portage City votes almost unanimously in favor of a bounty tax. Organization of the Portage Relief Association. February — Another special (bounty) election in Portage; 205 for to 5 against appropri- ating $200 each for volunteers to fill quota ; volunteering becomes brisk. Lodi fills her quota from the ranks of her own citizens. Great rejoicing throughout the county over the occupation of Charleston, the capture of Fort Anderson, etc., by Federal troops. James T. Hulihane, a three-years Portage veteran, appointed Second Lieutenant of Company C, Forty-seventh Regi- ment. April — Capture of Richmond ! Great rejoicing throughout the county ; the "big gun " brought out in Portage and fired at short intervals throughout the day and ensuing evening; church bells rung, schools dismissed, and a general suspension of business. But alas ! joy turned to grief; assassination of President Lincoln ; imposing obsequies; services in all the churches. May — Return of veterans mustered out under orders tor a reduction of the army. Capture of Mother Davis. Secession scotched I A Jteminiscence. — The adventures of the brave boys who fought our country's battles would make a volume of massive size, but the following narrative of love and danger should no longer remain hidden in the mass of good things that still remain to be told : About three miles from the little village of Fall River, in Columbia County, is a successful and highly respected farmer, whose history during the four years of war was full of interest. He tried to enter the service under the call for 75,000 men. but was a little too late. Very soon after the the second call issued, he enlisted as a member of Company B, Seventh Regiment, and was made Third Sergeant. The spring of 1862, when Capt. Huntington resigned, George H. Bray ton^ ^::^^--^i<^<^ .-^/^-^rAJsL^ LO D 1 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 579 of whom I shall speak hereafter, was made Captain, and Sergt. M. C. Hobart, the farmer to whom reference is made, was commissioned First Lieutenant, at the battle of Gainesville, August 28, 1862, the first general engagement the Iron Brigade, of which the Seventh Regiment was a part, participated in, and in which battle the brigade fought, for more than two hours, Ewell's whole division of Stonewall Jackson's famous fighting corps, losing between SOU and 900 men in killed and wounded. Capt. Brayton was shot in the head and immediately expired. Hobart succeeded him as Captain, at the battle of Gettysburg, where Hobart was conspicuous for cool- ness, bravery and good management ; the brigade lost heavily in prisoners as well as killed and wounded. He was among the prisoners. On their second day's journeying toward Richmond and Libby Prison, while crossing the mountains, Capt. Hobart stealthily dodged in the friendly thicket and in a short time was a free man. The next day he joined his regiment, and parti- cipated in the chase after Lee's broken, defeated and demoralized army. At the battle of the Wilderness, in May, 1864, Capt. Hobart was again made prisoner ; though making several attempts to escape the vigilance of his captors, they all failed, until after he had been a prisoner some time. It was while at Columbia, S. C, if we mistake not, Hobart, in company with others, made his escape ; after many days and nights of fatigue and hardship, that in these times of peace and general comfort would seem unbearable, he was re-captured near the Union lines at Knoxville, East Tennessee, and taken to Danville, N. C. ; thence to Libby Prison, Richmond ; was paroled February 22, 1865, and exchanged and returned to his regiment in April of the same year. Not long after that he was made Major of the Seventh, and in the spring of 1865, he was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel, Gen. Hallon Richardson, of Chippewa Falls, being Colonel, and Lieut. George S. Hoyt, now of the regular army, being Major. Col. Hobart was severely wounded in one of the many battles he participated in, two or three inches of one of the bones of his arm being removed. Hobart is as modest and unassum- ing in his role of a successful farmer, as he was brave, modest and unassuming as a soldier. The history of Company B, of the Seventh, would make entertaining reading ; counting its original members and the recruits forwarded at various times, it had 140 men ; a great many of these were killed, and nearly every one of those who came home bore a bullet, bayonet or shell mark. Some of them were shot a half a dozen times ; a majority of the survivors are, very properly, drawing pensions. Spencer H. Bronson, Fall River's Postmaster, a gentleman highly esteemed both as an ofiicial and as a citizen, was one of its members. He was first shot at Gainesville, then at Fitzhugh's Crossing, below Fredricksburg, in May, 1863, and again seriously at the Wilderness, in 1864. Capt. G. H. Brayton, who was killed at Gainesville, entered the army as Orderly Sergeant. He was educated at Lawrence University, and one of the most promising young men in Columbia County when the war broke out. His men about idolized him, and no young officer in the regiment stood higher ; he had a bright future. Speaking of the Seventh, it may be well to mention an incident in connection with the early history of the regiment. While in winter quarters on Arlington Heights, opposite Washington, the winter of 1861-62, the family of Col. W. W. Robinson joined him. In the family was a bright and handsome daughter ; Lieut. Richardson, of Company A, met and loved her, and wanted to marry her. She was willing, but Col. Robinson did not want his daughter to marry a man who was liable at almost any moment, when hostilities commenced, to be killed, and he lost no time in making this fact known to the daughter and the Lieutenant. But what was the use, the young people had made up their minds to marry, and marry they did, the ceremony taking place in Washington, unknown to the Colonel and his family. It was some weeks before he learned he had a disobedient daughter and son-in-law, and it was years before he became reconciled. Having been an officer in the Mexican war, and being a regimental commander in the war of the rebellion, he had imbibed the notion, quite naturally too, that his orders must be obeyed. It proved a happy marriage. The Lieutenant became a Captain, then Major, Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel, and left the army Brevet Brigadier General. Col. Robinson is United States Consul at Madagascar. 580 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. EOSTER, THE CITY OF PORTAGE — FIRST WABI). Second Infantry— Qo. G— Alfred Stanton, I. T. Staley, John G. Viegt, M. C. Alfred, I. C. Allen, .lohn .Tacobson. Co. K — S. H. Morrison, .lames Bates, John K. Bates. Fifth Infantry— Co. A— Hugh 0. -Veil. Co. G— Charles Bohag. Seventh Infantry — Co. E— Oliver H. Sorensen, W. F. Worcester. Co. F — .\deloit Staley. JS'inth Infantry — Co. I — Wexzel Wackerhausen. Tenth Infantry — -Co. H — James T. Hulehan. Elevetth Infantry — Co. H — Charles George, William Kent. William Anderson. Willibald Gneedig. Fifteenth Infantry — Co. D — Halver V. Halverson, Elias Peterson, Lars Tologen. Seventeenth Infantry — Co. li — Daniel learden. Eighteenth Infantry — Co. I — Dudley Bracy, M. W. .'springer. Duncan McClurg, George W. Hillman, W. B. Kenyon, William Mills, John Martin, Jacob Pratt, James .M. Brown, Friederick Everson, Charles Everson, W. H. C. Ferguson, William W. .\lvey, C. C. Andrus. Co. K— Thomas .Madden. Nineteenth Infantry — Co. B — James G. Lowery, Will- iam Weir, Bishop Johnson, Baron S. Daniels, John M. Hagan. Co. D — Martin Billinghausen, David Ferguson, Ira .Schoemaker. Twenty-thira Infantry — Co. C — Herman H. Kent, Fred Ford, Patrick Farmer, David Culbert, James F. Fitts, Charles Sorensou. Co. C — Andrew Mesch, Francis Boesler, Isaac Sorenson, Louis Heduck. Second Cavalry — Co. E — 0. C. Bellude, Washington Parker. Alfred Bohag, Horace Carpenter, William Stahl- man, George Ross, William McCormick. Sixteenth U. S. Regulars — Company unknown — Timothy Hulehan. Regiment unknown — William Bohag. CITY OF PORTAOE — SECOND WARD. Second Infantry — Co. G — Capt. John Mansfield, First Lieut. A. S. Hill,' Walter L. Plumbstead, John F. Metcalf, Joseph Tiv, Swift E. Best, Charles P. Austin, William A. Williams, W. S. M. Abbot. Seventh Infantry- — Co. E — Joseph Harrington. Fourteenth Infantry — Co. K — James Dolan. Eighteenth Infantry — Co. G — lohn Delaney. Co. I — Daniel Sherwood. Nineteenth Infantry — Co. A — Oliver E. Tilliston. Co. B — G. W. Morris, Louis Cavana, Joseph Rein, Patrick Redmund, Friedlieb Kienlieb. Co. D — Capt. S. K. Vaughn, M. D. Vaughn. Twentieth Infantry — Company unknown — Wm. O'Neil, Birney Ackerman, Melvin E. .Merrill, Philemon Cross, Judson Packard, Anthony Rogers, Joseph Vermilyen, Thomas Warren. James Whitehead, George Green, Ira Allen, John Hamilton, George Bohag, .lohn Holden. Tii'enty-third Infantry — Co. C — Second Lieut. John Shomaker, John Crosby, James Uempsey, H. L. Asher, Edmund Vanzant, Rockwell J. Flint, William F. Bailey, James T. Graham. Co. H — Leonard F. Warner. CITY OF PORTAGE THIRD WAKl). Second Infantry — Co. G — Oscar F. Wiune, Owen Davis, Gay Sherwood, Fritz Kauzenbach, Paul V. Brisbois, James A. Snider. Seventh Infantry — Co. E — Thomas E. Best, Alexander Stephens. .Eleventh Infantry — Co. H — Capt. .\lexander Chrystie, Thomas R. Edmonds, I. W. Brisbois, John L. Lavin Nineteenth Infantry- — Co. B — S. Kline, E. 0. Emerson, John Jones, D. D. Burdick, Ludwig Booth, Charles Bracey, Adam Brickford, John Brooks. A. S. Cooper. B. D. Carpenter, George N". Dempsey, John Funk, 0. L. Gilson. John I. Holden, .Mexander Kline, Edward McGrath. Twenty-third Infantry — Co. C — Newton Wilson, John W. Hosford, Marcellus Blanchard, George G. Parmiter, 0. P. Weston, A. S. Warren. Twenty-seventh Infantry — Co. H — George C. Snider. Second Cavalry — Co. E — Capt. George N. Richmond, 1. H. Walter, Henry Young, D. M. Hunter. CITY OF PORTAGE FOURTH WARD. Second Infantry — Co. G — Archy Linscott. Anson Lins- cott, Charles Ettinger, I. A. Wiser, William \. Williams, George Miles, Gustav Eltermann, E. S. Fletcher. James Grace, Thomas Dolan, Gustave La Claire, Horace Emer- son, Cornelius Riley, William T. Dean, S. A. Stanton, J. M. Carr, Francis Gillmore, A. Parker, C. C. Dow, J. T. Mttcalf, Henry H. Williams. Fifth Infantry — Lieut. Col. Harvey W. Emmery, Chap< lain Rev. Robert Langley. Seventh Infantry — Co. E — James Briggs. Ninth Infantry — Co. E — Casper Frohlich. Co. K — Henry Voight. Tenth Infantry — Co. D — First Lieut. Thomas L. Ken- nan, Asst. Surg. Robert Mitchell, T. L. Vennan, E. P. Stogell, George Bell, William Thompson. I. E. Webster, B. F. Woodard. Co. E — Dennis Marsh. Eleventh Infantry — Co. H — Silas W. Green, Charles Brunohler, Frank V. Douglass, Charles Allen, Harvey Alma. Sixteenth Infantry — Co. F — Duncan Forbes. Company unknown — Thomas Donohue, Samuel Reed, Benjamin F. Douglas, Daniel Howard. Seventeenth Infantry — Co. A — Michael Sanders. Eighteenth Irifantry — Surg. George F. Huntington. Nineteenth Infantry — Co. B — James Hunter. Co. C — Charles Case. Co. D — Michael Kane, Frederick Lang- don. Co. K — Barney Britt. Twentieth Infantry — Company unknown — John Hamil. ton. Twenty-third Infantry — Col. .loshua J. Guppey, Surg. James Prentice. Co. C — H. F. Merrill, Henry G. Luther, George Carpenter, William F. Ward, Thomas Murray, Peter Ball, T. E. Ilalsey, Franlin A. Blood, Joseph W. Richardson, Wenzel Roesler, John L. Jolly, Cassius P. Edwards, James McDonough, Henry Watley, Charles Slater, James Whitney, Capt. Edgar P. Hill. Co. II — Robert Giller, Vincuz Weber, Julius Weincr. Twenty-fourth Infantry — Co. F — lohn W. Sargent, Patrick Cleary, James 8. Anderson, (Jcorge T. Thomp- son. First Cavalry — Co. E — Ira Suffan. Second Cavalry— Co. E— Robert Murray. W. W. Pot- ter, (Jeorge S. Race, Earl Race, Samuel Slifer, George Hewitt, August Wagenhecht, A. H. Brown, William Clark, David Mitchell, Charles Orville, Wallace Smith, HISTOKV OF COLUMBIA COUXTY, 581 Second Arlillert/ — James S. Dudley. Stzth Battery — Frederick Melish, Alfred Bield. Srventh Battery — Charles H. Green. Tinth Battery — Charles Robinson. TOWN OF ARLINGTON. Second Infantry — Co. A — Henry H. Grant, George Farnsworth. Co. G — Warren L. Pratt. Co. H — Orville J. Hurlburt, Orville S. Hurlburt, Thomas Malone, P. C. Fryer, Seeman Allen. Co. I — .Joseph Webber, Hiland H. Harlocker. Company not known — Third Infantry — Co. F — Moses Rose, Amos Petteys. Company unknown — Joseph Verber. Fifth Infantry— Co. D— Charles A. Urown. Co. F— John Blondell. Sevmth Infantry — Co. A — Isaac Clapp, William Wood. Co G — Harrison L. Wiard, F. I). Best, H. C. Jesse, George Sytle. Twelfth Ivfantry — Company unknown — William Van Hoosen. Sixteenth Infantry — Co. B — Patrick Collins, Edward Paul, C. H. Smith. " Nineteenth Infanl--y — Co. A — Edward Leonard, Frank- lin Winchester. Twenty-third Infantry — Co. C — Wesley Richardson, John W. Stearns, James Collins. Co. H — 1). W. Knap- peer. iMilo N. Blood, Harlow J. Younians, Allen John- son, W. D Edgbert, A. J. McFarlan, Stephen W. Green, Oliver 0. Holcomb, John Mancka, Lewis Oleson. First Cavalry — Co. G — James M. Wheeler, Richard Singleton. Second Cavalry — Co. E — Charles C. Lee, William Clark, Thomas Cartright, Thomas Havercroft, Prosper L. Knap- pen, Oliver Saterlee. Sixth Battery — Company not known — Harlan P. Dunn- ing. TOWN OF C.4LED0NIA. Seccnd Infantry — Co. G — Paul V. Brisbois. Eleventh Infantry — Co. H — Robert Murray, Jr., James O'Neil, B. Johnson, John L. Lavine, H. Aliiia, W, Grudig. Fourteinth Infantry — Co. K — William O'Xeil. Seventeenth Infantry — Co. H — Thomas Harper, Hugh Harper. Eigl teenth Infantry — Co. I — William Miller, John .Morton . Nineteenth Infantry — Co. D — William H. Hill. Twenty-third Infantry— Qo. C— William M. Ro'-erts, Hugh f. Williains, Harris Tuttle, William E. Jones, Howell T. Phillips. William Anacker, William Donald, Hugh Lindsay, Kdward Owen, John D. Williams, Will- iam I'Mwards, Peter Henderson, James T. Graham, James Lee, Jr., William Semple. Co. F— E. L. Stoner. Co. H— .J. Jennings. Second Cavalry — Co. F, — Robert Murray. Third Cavalry— Co. E— W illiam Stoner. Cnknown — Company unknown — lames Roberts Will- iam Willianis, Joseph Robertson, John Bricker. TOWN OF COLUMBUS. First Infantry — Co. G — Lansing Williams, Harvey K. Dodge, Charles A. Searls (Lieutenant on Gen. Stark- weather's staff), Adison S. Gardiner, Oscar Bordman. Second Infantry — Co. A — Thomas Downs, William Kuhl, John Foley, Thomas Greene, William Dutcher, James McDonald, Reuben H. Clark. Rufus N. Clark. Third Infantry-Co. K— Edwin E. Polly (died), Milo I. Waterhouse (died in service), G. Dailey, Fomth fnfant'y— Co. D— Albert W. James. Co. E — Walan W. Mallo. Fifth Infantry— Co. B— D. McLarty, Arch. McFadden, C. W. Skinner (Second Lieutenant). James Conlan. S'Xth Infantry — Co. D — Benjamin Campbell (died in service), William Flanagan. Seventh Infantry — Co. A — M. B. Misner (Captain Fourth Cavalry, Co. .M ), James Johnson, James Holmes (killed), Eli P. Sayers (died in service), Alfred Miller, William B. I'aige, James McCabe, Charles Browning, William Cum- mings, George P. Uix, Francis A. Fowler (died at Ander- sonville), Rufus Hodgeman, .Milo Hawks, Edward I Hurd, Lewis P. Holmes (killed), Simeon B. Kendall, I'Mward G. Perry, Henry Leyraan, Albert McCalvey, Jacob D. Swanger, Hnrlo A. Safield, William I. Townlee. Co. B — William A. McAlvey, William H. Dunham (Second Lieu- tenant) Co. G — ^yilliam Richards. Eighth Infantry — Co. X — Alvin D. Gano. Elevintti 'infantrif—Co. B— William P. Williams, Co. C— M. V. Thompson. Twelfth Infantry — Co. C — George W. Brce!=e. Fifteenth Infantry — Co. B. — Jems 0. Mol, Jems Larson. Sixteenth. Infantry — Co. D — John I. Downey. Joseph Edwards, Louis Flashbine, William Hamilton, Thomas I. Winston, Frederich Wolfe. Sevinteenth Infantry — Co. B — Emanuel Muyer. Eighteenth Infantry — Co. I — Michael Corigan, Morris E. Cook, Thomas I. Chapell. Hugh ('arey, Theodore Dickerson, Samuel C. Dale, John A. Ehtinger, Nelson Everson, Saniutl 15. Flithorp (died in service). Jacob Flack, George W. Fossuch. Delansen Griffin, Cilus E. Greene, Herbert Gilpin, Philomson Haskins, W. I. Hughes, William Jones, George Kurth, Harrison Ijoomis, Sylvanus Langdon. .Morrow E. Loveless, James Scilch, John South, Charles ilcLevey, Daniel E. Newton, Allen D. Randall, John Topp, James Flynn, William A. Cole- man (("aptain). First Lieut. (J. A. Soulhmayde. Peter Mclntyre, Hiram L. Randall, Andrew 1. Hewing, Benja- min W. Shaver, Elias M. Haight, .John .M. James, John Wood, George Bunker, Hiram H. Brown, Ferdinand Banta, George D. Bellows. Twiniy-third Infantry — Co. G — George S. Campbell, John H. Hughes, George H. Harrington, Lewis Kehlep, John I. Morey, Abel H. Silsbee, Charles E. Quinn, Joseph S. Edwards, Daniel C. Cooper, Seth Trask, Ches- ter W. Tuttle, John .Mahl, Warren I. Wliiting, Garrilt Halverson, Robert Swanger, .Michael Karney, Alfred E. Fuller, Edward Grey, John W. Jones, James M. Tibbel5>, Elijah Walrod, Theophilus Perry, Henry Weis, James Nolan, Herman Klug, Nicholas Didesh, George W. Gib- son, Ira Trobridge, Allen D. Thomas, Edward Parry, Henry Beaver, Henry Russell, .\lfred W. Fuller, IJenja- min Dayton, E. K, Eason, William H. Grindell, Francis W. Wright, Quincy A. Page, August Hein, Charles W. Allen, John Krouse. Joshua Tompkins, James Downey, John Wagoner, John F. Kent. MatView Loulh, Daniel O'Rourke, John Rohan. Nathan W. Mead, Capt. J. F. Hazeilon, J. ("'. Axtel! (.Second .Assistant Surgeon). James McConnell (Fife Major). Twenty fijiiilh Infantry — Co. .\ — C. J. Woodward. Third Cavalry — Co. E — Inman C. Haines, James Kel- sey, John Williams. Simeon Crampton, I. W. Haines, P. W' Wright. Co. L — Almond S. Trumbull. Buttery No. 9. — Frederick Page. Marshal Guards (Bradford Hancock, Captain)— Melvin Harrington, George Kenney. Thirli/second Infmlry — Co. K — Benjamin F. Waer, J. W. 1 ore , W. S. Payne, Myron Skinner, Virgil Thayer, Lnos Vliet, E. P. WooruflF. Seventh Infantry— Co. A— J. M. Perry. Co. B— Geo. Gayman. , , ^ Tenth Infantry— Co. D— Halver Halverson, Freman Buder. Co. H — P. Edmundson. rwe/fth Infantry— Co. E— H. Bennett, E. F. Bennett, F M " t'anfi'eld, William Fisher, James M. GuUck, J. Hawes, .lohn Soman, L. Woodworth, William Watson. Fifteenth Infanlnj— Company unknown— H. Oleson. Seventeenth Infantry— Co. H— J. H. Colbourn, John Guger, Joel Hamlin, T. Morrison. Eiahteenth. Infantry-Co. G-J. H. Shield, C. Shield. Co H— Heman Bradway. Co. K— William Buck, K. Crunst, Andrew Hooker, Jefferson Kingsley, John O'Connor, David Brothers, James N. Shield, J. A. Whip- ple. S. W. .lerard P.ardee. Nineteenth Infanlry—Vo. G— H. W. Kingsbury, Elmer Hathaway, Jacob Guger. Thirtv-fint Infantrv— Co. I— Milton Armstrong, M. C. Armstrong, Rason ■Bonnell. J. K. Conner, Osmund Christoferson, C. H. Gould, Ole Kuttleson, J. W. Ker- zarter, Henry Shinks, William Sweet, W. A. York. First Cavalry— Com\Mny unknown— A Blood. Co. C— W. H. Casweli, George A. Caswell, F. M. Compton. Co. F — Harvey E. Wety. „ n i Third Cavalry— Co. H— Willis A. Hawes. Co. F-J. H. Clerk. Company unknown — H. R. Smith. ^ ^ TOWN OF OTSEGO. First Infantry— Co. G— George N. Lawton. Second 'infantry— Co. A— Henry M. Hunting, Bramard D. Graves, Philo Pason. Siith Infantry-Co. C— Henry M. Botten. Seventh Infantry— Co. A— Wallace llenton, (.^yrus Hen- ton l"o B— David B. Pulver, Richard Weatly, John H. Smith John Hughes, Alexander Hughes, Azel Stoddard, Azel S Miller, John E. McMahon. Henry Sickels, Daniel Sickels, C. C. Spalding, D. B. Pormer, George Bush. Co. E— Tolly Ogden. Co. G— Nathaniel Jones. T.nth Infantry— Co. D— Lyman M. Burleson, Thomas P. Darre, Alson Bush. ! Sixteenth Infantry— Co. B— Alphanso Hernngton. Co. D — Lewis Pettis. „ „ , • , Eighteenth Infantry-Co. I-Hiram H. Brown, Lewis 1 Anderson. Twenty-third Infantry— Co. G— Hugh Halb. Thirt'n-second 'infantry-Co. K-Newton Aekerman, Ancel Starr, James Pulver, Charles Lee, B. J. Fromdall, James A. llano, Lewis H. Stickney, George M. Sticknoy, Jabez Hunting, Jr , Dennis Blenis, Edwin Memn- ^■*- Holly, George S. Harring, Hiram Pittis, William An drews. First Cavalry— Co. L— Joseph R. Lee. Third Cavnlry— Co. L— James McMahon. Regiment unknown — Silas B. Roat. TOWN OF TAOIFlC. Second Infantry— Co. G— Francis Gilmore.' Tenth lnfantn,-Co. D-Hiram Mason, Samuel Mur- rey, Alfred Holmes, George W. Marsh, William Dow, Lorenzo How. Fourteenth Infantry-Co. E-David tjuackinbush. Sixtimth Infantry— Co. I— John Sines^ Eighteenth Infanlr,/-Co. l-Francis Eaverson, Nathan Eaverson, James Eaverson. Company unknown-Owen "^^'^NMeeirh Infantry^Co. D-Ludwick Booth, William Mar. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 585 Twenty-third Infantry — Co. C — Chester B. Flowers, Jamea Holmes. TOWN OF EANDOLPH. Second Infantry — Co. A — George E. Maynard, .Jasper Daniels, Charles Fletcher, William H. Thomas, Chester p. Thomas, Charles C. Thomas, Martin V. Bloodgood, Lewis Norton, Frederick Martin, Amasa Ketcham, Dan- iel Williams, William Lewis, Robert Welch. Eighth Infantry — Co. D — Samael Fanstenod, J. C. Voteman, G. B. Finney, Carlos F. Manser, Avery Rob- inson, George H. Whirry, Thomas Collins, William Fitts, Henry Hockmer, George S. Holsie, Elisha Fletcher, John Wilson, Ftancis Gale, .John Carlisle, George Plank, David L. L. D. -Jones. Tenth Infantry — Company unknown — Jos. G. Thomas. Eleventh Infantry — Co. H — Jonson Anderson, Fred- erick Langdon. Sixteenth Infantry — Co. B — Lorenzo Ford. Co. D — Josiah Fields, James Sims. Co. H — Isaac Vanorunm, John Vanorunm. Company unknown — George Herriok. Nineteenth Infantry — Co. B — William W. Griffith. Co. D — Edward McGrath, Byron Daniels, John Jones, John Griffith. Company unknown — Thomas Jones. Twenty-third Infantry — Co. 9, in Columbia County, are hereby organized into a town to be called Winnebago Portage, and the Franklin House, in said town, is designated as the place for holding the first election." For some reason, the Menomonee lands lying in the county, although having been rightfully acquired, were not included within the boundaries of the town of Winnebago Portage ; conse- quently, all the territory now embraced in the city limits of Portage lying north and west of a line running southwesterly from a point on Fox River opposite old Fort Winnebago to the corner of Conant and Adams streets, thence southerly to the Wisconsin River, was still outside the pale of sub-organization. The first election held by the electors residing within the newly made boundary lines of the town of Winnebago Portage took place, as specified, at the Franklin House, Gideon Low, proprietor, on the first Tuesday (3d day) of April, 1849, with the following result : For Supervisors, Richard F. Veeder received 13 votes, Henry Carpenter, 13 votes, Edwin Sylvester, 13 votes. The last-named was selected as Chairman of the Board. For Assessor, Cornell Vaughn, 13 votes; for Treasurer, Henry Merrell, 13 votes; for Town Clerk, D. J. M. Loop, 13 votes ; for Justices of the Peace. B. F. Veeder, E. Sylvester, M, Ahlum and H. Car- penter, 13 votes each; for Constables, H. Hanson, 0. Bellrood, and H. McFarlane. 13 votes each ; for School Commissioner, Henry Merrell, 13 votes ; for Overseers of Highways, E. Sylvester, M. Ahlum and Gordon H. Merrell, 13 votes each. It was agreed by the thirteen electors present that the place of holding the town meetings should be at the office of D. J. M. Loop. At a meeting held on the 18th of June, it was voted that a tax of $50 be levied for the support of common schools, $100 for the repair of roads and bridges, and §200 for other expenses of the town. On the 16th of November, a special elec- tion was held to fill vacancies, occasioned by resignation, in the offices of Justice of the Peace, at which Lorenzo Van Slyck, Michael Van Winters, Erastus Cook and Dr. James Prentice were chosen. At a meeting of the Town Board, held November 29, M. D. Iiigraham was appointed Superintendent of Common Schools for the town of Winnebago Portage. On the 8th of January, 1850, the County Board, in session at Wyocena, resolved to change the name of the town of Winnebago Portage to the town of Fort Winnebago, and also to relocate the boundaries as follows : The surveyed portion (excepting Section 33, in which Fort Winnebago itself was situated) of Town 13, Range 9, and a sufficient extent of the Indian, or unsurveyed, land west of Fox River to constitute it a town six miles square, were included and organized into a town called Port Hope (now Fort Winnebago), and the unsurveyed balance of Town 13, Range 8, and the northeast fractional part of Town ]2, Range 8, and the northwest fractional part of Town 12, Range 9, were attached to Fort Winnebago for town purposes. Range 7 and the fractional portion of Range 6 in Town 13 were not •> HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 605 officially included in the town of Fort Winnebago at this date, but nominally belonged to it. In April, officers for the town of Fort Winnebago were chosen as follows : Supervisors — Erastus Cook (Chairman), Henry Carpenter and Richard Dempsey ; Town Clerk, Cornelius H. Helms ; Treasurer, Thomas E. Best ; Assessor, Thomas Christopher ; School Superintendent, D. Vandercook. Justices of the Peace — M. Van Winters, Walter N. Kellogg, Thomas Reynolds and Edwin Lolls. Constables — Donald Fairchilds, Samuel Spauld- ing and Azarial Feey ; Overseers of Highways, District No. 1, M. Van Winter, No. 2, Erastus Cook ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, Edward Christopher. Officers elected April, 1851: Supervisors — A. C. Ketchum (Chairman), John Brewer and C. H. Helms ; Town Clerk, L. D. Burges ; Treasurer, T. E. Best. Justices of the Peace — L. Van Slyck, Andrew Dunn, J. B. Sanderson and G. T. Getty ; Assessor, R. F. Veeder. Constables — William Anderson, William Fennegan and Charles Spore; School Superintendent, W. R. De Witt; Sealer of Weights and Measures, H. Merrell. At this election, 441 votes were cast "for the permanent location of the county seat at Fort Winnebago," and 7 votes against the proposition. On the 11th of November, 1851, the County Commissioners authorized the formation of the town of Caledonia from territory then embraced in the towns of Fort Winnebago and Dekorra. This made the Wisconsin River and the town line between what are now the towns of Newport and Lewiston the western boundary of the town of Fort Winnebago, the other boundary lines established in January, 1850, remaining unchanged. Under this condition of things an election was held in April, 1852, with the following result : Supervisors — Decatur Vandercook (Chairman), John Brewer and John Gates ; Town Clerk, Charles H. Seamon ; Treasurer, Richard F. Veeder. Justices of the Peace — L. Van Slyck, William E. Waite and H. R. Pettibone ; Assessor, George Wall ; School Superintend- ent, James Chancellor. Constables — John M. Crawford, William Fennegan and Thornton Thompson ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, J. Belbond. In November, 1852, the Board of Commissioners granted the prayer of P. K. Gill and others to organize the town of Newport, all that portion of Town 13, Range 6, lying on the east side of the Wisconsin River, and the west half of Range 7 in the same town, being duly incorporated in such town, and the house of James Cristie, in the village of Newport, being named as the place for holding the first election. During the same session of the Board, Range 8 and the east half of Range 7, Town 13, were set off from the town of Fort Winnebago and formed into a new town, which was named Lewiston, the house of E. F. Lewis being designated as the place for holding the first election. The work of re-organization was still further continued at this session of the Board, by that body setting off, in compliance with the request of Alexander McDonald and others, so much of the south half of Range 9, Town 12 (town of Dekorra), as lies east of the Wisconsin River, and attaching it to the town of Fort Winnebago, leaving the latter confined to all that territory lying east of the Wisconsin River contained in Town 12, Range 9, embracing the northeast fractional part of Range 8 in the same town lying east of the Wisconsin River, and , the historical Section 33, in the then town of Port Hope, in which old Fort Winnebago was located. December 15, 1852, after the receipt from time to time of various petitions with that end in view, Section 33 was awarded to Port Hope, and, two days later, the Commissioners granted authority for changing the name of the town of Fort Winnebago to the town of Portage City. In April following, an election for town officers took place, with the following result : Supervisors — C. H. Moore (Chairman), Francis Winney and F. A. Hilbert ; Town Clerk, John Lodge ; Treasurer, C. H. Helms ; Justices of the Peace, H. R. Pettibone and M. Auer- back ; School Superintendent, A. C. Ketchum ; Assessor, C. J. Pettibone. Constables — W. R. Clough, Theodoi-e Hoffman, D. W. Hinkley and J. Thompson ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, William German. > 606 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. In November, 1853, the name of the town of Port Hope was changed to the town of Fort Winnebago, and it has borne that title to the present time. At the annual session of the County Commissioners for 1853, the prayer of J. J. Guppey and others, that all that part of the town of Portage City lying north of the Wisconsin River and south of the town of Lewiston be attached to the town of Lewiston, was duly granted, but, at a subsequent sitting of the Board, a reconsideration of the subject was taken, and a bill passed leaving the matter to the electors of the town of Portage City to be voted on at their next succeeding aiinual election. The result was favorable to the town of Lewiston, and the territory in question was duly set off to that town. City of Portage. — On the 10th of March, 1854, " An Act to incorporate the City of Port- age," passed by the State Legislature, was duly approved by Gov. Barstow. The salient features of the charter were contained in the first, third and forty-third sections, as follows : Section 1 provided that, " from and after the first Tuesday in April, 1854, all that portion of the west fractional half of Section 4 which lies south and west of the Fox River, Sections 5 and 6 ; all that portion of Sections 7 and 8 which lies north of the Wisconsin River ; the west fractional half of Section 9, and claim No. 21, known as the claim of A. Grignon, in Township 12, north Range 9 east, in the county of Columbia, State of Wisconsin, shall be a city of the name of the City of Portage, and the people inhabiting said district shall be a municipal corporation." Section 3 provided for the division of the city into three wards, bounded as follows : " All that part lying south and east of the canal connecting the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers shall con- stitute the First Ward ; all that part lying north of said canal and east of De Witt street and the road leading from the same to the north line of said Town 12, shall constitute the Second Ward, and all that part lying north of said canal and west of De Witt street and said roads shall constitute the Third Ward ; but the Common Council shall have power to change said lines of division as they may deem convenient and proper." Section 43, it will be observed, created the town of Pacific out of so much of the town of Portage City as remained without the newly incorporated city. It provide! that " the connec- tion between the city of Portage and the town of Portage City shall be dissolved, and the duties now or heretofore imposed upon the officers of the town, so far as they relate to the city of Portage, shall be imposed on the officers of said city of Portage ; and so much of the town of Portage City as is not included in the limits of the city of Portage shall be the town of Pacific, for the purposes of town and county government, and they shall hold their next meeting at such place within the organized town of Portage City as the present Board of Supervisors shall appoint, and thereafter the place of meeting shall be decided by a vote of this town meeting." On the 30th of March, an amendment was passed, providing, among other things, that " all that part of the city lying north of said canal and west of De Witt street, and the road leading from the same aforesaid, shall constitute the Fourth Ward." At the first charter elec- tion, held, as provided by law, on the first Tuesday in April, 1854, 366 votes were cast, and the following officers elected : Mayor, William Sylvester ; Clerk, John Lodge ; Treasurer, D. Vandercook ; Assessor, Henry Carpenter ; Marshal, Alexander Chrystie ; School Superintend- ent, W. S. M. Abbott ; Aldermen — First Ward, M. Van Winter, John McTighe ; Second Ward, Josiah Arnold, George Wall ; Third Ward, Alva Stewart,* John Gates; Fourth Ward, William Armstrong, S. L. Knapp. 1855. — Mayor, Andrew Dunn ; Clerk, John Lodge ; Treasurer, Samuel Edwards ; Asses- sor, Conrad CoUipp ; Marshal, Daniel Ginder ; School Superintendent, W. S. M. Abbott ; Aldermen — First VVard, Michael McHale, D. Blass ; Second Ward, Josiah Arnold, John Gates ; Third Ward, Geo. N. Richmond, Wm. K. Miles ; Fourth Ward, A. Murison, Wm. C. Pettibone. 1856 — [Charter amended March 31.] — Mayor, Andrew Dunn ; Clerk, John Lodge; Treas- urer, C. D. Hottenstein ; Assessor, Conrad Collipp ; Marshal, Daniel Ginder ; School Superin- tendent, Hugh M. Thompson ; Aldermen — First Ward, Michael McHale, Perry Lee ; Second * W. K. Mile:?, elected June 15, vice A. Stewart, who failed to qualify. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COITNTY. 607 "Ward, Josiah Arnold, C. H. Moore; Third Ward, George N. Richmond. F. Steber; Fourth Ward, John A. Brown, J. G. Herrigal. 1857 — [Charter amended March 7.] — Mayor, John P. McGregor; Clerk, John Lodge'; Treasurer, C. D. Hottenstein ; Assessor, N. Hollendyke ; Marshal, Aaron Thompson ; School Superintendent, Hugh M. Thompson ; Aldermen — First Ward, Michael McHale, Perry Lee ; Second Ward, L. S. Dixon, C. J. Pettibone ; Third Ward, George N. Richmond, F. Steber; Fourth Ward, C. Ha?rtel, H. W. Tenney. 1858 — Mayor, Henry B. Munn ; Clerk, George D. Dimraick' ; Treasurer, John Condon ; Assessor, Volney Foster ; Marshal, Aaron Thompson ; School Superintendent, J. J. Guppey ; Aldermen — First Ward, L. G. Bever, William Miller''; Second Ward, S. E. Dana, George Hatcher ; Third Ward, George N. Richmond, F. Steber ; Fourth Ward, R. S. Stoyell, J. Arnold. 1859 — [Charter amended March 11.] — Mayor, John P. McGregor; Clerk, H. C. Baker; Treasurer, Henry Bolting ; Assessor, Henry Carpenter ; Marshal, Aaron Thompson ; School Superintendent, J. J. Guppey ; Aldermen — First Ward, Patrick Sheahan, Samuel Wisdom ; Second Ward, John Graham, Benjamin L. Webb^ ; Third Ward, William K. Miles, A. M. Craig ; Fourth Ward, James Collins, Francis Winne. I860 — [Charter amended March 27.] — Mayor, George N. Richmond; Clerk, H. C. Baker; Treasurer, Henry Bolting ; Assessor, R. S. Stoyell ; Marshal, S. S. Brannan ; School Super- intendent, J. J. Guppey ; Aldermen — First Ward, L. G. Bever, Henry Emder ; Second Ward, S. E. Dana, L. W. Barden ; Third Ward, Wells M. Butler,' W. K. Miles ; Fourth Ward, H. W. Emry, Andrew Kiefer. 1861 — Mayor, George N. Richmond ; Clerk, C. C. Britt ; Treasurer, B. S. Doty ; Asses- sor, Thomas Christopher; Marshal, E. Cook; School Superintendent, J. J. Guppey; Alder- men — First Ward, Edward O'Keeffe, John Brickwell ; Second Ward, W. H. Smith, John Mans- field; Third Ward, S. S. Brannan, R. 0. Loomis ; Fourth Ward, George H. Osborn, A. Kiefer. 1862— [Charter amended June 17.]— Mayor, Alvin B. Alden ; Clerk, C. C. Britt; Treas- urer, B. S. Doty ; Assessor, C. Collipp ; Marshal, John Coleman ; School Superintendent, H. B. Munn; Aldermen — First Ward, L. G. Bever, M. E. Keegan ; Second Ward, John Gates, L. Fungenstein ; Third Ward, Thomas Buttrey, S. S. Brannan" ; Fourth Ward, W. W. Corn- ing, C. Hfprtel. 1863 — [Charter amended so that Aldermen should hold their office for two years, one-half going out each year. Those elected for the short term this year were Messrs. Emder, Randall, Ten Eyck and Ginder.]— Mayor, W. K. Miles; Clerk, C. C. Britt; Treasurer, B. S. Doty; Assessor, Thomas Christopher ; Marshal, J. Coleman ; School Superintendent, H. B. Munn ; Aldermen — First Ward, H. Emder, M. R. Keegan ; Second Ward, C. J. Randall, L. Funken- stein ; Third Ward, George Ten Eyck, Thomas Buttery ; Fourth Wai-d, John Ginder, Peter Karch. 1864— Mayor, John Condon ; Clerk, V. Helman; Treasurer, B. S. Doty; Assessor C. J- Randall"; Marshal, Tim L. Collins; School Superintendent, H. B. Munn. Aldermen — First Ward, Lars G. Bever, M. R. Keegan ; Second Ward, Matt. Hettinger,' L. Funkenstein ; Third Ward, E. H. Dewey, Thomas Buttrey ; Fourth Ward, John Ginder, Peter Karch. 186.5 — Mayor, L. Funkenstein ; Clerk, V. Helmann ; Treasurer, B. S. Doty ; Assessor, 0. P. Williams ; Marshal, P. Sheahan ; School Superintendent, H. B. Munn. Aldermen — First Ward, John N. Kind, Lars G. Bever ; Second Ward, R. B. Wentworth, S. B. Rhodes ; Third Ward, Thomas Buttrey,'' E. H. Dewey ; Fourth Ward, John Graham, Peter Karch. 1. Died December 2, 1867, and George D. Dimmick elected December 19, to fill ibe vaaincy. 2. Died, and H. C. Baker appointed ti>u^ PORTAGE, CITY. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 615 There were, in all, about one dozen pupils. In the spring of 1840, Rev. S. P. Keyes became both chaplain and schoolmaster at the post, and taught about twenty children, some of them over twelve years of age. The first school in Portage, however, the benefits of which were enjoyed by actual settlers, was established in the house of Hugh McFarlane, in 184-3, Mrs. McFarlane being the teacher. Instruction was given on Sundays only, and it was therefore a Sunday school. Books were purchased for the purpose, from a fund created by contributions solicited from the hardy rafts- men of the Wisconsin River, by Mrs. McFarlane. From this small beginning, a private school, with a "hired " teacher, grew into existence. It was located, for awhile, in one portion of Mr. McFarlane's blacksmith-shop, partitioned off for that purpose. The town of Winnebago Portage, organized on the 9th day of January, 1849, by virtue of that organization, became, at that date, a school district, under a law of the Territory of Wis- consin, which continued in force till January 1, 1850, and which declared that " every town in this Territory, containing not less than ten families, shall be a school district," etc. There is no record of a public school in the town, during 1849 ; but in that year a portion of the town occupied by its residents living in the vicinity of the " old fort," was set off as School District No. 2, all other parts of the town being considered District No. 1. It is not necessary to give the limits of this District No. 2, as it became joint District No. 1, of Port Hope and Fort Win- nebago, on the 8th day of January, 1850, when the name of Wiiinebago Portage was changed to Fort Winnebago, and Town 13, Range 9, taken from that town and organized as the town of Port Hope. This joint district followed the fortunes of Section 33, Town 13, Range 9, site of the the old fort, and was transferred with it three times, from one town to the other. It was under the jurisdiction of the town of Fort Winnebago (now Portage) only about three years, and after noticing its first annual report, in 1850, its history will not be further considered in connection with that part of the city of Portage, except in the explanation of the numbering of the dis- tricts that may hereafter be named. In 1850, School Superintendent D. Vandercook formed four new districts, in the town of Fort Winnebago, making five in all, viz., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. And as No. 3 soon passed to another town, and as No. 4 was substantially absorbed in another district of the same name, which in reality was the successor of joint District No. 1, hereinbefore named, they will be briefly described and " accounted for " first, so that further mention of them will not be required. District JS/o. 3. — Set off, June 27, 1850, commencing "at the west line of Town 12, Range 8, thence east three miles, including John Tibbet's claim on Section 5 ; thence north to the Wisconsin River, and bounded on the south by the Baraboo River." This district became a part of the town of Caledonia, at the organization of the latter, on the 12th of November, 1851. District No. 4-, set off November 30, 1850, contained the " east side of the village (at the Portage) from Center avenue," and was united with a part of joint District No. 1, before named, on the 30th day of August, 1851. The new district was designated No. 4, and as such made its annual report for the year 1851, being really the report of the school of said joint district for that year. It passed from the jurisdiction of the town of Fort Winnebago on the 15th day of December, 1852, with the site of the fort. Section 33, Town 13, Range 9, which was trans- ferred to the town of Port Hope on that day. Districts JVos. 1, 2 and 5, of the organization of 1850, have been the permanent districts of the place. No. 1 embraced that part of the town south of the canal and west of Center avenue (in part of First Ward, now west of Center avenue) not set off to other districts. No. 2. — Substantially the present Second Ward of the city (old No. 3 becoming joint Dis- trict No. 1, as above stated), organized January, 1850. No. 5. — Substantially what is now Third, Fourth and Fifth Wards of the city, and organ- ized December 20, 1850. 616 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNT"!'. Districts Nos. 1 and 2, of Fort Winnebago, and joint District No. 1, of Port Hope and Fort Winnebago (once No. 2 of Winnebago Portage), maintained public schools in the year ending August 31, 1850, and made annual reports, from which the following statistics are taken, viz. : District No. 1. — Number of male children of school age, 21 ; number of female children of school age, 15; number attending school, 20 ; number of months' school, 3; wages, with board, per month, of teacher. Miss C. V. Baldwin, $6 ; schoolroom, second scory of Henry Car- penter's warehouse. District No. 2. — Number of male children of school age, 70; number of female children of school age, 65 ; number attending school, 87 ; number of months' school, 3 ; monthly wages of teacher, Mr. R. M. Brown, $18 ; the schoolroom was a shop of William Rice, standing on a part of the present homestead of Mrs. Dr. Dent, Block No. 240. Joint District No. 1, of Port Hope and Fort Winnebago. — Number of male children of school age, 55 ; number of female children of school age, 41 ; number attending school, 65 ; number of months' school, 3 ; monthly wages of teacher, Mrs. Grace Bliss, $15. Schoolroom, arsenal building of the fort ; William Wier was Clerk. District No. 1 contained that part of the town south of the canal not set off to other dis- tricts. Its boundaries were not given on its records, for the reason that it originally contained the whole town, and it was called " No. 1," because it was the original organization, or what was left of that organization. To give it a name and limits on its records. School Superintendent W. R. DeWitt re-organized it on the 10th day of May, 1851, giving it the name it had borne and the boundaries rightfully belonging to it. Ten days after, namely. May 20, 1851, he organ- ized that portion of the district south of Superior street into District No. 7 (No. 6 not described, being in what is now Caledonia). Practically, the two districts remained as one, and as the schoolhouse was in District No. 7, the annual reports were made in the name of that district, until the two were united under the original name. District No. 1. During the year ending August 31, 1851, Districts Nos. 1 (7 and 1) and 2 again main- tained public schools, and District No. 5 had its first public school. From the report of the Clerk of District No. 5 for that year, the following particulars are taken, viz. : Number of male children of school age, 43 ; number of female children of school age, 55 ; number attending school, 98 ; number of months' school, 3 ; monthly wages of teacher. Miss Helen M. Hand, $15. James Boylan taught ten days. The schoolroom was the schoolhouse of District No. 2, rented. Changes of Name, etc. — The name of the town having been changed to Portage City, and some alterations having been made in its boundaries by the Board of County Supervisors on the 17th day of December, 1852, School Superintendent A. C. Ketchum re-organized the school districts on the 23d day of April following, designating Districts Nos. 1 and 7 as District No. 4, and District No. 5 as District No. 3, District No. 2 retaining its name. The city having been incorporated in 1854 with southeasterly boundaries different fi-om those of the town pre- ceding it, School Superintendent W. S. M. Abbott, on the 3d day of February, 1855, in making a record of the altered limits of the then District No. 4, restored its original name. District No. 1. From that date till graded schools were established in the city, the districts were : No. 1, First Ward ; No. 2, Second Ward ; No. 3, present Third, Fourth and Fifth Wards. And in speaking of them on other points of their history, the names last above given will be used, whatever may have been their designations when the events named took place. Schoolhouses. — Districts 1 and 2 each erected a wooden schoolhouse in 1851, that of the former standing on Lot 10, Block 89, and that of the latter on Lot 16, Block 187, of Webb & Bronson's Plat. The one erected by District No. 1 now forms a part of the First Ward School- house on Block 140 ; and that erected by District No. 2 was sold by the city, and is now a dwelling-house on Block 197, of the plat of Portage City. District No. 3 (5) did not erect a schoolhouse. For many years it rented one of Hugh McFarlane, erected by him for a private high school, and standing on Lot 9, Block 237, of Portage City, and in 1857 it purchased the house and lot of Mr. McFarlane for $1,500. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTT. 617 The house and grounds were sold by the city, and the building has been converted into a dwelling-house, and is now owned by William Miller. The following is a list of teachers and officers of School District No. 1, during its exist- ence—it being also known as District No. 4, and District No. 7, and the time it was so known being herein indicated : Year ending August 31, 1850 — Miss 0. V. Baldwin, Teacher ; Henry Carpenter, Director ; George W. Morgan, Clerk ; M. Van Winter, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1851 — Miss C. V. Baldwin, Teacher; Henry Carpenter, Director ; S. F. Marston, Clerk ; M. Van Winter, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1852 — Mrs. Maria Gue and Miss E. J. Page, Teachers ; Henry Carpenter, Director ; 0. P. Williams and M. Van Winter, Clerks ; Alex. McDonald, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1853 — Miss Sophia Wright, Teacher ; Henry Carpenter, Director ; M. Van Winter, Clerk ; Alex. McDonald, Treasurer. Year end- ing August 31, 1854 — Minor Palmer, Teacher ; Henry Carpenter, Director ; M. Van Winter, Clerk ; Perry Lee, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1855 — Miss Margaret E. Hand and Miss Margaret St. John, Teachers; Henry Carpenter, Director; C. A.Comstock, Clerk ; Perry Lee, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1856 — D. J. Waters and Miss Margaret E. Hand, Teachers ; Edward O'Keefe, Director ; M. McHale, Clerk ; Perry Lee, Treasurer. Year end- ing August 31, 1857 — D. J. Waters, Teacher ; Henry Carpenter, Director; M. McHale, Clerk ; Perry Lee, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1858 — D. J. Waters, Teacher ; Henry Carpen- ter, Director ; Eugene Muldoon and John Brickwell, Clerks ; Perry Lee, Treasurer. From August 31, 1858, to end of district system. May, 1859 — Jerome Starr, Teacher ; M'. Van Win- ter, Director ; John Brickwell, Clerk ; Volney Foster, Treasurer. List of teachers and officers of School District No. 2, during its existence : Year ending August 31, 1850 — Mr. R. M. Brown, Teacher ; Richard Dempsey, Director ; T. Dean, Clerk ; John M. Crawford, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1851 — Mr. James Boylan, Miss'B. Edg- erton, Teachers; John A. Johnson, Director; H. R. Pettibone, Clerk; John M. Crawford and C. G. McCuUoch, Treasurers. Year ending August 31, 1852 — Miss B. Edgerton, Teacher; R. F. Veeder, Director; H. R. Pettibone, Clerk: C. G. McCulloch, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1853— Seth Mills, Teacher ; George Wall, Director; A. C. Ketchum, Clerk ; Will- iam Sylvester, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1854 — Mr. R. S. Carter, Miss Jane S. Chap- pell and Miss Helen Ward, Teachers ; Thomas Thompson, Director; John M Crawford, ('lerk ; G. N. Oddie, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1855 — Emory Peck, C. 0. Paquin and Miss Helen M. Hand, Teachers ; Thomas Thompson, Director ; John M. Crawford, Clerk ; William R. Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1856 — J. A. Burt and C. 0. Paquin, Teachers ; James Learmouth, Director ; John M. Crawford and J. B. Rogers, Clerks ; W. R. Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1857 — J. A. Burt and Miss Lucy A. Miller, Teachers ; S. K. Vaughan, Director ; J. B. Rogers, Clerk ; James Learmouth, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1858 — G. J. Cox and Miss Mary J. Bisbee, Teachers ; M. M. Davis, Director; G. M. Oddie, Clerk; A. Carnagie, Treasurer. From August 31, 1858, to end of district system, May, 1859 — T. C. Barden and Miss Fannie E. Waldo, Teachers ; George Wall, Director ; Barrin S. Doty and J. 0. Prescott, Clerks ; Alex. Carnagie, Treasurer. List of teachers and officers of School District No. 3, otherwise No. 5, during its existence : Year ending August 31, 1851 — Miss Helen M. Hand, Teacher; Hugh McFarlane, Director; Daniel Young, Clerk ; Daniel Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1852 — Mrs. Agnes N. Butz, Teacher ; H. McFarlane, Director; C. H. Moore, Clerk ; Daniel Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1853— James Chancellor and Miss Helen M. Hand, Teach- ers ; Charles H. Moore, Director; James Chancellor and A. Hand, Clerks ; Daniel Clough, Treas- urer. Year ending August 31, 1854 — Seth Mills and Martha Mills, Teachers ; Richard Demp- sey, Director; L. Berry and D. J. M. Loop, Clerks; Daniel Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1855 — J. W. Hollenshead and Miss Butterfield, Teachers ; Richard Dempsey, Direc- tor ; E. Cook, Clerk ; Daniel Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1856 — W. S. M. Abbott and Mrs. Abbott, Teachers ; James Collins, Director ; W. S. M. Abbott and H. B. Ander- son, Clerks ; Daniel Clough, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1857 — George F. Richardson 618 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. George Hand and Mary Dempsey, Teachers ; James Collins, Director ; Richard Dempsey, Clerk ; T. E. Best, Treasurer. Year ending August 31, 1858 — George F. Richardson and Mary Dempsey, Teachers ; William P. St. John, Director ; H. S. Haskell, Clerk ; D. Vander- cook, Treasurer. From August <51, 1858, to end of the district system, May, 1859 — George F. Richardson and Mary Dempsey, Teachers ; John T. Clark, Director; H. S. Haskell, Clerk ; H. L. Norton, Treasurer. Graded Schools.— -The present graded-school system commenced in 1859, as will appear from the following report of the first meeting of the Board of Education : " At the first meeting of the Board of Education of the city of Portage, held at the office of the City Superintendent, on the 2d day of May, 1859, at 7 o'clock P. M. — present. Com- missioners Volney Foster, First Ward ; Baron S. Doty, Second Ward ; Alvin B. Alden, Third Ward ; Henry B. Munn, Fourth Ward, and City Superintendent, J. J. Guppey, ex officio Sec- retary, being all the members of the board — the Commissioners took and subscribed to the oath of office. " On motion of Mr. Alden, seconded by Mr. Munn, Baron S. Doty was, by unanimous vote, elected President of the board. " On motion of Mr. Munn, Thursday, the 12th inst., at 9 o'clock, A. M., and the Com- mon Council room, were designated as the time and place for e.xamination of applicants for schools, and the Secretary was directed to give notice in the city paper accordingly. " After a general but informal discussion of the action to be taken by the board for the future, in reference to city schools, it was voted to hold an adjourned meeting on Monday, the 12th inst., at 9 o'clock A. M., at the Common Council room, for the purpose of examining teachers and transacting such general business as might be brought before the board. Ad- journed accordingly. Joshua J. Guppey, Clerk." The board met accordingly, and examined G. F. Richardson, Charles R. Gallett, Miss Kate Roland, Miss Fannie E. Waldo, Miss Luthera Waldo, Miss Hannah P. Best and Miss Helvetia L. Reese, as to their qualifications to fill teachers' positions, as follows: Messrs. Richardson and Gallett and Miss Luthera Waldo, for intermediate schools, and Miss Kate Roland, Miss Fannie E. Waldo, Miss Hannah P. Best and Miss Helvetia L. Reese, for primary schools. At a subsequent meeting of the board, reported favorable upon the application of each aspirant. The next work of the board was " the organization of the primary and intermediate schools of the city of Portage." This was accomplished by the adoption of a by-law, drawn and ofiTered by Superintendent Guppey, providing that the First Ward of the city, excepting the portion lying northerly of Center avenue, should constitute a primary and intermediate school dis- trict, and there were established therein and therefor, one primary and one intermediate school, to be known as the First Ward Primary and Intermediate Schools ; that so much of the First Ward as lies north of Center avenue, and all of the Second Ward, should constitute a pri- mary and intermediate school district ; that the Third and Fourth Wards of said city shall also constitute a primary and intermediate school district ; provided, that a second primary school may be organized in the Third Ward, if necessary. In the two last-mentioned districts, pri- mary and intermediate schools were established. It was then decided to employ teachers two months from May 23, as follows : George F. Parkinson, First Ward Intermediate, at $35 per month ; Miss Luthera Waldo, Second Ward Intermediate, $25 ; Miss Helvetia L. Reese, First Ward Primary, $15 ; Miss Fannie E. Waldo, Second Ward Primary, $20. At a subsequent meeting of the Board, Mrs. Agnes N. Cornell and Miss Caroline M. Prentiss passed successful examinations, and were employed in the Third and Fourth Ward Schools ; Mrs. Cornell, in the intermediate department, at $35 per month, and Miss Pientiss, in the primary, at $20, per month — for a period of ten weeks from May 23, 1859. At a meeting of the board, held June 4, a resolution was passed requesting the Com- mon Council to levy a tax of $1,500 for the support of the schools thus established. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 619 Superintendent Guppey's first report under the new system showed that there were 1,076 children of school age residing in the city of Portage, 511 being males and 565 being females, divided as follows : First Ward, 293 ; Second Ward, 274 ; Third Ward, 145; Fourth Ward, 364. In October, a second primary school was organized in the Third and Fourth Wards, " the schoolhouse near the residence of H. S. Haskell being leased for that purpose," and Miss Luthera Waldo being employed as teacher, at a salary of $20 per month. The semi-annual report of the Superintendent, dated January 3, 1860, gave the status of the schools, at that date, as follows : Number of pupils in attendance. 641 ; average attend- ance, 464 ; aggregate monthly salaries of teachers, $285 ; cost of schools, from September 1, 1859, $1,064.75 ; estimated cost to next report (si.x months), $1,781.25. The report of the Superintendent for the term ending August 31, 1860, gave the number of children of school age residing in the city, 1,047 (males, 512; females, 585), there being 242 in the First Ward, 241 in the Second, 149 in the Third, and 415 in the Fourth. In August, 1861, there having been a reduction in salaries, thereby causing the resignation of certain teachers. Miss Jane Booth was employed as teacher in the Second Ward Intermediate School, Miss Emma Sherwood in the Fourth Ward Primary, and Miss Eliza Hunter in the First Ward Primary. The school census for this year showed 1,013 children of school age in the city, there being 490 males and 523 females. In October, Superintendent Guppey resigned his position, and the Common Council appointed Henry B. Munn to fill the vacancy. Edgar P. Hill succeeded Mr. Munn as a member of the board. In this connection, are fonnd the following patriotic sentiments in the report of the Board of Education to the City Council : " Shortly after the commencement of the current school year, we lost the assistance and co-operation of our late excellent School Superintendent, Joshua J. Guppey, and we desire in this, our annual report, to record our high appreciation of his successful efforts in behalf of the best interests of our public schools. He left us to take an active part in crushing out the infer- nal rebellion that is struggling to dismember our once happy land and overthrow the best government the sun ever shone upon. And, while we regretted his departure, we could not but bid him Godspeed. His leaving brought the subject of the war home to all the pupils in our public schools, and inspired them with a new love of country, and hatred of traitors. And our schoolrooms have resounded during the year with patriotic songs — songs kindling a patriotism which will never die." At the November meeting of the board, a resolution was adopted setting forth the crowded condition of the schoolhouses then in use, and recommending the purchase of " the building now occupied by D. J. M. Loop, in the Third Ward, at a cost not exceeding $200." The City Council having granted the requisite authority, the building was purchased and an intermediate school established therein. In January, 1863, a slight increase was made in the salaries of teachers, the Principal of the high school being allowed $70 per month, and his assistant $35. Teachers in the inter- mediate schools received $30, while those in the primary departments were allowed $20. In 1864, the intermediate schools were somewhat reduced on account of the establishment of a grammar grade in the high school, but the primary departments were overflowing with " little prattlers," receiving the first seeds of knowledge. The receipts for school purposes this year were $9,938.14. This included the $5,000 of school bonds issued by the city. The expenditures (including the cost of the high-school building and grounds) balanced the receipts. The board estimated the value of school property belonging to the city at $12,400, divided as follows : high school and grounds (26 lots), $10,000 ; house and lot in the Second Ward, $600 ; house and lot in the Third Ward, $900 ; two buildings and lot in the Fourth Ward, $900. At the beginning of the new school year of 1865, several changes occurred in the list of teachers. The term opened with the following persons at the heads of the different departments : Intermediate — First Ward, Miss Susan N. Waters ; Second and Third Wards, Mrs. George Ege ; Fourth Ward, Miss Maria Austin. Primary — First Ward, Miss Eliza Hunter ; Second and Third Wards, Miss Fannie E. Waldo ; Fourth, J. Kate Miller. 620 HISTORY OF COLl'MBIA COUNTY. The first paragraph of the report of the Board of Education, at the close of the school year of 1865, is worth reproducing, as showing the wonderful contrast in educational matters, that must have existed at that time, between the loyal North and the rebellious South : " The schools have just closed another year of usefulness. Notwithstanding the terrible civil strife, now happily brought to a close, which has so long distracted a large portion of our fair country, and drawn so long and heavily upon our resources, the educational interests of our city have been steadily and quietly advancing. The average attendance of pupils has been about .500 daily. This exceeds the average of any previous year." About the middle of the term, Mrs. Ege resigned her position as teacher in the Second and Third Wards Intermediate, the vacancy being filled by the appointment of Miss Rose L. Wotring. In April, 186 J, Franklin Street School District was organized, out of the Third and Fourth Wards. Miss Lizzie C. Osborne was placed in charge, at a salary of $30 per month. At the close of the school year of 1867, the names of the following persons appear on the records as teachers in the intermediate and primary schools : Intermediate — First Ward, Miss Mattie L. Oilman ; Second, Miss M. McFarlane ; Fourth, Miss M. Austin and Mrs. II. Stewart. Primary — First Ward, Miss J. A. Moore ; Second, Miss F. E. Waldo ; Fourth, Miss J. K. Miller and Miss Kate O'Leary. Franklin Street School — Mrs. Ann Condon, Miss Lizzie Osborne and Miss iNIary Ten Eyck. In 1867, the site of the old Lee House was purchased by the city, and the First Ward Schoolhouse removed thereto. Owing to the crowded condition of the Franklin Street School, a primary class was formed, and placed in charge of Miss Josephine Williams, a room having been fitted up in the basement of the high-school building for its accommodation. During this year. Miss Addie E. Forrest was placed in charge of the First Ward Intermediate School. Numerous changes having occurred in the corps of teachers, the names of those holding positions in the intermediate and primary departments, August 1, 186'J, will be of interest. In the intermediate department. Miss Addie E. Forrest taught in the First Ward, Mrs. R. G. Wood in the Second, Miss E. R. Briggs in the Fourth, and Miss Lizzie C. Osborn and Miss Mary Draper in the Franklin Street School. In the primary department. Miss Joanna A. Moore presided in the First Ward, Miss Mary Draper and Miss Mary Ten Eyck in the Second, Miss Kate E. Brady in the Fourth, and Miss H. B. Cole in the Franklin Street School. The large influx of Germans into Wisconsin made necessary the passage of a law pro- viding for the establishment of German and English schools, the experiment of a German- English school was tried in Portage, in 1868. The lower floor of the Dean store, on Clark street, was leased for the purpose. Miss Amelia Schneider being placed in charge. The new institution grew rapidly in favor, and soon became a leading feature of the school system of Portage. In 1871, Miss Delia Damp, Miss Annie Hagan and Miss Belle C. Stewart, were appointed upon the staft" of primary teachers. Miss Briggs resigned her position in the Franklin Street School, and was succeeded by Miss K. C. Wright. Before the close of the school year, Miss Harriet Lowenfels, Miss Louisa A. Collipp and Miss Mary G. Staley, became teachers in the primary department. In February, 1874, Miss Wright resigned as teacher of the Franklin Street Intermediate School, and Miss Fannie E. Waldo was appointed to fill the vacancy. Miss Mary Gaffney, as teacher of the Second Ward Intermediate, also resigned ; Miss May Dent became her succes- sor. Other changes followed thick and fast, and the report of the board for the school year of 1873 shows the following new names in the roll of teachers, in addition to those already mentioned : Intermediate department — First Ward, Miss A. McMurray and Gretta E. Collins. Primary department — Second Ward, M. B. Ferguson ; Fourth, Miss Helen Flanders. Miss McMurray was shortly removed by death. In June, 1873, bids were received for building a brick schoolhouse in the Fourth Ward, upon lots near the corner of Dunn and Howard streets, which cost the city $300. George HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 621 Hurst and John Dalton were the successful bidders, at $3,420. The old Fourth Ward School is now the residence of Alois Klenert. It was built at an early day, by Hugh McFarlane, as a residence, and afterwards sold to the city for a schoolhouse. In the spring of 1874, the old Second AVard Schoolhouse gave way to a brick structure? ' built on a $4,700 contract by A. Carnagie, at the corner of Howard and Monroe streets. At the close of the school year of 1874, both the Second and Fourth Ward Schoolhouses having been completed and occupied, we find the list of teachers in the intermediate and pri- mary departments as follows: Intermediate — First Ward, Miss E. A. Marsh; Second, Miss Mary Dent and Miss Amelia Schneider ; Fourth, Miss S. A. Waters and Miss E. K. Briggs. Primary — First Ward, Miss M. Christopher ; Second, Miss F. E. Pettibone ; Third, Miss M. G. Staley ; Fourth, Miss Helen Flanders and Miss Emma Marsh. One of the features in school matters for 1874 was the establishment of a preparatory grammar school, to which pupils were promoted from the intermediate classes. Miss Lucelle Shattuck was placed in charge. Besides Miss Shattuck's the names of new teachers appearing upon the record at the end of the school year of 1875 were Miss Mary Kane, First Ward Intermediate ; Miss Nellie Flanders, Miss Anna Hogan and Miss A. N. Cornwell, Fourth Ward Higher Intermediate ; Miss Helen Marsh and Miss H. B. Cole, Fourth Ward Lower Intermediate; Annie Muir and Fannie Waldo, Sec- ond Ward Primary ; Nellie G. Goodrich, Franklin Street School. A year later, is found Miss J. Whitelaw as Principal of the Fourth Ward Higher Intermediate, and Miss Mary Downey and Miss Lida Gilman as the respective instructors in the Second and Fourth Wards Lower Inter- mediate. The only changes in teachers for the school year of 1877 were the appointment of Miss Mary O'Neil to the Second Ward Higher Intermediate, and Miss Mary Cockroft to the Lower Intermediate of the same ward. From August, 1878, to December, 1879, the only changes in teachers to note are the appointment of Miss M. Karch to the First Ward Higher Intermediate, Miss Kate Knibbs to the Third Ward Second Primary, Miss Rachael Buttrey to the First Primary of the Second Ward, and Miss Filie Collipp to take charge of the new primary class in the basement of the high-school building. The present value of school property in the city of Portage is estimated at $25,000. The schoolhouses are of the most substantial character, and the extensive gi-ounds surrounding them are studded with the best varieties of shade and ornamental trees. The High School. — In August, 1859, soon after the propitious inauguration of the pres- ent ward-school system, the citizens foresaw the necessity for an academic branch in connection with the common school. The Board of Education, with commendable alac- rity and wisdom, took immediate measures looking toward the establishment of a high school. The services of Prof. MagofEn, as Principal, were secured, at a salary of $800 per annum, with Miss Abbey 0. Briggs, as Assistant, at $35 per month. The early historical features of the high school are contained in a by-law adopted by the Board of Education, at its meeting of August 16, 1859, which says : " There is hereby established in and for the city of Portage, a high school, which shall be kept and maintained in the Sylvester Store, so called, recently rented for that purpose ; and said school shall be in charge of a Principal and one or more assistants, as may be found necessary. During the first term of said school, no more than eighty pupils shall, at one time, be entitled to seats therein ; and if that number of qualified pupils resident in said city do not apply for admittance to said school, the number may be completed by receiving children of persons residing in other places, on the terms and in the manner hereinafter to be designated by the board. Until otherwise ordered, eighteen pupils shall be admitted to the high school from the First Ward, sixteen from the Second Ward, fifteen from the Third Ward, and thirty-one from the Fourth Ward ; j^rovided, that if any ward has not the number of qualified pupils assigned to it, such vacancies may be filled by qualified pupils residing in other wards of the city." 622" HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. At a special meeting of the board, held September 1, 1859, Superintendent Guppey presented the names of the following successful applicants who had been by him examined as to their qualifi- cations for admission to the high school : First Ward — George Carpenter, Volney W. Foster, Charles A. Lee, William McDole Lee, John Buchannon, Gustavus A. Sahlquist, Annie Buchannon, Christina Delamater, Mary Han- son, Manila M. Lee and Jane Lee. Second Ward — Oscar C. McCulloch, Chauncey V. Pettibone, George Peabody, Uriah A. Phillips, William Shachell, Myra D. Vaughn. Edward J. S. Wright, Jane C. Ball, Anna H. Brady, Mary E. Brady, Agnes Carnagie, Eliza A. Crawford, Helen J. Crawford, Frances A. Crawford, Helen G. Cook, Susie Davis, Helen Hanson, Mary A. Learmworth, Fannie H. Mc- Culloch, Kate M. Peabody, Maria C. Pettibone, Eliza Purnell, Josephine A. Turney, Josephine Williams and Manamne Wing. Third and Fourth Wards — Homer Hart, Drayton A. Hillyer, Albro Johnson, Theodore Johnson, Eben Johnson, James Kane, Judson A. Lewis, Frederick Steveop, John Veeder, Emily Ayres, Hannah P. Best, Mary Brown, Cornelia M. Cook, Cornelia Hand, Lucy Hink- ley, Helen Hunter, Lucy Johnson, N. Nellie Leavitt, Matilda McFarlane. Sarah L. McCregor, Kate Miller, Mary Miller, Clara Robinson, Georgianna Snyder, Emma J. Snyder, Ella Stew- art, Emily St. John, Lydia Whitney and Elizabeth Waters. Non-resident — Samuel Kerr, Harriet Munn and Adeline Parmenter. Total, sixty-eight. Applications for admission became very numerous, and before the close of the first term (November 21) the following additional pupils passed examination, and were admitted : Resi- dents — Louise Morehouse, Joanna Hazeltine, Eliza Hunter, Margaret Van Winter, Cassius Van Winter, Minnie Williams, Mary Draper, David T. Gilman, Ella Huntington, Ella McCulloch, Richard Gushing, Carrie M. Butz, James T. Hulihan, James H. Crawford, Mary A. O'Keefe, Joanne Moore, Catherine O'Leary, John M. Holmes and Letitia J. David. Non-residents — Melvin E. Merrell (Fort Winnebago), Sarah Hand, Alma M. Hand, Emma Kelley, Catherine Cairnes, Sarah E. Goodwin, Porter Langdon and Given J. Owen. From November 21, 1859, to July 13, 1860, there were thirty-nine additional pupils admitted, making the roll 107 for the first year. From this date until 186.3, there is but little to note in connection with the high school, save that it progressed rapidly and the membership increased even beyond the most sanguine expectations. In January of that year, the necessary measures were taken by the board and City Council for constructing a high school building. Alexander Carnagie became the suc- cessful bidder, he agreeing to erect a structure, according to plans previously adopted, for $4,325. Block 230, bounded by Mac, Franklin and DeWitt streets, was purchased of Mr. Barden, for the purposes of a site, $300 being paid therefor. City school bonds, to the extent of $5,000, were issued to defray the expenses of building. From the report of Superintendent Henry B. Munn, who succeeded Superintendent Guppey, in 1861, it appears that there were 193 names upon the roll August 1, 1863, quite a number of whom were non-residents. The Portage High School, even at that early day, was regarded at home and abroad as one of the leading institutions of that character. Its able and intelligent management, as indicated by the carefully kept records of the time, fully justified this recogni- tion. The new building was completed and occupied early in 18G4, but from some inexplicable cause there had been a serious falling-off in the attendance, the average during the year being seventy-eight, while in 1863 it was eighty-two. The newly established grammar grade, under the new tutorship of Mrs. Agnes N. Cornwell, showed an average attendance of fifty-seven. At the beginning of the new school year, August 1, 1864, Prof. Magoffin and Miss Briggs were re-appointed to the positions of Principal and assistant, at salaries of $75 and $37.50 per month, respectively. Mrs. Cornwell was also retained as Principal of the grammar school at a salary of $35, while Miss Luthera B. Waldo was appointed as assistant at $30 per month. The report of the board at the close of the year was full of encouragement. It showed an average attendance of 109 out of a total attendance of 200. Of the number attending HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 623 school during the year, thirty-nine had engaged in teaching in the country districts, most of them in Columbia County, and two had entered Racine College. In September, 1865, Prof. Magoffin resigned as Principal, having held the position from the foundation of the institution in 1859. Miss Abby 0. Briggs was placed temporarily in charge at a salary of $60 per month, with Mrs. Ann Condon as assistant. Miss Briggs ful- filled the duties of the position until August, 1866, when C. J.. Whitney was appointed as Prin- cipal, at a salary of $1,000 per annum, Miss Briggs resuming her place as assistant, at an increased salary. At the end of Mr. Wliitney's first term, his books showed an average attend- ance of 174, out of a list comprising the names of 322 pupils. Before the close of the spring term of 1867, Mr. Whitney sent in his resignation, which was accepted, and Miss Briggs was again called upon to take charge. She was assisted in finishing the term by the Hon. J. P. McGregor, who heard the Latin, and Mrs. Jane Steber, who heard the French, recitations. At the close of the terra. Miss Briggs also resigned ; E. E. Ashley was then engaged as Principal, at a salary of $1,200 dollars per year, with Miss M. Austin, from the Fourth Ward Intermediate, as temporary assistant. In August, 1867, Miss Rosa L. Wotring received the appointment of assistant to Mrs. Cornwell, in the grammar school, and in May, 1868, Miss Austin was suc- ceeded by Miss Mary Flanders, as the assistant of Mr. Ashley, the Principal. In August, 1868, Mrs. Cornwell resigned the principalship of the grammar school, and in October was succeeded by Miss Lizzie C. Osborn, with Miss Maria Austin as assistant. During 1869, a German class was organized under the tutorship of the Rev. J. J. Hoifmann, who heard recita- tions in the tongue of the Fatherland, one hour each day, in the old Lutheran schoolroom. In 1870, two German classes were formed from pupils of the high school. During the school year of 1871, Mr. Ashley, the Principal, was temporarily assisted by Miss Carrie B. Goldsmith and Miss Marion R. Rosenkrans. The Assistants of Miss Osborn, Principal of the grammar school, were Miss Maria Austin and W. G. Clough. Before the close of the year. Miss Rosenkrans became Mr. Ashley's assistant, while Miss Austin and Mr. Clough were succeeded by Miss Laura B. Copeland in the grammar department. At a meeting of the Board of Education, held August 18, 1873, J. J. Hughes was elected Principal, and Miss Mary A. Clark, Assistant. Under the management of Mr. Hughes and Miss Clark, the school lost none of its previously acquired importance, and, toward the close of the school year, the first regular graduating exercises of which there is any record in the history of the institution, took place. The Class of '74 was as follows : Nellie Goodrich, Emma C. Prentice, George Muir and Samuel Lockhart. The eifect of thus placing a " premium upon advancement " was noticeable in the increased average attendance and better behavior of pupils the following year, not only in the high school, but also in the lower grades. At the begin- ning of the school year of 1875, Miss Clark was succeeded by W. A. Weavman as Assistant, and at the August meeting of the board, William M. Lawrence and W. G. Clough succeeded to the positions of Principal and assistant, respectively. In December, 1876, Miss Fannie Estabrook, was appointed to the position of assistant teacher, in the grammar school. Miss Austin being promoted to the principalship. In April, 1877, Miss Osborn and Miss Austin were allowed to resume their original positions in the grammar school, and in July, W. G. Clough was appointed Principal of the high school, with Henry Reid, as assistant. In accordance with a vote of the citizens of Portage, taken in April, 1877, this institution was organized under the high-school law of the State, which provides, among other things, that the State Superintendent shall prescribe the course of study to be pursued in all high schools, and shall designate the class of te.xt-books to be used. The graduates for 1877 were Annie Malloy and George Shackell. Under the careful management of teachers and officials, the Class of '78 was very encouraging and satisfactory. The graduates were Mary Ellen Borden, Rachael Ann Buttery, .Joseph Francis Gallagher, Loa Brown Kennan, Kathrina Mary Knibbs, Thurlow Wheeler Maine, Isabella Jane G'Neill, Lillie Elenor Schneider, James Horace Wells, Susy F. Whitelaw, Grant Robinson Bennett, James 624 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Alfred Cole, Martha Ann Karch, Helen Blodgett Knibbs, Bennett R. Lewis, Bernard Joseph McMahon, Louis Oscar Pfaff, Fred Jackson Turner and Susan Elizabeth Wells. At the beginning of the present school year, Henry Neill was appointed to the position of assistant teacher. Mr. Neill resigned in the latter part of 1879, and W. S. Jeffries was chosen by the board to fill the vacancy. The graduating class for 1879 was as follows: Albert Samuel Crouch, Richard Arthur Dempsie, Ida May Farrington, Margaret Barbour Harvey, Belle Judson, Mary McDonell, Anna Gilrye Reid and Andrew Guppey Williams. Private Schools. — The first school of a strictly private character established in Portage was the Classical Institute. It was founded in the winter of 1851-52, by William Sylvester, John Q. Adams, Lemuel Berry, Rev. Bradley Phillips, C. J. Pettibone and Rev. W. W. McNair. The Principal was the Rev. John Brittain, A. M., assisted by Miss Abbey 0. Briggs and Miss Margaret B. Burt. In it were taught, besides all the English branches of education, Greek, Latin and French ; also music, drawing and painting. As the district schools grew into impoV- tance, public interest in the Classical Institute seems to have waned, and it was completely sup- planted when the present system of public education was organized and the high school established. Cotemporaneous with the Classical Institute, was the select school of Miss Butts, which at one time enjoyed the patronage of about eighty pupils. When the lady principal entered the matrimonial state (becoming Mrs. Cornwell), a Mr. Mills took charge of the school ; but the institution went into gradual dissolution from causes already cited. There were also the Parish School of St. John's Episcopal Church, established in November, 1855, and the female semi- nary, founded two years later. The Rev. H. M. Thompson presided over the former, with Miss A. 0. Briggs, Mary Morehouse and Miss McFarlane as assistants. Mrs. E. D. Emery, Mrs. E. W. Tenney and Miss Briggs were connected with the latter. Attached to the various Catholic and Lutheran churches in the city, are flourishing f)arochial schools, notable among them being the one in charge of three sisters of St. Dominick, ocated at the corner of Conant and Adams streets. School Statistics. — The following is a tabulated statement of the condition of the schools of Portage, since 1859 : SCHOOL YEAES. 18«o. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865., 1866. 1867.. 1868., 1869., 1870., 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 187'... 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. No. Children of School Age. 047 ,013 ,070 069 075 ,'208 282 477 ,496 ,604 521 ,564 539 ,430 ,556 ,756 ,776 ,566 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 771 1 Wholp No. Average No. Children I Daily | Teachere Eurulled. lAttendaoce Employed, 641 "897 1,021 1,198 1,177 1,018 1,073 1 ,045 1,063 1,065 1,069 1,064 990 1,074 1,009 924 875 932 464 400 4.50 458 478 478 525 485 623 561 551 547 533 571 528 628 5S5 599 655 9 9 9 10 11 12 18 13 15 16 20 13 16 18 14 20 18 15 17 Monthly Pay of Teachers. $285 247. 275 23 H 342 350 730 485 437 540 685 515 610 665 547 592 592 690 615 Receipts. $3,292 4,423' 4,383 *9,938 6.438 5,198 6,399 6,186 6,114 6,146 6,849 6,813 7,074 11,978 14.999 12,516 14,433 10,580 7,851 DiBbuTse- mente. $3,444 "3,696 4,299 19,938 5,466 4,601 5,784 5,590 6,043 6,286 6,389 6,513 6,574 13,217 12,530 12.863 13,512 9,948 7,255 The following named individuals have held the oflSce of Superintendent, since the establish- ment of the present school system : J. J. Guppey, from May, 1859, to September, 1861 ; * Includine bunds issued for boilding high school. t Increased by additional expense incurred in building high school. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 625 Henry B. Munn, from September, 1861, to April, 1866; J. J. Guppey, from April, 1866, to April, 1873; G. J. Cox, from April, 1873, to April, 1875; N. K. Shattuck, from April, 1875, to April, 1877 ; A. C. Kellogg, from the latter date to the present time. The members of the Board of Education, appointed by the Common Council, in June of each year, have been : 1860. — First Ward, Volney Foster; Second, B. S. Doty; Third, A. B. Alden ; Fourth, H. B. Munn. 1861.— First Ward, Henry Merrell ; Second, B. S. Doty; Third, A. B. Alden; Fourth, H. B. Munn. 1862.— First Ward, Henry Merrell; Second, B. S. Doty; Third, A. B. Alden; Fourth, Guy C. Prentiss. 1863.— First Ward, L. G. Beaver ; Second, B. S. Doty ; Third, H. C. Baker ; Fourth, G. C. Prentiss. 1864.— First Ward, M. R. Keegan ; Second, H. D. Kingsbury; Third, H. C. Baker; Fourth, G. C. Prentiss. 1865.— First Ward, M. R. Keegan ; Second, H. D. Kingsbury ; Third, A. B. Alden ; Fourth, W. K. Miles. 1866.— First Ward, L. G. Beaver ; Second, H. D. Kingsbury ; Third, H. C. Baker ; Fourth, G. C. Prentiss. 18G7.— First Ward, Henry Emder ; Second, H. D. Kingsbury ; Third, W. G. Bebb ; Fourth, J. P. McGregor. (Reelected in 1868.) 1868.— First Ward, V. Helmann ; Second, S. E. Dana; Third, D. G. Muir ; Fourth, Robert Mitchell ; Fifth, J. P. McGregor. 1869.— First Ward, V. Helmann ; Second, S. E. Dana ; Third, A. D. Hemenway ; Fourth, Robert Mitchell ; Fifth, J. P. McGregor. W. W. Corning and G. C. Prentiss were subsequently appointed to represent the two latter wards, on account of the removal of Messrs. Mitchell and McGregor, to other localities. 1870. — First Ward, V. Helmann; Second, S. E. Dana; Third, A. D. Hemenway; Fourth, P. S. Hallenbeck ; Fifth, Carl Schneider. 1871. — First Ward, John N. Kind ; Second, S. E. Dana ; Third, A. D. Hemenway ; Fourth, W. W. Corning ; Fifth, G. C. Prentiss. 1872.— First Ward, John N. Kind; Second, 0. A. Southmayd; Third, A. D. Hemen- way ; Fourth, T. B. Duncan ; Fifth, C. Schneider. 1873.— First Ward, John W. Kind; Second, S. S. Brannan ; Third, Evan Arthur; Fourth, W. W. Corning ; Fifth, C. Schneider. 1874. — First Ward, John Holstein ; Second, S. S. Brannan ; Third, Evan Arthur ; Fourth, M. Waterhouse ; Fifth, M. T. Alverson. 1875.— First Ward, John N. Kind; Second, LI. Breese; Third, L. W. Borden; Fourth, M. Waterhouse ; Fifth, M. T. Alverson. 1876. — First Ward, John N. Kind ; Second, LI. Breese ; Third, M. Waterhouse ; Fourth, Mr. Hagan ; Fifth, M. T. Alverson. 1877.— First Ward, John N. Kind; Second, F. H. Lewis; Third, M. Waterhouse; Fourth, C. C. Britt ; Fifth, Conrad Collipp. 1878.— First Ward, John O'Keefe; Second, E. S. Purdy ; Third, George Murison ; Fourth, V. Helmann ; Fifth, C. Collipp. 1879.— First Ward, John O'Keefe ; Second, E. S. Purdy ; Third, W. G. Bebb ; Fourth, Irving Bath ;* Fifth, C. Collipp. The Legislature of 1878-79, passed an act providing for the appointment of members of the Board, in April, and making the term of office two years instead of one. Accordingly, in April, 1879, Messrs. O'Keefe, Bebb and Collipp were appointed for one year, and Messrs. Purdy and Bath, for two years. In April, 1880, appointments from the First, Third and Fifth Wards were made, for two years. * Removed from the Ward ; V. Helmann appointed to fill vacancy. 626 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. The first Christian missionary who visited Fort Winnebago is believed to have been a Romish priest named Mazzuchelli. He came to labor among the Indians as early as 1831, soon after the completion of the fort, and, being unable to speak their language, was usually accompanied by Miss Elizabeth Grignon as interpreter. Forty Winnebagoes were baptized and given Christian names by Father Mazzuchelli during one of his visits. The presentation of crosses, crucifixes and beads had a wonderful effect upon the recipients of these holy favors. The first structure built and dedicated to the cause of Christianity in what is now Columbia County — and, indeed, it may safely be said that it was the first in Central Wisconsin — stood near the center of the present city of Portage. It was built about 1833 by the famous Peter Pauquette, whose wife professed a belief in Catholicism, and was located upon an elevation — long since leveled away by progressive whites — near the middle of what is now Adams street, at its inter- section with Conant street, and almost within a stone's throw of the spot stained by the blood of its founder when he was foully assassinated, October 18, 1836. No one now living in Por- tage remembers anything concerning Pauquette's log church ; but events which have transpired since the coming of those now classed among the first settlers, confirm the hitherto unsubstan- tiated statements regarding the existence of such a church. Satterlee Clark says he assisted at the burial of Pauquette, and that the remains were deposited beneath the floor of this church. The structure was destroyed by fire about 1840. Ten years later witnessed the commencement of a new era in the history of Christian prog- ress in Portage. The arrival and permanent settlement of Thomas Christopher, Patrick Lenon, Charles Moore, M. R. Keegan, James Collins, John Sweeney, Mrs. Ward and others owing allegiance to the church of Rome, opened the way for the establishment of a parish. The Rev. Father Smith, a Catholic missionary, was the first to preach to the small band of pioneers. After he left, came Father Hobbs, who held services in an unoccupied house near the fort. In the latter part of 1850, the Rev. Louis Godhardt, a Hollander, came as a missionary, and " said mass " in the house of Mrs. Ward, south of the canal. Early in 1851, a frame church was erected by the members of the parish upon a lot at the corner of Conant and Adams streets, donated by Webb & Bronson. Upon the site stood a small fol-est of crosses, marking the graves of a score or more of "good Indians," who, having been converted by early missionaries, had died in the faith. Among them rested the remains of Peter Pauquette, whose grave was indi- cated by a rude yet pretentious palisade of pickets. According to the original survey of the city of Portage, a street (Adams) passed through this graveyard, and in the center of that street were the modern Samson's remains. It had been especially stipulated by the donors of the lot that the Catholics, in accepting it, should agree to give proper burial to Pauquette's bones when the excavations for the street were made ; so, in 1852, when the grading of what are now the principal streets, was in progress, the earthly particles of Peter Pauquette's body were disinterred, removed and reburied, this time beneath the threshold of the south entrance to the little frame church now used by the Catholics for the purposes of a parochial school, where they have lain to the present time ; but there is a prospect that they will soon again be dis- turbed. While the excavations were in progress, the decayed foundations of a log house were discovered, not over or around, but near, Pauquette's grave ; charcoal and ashes were noticeable in the vicinity — incidents which go to confirm the fact already shown, that a house once stood upon the ground, and that it was burned down. The little graveyard was doubtless the result of Catholic burials beneath the shadow of the rude cross that surmounted the first structure devoted to Christianity on the Wisconsin River northeast of Prairie du Chien. In 1858, St. Mary's Parish (for such was the name of the organization) purchased a lot on the north side of Conant street, and removed thereto a small frame structure, in which, after needed improvements, they established a parochial school. Soon afterward,. they made a second purchase — a lot just east of and adjoining the lot donated them by Webb & Bronson. A frame structure, in which the Baptists had but recently held services, was included in the latter HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 627 purchase. The building was removed, and now forms the north wing of the Catholic school. The Baptists, in the mean time, had commenced the erection of a large brick church on Cook street, near Mac, but before completing the work, an exchange was effected, whereby the Cath- olics became possessed of the then unfinished brick, which they have since completed and largely embellished. Besides the church building, upon which there is an insurance of $5,000, the property consists of five lots, of average size, and a parsonage, which cost, " in war times," over $2,000. The number of families in the parish is given at 175. The successors of Father Godhardt have been the Revs. James Roche, James M. Doyle (now of Janesville), P. J. O'Neil P. F. Pettit and Thomas Keenan. Father Keenan, the present incumbent, also presides over the mission in Lodi, whither he goes once a month to console the spiritual troubles of a parish composed of some twenty families. The M. E. Ohurch.— Isaac Smith, it seems, was the first person in Columbia County to preach Methodism. He came from England, in 1846, with a colony, known as the Potters' Emi- gration Society, which settled on Portage Prairie. Mr. Smith applied at Fort Winnebago for per- mission to hold religious services therein, but, on account of the existence of various shades of religious belief among the oSicers, he received little encouragement. Thereupon the use of the dining-room of the Franklin House was tendered by Capt. Low, and Mr. Smith fre- quently held forth, thereafter, to large and interested audiences. In the spring of 1851, a society was organized in Portage by the Rev. Mr. Mackintosh, who remained until the meeting of the conference that year, when he received a call to other parts. The Rev. Mr. Wilcox, Presiding Elder, was requested by the society to bring before the conference the necessity for sending thither a minister, but for some reason he failed to do so. However, regular services were kept up by the exertions of local preachers, among whom were James Chancellor, Isaac Smith and others. In the summer of 1852, Presiding Elder Wilcox sent a divine named Irish, to minister to the spiritual wants of the society. He, being an invalid, remained but a short time, and during the fall, the Rev. John Bean, in answer to a call, took charge, and thus became the first regular Pastor. The immediate successors of Mr. Bean were the Revs. Stansbury (during whose pastorate the present church edifice was built). Hackney, Train and Hazletine. Since 1859, the following-named Pastors have presided: 1859, R. Langley ; 1861, John M. Springer; 1862,1. B. Bachman ; 1864, Jacob Miller; 1868, I. B. Richardson: 1869, William Haw ; 1870, James Evans ; 1878, George Case, now Presiding Elder of the dis- trict ; 1876, John Knibbs ; 1879, F. W. Hall, the incumbent. The membership is given at 115 persons, while the congregation frequently reaches 200. The society is free from debt. The present officers are : Trustees — J. F. Warren, Mr. Cutsforth, J. E. Wells. James Gowran, Mr. Wah, Evan Arthur, Mr. Kenion, Joseph Donham and W. Williams, Stewards — 0. H. Lewis, J. Cole, S. M. Smith, Thomas C. Evans, W. Williams. Stew- ardesses — Mrs.' N. Smith, Mrs. 0. H. Lewis, Mrs. M. H. Wood and Mrs. James Gowran. Class Leaders — J. Cole and Joseph Donham. Sunday School Superintendent — W. Williams. The Presbyterians. — In June, 1849, the Rev. William Wynkoop McNair was commissioned by the Board of Missions of the Presbyterian Church as an evangelist within the bounds of Wis- consin. At that time there was but one Pi-esbytery in the State. In July following, Mr. McNair commenced preaching in the schoolroom at the garrison of Fort Winnebago. Accord- ing to the records, he " devoted one-third of his time the first year to the portage, preaching occasionally toward the close of his missionary year in the new village then just springing up near the Wisconsin River, afterward called Portage City. The remainder of his time was devoted to Wyocena and Dekorra. In July, he commenced to devote two-thirds of his time to the port- age and the remainder to Dekorra." At the meeting of the Presbytery of Wisconsin, held at Cambridge, Dane County, in June, 1850, a committee of four, consisting of Revs. Thomas Frazer, Bradley Phillips, Eben Blachley and W. W. McNair, was appointed to organize a church at Fort Winnebago, '' if the way be clear." In the mean time, a colony, composed of members of the Presbyterian Church of Fremont, Ohio, had arrived and settled in the vicinity of the fort. The members of the colony were H. R. Pettibone, John A. Johnson, Mrs. Almira B. 628 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Johnson, C. J. Pettibone, Caroline Pettibone and George and Ann Wall. Mr. McNair returned to his field of pioneer labor, and with his accustomed energy set about carrying out his instruc- tions. The results of the first meeting are given in the church journal as follows : " In pursu- ance of public notice given by the minister of the First Presbyterian Church of Fort Winnebago on three successive Sabbaths previous, the people of said church and congregation assembled at the schoolhouse in said town — their most usual place of meeting for divine worship — on Monday evening, July 2!), 1850, for the purpose of organizing themselves into a body corporate and electing trustees." At this meeting, the Rev. W. W. McNair was chosen President and J. A. Johnson Secretary. Church Trustees were elected as follows : H. R. Pettibone, John Ap. Jones and John A. Johnson. Among those who soon afterward became identified with the church may be mentioned Chester Helmes, Dr. C. D. Hottenstein, C. G. McCulloch and Mrs. Emily Best. The organization completed, the next thing was a house of wcfrship. The individual and collective exertions of the congregation soon supplied the want. A commodious frame building was finished in December, 1850. It stood upon a lot on the southeast side of Cook street, opposite the present site of the county jail, serving the purpose for which it was erected until about 1855, when it was removed to the corner of Conant and Adams streets, being purchased by the Baptists. In the mean time, the society had commenced the erection of a handsome brick edifice at the corner of Cook and Adams streets. This was completed at a cost of $16,000, and opened in February, 1856. In September of that year, Mr. McNair tendered his resignation, and on the 18th of the; same month it was resolved that " Dr. McCulloch be a committee to call at Port Byron, N. Y., and hear Rev. George C. Heckman preach, and report by mail immedi- ately." Advices from the Doctor must have been favorable, for we find that Mr. Heckman soon afterward received a call at a salary of $800 per annum, which he accepted. The follow- ing named ministers have filled the pulpit since the time of Mr. Heckman : September, 1860, Benjamin Van Zandt ; June, 1863, George C. Crissman ; October, 1863, F. R. Wotring ; November, 1866, Charles F. Beach; .June, 1869, John H. Ritchie; December, 1874, Samuel Wyckoff; August, 1878, L. H. Mitchell, the incumbent. The present Trustees of the church are William Fulton, James Patterson, John Williamson, E. L. Jpeger and George Wall. The following names comprise a complete list of the Elders since the organization : C. J. Pettibone (who was among the main pillars of the church during its early struggle for existence), George Wall, John T. Clark, LI. Breese, Mr. Jennings, A. D. Hemenway. Dr. Schemerhorn, Thomas Yule, Donald Ferguson, William T. Parry and N. K. Shattuck. Messrs. Breese, Shattuck, Parry and Wall are the present Elders. Robert Campbell and E. L. J;eger have filled the ofiice of Deacons, the latter acting in that capacity at present. The membership of the society is given at 110. St. John's Episcopal Church. — This parish was organized in 1853, at a meeting held in Verandah Hall on the 8th day of June of that year. Henry Merrell was chosen Chairman and J. B. Seaman Secretary of the meeting, after which church officers were elected as follows : Henry Merrell, Senior Warden ; Alvah Hand, Junior Warden ; Vestrymen — C. D. Hotten- stein, John Delaney, J. B. Seaman, M. H. Pettibone and A. C. Ketchum. After the election of Dr. Hottenstein and J. B. Seaman as Treasurer and Secretary, respectively, of the parish, an invitation was extended to the Rev. E. A. Goodnough, a missionary, to take spiritual charge of the small flock, which invitation was accepted. M. H. Pettibone tendered the use of Ver- andah Hall for meetings, which was also accepted. Such, in brief, were the proceedings of the first meeting of St. John's Episcopal Parish. The Rev. H. M. Thompson, of Maysville, Ky., was the first Rector. He came at a salary of $450 per annum, and remained until November, 1858, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Pattison. Mr. Thompson has since become somewhat noted, having filled the rectorship of Grace Church, New York, at a salary of $10,000 per annum. He is now Rector of Trinity Parish, New Orleans. In April, 1855, a committee was appointed to negotiate for a church site, which was secured on the north side of Pleasant street, near Clark, and a church edifice, built after plans drawn by William Thompson, a brother of the Pastor, erected thereon, at a cost of $5,000. Mr. Pattison was succeeded by the HISTORr OF COLUMBfA COUNTY. 629 Rev. Alonzo J. M. Hudson, who took charge February 1, 1861, and remained until the sum- mer of 1867, being superseded by the Rev. Walter F. Lloyd. During the rectorship of Mr. Hudson, the parish was duly incorporated in accordance with law. This event occurred June 27, 1864, the first parish officers under the incorporation being S. S. Case and H. S. Haskell, Wardens, and H. B. Merrell, W. W. Corning, I. W. Bacon, F. Winne, 0. P. Williams and Mr. Wells, Vestrymen. The changes in the rectorship since 1867 have been Samuel D. Pulford, who came in 1869, and remained until July, 1876. The Rev. John J. Karcher was the next Rector. His resignation bears date of May 1, 1877. The Rev. Joel Clark followed and resigned April 10, 1879. Since then the Revs. Harry Thompson and Charles T. Susan have officiated. Two of the most pleasant features in the past history of St. John's Parish were ; First, the presentation, during the rectorship of H. M. Thompson, of a costly silver com- munion set by the Rev. Mr. Hopkins, of New York City; and, second, the $1,000 bequest of Henry Merrell, for many years Senior Warden of the parish. The first confirmation occurred January 21, 1855, when a class of sixteen persons were accepted by the Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper, Bishop of Wisconsin. The first baptisms in Portage, according to Episcopal rites, were of Helen M. H. Merrell, now Mrs. E. S. Purdy, and Henry L. Merrell, which occurred July 1, 1850, being performed by Bishop Kemper. The records show a total of 343 baptisms, 227 confirmations, 127 marriages and 157 bui-ials. The present membership of the parish is about 100. A neat brick rectory was built in 1871, at a cost of $2,019. The present officers are: Wardens, H. D. Wells and G. H. Merrell; Vestrymen, John Graham, J. B. Wells, W. N. Cole, E. J. S. Wright, J. B. Taylor, W. D. Fox, Alexander Thompson and C. R. Gallett; Treasurer, E. J. S. Wright; Secretary, W. N. Cole. Evangelical Association. — Eighty years ago, Jacob Albrecht founded a new religious creed among his German brethren in Pennsylvania, based upon rules of faith not unlike those govern- ing Methodism. The " Albrights," as they are generally known, to distinguish them from other denominations, found their way to Wisconsin at an early day. Their advent into Columbia County dates back some thirty years ago, when a class was organized in the town of Lewiston. A similar organization was effected soon after in Portage, Samuel Schleifer being the prime mover. The Rev. George Eslinger (then the only minister of the Albrecht persuasion in the extensive circuit in which were included the present circuits of Portage, Westfield, Brandon, Win- nebago, Fox River, Berlin, Marquette and Oshkosh, at present comprising an aggregate membership of fifteen hundred souls), presided every second Sunday. It was his custom to fill a small provision pouch with hard crackers and other imperishable food, and set out from Portage on foot, making his tour and reaching Oshkosh in seven days. Before leaving the latter place, on his return, a fresh supply of provisions was procured, and the reverend gentleman would make Portage in time to preach to his flock at that point on the following Sabbath. Services were held at the houses of members, or in halls, until 1871. During that year, a house of worship was completed, at a cost of $2,650, and also a parsonage, costing $1,400. Mr. Eslinger was succeeded by the Rev. L. Buehler, now Presiding Elder of Milwaukee District. Since then, the pastoral successions have been : The Revs. Henry Esch, L. Von Wald, A. Turnutzer (the present Presiding Elder of Portage District), William Stegner (now Presiding Elder at Winona, Minn.), M. Hauert, Peter Massueger, William Zickerich, Charles Finger, George Schofer, Henry Schelp, M. Witten- wyler, 0. Ragatz, Ernst Schulz (now Presiding Elder in Iowa), Nicholas Schuck, William Pffer- korn, T. Umbreit (who was in charge during the building of the church), Peter Held, Peter Speigh, and the incumbent, M. Wittenwyler. The present Trustees of the society are Aug. Matthison, George Koehler and Charles Moore; the membership about twenty families. This denomination has two church papers, in Cleveland, Ohio — the Christliche Botschafter and the Evangelical Messenger. First Baptist Church. — Very full and complete records of this church have been preserved. The date of organization is given as August 30, 1853, and the names of those who figured in that event are A. L. Round, I. Fuller, M. Fuller, Samantha P. Kincaid, Eunice Fuller, Malissa Fuller, C. Wright, Julia Wright, A. Spicer, Caroline Spicer, R. Spicer, Christina Spicer, ^^^ HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Cu^iTThot7o Hear"' tA'T' ^"^"'^ '^°°^^' ^^^^^ -'^ ^ucy Fuller, Lecta M For? WinneE go " Subsequen'^ "", "'f '" .^P'^^'''^ Scho^lhouse/located It residences of ™^e.be.tryerdTHa.^ Th l^tre" ! r ^if.rE.TeJ r'^ " ^ commenced hs abors Jiilv 1Q 18'^'^ n • u- * '^S,? \r^'^'''^ ^^is -'i'lder Rogers, who above, stood a frame building, efected thryea" p v ous b/tEeCaho 'f ''' rT"'*^ Gilbert Luther contracted to nut seat<, intn iV «r,J =^ Catholics for a schoolhouse. long since took its placelro^ the^^Hnctaf; eh^LJl'To^re^^ ^'"1 '""^ '"^•'^^' '' in December, 1859, and the stciet/was iithout a regular pastor unt^Jan^^v^R^^^^ ''l^^"'^ call was extended to the Rev. I. J. Hoile In Mav 18fi-. M?- TT i '^''""'''^^' 1862 when a Rev. A. Whitman, who remained until Anril\ tT/o ^^''■'\^'\^°;^<' ^^as succeeded by the pulpit of the PresbyteHanThu^h Siir/he; th! ' ^T,"!^ h,s farewell discourse from the guided by the Revs E EliirA i- Wu the spiritual destinies of the society have been Services ™ehel!,. fi. 7 f "°'^" l^J^; I" the mean at one hundred and n net;. It belongs to the Svnod of Mi^ • "7^'.^ '' '^' ''''''^ '^ g'^^" Evangelisch Lutherischei. JohaiGe^tdl"^ Tl^^Z^l^ZulTC T' "''^"'"1" ^ti'"a'."s;sraU^Brzaii'- ^-''^ -theRevrTR:hS:^t^^;j:s-Hf.! Portage. The meeting was presided over by DM %lZ ^^^oolhouse, six miles northeast of Free Methodist Conference Tl ^rP wIL ^ . '^ "'^l'"^""' ''^^n at the head of the Wisconsin William Shepard and wif James MorisoraTd^tifc ''^'' ^^'^.^^ ^ .?-• ^ellington Nobles, Mrs. William Holden. There were but few ^IT' ^' n^'f '' ^""Z '"^^' ''"'^ ^'•^- ^^'es, now establishing themselves pen^lLn'ti; n Vorl'ttT^fan ' inTsT^'^tr' '"'^^ t''\ '^^ ^T' man Lutherans a frame church buildin- and ?emovpH if,: J t '^ P'^^^^^^^'^ of the Ger- Pleasant streets, at a cost, when rl ;i-roccuZon If «70o"' M t m'""''" °^ ■^'^''''"' ""''^ Wirison; St^'Ind Ilrt^rr^^Si^^SiS: ^^J^ i; ^^ ^ //^f^/^.-eA,^<^y^A^ --^<:0 PORTAGE CITY. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 633 Grerman Evangelical (Trinity) Church. — Organized in 1865 by the Rev. Louis Von Rague. Services were held in the hall of the fire department building, corner of Clark and Pleasant streets, until 1871, when a frame church edifice was erected on the south side of Wisconsin street, between Cass and Dunn, at a cost of $2,200. Mr. Von Rague was succeeded in the pas- torate by the Rev. Mr. Hanf, and he by the Rev. Mr. Gottleib. It was during the incumbency of the latter that the church building was erected. The society at that time was composed of twenty-five families. The Rev. A. Klein, the successor of Mr. Gottleib, increased this number to forty-three. The ministers in charge since then have been the Revs. D. Ankele, J. Franken- field and Chr. A. Hauck. Mr. Hauck commenced with twenty-one families ; the membership is now thirty-four. German Catholics. — This parish was organized in the fall of 1877, and during the follow- ing year a brick church edifice was constructed on Mac street, at a cost of $2,700. The parish originally comprised about one hundred families, but there has been a slight falling off from that number. The Rev. H. Pauzer was the first Pastor. The Kev. John Zawistowiski is at present in charge. MANUFACTURERS. Solomon Leach's saw-mill was the first one erected within the borders of what are now the city limits of Portage. It was built in 1843, and stood on the south side of the Wisconsin River, near the present bridge. The propelling power was a wind mill, the wings of which were fanned by the upper air currents. The amount of lumber sawed depended, of course, upon the velocity and volume of the gale. The windmill was soon supplanted by a water-wheel, upon which the remarkable genius and industrious hands of Mr. Leach had labored for many weary days and nights. In 184.5, during Mr. Leach's absence in the pineries, his mill took fire and was destroyed. Campbell & Scott built a steam saw-mill in Portage, in 1850, and a large portion of the building material used by the early residents was the product of this mill. It was destroyed by fire July 7, 1852, the loss being estimated at $8,000. The proprietors immediately rebuilt, and for some years continued their operations ; but the steam saw-mill, as it was called, long since became a thing of the past. Kent & Manchester and Buchanan & Murison also built and operated saw- mills, at an early day. Flouring Mills. — The big stone mill, built by McNeal & Burgur in 1854, was, while it stood, one of the solid institutions of Portage. It was built of stone, the walls being four feet thick, covered an area of 40x50 feet, and was four stories high. The first grist was ground in October, 1854, and for sixteen years, its buhrs supplied the citizens of Portage and surrounding country with the " staff of life." During that time, Wells & Craig became the owners. It was destroyed by fire on the 11th of April, 1870, at an estimated loss of $24,000 ; insured for one- half this sum. At the date of its destruction, there were six runs of stones in operation, and the capacity of the mill was about 250 barrels per day. Soon after the burning of the "Big Mill," when the proprietors gave evidence of receding from their expressed intention of rebuilding, the Portage Flouring Mill, a small frame institu- tion, with one run of stones, was established by Fred. Siverkrop & Bro., at the corner of Pau- quette and Wisconsin streets. In 1874, John Schlossman became a partner in the concern, and in 1876, Dr. M. Waterhouse acquired title to a two-thirds interest. Otto Krish and M. De Witt Older have since possessed themselves of the concern. Portage is virtually without a flouring-mill in keeping with her importance as a great commercial center. Portage Iron Works. — The first iron foundry established in Portage was the property of Smith & Blair. It was built in 1853, and stood on Dodge street, in the rear of Helm's store. The institution seems to have supplied " a long-felt want," for we find that in 1856, the services of twenty men were required to perform the work that came to it. Neither was the demand strictly local, for an order, given by a New Lisbon mill-builder for a 1,500-pound shaft, was promptly filled. In 1863, M. R. Keegan founded a similar institution, on a small scale, and, s 634 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTW after carrying it on for two years, sold to James Fyfe & Co., who removed and located it at the corner of Dodge and Wisconsin streets, where large and important additions have since been made. A general jobbing business comprised the extent of operations, until 1867-68, when the firm, to meet the demands of the times, entered largely into the manufacture of hop-presses, but the venture proved unprofitable, for the reason that a panic in the hop market set in just at a time when the manufacture of presses by Messrs. Fyfe & Co. had reached the maximum, leav- ing them with a high-priced article on hand, with no demand. In 1872, Fyfe k Co. sold out, and, under the name of the Portage Manufacturing Company, the business was continued, for about a year, with A. E. Eggleston as Superintendent. A re-organization then took place, the institution taking the name of the Portage Iron Works, with James Fyfe as manager. In 1878, Mr. Fyfe became sole proprietor. J. C. Anderson was shortly afterward admitted as a partner, when the firm resumed its original style and title — James Fyfe ifc Co. Under the new order of things, the manufacture of the " Portage Chilled Plows " was commenced, about 300 of these utensils, which are peculiarly adapted to the soil of Central Wisconsin, being turned out in 1878, and 500 in 1879. In 1876, a planing-mill was added to the foundry, but in 1879 the machinery was disposed of to R. B. Wentworth, by whom it is now used. Messrs. Fyfe & Co. have furnished the ironwork for the principal buildings in Portage. The handsome columns in the stone buildings of Loomis, Gallett & Breese, the Opera House and Graham's and Vortman's Blocks are the product of this foundry. One of the institutions of this character, once existing in Portage, will be remembered — the Portage Foundry, established by Cromwell Bros., in the premises formerly occupied by Capt. Arnold as a sash and blind factory, in July, 1864. Planing Mills. — In the fall of 1850, Carnagie & Learmouth set up a horse-power planing- mill in Portage, and the hillside between Cook and Canal and Jefferson and Monroe streets. Here they continued to make rough boards smooth until spring, when they removed their machinery to a point on the canal opposite the present site of Wentworth's elevator. In 185-t, a steam engine was purchased, and for the next three years "things just hummed." In 1857, there was a dissolution of copartnership, Mr. Learmouth retiring. About the same time, the mill was removed to Goodyear's lumber-yard, on Wisconsin street, east of the canal, where it remained in successful operation until 1860. The encroachments of the Wisconsin River mak- ing a change of location necessary, the institution was finally and permanently established on Canal street, not far from the spot where the original horse-power was located ten years previ- ously. In 1876, a partnership was effected under the style and title of Carnagie, Prescott & Co. Since then, the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds for the wholesale trade has been largely entered into, the demand extending throughout Wisconsin. Mr. Carnagie has, during all this time, applied himself individually to the work of contracting and building. The court house, the county jail, the high school and Second Ward School buildings and county poor house, at Wyocena, are among the principal structures erected under his supervision. In the spring of 1855, B. F. Pixley established a planing-mill "near the ferry." It was quite an extensive institution, but was short-lived. In the fall of 1879, R. B. Wentworth, the veteran editor, elevator man, banker, etc., pur- chased of James Fyfe & Co. an outfit of planing machinery, and located it in a building near his monster elevator, where it has ever since been operated by a neat twenty-horse-power engine. The capacity of the institution is about 30,000 feet per day, surfacing and siding. Under the same roof is a feed-mill, with a capacity of eight tons per day. Elevators. — The purchase and shipment of grain forms one of the leading industries of Portage. Among the early wheat-buyers will be remembered W. P. St. John, William McKen- zie, W. D. Fox, D. Muir, Hiram Sexton, S. K. Vaughan, N. H. Wood, C. J. Pettibone and S. S. Case. The latter, in 1860, built the first elevator, deserving the name of elevator, at the depot. Prior to that time, the grain purchased by the above-named individuals had been stored in out-houses and rudely constructed granaries ; but the great fire of January 19, 1863, swept away these fragile concerns. Mr. Case's elevator was also burned. He rebuilt, however, and HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. t)35 soon afterward sold to the railroad company. A. C. Flanders, the railroad agent, has the management of it at present. It has a capacity of 20,000 bushels. The VVentworth elevator was built in 1862. During the first eight or nine years of Mr. Wentworth's wheat operations, shipments were made by water, on barges to Ureen Bay, thence by propellers and schooners to Buffalo. A much larger amount of grain was handled then than now. The product of the large grain-producing areas about Baraboo, Poynette, etc., now cut off by railroad, was then marketed in Portage. In 1871, the Madison & Portage Railroad Company (now the C, M. & St. P.) extended a side-track along the east side of the canal to the Wisconsin River, for the accommodation of merchants and others. Since then the ship- ments of the Wentworth elevator have been made by rail. One half of the grain handled by Mr. Wentworth is sold to millers in Watertown, Berlin, etc. Seventy-five thousand bushels were handled in 1879. The elevator building is 40x60 feet, has a storage capacity of 40,000 bushels, and is supplied with the latest improved cleaning apparatus. Breweries. — On the 12th day of May, 1849, John M. Hettinger, with his family, arrived in Portage from Freeport, 111. His first work was the building of a shanty, to protect his wife and children from the storms ; then he built a brewery, and painted it red ; and although he insisted upon calling it the Fort Winnebago Brewery, the people disregarded his wishes, and persistently styled it the Old Red Brewery. By the latter name it has ever since been known. Upon the death of John Hettinger, the management passed to his son Matthias. A partnership was subsequently arranged between the latter and his brother Michael, who, after the death of Mat- thias, carried it on alone for awhile, when it passed to the hands of the widow of the original Hettinger. She sold to Nauer & Klecker, but through some cause the property again reverted to the widow. John Hettinger then took charge of the establishment and ran ituntil the spring of 1876, when he sold to the present owner, Henry Epstein. The original capacity of the Old Red Breweiy was from eighteen to twenty barrels, of thirty-two gallons each — which speak well for the capacity of the pioneers of 1849-50. The absence of census reports of the population of that early day prevents us giving the exact quantity of beer each person was recjuired to drink to make Mr. Hettinger's business a profitable one. In 1852, Charles Hsertel commenced the manufacture of lager beer in a small building on the northeast corner of Cook and Clark streets. Twelve barrels per week was his average brew until the demand for the beverage necessitated an enlargement of his premises, which was made in 1855 by the erection of a three-story brick building, 20x60 feet in size. Two years later, another addition was made, and this failing to afford sufficient room for his expanding trade, has been enlarged from time to time, until the present imposing structure, estimated to be worth $75,000, is the result. The annual product of this mammoth institution is about 250,000 gallons, requiring 80,000 bushels of barley. The death of Mr. Hrertel, in 1876, brought to the management of the brewery Jacob Best, a son-in-law of the deceased. A bottling establish- ment with a capacity of ten barrels per day, was added to the institution in 1877. There are five heirs to the Hrertel estate. A division of the property will take place in the course of a year, or as soon as Carl Hicrtel, Jr. comes of age. The executors of the estate are Jacob Best, F. W. Schulze and Mrs. Charles Hrertel, widow of the deceased. Tannery. — In 1851, J. Ludwig established a tannery on the north sands of the Wisconsin River, near where that stream is intersected by the canal. The scene of operations was the space embraced within the confines of a very small log house, which soon became inadequate to the increasing business of Mr. Ludwig, and, in 1852, a frame structure, a decided improvement over the log, was erected a few rods west, exactly opposite the mouth of the canal. In 1858, Mr. Ludwig established a manufactory at the corner of De Witt and Canal streets, where most of the product of his tannery is worked up into boots, shoes, boot-packs and shoe-packs. Large quantities of sheepskin leggings are also manufactured. Sales of these articles are made throughout Wisconsin, and in the principal markets of Illinois and Minnesota. Distillery. — In 1850, a man named Awerbach established an old fashioned hand-mash distillery in one of the abandoned garrison stables at Fort Winnebago. A gentleman residing 636 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. on the east side of the canal says that Mr. Awerbach, when he discovered that most of his patrons lived in Gougeville, removed his utensils thither, and located in a little building, since used for a soap factory by John Sisingut ; but there must have been a successful temperance crusade soon afterward, as the ungodly Awerbach disposed of his pipes and stills within the year and went to Texas, where he resided when the rebellion broke out. Portage Cheese Factory. — Established by N. H. Wood in 1874, in the First Ward. The factory is conducted upon a moderate scale at present, but it is the intention of the proprietor to increase its capacity. Mr. Wood has eighty cows, the milk product of fifty being manu- factured into full cream cheese, which finds ready sale in home markets. The lands bordering upon Duck Creek, and the Fo.x, Wisconsin and Baraboo Rivers are peculiarly adapted to dairying. Union Bed Spring Manufactory. — Established in Portage in January of the present year, by R. W. Mclntyre, Jr., in connection with the main factory in Oregon, Wis. Among the many thousand applicants for patents on bed springs, the inventor of the Union Spring received, with his patent from Washington, a certificate testifying to the superiority of his invention. It has since taken premiums at the Nebraska State Fair, the Illinois State Fair, and been awarded the first premium two successive years at Madison. Mr. Mclntyre is located on Wisconsin street just east of the canal, where he employs from four to six men. Marble Works. — In 1866, B. & H. Doherty established themselves in Portage in the business of manufacturing marble monuments, headstones, mantles and table-tops. In April, 1878, H. Doherty purchased the interest of his brother, and has since conducted the business in his own right. Mr. Doherty's trade extends over eight or ten of the principal counties in the State. Office, corner Canal and Wisconsin streets. In May, 1879, Groth & Stotzer established the Columbia County Marble Works, on Wis- consin street, near Cook, and have met with success sufficient to insure its permanency. Both of these firms deal in Italian and American marble and Scotch and American granite. Brickmaking. — The peculiar excellence of the brick manufactured in Portage gives the place additional fame as one of the important commercial centers of the State. The first brick were made by Thomas Corey, a soldier, for use at Fort Winnebago. In 1847, Enoch Pixley, Samuel Reeder and William Armstrong burned a small kiln of brick made from the red surface clay on the present site of Mr. Armstrong's brickyard, near the Wisconsin River bridge. The burning of this kiln proved a profitable experiment. It was discovered that the red brick were very brittle, while tiiose of a lighter color were strong and durable. At the suggestion of Luther Dixon, a practical brickmaker named Risdon, a friend of Mr. Dixon's, was imported from Ver- mont for the purpose of giving the white clay, which lay at a depth of two or three feet from the surface, a thorough trial. Mr. Risdon may be said to have been a "born brickmaker," just as poets are accredited with coming into the world crying and kicking in short or long meter. It was charactertistic of him to chew clay, and he always tested the quality of his material by tast- ing it. It was under the management of Mr. Risdon and the proprietorship of Messrs. Arm- strong, Pixley & Reeder that the first "cream brick" were made in Portage. Besides Mr. Armstrong, Isaac Corkerer, Dwyer & Jurgens, Sanborn & Maloy, and Conrad Collipp have car- ried on the business of brickmaking. Vacuum Cream Il.rtractor.~^n May, 1878, a patent was obtained by J. W. Powers for a Vacuum Cream Extractor, and in December, 1879, for an improvement on the same. The inventor makes the following claims, and produces a large number of testimo- nials to substantiate them from parties that have used tlie invention : 1st — We use the deep- setting vessels. 2d — The vessels need not be submerged. 3d — The vessels may be sub- merged if desired. 4th — The vessels become air-tight the moment the vacuum is produced. 5th — But one set of vessels is required. 6th — The cream will be absolutely and perfectly raised between milkings. 7th — All unpleasant odors which may be in the milk will be taken out. 8th — The cream can be removed and the milk drawn off without lifting or moving the cans. 9th — The milk of twenty cows can be set in our vessels with as little labor as setting milk from HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 637 one cow by the old method with tin pans. 10th — The apparatus takes up but little room. 11th — The price is reasonable and within the reach of every farmw. 12th — The cans being air-tight, may be kept in any cellar or other convenient place without injury to the milk from foul gas, odors, or from dirt or insects. 13th — The milk left after the removal of cream by the Vacuum process, is good for family use or feeding to young stock, because the sugar contained in it, and which is as valuable for food as the oily portion, remains unchanged in the short time required for getting the cream; whereas, by the ordinary process, chemical changes in the milk entirely destroy the sugar before the cream is removed. This saving alone will in a single season more than pay the cost of apparatus. 14th — Butter may be made from the cream while it is sweet, or after acidity begins, as the taste of the maker or the market for which it is made, requires. 15th — The butter made by the Vacuum process commands the highest market price. A company was organized in the winter of 1879-80 for the manufacture of these extractors, and is meeting with good success in its introduction. FERRIES AND BRIDGES. Peter Pauquette was the first to establish a ferry across the Wisconsin River, at or near the portage. It is not positively known in what year the " modern Samson " undertook the enterprise, but it could not have been at a much later date than that which witnessed the build- of Fort Winnebago (1828). Pauquette lived, with his wife and children, on the south side of the river, where he tilled a small portion of the land now owned by L. W. Borden. In this connection, mention may be made of the fact that Madame Pauquette's first husband was a man named Lupient. By him, she had one child — Theodore, who, sometime in the early part of the sixties, met with an accidental death, in Chicago, being run over by a railway train, while in the " Garden City," exhibiting his grandfather, the famous Joseph Crelie, as " the oldest man in the world." In due course of time, after the tragic death of Peter Pauquette, at the hands of a revengeful savage, Mme. Pauquette married, for her third husband, Antoine Pervonsal, a Frenchman, who conducted the ferry, "at the old stand," until he himself passed over the river Styx, leaving the daughter of Joseph Crelie, thrice a widow. At this date (about 1840), ac- cording to Solomon Leach, the ferry fleet comprised a large rafting skiff for foot passengers, and an ordinary flat-boat for teams. The latter was propelled by means of long poles, in the shallow parts of the river, and mammoth oars over the deeper currents. A mile below the ferry, on the flat, lived a solitary trader, Silas Walsworth, a widower with one son — Jared. At times, when business was slack, the old gentleman was in the habit of strolling along the shores of the river, and watching the shifting currents of the stream. His course was usually westward ; as business grew duller, his walks grew longer, and soon his face became familiar at the ferry. Once he ventured over the stream, but did not remain long. The next day he came again,- and as his visits increased, his gait became more buoyant. He bought a commutation Ferry ticket, which was daily "punched in the presence of the passejaire," and when the unperforated territory of that ticket had narrowed down to half a dozen fares, the secret of the widower's movements got out. A quiet wedding soon followed, and then Silas Walsworth took charge of the ferry, having succeeded to its management in the same manner as had Pervon- sal, his predecessor. During the proprietorship of Mr. Walsworth, Oscar F. Wagoner ran it on shares. In 1847, William Armstrong purchased the ferry, and carried it on, under a charter of the Legislature, until the first bridge was built across the Wisconsin River in 1857. Mr. Armstrong soon improved upon the old method of " polling," by stretching a chain across the river, to which the boat was attached by pulleys. The ferry tolls, established by the County Commissioners, were 50 cents for wagon and team of two horses, 12| cents for foot passengers, and the same for fourdegged animals, except sheep and swine, for which 2 cents per head was collected. Soundings of the Wisconsin River were made as early as 1850, the object in view being the bridging of that stream for the accommodation of the rapidly increasing population. A small iron rod passed through the sand in the deepest place, near the point now spanned by the 638 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. bridge, struck clay and stone at twenty two and a half feet. The width of the stream, during low water, at the narrowest "place, was thirty-four rods. An amount of water estimated at 3,325 cubic feet passed through the channel every second, at a rate of speed sufficient to give 134 horse-power. In March, 1851, the Portage Bridge Company was incorporated by act of the Legislature, the incorporators being Jared Walsworth, Silas Wadsworth, Hugh McFarlane, Charles H. Moore, William Armstrong and such other persons as might be associated with them. The capital stock was $20,000, divided into shares of $10 each. Messrs. McFarlane, Moore and J. Walsworth were appointed Commissioners to raise subscriptions, and books were at once opeped for that purpose. The corporators were empowered to construct and maintain a bridge across the Wisconsin River in Section 7, Township 12, Range 9 east, not less than twenty feet wide with, a draw of at least fifty feet over the most navigable channel, and to be provided with a double track for wagons and a single track for foot passengers ; to be commenced within two and finished within six years, the company to have power for a term of thirty years. They were further empowered to demand and collect tolls at the following rates : For vehicle and one horse, 15 cents, and each additional horse or ox, 5 cents ; single horse and rider, 10 cents ; foot passen- gers, 3 cents ; for animals, excepting hogs and sheep, in droves of fifty or less, 2 cents per head ; all over fifty, 1 cent each ; hogs and sheep, 1 cent per head. The company not having complied with the section requiring the commencement of the work within two years, the charter, of course, expired, and in March, 1855, a new charter was granted to Milo H. Pettibonc, Hugh McFarlane, William Owen, Henry W. Tenney, Thomas Robertson, Charles H. Moore, Harrison S. Haskell, George H. Wall, Andrew Dunn, John Craw- ford and John A. Chandler, with similar powers given in 1851. The capital stock was $25,000, divided as before, and Messrs. McFarlane, Owen, Pettibone, Crawford and Tenney were com- missioned to receive subscriptions. A meeting of the corporators were held in Portage in April of the same year, at which the following officers were chosen to direct the work in the name of the company : President, M. H. Pettibone ; Vice President, A. Dunn ; Secretary, H. W. Tenney; Treasurer, W. Owen. Directors — H. S. Haskell, H. McFarlane and C. G. McCul- loch. The sum of $4,000 was subscribed, upon which, at a subsequent meeting, a 10 per cent assessment was levied. No further actijn seems to have been taken until December following, when a meeting of citizens was held at the office of Register of Deeds. At this meeting, a committee of five was appointed to draft a bill amendatory of the act incorporating the Portage Bridge Company. The purport of the amendment was to allow the city of Portage and the town of Caledonia to issue fifteen-year 10 per cent bonds — the former in any reasonable amount the citizens might efore whom the case originally came subsecjuently joined the counsel for plaintiff and aided in the prosecution. When the case came up it was discovered by the defense that the written complaint had been interlined and otherwise changed in favor of his opponents. The handwriting very closely resembled that of the Judge before whom the case was then on trial, and the irate attorney who made the discovery was not slow to accuse " His Honor " of having perpetrated the irregularity, for wliich mark of disrespect for the dignity of the bench he was fined $10. The implicated limb of the law arose to make an explanation, but, before he had concluded, was again fined for contempt and threatened with imprisonment if the offense was repeated. A most exciting scene then followed, resulting in the Judge being twice denominated '"an old liar," and the attorney receiving an infliction of a like number of fines, making the total penalty ^40. Amid the wildest confusion, a recess was taken, and during the interval one of the plaintiff's attorneys induced counsel on the other side to agree to a jury trial, and at the same time persuaded the Judge to remit the fines, provided defendant's counsel would make due apology. A jury of six men was accordingly summoned, and when the court convened the matter was smoothed over and the case proceeded. The entire HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 647 afternoon was taken up with discursive arguments, the jury frequently leaving their seats and retiring to an adjacent saloon for '•consultation." When night came, the case was closed and the jury locked "up, but it was evident to all concerned that there would be a disagreement. Judge and counsel then adjourned to a favorite resort across the street, where they awaited the result with such anxiety as to necessitate frequent potations of gin and sugar to keep their cour- age up. The opposing 'counsel vied with each other in efforts to "make it pleasant for the Judge," succeeding even beyond their most sanguine expectations ; for when the short hours of the morning came his mental, physical and judicial equilibrium had given away, and after embrac- ing each of his genial companions he insisted upon going over to the court room to re-instruct the jury. He was dissuaded from performing this unnecessary act, for the jury had agreed to disagree. When the Judge was apprised of the fact that there had been a disagreement, he assumed an air of indignation and made an attempt to be very dignified, avowing that he would "fine them for contempt of (hie) court." After falling over a chair, for which he apologized to the stove, his friends conveyed him to his home. During the night, when the prospect for a verdict was being discussed, the Judge took each of the opposing counsel aside and confiden- tially assured them that in case the jury disagreed he would decide the case in their favor. " Leave it to me," he said to each of them, " leave it to me, you're all (hie) right." On another occasion, a replevin suit was up for trial, the property in dispute being a flock of sheep. The defendant's attorney, thinking to discourage his professional brother of the other side, said to him that there was no use in attempting a successful prosecution of the case, as he (counsel for defense) knew of a witness who would swear to anything necessary to insure a decision in his client's favor. Plaintifl"s attorney saw at once that there was no hope for his client in court, so he advised him to procure a wagon, and, while the case was being tried, to proceed to the premises where the sheep were, and take them, vi et armis, if necessary. As was expected, the case was decided in favor of the defendant, but the sheep were never after heard of This celebrated action has ever since been referred to as the "sheep-stealing case," and the eminent lawyer who planned the seizure of the mutton is highly esteemed, by young dis- ciples of Blackstone, for his sagacity. There is no doubt that this case will some day be cited as a precedent. Thomas Christopher once brought suit against Col. Tom. Reynolds, before His Honor Richard Dempsey, J. P. Hugh McFarlane was summoned as a witness. While on the stand, he claimed the right to give evidence in his own peculiar manner, to which an attorney, named Johnson, demurred. After much sparring, the witness put a quietus on the legal questioner, by saying: " If you interrupt me again, I will kick you square in the mouth." Mr. Fry. one of the jurors, disgusted at such undignified conduct in court, rose to his feet and shouted, in a stentorian voice : " If this is to be a d d row, I am going to leave. Con- stable, where is my coat and hat? " The court objected to his leaving, and ordered him to be seated, threatening a fine for con- tempt of court. The refractory juror politely invited him to fine and be d d, asserting that His Honor was nothing but an old wooden head anyway. Then the court, becoming highly indignant at such insolence, ordered the juryman, in language more forcible than polite, to leave the temple of justice. Pending the trial, it became necessary for the court to take the witness-stand and supply evidence to sustain the complainant. Tom Reynolds, the defendant, being a Justice of ?he Peace, administered the oath, and, after the direct testimony was given, another juror, named Jimmy O'Neill, cross-questioned the court. His questions were so impertinent that the witness lost all patience, and it was only by the interference of the other jurors that a fight was pre- vented. The verdict is not recorded. But the members of the legal profession in Portage seldom lost control of themselves, and we know of but one fisticuff to record in which lawyers participated. The little unpleasantness grew out of a case that had came before a Portage Justice, in which a man and wife, residing in the town of Caledonia, were the defendant and plaintifi", respectively. There had been previous 648 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. trouble in that household, resulting in black eyes and dislocated joints, but these are of that class of domestic infelicities that attract but little attention. This time the question of the possession of certain property was involved, and the best "legal " talent in the city had been employed on both sides. When the arguments were reached, counsel for defendant (the hus- band) made an eloquent appeal, on behalf of what he was pleased to call the injured man. During the forensic onslaught, plaintiff's attorney, when his antagonist became too severe upon his fair client, would pull the speaker's coat tail and otherwise attempt to disconcert him. The -Judge had observed the proceeding, and finally told the meddling attorney that his conduct was very unbecoming. Defendant's counsel continued to "warm up," not forgetting to occasionally abuse the gentleman on the other side for his unseemly interference. Pretty soon there came another tug at the coat tail, and as the speaker turned quickly around, probably to vither his opponent with a look, he received a blow square upon the nose, causing that organ to bleed copiously. Recovering himself, he knocked his assailant down, and then a rough and tumble fight took place, the belligerents both being pretty badly used. Plaintiff's counsel, being small of stature, had received a severe trouncing ; both of his eyes were closed up tight, and he had been com- pelled to desist because he could no longer see whom he was hitting. Peace restored, the blood was washed away, and the attorneys accompanied each other from the court room, the victor leading the vanquished to his home. In 1858, a petty case came before a well-known Justice of the time, for equitable adjust- ment, the defendant in which had a wide reputation for the frequency of his appearance in court, and his uniform success in getting a verdict or decision in his favor. The case was a somewhat aggravated one, the plaintiff having hesitated for a long time before concluding to enter into legal proceedings with an adept at lawsuits. Two of the best lawyers in the city were engaged, both being men possessed of rare powers as pleaders. When the defendant laid the case before his attorney, he was told that he would be beaten, because the facts and circumstances were clearly against him. "That's none of your d — d business," replied the client; "facts and circumstances have nothing to do with it. Pay no attention to them, but go in and attack plaintiff's lawyer and do your best; that's what I'm paying you for." " Vefy well," quoth the attorney, " I have no faith in the case whatever, but I'll make all the noise I can." " That's right ; slaughter the other fellow with words for weapons. Smother him with technicalities. Say anything you please to him, and I'll stand by you. Don't mind the merits of the case ; I'll look out for that." When the case came on there was a large crowd present, in anticipation of seeing the fun. The preliminaries were gone through with very quietly. The testimony was extremely favor- able for the plaintiff, and it was generally conceded that he had won his case. Argument commenced with a full house, and the spectators were entertained for several hours with the most exciting debate they had ever listened to. The case was entirely lost sight of, and a fight between counsel was several times most imminent. The plea of defendant's counsel was excep- tionally eloquent. When the arguments closed, the Judge arose and said : " Gentlemen, you have tried this case remarkably well, your arguments were grand, I never lieard anything like them. But I must say the law is on the side of the defendant. Therefore, I am constrained to record my decision against the plaintiff." Tliis disposition of the case "/as a surprise to every one, except, perhaps, the defendant. Defendant's counsel was elated over the result. He took the case with the gloomiest of fore- bodings; surely his eloquence had accomplished the work. He was beginning to feel himself quite a lawyer, when his client entered his office, and, laying some currency upon his table, said : "There's yer flO. S'pose you think you won that case, don't you?" "Most certainly I did," replied the attorney, surprised at the contemptuous tone of his client. " Well, you didn't do no such thing." (2/ \^ ^U^^. PORTAGE CITY. HISTORY or COLUMBIA COUNTY. 651 "Then, pray, inform me who did." " Why, I did, of course. I made the Judge a present of a d — d nice ham this morning before the case came up." The attorney fainted. the schulze band. or the past thirty years, the citizens of Portage have been entertained and delighted with a very superior quality of instrumental music, rendered by the members of a band whose his- tory is somewhat remarkable. 'Che Schulze Band, the one referred to, was organized in Schmannewitz, Saxony, about 1825 It was composed of Benjamin Schulze, the father of the Schulze brothers, who have, for the past quarter of a century, been identified with the growth of Portage, and his two brothers- in-law, named Wagenknecht. The instruments used were of the string and reed order, and the three musicians were always in demand at balls and such like amusements at Schmannewitz. In 1830, they removed to Tamenheim, a small Saxon hamlet, where Mr. Schulze re-engaged in his three avocations — butchering, weaving and music teaching, and also kept a hotel, by way of relieving monotony. Three years later, bright business prospects induced a removal to Sitz- enroda, also in Saxony, where, in addition to his other callings, the versatile Schulze engaged in farming. At that date, the first son, Frederick, who is now seci-etary of the government telegraph bureau in Bautzen, Saxony, had reached his sixth year, and, having received much early train- ing in music, was a very proficient performer on the violin. In 1835, the second son, Charles, having also been instructed in the divine art, reached his musical majority, which, in the Schulze family, was from four to eight years. Both boys soon became widely known for their peculiar accomplishments, and, with their father, were often called to distant parts to enliven festive occasions. The diminutive stature of the two children com- bined to make their performances in a degree wonderful ; and, as the proud parents were blessed with increase of wealth in the way of musical prodigies of the male persuasion, the fame of the Schulze Band became almost national. The most important period in the history of this band occurred in 1846, in the town of Mueckervena, ten miles from the abode of Benjamin Schulze, whose seventh son, Frederick W., was then but four years of age. The occasion was one of unusual import. Frederick William the Third, King of Prussia, was en route from Berlin to Deitsch, and the citizens of Muecker- vena, as an exhibition of loyalty toward their sovereign, prepared to receive him in splendid style, as he passed through their humble village. By order of the Landrath (a sort of provincial satrao having jurisdiction over the district), the Schulze Band were present in full uniform, consisting of blue coats, black pants and " shako " hats. The instruments used were a bass horn, upon which the father performed as'leader; then came Frederick, the oldest son, with a trumpet, he being a trumpeter in one of the King's artil- lery bands. Charles playing upon a key-horn, Henry upon a trombone, Frank and Herman upon tenor horns, and Ferdinand and Frederick William "upon French horns. They were assigned a position on the right of the procession, ranged in the order of their size, the father in front, and the mother bringing up the rear wich the eight son, Samuel, in her arms. When the pageant came within hearing distance, the band played " Heil Dir in Sieger's Kranz," an old national hymn, and when the King's carriage drew up and stopped, the Landrath, who, it seems, must have been master of ceremonies, requested the mother of this musical family to conduct her seventh born to the King's side, which she did. The little four-year-old was almost as much of a curiosity as the King himself. He had been the recipient of $50 from His Majesty, on the occasion of his baptism, in accordance with an old German custom, which is observed by the King standing as godfather for the seventh consecutive male child of all the families within his realm, and he immediately placed himself upon the most intimate terms with the mighty monarch. " How old are you ? " queried he of the house of Hohenzol- lern, stroking the lad's forehead with his kingly hand. " Four years, sire," quickly retorted the .youth, at the same time making a graceful obeisance. 652 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. At this juncture of the interesting proceedings, the pent-up enthusiasm of the crowd could no longer restrain itself, and amid deafening cheers, a rush was made for the king's carriage. In the confusion, little Frederick William and his horn were thrust aside. As the procession moved slowly away. Prince Wilhelm, now Emperor of Germany, pointing to the mother, asked ; " Are you the mother of all those boys ? "' Receiving an answer in the affirmative, he replied : " I wish you eight more."' In 1850, this "little German band," with the exception of Frederick, the eldest son, came to America. The " Amalia," the good ship which bore them across the Atlantic, was nine weeks on the voyage, but the monotony was often relieved by strains of music. The band also played at Quebec, Buffalo, Milwaukee and other principal points, on the way to Portage, where they arrived on the 28th of July, 1850, stopping at the Franklin House. While there, they serenaded the guests of the Veeder House, the dwellers of Fort Winnebago, and some of the leading citizens, taking up a collection of $6 on the first occasion. Since then the Schulze Band has been in demand on all stated occasions, and have furnished music at different points throughout the country for celebrations, balls, etc. At the Wisconsin band conventions, held in Portage in 1877, LaCrosse in 1878, and Watertown in 1879, the Schulze Band was classed among the best of the twelve or fifteen bands present. When President Hayes and party were in Portage in 1878, the Schulze Band occupied a position in the procession similar, in many respects, to the part they bore in the reception of the King of Prussia, thirty-four years ago. The circumstances, however, were widely different ; one was an ovation to a king by subjects, the other a reception to the President of a republic by a free people. The little four-year-old, who, in 1846, stood at the foot of the class, and was the object of so much distinguished attention, has grown to man's estate, and is to-day the leader of this historical band, and several of the band's favorite pieces of music now performed by them are his own composition. THE POST OFFICE. The early history of this institution is so closely identified with postal matters connected with Fort Winnebago, that it will be necessary to go back nearly half a century to obtain a starting-point. John Kinzie, who is believed to have been the first Indian agent appointed by the Government, with headquarters at the fort, assuming his duties at that post in 18-31, was authorized to act as Postmaster for the people of the garrison. He continued to fill the position until about 1834. In that year Henry Merrell was appointed Post Sutler. Mr. Merrell then acted as Postmaster, and held the position for several years, until business developments at the portage began to attract attention. Henry Carpenter, having built the old United States Hotel, and established a small store near the banks of the Wisconsin River, on what is now Wisconsin street, was appointed Postmaster. He removed the office from the fort to his place of business, but when, soon afterward, M. R. Keegan was appointed to the position, it was taken back and established in the commissary building at the fort. Here it remained until another change in oflBce took place, G. T. Getty becoming Mr. Keegan's successor, when the ofiice was located on the west side of Fox River, near the junction of the canal with that stream. In August, 1851, Mr. Getty advertised, in the River Times, " a list of letters remaining unclaimed in the post office of Fort Winnebago," and in October following, " T. Dean, Postmaster at Portage City," caused to be advertised, in the same paper, quite an extensive list of letters remaining unclaimed in Jiis office. In this connection, the Times, of December 22, 1851, contained the following : " Among the many things which call for amendment in this town, we know of none more important than an alteration of the post office arrangements, by which the recipients of nine-tenths of all the mail matter coming to the post office at the garrison may be better accommodated. The neces- sity of being compelled to trudge two miles for all the mail matter destined for this place, or await its arrival at the side office in this city (where the principal ofiice should be), two or three days after its arrival at the fort, is a burden too grievous to be longer borne without remon- strance. We believe, if the matter was properly presented, the Postmaster General would make HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUJSTTY. 653 this city the terminus of the route now centering at the fort." Early in January, 1852, the editor of the Times, " in conversation with Lemuel Berry, Deputy Postmaster at the Fort, understood him to say he would have no objection to the removal, if the two offices were merged in one." Mr- Berry soon afterward succeeded Mr. Getty as Postmaster. A consolidation of the two offices then followed, and the institution was located in Berry's Store, on Wisconsin street, a short distance east of the canal. The old building now does service as a fire-engine house, at the corner of Pleasant and Clark streets. Prior to the consolidation, the Portage City office was generally, but not officially, known as Wauona (the Indian word for Portage), named by Gov. Doty, who had a penchant for Indian appellations. Charles H. Moore was the first in charge of Wauona Post Office. In March, 1853, James Delaney, Sr., succeeded Mr. Berry, and held the office until Sep- tember, 1855, retiring in favor of Jerome B. Fargo. Mr. Fargo's successor was John A. Brown, who died in office February 10, 1859. During Mr. Brown's incumbency, the office became subject to Presidential consideration. C. C. Britt was appointed to fill the vacancy thus created, and remained in office until 1861, being succeeded by Stillman E. Dana, who was appointed by President Lincoln ; Mr. Dana served nearly ten years, retiring in favor of Charles P. Austin. Harrison S. Haskell was Mr. Austin's successor. He died in office February 13, 1879. S. S. Brannan was then appointed to fill the vacancy, and upon his death, on the 5th of April, 1880, C. C. Dow succeeded to the position. The office has been subjected to the usual changes of location experienced by similar insti- tutions everywhere. From Berry's store it was removed by Mr. Delaney to Canal street, between Main and DeWitt. Mr. Fargo took it to Mappa's store, opposite Verandah Hall. Next it was located in a building on Conant street, between Adams and De Witt ; thence to a one-story wooden structure on the southeast side of Cook street, near Wisconsin ; thence to Arnold's Block (now the Corning House) ; thence to a building which stood on the vacant lot opposite the Corning House; thence to Emporium Block, on DeWitt street; thence to the junction of De Witt and Wisconsin streets, near the bridge, in a brick building in which was located the State Register office, and finally to Vandercook's Block, its present location, to which place it was removed by Postmaster Austin. It was during the incumbency of Mr. Delaney that a gentleman of color inquired for a letter. " Go way, ye blackguard," said the Postmaster, "do ye think anybody would write to a nagur ?" Fifty years ago, when John Kinzie had charge of the office, the mail came from the East by way of Buffalo and Green Bay. From the latter point it found its way to the fort by the kindness of some voyageur, with but little regularity. There was no Chicago mail in those days ; in fact there was no Chicago. Advices from Fort Dearborn (where Chicago now stands) were even less frequent than from Washington, New York, etc. Now there are eight mails a day to and from Portage. Letters are received from the Atlantic cities in forty-eight hours; from the city by the Golden Gate in less than six days. The Portage office became a money-order office in July, 1865, the first order being issued to Levi W. Barden, in favor of Samuel D. Hastings, Madison, the amount being $9.10. Since then there have been over thirty-five thousand orders issued. HOTELS. As has been seen. Portage, from its infancy, has been quite a central point for travelers and the trans-shipment for merchandise. Before the railroads were built, it occupied a position at the cross roads of commerce, running from Green Bay to the Mississippi River, and from the great pineries of the North to Chicago and Milwaukee. It is not strange then that the business of hotel-keeping was a profitable one in early days ; and, indeed, there has been but little change in this regard to the present time. Where, twenty-five and thirty years ago, there could be seen on the streets almost any time of the day, from ten to fifteen four-horse 654 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COrXTY. wagons heavily loaded with freight, there are now equally as many " traveling men " represent- ing large firms in the great commercial marts who register at the leading hotels daily. The Franklin House, built by Oapt. Gideon Low about 1835-36, was the first hotel at the portage. Prior to this, those who came this way were accommodated at the fort or the agency building. The next was the United States Hotel, Henry Carpenter, proprietor. The old frame of this ancient caravansary still stands in the First Ward, a dismal monument to pioneer days. Then came the Wisconsin House, kept by the affable McFarlane, who, though the frosts of sixty winters have whitened his hair, is in no immediate danger of being reaped by the scythe of time. The Veeder House, the first "tavern " west of the canal is still standing. The McTighe House came next, and though it is built of wood, no one ever knew where Joseph Hague got his lumber. It is still standing in the First Ward, the silent witness to the encroach- ments of the Wisconsin River. The old original Ellsworth House, F. H. Ellsworth, proprietor ; Sylvester's Hotel, by Edwin Sylvester, and the City Hotel, solicited a share of the public patronage thirty years ago. In 18(52, the Arnold Block, built by Andrew Dunn and J. Arnold, the present Mayor of the city, was converted into a hotel. F. H. Ellsworth was the first lessee, and it bore his name until a recent date, when it was changed to the Corning House. A. E. Smith is the present proprietor. The Emder House, by Henry Emder ; the Farmers' Home, by John Hettinger, and the Pruyn House, complete the list of hotels in Portage. The Fox House, at the C, M. & S. P. R. R. depot, though generally known as an " eating-house," is in every respect a hotel of the first order, and is one of the institutions of the place. PUBLIC HALLS. Verandah Hall was the first place of any note calculated for the accommodation of public assemblages. It was built early in the fifties by Milo H. Pettibone, and stood on the present site of Graham's brick block. In it was a rude stage where early representations of the drama took place, both by traveling and amateur companies. The next place of this kind to claim the favor of the public, was Vandercook's Hall, in Vandercook's Block. The hall is now occupied by the Masons as a lodge-room. It is here that devoted husbands assemble on stated occasions to vote sustenance to widows and orphans, returning to their domestic firesides after a hard night's work for the amelioration of the afflicted and otherwise unfortunate, only to be accused of less unworthy acts. Pettibone's Hall built in 1855-56, and was for a time the most popular resort in the city. The I. 0. 0. F. lodge-room is located in Pettibone Block. Schulze's Hall came next, and is now a successful competitor for public entertainments. Woods Hall was also one of the " institutions." In 1879, John Dullaghan erected a magnificent building on the north side of Cook street, devoting the entire upper part to the purposes of a hall, and dedicat- ing it DuUaghan's Opera House. The size of the entire hall is 52x90 feet, including the stage. The latter has a dimension of 21x51 feet; is appointed with four ample dressing-rooms, two on each side; is abundantly supplied with water, toilet conveniences, and is completely and ele- gantly furnished throughout; the width of proscenium is thirty feet. The drop curtain is 15x28, and is an artistic triumph, being a bird's-eye view of Constantinople and the blue Bosphorus in the distance. The auditorium is 60x51 feet, and has a seating capacity of 700. The gallery is 17x51 in dimensions ; will comfortably seat 800 people, and is reached by a double staircase branching oft" from the main entrance on either side. The seats are folding settees of the latest construction, on each of which six persons may sit. The reserved seats con- sist of two-seated settees, and are very elegant and comfortable. The hall is lighted by gas, manufactured by an apparatus on the premises. It was opened on the 15th of September, 1879, by a grand ball, under the auspices of the Guppey Guard, and, on the 19th of the same month, Janauschek, the German actress, appeared in the role of " Marie Stuart," dedicating the Dullaghan Opera House to the Muses. The building and hall complete cost $13,000. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 655 LOCAL MILITIA. The Portage Light Guard was the first regularly organized military company in Portage, and, it is believed, in Columbia County. The Guards were originally organized about 1859 or 1860, but did not enter actively into military discipline and drill until early in 1861, when a re-organization took place. By the time this had been eifected, the war broke out, a call was made for 75,000 volunteers, and the Portage Light Guards jirofiered their services to the Gov- ernor, who accepted the ofter and assigned the company to the Second Regiment, Wisconsin Volunteers, as Company G. But a large number of those who originally enlisted while the Light Guards were only " play soldiers," either resigned or were not accepted by the Govern- ment. A history' of Company G will be found in another part of this work. On the 6th of July, 1877, a meeting was held at the court house in Portage for the pur- pose of organizing a military company. A petition having been signed by about sixty-five young men of the required age for military duty, and presented to .Joshua J. Guppey, requesting him to appoint some one to organize a company as provided for under the laws of the State, A. J. Turner was appointed to take steps for such an organization, which he did. At the first meeting of the company, A. H. Russell, who served several years in the war of the rebellion, was elected Captain, Homer S. Goss, First Lieutenant, and George S. Race, Second Lieutenant. The com- pany soon afterward received from the State sixty Springfield rifles, with belts and cartridge boxes to match, and at once commenced regular drills. The next thing in order was to secure uniforms, which they did, the citizens of Portage subscribing liberally toward the purchase. There were si.xty-five uniforms ordered at once, three of them being for commissioned officers. They are made of gray cloth, the finest manufactured, and known as West Point cadet cloth. They are trimmed with gold lace and dark facings, and were made by Messrs. Loomis, Gallett & Breese, at a cost, for the entire lot, of $1,485.50. The caps are made of gray cloth, with black top and gilt trimming, costing $2.25 each. The fiitigue cap is of blue cloth, with gilt trimming, costing $1.25 each. The company receives $300 a year from the State, which pays incidental expenses. The first competitive drill took place at Reedsburg July 4, 1879, with the Mauston Light Guard, which was called, at that time, one of the best companies in the State. The judges were unable to decide which was the most thoroughly drilled company, and concluded to divide the prize fund equally, giving each company $100. The next competitive drill took place at Portage September 18 with the same company, the Guppey Guard taking the second prize of $75, their score being 85J, and that of the Mauston Light Guard, 90. The next drill, again wjth Mauston Light Guard, was on October 5, and the Guppey Guard succeeded in taking the first prize of $125. The Guppey Guard took part in the inaugural ceremonies of Madison, in January last, and this is what a local newspaper said of them : " The Guppey Guard, of Portage, Captain Womer, 'went in on its muscle,' and showed the crowd something grand. Cheer after cheer went up as the company went through with some of its fancy and most dilficult movements. The other companies indulged in the usual parade movements only. Portage City is assured that her company ' took the palm ' in the drill business in our city ; and the Captain of this company may well be proud of his men." The oificers and privates of the company, at the present time, are as follows ; J. D. Womer, Captain ; W. S. Wentworth, First Lieuten.ant ; W. B. Stevens, Second Lieutenant ; H. W. Orthman, First Sergeant; G. C. Carnagie, Second Sergeant; J. C. Britt, Third Sergeant ; J. H. Wells, Fourth Sergeant; C. P. Jaeger, Fifth Sergeant ; I. A. Ridgway, First Corporal ; T. W. Maine, Second Corporal ; T. J. Wells, Third Corporal ; R. G. Shackell, Fourth Corporal ; James Dempsey, Fifth Corporal ; B. R. Lewis, Sixth Corporal ; John Sweeney, Seventh Corporal; W. D. McKenney, Eighth Corporal; Alex. Carnagie, Colors; J. B. Mills, Drummer. Privates — D. H. Abell, C. L. Alverson, J. C. Anderson, L. S. Allen, W. E. Allen, Fred. Allen, C. W. Allen, Thomas Barrett, Tony Brandt, C. M. Bard, William 656 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUI^TY. D. Beattie, Robert L. Beattie, G. R. Bennett. William Bengel, Frank Brandt, A. P. Bever, William W. BuUard, E. Betz, A. P. Barry, C. W. Baker, Fred. Blood, Daniel W. Bath, J. F. Cole, W. S. Corning. M. E. Cook, Harry Clark. Ansel Clark, James Cleary, Albert Crouch, G. A. W. Carr, J. B. Chadwick, D. J. Dalton. Richard Dempsey, John Dalton, James DuUag- han, Hewett Dent, T. M. Edwards. William Edwards, A. J. Eastmin, Wdliam Fatchild, G. C. Fyfe, E. C. Frounfelter, W. B. Gilman. F. F. Goss, E. H. Hemenway, J. L. Hardie, T. Hofman, Nelson Hardie, K. M. Hazletine, George Hemenway, J. E. Jones, F. W. Loomis, J. C. Lewis, B. C. Meacher, D. C. Maine. F. S. McDuffie, Henry Mady, George M. Maloy, C. P. McKinney, Henry Neef. P. Powers, George W. Phillips, H. Pomeroy, S. H. Reed, D. G. Rom- denn, J. Ruthven, Emil Reber, William Ruthven, William Richardson, L. F. Schulze, Max Schulze, E. J. Swift, G. T. Shackell, J. Spain, W. I. Sherman, L. S. Shattuck, E. E. Stevens, A. C. Stevens, George Stevens, F. J. Schulze, C. H. Tasker, F. B. Thompson, Fred J. Turner, G. Tsehamer, Frank Veseley, J. E. Williams, F. C. Warren, A. L. Witter, M. Ward, J. H. Wells, Jr., C. W. Williams, John White, John T. Yule. The first executive officers of the company were: J. J. Guppey, President; A. J. Turner, Vice President; John T. Yule, Secretary, H. S. Goss, Treasurer. The present are: A. J. Turner, President ; W. D. Fox, Vice President ; Alexander Carnagie, Secretary ; W. S. Wentworth, Treasurer. ORDERS AND SOCIETIES. The Masons. — Fort Winnebago Lodge, No. 33, was organized in 1850, the dispensation being granted June 26, by William R. Smith, Grand Master of the State, and the charter, December 13. The original meeting place was in the house now occupied by John Graham as a residence. The building then stood on Cook street, opposite the present site of the Presbyterian Church. The old anteroom door, with the little wicket in the center, through which the belated members of the mystic order were wont to whisper mysterious things in order that they might get inside with the "rest of the boys," now does service as a cellar door on the premises of Mr. Graham. The charter members of the lodge were Hugh McFarlane, Erastus Cook, Charles M. Kingsbury, Walter W. Kellogg, G. Law, Nelson McNeal, Robert Hunter and Daniel Clough. John Delaney, the lawyer-editor, was the first initiate; he became a member October 17, 1850. The present membership of the lodge is about one hundred. Meetings are held in a well- appointed hall in N'^andercook's Block. Following is a complete list of the officers of the lodge since its organization : 1850 — Walter W. Kellogg, Worshipful Master ; Hugh McFarlane, Senior Warden ; R. Hunter, Junior Warden. 1851— W. W. Kellogg, W. M. ; H. McFarlane, S. W. ; R. Hunter, J. W. 1852— H. McFarlane, W. M. ; Erastus Cook, S. W. ; Caleb Croswell, J. W.; C. A. Gridley, Sec. and Treas. 1853 — Josiah Arnold, W. M. ; Erastus Cook, S. W. ; William Armstrong, J. W. ; Walter Smith, Treas. ; John Delaney, Sec. 1854 — Josiah Arnold, W. M. ; William Armstrong, S. W. ; William Crane, J. W. ; A. B. Douglass, Treas. ; Riley Moulton, Sec. 1855— Josiah Arnold, W. M. ; George F. Huntington, S. W. ; William Crane, J. W. ; Riley Moulton, Treas. ; J. B. Seaman, Sec. 1856 — G. F. Huntington, W. M. ; William Armstrong, S. M. ; A. W. Manchester, J. W. ; G. N. Richmond, Treas. ; A. B. Alden, Sec. 1857— G. F. Huntington, W. M. ; G. W. Stout, S. W. ; John Delaney, J. W. ; G. N. Rich- mond, Treas. ;■ Edgar P. Hill, Sec. 1858— C. D. Hottenstein, W. M. ; E. P. Hill, S. W. ; John Graham, J. W. ; G. N. Richmond, Treas. ; H. B. Munn, Sec. 1859— E. P. Hill, W. M. ; A. B. Alden, S. W. ; John McGrath, J. W. ; Henry Bolting, Treas. ; M. P. Wing, Sec. 1860 -A. B. Alden, W. M. ; H. S. Haskell, S. W. ; William L. Sawtell, J. W. ; Edward F. Lewis, Treas. ; George B. Burch, Sec. 1861— A. B. Alden, W. M. ; E. P. Hill, S. W. ; W. F. Thompson, J. W. ; E. F. Lewis, Treas. ; LI. Breese, Sec. 1862— E. P. Hill, W. M. : J. H. Magoffin, S. W. ; Peter Karch, J. W. ; A. P. Bennett, Treas. ; Julius Austin, Sec. 1863— J. H. Magoffin, W. M. ; Harvey M. Haskell, S. W. ; Lyell T. Mead, J. W. ; A. P. Bennett, Treas. ; S. S. Brannan, Sec. 1864— John Graham, W. M. ;L. T. Mead, S. VV. ; A. P. Bennett, J. W. ; H. Bolting, Treas. ; L HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 657 J. H. Magoffin, Sec. 1865— John Graham, W. M. ; A. P. Bennett, S. W. ; S. B. Rhodes, J. W. ; H. Bolting, Treas. ; J. H. Magoffin, Sec. 1866— John Graham, W. M. ; Peter Karch, S. W. ; D. A. Hillyer, J. W. ; W. B. Dent, Treas. ; 0. C. Dibble, Sec. 1867— Peter Karch, W. M. ; D. A. Hillyer, S. W. ; H. S. Goss, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; R. J. Flint, Sec. 1868— Homer S. Goss, W. M. ; Ira Schoemaker, S. W. ; I. G. Loomis, J. W. ; F. Steber, Treas.; M. T. Alverson, Sec. 1869— D. A. Hillyer, W. M. ; Ira Schoemaker, S. W. ; E. C. Maine, J. W. ; I. W. Bacon, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1870— John Graham, W. M.; E. H. Hughes, S. W. ; W. T. Parry, J. W. ; I. W. Bacon, Treas. ; C. Wheeler, Sec. 1871— Ira Schoemaker, W. M. ; Sherman L. Plumb, S. W. ; George T. Thompson, J. W. ; I. W. Bacon, Treas. ; Edward S. Baker, Sec. 1872— L. T. Mead, W. M. ; S. L. Plumb, S. W. ; M. T. Alverson, J. W. ; I. W. Bacon, Treas. ; J. E. Wells, Sec. 1873— S. L. Plumb, W. M. ; M. T. Alverson, S. W. ; Joseph Hurst, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; J. E. Wells, Sec. 1874— I. G. Loomis, W. M. ; F. B. Northup, S. W. ; N. J. Currier, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; J. E. Wells, Sec. 1875— H. S. Goss, W. M. ; James Fyfe, S. W. ; William M. Edwards, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; J. E. Wells, Sec. 1876— William Meacher, W. M. ; C. C. Dow, S. W. ; J. E. Wells, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; E. S. Baker, Sec. 1877— H. S. Goss, W. M. ; J. E. Wells, S. W. ; Samuel S. Brannan, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas.; George S. Race, Sec. 1878— H. S. Goss, W. M. ; E. J. S. Wright, S. W. ; George W. Marsh, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; George S. Race, Sec. 1879— H. S. Goss, W. M. ; E. J. S. Wright, S. W. ; S. S. Lockhart, i. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; George S. Race, Sec. 1880— William M. Edwards, W. M. ; E. H. Hughes, S. W. ; S. S. Lockhart, J. W. ; John Graham, Treas. ; E. J. S. Wright, Sec. Fort Winnebago Lodge has always had the reputation of being one of the model lodges of the State, its members being well skilled in the work, and close adherents of the ritual. Several members have filled positions in the Grand Lodge, A. B. Alden having been Grand Master of Masons of Wisconsin from 1861 to 1863, inclusive. Fort Winnebago Chapter, No. I4., R. A. M. — Dispensation granted February 22, 1856, by R. D. Pulford, Grand High Priest, State of Wisconsin. The Charter was granted February 4, 1857. From the date of dispensation until February 5, 1862, the name of the chapter was " Portage," at which time it was changed to " Fort Winnebago," its present name. The chapter met for the first time March 11, 1856, and received nineteen petitions that evening. The chap- ter was constituted and officers installed by Daniel Howell, Grand High Priest, February 28, 1857. The first three who received the R. A. degree were A. B. Alden, G. W. Stout and J. Arnold. The officers have been : 1856 — George F. Huntington, High Priest ; Nelson McNeal, King; H. Nickerson, Scribe. 1857— George F. Huntington, H. P.; B. S. Doty, K.; Levi Funkenstein, S.; William K. Miles, Treas.; John Graham, Sec. 1858 — G. F. Huntington, H. P.; B. S. Doty, K.; L. Funkenstein, S.; William K. Miles, Treas.; John Graham, Sec. 1859 — G. F. Huntington, H. P.; A. B. Alden, K.; L. Funkenstein, Treas.; John Graham, Sec. I860— A. B. Alden, H. P.; E. P. Hill, K.; L. Funkenstein, S.; William K. Miles, Treas.. John Graham, Sec. 1861— A. B. Alden, H. P.; E. P. Hill, K.; Riley Moulton, S.; E. F. Lewis, Treas.; S. S. Lease, Sec. 1862— J. H. Magoffin, H. P.; S. S. Case, K.; L. T. Mead, S.; H. E. Wells, Treas.; M. P. Wing, Sec. 1863— A. B. Alden, H. P.; L. T. Mead, K.; C, J. Pardee, S.; L. Funkenstein, Treas.; M. P. Wing, Sec. 1864— A. B. Alden, H. P.; L. T. Mead, K.; John Graham, S.; L. Funkenstein, Treas ; J. H. Magoffin, Sec. 1865— L. T. Mead, H. P.; John Graham, K.; Peter Karch, S.; L. Funkenstein, Treas.; J. H. Magoffin, Sec. 1866.— John Graham, H. P.; Peter Karch, K.; S. B. Rhodes, S.; L. Funkenstein, Treas ; L. T. Mead, H. P. 1867— John Graham, H. P.; Peter Karch, K.; H. S. Goss, S.; L. Funk- enstein, Treas.; R. J. Flint, Sec. 1868— P. Karch, H. P.; H. S. Goss, K.; D. A. Hillyer, S.; L. Funkenstein, Treas.; R. J. Flint, Sec. 1869— H. S. Goss, H. P.; D. A. Hillyer, K.; S. L. Plumb, S.; John Graham, Treas.; M. T. Alverson, Sec. 1870— H. S. Goss, H. P.; D. A. Hillyer, K.; A. Hoffman, S.; John . Graham, Treas.; M. T. Alverson, Sec. 1871— A. Hoffman, H. P.; S. L. Plumb, K.; Ira Schoemaker, S.; John Graham, Treas. 658 HISTORY OF COLT'MBIA COUNTY. M. T. Alverson, Sec. 1872— S. L. Plumb, H. P.: M. T. Alverson, K.; E. H. Hughes, S., John Graham, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec ; 1873— John Graham, H. P.; M. T. Alverson, K.; E. H. Hughes, S.; R. C. Rockwood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1874— S. L. Plumb, H. P.; E. H. Hughes, K.: William M. Edwards. S.; R. C. Rockwood, Treas.: W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1876— S. L. Plumb, H. P.; W. M. Edwards, K.; I. G. Loomis, S.; R. C. Rock- wood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1876— S. L. Plumb, H. P.: W. M. Edwards, K.; W. AV. Corning, S.; R'. C. Rockwood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1877— William M. Ed- wards, H. P.; W. W. Corning, K.: C. C. Dow, S.; R. C. Rockwood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1878— William M. Edwards, H. P.; N. J. Currier, K.: George S. Race, S.; R. C. Rockwood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1879— William M. Edwards, H. P.; 0. H. Warri- ner, K.; William Meacher, K.; R. C. Rockwood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. 1880— Charles J. Pardee, H. P.; William Meacher, K. George S. Race, S.; R. C. Rockwood, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Sec. In his report to the Grand Chapter, in 1878, the Grand Lecturer said : " April 9, I vis- ited Fort Winnebago Chapter, No. l4, at Portage. This chapter fully maintains its old reputa- tion of being one of the best working and most reliable of those in this jurisdiction. They have a large number of well-skilled workmen, capable of filling any station in the chapter." There are eighty members in the chapter. Fort Winnebago Commandery, No. 4-, Knights Templar. — Dispensation granted March 18, 1861, by H. L. Palmer, Grand Commander of Knights Templar, State of Wisconsin. Chapter granted January 2, 1862. The commandery met, the first time, on April 17, 1861. The officers of the commandery, since organization, have been : 1861 — E. P. Hill, Eminent Commander ; A. B. Alden, Generalissimo ; C. J. Pardee. Captain General. 1862 — E. P. Hill, E. C; A. B. Alden, Gen.; C. G. Pardee, C. G.; H. E. Wells, Treas.; M. P. Wing. Re- corder. 1863— A. B. Alden, E. C: Charles Case, Gen.; J. H. Magoflin, C. G.; Yates Ash- ley, Treas.; M. P. Wing, Rec. 1864— A. B. Alden, E. C; C. Case, Gen.; J. H. Magoffin, C. G.; Y. Ashley, Treas.; Ed. F. Lewis, Rec. 1865— Charles Case, E. C; J. H. Magoffin, Gen.; S. H. Bailey, C. G.; Yates Ashley, Treas.; A. Hoffman, Rec. 1866— Charles J. Par- dee, E. C; Emmons Taylor, Gen.; L. T. Mead, C. G.; Yates Ashley, Treas.; John Graiiam, Rec. 1867— C. J. Pardee, E. C; Emmons Taylor, Gen.; L. T. Mead, C. G.; Yates Ashley, Treas.; W. R. Dent, Rec. 1868— Emmons Taylor, E. C; L. T. Mead, Gen.; E. M. Hall, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; A. Hoffman, Rec. 1869— L. T. Mead, E. C; Yates Ashley, Gen.; P. Karch, C. G.; W. H. C. Abell, Treas.; A. Hoffman, Rec. 1870— L. T. Mead, E. C; George T. Thompson, Gen.; H. S. Goss, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.: A. Hoffman, Rec. 1871— L. T. Mead, E. C; George T. Thompson, Gen.; H. S. Goss, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; A. Hoffman, Rec. 1872— Emmons Taylor, E. C; H. S. Goss, Gen.; L. T. Mead, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; 0. A. Southmayd, Rec. 1873— H. S. Goss, E. C: J. B. Taylor, Gen.; E. E. Chapin, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; 0. A. Southmayd, Rec. 1874 — H. S. Goss, E. C; J. B. Taylor, Gen.: E. E. Chapin, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; 0. A. South- mayd, Rec. 1875— H. S. Goss, E. C; J. B. Taylor, Gen.; William Meacher, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; 0. H. Sorrenson, Rec. 1876 — James B. Taylor, E. C; William Meacher, Gen.; S. L. Plumb, C. G.: John Graham, Treas.; 0. H. Sorrenson, Rec. 1877— William Meacher, E. C; C. C. Dorr, Gen.; W. W. Corning, C. G.: John Graham, Treas.; 0. H. Sor- renson, Rec. 1878— William Meacher, E. C; J. B. Taylor, Gen.; W. W. Corning, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Rec. 1879— William Meacher, E. C; J. B. Taylor, Gen.; W. W. Corning, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Rec. 1880— William Meacher, E. C; H. S. Goss, Gen.; W. W\ Corning, C. G.; John Graham, Treas.; W. H. C. Abell, Rec. The late Emmons Taylor was Grand Commander of the Knights Templar of Wisconsin when he died. Commandery No. 4 has 100 members. The Odd Fellows. — Portage City Lodge, No. 61, was organized January 2, 1854. Among the first members were Henry Emder, Charles Uaertel, C. R. Gallett, Thomas Drew, B. J. HISTOKY OF COLl'MBIA COUNTY. 659 Pixley, John Blceser, Adam Blochwitz, Frank Winne, Charles Brunoehler, John B. Dassi and Henry Bolting. In January, 1862, it became a German-speaking lodge, and has remained as such to the present time, the Americans having gradually withdrawn. Henry Emder is now the only member living who took part in the new organization. The Past Grands, who are entitled to seats in the Grand Lodge, since 1862, have been Henry Emder, George Port, G. Gerstenkorn, William Windus, William Hensell, Charles Wilkie, L. Prehn, C. Pfaif, G. Huebner, A. Bettke, F. Foogmann, C. Mass, G. Janda, F. Findeisen and Jacob Best. On the 8th of October, 1867, Wauona Lodge, No. 132, was instituted, with nineteen members, by Grand Master C. C. Cheeney. The charter members were Samuel K. Vaughan, M. Waterhouse, M. T. Alverson, B. J. Pixley, James Munroe, W. G. Bunker, E. H. Dewey, L. M. Averill, S. A. Carpenter and George Murison. First officers : S. K. Vaughan, N. G. ; M. Waterhouse, V. G. ; M. T. Alverson, R. S. ; B. J. Pixley, Treas. ; James Munroe, Per. Sec. The next election was held April 8, 1868, with the following result : M. Waterhouse, N. G. ; M. T. Alverson, V. G. ; W. G. Bunker, Sec. ; M. M. Bradley, Treas. Since then the officers have been : October 7, 1868— M. T. Alverson, N. G. ; W. G. Bunker, V. G. ; T. A. Pool, Sec; James Monroe, Treas. April 8, 1869— W. G. Bunker, N. G.; T. A. Pool, V. G.; H. Meriton, Sec. ; J. C. Holden, Treas. September, 29, 1869— T. A. Pool, N. G. ; H. Meriton, V. G.; J. C. Holden, R. S.; J. S. Smith, Treas.; H. W. Lee. Per. Sec. March .30, 1870— M. Waterhouse, N. G. ; G. Murison, V. G. ; V. E. Brewer, R. S. ; J. S. Smith, Treas. September 28, 1870— George Murison, N. G. ; E. H. Dewey, V. G.; T. A. Pool, R. S.: William Holden, Treas.; M. T. Alverson, Per. Sec. March 29, 1871— E. H. Dewey, N. G.; William Edwards, V. G.: C. A. Goodyear, R. S.; William Holden, Treas. September 27, 1871— H. Meriton, N. G.; H. W. Lee, V. G.; A. Thompson, R. S.: William Holden, Treas.; M. T. Alverson, Per Sec. March 27, 1872— H. W. Lee, N. G.; C. A. Goodyear, V. G.; G. Murison, R. S.; M. T. Alverson, Per. Sec; William Holden, Treas. September 27, 1872— C. R. Gallett, N. G.; Charles Baker, V. G.; G. C. Jackson, R. S.; G. Murison, Per. Sec; W. Holden, Treas. January 1, 1873— C. R. Gallett, N. G.; C. Baker, V. G.; T. A. Pool, R. S.; G. Murison, Per. Sec; W. Holden, Treas. July 1, 1873— C. Baker, N. G.; A. Thomp- son, V. G.; D. C. Treadway, R. S.; G. Murrison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. January 1, 1874— A. Thompson, N. G.; R. B. Pixley, V. G.; C. H. Tasker, R. S.; G. Murson, Per. Sec; T. C. Thompson, Treas. July 1, 1874— William Edwards, N. G.; C. H. Tasker, V. G.; T. B. Fletcher, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. January 1, 1875— R. C. Pixley, N. G.; T. B. Fletcher, V. G.; A. D. Hemenway, R. S.; George Murison. Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. July 1, 1875— C. H. Tasker, N. G.; A. D. Hemenway, V. G.; E. A. Rice, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. January 1, 1876 — T. B. Fletcher, N. G.; E. A. Rice, V. G.; D. M. Neill, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. July 1, 1876— E. A. Rice, N. G.; V. E. Brewer, V. G.; H. W. Williams, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. January 1, 1877 — A. D. Hemenway, N. G.; D. M. Neill, V. G.; H. W. Williams, R. S. ; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. July 1, 1877— V. E. Brewer, N. G.; H. W. Williams, V. G.; B. B. Hughes. R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. January 1, 1878 — D. M. Neill, N. G.; B. B. Hughes. V. G.; S. M. Smith, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; M. Waterhouse, Treas. July 1, 1878— H. W. Williams, N. G.; T. B. Fletcher, V. G.; G. J. Cox, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; C. R. Gallett, Treas. January 1, 1879— B. B. Hughes, N. G.; S. M. Smith, V. G.: A. Holmes. R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; C. R. Gallett, Treas. July 1, 1879— S. M. Smith, N. G.; G. J. Cox, V. G.; A. A. Sheret, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; C. R. Gallett, Treas. January 1, 1880— G. J. Cox, N. G.; A. A. Sherett, V. G.; E. A. Vaughan, R. S.; George Murison, Per. Sec; C. R. Gallett, Treas. Number of members in lodge, seventy-five. Excelsior JEncarnpment was instituted by R. W. G. P. Hudson, of Portage, Wis., March 22, 1869, with Patriarchs S. K. Vaughan, M. Waterhouse, George Jowett, Charles Schenck, Charles Prehn and George Port as charter members, and the following officers were elected and 660 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. installed: James Monroe, Chief Patriarch ; George Port, High Priest; S. K. Vaughan, Senior Warden; V. E. Brewer, Junior Warden; H. Meriton, Scribe; Charles Schenck, Treas. The fol- lowing officers were elected January 1, 1870: V. E. Brewer, C. P. ; H. Meriton, H. P. ; W. G. Bunker, S. W. ; E. S. Purdy, J. W. ; Charles Prehn, Scribe ; Charles Bchenck, Treas. July 1, 1870.— W. G. Bunker, C. P. ; Charles Prehn, H. P. ; M. Waterhouse, S. W. ; M. M. Bradley, J.' W. ; A. Ducat, Scribe; H. Emder, Treas. January 1, 1871— M. W. Waterhouse, C. P.; E. S. Purdy, H. P. ; E. H. Dewey, S. W. ; William Hensel, Scribe ; Charles Schenck, Treas. July 1, 1871— August Batke, C. P. ; E. S. Purdy, H. P. ; William Hensel, S. W. ; C. A. Goodyear, J. W. ; M. Waterhouse, Scribe ; F. Seiverkrop, Treas. January 1, 1872— E. S. Purdy, C. P. ; E. H. Dewey, H. P. ; C. A. Goodyear, S. W. ; J. Gerstenkorn, J. W. ; George Port, Scribe ; A. Cardozo, Treas. January 1, 187-3 — C. A. Goodyear, C. P. ; George Port, H. P. ; Charles Baker, S. VV. ; T. H. Cortelyou, J. W. ; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1874— H. W. Lee, C. P. ; W. G. Bunker, H. P. ; C. R. Gallett, S. W. ; C. H. Tasker, J. W. ; D. M. Neill, Scribe ; E. S. Purdy, Treas. July 1, 1874— C. R. Gallett, C. P. ; C. H. Tasker, H. P. ; D. M. Neill, S. W. ; T. P. Thompson, J. W.; Alex. Thompson, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1875— C. H. Tasker, C. P. ; W. G. Bunker, H. P. ; A. M. Fargemann, S. W. ; H. Seiverkrop, J. W. ; T. P. Thompson; Scribe. July, 1 1875— Alex. Thompson, C. P. ; T. P. Thompson, H. P. ; A. M. Fargemann, S. W. ; C. R. Gallett, J. W. ; E. A. Rice, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1876— D. M. Neill, C. P. ; E. A. Rice, H. P. ; T. B. Fletcher, S. W. ; B. B. Hughes, J. W. ; C. R. Gallett, Scribe ; E. S. Purdy, Treas. July 1, 1876— T. B. Fletcher, C. P. ; A. M. Fargemann, H. P. ; A. Padley, S. W. ; T. P. Thompson, J. W. ; E. A. Rice, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1877— A. Padley, C. P.; B. B. Hughes, H. P.; L. D. Comstock, S. W.; E. F. Kind, J. W. ; V. E. Brewer, F. S. ; A. A. Sherett, Scribe ; E. S. Purdy, Treas. July 1, 1877— B. B. Hughes, C. P. ; E. F. Kind, H. P.; M. Water- house, S. W. ; George Murison, J. W. ; V. E. Brewer, F. S. ; E. A. Rice, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1878 — George Port, C. P. ; A. M. Fargemann, H. P. ; J. Huebner, S. W. ; E. Schleicher, J. W. ; V. E. Brewer, F. S. ; C. R. Gallett, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. July 1, 1878— C. R. Gallett, C. P. ; C. H. Tasker, H. P. ; T. H. Cortelyou, S. W. ; Samuel Schulze, J. W. ; V. E. Brewer, F. S. ; T. B. Fletcher, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1879— A. M. Fargemann, C. P. ; S. Schulze, H. P. ; D. Wells, S. W. ; Wm. Hensel, J. W. ; V. E. Brewer, F. S. ; G. J. Cox, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. January 1, 1880— L. D. Comstock, C. P. ; D. M. Neill, H. P. ; T. B. Fletcher, S. W. ; S. Schulze, J. W. ; V. E. Brewer, F. S.; M. T. Alverson, Scribe; E. S. Purdy, Treas. The encampment now numbers between fifty and sixty members. February 1, 1876, thirty-seven members purchased uniforms and organized the Portage Battalion of uniformed Patriarchs, which at that time was the largest number of any encampment in the State. The first officers were : V. E. Brewer, Commander ; William Hensel, First Vice Commander ; C. H. Tasker, Second Vice Commander. 1877 — V. E. Brewer, Commander ; William Hensel, First Vice Commander; E. S. Purdy, Second Vice Commander. 1878 — V. E. Brewer, Commander; E. S. Purdy, First Vice Commander; William Hensel, Second Vice Commander. 1879 — V. E. Brewer, Commander ; E. S. Purdy. First Vice Commander ; T. B. Fletcher, Second Vice Com- mander. 1880 — V. E. Brewer, Commander; E. S. Purdy, First Vice Commander; T. B. Fletcher, Second Vice Commander. Since the organization of the encampment the following members have died : S. K. Vaughan, M. Waterhouse, and Charles Schenck. The Portage Temple of Honor, No. 16 was instituted April 15, 1875. The following were the charter members — E. W. Stevens, J. B. Tinklebaugh, F. Blood, D. A. Hughson, M. Water- house, A. P. Bever, A. C. Stevens, George Wright, Stewart Wyllie, LI. Breese, T. C. Evans, D. G. Muir, E. J. S. Wright, W. Fulton, Alex. Thompson, W. T. Parry, S. M. Smith, James Gowran, W. P. St. John, E. C. Maine, A. D. Hemenway, G. W. Case, R. J. Lloyd. The first officers elected were M. Waterhouse, W. C. T.; D. G. Muir, W. V. T.; A. Thompson, P. W. C. T. The following persons were elected W. C. T. from the above date to the present time HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 661 E. W. Stevens, one term ; W. Borne, one term ; W. T. Parry, three terms ; W. Fulton, one term ; G. C. Jackson, one term ; S. M. Smith, one term ; H. H. Curtis, one term. Number of initiates during the time, 234. Number now in good and regular standing, 75. The most efficient workers in the cause of temperance have been W. T. Parry, W. Fulton, D. G. Muir, S. M. Smith, D. A. Goodyear, G. C. Jackson, Charles Prehn and Peter Mills. While many moderate drinkers have become total abstainers, there are twenty-nine who have been habitual drinkers and most of that number had gone down very nearly to destruction. Their reforma- tion is believed to be complete. The Mendotas.— On the 28th of March, 1876, Shu-na-ha-ha Council, No. 19, of the Ancient Order of Mendotas, was organized in Portage, with the following charter members : S. S. Brannan, G. 0. Clinton, J. B. Taylor, E. C. Maine, I. G. Loomis, S. L. Plumb, Ferdinand Schulze, C. K. Peterson, 0. H. Sorrenson, James Gowran, Mrs. S. S. Brannan, Mrs. J. H. Rogers, Mrs. S. L. Plumb, Mrs. Dow, Mrs. I. G. Loomis, Mrs. J. B. Taylor and Mrs. E. C. Maine. The prime object of the organization was the advancement of the cause of temperance. The council bore its part well in the battle against rum, until a lack of interest on the part of members necessitated a suspension. Mendota is the Indian name for the fourth lake at Madi- son, which, translated, means Spirit Lake. The nature of the spirits found there by the red men is not known. The Turnverein { Vorwcerts) of Portage, was organized April 15, 1877, with the following charter members : A. E. Klenert, Charles Klenert, Al. Niemeyer, Jacob Hornung, Frank Zienert, Frank Sieverkrop, Albert Schleicher, H. Sittenbecher, Ernst Schleicher, Henry Port, George Koberstein, Charles Klabunda and Joseph A. Versen. Their prosperity has been great in physical and social advancement. Their membership has increased to sixty-three, in good standing. The present officers are : President, A. E. Klenert ; Secretary, Hermann Richter ; Corresponding Secretary, Alois Krisch ; Treasurer, Joseph A. Versen and Adam Rebholz ; Teacher, Henry Port Their financial standing is good ; having cash and property to the extent of over $600 on hand. Portage Liederkranz. — This society was organized December 31, 1856, having for its object the practice and improvement in vocal music. Its constituent members were : Robert Gropius, President ; Charles Deidrich, Secretary ; Charles Moll, Treasurer ; John B. Dassi, Conductor ; Charles Brumwhler, Peter Boll, Bernard Glceckler, John Versen, John Schliessmann, Thomas Spargnapani, Christian Schultz, Charles Prehn, John Misch, John Bartl, Jacob Clemens, Joseph Fuerst, William Haertel, Mr. Hilbert, Robert Lehmann, Louis Lange, Peter Rein- hold, Franz Schulze, Charles Wilke, Sr., Mr. Weidenbacher, Charles Schmidt, Ferdinand Schulze, Henry Schulze, Andrew Kiefer, Samuel Kopp, Franz Julien and Diebold Blass. Regular monthly meetings have since been held, and at times, as seemed necessary, the members have been called together for practice. An annual ball is given on each recurring 31st of December. In 1864, the society purchased two lots on Conant street, moved thereon a building, employed a German teacher, and opened a select school. This enterprise not proving successful, the building, in 1872, was sold to the city for an engine-house. By this means, the small indebtedness incurred was paid ofi", and in the spring of 1880 the society was in a flourishing condition, having its two lots free of all incumbrances, and some money on interest. At that time its ofiBcers were, V. Helmann, President ; Christian Schultz, Treasurer ; John B. Dassi, Secretary ; Joseph R Huebl, Conductor ; Robert Lehmann, Frank Helm and Charles Wilke, Directors. THE CEMETERIKS. Fort Winnebago Cemetery. — In a thick wood of small oaks perhaps a quarter of a mile eastward from the fort along the military road is the old Fort Winnebago depository after the last muster-out. It is a lonely spot. About one hundred persons were buried here to await the resurrection. It was the cemetery of the earlier village which clustered around the fort. A number of soldiei's went here below the thunder of the morning and the evening gun and the disturbing clatter of reveille tattoo. Their graves are undistinguishable now ; though once 662 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. the summits of their head-board were decked with black paint, a distinction their country gave them that they might not be confounded with the civilians sleeping about them. The names of Maj. Clark and Capt. Gideon Low appeared in the roll-call of death. Their remains, however, have been removed. Those of the latter oiBcer were laid in the cemetery at Portage City. Indeed empty sepulchers are frequent on every hand. It is observable that most of the undistinguished tenants of these tombs are women. The summer fires leaping through the dry thicket have burned, and half burned, at will, the picketed inclosures about many graves, and the years have met success in their endeavors to raze and bury even the memorials of other burials. Your inadvertent foot each moment throws up excellently seasoned chips in memory of somebody wliose name Old Time prefers you shall not read. Boastful, per- ennial, eternal Fame is after all but the serf and prey of this old grub among the epitaphs, build how you will. Cooper Pixley, a soldier of the Revolution, went to sleep in these grounds, aged eighty-six years and seven months. His grave is still undisturbed. Near the corner of Adams and Conant streets, in the city of Portage, is another hallowed spot. For years, it was the happy hunting-ground for good dead Indians with friends to bury them. Here it was that the bones of Peter Pauquette were placed only to be removed to make way for civilization's feet. Silver Lake Cemeterij. — With a public spirit and generosity deserving all commendation, H. S. Haskell and J. B. Fargo in 1856 set off forty acres of a farm, of which they were owners, for cemetery purposes. Previous to this time, there had been provided no resting-place for the dead of this city, and the wise forethought of these men was, doubtless, appreciated by the citi- zens. •' Silver Lake Cemetery," as it was called, is a romantic upland spot, about one mile from the business center of the city, overlooking Wisconsin River on the one hand, and the pure and placid Silver Lake on the other. There are few spots devoted to such purposes more lovely than this, and none in the city that could be so readily beautified by the hand of man. In the winter of 1856-.57, the Legislature of the State passed an act providing that Harrison S. Haskell and Jerome B. Fargo, and their associates, be organized as a body corporate, under the name of the " Silver Lake Cemetery Association." The lands set off by them were to be held and forever used solely and exclusively for the burial of the dead, and to be exempt from taxation and execu- tion. The ofScers of the association were to consist of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, who were to be an ex officio board of directors. The first person buried in the cemetery was a Mr. Snow, in the spring of 1857. In 18(37, considerable feeling was raised on account of an adver- tisement appearing in the city papers, offering the grounds for sale under a railroad mortgage given by the owner before it came into the hands of Haskell & Fargo ; but, before the day of sale, Mr. Haskell paid off the mortgage, thus freeing it from all incumbrances. In 18G7, the property was deeded to Mrs. Haskell. From August, 1857, to April, 1880, there had been about 525 interments, an average of 25 per year. German Oemeter// Assoiriation. — On the 30th of March, 18G2, an association was organ- ized for the purpose of providing indigent Germans a place for the burial of their dead. Christian Schultz, Charles Ilaertel and Andrew Kiefer were elected Trustees. Twenty-five lots were pur- chased in the Silver Lake Cemetery and set apart for their use. The first there buried was a child named August Helm. From March, 1862, to April, 1880, there were fifty-three interments. Matt. Brand, Peter Neiss and Andrew Keifer were Trustees at the latter date. POKTAGE OF TO-DAY. When the city adjusts its glasses fifty years hence to road of those who have passed away, the following account of Portage, in 1880, will be of interest : Agricultural Implements. — James Gowran, Hugh 0. Lewis, George Port. Abstracts. — Smith & Dering. Attorneys. — E. S. Baker, Harvey Briggs, J. Brickwoll, G. J. Cox, Curtis & Curtis, D. J. Dalton, Thomas L. Kennan, J. H. Rogers, James B. Taylor. Auctioneers. — John Bean, Stephen Turner, Daniel Wells. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 663 Bakeries. — Edward Fink, Henry Fink and Michael Huber. Banks. — City Bank of Portage and German Exchange Bank. Barbers. — Deabolt Blass, H. Hildebrand, F. F. Hofmann and A. Kiefer. Baths. — Dr. Minnie Hiirlbut. Bed Springs. — R. W. Mclntyre, Jr. Billiards. — John Dullaghan, Henry Emder, W. D. Fox and A. E. Smith. Blacksmiths. — James Collins, G. C. Jackson, H. 0. Lewis and R. J. Lloyd. Boots and Shoes. — William Beattie, James Brodie, George Brown, Joseph Ludwig and John Williamson. Breweries. — Henry Epstein and estate of Charles Haertelj Brickmakers. — William Armstrong, Affeldt & Gonten, and Sanborn & Maloy. Butchers. — John Bryan, Anton Klenert, George Krech and Julius Mettler. Carriage Manufacturer. — George C. Jackson. Cheese Factory. — N. H. Wood. Cigar Factories. — John U. Sanderson and F. Scherbert. Commission Merchants. — Thomas W. Drew and Alexander Thompson. Contractors and Builders. — A. Carnagie, R. C. Holmes, George Hurst, Peter Mahon, Charles Moll, Charles Prehn, Sanborn & Maloy, Patrick Sheehan. Cooperage. — John Duerr and John Mueller. Dentistry.—^. H. C. Abell and T. B. Fetcher. Dressmaking.— Mrs. John Bean, Anna Ferguson, Annie Jordan, Mrs. Larowe, Maggie Lindsay, Dora Meyer, Clara M. Reed, and Misses Rumann & Joerrison. Drugs, etc. — John Graham, E. C. Maine, J. E. Parrott and E. S. Purdy. Fxpress.—S. S. McDuffie. Flour and Feed. — Jacob Cole, Dates Brothers, N. M. Henry, Hughes & Thayer, and Daniel Wells. Flour Mill.—M. DeWitt Older. Foundry. — James Fyfe & Co. Furniture Manufacturers. — P. S. Hollenbeck and George Murison. General Stores. — Ernsperger & Co., E. L. Jjeger, Loomis, Gallett & Breese, Mohr Brothers, Parry & Muir, Paul Schumann. Schumacher & Schulze, and N. H. Wood. G-loves and Mittens. — Charles Baum. G-rain Dealers. — A. C. Flander and R. B. Wentworth. Grocers. — E. 0. Blackmar, John Dullaghan, C. P. Etten, William Fulton, Hermann Brothers, N. M. Henry, A. S. Johnson, H. L. Kind, Otto Krisch, Patrick Lennon, Madden Brothers, McDuffie & Goss, Patrick McGinn, Martin Moran, Morrison Brothers, William Nei- meyer, T. D. Pugh & Co., Alexander Thompson and Frank Yanko. Hardware. — W. W. Corning, J. Purnell, Schulze Brothers, and J. E. Wells & Co. Harness. — William G. Bunker, Charles Kaiser and H. C. Thede. Hotels. — Bartosz Hotel, S. Bartosz ; City Hotel, Gage Brothers ; Corning House, A. E. Smith ; Emder House, Henry Emder ; Farmers' Home, John Hettinger, Fox House, W. D. Fox ; Pruyn House, Byron Pruyn. Insurance. — Thomas Armstrong, Jr., Dering & Smith, Valentine Helmann, James Law- son, Rolleston & Marsh, Schulze & Sprecher, N. K. Shattuck. Jewelry. — Bard k Reed, J. C. Forbes, Turner & Parsons. Leather. — William Beattie, James Brodie, Joseph Ludwig and John Williamson. Lime. — John Gonten, A. S. Johnson, and Schumacher & Schulze. Livery. — George N. Gates, Henry Little and D. D. Porter. Lumber. — Carnagie, Prescott & Co., F. H. Lewis and Nathan H. Wood. Marble Yards. — H. Doherty and Groth & Stolzer. Millinery.— Mrs- C. B. Chancellor, Mrs. S. M. Gallett, Miss McKenna, Miss P. Moll, Miss L. Rolleston and Mrs. E. Weir. 664 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Ministers. — F. W. Hall, Methodist; Chr. A. Hauck, German Evangelist (Trinity); George P. Guild, Baptist ; Thomas Keenan, Catholic ; Charles T. Susan. Episcopal ; L. H. Mitchell, Presbyterian ; A. Tarnutzer, Evangelical Association ; B. J. Zahn, Evangelical Lutheran ; Mr. Charmley, Free Methodist ; John Zastronkowski, German Catholic. News'papers. — Columbia Count/f Wecker, G. A. Selbach ; Portage Democrat, Irving Bath ; Wisconsin State Register, Clark & Goodell. Painting. — W. W. Bullard, F. Burbach, E. H. Dewey, F. W. Foogmann, George Jowett, Charles Meyer, John Romdenne. Peltries. — Arthur Brothers and J. Ludwig. Photography. — S. L. Plumb and J. A. & A. L. Witter. Physicians. — Mrs. Minnie Hurlbut, J. Cavaney, A. C. Kellogg, E. C. Maine, William Meacher, James Prentice and A. Schla'milch. Picture Frames. — Z. J. D. Swift. Pianos and Organs. — Abraham Padley. Postmaster. — Charles C. Dow. Printers. — Irving Bath, Clark & Goodell and G. A. Selbach. Bailroad Agents. — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, A. C. Flanders ; Wisconsin Central, R. E. Holston. Saloons. — Achterberg & Schoek, Corning House, Emder House, Henry Epstein, Farmers' Home, Fox House, Jacob Gautchi, Hsertel Brewery, Henry James, Keegan & Michel and C. Koberstein. Shoemakers. — John Marshall, John Metzler, J. W. Rice, Patrick Riley, A. B. Thompson and T. Venzke. Stock Dealers. — A. M. Craig and Reid & Foster. Tailors. — A. Ahrendt, P. Goodman, E. H. Hughes, August Koenig and Loomis, Gallett & Breese. Wagon Making. — Collins & Hensel, G. C. Jackson, Elijah Johnson and Lewis & Bauer. Wall Paper. — John B. Dassi and John Graham. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 665 CHAPTER XI. . THE CITY or COLUMBUS. First Settlement— Columbxts Twenty-Five Years Ago— Government— Plats and Addi- tions — The Columbus Post Office— The Schools- Religious Institutions— Manufac- turing Interests— Banks— Columbus Library Association— Hotels— Columbus Opera Hou.se — The Fire Department— Lodges and Societies— Cemeteries— Local Reminis- cences— Travel Now AND Then. FIRST SETTLEMENT. Elbert Dickason was the first settler upon territory within the boundary limits of what is now the city of Columbus ; and this brave and stalwart old frontiersman first sought this place as his abode, in 1839. He came hither under an agreement with Lewis Ludington, as the purchaser from the latter of a considerable tract of land on time. Erecting a small log cabin upon the west side of the Crawfish River, not far from the present site of the railroad depot, Dickason next turned his attention to the work of damming the stream and building a mill. He evidently came with the full determination of staying and making this his permanent home, for he brought with him a herd of cattle, a number of horses and a few wagons, with the necessary employed help to care for them and aid him in the improvements he set out to make. But, alas, misfortune bore heavily upon him. He lost most of his stock by the severity of the winter and the scarcity of food. Dickason, after many fruitless efforts to fulfill his part of the agreement with Ludington, relinquished his claim to the broad acres of fertile soil he had tamed from the wilderness. The saw-mill, which had been in successful operation for some time, also became the property of Ludington. Dickason received $200 in cash for his right and title to every- thing, and withdrew from the scenes of his greatest ambition comparatively penniless. It is said he spent nearly $10,000, all he had, of his own money in the enterprise. There are but few men now living who knew Dickason in those days and witnessed his triumphs and disasters. Alexander McDonald, now a resident of Portage, says he was in the Major's cabin about the last of May, 1839. The house was of logs, covered with bark, and had Indian bedsteads around the sides. It had no fioor or fireplace, but the fire was put against the logs at one end of the house, which was all burnt out. Dickason, Mr. McDonald thinks, built it the year before. McDonald stayed all night. The Major was absent, but his brother, the "Colonel," as he was called, was at home, and two Stroud boys, his nephews, were also there. Mrs. Dickason had not moved out yet. They slept on the ground wrapped up in Mackinaw blankets, with "smudges" around to keep ofi" the mosquitoes. With Mr. McDonald were Daniel Hyer and Mr. Palmer, who came on from Madison — they having been hired by Maj. Dickason to get out timber for a saw-mill. They built a temporary shanty across the Crawfish, from Dickason's house, and went to work, while McDonald returned next day to Madison with the ox team. Wayne B. Dyer, now of Durand, Pepin Co., was one of the earliest settlers in these parts. He came to Wisconsin in August, 1843, and when he passed over the present site of Columbus, the log cabin of Maj. Dickason, on the Crawfish, and that of Hiram Allen, not far from where the mill now is, constituted the entire village of Columbus. Mr. Dyer relates an incident in the experience of Dickason which illustrates the trials he bore. Once the " Major " got out of hay and was compelled to drive his cattle over to the vicinity of Beaver Dam, and chop down elm and basswood trees for them to feed or " browse " upon. This operation was called " grubbing it," and what is now known as Beaver Dam was then known as " Grubbville." In that same spring of 1843, the deer lay dead upon the Crawfish — starved to death, because the deep snow 666 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. prevented their getting any sustenance. Dyer was a great hunter and trapper in those days and killed many a deer in the vicinity of Columbus. Indeed, for years after his arrival he could start out almost any day and return with one. His lodge was seldom without venison. After Columbus had grown to be quite a village he saw several deer run across one of the principal streets. He trapped many otter, also, at that period along the Crawfish. Maj. Dickason passed through Otsego on his way to locate at Duck Creek, now Wyocena, the next day after Dyer was settled in his new home, and he took a primitive dinner with him. Jeremiah Drake, as the agent of Mr. Ludington, succeeded Dickason in the management of early affairs in Columbus. He built the first frame house in the place. It stands near the mill and is known as the "mill house." Hiram Allen built the second frame house. It was afterward owned by Robert Mills, he having married the widow of Mr. Allen. From 18-il to 1846, the arrival of strangers who became permanent settlers was of almost daily occurrence. In 1841 Jacob Dickason, brother to the Major, settled near the latter's cabin. In 1842 came Noah Dickason, James Shackley, S. W. St. John and Mr. Baldwin. In 184.3 arrived H. W. McCaiFerty, H. A. Whitney, Jeremiah and W. Drake, who settled just outside the village limits. Within a few miles of its site were located T. C. Smith, W. Stewart, B. Campbell and W. Wade, The year 1844 brought to the village Jacob Smith and the Stroud family, and to the immediate vicinity H. AV. Hamilton, John Swarthout, H. Cady. A. Lashier, Mr. Edwards, and perhaps a few others. In 1845 there came to this frontier, for it was still so, J. T. Lewis J. C. Axtell, D. E. Bassett, J. E. Arnold, Warren Loomis, W. C. Spencer, Jesse Rowell, E. Thayer, W. M. Clark, and some others, who settled in the village. The same year, A. P. Birdsey, Thomas Swarthout. the Barrows family and Zenas Bobbins located in the vicinity. In 1846, B. F. Hart and S. Wright came to the village, and the Adler family and R. Gam- mage settled near it. Rev. C. E. Rosenkrans was the first minister in the village. J. T. Lewis was the first attor- ney, and Dr. J. C. Axtell was the first physician ; they commenced practice in 1845, and the two occupied for some time the same office. The first tavern and the first store wei-e opened by H. A. Whitney, and he was the first Postmaster, after a lively contest between his friends and those of Col. Drake. The second store was opened by J. E. Arnold and D. E. Bassett, in 1845. The first saw and grist mill was commenced by Maj. Dickason. B. F. Hart and S. Wright introduced in the community the ancient business of blacksmithing and working in iron. Hart & Wright sold the shop to Amasa Siisbee and J. Huntington, and years ago it was purchased by D. D. Kelsey. It is said that apparitions grim and ghastly made their periodical visits to this old shop before its removal. The clink of the sledge hammer told of times long gone by. Vulcan, who hammers out thunderbolts for Jupiter, is supposed to have had his headquarters at this antiquated forge. The first schoolhouse was built in 1846. Several of the old settlers enjoy describing James T. Lewis as he appeared on his arrival. It was in July, 1845. He had left Orleans County, N. Y., a short time before, to find a home in the West. Arrived at Buffalo, he and Dr. Axtell made the trip around the lakes to Detroit together, and there parted. Lewis shortly after landed at Kenosha, and purchased himself a "mount" adapted to the vicissitudes of Wisconsin journeyings at that early period. It was an Indian pony of the value of $30 in the current money of the Republic, and was cor- respondingly caparisoned. On this "steed" he set out along the lake shore toward Green Bay. Civilization had scarcely more than begun to touch the Western coast, and as he passed along through the rude and hardly discernible beginnings of the future cities and villages of the State, it is probable he did not imagine that in less than twenty years the population of Wisconsin would approach a million, and that he would be its chief magistrate, during a portion of its history so important as two years of the rebellion. At that date Oshkosh, had made a slight start, and Neenah and Appleton were only in embryo. Fond du Lac was a small village. Green Bay was an old French trading post antedating Milwaukee, and that whole portion of the State gave little promise of its near hereafter. Turning his Bucephalus southward, Lewis was told at Fond du Lac that he would find another village about twelve or thirteen miles >.l*^ Res. op C. D .Stiles Town of Hawpden Sec. 23 Columbia Co. Res. OF ELIUA.H FEPERLY SeC.35 ToWN OF COLUMBUS HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 869 distant. This was the Waupun of the present day, that name meaning in the poetic Indian tongue "break of day."* Having ridden about the distance mentioned, he inquired at a solitary log house by the roadside how far it was to the village, and was told that he was in the very midsi of it. Beaver Dam was then a little village. There were some hints of a road between Colum- bus and there, and along it Lewis made his way, much of his journey having been by the trail. He found four houses only in Columbus. It was upon the termination of this journey, on the travel-worn pony, and with the evidences of the trail and the bush about himself, that the oldest settlers obtained their first impressions of the future Governor, which they retain to this day. It is noticeable that Dr. Axtell, who had come from Detroit by the way of Chicago, and from that settlement across to Columbus, arrived the same day that Lewis did. The doctor was a man whom to see once was to remember always ; and he is still mentioned as the very model of manly beauty, and as being possessed of unusual intellectual endowments. COLUMBUS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO. The first copy of the Columbus Journal, dated in February, 1855, contained an article on " Columbus as it is," from which it is learned the village then claimed 800 inhabitants, and possessed a surpassingly beautiful location. Emphasis is placed upon the fact that, while other villages suffered from the cholera, the Asiatic destroyer had never had a victim in Columbus. We are further told that the village had advanced rapidly within two or three years, and that its growth had been sure and steady. It had already seven stores, with two or three more to be opened in the spring. There was a drug store, a good flouring-mill, a saw-mill, two wagon- shops, one of which had made a hundred wagons, and the other fifty, during the year previous ; three groceries and provision stores, two hotels, four blacksmith shops, three boot and shoe stores, three tailor shops, one jewelry store and one harness-shop. The Congregational Church was building, and it was thought the coming spring would lay the foundations of Methodist and Universalist houses of worship. To show the business done, the writer states that during the preceding four months, 35,000 bushels of wheat and 147 tons of pork had been bought. One- half of this was purchased by one firm. The writer of the article mentions the high price paid for produce, and the low price to which competition had reduced goods, and adverts to the advancing value of real estate, and the good policy of immediately securing good locations. The Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway was built to Oconomowoc, would reach Watertown in the spring, and soon be finished to Columbus. The writer also understands that a railroad would soon be constructed from Chicago, and that the contract as far as Columbus was already let. In looking over the directory to see who were the business men, we find H. W. McCafferty keeping the Columbus Exchange Hotel, at the corner of James and Ludington streets ; A. P. Birdsey is the landlord of the Mountain House ; Isaac Robinson is a land agent and dealer in real estate, on James street; R. Thomas & Son have a rough and ready store ; and next to them is J. McConnell, tailor ; one door below him is Franklin F. Fowler, sadler and harness- maker ; J. Colville has a cabinet shop ; B. F. Hart is a dealer in groceries and provisions ; E. Silsbee has to do with drji -goods ; Farnham & Allen deal in the same commodities, at their old store on James street, aud so do Griswold & Co. at their present corner ; while on the opposite corner, in the same line of trade, is H. C. Cooper, in the rear of whose store J. Smith is a mer- chant tailor; next door west, R. W. Chadbourn is Justice of the Peace ; next to the " Columbus Recess," whatever that was, S. McLarty has a tailor shop, while in the rear of that unknown Alhambra, H. A. Whitney has a livery stable ; under Cooper's, one Carl Sampson consumes his strength in the management of an oyster saloon ; J. P. Atwood is a cooper, on James street, below S. McLarty's ; J. Williams is a cabinet-maker, at the corner of James and Waterloo streets ; J. S. Manning grinds the Columbus Mills ; Spencer & Buxton are carriage and wagon makers on James street, and next door above, D. D. Kelsey is a village blacksmith ; 0. H. Hammond is a daguerrean artist, over Bassett's brick store, on James street ; moreover, F. W. Maynard sells groceries and provisions ; C. W. Dean has a farmers' store ; Silsbee & Swarthout * Waubun, in this case corrupted to Waupun, was the Indian word for " the early day." — Ed. 670 HISTOET OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. are druggists ; J. B. Ingalls & Co. are jewelers, in the rear of Cooper's, and J. S. Haines has a shoe shop in the same block, which seems to have been a sort of omnibus ; William Drake has a wagon-shop on Ludington street ; T. Bottom is maker of shoes on that avenue, and Mrs. Dayton has a boot and shoe store on that street; Mrs. N. Bissell has a millinery shop at her residence ; Nelson Adams advertises to cure the public homeopathically, from his residence in West Columbus ; Dr. Tucker is a botanic physician, office at his residence, No. 2 Broadway ; A. G. Cook is an attorney and counselor ; Drs. Earll and J. C. Axtell are physicians, and A. J. Willson is a dentist — all doing business one door north of Cooper's store. GOVERNMENT. Prior to May, 1864, Columbus was under town government. The villagers took part in town affairs, and those residing " in the country " had a voice in all that pertained to the gov- ernment of the villagers. But there came a time when the interests of these two classes of residents were not identical, when the requirements of one were not to the advantage of the other, and vice versa. The remedy came in the shape of a village charter, and Columbus was incorporated as a village by the provisions of an act passed by the State Legislature, approved March, 30, 1864. The boundaries were set forth to be all of Section 13, except the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter, and the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter; all that part of the south half of the south half of Section 12 included within the village plat of the town of Columbus and the several additions thereto ; the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 14, all in Town 10, Range 12. Section 3 provided that " the elective officers of said corporation shall be one president, four trustees, one marshal and one treasurer, to be elected annually on the first Tuesday in May." During the ten years it remained a village the following ofiicers were elected : 1864 — President, R. W. Chadbourn ; Trustees, F. F. Farnham, Silas Axtell, John Hasey and Thomas Smith. 1865 — President, R. W. Chadbourn ; Trustees, John Hasey, E. S. Griswold, G. T. Dodge and Thomas Smith ; Treasurer, Milo J. Ingalls ; Marshal, B. F. Hart. 1866— President, W. W. Drake ; Trustees, E. S. Griswold, J. A. Erhart, G. W. Camp- bell and Joseph E. Churchill ; Treasurer, J. P. Miller ; Marshal, M. B. Misner. 1867 — President, F. F. Farnham ; Trustees, D. F. Newcomb, Julius Fox, J. S. Manning and A. J. Whitcomb. 1868 — President, Daniel E. Bassett ; Trustees, John Swarthout, 'L. J. Sawyer, John Quincy Adams and Julius Fox. 1869 — President, Daniel E. Bassett; Trustees, J. S. Manning, J. Q. Adams, L. J. Saw- yer and Joseph Schaeffer. 1870 — President, W. M. Griswold ; Trustees, Frank Huggins, M. G. St. John, Joseph Schaeffer and J. M. G. Price ; Treasurer, Milo Ingalls ; Marshal, 0. M. Dering. 1871 — President, J. S. Manning; Trustees — F. Huggins, L. J. Sawyer, Joseph Schaefl'er and James F. Allen ; Treasurer, Milo Ingalls ; Marshal, Adam McConnell. 1872 — President, Frank Huggins ; Trustees, L. J. Sawyer, Joseph Schaeffer, E. E. Chapin and James F. Allen ; Treasurer, James Lowth ; Marshal, A. J. Whitcomb. 1873 — President, Frank Huggins ; Trustees, E. E. Chapin, L. J. Sawyer, Joseph Schaeffer and James F. Allen ; Treasurer, James Lowth ; Marshal, A. J. Whitcomb. From the organization of Columbus as a village to its incorporation as a city, Charles L. Dering, now a resident of Portage, acted as Clerk. Incorporated as a City. — There had been considerable agitation of the question of incor- porating as a city, on account of the difficulty encountered in filling a village charter to the requirements of a city de facto. In the month of December, 1873, the question began to take form, and a determination to organize under city charter was the result. Between the last meet- ing of the Board of Trustees, in December, and the first meeting in January, the question was HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 671 quite thoroughly canvassed among the leading citizens and heavy tax-payers of the city, and the general opinion seemed to prevail that the better plan would be to organize anew under a city government, and accordingly, on the 6th of January, it was unanimously resolved, by a full board, " that a charter be drafted to incorporate the cicy of Columbus, and that it be made the special order of the next regular meeting." A petition was drawn by the Clerk, circulated and generally signed by the prominent men and tax-payers within the proposed corporate limits. On the 20th of January, 1874, it being the next regular meeting of the Village Board, "the special order" was taken up. A city charter, in the mean time, in the main, had been agreed upon. The boundaries, howeyer, had not been fully determined. For a number of reasons, it was thought best to extend the limits to embrace the south half of Sections 11 and 12, the west half of Sections 13 and 14, and the north half of the north half of Sections 23 and 24, provided that the persons living on the same were willing, and the board adjourned till the 21st. The parties were seen and nearly all acquiesced in the proposed change. At the meeting of the board, January 21, several of the prominent citizens were present. Amendments were proposed and considered. Suggestions Avere made, and the board adjourned till the 22d. The petition, in the mean time, was publicly circulated and generally signed, not by people outside the proposed city limits, but by actual residents, by those most interested. The charter was finished on the 23d. A memorial of the Village Board to the Legislature was also prepared. Mr. Huggins, President of the Village Board, and E. E. Chapin were authorized to repair to Madison with the memorial and bill, and procure the necessary legisla- tion thereon. February 3d, the memorial was introduced into the Senate, when that order of business was reached; likewise the "bill to incorporate the city of Columbus." The bill was read the first and second times and referred to the Committee on Incorporations. The bill, being very lengthy, was not printed till Thursday afternoon, February 5, and was laid on the desks of members on the morning of the 6th, at which time all the extra copies of the printed bill were obtained for the purpose of distribution. These copies, some seventeen of them, were distributed among the residents as soon as possible, that errors might be corrected, amendments proposed, and the charter perfected as near as possible while the same was before the committee, who had agreed not to report it back till the next week. On the 9th, the board met, at which time nearly every gentleman with whom the printed bill had been left appeared and suggested amendments, corrected errors, and aided in perfecting the bill for its passage. At this meeting, Jtessrs. Huggins, Chadbourn and Chapin were appointed a committee to appear before the Senate Committee on Incorporations, on the 12th, with the proposed amendments. At the morning session of the Senate, " a remonstrance of the citizens of Columbia County against a bill to incorporate the city of Columbus " was presented, and on the afternoon of that day the committee appointed by the Village Board appeared before the Senate Committee on Incorporations, and presented the several proposed amendments, also urging a favorable report from the committee. The Chairman of Town Board of Supervisors also appeared before the Senate committee, and was decidedly opposed to the whole thing. On Tuesday, the 17th, the Senate committee reported the bill back, unanimously recom- mending its passage, whereupon it was ordered engrossed for a third reading, and on the IHth it passed the Senate unanimously, and was messaged to the Assembly and passed without a dis- senting vote. On the 23d, it was reported correctly enrolled, and on the 24th was signed by Lieut. Gov. Parker, messaged to the Assembly, signed by Speaker Bouck, returned to the Senate, then sent to the Governor, who, after a careful, critical reading, approved the bill on the 26th, when it became a law, and thus Columbus became a city, a municipal corporation by the name of "the city of Columbus." i In accordance with the provisions of the charter, the boundaries of the city were set off as follows: The south half of Section 11, the .south half of Section 12, all of Section 13, all of Section 14, the north half of the north half of Section 23, and the north half of the north half of Section 24, all being in Town 10, Range 12. The above-described territory was divided into «72 HISTORY OF COLITMBIA COUNTY. three wards, and it was provided that elections be held the first Tuesday of April in each year. Section 2 of the charter provided that " the elective officers of said city shall be a Mayor, a Treasurer, an Assessor and a Police Justice, elected for and by the city at large, and three Alder- men ; one supervisor, to represent his ward in the Board of Supervisors of Columbia County ; one Justice of the Peace and one Constable, to be elected by and for each ward." A subsequent amendment to the charter repealed the clause providing for the election of a Police Justice, and the duties formerly devolving upon that officer, are now performed by the Ward Justices. The •city officers elected since the incorporation are : 1874 — L. J. Sawyer, Mayor ; H. Rowell, Police Justice ; H. D. James, Treasurer ; John ■C. Hoppin, Assessor. Aldermen — First Ward, R. W. Chadbourn, E. D. Kanouse, Joseph Schaeffer; Second Ward, John Hasey, J. S. Manning, Frank Huggins ; Third Ward, C. A. Oolonius, J. Topp, Frederick Hanneman. John Topp removed in July, and A. G. Cook was ■elected to fill vacancy. City Clerk, C. L. Bering ; Marshal, 0. M. Bering. Justice of the Peace — Third Ward, E. V. Briesen. (Other Justices of the Peace did not qualify.) 1875 — L. J. Sawyer, Mayor; Michael Adams, Police Justice; W. G. Bresee, Treasurer; John C. Hoppin, Assessor. Aldermen — First Ward, R. W. Chadbourn, E. B. Kanouse, Joseph Schaeffer ; Second Ward, John Hasey, J. S. Manning, B. C. Bavies ; Third Ward, A. G. Cook, F. Hannemann, August Krause. City Clerk, E. V. Briesen ; Marshal, 0. M. Bering. 1876 — W. M. Griswold, Mayor; Michael Adams, Police Justice ; Chas. A. Colonius, Treas- urer ; H. A. Lueders. Assessor. Aldermen— First Ward, R. W. Chadbourn, E. B. Kanouse, M. G. St. John; Second Ward, John Hasey, J. S. Manning, B. C. Bavies; Third Ward, A. G. Cook, F. Hannemann, August Krause. Alderman Krause removed out of the ward in May, 1876, vacancy not filled. City Clerk, E. V. Briesen ; Marshal, Alfred Miller ; Justice, E. V. Briesen, Third Ward. 1877 — 0. E. Cornwell, Mayor ; M. Adams, Police Justice ; C. A. Colonius, Treasurer ; L. Birdsey, Assessor. Aldermen — First Ward, W. G. Bresee, E. B. Kanouse, M. G. St. John ; Second Ward, John Hasey, B. C. Bavies, August Krause; Third Ward, H. C. Fields, C. Ulm, F. Hannemann. City Clerk, E. V. Briesen ; Marshal, A. McConnell ; Justice, First Ward, Hy. Annis (for one year). 1878 — 0. E. Cornwell, Mayor; C. A. Colonius, Treasurer; L. Birdsey, Assessor. Alder- men — First Ward, W. G. Bresee, E. B. Kanouse, M. G. St. John ; Second Ward, John Hasey, R. B. Vanaken, August Krause; Third Ward, H. C. Fields, C. Ulm, F. Hannemann. City Clerk. E. V. Briesen; Marshal, A. McConnell; Justices — First Ward, H. Annir; Third Ward, E. V. Briesen. 1879 — 0. E. Cornwell, Mayor; C. A. Colonius. Treasurer; L. Birdsey, Assessor. Alder- men — First Ward, W. G. Bresee, E. B. Kanouse, R. W. Chadbourn ; Second Ward, John Hasey, R. B. Yanaken, August Krause ; Third Ward, H. C. Fields, C. Ulm, C. Leitsch. City Clerk, E. V. Briesen ; Marshal, 0. M. Bering. 1880 — 0. E. Cornwell, Mayor; C. A. Colonius, Treasurer; L. Birdsey, Assessor. Alder- men — First Ward, W. M. Griswold, E. B. Kanouse, R. W. Chadbourn ; Second Ward, John Hasey, R. B. Vanaken, August Krause ; Third Ward, C. Ulm, C. Leitsch, J. A. Erhart. City Clerk, E. V. Briesen ; Marshal, H. W. McCafferty ; Justices — First Ward, J. R. Becker ; Third Ward, E. V. Briesen. The original plat of the town of Columbus, embracing the four corners, the town pump, and a lew acres, has from necessity been extended in either direction, and now covers hundreds of acres. Instead of only "the crossroads," are now scores of streets lined with maple, elm, linden and poplar shade trees, at sight, beautiful and attractive. Modest dwelling-houses, hand- so«ne cottages and splendid mansions, surrounded by lawn, trees, shrubs, flowers and cultivated gardens are now seen, in place of the rude structure and unbroken, uncultivated soil of early days. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 673 PLATS AND ADDITIONS. From the records at the Recorder's office, in Portage, it appears that the first plat of Col- umbus, called Ludington's Plat, and containing Blocks 1 to 9, was recorded in Brown County, on the 11th of November, 1844. The next plat made was of Ludington's Addition, Blocks 10 to 13, recorded in Columbia County August 6, 1849. On the 3d of October, 1850, Mr. Ludington made a second addition to the original plat, covering Blocks 14 to 19. In 1869, all that portion of this addition lying between Blocks 17 and 18, and as much as had been purchased by the railroad company for depot purposes, was vacated. Other additions have been made, as follows : Birdsey's Addition, Blocks 1 to 9, January 3, 1854 ; Birdsey's Addition, Blocks 10 to 27, June 4, 1855— Blocks 20 and 21, vacated December 1, 1868 ; In- galsbe's Addition, April 9, 1856 ; Farnham & Co.'s Addition, June 25, 1856 ; Mills' Addition, July 3, 1856 — vacated March, 1861 ; Manning's Addition, in August, 1856; Warner's Addi- tion, September 29, 1856 — vacated December 1, 1868, all except Blocks 1 and 5 ; Williams' Addition, March 4, 1857 — aU but Blocks 1, 15 and 29, vacated, in March, 1861 ; Warner & Fuller's Addition, May 12, 1857 — vacated in 1868, except Block 6 ; Whitney's Addition. April 28, 1857 ; Thyng's Addition, August 8, 1857 ; Laura Gibbon's Addition, October 28,. 1858 ; Butterfield's Addition, 1878. The plat (J. T. Lewis) of the village of West Columbus was I'ecorded June 10, 1854, in Vol. 10 of Deeds, on pages 107 and 208, in Register's office of Columbia County. The plat of Lewis' First Addition to the town of West Columbus, recorded August 8. 1856, in Vol. 17 of Deeds, on page 324. THE COLUMBUS POST OFFICE. Reference to this subject takes the pioneer back to the period when the only communica- tion between Columbus and Beaver Dam was a mere Indian trail and the only means of trans- portation the backs of Indian ponies. Before the establishment of the postal route from Green Bay to Madison there existed a primitive line from Aztalan to the portage. Letters were dropped at Columbus by the carrier, who made the distance on horseback, and when any of the residents went to the "village of the mounds" they brought back letters to such of the neighbors as were fortunate enough to have any addressed to them. Late in 1845, a post office was estab- lished at Columbus with a weekly mail. There was an animated contest as to who should be the first Postmaster. The friends of Col. Drake and those of II. A. Whitney were equally active and made every exertion in their behalf The latter, however, received the appointment. He shortly after went to the pineries on business, and in his absence the duties of the office were performed by Sylvester Corbin, more familiarly known in after years as "old Hyson." Corbin carried the mail about the place in his hat, except when out with his gun hunting prai- rie chickens. On such occasions, he would leave the contents of the "office" with Gov. Lewis. The first post office was kept in a low, flat-roofed building which stood nearly opposite the pres- ent site of Schaeffer's brick block, and which subsequently became one of the out-buildings of the Whitney House. F. F. Farnham, who came to Columbus about this time, thus describes it: " The apartment was partitioned by the aid of blankets, and in tiie room lay ' old Hyson ' prone upon a bed, shivering with the ague. In one corner stood a barrel of whisky, a grocery much in vogue in those days, and in another was a 7x9 glass box, the contents of which consti- tuted the post office, which the inquirer after mail rummaged at his leisure." Josiah Arnold next became Postmaster, in the spring of 1847, and kept the office in a building which stood where the store of Bassett & Davies now stands. Arnold was familiarly known as "Captain Spraker " by reason of his connection with the famous "Old Guard," an organization more un-matrimonial than military. James E. Eaton is the next on the list. He was appointed in Fillmore's time, and is said to have been a cousin of that President, who wrote asking him what appointment he desired. He chose the incumbency of the Columbus Post Office. He was Justice of the Peace and kept the two offices together in a building which stood on the 674 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. lot afterward occupied by the harness-shop of J. A. Erhart. Eaton went to California in 1850, having resigned in favor of D. F. Newcomb, who shortly afterward removed the office to Griswold's store. Addison Griswold became Postmaster under President Pierce, but Mr. New- comb remained with hira for some time and attended to the business. The office was after- ward removed to the building which then stood where is now situated Jolin Swarthout's brick drug store. When Buchanan's administration came into power, A. G. Cook became the appointee and removed the office to the present site of Winler's jewelry store, into a building which had formerly been used by Mr. Farnhara when Register of Deeds, and which was moved from its original foundations to make room for Farnham's old red store, which was in turn moved to Sargent's corner, to make room for Schaeffer's brick block. In 1859, Mr. Cook built what is now used as a millinery shop by Mrs. Dering and removed thither. Under Lin- coln's first administration Frank Huggins was made Postmaster. When he first took possession he occupied the structure formerly used by Griswold as Postmaster, but in 1868 he moved the office into his new drug store. In May, 1869, John Swarthout was appointed to the posi- tion of Postmaster, and has held the office ever since, his long tenure being evidence of his ability. The Columbus Post Office was made a mouey-order office in 1867, the first order being issued September U of that year. Frank Huggins, the Postmaster, was the remitter and W. D. Ogden, of Chicago, the payee, the amount being $10. The number of orders issued up to March 31, 1880, is 18,415. H. D. James, who has been Assistant Postmaster for nearly twelve years, furnishes the following interesting statistics, which are in marked contrast with the num- ber of letters it was the wont of "old Hyson " to carry in his hat: " The number of letters received at the office delivery during the year 1879 is estimated at 72,125; postal cards at 35,420. Number of letters mailed, 63.480 ; postals, 32,540. The number of stamps sold was 8,470 1-cent, 1,756 2-cent, 56,738 3-cent, 921 5cent, 416 6-cent, 592 10-cent, 83 15-cent, 41 30-cent and 24,391 postal cards ; stamped envelopes 11,410 and stamped newspaper wrap- pers 2,307. The discrepancy between the amount of postal cards sold and the amount mailed is caused by the large number mailed by traveling men whicn are furnished them by the houses for which they travel. THE SCHOOLS. The citizens of Columbus enjoy school privileges excelled by few cities in the State. These educational ad'vantages were not attained all at once, nor without much effort. There is a fund of local history associated with their growth. It is said that Columbus never possessed a log schoolhouse. That rough cradle of learning, which many distinguished men recall in the glamour that memory throws around boyhood as their only alma mater, never reared its rugged exterior in the community. The old schoolhouse wiiich stood on Ludington street was built in 1846, at a cost of |!400. It was the scene of many varying events, often doing duty as a church, town hall, etc. Political harangues and religious exhortations, and much very far from kin to the latter, found voice within its walls. It saw festivity and mourning, and is itself fast coming to grief. In this seat of learning a school-meeting was held in November, 1849, at which J. J. Guppey was Chairman, and F. F. Farnham, Clerk pro tern. On that evening, pursuant to a notice, an election for district officers was held, and Robert Mills was elected Director; J. T. Lewis was elected Treasurer, and H. S. Haskell, Clerk. At that same meeting, several resolutions passed which may be of some interest at this date, by way of comparison ; $10 were voted to procure seats for the schoolhouse. It was voted to have four months' winter school, with a male teacher. On the succeeding page is a report of the District Clerk to the Town Superintendent, which states that on the 1st of September, 1850, there were residing in the district (No. 2) forty-seven male and forty-five female persons, between the age of four and twenty years ; that sixty-six pupils attended during the winter terra, and sixty-two during the summer; E. E. Randall tau<'ht four months, and Agnes N. Butts five months; the former was paid $100, and the latter $56 ; the amount of money received from the Town Superintendent was $91.50, and the amount raised by the district was $80. The text-books used during the school were Sanders' Speller, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 675 Sanders' Series of Readers, Rhetorical Reader, New Testament, Colburn's Arithmetic, Morse's Geography, Smith's small Geography of the Heavens, and Comstock's Philosophy. By way of contrast, let us examine the report made by the Clerk of the district, in Au- gust, 1868. We find that there were then residing in the district 296 male and 321 female persons, between the ages of four and twenty, and the total number of pupils who attended dur- ing the year was 455. The school property in the district was appraised at $9,500, and during the year, the district paid to a male teacher $960, and to female teachers $1,637, a total of $2,597. In running over these musty pages, we discover the names of several persons, spoken of as teachers, who have since become quite prominent before the public — Garrit T. Thorn, since then a Senator from Jefferson County, once taught in the old schoolhouse, as did John A. Elliot, since State Auditor of Iowa, and Dr. Laura D. Ross, who afterward took so active a part in the woman's rights movements, and several others. In 1853, the number of males between four and twenty years was 100, and of females 185. The number who attended during the year was 173, and the total expenditure was $.321.-50. At a meeting held in February, 1856, the expediency and necessity for building a new schoolhouse was considered. It was resolved that J. T. Lewis be authorized to apply to the Legislature for the passage of an act authorizing District No. 2, of Columbus, to loan money of the school fund, and that C. W. Dean, C. E. Rosenkrans, A. G. Cook, W. W. Drake and William McCracken, be a committee to confer with the State Superintendent of Schools and others, respecting plans and expenses of a suitable school building. In a resolution immedi- ately following, the proximity of the Milwaukee & Watertown Railroad to the then site of the school is the only reason assigned for erecting a new building. But it was not until 1857 that the contest concerning a new building was fairly opened ; and it was among the liveliest passages- at-arms ever known in the community. It continued and waxed hot, until about January, 1859, when the contract for building was awarded. Meetings were held in that interim, sometimes on alternate nights. There was occasionally manifested a careless audacity concerning the require- ments of parliamentary law. The records, however, give little idea of the real animation of these occasions. According to the minutes, it was first voted to raise $3,000, for a building and site, and a committee, consisting of A. G. Cook, C. E. Rosenkrans and William M. Lewis, was appointed to select the latter. Two weeks after, it was voted to authorize the purchase of a portion of Newcomb's Nursery lots, and a fortnight later the vote was rescinded, as was also the vote to raise $3,000. This was in November, 1857. In October, 1858, another special meeting is recorded, when it was again resolved to procure a site and erect a union schoolhouse, the site to be the Newcomb lots, and $2,000 to be raised. A building committee, consisting of A. G. Cook, J. B. Folsom, F. M. Black, William L. Lewis and F. F. Farnham, was appointed, to procure land and conJ;ract the building, not to exceed $6,000 in cost. On November 20, suc- ceeding, the adverse party called a meeting to consider and modify the action last taken. It was reported that a contract had already been made, but a motion was made to rescind the action taken at the last meeting. The chairman, William L. Lewis, declared the motion out of order. An appeal was taken from this decision, and the chair was not sustained. The motion to rescind was then put and carried, by a vote of fifty-nine to forty-nine. A division of the house was then called for, pending which the chair abruptly declared the meeting adjourned, and, as the ofiicial chronicler of the event says, " amid confusion the Chairman retired." A. Topliff was then elected Chairman, and a new building committee appointed, consisting of J. B. Folsom, William M. Griswold, H. J. Waterhouse, J. T. Lewis, Robert Mills, F. F. Farnham, Amos Clement and F. M. Black. At a subsequent meeting, William Griswold presented the majority report of this committee, in favor of two smaller-sized buildings, and J. T. Lewis a minority report, in favor of one large one. The latter was finally adopted, und the present site was finally selected, and purchased of R. W. Chadbourn, for $1,000. The building was completed the same year, John Haydon fulfilling the contract for $5,000. 676 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. As illustrating the growth of the schools the following figures from the records of Super- intendent Bowen are given : In 1861, the number of male children between the age of four and twenty years residing in the district was 228 ; female. 225 ; making a total of 458. Of this number 292 attended school. The receipts for school purposes during this year were $2,4-30, $1,825 being raised by tax.. In 1865, the total number of children in the district was 576, there being 16 more females than of the sterner sex, and iu 1871 there were 640, the females being in the majority 38 ; receipts, $5,4-30. The salaries of teachers this year amounted to $2,821. In 1879, there were 697 resident children of school age in the district, 23 being the preponderance in fiivor of the females. The receipts for the school year of 1880 were $4,829, $3,500 of which was paid out for teachers' salaries. The most important feature of the school history of Columbus is that embracing the free high-school system now in vogue. The act of February 26, 1874, incorporating the City of Columbus provided, among other things, for the establishment of a school system, which should be independent of the jurisdiction of the County Superintendent, and committing the educational interests of the city to a Board of Education whose duties and powers were prescribed- In the month of July following, the Common Council elected a Board of Education, and in the fall of 1874 the public schools were opened under the new -system. On the 5th of March, 1875, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the extablishment of free high schools. The city availed itself of the privileges given by the law, and duly appointed and held an election, Au- gust 9, 1875, by which it was determined by a majority vote of electors to adopt the free high- school system. The Board of Education experienced some difficulty in attempting the organiza- tion of the new system, but finally, in the month of January, 1876, succeeded, and the free high scliool of the city of Columbus became fully established. In June, 1877, Miss Louie Adams graduated from the high school. A year later there were seven graduates from the high school, as follows: Laura Bassett, Mary R. Cook, Julia M. Davies, Carrie Genung, Nellie Ida Loomis, Elouise M. Stephens and Genevieve A. Stephens. Olivel Church was crowded on the occasion of the graduating exercises with the justly proud citizens of Columbus, the inside walls of the building being gaily bedecked with fragrant flowers. The programme of exercises is herewith given: Quartette, by Misses Flora and Matie Walsh and Messrs. E. D. Kanouse and D. Griffith ; Prayer, by Rev. M. E. Eversz ; Solo, by Miss Satie Butler ; Introductory Remarks, by Prof. G. M. Bowen ; Essay. '' The Extent of Man's Researches," by Genevieve A. Stephens ; Essay, "Dr. Jenner," by Mary R. Cook; Solo, by Miss Katie Jones; Essay, " Climbing the Hill of Science," by Julia M. Davies; Solo, by E- D- Kanouse; Essay, "Joan of Arc," by Elouise M. Stephens; Essay, "Salt," by Laura Bassett; Trio, by Misses Maggie, Genevieve A. and Elouise M. Stephens; Essay, "Mound-Builders," by Carrie E. Genung; Solo, by Miss Kittie Lowth; Essay, " An Ill-Fated Nation," by Nellie A. Loomis ; Valadictory, by Julia M. Davies ; Solo, by Miss Lillie Lewis ; Presentation of Class, by Prof. G. M- Bowen ; Conferring Diplo- mas, by E. E. Chapin ; Music. The high-school curriculum, in addition to furnishing a thorough English education, is designed by the law as a preparatory course for the State University. Graduates passing the necessary examination are entitled at once and at all times to free tuition in all the colleges of the State University. The following pupils graduated on the 27th of June, 1879 : Angie Turner, Mattie Por- ter, Annie L. Loomis, Phoebe Wallace, Mary R. Southraayd, Charles M. Davis and Walter H. Waterhouse. The exercises were held at the Methodist Church, the interest manifested and the number of persons present being fully as great as on a similar occasion in 1878. The pro- gramme was as follows : Prayer; Music; Salutatory, by Charles E. Davies; Essay — "No Pains, no Gains," by Angie Turner; Music; Essay — "Out of the Harbor," by Annie L. Loomis; Essay — " Haste Rhymes with Waste," by Walter H. Waterhouse; Music; Essay — "What the Types Tell," Mattie E. Porter ; Music; Essay — "What Biography Teaches," by Phoebe Wallace; Essay — HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 677 " The Unseen Battlefield," by Mary R. Southmayd ; Music ; Essay — " The Stability of a Re- public the Intelligence of its People," by Charles M. Davies ; Valedictory — by Mattie E. Por- ter ; Music ; Conferring Diplomas ; Music. It is a -noteworthy fact that there are less changes in the staff of teachers in the Columbus schools than in those of most other cities of the State. The acknowledged wisdom of this con- dition of things is shown in the marked evenness in the attendance of pupils and their rapid progress. In 1878, the board of instructors was composed as follows: George M. iJowen, Principal ; Martha Dean, grammar school ; Katie Jones, fourth intermediate ; Celia Wilson, third intermediate; Anna Quickenden, second intermediate ; Belle Merriam, first intermediate; Matie Williams, second primary ; Hattie Chamberlain, first primary. Since then the only changes made have been these: In the grammar department, Miss Martha Dean was suc- ceeded by Len. C. Mead, who, upon adopting the profession of a physician and entering Rush Medical College in Chicago, was followed in the school by Miss Kate Bailey. She resigned in April last, and William E. Ritter is now teaching. In the fourth intermediate department, Miss Katie Jones was succeeded, in 1878, by Miss Corrie Morse. Miss Hattie Chamberlain, of the first primary department, relinquished her class to Belle Pederson in 1879. Miss Pederson was soon succeeded by Miss Helen St. John. Since the organization of the gi-aded-school system, the Board of Education has been com- posed of the following gentlemen : The first board consisted of John Quincy Adams (Pres- ident), James T. Lewis and E. E. Chapin, with S. 0. Burrington as Superintendent. The Board of 1875 was substantially the same. In July, 1876, C. L. Dering was appointed to the vacancy occasioned by the expiration of the term of Mr. Lewis. In 1877, Mr. Adams was made School Superintendent, D. C. Davies being appointed, to fill the vacancy in the board. Mr. Chapin was appointed as President. In July, 1878, H. A. Leuders succeeded Mr. Chapin on the board, D. C. Davies became President, and F. C. Eldred School Superintendent. In 1879, E. S. Griswold was appointed on the board in place of C. L. Dering. Mr. Davies is still acting as President ; G. M. Bowen, the Principal of the schools, was made Superintendent, and fills that office to the present time. Columbus Collegiate Institute. — In March, 1855, an act of incorporation was secured for the establishment in Columbus of a collegiate institute. The incorporators were J. T. Lewis, J. Q. Adams, R. W. Earll, E. P. Silsbee, Chester W. Dean, Joseph S. Manning, William C. Spencer, W. W. Drake, W. A. Niles, John A. Elliott and Cyrus E. Rosenkrans. The objects of the corporation were to provide for '' the education, the mental and moral discipline and instruction in literature, sciences and arts of youth of both sexes." It was provided that "no political or religious opinion shall be required as a qualification of membership, and no student shall be required to attend worship with any particular denomination." In pursuance of the act the Board of Trustees met at the Congregational Church on the 10th of April, 1855, and organized for business. The Rev. Mr. Rosenkrans was made Presi- dent of the institute, and in anticipation of securing ii) the near future a more substantial structure. Block 15 in West Columbus was purchased and a small building erected thereon. In the fall, a school was opened with Miss Martha Brigham (now Mrs. William Hazelton) and Miss Mary L. Pomeroy (now Mrs. Polly) as teachers, which lasted about two years. Upon the completion of the present high-school building and the failure to get sufficient subscriptions, the institute suspended, and the teachers found employment in the public schools. It is said that Columbus at one time had fair prospects of securing the institution now located at Ripon, it having been the intention of the founders of the Collegiate Institute to make it what the enter- prising citizens of Ripon have made their college. There is now in Columbus no educational institution conducted by private enterprise, but several attempts have been made to establish schools and academies of more or less importance. In 1850, an act passed the Legislature chartering the Columbus Academy, but no action was taken under the grant. In 1854, Rev. C. E. Rosenkrans erected a building afterward occupied as a residence by M. Ingalls. It was designed to make this the basis of a seminary of some extent. 678 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Circumstances, however, were not fortuitous, and the undertaking was sustained during a few months only. Among the teachers of this school were Miss Mary Pomeroy and Misses Mary and Martha Brigham. In 1859, the store now owned and occupied by the Dodge Brothers was built by A. G. Cook on the site where is now the calaboose; it was used as a schoolhouse for a year or more. Here taught Miss Achsah Huyck, afterward the wife of Rev. Mr. Phillips. There have been other and more recent movements toward the building-up of private institutions of learning, some of them looking toward extensive results, but they have made no progress. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. Columbus is truly " a city of churches." No city in the State has a larger number in pro- portion to population, and few of the same size has so many. The Oongregationalist and the Presbyterians. — The local relations of these denominations have been such as to make the writing of separate history of each without repetition one of the impossibilities. The original organization was perfected January 26, 1850, under the Congre- gational form of government, the Rev. A. Montgomery being chosen Chairman of the Council, and J. Q. Adams, Clerk. Letters from different churches were presented by James Campbell, Mrs. Julia Campbell, Richard Stratton, Mrs. Polly Stratton, Emily Stratton, Mrs. Asenath Stratton, Mrs. Helen S. Rosenkrans, Ellen Hagerman, Maria Hagerman and Mrs. Hay- den, which were read and these persons were constituted a church. The church became a mem- ber of the Madison District Convention within a week from the date of its organization, and R. Stratton was sent as the first delegate. In August, 18.')2, it was voted to change the relations of the church from the Madison District to the Fox River Presbytery, and in November follow- ing the Presbyterian form of government was adopted, three Elders of that faith being chosen. Thus matters progressed until a majority of the church members withdrew, and organized a separate Presbyterian society in 18(56. On the 2Uth of January of that year, the remaining members of the Presbyterian Church resumed the original name and form of organization, and officers chosen to correspond with the change. It will now be necessary to return to an account of the first temporal work of the church. The Congregational Society of Columbus having been incorporated in September, 1850, Lewis Ludington, proprietor of the original village plat of Columbus, deeded to the said society that year the land at the corner of W\\\ street and Broadway, upon which a house of worship was erected. The certificate of organization was signed by James Campbell and William E. Led- yard. H. S. Haskell, James Campbell and B. M. Benedict were elected Trustees at the first meeting. The house erected at that early day was sufficiently large to meet the wants of the place at that time, but as the village grew in size and the country around became settled, better accommodations became necessary. The deficiency was provided for in 1864, when an addition of twenty feet was built to the rear of the original edifice, and other important repairs were made. The structure was being occupied in 1866, when the division occurred. Recourse was then had to necessary legal measures, and the seceding fold at once organ- ized themselves into a separate society. A place of worship and supplies for the pulpit were secured without delay. A Sabbath school was gathered, and afternoon services were held in the Baptist Church. Among those who served as supplies were the Revs. B. G. Riley, Mr. Post and Mr. Southwart. In July, 1866, the Rev. E. F. Fish became the stated supply, and the regular sessions were resumed. In the mean time, a lot was purchased on Broadway, and materials gathered for the erection of a church edifice. The society continued to accept the favors of the Baptists until September, 1867, when their new church was finished and dedicated to the cause. The structure cost about $5,000, and holds an important place among the many handsome buildings of that character in Columbus. Mr. Fish served as Pastor for two years. After his retirement, the pulpit was supplied for a time by the Rev. Mr. Patten, the venerable Kanouse, and others. The Rev. W. A. Hendrickson commenced his labors with the church in June, 1869, and remained until 1876. HISTOKV OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. 679 In the mean time, the Congregationalists were "pursuing the even tenor of their way." The record of this church shows the names of the following Pastors : Rev. C. E. Rosenkrans, ten years; the Rev. T. C. Melvin, four years; the Rev. L. M. Gates, one year; the Rev. A. L. P. Loomis, one year ; the Rev. E. P. Salmon, eighteen months ; the Rev. M. W. Reed, eighteen months ; the Rev. J. G. Schaeffer, nine months ; the Rev. H. A. Miner, two years and four months. This brings the history of the church down to 1874, when we find a proposition from the Presbyterians, dated early in September of that year, looking toward a re-union of the two churches. The proposition is couched in becominfl; and Christian-like language, as follows : " The undersigned, members of the Presbyterian Church and society of Columbus, believing there are now too many separate church organizations within the limits of this city, in view whereof those who agree as to such things are essential, ought to make an effort to consolidate their organizations, and, believing that the time has come to make such effort, do cordially con- sent to the following as a basis for consolidation of the said Presbyterian with the Congregational Church of the same place : When each of said churches shall have assumed and taken the name of the Olivet Church of Columbus, and shall have formally assented to a proposition for consoli- dation with the other, the two churches shall thereupon become united and consolidated into one church, to be thenceforward known and designated as the Olivet Church of Columbus, and shall be ecclesiastically connected with the Presbyterian and Congregational General Convention of Wisconsin. It was signed on the part of the Presbyterians by the following persons : F. G. Randall, E. G. Stitt, E. D. Kanouse, Jay Jennings, D. C. Davies, Dora Davies, G. W. Hazel- ton, F. Huggins, 0. Anderson, T. H: McConnell, H. D. James, Mrs. Jane Silsbee, J. F. Shad- duck, S. Hutchinson, A. S. Bath, I. G. McCaff'erty, Mrs. Adam McConnell, Rebecca H. Mettler, Emma J. McConnell, M. L. Hazelton, Delia L. Square, Mary C. Manning, Fannie Randall, Caroline Stitt, Mattie Stitt, Mrs. 0. Anderson, Ida M. Jennings, Mrs. E. Bissell, Katie Bissell, Mrs. H. L. Rosenkrans, Mercy I. Hazelton, Harriett T. Hazelton, James H. Rosenkrans, Hellen Rosenkrans, Sarah Kanouse, H. C. Randall and A. Randall. A similar paper was circulated and generally signed by the Congregational Church and society as follows : Alfred Topliff, J. Q. Adams, R. W. Chadbourn, E. E. Chapin, Milford Loomis, James Webster, W. A. Policy, M. L. Policy, Catherine E. Chadbourn, Sarah Ches- brough, Fannie E. Dean, Eunice Dean, Martha Dean, Grace Dean, Mrs. G. C. Butterfield, Mrs. E. B. Chapin, Mrs. M. J. Newcomb, F. W. Hart, H. Loomis, C. A. Loomis, M. Loomis, R. W. Earll, Charles H. Hall, B. F. Cooper, Theron Dodd, Mrs. L. I. Adams, S. W. Chadbourn, Mrs. S. W. Chadbourn, Lucius Randall, C. Baker, Mrs. P. B. Richmond, Mrs. C. M. Smith, Mary Benedict, Mrs. M. H. Parker, M. Smith, Mrs. J. D. Waterhouse, P. B. Richmond, L. G. Crosswell and Martha McConnell. Resolutions were subsequently adopted by both denominations accepting the terms set forth in the basis of the proposed re-union, and on September 17, 1874, the two bodies held a joint meeting and perfected their organization by electing the following officers : For Deacons, E. G. Stitt, James Webster, J. A. Bowen, J. Q. Adams, Dr. E. D. Kanouse and Milford Loomis ; for Church Clerk, H. Loomis ; for Church Treasurer, F. G. Randall. On the 5th of October, the Olivet society was organized according to law, and the following persons elected as Trustees : E. D. Kanouse, L. Fuller, F. G. Randall, James Webster, Nelson Sawyer and E. G. Stitt. The Congregationalists disposed of their church property to W. A. Thompson, and the old edifice is now in use as an agricultural warehouse. A lease, signed by G. W. Hazleton, E. G. Stitt, F. G. Randall, Jacob Smith, J. S. Manning and J. M. G. Price, was then drawn, setting forth that " In consideration of the premises and of one dollar to us in hand paid, the receipt of which is confessed, we do hereby let and lease to the Olivet Church society of Columbus the church edifice and premises on which the same stands, heretofore known and designated as the Presbyterian church property, located on Broadway, in the city of Columbus, county of Colum- bia, for the terra of one year from the 1st day of May, 1876, necessary repairs to be made, if any are required, by the said Olivet Church society." In pursuance with the foregoing, E. G. Stitt, G. W. Hazelton, J. S. Manning, Jacob Smith and J. M. G. Price, Trustees of the 680 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Presbyterian Church society, made application to the court for an order to convey the Presbyterian Church property to Olivet society. To this a remonstrance was presented, signed by A. S. Eckert, C. S. McFadyen, D. J. Evans, Elizabeth Evans, Ann Evans, Frank Evans, Frank Johnson, J. E. Nelson, Mrs. 0. Anderson, Mrs. L. G. McCaflerty, Lurenda Drake, B. A. Car- penter, W. W. Drake and Helen Drake. Owing to the remonstrance, the court declined to issue the order applied for. On July 15, notice was served on the Trustees of Olivet Church to the effect that the First Presbyterian Church society had by unanimous vote resumed the entire control of their church edifice and other property belonging to said Presbyterian Church society, and would exercise the same from and after that date. This notice was dated July 8, 1876, and signed by B. A. Car- penter, F. G. Randall, C. S. McFayden and W. W. Drake, Trustees. On Friday, July 21, the Olivet society was locked out of the church building, and since that date the two societies have worshiped in separate quarters. The Presbyterians continued to occupy the church whose doors had been closed against their Congregational brethren. Mr. Hendrickson was suc- ceeded by the Rev. E. P. Clisbee, wlio supplied the pulpit about nine months. In November, 1876, the Rev. J. B. Andrews took charge end remained one year, being succeeded by the Rev. E. Smith Barnes, who occupied the pulpit until November, 1879. Since then it has been sup- plied by E. D. Kanouse and others. The present Elders of the church are Jacob Smith, A. S. Eckert and E. D. Kanouse ; Trustees, W. W. Drake, Erastus Bowen and Messrs. Kanouse, Smith and Eckert. The membership is given at forty-two. Olivet society (the Congregationalists) immediately proceeded to erect a church edifice. Three lots were purchased at the corner of Spring and Prairie streets, and by the 24th of December, 1876, the work had so far advanced that services were held in the basement, the present lecture-room. The entire cost was $8,800. The structure was completed early in 1877. It is a fine building — a credit to Columbus, and a substantial monument to the enterprise of its founders. The Rev. Moritz E. Eversz, the present Pastor, came to Columbus in July, 1876, a short time before the memorable division between the Congregationalists and the Presbyterians. The present officers of the church are : Trustees — Lucius Fuller, J. Q. Adams, James Webster, P. B. Richmond, Milford Loomis and D. C. Davies ; Deacons — J. Q. Adams, Milford Loomis, B. F. Cooper, James Webster, H. Loomis and P. B. Richmond. The membership is given at ninety. The Rev. M. Rosencrans, the founder of the Congregational Church in Columbus, and the first permanent minister in the place, died in 1860. He came hither as a missionary, and was widely respected for his many excellencies of character. For years he was the leading spirit in educational and religious interests, and he filled the Congregational pulpit until 1858, when, his health failing, he resigned. The regard his congregation, and the people of Columbus gen- erally, had for him, was exhibited in a series of touching resolutions, adopted by them October 11, 1858, on the occasion of his resignation, as follows: Resolved, That it is witli unmiiigled feelings of regret we accept liia decision to resign the charge of pnstor'ovei" lliis church and society ; that by this act we have lost in him a man of great piety, a supporter of good works, a zealous laborer in His service, a true and faithful minister— one who has brought light out of darkness in building up this church, which, while it redounds to the glory of Him who rules and masters all, is a lasting monument to his usefulness in the village of Columbus. Resolved, That he has our heartfelt thanks for the great good he has done in this place, and that he has the united prayer of all, that his health may soon be so improved that he may go on in the good work in the vineyard n\ the Lord, until a ripe old age shall close his ministerial labors. The English Methodists. — The first Methodist meetings in the vicinity of Columbus, and doubtless in Columbia County, were held in 1845 at what is now Fountain Prairie, which was included in a circuit comprising Waterloo, Aztalan and possibly Watertown. The Revs. Gallop and Wood, the latter as assistant, were in charge. Their successors were the Revs. Jones and Martin, who were the first to preach in Columbus, meetings being held in a wagon-shop. Then came the Rev. N. S. Green, with a Mr. Randall as assistant, and they, it is said, organized the society in Columbus. Their successors were the Revs. Mr. Brown and Mr. Fancher, and the HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 681 Revs. Mr. Lewis and Mr. Stevens. About this date, the Columbus society was separated from the other points on the circuit. Since then, the following ministers have filled the pulpit : Revs. Chester, Palmer, Ford, Drew, Grumley, Sims, Blackburn, Bosworth, Reynolds, Car- penter, Sewell, Jones, Evans and the incumbent, R. W. Bosworth, who is here for the second time. The first church edifice was built in 1858-59, and was dedicated in February of the latter year by the Rev. H. C. Tilton. It stood near the present site of the foundry, and was purchased in 1872 or 1873, and has since been converted into a hall for theatrical repre- sentations. In the Spring of 1872, work was commenced on the new church and it was completed that fall under the supervision of J. P. Miller and L. W. Chase. The dedicatory sermon was preached by the Rev. C. H. Fowler, that event taking place October 26, 1873. The cost of the building was $18,906.10. There is now a debt upon it of some $2,000. The present Trustees of the church are J. P. Miller, H. Waterhouse, J. W. Leffingwell, A. Trow- bridge, J. Whiting, D. D. Kelsey, B. Yule, E. Federly, R. P. Williams. The membership ia a'bout one hundred. The Welsh Methodists. — In 1845, half a dozen Welsh families, just from Wales, settled in the town of Elba, in Dodge County. There, on the first Sunday after their arrival, they planted the seeds of Calvinism in the then sparsely populated wilderness, holding religious ser- vices in a wagon-box. Accessions to the little colony were made from time to time, and the Rev. Hugh Jones was among those who came in 1845. A log church was erected during the following winter, and Mr. Jones presided over the congregation until his death, in 1854. In 1866, J. J. Roberts, a young divine who had assisted Mr. Jones since 1846, and, upon the latter's death, became his successor, took spiritual charge of a meager congregation of his Welsh brethren in Columbus. Meetings were held over the store of Uriah Davies, on Broadway. In 1868, a frame church edifice was erected, at the corner of Church and Mill streets, at a cost of $2,200, including the building lot. The Rev. Mr. Roberts has supplied the pulpit ever since the organization. He preaches, also, in Salem Church, town of Calamus, and Bethel Church, in the town of Elba, Dodge County. The present oflicers of the Columbus society are : Dea- cons — Benjamin Hughes, John Davies, R. R. Roberts and Uriah Davies; Trustees — R. R. Roberts, William E. Williams and William J. Edwards. There are forty-five members in the society, which is free from debt and in a prosperous condition. The collections in the three folds under Mr. Roberts' charge amount to about $600 per annum, $400 of which is applied to the salary of the minister, the remainder being about equally divided for the support of home missions and the Bible Society. It is a notable fact the Welsh Methodists frequently contribute larger sums, annually, to the support of the Bible Society than all other denominations in the State together. German Methodists. — In 1852, the Rev. Charles Kluckkorn came to Columbus, then a missionary point, to preach the Gospel in the German tongue, from a Methodist standpoint. He held occasional services for one year, and was succeeded by the Rev. J. Schaefer, who remained about the same length of time. In 1855, the Rev. John Westerfield took charge, and during his incumbency the Columbus German Methodists were separated from their Bara- boo brethren for church purposes, and an independent society was organized. During that year, $213 was raised for ministerial support. The first Trustees of the new society were Louis Kenzel, John Miller, J. Battels, J. Fuhrman and Fr. Topp. In 1866, a church edifice was erected at a cost of $1,185.96, and in 1874, a new house of worship was erected, which cost $5,312.22. Mr. Westerfield's successors have been the Revs. Jacob Haas, Charles Buehner, R. Brueck, F. Conrad (who died here), H. Wegner, H. Eberhardt, J. Binder, Christian Wenz, with George Achenback as assistant, F. Gotschalk, Christian Wenz again, J. Schaefer, F. Kluckkorn, brother of Charles, and E. Fitzner, the present incumbent. The value of church property, including parsonage, is given at $8,400. The Trustees are George Link, Charles Link, Christian Link, F. Wendt, John Lange, John Miller, William Thiede and Christian Moll ; Stewards — Charles Colonius, C.Moll, L. Pietzner, F. Fuhrman and E. Meyer. The member- ship is 244. 682 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The Baptist Church. — Preliminary steps were first taken to organize a Baptist Church on the 28th of May, 1853, and at a council which convened on the 21st of September following, fourteen names were recorded, as follows ; Rev. D. D. Reed, W. S. Read, Morgan Evans, Lucius Warner, Calvin Read, L. B. Read and sisters Emily Read. M. C. Read, Sarah A. Warner, M. A. White, Ann Evans, Mary Read, Caroline Read and Eliza Borden. Rev. D. D. Read was chosen Pastor at the same meeting. Covenant m.eetings were held in private houses and public services in a hall over Cooper's store. In March, 1863, the first steps were taken toward building a church edifice, Messrs. A. Sawyer, William Lewis, L. Warner, H. Vincent, A. B. Good- rich and H. Seftens being appointed as a building committee. The structure — an imposing brick at the corner of Broadway and Harrison streets, costing something over $4,000 — was completed in the fall of 1864, and dedicated the following spring. The whole number of names on the church book is 165. Forty-two persons have been baptized since the church was organized. Of this number of baptisms the Rev. L. Bath performed twenty-five. The Pastors since the time of Mr. Drake have been the Revs. Mr. Coffin, Mr. Wade, S. Jones, L. Bath, Mr. Eldridge, J. V. Stratton, R. J. Langridge, W. A. Cain and S. Gorman. At the close of Mr. Eldridge's pas- torate, the church was supplied during a few months by the Rev. P. McLeod. During a vacancy which occurred after his departure, services were conducted by L. Bath, E. Butterfield and A. B. Goodrich. Rev. J. McDonald served the church as supply for several months. The principal Deacons have been Brethren Hoppin, Starks, A. Sawyer and Comstock ; Clerks, Brethren D. D. Reed, Starks, Seifens and M. W. Sawyer, the latter being the present Clerk. The present officers of the church and society are: Trustees — E. P. Waldo, I. Merriam, M. Starkweather, V. Irjns and W. H. Myers; Deacon — M. D. Comstock ; Treasurer — M. W. Saw- yer. The membership is thirty-five. German Lutheran Church. — Over a (juarter of a century ago, emigration from the " old home in Germany " found its way to Wisconsin and to the vicinity of Columbus, then only a small village. Several German families had settled here, including notably various former res- idents of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg. The desire to enjoy religious privileges similar to those in Germany led a number of them to form a religious society in Columbus in 1865. The first ministrations were by a clergyman from Watertown, whose name is not now of record or in remembrance. The first regular minister was Mr. Oswald, who came in 1855, and who, at first, preached in a private house, and subsequently in the old schoolhouse. Among the first members were Joachim and Christian Boelte, Henry Lange, Christian Westen, John Mauth, Joachim Herman and John and Christian Schwiesow, who are yet all members of the society. The following early members of the society are dead or have removed : John C. Lang, Charles Boldt, Christian 5liller, Fred Spechdt, Fred Kuhl, Charles Linck. Henry Niemeyer, Sr., and John Topp, Sr. The congregation increased hy new arrivals from Germany and by local accessions until the necessity for a church edifice became apparent. February 14, 1857, J. T. Lewis donated Lot 9, Block 10, West Columbus, as a site, and on May 3, 1858, while the Rev. Renter was in pastoral charge, articles of agreement were signed, by which was formed the Evangelical Lutheran Zion congregation of Columbus. The first Board of Trustees were John Prien, Christian Mueller, Julius Fuchs, Carl Boldt, Fred Spechdt and John Lang. The building of a church was commenced on the donated site, but a majority of the congre- gation deemed another location more desirable, and the lot given by Mr. Lewis was sold, and Lot 1, Block 13, of Birdsey's Addition was selected. This lot was also a donation for the same purpose, by A. P. Birdsey, and was given on the 2d of December, 1858. The first church was built during the ministry of Rev. H. P. Duborg, in 1859. He was succeeded, in 1860, by the Rev. Braun. On the 24th of August, 1864, the congregation extended a call to the Rev. Meyer, and he sustained the ministerial relation until the close of 1865. On the 8th of January, 1866, it was resolved to purchase from Smith Haines Lot 12, Block 8, of Birdsey's Addition, and to use the house thereon as a parsonage. The sale was per- fected on the 27th of that month. On the 11th of March following, Rev. A. Liefeldt became HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 683 the Pastor, Prof. Moldehucke, of Watertown, having preached several times during the interval. The growth of the congregation was steady and rapid, and an enlargement of the church soon became necessary. It was finally resolved, at a meeting held on the 28th of April, 1868, that the Board of Trustees be empowered to purchase from A. C. Olds Lots 6 and 7, and the south- west half of Lot 8, in Block 16, and to sell the society's other real estate. On the 4>th of July, 1868, it was resolved to remove the church edifice to its present site, and on that plan the build- ing should be enlarged. The sale of the other property was made to C. Zarz, September 30, 1868, and on the following day the deed for the new site was executed. During this period, the Rev. A. Liefeldt had resigned and the Bev. C. Oppen had assumed pastoral relations. On the 3d of May, 1869, the enlargement of the church was decided upon, and Messrs. John Prion and Joachim Herman were appointed a committee to procure the plan and engage an architect to take charge of the construction. The addition was completed in 1869. In April, 1876, Rev. Mr. Oppen resigned. Rev. Aug. F. Ernst, of the Northwestern University at Watertown, ofiBciated until the 21st of May, 1876, when Rev. Henry Vogel became the minister. Again the congregation increased beyond the limits of the church, and in the first part of July, 1877, a new building was ordered. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Julius Vogt, Chris. Boelte, Henry Boelte, Fred Messow and E. V. Briesen, was appointed to make plans and estimates for another new edifice. The plan proposed a building 70 feet long and 40 feet wide, with a belfry 125 feet high, and was accepted as to its general features September 2, 1877. The estimated cost was $5,000. A few changes were ordered, and E. T. Mix, of Milwaukee, was directed to perfect a plan, which he did. In the mean time, the subscription showed $-1,800 to be in readi- ness, and on the 9th of December, 1877, the erection of the new church was voted, the plan of Mr. Mix being adopted. John Prien, Julius Krueger, E. V. Briesen, Christian Boelte and Aug. Reddemann were named as the building committee, who, with the Board of Trustees, were empowered to make necessary contracts, and to superintend the work, E. V. Briesen to be chairman of the committee, Julius Krueger, secretary, and H. A. Lueders, treasurer. Con- tracts were let to Henry Bolte for the stone, brick and plaster work, for $1,500, and to R. D. Vanakin for the carpenter and joiner work and the painting, for $8,800. The organ used in the old church was bought, in 1873, of the Lutheran congregation of Sheboygan. On the 2d day of June, 1878, on the Sunday called Exandi, the corner-stone of the building was laid with appropriate ceremonies, and on the 3d of November following the church was dedicated, the Rev. Deninger, of Waterloo, preaching the dedicatory sermon in presence of a large assem- blage, composed of representatives from Beaver Dam, Lowell, Waterloo and Portage. The 1,600-pound bell in this church- has something of a history. The metal from which it is made was presented to the society, in 1873, by the Emperor of Germany. On the 4th of July, 1876 (the centennial anniversary of America's independence), there arrived at New York from Berlin one six-pounder brass cannon and four pieces of other cannon, consigned to the Lutheran con- gregation of Columbus. These strange implements of warfare were of French pattern and were a part of the fruits of the conquest of Alsace and Lorraine. They reached Columbus on the 2d of February, 1877, and in April, 1878, were reshipped to Baltimore, where they were recast into a bell bearing the following inscription: " I call the living ones, I mourn the dead ones, I break the lightning." The Lutheran Church is a splendid piece of architecture, built of cream brick and trimmed with red brick. The entire structure, including the bell and organ, cost $7,000. The present officers of the church are M. Blievernicht, Aug. Reddemann, Christoph Boelte, Hy. A. Lueders (Secretary), John Topp (Treasurer), Charles Ulm. jS'if. Jerome s Ohurch. — There is no record or remembrance of earlier Christian effort in Columbus, according to Romish tenets, than that embracing the ministrations of that pioneer apostle, the Rev. Martin Kundig, whose footprints we encounter in the early church history of almost every city or village of note in Central and Southeastern Wisconsin. He bore the cross into Columbus in the winter of 1856, and planted it in the midst of a small flock 'of the faithful, who hailed it with all the reverence begotten of earnest belief. The rude homes in which the members of the primitive parish lived were dedicated to the cause of the church, and their doors 684 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. thrown open to receive the reverend father. Masses were said in the log cabins of the parish- ioners with all the profound impressiveness that now characterizes the more attractive service from gilt and draped altars, which echo back the notes of solemn-toned organs. A common tin pan then served as a baptismal font, and a gourd of water from the Crawfish River, properly blessed, removed the stain of sin from the finger-tips of devout believers. Early in the spring of 1856, work was commenced upon the foundation of a church edifice, on a lot donated for the purpose by A. P. Birdsey, and in June of that year the corner-stone was laid. For want of sufficient means, no further progress was made till 1864, when work was resumed, and, in 1866, during the pastorate and under the supervision of the Rev. E. McGuirk, the present substantial house of worship was completed. In the mean time, a temporary wooden structure had been built and occupied. Father Kundig's successors and McGuirk's predecessors were the Revs. Downey and Purcell. The first resident Pastor was the Rev. James O'Keefe, who succeeded to the charge in September, 1868. In that year, the red brick parsonage was purchased for ^1,400. Father O'Keefe remained until May, 1870, being followed by Father McGuirk, who found both the affairs of the church and the spiritual condition of the parishioners much more satisfactory than when he had previously visited the place as a missionary. The fruits of his earlier labors were fast ripening. His stay was brief, however, being succeeded by the Rev. E. Gray, who, in December, 1872, retired in favor of the Rev. Henry Roche, the present incumbent. A much- needed addition was made to the church in 1879, making the total cost of the building about $5,000. The size of the parish is given at eighty families. The Universalists. — The Rev. Dudley Tyng will be remembered by the people of Columbus as having presided over a society of Universalists a quarter of a century ago. This society went out of existence, and in February, 1866, a new one was organized from the fragments of the former society, by the Rev. M. G. Todd. The church was organized in- September, 1869, and a church edifice erected that year at a cost of $7,000. Mr. Todd continued as Pastor until November, 1878, when he resigned and was succeeded by the Rev. Edgar Leavitt, the incumbent. The first officers of the present society were : John Hasey, President of the Board of Trustees ; A. Chapman, Treasurer ; Deacons, Rev. Dudley Tyng and L. H. Bingham. The present officers are the same, with the exception of the Rev. Mr. Tyng, who is now deceased. The Episcopalians. — Luther Gregory was the first Rector, and the parish was organized over twenty years ago. The church edifice was built in 1871, at a cost of $3,000. S. S. Burleson is the present Rector. His circuit includes Beaver Dam, Fox Lake, Juneau, Doylestown and Columbus. MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. The first piece of machinery put in motion in Columbus was the rude attachment to Maj. Dickason's "up-and-down" saw. This earliest of all early Columbus pioneers built the first dam on the Crawfish River. It was he who first taught the stream to leap forth in the morning to its toil, and to glide away at evening to its rest. The Major put in a run of stones soon after getting his saw into operation, and thus he became the only miller for many miles around. In 1843, he was compelled to turn over the mill to Jere- miah Drake, who came as the agent and manager of Lewis Ludington. The grinding of grain was then made the leading feature. Another run of stones was added, but even this increase of facilities could not cope with the accumulating grists. People came from Madison, Stevens Point and other remote settlements to the Columbus mill. The various grists were numbered and had to " take their turn," many of them lying over for two weeks at a time. This was a serious condition of things when bread was short. One of the pioneers of Columbus relates with apparent amusement, having gone to the mill with a few bags of wheat at a time when there " wasn't a crust in the house." He found so many ahead of him that, had he taken his place in the hungry'procession, he could not have i-eached home until late on the following day. The lamentable condition in which he had left his family urged him to use a little strategy ; so, the miller's back being turned about the time the hopper became empty, he quietly turned his grist HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 687 therein, but the miller made the discovery too late to remedy the matter ; the hopper was full, and the only way to empty it was to keep the wheels turning and grind it out. In August', 1849, thirty-one years ago, J. S. Manning purchased the property. He has made many im- provements about the old place, putting in an entirely new outfit of machinery. In 1858, a new stone dam was built, but a portion of it has since washed away. The main dam is now constructed of wood. In 1876, a sixty-horse power engine was added to the other improvements. Since then, water has been universally abundant. There are now four runs of stones in the mill, and it has a capacity of about one hundred bushels per day The Foundry.— In 1869, or perhaps a year earlier. Hall & Caswell established a factory in Columbus, where they turned out wagons, corn-plows, etc. Mr. Caswell soon retired from the business, selling his interest to a son of Mr. Hall, the firm becoming S. C. Hall & Son. In September, 1879, Bolte & Eckofi" purchased the property. They have added largely to the ma- chinery and now manufacture the "Eureka" windmill, upon which Mr. Bolte has a patent, it being his own invention. They also manufacture the " Economist " churn. Connected with the institution is a foundry in which are used all the modern appliances, and one run of stones upon which feed is ground, the whole being operated by a large and powerful engine. The Elevator. — Built in 1865, by Farnham & Allen, now managed under the firm name of Farnham, Allen & Co. The elevator building proper is 40x40 feet, and has a capacity of 30,- 000 bushels of grain. Besides the usual machinery attached to elevators, there are two runs of stones for grinding feed, the whole being operated by a twenty-horse power engine. Adjoining the elevator is a warehouse 60x40 feet, built in 1856. Near by is the extensive storehouse of Messrs. Churchill & Sexton, built in the spring of 1877. It IS 130 feet long and 36 feet wide, and has an area of floor capable of holding 20,1)00 bushels of grain. Columbus Marble TTorfe.— Established by Wilson & Cramm in 1867, near the Fox House on James street. In 1869, G. L. Graham purchased the works of Mr. Wilson, the latter having previously bought out his partner, Mr. Cramm, and removed it to the present site of Lender & Krouse's store, and later, to the present site of Henderson's Opera House. J. P. Miller then became a partner and remained three years. A partnership was then formed with W. T. Turner. In 1872, the concern was moved to its present site. In 1878, H. M. Blumen- thal took a third interest, and a year later, Mr. Turner retired in favor of his son, W. R. Turner. In January, 1880, Mr. Graham disposed of his interest to his partners, and the firm is now Turner & Blumenthal. From four to six hands are employed, and the result of their labor finds ready sale within a radius of forty miles. Machine Shop, etc.— In 1870, S. Hutchinson established in Columbus as an agricultural implement dealer. In March, 1875, J. G. Kanouse took a half interest with him, and the firm commenced the manufacture of pumps on a small scale, and also repaired machinery. A ten- horse power engine is employed in the business. Attached to the shop are a turning lathe and a planing machine. On the 3d of April, 1880, Mr. Kanouse went out, leaving Mr. Hutchinson sole proprietor. Joiner and Builder— Among the institutions of Columbus, none have borne a more im- portant part in the growth of the place than the estabishment of R. D. Vanaken. Twenty-five years ago, he commenced in Columbus as a builder, manufacturing his own windows, doors, sash, etc., and has since erected nearly two hundred houses in and around the city. Many of the handsome stores, dwellings and churches in Columbus are of his workmanship. Breiveries.— Jacob Jussen was the pioneer brewer of Columbus. He built a small house on the west bank of the Crawfish, as early as 1848. The old Gambrinian temple still stands, though its beams are bent with the burden of time, and the walls within are odorous with age and the fumes of beer. Louis Brauchle purchased the establishment in 1849, and though he has repaired and rebuilt and made additions to it, the general decay that pervades the premises must ultimately triumph in their destruction. The old maltster long since passed the meridian of life, and soon both he and his brewery must take places among the things that were. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTT. In 1859, Henry Kurth came to Columbus with his family and a four-barrel brewer's boiler. He located in the southwestern portion of the then village, and commenced the manufacture of the "creamy, dreamy beer." It must have been a profitable business, for, in 1865, ho built a large brick brewery, at a cost of nearly ^^-4,000, and a year later put in a large boiler and added other improved appliances. His establishment has now a capacity of about sixty barrels a week, though the demand only reaches from two hundred to three hundred barrels per year. In 1869, Stephen Fleck built the Farmers' Brewery. Its custom is entirely local. BANKS. Isaiah Robinson carried on the first money exchange business in Columbus. His opera- tions were necessarily the reverse of extensive, but were in keeping with the " small things " of the early fifties. R. W. Chadbourn engaged in the same branch of business in 1853, making insurance and real estate two of the three specialties. Money, however, seemed to be most largely in demand, and Mr. Chadbourn turned his attention almost entirely to this branch of his business. Bank of Columbus. — In December, 1856, W. L. Lewis started the first bank of issue in Columbus. In it were interested C. C. Barnes and James Barnes, the latter being Cashier. Mr. Lewis was the President. About 1859, the institution became the property of Willard Scott and Vosburg Sprague, under whose management it ceased to exist in 1861. On the 7th of September of that year, R. W. Chadbourn opened a private banking insti- tution, in the same building vacated by Messrs. Scott & Sprague, and in 1863, it was organized under the National Banking Law, as the First National Bank of Columbus, with a paid-up capital of $50,000. Its number (178) indicates it as having been among the first institutions of the kind. The officers under this organization were R. W. Chadbourn, President ; S. W. Chadbourn, Cashier ; Directors — R. W. Chadbourn, S. W. Chadbourn, William M. Gris- wold, George Griswold and F. F. Farnham. Upon the death of Mr. Farnham, in 1877, C. L. Waldo became a Director. Otherwise the management has remained unchanged. Union Bank. — In September, 1861, John R. Wheeler opened a private bank in A. G. Cook's building, and soon afterward organized under the State Banking Law, in connection with Marshall Ilsley, of Milwaukee banking fame. Mr. Wheeler was the President, and A. G. Cook, Cashier. The capital stock was $100,000. In 1872, Mr. Wheeler having retired the circulation and discontinued the organization of the bank, it was transferred to L. R. Rockwell, who has continued it to the present time as a private bank. The Union Bank building, one of the architectural ornaments of the city, was erected in 1865. COLUMBUS LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. The intelligence of a community is usually gauged by the literary patronage of its citizens. The support the people of Columbus have given to the Public Library is excellent testimony of this. On the 20th of January, 1877, a meeting of prominent citizens was held at the Opera House, for the purpose of organizing a library association. The necessary preliminary steps taken, an adjournment was had until the 27th of the same month, at which time the organiza- tion was completed by the election of the following officers : President, Matthew Lowth ; Vice President, E. S. Griswold ; Secretary, C. L. Dering ; Treasurer, L. R. Rockwell. Directors, for one year — R. W. Chadbourn, John Topp and William M. Griswold ; for two years — J. Q. Adams, D. S. Fuller and Edward Bowen ; for three years — R. W. Earll, D. C. Davies and E. E. Chapin. At the same meeting ex-Gov. Lewis donated fifty-four volumes of books. Another meeting was held on the 30th of January, at which committees were appointed as follows : Library Committee — W. M. Griswold, D. C. Davies and E. E. Chapin ; Committee on Rooms — J. Q. Adams, D. S. Fuller and Edward Bowen ; Finance — R. W. Chadbourn, J. Topp and R. W. Earll. E. S. Griswold tendered the use of two rooms in his brick block, which were accepted, and thanks voted. Miss Mattie Walsh was appointed Librarian. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 689 The officers for 1878 were the same as in 1877, Messrs. Chadbourn, Topp and W. M. Gris- wold being elected Directors for three years. On the 29th of April, 1878, an executive com- mittee was appointed, consisting of E. S. Griswold, J. Topp and W. M. Griswold. In 1879, M. Lowth, E. S. Griswold and L. R. Rockwell were re-elected President, Vice President and Treasurer, respectively, Mic Adams succeeding C. L. Dering as Secretary. The Directors were J. Q. Adams, D. S. Fuller and Edward Bowen. The same executive com- mittee chosen in 1878 were re-appointed, and Flora Walsh succeeded to the position of Librarian, holding it till November, 1879, when Helen Walsh was appointed. In 1880, the only change in officers was the election of R. W. Earll, D. C. Davies and E. E. Chapin as Directors, and the appointment of M. Adams, D. S. Fuller and J. Topp as the executive committee. The first pui'chase of books was made in March, 1877, of Jansen, McClurg & Co., to the amount of $550. Various purchases have been made since then, the total amount expended to the present time being $830. In 1878, the young ladies of Columbus presented the association with $59 in cash, the proceeds of a concert given by them for that pui-pose. Quite a number of donations of books have been made. The association is composed of seventy-five life members, each of whom paid $10. One of the rules of the association provides for the admission of annual members at $1.50 each for the first year, and $1 for each subsequent year they remain as such. The annual membership has grown to important proportions. There are 1,000 volumes in the collection. Nearly one-fourth of this number is continuously in the hands of patrons. HOTELS. When the village of Columbus was platted by Lewis Ludington, it presented a promising picture — on paper. Passing through the eastern limits, the rippling Crawfish marked its wind- ing course. Leading away to the southwest from the river's oak-fringed banks to the borders of clustering groves in the distance were broad avenues with other avenues crossing them at right angles. Near the river's edge was an entire block marked "public square," and not far away a "park," " schoolhouse," "church," "hotel," etc. — all donations from the proprietor of the village. H. A. Whitney was the lucky possessor of that portion of the plat indicated as the "hotel," corner of James and Ludington streets, and in the summer of 184-4, he secured abso- lute title to it by building a hotel upon it. It was a one-and-ahalf-story frame. Most of the lumber of which it was built was hauled from Aztalan. In the lower portion, Mr. Whitney kept a small stock of goods. About 1848, it passed into the hands of a man named Thomas, who devoted the entire establishment to the accommodation of the public. A. P. Birdsey pur- chased from Mr. Thomas. He built an addition to it and conducted it for a number of years. Whitney & McCafferty were the next landlords. At the end of a year and a half, they retired from the business, and the concern was then rented. On the 8th of October, 1857, it was com- pletely destroyed by fire. The work of rebuilding commenced at once. Winter was approach- ing and Columbus was without a hotel. There are few instances to record where so much energy is displayed as was the case in the construction of the present Fox House. Within eighteen days from the time the first shovel of earth was removed in excavating for the foundations, a substantial four-story brick had been erected, and workmen were engaged putting on the roof. Mr. Whitney surprised himself as well as his friends. The following spring, it was rented to a Mr. Gardiner, and not long afterward Mr. Whitney took the management upon himself. At the end of four years, he sold out to G. Fuller, but was compelled to take it back. Soon after- ward, an old ex-sea-captain piloted his bark into Columbus, and, purchasing the Whitney House, anchored for a brief time. But the winds were unfavorable, and the old salt turned the house over to Mr. Whitney. Enoch Pulver then became the purchaser. A man named Graves bought of Pulver, and Julius Fox, the present owner, purchased of Mr. Graves. One of the early institutions of Columbus was the old Mountain House, which stood on the high ground not far from J. T. Lewis' residence. Its career as a hotel was brief, though how brilliant is not known. 690 HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. COLUMBUS OPERA HOUSE. In 1872, the old Methodist church buikling was purchased by J. T. Henderson. It was then located near the present site of the foundry. From there it was removed to Broadway and converted into a public hall, and, in 1877, it was "made over" into an opera house. It was thought to be a fine edifice in its day. The voice of prayer has often been heard within its walls, and it has echoed to much pulpit eloquence of all sorts. In it Mrs. Van Cott made her series of public appeals and won sinners by her personal magnetism. When it had been decided to convert it into an opera house, a structure 16x35 was added for stage purposes. On the first floor are two rooms for rehearsals, etc., and the second floor is used entirely as a stage. Mr. A. Leibig, of Mayville, Dodge County, who was a scenic painter before he left Germany, e.xecuted the stage decorations. The total cost of the stage improvements is $1,200, of which $500 is for scenery. The hall will seat nearly four hundred. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. Among other important clauses in the original city charter of Columbus was one providing for the establisliment of a fire department. Accordingly, on the 26th of December, 1877, the City Council entered into a contract with the Babcock Manufacturing Company, of Chi- cago, for two of their extinguishers and one hook and ladder truck, for $1,800. At the same meeting of the Council, authority was granted for the formation of three fire companies. On the 19th of October previous, the Germania Fire Company was organized by the election of Fred. Hanneman, Foreman ; John Topp, First Assistant ; H. A. Lueders, Second Assistant ; Fred. Wirth, Treasurer ; E. Von Briesen, Secretary, and V. Batz, Marshal. The other mem- bers of the company were D. Stark, G. Link, J. Lemcke, C. Topp, C. Ulm, C. Mirow, J. Engel, M. Rueth, F. F. Wilske and A. Miller. The present ofiicers are : H. A. Lueders, Foreman ; John Topp and G. Link, Assistants ; G. Woehlert, Treasurer ; E. Von Briesen, Secret ary, and W. Hanneman, Marshal. On the 6th of December, 1877, Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 was organized with the following ofiicers : E. Blasius, Foreman ; J. McCabe, First Assistant ; W. Vanaken, Second Assistant ; T. Robinson, Secretary, and T. Morris, Treasurer. The other first members were M. Houghton, J. Mettler, T. Clatworthy, T. Nix, G. Mohring, C. Kellar, J. Cagney, A. Hirscher, S. Harding, S. McConnell,- G. H. ColviUe, S. F. Strehmel, 0. Schmidt, J. C. Hutch- inson and J. A. Welton. The present officers are: M. J. Durkan, Foreman; J. A. Welton and J. Dreyer, Assistants ; J. Schaeffer, Secretary ; G. H. Colville, Treasurer ; J. B. Barney, Marshal. Columbia Fire Company was organized December 10, 1877. Officers and members : W. G. Bresee, Foreman ; J. Jackson and R. Cunningham, Assistants ; C. E. Fowler, Secretary ; T. F. Sweeney, Treasurer ; Charles Mohring, E. J. Davis, C. Randall, E. Kendall, J. Kendall, H. Annis, C. Cooper, D. McLarty, D. Griffiths, S. B. Kendall, L. Zick and J. Richards. This company was disbanded on the 9th of April, 1880. On the 13th of November, L. J. Sawyer was elected Chief Engineer of the Fire Depart- ment, by the Common Council, but did not qualify. J. Cagney was chosen Assistant Chief, and the City Clerk and City Treasurer appointed to act as ex officio Clerk and Treasurer. The present Assistant Engineer is Andrew Hirscher. Since the organization of the department, there have been three fires in Columbus. March 19, 1878, the calaboose was destroyed ; March 27, the same year, J. J. Sutton's dwelling and barn, a somewhat memorable fire in the annals of Columbus ; September 27, 1S78, J. Kuhl's dwelling. LODGES AND SOCIETIES. The common tendency of civilized people to form themselves into societies for mutual advancement developed itself at a very early day in Columbus. From records still in existence, we find that a lodge of Odd Fellows was founded here, in 1849. It was called Columbus Lodge, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 691 No. 40, and was organized on the 12th of September, with D. F. Newcomb, Andrew Higley, Benj. F. Hart, F. A. Fowler, J. J. Guppey, H. S. Haskell and Jerome B. Fargo as charter members. It prospered and grew in numbers until 1872, when it suspended operations. In 1869, Benjamin Kelsey, J. R. Jones, A. H. Vanvoorhes, C. H. Townley, T. C. Charles, E. Richards and A. Miller applied for and received a charter for Ridgley Lodge, No. 165, but upon discovery that there already existed a lodge by that name (No. 82), it became necessary to adopt a new title for the new lodge, and on the 8th of May (the charter bears date of April 24, 1869) the word Gem, was substituted for Ridgley. The present officers of Gem Lodge are : F. Wirth, N. G.: Samuel McLarty, V. G.; W.- G. Bresee, Sec; L. Williams, P. S.; Robert Griffiths, Treas. The lodge has sixty-one members. Mizpah Encampment, No. 61. — Organized May 6, 1875, with C. L. Bering as C. P.; Robert Griffiths, H. P.; F. W. Hart, Treas.; L.Williams, S. W.; C. S. McFadyen, J. W.; and L. E. Everson, Scribe. The present officers are : W. K. Hosken, C. P.; C. S. McFadyen, H. P.; R. Griffiths, S. W.; Benjamin Kelsey, J. W.; F. Wirth, Treas.; W. G. Bresee, Scribe. Number of members, twenty-three. Irene {Rebecca) Lodge, No. 59. — Chartered November 25, 1879, with the following signa- tory members : W. A. Thompson, T. B. Elmore, C. Thiese, W. J. Edwards, W. K. Hosken, J. F. Buschke, S. McLarty, W. G. Bresee, A. D. Brewer, R. Griffiths, H. Annis, L. F. Owen, J. R. Jones, J. R. Decker, L. E. Everson, G. Mclntyre, C. S. McFadyen, M. G. Todd, F. Wirth, and sisters Hosken, Griffiths, Bresee, Annis, Todd, Jones, Brewer, Thiese, Elmore and Decker. The present officers are : Samuel McLarty, N. G.; Mrs. H. M. Todd, V. G.; W. G. Bresee, Sec; Mrs. W. K. Hosken, Treas. Thirty-two members. Meetings are held by the various lodges over Bassett & Davis' store. The Masons — Columbus Lodge, No. 75. — Organized June 12, 1856, with the following charter members : F. Macauley Black, Edward Jussen, Silas Axtell, Peter Wentz, S. C. Higby, A. P. Birdsey, J. S. Manning, Benjamin Campbell, J. A. Elliott, B. F. Hart, J. J. Smith, E. E. Chapin, B. Chase, Robert Mills and J. H. Valentine. Messrs. Black, Jussen and A.xtell were the first officers. The present are M. Adams, W. M.; N. Sawyer, S. W.; E. Churchill, J. W.; J. A. Erhart, Treas.; B. E. Johnson, Sec; 0. E. Cornwell, S. D.; L. A. Randall, J. D.; D. D. Kelsey, Tiler. Meetings are held over Griswold's store, where the lodge has a well- appointed hall. The Good Templars. — As early as 1850, an organization known as the Sons of Temperance was effected in Columbus, and the work of reformation in this direction has gone steadily for- ward with slight variations of success. Among those who were prominently connected with the various temperance movements of early times, may be mentioned Chester W. Dean.* W. W. Drake, John H. Valentine, William McCracken,* R. W. Chadbourn, Samuel McLarty, H. Loomis, A. D. Williams, Milford Loomis, D. F. Newcomb,* and others. Meetings were then held over Swarthout's drug store, where Hayden Brothers' place now is. The ladies of the village took an active part, and the society succeeded in gathering quite an extensive library. On one occasion the, lady members were allowed to vote on an important question, and this being a violation of the then existing condition of things, the Grand Lodge of the Sons of Temperance threatened a revocation of their charter and a confiscation of the property belong- ing to the liberal-minded cold-water champions of Columbus. In order that they might save their library, the lodge surrendered their charter to the Grand Lodge and went over to the Good Templars in a body. About 1855, a grand temperance sleigh-ride was gotten up. Three or four " bobs " were lashed together with ropes, and eight horses hitched to the concern. Fifty-six persons took passage for Beaver Dam in it. An hour and a half's drive brought the party to their destination, where a temperance dinner awaited them. On the 6th of February, 1874. Columbus Lodge, No. 46, I. 0. G. T., was organized with the following charter members : E. D. Kanouse, E. G. Stitt, Rev. W. A. Cain, L. Williams and wife, R. Griffiths and wife, Walter Stitt, T. H. McConnell, Mrs. A. McConnell, Annie 692 . • HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. M. McConnell, C. E. McConnell, Joel Winch, Mollie Campbell, H. D. James, Alice Randall, F. L. Jones, Willie Loomis, J. F. Shadduck, F. W. lint. Thsrpn Dodd, D. J. Kelsey, J. W. Campbell and wife, Eugene Everson, J. W. Quain, W. E B ith, Hattie Tjng Griswold, Lorinda M. Drake, George Drake, Ettie Lee, George Spencer, T. D. Stultz, J. Roberts. W. G. Bresee and M. G. St. John. The present officers of the society are: T. Sanderson. W. C. T. ; Nellie McLarty, W. V. T. ; J. Harris, W. S. ; R. Griffiths, W. F. R. ; May Harris, W. T. ; Anna Loomis, W. C. ; R. Turner, Marshal; J. Birdsey, L G. ; H. W. Meyers, 0. G. Meetings are held over R. Griffiths' furniture store. Columbus Temple, N'o. 19, T. of 5^.— Ini?tituted April 23, 1875. Charter members, Rev. H. Sewell, E. D. Kanouse, B. F. Hart, M. G. St. John, Jay Jennings, E. E. Jones, J. R. Jones, William Cole, R. T. Williams, R. Griffiths, P. J. Umbrite, H Annis, G. Tollard, T. H. McConnell, A. Whitney, T. L. Jones, L. Wiiliami, J. W. Qaain, F. W. Hart, J. Jack- son, M. W. Sawyer, E. Federly and Samuel Hutchinson. Tliere are now seventy-five members in the temple; following are the officers: R. Griffiths, W. C. T. ; D. McLarty, W. V. T. ; S. McLarty, P. W. C. T. ; M. W. Sawyer. Rec. Sec ; H. Annis, Asst. Sec. ; W. Thompson, Fin. Sec. ; S. Nelson, Treas. ; A. W. Fuller, U. ; F. Heise, D. U. ; John Leith, W. S. ; J. McConnell, W. G. Meetings are held over R. Griffiths' furniture store. Turnverein G-ermania. — The "Columbus Turnverein Society" was the title of an organization which existed from about 1865 to 1869. Through a lack of proper interest it dis- banded, and, in 1874, a new organization was effected with the same laudable objects which had animated the leaders of the one defunct. A permanent organization was reached October 14. the books showing the following charter members : J. Engel, 0. Vogl, M. Alft. F. Wirth, H. F. Vogl, G. Morrisse, Antone Winter, J. G. Stahl, J. Siepp, C. Mohring, J. Kurth, J. Alts- schwager, G. Knaak, L. Knaak, C. Roth and G. Sproesser. The first officers were: Otto Vogl, President; 0. Mohring, Vice President; F. Wirth, Treasurer; J. Engel, Secretary. The present are: John Topp, President; J. A. Erhart, Vice President; F. Wirth, Treasurer; J. Engel, Secretary ; M. Ehrmann and H. A. Leaders, Wardens. The Turnverein is com- posed of about forty-five members, and is located in Henderson's Opera House. St. Jerome's Temperance Society. — Organized January 1, 1876, by the election of the fol- lowing officers: President, Terrence Flannagan ; Vice President, M. V. Cunningham; Secre- tary, B. Conlin ; Treasurer, John Crook ; Spiritual Director, Rev. H. J. Roche. In May, 1880, a library association was formed by the members of this society, and they now have 100 volumes of choice books. The present officers of the society are : President, Stephen Tobin ; Vice President, T. Conlin ; Secretary, R. S. Cunningham. Mr. Roche is a strong advocate of temperance principles, and is meeting with considerable success in his work. CEMETERIES. When Lewis Ludington platted the village of Columbus in 1844, he donated to the use of the citizens of both town and village for burial purposes the most appropriate spot within the boundaries of the plat — the rise of ground now lying in the northeastern portion of the city. The first burial made there was that of the body of Hiram Allen, an early settler, who died in 1845. The cemetery question has entered quite largely into local political contests. When the city was incorporated, it was stipulated that there should be no change in the existing arrange- ments between the village and town. The matter has since been regulated by the Legislature, as follows : " Whenever any town cemetery shall become embraced within the limits of any city the duties and powers of the town board relating thereto shall be exercisedby the Common Council." Catholic Cemetery. — In 1868, St. Jerome's Parish purchased of A. G. Cook suitable grounds for cemetery purposes just north of the public burying-ground. The first interment made therein was in the spring of 1869, the body of Maurice Cunningham, who died the win- ter previous and was buried temporarily in the churchyard, being transferred to the new plat. The grounds have been appropriately laid out and beautified, and the little groves of crosses HISTOEY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 693 that mingle with the growing shrubbery bear ample evidence that the hand of Death has not been idle. LOCAL REMINISCENCES. There are many good stories of early times in Columbus, but they are mostly of the char acter of the majority of good stories — they lose their best qualities when told in print ; press a rose between " morocco " or " sheep " and its fragrance will vanish. The knowledge-box of the average "early settler" teems with pioneer reminiscences, ludicrous and pathetic; but it takes the " average early settler " to relate them. It is beyond the pen of the historian to por- tray, with any depth of interest, the incidents in John Swarthout's first pilgrimage to Colum- bus. It is an easy matter to say, in bare words, that John was the captain of a " prairie schooner" propelled by several yoke of oxen, and that he found himself "unequal to the occasion " whenever it became necessary for him to " talk ox" — for John had been reared a city boy and knew more of the efficacy of pills and squills than he did of the language usually applied to beasts of burden of the bovine species. Stripped of the intonations and gestures of the narrator, the story loses its charm. It would also be a difficult matter for any one besides Uriah Davies to describe the appear- ance of Mr. Swarthout when he came to Columbus the second time, dressed in new " store clothes," his young and tender brow shaded from the torrid rays of the sun by a genteel, and at that date very stylish, white soft hat. Quite a difference of opinion existed among the set- tlers as to the nature of the stranger's calling ; some insisted that he was a minister, while others declared this view to be a libel upon the church. It was some days before the new-comer found favor in their sight. Nor can a correct history be written of the "Codfish Society," so long ago has it been since their martial tread was heard in the streets of Columbus. They were wont to rouse "the boys " from their slumbers and " press them in " at all hours of the night. This once famous quasi-military society acquired its name from the alacrity with which its members could sur- round and annihilate a salt codfish. Its eminent commander saw actual service during the rebellion, leading the gallant Twenty-third through the domain of King Cotton. Codfish was then a luxury. There were initiations by that immortal brotherhood, the A. 0. 0. T. (Ancient Order of One Thousand and One), which, in point of thoroughness, rivaled all other initiations ever heard of. Patent-medicine men, patent-right sharps and such like adventurers, willing to sacrifice a little principle to gain "business prestige," fell easy victims. Occasionally a resident candidate took the " degree " and became honored with membership. But the order is no more. It has passed away, with many another institution, whose existence was in accordance with the con- ditions of society. It has been deemed proper to preserve a few incidents of early times, as illustrating what those conditions of society were. One of the first settlers in Columbiis, who is still living, says the first winter he spent in the place he boarded at the hotel. If there is one thing about that hotel he remembers more distinctly than another, it was the landlady, who was a large, masculine- looking woman, well proportioned (though rather too corpulent to be considered a good figure), and withal a woman of great strength. She sometimes displayed her physical powers in leading unprofitable customers out by the ears, and was, at times, something of a terror to the boarders generally. Our pioneer informant recollects on one occasion hearing an unusual noise in the kitchen of the ancient hostelry, and upon going to see what wonderful thing had happened, found one of the male boarders being used as a rolling-pin by the female Samson. The unfortunate man had in some way interfered with the landlady's prerogative. She was engaged at the time rolling out biscuit on a large table, and had taken the offending boarder, and, sprinkling him well with flour, forcibly laid him across the table, and was rolling him back and forward over the dough, in place of the wooden instrument commonly used for that purpose. The astonished observer of the proceeding thought it best not to interfere. But the old lady soon after came to grief at the hands of her victim. It was in this wise : She very frequently put in an appearance when 694 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. anything interesting was going on, and seemed anxious to know all about it, sometimes taking part in the fun. One afternoon, quite a number of men had collected in front of the hotel, and were engaged in shooting a rifle. The female giant came to the door and said she wasn't afraid to shoot a gun, and would like to try what she could do. The gentleman who had, but a short time previous, been made to serve as a rolling-pin was present ; his time had come to square accounts with his tormentor. There was an old musket setting in the bar-room, which, when heavily loaded, was wonderfully given to kicking. Indeed it was difiicult to tell which was the safer end of the gun to stand in front of when it was discharged. The old " fusee " was brought out and given to the landlady, who knew nothing of the old musket's history, and was equally ignorant of the handling of fire-arms of any caliber. Seizing the weapon, she placed the silent end against her stomach (not her shoulder, as most people do), and pulled the trigger. The reverberating report of the musket was followed by a heavy thud upon the ground. The old lady and the gun had suddenly parted company. The target was untouched, but the earth in front of the hotel looked as if it had stopped a meteor. Dr. A.xtell happened to be present, and by the free use of camphor, the old lady was restored, but she was never again known to engage in artillery practice. It is related that the first attempt to hold a religious meeting in Columbus occurred in 1846. A well-groomed young man put in an appearance one Saturday afternoon and exposed written notices on the four corners, announcing that on the day following he would conduct divine service in the schoolhouse, which was then regarded as an imposing structure. Something of a congre- gation of both sexes duly occupied the benches. The prayer was made fluently enough, and the reading of the sacred poetry was accomplished without any perceptible violence to the sentences. Then the divine plunged glibly into the delivery of his discourse, but, after rolling out a single paragraph, he hesitated, and at once fell over the fragments of a sentence and finally went back to his beginning again. This provoked a ripple of merriment, which was quickly subdued, when, after a little "scoring," his sermon got under headway again. He broke down a second time at the same place, and when he again went back to the commencement to re-form, it was amid something like a general laugh. He went on once more briskly enough till he readied the old pitfall, and there he floundered hopelessly for the third time. The laugh was general and hearty now. In a pause of it the speaker proceeded to say : " I have always believed that I could preach, and, being among strangers, I thought I would take advantage of the opportunity. It's the first time I ever tried it, and, ladies and gentlemen, I haven't done near as well as I expected." Thereupon he fished up his hat, and, quickly vanishing, was never again recog- nized in these parts. In 1846, Elder Winchell, a clergyman of the Baptist style of doing things, arranged for a meeting in the village and secured for the occasion an apartment in the old hotel that then occu- pied the present site of the Fox House, and which ofi'ered about the only feasible place in the settlement for the public breaking of the bread of life. A few of the villagers gathered in to refresh their recollection of meeting as they had been accustomed to it before their removal to the frontier ; but the audience must have been very small indeed, as the residents of the entire hamlet then would not have made a corporal's guard. The minister made fair sailing with the preliminary exercises, and had just started in his discourse with some show even of listening on the part of his little congregation. All at once, however, their attention seemed diverted toward some object in the street and momentarily became more engaged. Presently one of the little company went softly out on tiptoe ; then another, and another, after which the balance of the flock stood not on the order of their going but went noiselessly out in a body, leaving the sur- prised minister entirely alone, and not yet advanced to the middle of his sermon* Bassett & Arnold had recently built a little store, which stood somewhere near the present location of Lenders & Krause's new block, and Bassett, who had been East for a stock of goods, had arrived that Sunday forenoon with a load of mixed merchandise, and his appearance with it in the streets was 80 great an event that it caused the stampede mentioned, and undoubtedly gave the preacher an experience entirely new in his ministry. HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 695 There is "a good one" told of J. T. Lewis, and it is worth preserving for posterity. Not long after his arrival in Columbus, the now ex-Governor was met near the place where he now resides, by E. Thayer and H. Cady. They had just wounded a deer, and the animal was over the hill using his best endeavors to escape. They were on foot and Mr. Lewis was mounted on his Indian pony, and they requested him to give pursuit and secure their venison. Now, it may be premised that he knew as little about the cervine quadruped as any man in these parts, but he gave chase. The difference in the speed of the pony and that of the wounded buck was hardly discernible, but the former gained slowly, and after a sharp run came alongside. The rider was at the moment perfectly guiltless of any weapons of offense or defense, and the buck had ugly antlers, a circumstance before unthought of, but Mr. Lewis unhesitatingly flung that physique which was subsequently to embellish the gubernatorial chair of Wisconsin, pronely upon the back of the running deer. It was a seat even more uncertain than the seat of power, and his future Excellency was precipitated several yards into the snow. He shook him- self from his descent, and, bethinking himself of his pocket knife, followed on foot the now almost exhausted animal, and, after one or two ineffectual attempts, succeeded in dispatching the deer by stabbing him in the neck, and was himself completely covered with blood. The national anniversary of our independence was first commemorated in Columbus in 1846. Most of the settlers for miles around were convened and expressed their patriotism with- out any reference to the conventionalities that came in later years. The country tavern which then stood on the present site of the Fox House, had been transferred by Mr. Whitney to a Mr. L. Thomas, and here the dance, indispensable at such a time, was held. In those days most of the settlers were young or unmarried men, and the gentler sex did not exist in the proportion in which they are now to be found. Partners were in demand, and all the wearers of petti- coats were impressed into the service. Many of those who were noted for their grave and dig- nified deportment that year passed the night of the '2d decorating the hall, danced all night on the 3d, and spent the night of the 4th in genera! jollification. The portico of J. T. Lewis' little law office was the rostrum for the orator of the day, who was Mr. Lewis himself, and Dr. Axtell read the Declaration of Independence. The ordnance consisted of a couple of anvils, the one inverted on the other, and the martial music to stir the patriotic breast of the early resi- dents included a fife and drum, the latter manipulated by A. P. Birdsey. The first court ever held in Columbus was when the old district system obtained, and was presided over by Judge Alexander W. Stowe in the old schoolhouse. Judge C. H. Larrabee was elected for this district, but at the time had made an exchange. Judge Stowe was an old bachelor of rather an harmonious turn of mind, and several dry jokes are related concerning him. During the first term of the court, T. Clark Smith was Sheriff and H. A. Whitney was Deputy. In the first case that was tried the jury went out under the direction of the Deputy to a room in the Whitney House to make up their verdict. The deliberation extended into the night, and the jurors, becoming convinced they could not agree, suddenly dispersed through the window, des- pite all the efforts of the deputy. It was at this same term of court that Judge Stowe fined a petit juror for contempt, to which judicial visitation the party punished replied promptly and cheerfully, "Fine and be d — d," whereupon the court "went and saw him" in a second mulct, which satisfied him. The first proceedings in the Justice Court in Columbus was an action of assault and bat- tery, wherein one Joseph Brown did do Bob Mills bodily harm contrary to law. He was tried before Squire Allen. Josiah Arnold, now Mayor of Portage, was a Columbus pioneer. He was a Massa- chusetts boy, and his birthplace was among the hills of Berkshire. He came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1843, and located at Janesville, then a small settlement. In 1845, Arnold and D. E. Bassett, another Columbus pioneer, started business together at Janesville, and conducted it there for about a year. Thinking the demands of trade too fully met in Janesville, Arnold started northward on horseback, in August, 1845, to find a new location. He came by way of Lake Mills and Waterloo, and night overtook him about six miles south of the hamlet of Columbus. 696 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. He inquired at the double log house, which was then occupied by a man named Paddock, and which is on the farm now occupied by Cyrus Montgomery, if he could find accommodations for the night. The lady of the rude mansion, which was kept as a sort of hostelry, told him that he could, if he would take care of his own horse. He accordingly mowed the animal some feed from the lu.xuriant meadow of nature which grew close by the premises, and stabled him in the log barn, which was well built enough for those times, except that it was roofless and without doors. There was no intimation of supper that evening, but as Arnold had eaten late in the afternoon, he did not suffer in consequence of that omission. Stopping at the house at that time, was a bridal party which added to the interest of Arnold's first night in this part of Wis- consin. Mayor Fisk had recently been married to a daughter of Zenas Robbins, and as the course of true love was running very rough in his case, he had found it expedient to put some distance between him and his irretrievable father-in-law. He was a devotee of the violin, and he fiddled away the hours of his honeymoon there in the wilderness in careless happiness, as if he was the possessor of millions, instead of being penniless. Arnold at length grew drowsy under the influence of this indifferent execution of " Old Zip Coon," " The Arkansas Traveler," and other harmonies of that ilk, mixed with much billing and cooing, and was shown to bed without any light. During the night. Paddock returned home from Columbus in a condition the reverse of sober. The second floor was thin and full of cracks, and Arnold had the com- plete benefit)of the rough eloquence with which Mrs. Paddock assailed her lord for an hour or more on the enormity of going to Columbus and getting drunk, with a stranger in the house, the cows not come up, and not a mouthful for anybody to eat. When Arnold awoke the next morning, the light was shining full in his face through the rents in the roof, and a line of chickens were roosting calmly on a pole stretching across the room at right angles with his bed. The breakfast of which Arnold and the happy bride and groom partook that morning consisted of tea without milk or sugar, dry bread and Stewed tomatoes. Arnold came into Columbus that day, and purchased the lot opposite the Fox House. 150 feet front, for $30 ; Bassett and Arnold built a store that fall, and went into business, though they did not remove all their goods from Janesville until the following spring. Arnold con- tinued a resident of Columbus until the fall of 1851, when, having been elected Register of Deeds, he removed to Portage, where in 1853 he and "Bony " Fargo established themselves in the hardware business in what was known as the old Verandah Block. Fargo subsequently went to California, and is now one of the leading wholesale liquor dealers in San Francisco. TRAVEL NOW AND THKN. KY H. D. BATH. One of our business men has pressing business in Milwaukee, and while yet the nocturnal darkness shadows his sleeping neighbors, he shakes himself from his slumbers and reaches the railroad depot. The quiet of that gloomy period that precedes daybreak by a couple of hours rests in all the surroundings, which look as if life or animation never fell upon or entwined them. It is the period when animal life is at its lowest ebb ; when the powers of darkness and of radiance are beginning a combat, the result of which will be a new day. He feels the depressing influence of the time, and half regrets the precipitancy that led to his taking an early train. But he waits drowsily for the coming conveyance, and perhaps, in the mean time draws a practical comparison as to the yielding of slumber between the hard benches of the wait- ing room and his own comfortable bed. There is a languor upon him that speaks of nature violated and the diminution of her sweet restorer, and he fi^lls into a troubled nap. Amid the dreams that flit across it, the carpet bag under his head seems gradually to assume Alpine alti- tude and ruggedness, and to produce a proportionate strain on the back of the neck. Presently, he catches an approaching rumble which suggests to his bewildered faculties the opening of an overture. Only half awakened, he reaches the platform and is in the midst of the glare of the great fiery eye of the advancing locomotive. Though expecting it, he cannot repress the momentary HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 697 impression that it is a colossal living monster, glaring with accumulated life, as in passing its hot breath steams into his face. Amid the clanging of the warning bell, the shriekins; of the whistle, the grinding of the brakes, the multiplied rattle of wheels, the voices of the con- ductor, baggage-man and brakeman, the din of the gradual annihilation of trunks, words of good bye, the thud of the fuel falling into the tender to replenish the red-hot man of the engine, he takes his seat in the cushioned car and is soon wrapped in comfortable unconsciousness, and is passively gliding, at the rate of twenty-five miles an hour, toward the coming morning and his place of destination. And who can indicate the magnificence of those unlockings of the eastern portals from the first purple flash that steals through the orient gate, when it is but half ajar to the full glory of the perfect day as it streams forth regardless of any barrier. Seen from a car platform with the pure fresh breeze rushing against the cheek, youth and health find an ecstacy in the situation that words do not express. Our traveler arrives in Milwaukee just as the first murmur of business has begun to rise from the busy metropolis. He breakfasts lib- erally and has a full half-day to attend to business before the next return train, taking which he is home again the same day at 5 o'clock, P. M. This is the manner in which the people in Columbus now reach the chief city of the State; but some of our residents remember when travel was a thing far different. It was quite another afiair in 1844, when a visit to the county seat, then at Plover, was a hoi'seback pilgrimage of many days' duration, on which the solitary traveler guided his course through the wilderness ''by the blaze." We meet on our streets every day comparatively young men who went to Mil- waukee from this (then) village with trams when the trip was a campaign of fourteen days through mud and rain and swamp and wood. The main route was by what is known as the old Govern- ment road, by the way of Lake Mills, Aztalan, and the junction of the Watertown and Aztalan roads, twelve miles east of Watertown, at which junction stood an old tavern that many have good reason for remembering well. Thence the road was to Summit, to within two miles of Oconomowoc, when the Watertown plank-road was reached. In particularly bad weather it was necessary to go around by the way of Whitewater, Palmyra and Waukesha. Men who were on the road in those days tell us of being stuck in the mud, and, after ineffectually laboring until nearly night to extricate their wagons, mounting a horse and going for assistance and being all the next day in getting back to them. Subsequently, travel went by way of Lowell, and not unfrequently it was a day's hard work to transport a load to that point. Gliding so easily across the country in these times, we do not realize how arduous was the travel in those days of the pioneers. 698 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. CHAPTER XII. Town of Arlington— Village of Arlington— Town of Caledonia— Town of Columbu.'*— Town of Courtland— Village of Cambri.\— Village of Randolph— Town of Deeorra —Village of Dekorra— Village of Poynette— Town of Fort Winnebago. town of ARLINGTON. The first permanent settlement in Arlington was made by Clark M. Young, on Section 1, in the spring of 1838. For six years, he was "monarch of all he surveyed " in this town, there being no other settler to dispute his claim. J. Pratt came in 1844; and during that year and the six following, came a large number, including N. Van Winter, Nathan Hazen, William A. Mcintosh, Fred Starr, Hugh McFarlane, Jeremy Bradley, Mark Meadowcraft, John Franklin, Usual Youngs, George Bradley, A. P. Smith, Isaac N. Brown, H. N. Joy, Thomas Rassou, Mr. Jackson, Samuel D. Drake, Ambrose Powers and Henry Hill. Upon the organization of the county, the east half of Township 10, Range 9, was included in the Lowville Precinct, and the west half was, with other territory on the west, known as the Pleasant Valley Precinct. In 1849, the east half of this township, together with Township 10, Range 10, and the south half of Township 11, Range 10, was organized into a town to be known as Lowville ; the west half, together with Township 10, Range 8, and the fractional part of Township 10, Range 7, was the same time organized under the name of Lodi. In 1850, the east half, with Township 10, Range 10, was organized under the name of Kossuth ; the west half remaining as before. In 1855, all of this township, except Sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 30 and 31, was organized into a town, under the name of Arlington. For many years, the effort was made to have restored to the town these sections. The courts were appealed to, but could give no redress ; the Legislature was also asked to pass a special act for this purpose. This was refused, but an act was passed authorizing the County Board of Supervisors to attend to the matter. In 1871, the Board passed a resolution permitting the change, provided the town would assume the proportionate amount of the debt of the town of Lodi, which would be collected from the owners of the sections named. This was accordingly done, and these sections became part of the town of Arlington, thus made to comprise the entire township. The debt assumed amounted to $4,376. Thomas Rassou and Tirza Jackson were united in marriage in 1846, being the first couple married in the town. James H., son of Clark M., and Jeannet Young, was born May 6, 1846, being the first birth in the town. The first death was Charles W., son of Clark M.,and Jeannet Young, who died in the sum- mer of 1849. At the house of Usual Youngs was taught the first school in the town in the summer of 1847. In the spring of 1848, a log schoolhouse was built on Section 1, and in the following fall. Miss Sarah Richardson taught the first term of school therein. The first school in the cen- tral part of the town was on Section 22, and was taught by Miss Caroline A. Foster, in 1854. In the spring of 1880, there were in the town six whole and three joint districts, with six school- houses valued at $2,000. Number of pupils, 425. Rev. Henry Maynard, an itinerant of the Methodist Episcopal Church, preached the first sermon in this town at the house of Clark M. Young in the summer of 1845. For several years he visited the town from time to time, but no class was formed. In 1854, Rev. T. Lewis, of Lodi, a Presbyterian minister, preached at the house of A. P. Smith, and shortly after a con- gregation was formed, but no church building was erected. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 699 When Clark M. Young settled on Section 1, in 1838, there was not a house between there and Columbus ; only one until Portage, then Fort Winnebago, was reached — that of Wallace Rowan, of which mention is made in the history of the town of Dekorra ; and but one between there and Madison. The town of Arlington is almost altogether upon the top of the watershed, having a sur- face of rolling prairie, and a general altitude of 450 to 570 feet. In the northern row of sec- tions, this high ground breaks down abruptly 200 feet toward the headwaters of Okee Creek. The Madison & Portage Railroad was built through the town in 1870, passing through Sections 2, 11, 14, 13, 24, 25 and 36. A station was located on Section 13, to afford farmers in the vicinity facilities for the shipment of grain and stock. The town is an exclusively agricult- ural one, and said by the State geologist to be one of the best in the State. In the spring of 1875, a stock company was organized under the name of the Arlington Cheese Manufacturing Company, with a paid-up capital of $2,000. A. W. Vaughan was elected President ; George Clark, Secretary ; Levi Clapp, Treasurer. The manufactory was put in operation that season, and 40,000 pounds of cheese were manufactured. The amount has been increased year by year, in 1878, it being 97,000 pounds. The following is a list of town officers from the organization of Arlington to the present time : 1855 — Nathan Hazen, Chairman ; H. N. Joy, James H. Foster, Supervisors ; Julius Austin, Clerk ; Clark M. Young, Treasurer ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor ; Ambrose Powers, School Superintendent. 1856 — A. P. Smith, Chairman ; Phineas Watson, Isaac N. Brown, Supervisors ; Julius Austin, Clerk ; John C. Dunning, Treasurer, Solomon Matteson, Assessor ; Ambrose Powers, School Superintendent. 1857 — Julius Austin, Chairman ; Lewis Newton, H. N. Joy, Supervisors ; W. BuUen, Clerk ; C. C. Knapin, Treasurer ; T. Matteson, Assessor ; L. H. Smith, School Superintendent. 1858 — J. Austin, Chairman; J. T. Hillyer, Mark Meadowcraft, Supervisors; W. Bullen, B. Look, Treasurers ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor ; A. Powers, School Superintendent. 1859— J. T. Hillyer, Chairman ; H. N. Joy, T. T. Dunning, Supervisors ; A. 0. Dole, Clerk ; Joseph Mcintosh, Treasurer ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor ; Ambrose Powers, School Superintendent. 1860 — J. T. Hillyer, Chairman ; H. N. Joy, J. H. Foster, Supervisors ; D. Drown, Treas- urer; A. 0. Dole, Clerk ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor; A. G. Dunning, School Superintendent. 1861 — H. J. Sill, Chairman ; Thomas Mair, Dan. W. Burlison, Supervisors ; Andrew J. McFarlane, Clerk ; Ambrose Powers, Treasurer ; Jeremy Bradley, Assessor ; A. G. Dunning, School Superintendent. 1862 — H. J. Sill, Chairman ; A. Powers, L. Clapp, Supervisors ; Andrew J. McFarlane, Clerk ; E. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor. 1863 — J. T. Hillyer, Chairman ; G. A. Clark, A. Powers, Supervisors ; A. G. Dunning, Clerk ; E. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor. 1864 — J. T. Hillyer, Chairman ; A. Powers, G. A. Clark, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; E. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Solomon Matteson, Assessor. 1865 — Winslow Bullen, Chairman ; William Caldwell, Ingle Spoonan, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; Adam Gulden, Treasurer ; T. S. Phillips, Assessor. 1866 — Winslow Bullen, Chairman ; G. A. Clark, William Caldwell, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; Adam Culdon, Treasurer ; T. S. Phillips, Assessor. 1867 — W. Bullen, Chairman ; A. Powers, William Caldwell, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; J. J. Hunt, Treasurer ; T. S. Phillips, Assessor. 1868 — Winslow Bullen, Chairman ; L. Lintner, J. Witters, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; Judson J. Hunt, Treasurer ; Joseph Axon, Assessor. 1869 — W. Bullen, Chairman ; L. Lintner, William Currie, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; 0. S. Bartlett, Treasurer ; Joseph Axon, Assessor. 700 HISTORY" OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1870 — Hugh McFarlane, Chairman; Ingle Spoonan, C. M. Young, Supervisors; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; 0. S. Bartlett, Treasurer ; Judson J. Hunt, Assessor. 1871 — Hugh McFarlane, Chairman ; Ingle E. Spoonan, Louis Lintner, Supervisors; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; Charles Mair, Treasurer ; William Stevenson, Assessor. 1872 — Hugh McFarlane Chairman; Robert Wilson, David BuUen, Supervisors; George C. Clark, Clerk ; Charles Mair, Treasurer ; William Stevenson, Assessor. 1873 — Hugh McFarlane, Chairman; 0. S. Bartlett, John Caldwell, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; Allen Bogue, Treasurer ; B. E. Jones, Assessor. 1874 — Hugh McFarlane, Chairman ; John Caldwell, 0. S. Bartlett, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; Allen Bogue, Treasurer ; B. E. Jones, Assessor. 1875 — Allen Bogue, Chairman ; William McCulley, 0. S. Bartlett, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk, George McMillan, Treasurer ; E. B. Jones, Assessor. 1876 — A. Bogue, Chairman; 0. S. Bartlett, William Stevenson, ^Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; George McMillan, Treasurer ; John Caldwell, Assessor. 1877 — A. Bogue, Chairman; 0. S. Bartlett, William Stevenson, Supervisors; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; George McMillan, Treasurer ; John Campbell, Assessor. 1878 — A. Bogue, Chairman ; 0. S. Bartlett, William Stevenson, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; George McMillan, Treasurer; John Caldwell, Assessor. 1879 — A. Bogue, Chairman ; William Stevenson, William Bartlett, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk; George McMillen, Treasurer; William Dunlap, Assessor. 1880 — Adam Bogue, Chairman ; Thomas Mair, August Gundlach, Supervisors ; L. H. Smith, Clerk ; David Bullen, Treasurer ; William Dunlap, Assessor. VILLAGE OF ARLINGTON. The village of Arlington, located upon Section 13, of the town of Arlington, was platted in 1871, by Mrs. Sarah Pierce and David Bullen, the former owning the land upon the north side of the main street,and the latter the land upon the south side. The first house was built by Winslow Bullen, in the same summer, the lower story of which was used as a store, by George McMillan, he being the first to engage in the mercantile trade, and the upper part was rented for a dwelling. The first house used exclusively as a dwelling house was erected by Charles Ginther. Charles and George Ginther were the first blacksmiths, and opened in 1875. Their run of work rapidly increased, and soon the business of wagon and carriage making was added, and in the spring of 1880, the firm, then being Ginther & Seller, were doing a lucrative business. The Arlington Hotel was erected in 1871, by John McMillan, and has been run by him up to the present time. It is a two-story frame, and will accommodate fifteen or twenty guests. The second person to engage in mercantile trade was H. W. Hall, who sold goods about two years ; the third was Winslow Bullen, who in the summer of 1877, opened a stock of general merchandise, in the building erected originally for that purpose, in 1871. George Ginther and Miss Nellie Shanks were the first couple united in marriage in the village limits, which event occurred in December, 1876. The first birth was .Jessie, daughter of George and Ann McMillan, in the summer of 1875. The Madison & Portage, now Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Railroad, was completed through the village in the summer of 1871, a depot erected, and Edward Watkinson appointed agent. D. C. Moak, F. R. Morris, Charles Morris, A. D. Goodrich and William Caldow, have, in the order named, been agents since that date. A large amount of grain is shipped from this station. A post office was established here in 1871, with Mrs. Adeline C. Paine as Postmistress. George McMillan, H. W. Hall, and again George McMillan, have since then been Postmasters. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 701 TOWN OF CALEDONIA. This town is the largest in territory in the county, being situated on its western boundary line, by which it is separated from the towns of Greenfield and Merrimack, in Sauk County. It consists of that part of Township 11, Range 8, lying west of the Wisconsin River, and that part of Township 12, Ranges 8 and 9, lying south and west of the same river, making 54 full and 14 fractional sections of land. It is watered by the Baraboo River, which enters the town in the northwestern part, at Section 18, Township 12, Range 8, and flows southeasterly into the Wisconsin River, at Section 2y, of the same township and range. There are two small streams in the southern part, that flow into the Wisconsin River, and one into the Baraboo. The lands in this town are undulating, with numerous bluifs and high hills, which are found in different parts of the town, and particularly on the Wisconsin River, and are covered mostly by oak openings. On the Baraboo River are numerous marshes or meadow lands, and some prairie in the northern part. In this town the country is generally much lower than the quartzite range, but in parts quite broken and hilly. Its general altitude runs from 200 to 300 feet, whilst outlying bluffs in Sections 9, 10, 15, 16 and 21 reach altitudes from 450 to 540 feet. Some of these rise abruptly from the north bank of the Wisconsin, and have directly opposite to them on the south bank of the river, the similar bluffs of Dekorra, causing for a short distance an unusually narrow bottom. The first settlement made in this town was by Alexander McDonald, who built a claim shanty on the northwest quarter of Section 2, Township 11, Range 8, June, 1840. Madam Pauquette was then living on the bank of the river, on the west side, within the present limits of the city of Portage, trading with the Indians ; also a half-breed named Leambro, on the bluff on Section 27, Township 12, Range 8, who was farming on some old Indian fields, and was also trading with the Indians. In June, 1841, Thomas (" Daddy ") Robinson came on a claim nearly opposite Dekorra Village. He boarded at La Fayette Hill's, in what was then called " Kentucky City," afterward Dekorra. Some others made claims that year, but did not move on to them until the next year, when James Wilson and John Pate settled on Section 36, immediately opposite the village of Dekorra ; also Henry Lewis, an old soldier at Fort Winnebago, on the bluff in Township 12, Range 8. The family of Mr. Robinson came with Pate and Wilson, from Scotland, and moved into the house prepared for them the year previous. In 1843, Allan Johnson settled in Township 12, Range 8. Other early settlers were Frank Nichols, Harrison Jerrison, Hugh Muir, Aaron Chalfant, William King, J. Allen, Henry Kingsbury, John Owens, David Owens, John Rowley, George and Charles Temple, Charles Ginther, Anton Jerrison, Messrs. Prentice, Freeman, Reuben and Sterling. A log schoolhouse was erected on Section 6, Township 12, Range 9 east, in the summer of 1846, and Mr. Bailey taught therein the first school in the fall of the same year. James Wilson was a man that, was extremely cautious, and seldom ventured in debt. On one occasion he had a debt of $12, which he was owing Clark Young, and which troubled him greatly. When he paid it, he remarked to Young : " Well, that is the last cent I owe in this world." " That shows you are doing a damned small business," was the reply, and all the con- solation he received. A writer thus makes mention of "Daddy" Robinson: " He was born in Ayerston, Scotland, A. D. 1800, died in Caledonia, November 7, 1872, aged seventy-two years. The funeral was attended at his late residence Monday, November 11 ; sermon by the Rev. Hugh Brown, text, Ecclesias- tes, twelfth chapter and seventh verse — ' Then shall the dust return to the earth, as it was, and the spirit shall return to God who gave it.' Mr. Robinson emigrated to this country A. D. 1840, settling at the north of the Baraboo River. He was one of the first Scotch settlers in this country, A. and W. McDonald and a few at the garrison being the only exceptions. The writer of this called on him in 1850, enjoyed his generous cheer, and made the note that the Old Daddy was a man of keen perception and universal observation. Five children emigrated from Scotland with him, and two were born here. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church both 702 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. here and in Scotland, and efficient in its first organization in Caledonia. He was for a number of years chairman of the town of Caledonia, and served as a Justice of the Peace in his own town, but was better known as jovial, companionable old Daddy, and so long as his vigorous health lasted, he was the center of attraction wherever he happened to be. His sallies of wit were electrical, and so good-natured and pointed were his hits, that his victim laughed as heartily as the rest. He was a genius peculiar to Scotland, and of that class which have no duplicates. No man living in Caledonia will be more missed, and a void will not only be felt in that town, but also in Portage and Dekorra, where his presence has so often, like magic, driven dull care away. ' To Scotia send this greeting, then, Please spare us more of just such men.' " The first farm opened up in the town of Caledonia was by Peter Pauquette for the Indians. The first American farming done in the town was by Gideon Low, on the place that used to be called Black Earth, now known as the "Indian Farm," in the town of Caledonia. But Low held the land only as a ''claim " at the time, employing another person to farm it. He pur- 'chased the land when it came into market, it is true, but, admitting that his farm was the first one regularly tilled for an American, it would not entitle him to be called the first settler in the town, as he did not reside upon his " claim," and was engaged in other business. The work of the farm was done by Leon Braux. The third farm opened up was by John T. De La Ronde, in 1838. De La Ronde was born at Barbeaux, in France, February 25, 1802, his ancestors were men of note in the military and marine service in his native country. His father, Louis Denys, Chevalier De La Ronde, was born at Detroit, Mich., while the grandfather, an officer in the French service, was stationed at Detroit, previous to the final surrender of the Canadas by the French to the English, in 1760. This same grandfather, Louis Denys De La Ronde, was at one time in command at Chequamegon, on Lake Superior. The father of John, remained in France till the battle of Waterloo, when, not wishing to live under the rule of Louis XVIII, he came to Canada with all his family, and became a partner in the Northwest Company. He died at Montreal in 1818. The son received a good education in French and English ; he seems to have been in the College of Montreal at a very early age, and to have studied medicine under Dr. Robert Nelson V. Smith, but never practiced it as a profession. In 1819, he became a clerk in the Northwest Company, with which he remained seven years, during which time he went to London, England, as a witness in a dispute between his company and the Hudson Bay Company. A settlement having been efi'ected between these companies, he was transferred to the Hudson Bay Company, with which company he remained till 1828, at which time he came to Fort Winnebago, now Portage. This was the year in which Old Fort Winnebago was built. Here Mr. De La Ronde engaged as clerk of the American Fur Company, under the noted Peter Pauquette, who was then, and for some time thereafter, agent of that company. Here Mr. De La Ronde married an Indian woman of the De Kau-ry tribe of Winnebagoes, but who had been brought up mainly among the whites, and had never worn a blanket. To him was born from this wife one child, a daughter, who was left motherless at the age of two years, and who was married at the age of sixteen to Antoine Grignon, a decendant of the Grignon who formerly lived at Portage, and later about Green Bay. Mr. De La Ronde brought up this child with great care, sending her to Prairie du Chien and other places for school privileges. Her husband was a well-educated farmer, and she is an accomplished woman. They have long resided at Trempealeau, in this State. When this daughter was five years of age, her father married another Indian woman of the De Kaury band, who survives him at his late resi- dence in Caledonia, near Portage. She is now totally blind. He also leaves one son and two daughters, who are now grown and live with their mother. Mr. La Ronde, from the time he came to Portage, spent his time trading with the Indians, assisting and accompanying them on their journeys to their reservations, to Washington, and wherever they needed his services as interpreter. He acquired their language thoroughly, and at one time spent considerable labor on a dictionary and grammar of it, but he never completed the work. His business and his HARTMAN HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 705 domestic relations brought him almost constantly in contact with the Winnebagoes, and he became much like them in his ways of life and in his principles. He had a very strong sympa- thy with them and looked on their side of the question. He was a soldier under Col. Dodge in the Sauk war. He was a man of more than ordinary intelligence ; loved reading of every kind, especially history and accounts of travel. He held the office of Justice of the Peace in the town of Caledonia at one time. He died on the 2d day of March, 1879, at his resi- dence in the town of Caledonia, and was buried in the Catholic Cemetery in Portage. One of the oldest residents of the town of Caledonia was John Pate, who died on the 19th of December, 1879. He was one of those pioneers who buffeted the hardships of a new country in the day when a man had to sacrifice all the comforts of civilization in order to start a home in the Far West. Mr. Pate was born Feb. 17, 1802, at Browncastle Parish, East Cal- bride, Lanarkshire, Scotland ; was married to Agnes Stewart, April 29, 1839, and emigrated to this country April 26, 1842 ; sailing from Glasgow in the ship Perthshire, Capt. Simpson, being seven weeks in making the voyage across the Atlantic to New York. Thence he took steamboat to Albany and canal boat to Buffalo, and again steamboat to Chicago ; for, in those days, there were no boats landing regularly at Milwaukee for want of suitable harbor and pier. From Chicago the remainder of the journey was made to Dekorra, the most important point in this region, by team, reaching there July 14, 1842. Those were not the days of fast travel and conveniences. As compagnons du voyage were the families of Thomas Robertson and James Wilson both lately deceased. Their first settlements were made in the now Caledonia, formerly Portage County, Territory of Wisconsin, on unsurveyed lands ; roads and bridges were then unknown, and ferries were few and far between. In order to get a grist to mill they had to go to Sugar River, ten miles west of Madison ; later to Columbus or Beaver Dam, when Dekorra mills were out of repair. The market for farm produce was at Milwaukee, or in the pineries, but all transportation was carried on by means of teams. Little produce was raised except so much as would satisfy their immediate wants, which were few and frugal, and supply also the needs of new comers. Splitting fence rails and making hay were the chief occupations ; but it is the concurrent testimony of all that those were happier days than now. When the town of Caledonia was organized from Dekorra, Mr. Pate was its first Chairman and represented the town in the County Board of Supervisors in the year 1852 ; afterward, he was elected Assessor, Town Clerk, and to many other offices of trust in the town and community. On the same farm of 200 acres he lived since 1845, and his generous and open hospitality made his house a synonym of kindness and welcome to all. He took an especial delight in music, and was never more himself than in singing or playing on the violin. Deeply religious in his nature, he loved to dis- cuss religious topics, and sing the sacred tunes of the old psalmody. For entertainment or edification might be heard, at any time, '' Dundee's wild warbling measures rise, or plaintive Martyrs, worthy of the name." There are many original pieces of his own composing still extant, one of which, entitled " Caledonia," is worthy of mention, as it is frequently sung in the Presbyterian Church of Caledonia. Aside from musical and religious subjects, he was much interested in the scientific progress of the day ; and being a great reader and deep thinker, he always had sensible and liberal views on such subjects as he gave his attention to. His latch string was always out, night and day, and everybody was welcome and enjoyed a " crack wi' auld John Pate." His time since coming to this country was mainly occupied in managing his farm ; but since his family grew up, the cares devolved upon them, and he gave his time to reading and music which he enjoyed so much. For the last six or seven years of his life he was afflicted with erysipelas or an irritation of the blood which finally resulted in a cancer of the face and was the cause of his death. Throughout his long suffering he was always hopeful and con- tented, enduring his trials with Christian fortitude. 706 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. He left a family of four sons and one daughter, all of whom were present at his funeral. He was buried in Crawford Cemetery, Caledonia, beside the remains of his son Andrew, the only son of his family who preceded him to the grave. " Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys and destiny obscure ; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor." The only children of the somewhat famous Peter Pauquette are residents of this town. Theresa Pauquette was born in 1826 at the old agency near Fort Winnebago. She has been twice married ; first, to M. J. Brisbois, in 1849, wlio died some years later in California ; sec- ond, to Mr. Prescott, of Caledonia, Columbia County. Mrs. Prescott received a thorough edu- cation in English and French in a convent in St. Louis. Moses Pauquette was born at the agency in 1828. A post office was established near the central part of the town in 1863, to which was given the name of Alloa. James Stewart was the first Postmaster. It has been suspended once, but was re-established in 1879. The first couple married in the town was a soldier from the fort, named Powers, and a daughter of Henry Lewis. The second was Clark M. Young and Miss Jeanette Wilson, who were married in 1844. The first death was Aaron, son of Absalom Chalfant. There is no village in the town of Caledonia, it being an exclusively agricultural town. Three nationalities are pretty equally divided — Scotch, Welsh and Germans. Very few Amer- ican-born have ever settled here. The following is a list of town ofiBcers from the organization of the town to the present time: 1851 — John Pate (Chairman), John Turner, Oscar T. Wagoner, Supervisors ; Alexander Prentice, Clerk. 1852 — John Pate (Chairman), Oscar T. Wagoner, William H. Hill, Supervisors ; Quintin Smith, Clerk ; Robert Howey, Assessor ; Alexander Prentice, Treasurer ; John Tibbits, Super- intendent of Schools. 1853 — John S. Richmond (Chairman), David Owen, John Jones, No. 4, Supervisors ; Quintin Smith, Clerk ; William Stevenson, Assessor ; Alexander Prentice, Treasurer : John Jones, No. 4, School Superintendent. 1854 — John S. Richmond (Chairman), John Jones, No. 4, Charles W. Gunther, Super- visors ; John Turner, Clerk ; John Pate, Assessor ; Alexander Prentice, Treasurer ; Thomas Phillips, Superintendent of Schools. 1855 — Thomas Robertson (Chairman), David Owen, John Tibbets, Supervisors ; John Turner, Clerk ; John Pate, Assessor ; William Stevenson, Treasurer ; Thomas Phillips, Superin- tendent of Schools. 1856 — Thomas Robertson (Chairman), Michael Cochran, Richard Jones, Supervisors ; John Pate, Clerk ; John Pate, Assessor ; David Owen, Treasurer ; N. T. Jennings, Superintend- ent of Schools. 1857 — Alexander McDonald (Chairman), Michael Cochran, Owen F. Owens, Supervisors ; Milton Jennings, Clerk; John Capner, Assessor; David Owen, Treasurer; Charles McLeish, Superintendent of Schools. 1858 — Thomas Robertson (Chairman), William McLeish, John Jones, No. 4, Supervisors ; Thomas H. Spencer, Clerk ; Andrew Robertson and Alexander Prentice, Assessors ; Hugh Muir, Treasurer ; William Stevenson, Superintendent of Schools. 1859 — Thomas Robertson (Chairman), John G. Staudenmayer, Thomas Morris, Supervi- sors ; Thomas H. Spencer, Clerk; William Ireland, Assessor; Hugh Muir, Treasurer; N. T. Jennings, Superintendent of Schools. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 707 1860 — William Stevenson (Chairman), James Wilson, Owen F. Owens, Supervisors ; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk : James Baird, Assessor ; Alexander Prentice, Treasurer ; Thomas H. Spencer, Superintendent of Schools. 1861 — William Stevenson (Chairman), Owen F. Owens, James Wilson, Supervisors; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk; William Black, Assessor; Alexander Prentice, Treasurer; Peter Longwell. Superintendent of Schools. 1862 — James Wilson (Chairman), James Baird, David J. Williams, Supervisors ; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk ; James Robertson, Assessor ; Alexander Prentice, Treasurer. 1863 — James Wilson* (Chairman), John Lockhart, Thomas Walker, Supervisors; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk; James Robertson, Assessor; Allen Bogue, Treasurer. 1864 — William Stevenson (Chairman), John Lockhart, Thomas Walker, Supervisors; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk ; James Robertson, Assessor and Treasurer. 1865 — Michael Cochrane (Chairman), John Gibson, David Owen, Supervisors; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk ; James Robertson, Treasurer and Assessor. 1866 — Michael Cochrane (Chairman), John (iribson, David Owen, Supervisors ; John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk ; James Robertson, Treasurer and Assessor. 1867 — John S. Richmond (Chairman), John O'Shaughnessy, Charles McLeish, Supervi- sors : John G. Staudenmayer, Clerk ; James Robertson, Assessor and Treasurer. 1868 — William Caldow (Chairman), F. T. Ruman, Owen F. Owens, Supervisors; Griffith J. Owen, Clerk ; James Robertson, Assessor and Treasurer. 1869 — William Caldow (Chairman), F. T. Ruman, Owen F. Owens, Supervisors; Griffith J. Owen, Clerk ; James Robertson, Assessor and Treasurer. 1870 — Alexander Prentice (Chairman), James Baird, Owen F. Owens, Supervisors ; G. J. Owens, Clerk ; David Owen, Assessor ; James Robertson, Treasurer. 1871 — John G. Staudenmayer (Chairman), Hugh Roberts, James Stewart, Supervisors ; G. J. Owens, Clerk ; James Robertson, Treasurer ; David Owen, Assessor. 1872 — John G. Staudenmayer (Chairman), Hugh Roberts, Henry Hamilton, Supervisors ; William Black, Clerk ; James Robertson, Treasurer and Assessor. 1873 — John G. Staudenmayer (Chairman), Henry Hamilton, Thomas Walker, Supervi- sors ; William Black, Clerk ; David Owen, Assessor ; James Robertson, Treasurer. 1874 — John G. Staudenmeyer (Chairman), Owen F. Owens, William M. Shanks, Super- visors ; Robert S. Marshall, Clerk ; F. T. Ruman, Treasurer ; John Towers, Assessor. 1875 — John G. Staudenmayer (Chairman), Hugh Roberts, W. M. Shanks, Supervisors ; Robert S. Marshall, Clerk ; F. T. Ruman, Treasurer ; John Towers, Assessor. 1876 — William Black (Chairman), Henry Hamilton, W. W. Owens, Supervisors ; R. S. Marshall, Clerk ; F. T. Ruman, Treasurer ; James Robertson, Assessor. 1877 — Charles McLeish (Chairman), Henry Racek, George Geyman, Supervisors; C. F. Mohr, Clerk ; F. T. Ruman, Treasurer ; John Towers, Assessor. 1878 — Robert Whitelaw (Chairman), Hugh Roberts, John Staudenmayer, Supervisors ; C. F. Mohr, Clerk ; John Towers, D. J. Williams, Assessors ; Thomas Robertson, Treasurer. 1879 — R. Whitelaw (Chairman), W. W. Owen, John Dunigan, Supervisors ; F. T. Ruman, Clerk; James Robertson, Assessor; Samuel J. Pate, Treasurer. 1880 — C. F. Mohr (Chairman), John Lockhart, John Dunigan, Supervisors; J. B. Mar- shall, Clerk ; James Robertson, Assessor ; S^ J. Pate, Treasurer. TOWN OP COLUMBUS. The incipient steps toward the formation of a town, to be called Columbus, were taken by the County Commissioners on the 16th day of July, 1846, when they oi'ganized a voting pre- cinct by that name out of Townships 10 and 11, in Range 12 east. This precinct remained the same at the revision of voting precincts, April 3, 1848, but the territory afterward became the * In this year, Jam^a Wilson resigned the office of Chairman, and the Board appointed William StevenBon to serve the rest of the term, from November 3 until April 5, 1864. 708 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. towns of Columbus and Fountain Prairie. On the 9th of January, 1849, the Board of County Commissioners organized Township 10, in Range 12 east, into a town, to which they gave the name of Columbus, and the house of A. P. Birdsey was designated as the place for holding the first election. The town of Columbus is mostly low and level, lying farther down the Rock River slope than the town of Fountain Prairie. A little prairie extepds into the northwestern sections, and marsh belts occur along the streams in the northern half of the town, where the general altitude is from two hundred and fifty to two hundred and eighty feet. The southern and south- western parts of the county lie higher, reaching from three hundred to four hundred feet. Four small, northeast-trending branches of Crawfish River cross the town. The first lands entered in this town was on the 18th day of February, 1839, by Lewis Ludington and John Hustis, as follows : The west half of the southeast quarter of Section 12, eighty acres; east half of the south- east quarter of Section 12, eighty acres, Lewis Ludington. West half of the southwest quarter of Section 12, eighty acres ; east half of the south- west quarter of Section 12, eighty acres, John Hustis. East half of the northeast quarter of Section 1-3, eighty acres ; west half of the northeast quarter of Section 13, eighty acres, Lewis Ludington. West half of the northwest quarter of Section 13, eighty acres; east half of the north- west quarter of Section 13, eighty acres, Lewis Ludington. East half of the northeast quarter of Section 24, eighty acres ; west half of the northeast quarter of Section 24, eighty acres ; west half of the southeast quarter of Section 24, eighty acres; east half of the southeast quarter of Section 24, eighty acres, Lewis Ludington. The whole number of acres entered was 960, making three half-sections — the north half of Section 18, the south half of Section 12 and the east half of Section 24. In the summer of 1843, T. C. Smith's cabin was the only house northwest of what was then the in.cipient village of Columbus, until Fort Winnebago was reached. Mr. Bushnell, however, was living in a shanty in a grove outside of what is now the city of Columbus. W. B. Dyer built a small log house on the Baker farm, which was the first house ever built in what is now the town of Fountain Prairie. He lived in the building until May, 1844, when he sold out to E. J. Smith his pre-emption claim of 160 acres, and moved to where the village of Otsego now sits, on the creek. Among those who were residents of the town of Columbus in 1845 and 1846, the follow- . ing are remembered : T. C. Smith, J. Smith, J. C. Axtell, J. T. Lewis, H. A. Whitney, D. E. Bassett, Josiah Arnold, M. G. St. John, H. W. McCaff"erty, S. Corbin, Jesse Rowell, J. Swarthout, R. Mills, B. F. Hart, S. Wright, U. Davies, A. Silsbee, E. Silsbee, Erastus Silsbee, W. Thompson, John Adler, James McConnell, W. Clark, J. Brown, W. W. Drake, J. Drake, 0. R. Luey, Noah Dickason, W. H. Hamilton, T. Swarthout, R. Lamed, E. Thayer, H. Cady, E. Lyons, S. St. John, Warren Loomis, John McConnell, J. P. Atwood, J. Barrows, T. Barrows, T. Jones, H. Swift, Jacob Swarthout, G. Aldrich, David Langdon, N. Richards, A. P. Birdsey, George Rob- inson, A. Lashier, J. Edwards, Andrew McConnell, A. E. Houghton, L. Smith, Z. Robbins, T. Bendure, D. Blanchard, /Joseph Mathews, J. Miller, W. Haight, F. F. Farnham, W. Mc- Intyre. A. P. Birdsey was among the pioneers of Columbus, and more than a mere passing men- tion is due him. He was born at MiJdlefield, Middlesex Co., Conn., May 7, 1813, where he remained until 1831, and where he married his wife, whose native place was only five miles from his own. There was a trifle of romance associated with his marriage ; and it is a fact not generally known, even among the more intimate friends of the deceased, that he was twice mar- ried. His first wife was Jenette Bell. He was joined in wedlock to her when he was but eighteen years of age. Within a year, she became the mother of a child and immediately after died. Her o8"spring survived her only three months. On the 1st of December, 1832, Mr. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 709 Birdsey was again married. He had known his second wife since she was twelve years of age. His oldest boy, Walter, was born before his father's twenty-first birthday. In 1837, Mr. Birdsey removed to Leyden, Lewis Co., N. Y., where he cleared a new farm with his own hands. In 1839, he removed to Boonsville, a town five miles distant, where he assumed the management of a hotel, where he remained until May, 1840. He came to Wis- consin in the spring of 1840, and went first to live at Prairieviile, now known as Waukesha, having previously made a rapid tour of observation through the State. On the 4th of July, 1840, Mr. Birdsey removed to the town of Jefferson, and purchased forty acres of land, two and a half miles from the village, on which was erected a small log house, and where only three acres had been broken. He worked steadily and energetically in putting more land under the plow, and as rapidly as any money wis accumulated, invested it in moi'e acres, until he was the owner of eight forties. He built what everybody knew in those days as the old yellow tavern, and most old resi- dents remember the entertainments that were given there, to the life and enjoyment of which the landlord contributed greatly. In the spring of 1844, he sold his ftirm and moved to the town of Columbus. About that time he went South and purchased fifty head of cows, which were all sold before the following spring. This was his first speculation in Columbus. In 184-5, he sold his farm and moved to the village of Columbus, buying the hotel of Mr. Thomas, which had formerly been managed by Mr. Whitney. This was the building, a portion of which was afterward removed across the street; it was subsequently burned. At that time, Mr. Birdsey erected the old square hotel, known as the Columbus Exchange, which was afterward sold to Mr. Ingalsbee. He purchased what is known as the corner store, with its stock, but soon sold it. He then bought a farm, and there erected the tavern known as the Mountain House. This farm was afterward sold to Michael Cromer, Hawley and others, for upward of $23,000. Immediately after this he built the Birdsey House. This tavern he conducted for two years, and then exchanged it for a farm in Fountain Prairie, where he erected a residence and made many improvements. In the fall of 1860, he returned to the hotel, and was its landlord until the spring of 1861, when he again returned to his farm, and lived upon it until 1865. He then removed to Iowa, near McGregor, where he was engaged in farming until his death. He died on Friday evening, August 6, 1869, and was brought to Columbus, where he was buried with Masonic honors. His life was a varied one ; impetuous and erratic in his nature, he was full of generous impulses, and the history of his life would include a record of many good and not a few noble actions. TOWN OF COURTLAND. At a meeting of the County Commissioners, held at the house of Elbert Dickason, on the 16th day of July, 1846, Township 12, Range 12, together with much other territory, was made a voting precinct, under the name of Leroy Precinct, and Nathan Griffin, James Buoy and Erwin McCall were appointed Judges of Election, and the house of Oliver Langdon designated as the place for holding elections. On the organization of the county into towns, in 1849, Township 12, Range 12, was organized into a town, and the name of Portage Prairie given to it. The house of Horace Rust was designated as the place for holding the first election. By resolution of the Board of Supervisors, November 19, 1852, the name of the town was changed to Courtland. Patrick Chestnut emigrated from Ireland when about thirty years of age ; settled in Penn- sylvania, from which State he emigrated to Wisconsin, and on the 29th day of July, 1844, entered the county and located his claim upon Section 3, Township 12, Range 12, being the first to settle in the town. Mr. Chestnut soon had erected a comfortable house, and here spent the remainder of his days, departing this life, November, 1878, in his ninetieth year. He was a type of the old-style gentleman, being held in respect by all with whom he was acquainted. When Mr. Chestnut came to this country, he was ignorant of backwoods life, and had never seen a tree felled. Desiring one day to cut down a tree, he shouldered his ax and proceeded to the 710 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. timber. He began his work, cutting completely around the tree an equal distance, but was afraid to push it over for fear of accident, and did not understand that if he cut enough upon one side it would fall by its own weight. Cautioning his son, who was with him, to leave the tree alone, he went two miles to a neighbor to come and fell the tree. The neighbor came, and, with a few well-directed blows with the ax, the tree lay upon the ground. In the fall of ^844, J. Jess and Mr. Hooker came in, and in the summer of 1845, William Bump, James Buoy, Nathaniel Wilkins, Jonathan Moulton, Horace Rust and William Toby made a settlement here. From this time on, for a number of years, the land was rapidly taken up by actual settlers. In the summer of 1847, William Bump and Sarah Griffith were united in marriage, by M. W. Patton, Esq., this being the first ceremony of the kind performed in the town. The event took place about one mile south of Cambria. This was the first appearance of the Squire in official duty. He then lived in Centerville, about three miles northwest of Cam- bria, but at that time there was no Cambria, nor houses betweenhis place and tiie house of the bride, but he passed a piece of fencing divided by a small gap. Mr. Patton could get no form for marriage, but his legal knowledge came to his rescue, and after considerable hard study he drafted a service that he was confident would survive the wreck of time and hold them " for better or for worse." It was a legal document, interlarded with quotations from Holy Writ and some poetry. Armed with this document which he had committed to moraory, he started out on his holy mission to make " two hearts beat as one." Halting at the gap in the fence referred to, he united the two detachments of fence by repeating his marriage service, without a skip or blunder, and then pursued his way on foot. When he arrived there, he found the party waiting for him, and as a casual guest T. Clark Smith, of Columbus, was present. The bridal party were duly arranged on the floor and the Squire proceeded with the ceremony. But alas ! for human weakness! He forgot his oration; "his tongue clave to the roof of his mouth." In vain he straightened up his spinal column, "smote his knees together, gnashed his teeth, ' rolled his eyes, brushed back his front hair and mopped up the perspiration on his face, his tongue refused to give utterance to the chaos that raged in his brain. Smith grinned and the bridal party blushed, while other members looked on with pity. The Squire had completely for- gotten himself, but his mind at length wandered back to the rail fence, and then the floodgates of memory were thrown open, and he went on with the ceremony and clinched it with an elo- quent quotation from Scripture, " What God has joined together let no man put asunder : " received a five-franc piece for his fee, and with a light heart bent his steps homeward. Marshall, son of Nathan and Harriet Swain, was the first child born in the town of Court- land, his birth dating in the fall of 1846. Death claimed its first victim in the person of Patrick Grifiith, who died in the fall of 1846. He was buried a short distance east of Cambria. The first school was taught by William S. Chestnut in an upper room of the dwelling of Jonathan Moulton in the spring of 1847. About twelve scholars were in attendance. The first mill built in the town was by Daniel Langdon, an account of which is given in the sketch of the village of Cambria. The first public dance was at the house of Daniel Langdon in 1846, the same house men- tioned in the history of Cambria as the first built in the village, and which in 1879 was used by the owners of the Cambria mill as a stable. A family named Hagadorn, consisting of father and mother, three sons, Henry, Jacob and Adam and a daughter, moved there in 184-5. If reports are true, this family did not contribute materially to the peace and welfare of that community, but on the contrary kept the neighbor- hood in a chronic uneasiness, but it was believed after all by many, that the reputation of the old man and his boys was often used to cover up the crookedness of others. Various and numer- ous were the irregularities that were charged to this family, and often were the officers of the law armed with the necessary papers to bring the old man to judgment, and vindicate the peace and dignity of the State of Wisconsin. William S. Chestnut, then a young man, conscientious in HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 711 the discharge of his duties generally, came in contact with Hagadorn frequently in an oflScial way. At one time, Hagadorn made one of a party of several of the Courtlanders who started to Milwaukee with ox teams. They camped the first night a few miles east of Fox Lake, and the teamsters made free with a settler's corn-field close at hand to bait their oxen. The owner had the party arrested for stealing, and they swore the theft on to Hagadorn, who admitted that he appropriated a little corn, but insisted that the whole party was also guilty. But the old man's bad reputation let them off. Later still, a warrant was issued by a Justice named Toby and placed in the hands of Chest- nut for service. Chestnut mounted his horse and pounced upon his victim, Hagadorn, while the old man was quietly partaking of his noontide meal. The lawless Hagadorn donned a swallow-tailed coat that, in the days of antiquity, had made its way in society, and meekly walked alongside the mounted officer of the law toward the residence and office of Squire Toby. While silently marching along a bridle path in a thicket of timber, Chestnut casually remarked to his prisoner that, " this would be a good place to run away." The prisoner looked up into the stern face of his captor, which seemed to relax a trifle. The next moment that swallow-tailed coat represented an angle of forty-five degrees as its proprietor was scudding through the woods only as a man can scud when he is in a great hurry. In vain did the constable jump from his horse and pursue the fugitive and yell after him to "come back." The pursuit was abandoned, but he picked up Hagadoru's hat that had parted company with its owner, and hung it on a twig near the path. Mr. Chestnut returned the warrant marked, " served and prisoner escaped," remarking that he " didn't think he was guilty anyway." That was the end of the case. Hagadorn was not entirely destitute of honor, evidently, for some time after that, while Chestnut was passing his house, he was called, when the former told him that he wanted to pay him for his trouble on that occasion. " All right," said Chestnut. " There," continued he, pointing to an overgrown, lank and dingy-looking pup that was dozing under the soporific in- fluence of a hot kitchen fire, " is a splendid pup ; I'll give you that pup to call it square." " A bargain," said Chestnut, and he proudly bore off the fee at the end of a string, meditating on the great future that the pup might develop. The pup was taken to his new home, for which he soon formed a warm attachment. He grew and waxed strong and soon proved an adept in hunt- ing eggs, which he sucked with pleasure. William says there is no telling what faculties that pup might have developed, had his early training not been neglected and had not one of the boys in a fit of anger "cut him down in the morning of life." About the time Mr. Chestnut came to town, a number of young men from Illinois, Indiana and other States, inaugurated here a new enterprise. They would select some pretty good land, enter the same, build thereon a small house, and sell out the same the first opportunity, and then take up another claim. They would thus keep in advance of the actual settlers, and com- pel them to submit to their unjust claims. To resist one of the number would bring the whole body upon the offender. The first election in the town was the occasion of a great deal of fun in the way of " big drunks." Whisky was free, and everybody partook, but, as in the days of the Apostles, the good wine was set out first, and after that the worse. As the barrel was being emptied of its first contents, it was replenished with water, the greater number of the men being so drunk they did not know the difference between water and whisky. The town lies immediately south of Randolph. The prairie of the latter town extends into Courtland, occupying the northeastern section, and then, extending in a narrow belt southwest- ward across the town, widens out again on the west side. In the southeast sections, narrow and marshy belts with the same southwest trend are observed. The surface is generally quite level, running for the most part from 350 to 400 feet in altitude. In the northeast corner, however, the ravines about the head of Duck Creek cut down to an altitude of 260 feet. The highest points probably are on Sections 17, 18, 20 and 19. Most of the town lies on the divide between the systems of the Rock and Wisconsin, so that the streams heading on either side are but small, the main branch of Duck Creek, at Cambria, being the principal one. 712 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway traverses the town from east to west, entering on Section 1, and passing through Sections 2, 3, 4, .5, and into Springvale from Section 6. The first entry of land was made June .5, 1844, by Peter Goulden, and patented Septem- tember 1, 1846, and comprised the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 10. Of Horace Rust, one of the early settlers of this town, the Columbus Democrat of April 12, 1879, says: '■ It was mentioned in the Democrat of last week that Mr. Horace Rust, of Courtland, had been upon his death-bed for several days, and that he had probably passed away before that writing, but he lingered in an unconscious condition for several days more, and breathed his last at 3:30 A. M., on Monday. The funeral occurred on Wednesday, and was largely attended. He was born in Rochester, Vt., in 1798, and his life, thus prolonged far beyond the exist- ence of an ordinary man, was full of incident. Several of his earlier years were passed in Maine, where he was a contractor for the construction of a canal. In 1823, he was married at Stockbridge, near the place of his birth, to Miss Roxana Mills. In 1843, he came to Walworth County, Wis., and for about two years resided with his brother-in-law. Dr. Mills, who was then Territorial Senator. In 1845, he moved to what is now Courtland, and selected the beautiful location which embraces the fine farm where he died. His son Henry has resided with him during most of these years, and during the greater part of the time has managed the farm. As he advanced in years, having acquired a competence, the elder Mr. Rust relinquished active life, and, relieved from all care and oppression of want, enjoyed a pleasant and comfortable home with his son. The estate, though not large, is valuable and forms one of the coziest and pleasantest homes anywhere in that region. The deceased was full of reminiscence con- cerning early life on this frontier, when he was in the mood ; and many interesting recol- lections of that character have died with him. In 1845, with his two sons, Henry and Mills, and a yoke of cattle, he entered Courtland, and built a log house into which he removed his family in the succeeding year. He related that after finishing this house, he and his sons started on the return to Walworth. At that time, the old road to Columbus and Watertown made an extensive detour to the west, and went to Otsego to avoid impassable swamps. The pilgrims took an early breakfast that morning, and the ox-line did not bring them to Otsego until late in the afternoon. Mr. Rust always spoke of his substantial dinner that day at W. B. Dyer's log tavern in Otsego, as the best meal he ever ate in his life. At an early day, he and Squire Topliff, still of this city, were engaged for some time in surveying, and they laid out the road between Columbus and Cambria. Under President Polk's administration, Mr. Rust was appointed Postmaster, the office being at his house, and being known as the Portage Prairie Post OflBce. It is said to have been on the route following the old military road from Green Bay to Prairie du Chien, and the mail probably arrived about once a week. Under President Taylor, however, the office was removed to Centerville, two miles north of Cambria, and the • High Court of Centerville ' appointed the Postmaster. Mr. Rust was a member of the commission which laid out the road from Columbus to Princeton. During the first years of the county, he was elected Treasurer, but by some manipulation or other, S. C. Higbie obtained possession. He was twice Postmaster at Cambria, and held that oflSce in Rochester, Vt., uhder Presi- dent Jackson. From the organization of the party to his death, he was an ardent Republican. A correspondent says of him and his class : ' The early settlers in this vicinity were fine speci- mens of manhood, and, perhaps, on the whole, the advancing step of civilization has not improved the character of our citizenship. We often sigh for the strong bonds of brotherhood which elevated the first settlers to a great extent above the petty jealousies and social and polit- ical strivings that now seem to permeate society. Then life was primitive; then the duties and details of existence, and its social relations, were truer and more genuine. " ' There was a general sympathy and all rejoiced sincerely in the success of a neighbor. We all feel deep and real sorrow at seeing one after another passing away, and to reflect that these golden links binding eras of life, will soon all be broken beyond restoration by any cun- ning hand.' The old age of Mr. Rust was genial and pleasant. Care sat lightly upon him HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 713 and he never sought the jagged edges of life. Up to within a week of his demise, he was appar- ently in full possession of his mental faculties, and his health was always remarkably good until within a short time of his death. However, it had been evident of late that his was the common lot of humanity. The correspondent above quoted remarks : ' It is many years since he gave up active labor and business, but he preserved in an eminent degree his remarkable social powers. It seemed as though by almost superhuman energy that, while the physical man was gradually wearing away, the mind would not surrender its scepter until its tabernacle crumbled entirely away. There is a moral sublimity in the close of a symmetrical life ; in the blending of earthly and spirit- ual life, where there seems no chasm to separate the present from the great future. Manhood suc- ceeds childhood, and old age follows close upon the footsteps of manhood ; and the hoary frost of many winters crown the head until he is gathered in like golden grain fully ripe and ready for the sickle.' Mr. Rust was married but once, but was a husband fifty-six years, thirty- three of which were passed in Courtland. His wife and five of his nine children survive him." The following is a list of town officers from the organization of the town to the present time: 1849 — Jeremiah Williams, Chairman ; Horace Rust, Milan G. Toby, Supervisors ; Ed- ward E. Randall, Clerk ; Jackson G. Coil, Assessor ; John Jess, Treasurer; Edward E. Randall, School Superintendent. 1850— Jeremiah Williams, Chairman ; John B. Williams, Ransom H. Mead, Supervisors ; William L. Williams, Clerk ; Jackson G. Coil, Assessor ; Randall lUsley, Treasurer ; Francis G. Randall, School Superintendent. 1851— Ransom H. Mead, Chairman ; C. B. Williams, Wilson G. Toby, Supervisors ; Jeremiah Williams, Clerk; William Bump, Treasurer; William B. Toby, Alonzo C. Knight, Evan Edwards, Assessors ; John M. Mead, School Superintendent. 1852 — Ransom H. Mead, Chairman; Roger Rogers, Samuel G. Whiting, Supervisors; Henry B. Galleys, Clerk ; William Bump, Treasurer ; Robertof Roberts, John M. Mead, Assessors ; John M. Mead, School Superintendent. 1853 — Ransom M. Mead, Chairman ; Robertof Roberts, Roger Rogers, Supervisors ; Henry B. Galleys, Clerk ; William Bump, Treasurer ; F. G. Randall, William 0. Jones, Assessors ; Samuel G. Whiting, School Superintendent. 1854 — R. H. Mead, Chairman; Roger Rogers, Seth H. Higgins, Supervisors; John M. Mead, Clerk ; Wolcott Watson, Treasurer ; William Bump, Assessor ; Samuel G. Whiting, School Superintendent. 1855 — Nathan Griffin, Chairman ; John ap Jones, Lewis Brown, Supervisors ; Charles Rust, Clerk ; Jesse G. Southwell, Treasurer ; Edwin B. GriflBn, Assessor ; S. D. Hambleton, School Superintendent. 1856— F. G. Randall, Chairman ; Randall Illsley, Roger Rogers, Supervisors ; Charles Rust, Clerk; Franklin C. Toby, Treasurer; Horace Rust, Assessor ; S. D. Hambleton, School Superintendent. 1857 — Ransom H. Mead, Chairman ; Mills Rust, Roger Rogers, Supervisors ; F. G. Randall, Clerk ; Edward L. Williams, Treasurer ; Horace Rust, Assessor ; J. H. Williams, School Superintendent. 1858 — Jeremiah Williams, Chairman ; Walcott Watson, L. Richards, Supervisors ; J. D. Jones, Clerk ; Evan Owens, Treasurer ; E. L. Williams, Assessor ; G. F. Hunt, School Superintendent. 1859 — J. D. Jones, Chairman ; Richard McCumber, Roger Rogers, Supervisors ; Evan O.Jones, Clerk; Mills Rust, Treasurer; E. L. Williams, Assessor; Charles Rust, School Superintendent. I860 — John D. Jones, Chairman ; Solomon Harvey, William Bump, Supervisors ; David R. Evans, Clerk ; R. H. Mead, Treasurer ; E. L. Williams, Assessor ; J. L. Williams, School Superintendent. 714 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1861 — Solomon Harvey, Chairman ; Evan 0. Jones, William Bump, Supervisors ; D. R. Evans, Clerk ; Robert H. Hughes, Treasurer ; Edward L. Williams, Assessor ; Henry H. Rust, School Superintendent. 1862 — E. 0. Jones, Chairman ; William Bump, R. B. Thomas, Supervisors ; D. R. Evans, Clerk ; Roger Rogers, Treasurer ; Edward L. Williams, Assessor. 186-3 — E. 0. Jones, Chairman ; R. B. Thomas, W. Griffin, Supervisors ; D. R. Evans, Clerk; J. G. Southwell, Treasurer; Edward L. Williams, Assessor. 1864 — William Owen, Chairman ; R. B. Thomas, William Bump, Supervisors ; R. T. Williams, Clerk ; Jeremiah Williams, Treasurer ; Edward L. Williams, Assessor. 1865 — R. B. Thomas, Chairman ; D. R. Jones, George Bennett, Supervisors ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; Jeremiah Williams, Treasurer ; Edward L. Williams, Assessor. 1866 — Henry B. Rust, Chairman ; George M. Bennett, William 0. Jones, Supervisors ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; R. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Edward L. Williams, Assessor. 1867 — H. B. Rust, Chairman ; John L. Lloyd, Supervisor ; John B. Jones, Clerk ; R. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Edward L. Williams, Assessor. 1868 — R. H. Mead, Chairman ; Roger Rogers, William R. Williams, Supervisors ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; R. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Mills Rust, Richard G. Owen, Evan Owens, Assessors. 1869 — R. H. Mead, Chairman ; Evan Owens, David D. Morris, Supervisors ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; R. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Mills Rust, Assessor. 1870 — H. B. Rust, Chairman ; D. D. Morris, Evan Owen, Supervisors ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; R. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Mills Rust, Assessor. 1871 — George M. Bennett, Chairman ; D. D. Morris, William 0. Jones, Supervisors ; E. 0. Jones. Clerk ; R. B. Thomas, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1872 — George M. Bennett, Chairman ; D. D. Morris, William 0. Jones, Supervisors ; E. 0. Jones, Clerk ; Robert J. Rowland, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1873 — George M. Bennett, Chairman ; William Hughes, G. W. Townsend, Supervisors ; E. 0. Jones, Clerk ; R. J. Rowland, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1874 — George M. Bennett, Chairman ; William Hughes, John W. Lee, Supervisors ; R. J. Rowlands, Clerk ; Hugh R. Hughes, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1875 — John W. Lee, Chairman ; D. D. Mon'is, D. T. Williams, Supervisors ; R. J. Row- lands, Clerk ; Hugh R. Hughes, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1876 — J. W. Lee, Chairman ; D. D. Morris, D. T. Williams, Supervisors ; R. E. Jones, Clerk ; Hugh R. Hughes, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1877 — John W. Lee, Chairman ; D. D. Morris, D. T. Williams, Supervisors ; R. E. Jones, Clerk ; Hugh R. Hughes, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1878 — John J. Lloyd, Chairman ; D. D. Morris, G. Richards, Supervisors ; R. E. Jones, Clerk ; H. R. Hughes, Treasurer ; Jonas Conklin, Assessor. 1879 — D. D. Morris, Chairman ; Maurice Blodgett, Owen Corley, Supervisors ; R. E. Jones, Clerk ; H. R. Hughes, Treasurer ; John Quinn, Assessor. 1880 — D. D. Morris, Chairman ; M. R. Blodgett, Owen Cordy, Supervisors ; R. E. Jones, Clerk ; H. R. Hughes, Treasurer ; John Quinn, Assessor. VILLAGE OF CAMBRIA. In 1844, two brothers, by the name of Langdon, settled on the site of the present village, one of them building a saw-mill on a branch of Duck Creek, the other opening a small stock of general merchandise. Four blocks were surveyed and platted, and the prospective village named Florence. The name, however, was not readily accepted by the community surrounding it, and was better known as Langdon's Mill. In 1848, the Langdons put up a frame for a grist-mill, but were unable to purchase the necessary machinery to operate it. In the spring of 1840, one Bell came out and advanced money for that purpose, taking a mortgage upon the whole of Langdon's property to secure the debt, and, in consequence of non-payment when due, it all passed into his hands. Mr. Bell now HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 715 took steps to enlarge the boundaries of the new village, having surveyed and platted quite a large addition to the original plat. In order to perpetuate his name, he called the village Bell- ville. The business of milling, as established by the Langdons, he continued until 18.51, when he disposed of his entire interest in mill and village to John ap Jones and Evan Edwards. Jones & Edwards not being practical millers, employed Gabriel Williams to superintend it, and the mill became more noted than ever before. Until age made it necessary to abandon the work, Mr. Williams continued to be identified with the mill as Superintendent or proprietor. The new proprietors of the village, as well as the few who had settled here, were not pleased with the name of Bellville, and by them it was changed to Cambria. But little growth was attained until the completion of the railroad through the place in 1857. At that time, the pros- pect was good for a large and enterprising village, but for some cause its growth was checked. Unlike many villages, it cannot be said it ever was ahead of the country tributary to it. As might be inferred, the first building in the village was erected by the Langdons, and was situated near the mill. This house was still standing in 1880, but no longer used as the abode of man. For a number of years previous, the owners of the mill into whose hands it fell used it for stabling purposes. The first hotel in Cambria was built by Griffith & Evans in the summer of 1856. It remained in their possession but a short time, when it passed into the hands of Gibbs & Halsey, who in turn transferred it to John 0. Jones, it afterward passing successively into the hands of H. Dunham, Murdoch & Smith and Chatwood & Son, and was burned in 1872. In the fall of 1852, L. Richards came to the village and opened a small store. At this time, there was no post ofiice here, and Mr. Richards, as well as others, was put to a great deal of inconvenience in receiving mail, being under the necessity of going some three miles to the nearest post office. Mr. Richards began to urge the department to establish an office here, and it was mainly through his instrumentality the work was accomplished. The country being thinly settled, and two post offices within three miles, the department felt unwilling to do anything unless one of the two should be suspended, and the mail contractor willing to change the route. But, in the spring of 1854, the necessary arrangements were made for an office, and William Post received the appointment of Postmaster, and served as such until the spring of 1856. At this time, James Kelley came to the village looking for a location, and, being favorably impressed, he purchased the stock of merchandise of Mr. Post, and the latter resigned in his favor. Mr. Kelley performed the duties of the office until 1868, whed he resigned and was suc- ceeded by Horace Rust. Going East, Mr. Kelley embarked in oil and other speculations, which not proving remunerative, he returned to Cambria, and receiving the appointment, he again dis- charged the duties of Postmaster, and continued until January, 1879, when he was succeeded by Peter Williams. The office was made a money-order office in 1869. The first order was issued July 14, 1869, to Griffith 0. Jones, in favor of C. H. Mariner, New Lisbon, Ohio, for the sum of $35. The second order was also issued to Mr. Jones. During the year 1879, there were issued 1,045 orders, calling for the sum of $15,075.53. In addition to the hotel of Chatwood & Sons, which, as has already been stated, was burned in 1872, two others have been erected in the village — the Peterman House and Cambria Hotel. The former was a large stone structure, erected in 1874, and burned April 26, 1879. The lat- ter was opened in 1872, after the first was destroyed, by Isaac Parry. A fire visited the village in 1874, which is thus described by a local writer : " On Sunday afternoon, December 20, 1874, occurred the most destructive fire ever witnessed in our village, destroying the principal stores, and laying desolate the greater part of the north side of Water street. At about 3:-30 P. M., the alarm of fire was raised, and smoke was seen issuing from the building of B. W. Roberts, the lower part of which was occupied by J. B. Smith, who had lately opened a branch of his Fox Lake store, under the care of David Williams. On forcing open the doors, the ceiling was discovered to be ablaze, and the fire under full headway. A large crowd soon gathered and many of the goods were saved. To the west was a large wooden build- ing, the main part of which was used as a warehouse by Isaac Parry, the rest of which was 716 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. occupied by Squire Patton as a dwelling. This was soon in flames. The next building was A.dam Schlussmann's shoe-shop, which was soon torn down to prevent further spread of the fire to the west. If there had been any wind from the north, the wliole town would have been burned. As it was, the greatest care was necessary to prevent the buildings on the opposite side of the street from taking fire; they were scorched and blistered, and every pane of glass in front of Peter- man's new hotel was cracked by the intense heat. East of Smith's store was D. D. Jones' dry-goods store, which was soon in flames. It was now evident that the whole street would go, and the greater part of the goods in the remaining buildings were speedily removed. The next building demolished was occupied by D. Roberts as a dwelling-house and tailor-shop ; ne.xt came E. R. Williams' harness-shop ; then as fast as the flames could devour them, George Buck's barber-shop, John Davies' shoe-shop, and finally Thomas Lewis' harness-shop. Here the fire stopped, there not being wind enough to carry the flames across Madison street to Purnell's hard- ware store. The entire loss is estimated at from $18,000 to $20,000 ; insurance about $2,000. The principal losers are J. B. Smith and D. D. Jones; Smith's goods were insured, and he will lose about $3,000 ; Mr. Jones had no insurance, and loses about $6,000. None of the build- ings were insured. Dr. M. A. Shaw, whose oflice was over Smith's store, lost his medical library, which was insured for $50. This is a hard blow for Cambria, but the burned district will probably be rebuilt, and the appearance of the village improved. It is not known how the fire originated." The school district of Cambria was organized in 1847, and a house was built the same year on land given by Samuel Langdon. In size it was 20x24, built of oak lumber from Langdon's mill. The first winter term of school was taught by Betsy GriflSn, in 1848-49. The first and second summer terms were taught by S. S. Torbet ; the third by Miss Butterfield; the fourth by Miss Carhart ; the fifth by Mr. Knight; the fourth winter term by William Hollinshead. Teachers then received $1.50 per week, boarding around, and for the winter term $20 to $25 per month. Mr. Edwards taught during the school year of 1855-56 ; John J. Williams, the sum- mer of 1856; Miss Mary Rust, the summer term of 1857; and Charles Rust, the winter of 1857-58. The house then became inadequate to accommodate the pupils, there being seventy- five to crowd in a room 20x24. It was then abandoned and a room hired in a building then owned by Evan Morris. The new schoolhouse was built in 1861 — Hugh Roberts, builder — at a cost of $1,600. Number of scholars at that time, 313. The school was now graded, and the first teachers under the graded system were Harvey Rust, S. A. Van Middleworth and Amelia Kelly, and the wages received were $50, $32 and $20 per month. In 1868, the schoolhouse was moved to a more favorable location on Tower street, and an addition was built for the primary department, at a cost of $600. John J. Lloyd, S. A. "Van Middleworth and Nellie Roberts were teaching that year at a salary of $66, $32 and $24, respectively. Number of scholars enrolled, 332. In 1879-80, Ladoc Merrill, Lizzie Williams and Lizzie Hughes were teachers, receiving, respectively, a salary of $56, $26 and $20. Number of pupils enrolleil, 254. Miss S. A. Van Middleworth taught the intermediate department eight years in suc- cession. The highest wages that have been paid a male teacher, were $66, and the lowest, $50, per month. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church. — This church was organized in 1858, by Rev. Will- iam Jones, with twenty-five members. Rev. John ap Jones, a local preacher, ministered to the congregation from its organization until June, 1857, when he was succeeded by Rev. Reece Evans, who "labored in word and in doctrine" until June, 1879. The first services were held in the schoolhouse in the village, continuing therein until the erection of their church edifice in 1857. The church house cost $3,000. It is 40x50 feet, and will seat 350 persons. The mem- bership of the church was 108. A Sunday-school was organized by the congregation in 1853. In 1879. its average attendance was 140. Henry Williams was their Superintendent. Methodist Episcopal Church. — In 1850, Rev. Henry Roberts organized a class in a schoolhouse about one mile south of the village of Cambria, composed of about fifteen members, among whom were H. 0. Evans and wife, Griffith W. Jones, wife, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 717 son and daughter; William Davis and wife, William Lloyd and wife, Ann Jones, John H. Roberts, Rowland Jones and wife, John T. Jones and wife. The congregation con- tinued to worship in the schoolhouse where it was organized until 18.56, when a church house was built in Cambria. To this place they then came. In the spring of 1873, the house was moved to a more favorable location and services held in the English language. Previous to this time, the Welsh tongue was used. The Welsh pastors of the church were Revs. Henry Roberts, William Owens, Robert Price, William R. Jones and John Jones. The English Pastors were Revs. Bronsoii, Shepherd, Teel, Averill and Safiron. The first oflB- cers were John T. Jones and John H. Roberts, Class Leaders ; H. 0. Jones, G. W. Jones and John H. Roberts, Stewards. In 1849, Samuel Davis was Class Leader and Thomas Morris, Steward. Membership, twelve. A Sunday school was organized in 1873, which ceased to exist in 1878. Welsh Oongregationalist Ohurch. — This church was organized in 1856, by Rev. John Parry, and a small frame house erected, which they designated as their " Tabernacle," wherein they met to worship until the completion of a church edifice in 1858. Their new house of worship was erected at a cost of $1,400, and was located on State street, Roberts' Addition to the village. Rev. John Parry was the first Pastor of the congregation, followed in order by Revs. G. Jones, D. D. Jones, M. Morris and J. V. Evans. Among the number composing its organization were W. R. Lloyd, Dr. J. H. Williams, David Richards, L. Richards, H. Hughes, P. Griffiths and Rev. G. Jones. In 1879, the church had a membership of fifty, with Roger Rogers, Deacon ; J. R. Jones, Treasurer ; Thomas Davis and John Owens, Ti'ustees ; L. Richards, Secretary. In 1879, the Sunday school connected with the congregation had had a continuous existence of twenty-six years, and had on its roll about sixty scholars. L. Rich- ards, Superintendent. Presbyterian Ghureh. — The society was organized in 1859, and a church building erected in 1860-61. The first Elder was John Peabody, and its constituent members were Mrs. Pea- body, Miss Peabody, John Van Middleworth and wife, Sarah Van Middleworth, Mrs. John D. Jones, Robert Currie. The Pastors have been Revs. Andrew Hardy, John Densmore, John Kelley, J. H. Richey. C. H. Spencer, David James, Morris Davis, Robert Roberts. Its present membership is 40. Elders — David Glass, John ap Jones, H. W. Thomas and G. D. Myers. The various temperance and benevolent organizations have not been without representation in the village, being represented by the Masons, United Workmen, Good Templars and Juvenile Templars. Good Templars. — A lodge of Good Templars was instituted March 28, 1874, by B. F. Parker, G. W. S., assisted by Theodore D. Kanouse, G. W. C. Its first officers and charter members were: K. Scott, W. C. T. ; Nellie Evans, W. V. T. ; Rev. W. Teal, W. Chap. ; H. C. Glendening, W. S. ; R. G. Humphrey, W. A. S. ; Louisa Hughes, W. T. ; Richard Jones, W. M. ; Perrie Williams, W. D. M. ; Laura Humphrey, W. I. G. ; J. Ridgeway, W. 0. G. ; Mrs. Scott, R. H. S. ; Peter Williams, L. D. ; M. J. Teal, Jennie Williams, Rev. Reese Evans, NeJ Evans, Mrs. H. C. Glendening, Mrs. B. Owen, Sarah Perry, Maggie Owens, M. J. Rach, Annie Williams, M. J. Owens, M. E. Williams, Sarah Humphrey, J. Bartholomew, Mrs. J. Bartholomew, Thomas Owens, Annie Morris, David Williams, Mrs. E. Evans, Mrs. A. Humphrey, Mrs. R. Williams, Richard Jones, Louisa Hughes, Rev. M. E. Davis, A. C. Humphrey, John Williams, Samuel Davis, Catharine Davis. In January, 1880, the officers were: George Beyers, W. C. T. ; Jennie Williams, W. V. T. ; John Davis, P. W. C. T. ; R. G. Humphrey. W. Chap. ; John V. M. Davis, W. S. ; Jennie Owens, W. A. S. ; William E. Williams, W. F. S. ; Nellie Edwards, W. T. ; John Edwards, W. M. ; Lizza A. Jones, W. A. M.; Hattie Hughes, W. I. G. ; William Beyers, W. 0. G. ; Eliza Williams, R. H. S. ; Louisa Hughes, L. H. S. ; Robert E. Jones, L. D. Membership, 55. Night of meetings, Friday, in Edwards' Hall. Camhria Lodge, No. 61, A. 0. U. W. — This lodge was organized April 24, 1879, by A. H. Casey, with the following-named officers and charter members : M. A. Shaw, P. M. W. ; 718 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Peter Williams, M. W. ; Fred. Miller, M. ; William Peterman, 0. ; Edmund Evans. R. ; J. J. Edwards, F. ; H. AV. Thomas, Receiver ; Henry Williams, G. ; Edwin Davis, I. W. ; A. Schlissman, 0. W. ; Samuel Davis, William H. Sanders, Fred. Seeman and D. D. Jones. The lodge adopted as regular nights of meeting the second and fourth Wednesday in each month. At its first meeting in January, 1880, were elected and installed, Fred. Miller, M. W. ; H. R. Williams, G. F. : William Sanders, 0. ; William Peterman, 0. ; M. A. Shaw, G. ; A. Schleiss- man, I. W. ; William Seeman, 0. W. ; J. J. Edwards, F. ; H. W. Thomas, Rec. ; Peter Williams, P. M. W. Trustees : D. D. Jones, J. J. Edwards, and Henry Williams. Cambria Lodge, No. 152, A., F. A. M., was organized July 26, 1865, by S. H- Marquissee. Its charter members and first officers were G. 0. Jones, W .M. ; D. C. Davis, S. W. ; H. B. Rust, J. W. ; Horace Rust, Treasurer; R. J. Rowland, Sec; W. Meacher, S. D. ; J. B. Smith, J. D. ; S. G. Winters, Tiler. Up to January, 1880, five members had died, as follows : Mr. Blodgett, Jacob Jackson, Robert J. Rowlands, George Farcy, D. H. Ennis. At the annual election, January, 1880, were elected and installed, Peter Williams, W. M. ; E. Tripp, S. W. ; John Houston, J. W. ; P. Beckelhaupt, Treas. ; Z. Merrill, Sec. ; John Davis, S. D. ; H. H. Jones, J. D. ; D. A. Roberts, Tiler. Regular night of meeting, first and third Thursday, in each month. MISCELLANEOUS. Fires. — As has been stated, in 1872 the hotel of Chatwood & Son was destroyed by fire. In 1874, seven buildings on the north side of Water street were destroyed, the loss amounting to $10,000. April 26, 1879, four buildings on the south side of Water street met a similar fate, inflicting a loss of $-35,000. The grist-mill has frequently changed hands. Its first proprietors were the Langdons, then Bell, Jones <& Edwards, John ap Jones, Jones & Williams, Williams & Evans, Gabriel Williams, and Williams cS: Jones, who in 1880, were its proprietors. The old frame long since passeil away and in its stead was erected, in 1871, a large and handsome stone structure costing $40,000, and having placed in it nothing but the latest and most approved machinery. Since the original plat was recorded, several additions have been made to the village, and are known as J. D. Jones', Roberts', Sarah ap Roberts', Williams', Jones' and Kelly's Additions to Cambria. The greater part of the place lies within the town of Courtland, while the remainder is in the town of Randolph. Cambria was under town government until 1866, the Legislature of that year passing an act of incorporation, and in April, 1866, the first charter election was held. By the act of incorporation, the government was to consist of a President and five Trustees, a Clerk, Treasurer, Police Justice and Constable, who should be an ex oflScio Marshal, and such other officers as the Trustees should ordain. The President and Trustees and the Police Justice were to be elected annually, on the second Monday in April, the other officers to be appointed by the President and Trustees, to hold their offices for one year, or until their successors were duly appointed and qualified. The Police Justice was given all the rights and privileges of a Justice of the Peace, and was entitled to the same fees as received by them. Power was given to the President and Trustees to grant licenses for the sale of intoxicating, alcoholic, vinous, fermented, malt or mixed liquors, wine, beer or cider, and for passing and enforcing all laws necessary for the government of houses thereby licensed ; for organizing fire companies, restraining drunkards, establish pounds, and the licensing and controlling of other matters that might be necessary for good government. The following is a list of village officers for the several years since the organization of the village up to and including 1879 : 1866 — E. 0. Jones, President ; Jacob Jackson, Nicholas Jones, R. J. Lloyd, Willard Smith, E. R. Williams, Trustees ; D. C. Davies, Police Justice ; R. T. Williams, Clerk ; R. J. Rowland, Treasurer, S. G. Winters, Marshal ; M. W. Patton, Street Commissioner. HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 719 1867 — E. 0. Jones, President; Willard D. Smith, John De Witt Jones, Nicholas Jones, Elias R. Williams, Jacob Emter, Trustees ; Calvin M. Bush, Police Justice ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; R. J. Rowland, Treasurer ; John L. Owens, Marshal. 1868 — E. 0. Jones, President; John D. Jones, Peter Bickelhaupt, J. W. Kelley, 0. E. Jones, G. D. Myers, Trustees ; R. J. Rowland, Police Justice ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; Isaac Perry, Marshal ; William H. Patton, Street Commissioner ; Elias R. Williams, Treasurer. 1869 — E. 0. Jones, President; John D. Jones, G. D. Myers. D. D. Owens, Nicholas Jones, H. J. Roberts, Trustees ; R. J. Rowland, Police Justice ; G. 0. Jones, Clerk ; 0. E. Jones, Street Commissioner ; Herman Mode, Marshal ; John D. Jones, Treasurer. 1870 — E. 0. Jones, President ; C. D. Myers, Peter Bickelhaupt, H. J. Roberts, Nicholas Jones, Hugh W. Thomas, Trustees; Griff 0. Jones, Police Justice; E. P. Jones, Supervisor; GrifF 0. Jones, Clerk ; John D. Jones, Treasurer ; 0. E. Jones, Street Commissioner. 1871 — G. D. Myers, President ; Isaac Parry, Nicholas Jones, Thomas Lewis, Robert King, E. R. Williams, Trustees ; E. 0. Jones, Police Justice ; E. 0. Jones, Clerk ; H. J. Roberts, Treasurer ; H. Moede, Marshal ; John B. Williams, Street Commissioner. 1872 — G. D. Myers, President; Peter Bickelhaupt, Thomas Lewis, Evan W. Lloyd, Gershom Jones, Elias R. Williams, Trustees ; E. 0. Jones, Police Justice and Clerk ; H. J. Roberts, Treasurer; Nicholas Jones, Street Commissioner; H. Moedi, Marshal. 1873— G. D. Myers, President ; George Forey, H. W. Thomas, D. D. .Jones, E. Pur- nell, H. F. Miller, Trustees ; E. 0. Jones, Police Justice and Clerk ; E. W. Lloyd, Treasurer ; 0. E. Jones, Marshal ; Nicholas Jones, Street Commissioner. 1874— G. D. Myers, President; H. F. Miller, H. W. Thomas, John L. Owens, John Davis, M. A. Shaw, Trustees ; E. 0. Jones, Police Justice and Clerk ; D. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. G. Humphreys, Marshal ; John W. Williams, Street Commissioner. 1875 — M. A. Shaw, President ; Thomas Morris, John L. Owens, Thomas Lewis, George Forey, E. Purnell, Trustees ; E. 0. Jones, Police Justice and Clerk ; D. D. Jones, Treasurer ; 0. E. Jones, Marshal ; John W. Williams, Street Commissioner. 1876 — John Davies, President ; Thomas Morris, Enoch Evans, G. Williams, Jacob Emter, J. W. Kelly, Trustees ; G. D. Myers, Police Justice ; J. W. Kelly, Treasurer ; Nicholas Jones, Street Commissioner ; Isaac Parry, Marshal ; M. A. Shaw, Clerk. 1877 — Elias R. Williams, President ; Hugh W. Thomas, Robert G. Humphrey, John D. Owens, E. Purnell, Peter Williams, Trustees ; M. W. Patton, Police Justice ; John Davis, Clerk ; E. W. Lloyd, Treasurer ; Thomas Lewis, Street Commissioner ; Edward N. Jones, Marshal. 1878— G. D. Myers, President ; D. G. Williams, E. W. Lloyd, E. R. Williams, J. J. Edwards, T. A. Davis, Trustees; Peter Williams, Police Justice; Thomas Lewis, Street Com- missioner ; E. 0. Jones, Clerk ; Peter Bickelhaupt, Treasurer ; Isaac Parry, Marshal. 1879 — D. G. Williams, President ; H. W. Thomas, Thomas A. Davis, Peter Bickelhaupt, G. D. Jones, William A. Jones, Trustees ; Peter Williams, Police Justice ; M. A. Shaw, Clerk ; Isaac Parry, Marshal; Henry Jackson, Street Commissioner; D. D. Jones, Treasurer. The general business of the village has always been good, and is now represented by four general stores, one exclusive grocery store, one hardware, one jewelry, two drug and groceries, one furniture, one book, one restaurant, three saloons, one photograph gallery, two harness- shops, three shoe-shops, three wagon and blacksmith shops, one machine-shop, two tailor-shops, two paint-shops, one pump-shop, three millinery stores, three dressmakers, three physicians, three grain and stock dealers, one express agent, two insurance agents, two lumber-yards, one hotel, one grist-mill, two sewing-machine agencies and three agricultural machinery agencies. VILLAGE OF RANDOLPH. Following the building of a railroad, will be found villages springing up here and there, some of which are of mushroom growth, while others are the work of years, and show to the most casual observer an air of stability. Among the latter is the beautiful little village of 720 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Randolph, the west ward of which is situated on Section 1, in the town of Courtland, the remainder being in the town of Westford, Dodge County. On the completion of the Milwaukee & La Crosse Railroad, now the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the citizens living near the present village, for their own convenience, desired that a station should be located here. The company proposed to erect a good depot building and tlie necessary side tracks, provided ground should be donated to them for that purpose. In the person of Abiel Stark was found one with sufficient public spirit to furnish the required land; and, on the 3d day of March, 1857, he executed to the company the following deed: This Iniienture. Made this 3d day «f March, in the year i>f our Lurd, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- seven, between Abiel Stark and .lane A., his wife, nf F.>x Lake, party (if the first part, and the La Cmsse & Milwau- kee Railriiad Cumpany, party of the second part, all of the State of Wisconsin, WUnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and iu consideration of the sum of one dollar, to tliem in hand paid, by the said party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby confessed and acknowledged, have given, granted, bargained, sold, remised, released, aliened, conveyed and confirmed, and by these presents do give, grant, bargain, sell, remise, release, alien, convey and confirm unto the said party of the second part, their heirs and assigns forever, for a depot for said com- pany, a certain piece or parcel of land, situate in the county of Dodge, and described as follows, to wit: Commenc- ing at the southeast corner of a strip of land, north of right of way, on southwest quarter of Section six (G), Town- ship thirteen (l.'S) north, of Range thirteen |13|; thence running north on the highway, from right of way, two hun- dred and sixteen feet ; thence west nine hundred feet; thence south one hundred and sixty-six feet; thence west four hundred and fifty-three feet, to county line ; thence south fifty feet to the said right of way, containing five acres of land, more or less, together with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in any wise appertaining; and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, or demand whatsoever of the said party of the first part, either in law or erjuity, or in possession or expectancy of, in and to the above bargained premises and their hereditaments and appurtenances, to have and to hold the said premises above described, with the hereditaments and appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part, and to his heirs and assigns forever. And the said Abiel Stark, for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, does covenant, grant, bargain and agree to and with the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, that at the time of the ensealing and delivery of said presents, were well seized of the premises, above described, as of a good, sure, perfect, absolute and indefeasible state of inheritance, in the law, in fee simple, and that the same are free and clear from all incum- brances whatever, and that the above bargained premises, in the quiet and peaceable possession of the said party of the seconil part, their heirs and assigns, against all and every person or persons, lawfully claiming the whole or any part thereof, he will forever warrant and defend. fn witness whereof. The said party of the first part hereunto set their bands and seals the day and year first above written. Abiel Stark, [l. s.] Sealed and delivered in the presence of J-^ne A. Stark, [l. s.] Francis Wans, .ToHN Converse. STATE OF WISCONSIN, 1 CotNTV OF CoMIMBIA. ) Be it remembered, that on the 3d day of March, A. D. 1857, personally came before me the above-named Abiel Stark, and .Jane S., his wife, to me known to be the said persons who executed the said deed, and acknowledged the same to be their free act and deed, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. John Converse, Notary Pvblic. The above deed was received for record at the office of the Register of Deeds, at 11:45 A. M., April 30, 1857. A temporary depot was erected the same month in which the deed was made, and used until the completion of the present building, in August following. The fir.st plat of the village was made December 2, 1857, principally on the farm of Abiel Stark, together with five acres held jointly by Abiel Stark and John Converse. In May (1858) following, Dickinson's addition was surveyed, followed by an addition in June, 1859, by Abiel Stark, and one in October, the same year, by Mr. Hollinshead, this last being within Columbia County. In April, 1857, John Converse finished the first building erected on the present site of the village, and used the same as a dwelling. Others were soon afterward in the course of erection ; and before long a thriving little village sprung up, which has had a steady growth to the present, not increasing rapidly in numbers, but adding to its population year by year, and also increasing steadily in material wealth. The first store building was erected in the year 1857 by H. B. Converse; the first ware- house by S. Merrill. 'W. ■■ J^^gSf', '^Ce^^ c^ £:fe^^^£^ CAMBRIA. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 723 The village now presents a very neat appearance, with a large number of excellent dwelling-houses and stores, the latter doing a first-class business. The population is about five hundred. Few of the first settlers of the place now remain, some having moved away, while others have died. Abiel Stark, the real founder of the place, departed this life in August, 1869, enjoying the respect and confidence of all who knew him. He was a consistent member of the Baptist Church, and died in the faith. Mr. John Converse died in August, 1879, surviving Mr. Stark some ten years. It is well to state here that the village was first given the name of Converseville, from Mr. John Converse ; it was afterward changed to Westford, and, finally, to Randolph. For the first thirteen years, it was attached to the town of Westford ; but, in the winter of 1869-70, the Leg- islature of the State passed an act incorporating Randolph as a village, and, on the 8th day of March, 1870, the first charter election was held. GOVERNMENT. The charter contains a provision that the President of the Board shall always be a resi- dent of the East Ward, or that part lying within the limits of Dodge County. The following village officers have been elected since the act of incorporation : 1870 — President, Dr. William Meacher. Trustees, East AVard — R. C. Penney and A. Jones; West Ward — G. C. Foster and J. Binny. Assessor, R. D Calkins; Treasurer, R. Illsley ; Constable, Morris Taylor. Justices, East Ward — D. Kenyon ; West Ward — S. M. Smith; Clerk, S. M. Smith. Supervisors, East Ward — John E. Root; West Ward— S. M. Smith. 1871 — President, Alvarado Jones. Trustees, East Ward — N. Rasmusson and G. C. Fos- ter ; West Ward — R. Arms and J. Binny. Assessor, M. Wilson ; Treasurer, R. C. Penney. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root; West Ward — S. M. Smith. Constable, Walter Hinch- liffe ; Clerk, S. M. Smith. 1872 — President, James Knowles. Trustees, East Ward — Martin Allen and I. S. Butter- field ; West Ward — J. Stalker and G. C. Foster. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root ; West Ward — S. M. Smith. Treasurer, R. D. Evans. Justices, East Ward — H. B. Converse; West Ward — J. Stalker. Constable, Walter Hinchliffe ; Clerk, H. B. Converse. 1873 — President, J. J. Stocks, elected, but resigned, and James Knowles appointed by the Board to fill vacancy. Trustees, East Ward — James Knowles and J. G. Stark ; West Wai-d — R. S. Richmond and R. Arms. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root; West Ward — J. Stalker. Treasurer, R. D. Evans ; Assessor, A. Jones. Justices, West Ward — R. S. Richmond ; East Ward — H. B. Converse. Constable, M. G. Toby ; Clerk, H. B. Converse. 1874 — President, R. D. Calkins. Trustees, East Ward — M. Wilson and N. Rasmusson ; West Ward — G. C. Foster and J. Stalker. Treasurer, R. D. Calkins ; Assessor, A. Jones ; Supervisors, East Ward — H. B. Converse ; W^est Ward — W. T. Whirry. Justices, East Ward — H. B. Converse ; West Ward— W. T. Whirry. Constable, J. A. Townsend ; Clerk, H. B. Converse. 1875 — President, James Knowles. Trustees, East Ward — J. G. Stark and C. 0. Bige- low ; West Ward — R. S. Richmond and J. Stalker. Treasurer, R. D. Evans ; Assessor, C. J. Coleman. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root ; West Ward — J. Stalker. Justices, East Ward— H. B. Converse; West Ward— W. T. Whirry. Constable, J. A. Townsend; Clerk, J. E. Root. 1876 — President, R. D. Calkins. Trustees, East Ward — R. N. Rasmusson and C. 0. Bigelow ; West Ward — R. S. Richmond and Richard Arms. Treasurer, R. D. Evans ; Asses- sor, C. J. Coleman. Justices, East Ward — R. D. Calkins ; West Ward — Roger Williams. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root ; West Ward — J. Stalker. Constable, J. A. Townsend ; Clerk, R. G. Roberts. 1877 — President, James Knowles. Trustees, East Ward — J. G. Stark and M. Wilson ; West Ward — J. Roberts and R. S. Richmond. Assessor, C. J. Coleman ; Treasurer, R. D. 724 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY Evans. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root ; West Ward — J. Stalker. Justices, East Ward — R. D. Calkins ; West Ward — Roger Williams. Constable, J. A. Townsend ; Clerk, J. E. Hughes. 1878 — President, W. S. Johnson. Trustees, East Ward — H. W. Owen and N. Rasmus- son ; West Ward — G. C. Foster and R. V. Roberts. Assessor, C. J. Coleman ; Treasurer, R. D. Evans. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root ; West Ward — G. C. Foster. Justices, East Ward— R. D. Calkins ; West Ward— Roger Williams. Clerk, R. G. Roberts. 1879 — President, C. J. Coleman. Trustees, East Ward — C. 0. Bigelowand E. P. Jones ; West Ward — R. S. Richmond and Roger Williams. Assessor, M. Wilson ; Treasurer, R. D. Evans. Supervisors, East Ward — J. E. Root ; West Ward — G. C. Foster. Constable, M. D. French ; Clerk, J. G. Stark. 1880 — President, C. J. Coleman. Trustees, East Ward — C. H. Smith, E. P. Jones ; West Ward — R. S. Richmond, Roger Williams. Treasurer, R. D. Evans ; Assessor, M. Wilson ; Constable, M. L. French ; Supervisors, East Ward, John E. Root; West Ward — G. C. Foster; Justices, East Ward, R. D. Calkins ; West Ward, Roger Williams. FIRST THINGS. The first settler where the village now stands was John Hopper, who owned forty acres of land on what is now known as Dickinson's Addition to the village. The first child born in the village was Jessie R. Converse. The first school was taught by Lura L. Stark, daughter of Abiel and Jane Stark, in 1858-59. The first lawyer was M. M. Fowler, who located here in 1859. The first load of wheat sold in the place was in August, 1857, by C. N. Ashley to G. W. Goldsmith. The village, like the country surrounding, was first settled by emigrants from the East ; but, of late years, a large number of Welsh have made their homes here, and to-day this people comprise nearly half of the population. They are an industrious and thrifty class, and make good citizens and neighbors. They have two flourishing churches. POST OFFICE. The first Postmaster in the village was John Converse, then James Knowles, and last, John E. Root, who received his appointment in 1873, the first year of Grant's second term. Mr. Root came to the village in 1861, and has resided here ever since. The ofiice was made a money- order office in 1872, the first order drawn being in favor of the Andes Insurance Company, of Cincinnati, by S. M. Smith, for the sum of $29.50. The amount of the business now being done yearly is about $20,000. MANUF.AOTORIES, ETC. Two mills have been built, the first in 1859, by Converse & Stevely, which was burned in 1861. Another was erected some twelve years after, by Fred Zollner, assisted by the farmers of the neighborhood, who contributed some $2,000 for that purpose. This, too, was burned to the ground in May, 1879. Three large elevators are here, each handling a large amount of grain, and owned and con- trolled by James Knowles & Co. The State of Wisconsin has obtained an enviable reputation for the quantity and quality of its cheese, and in no place is this article better made than in the village of Randolph. In the year 1872, R. D. Calkins commenced its manufacture, and, during the season of 1879, he used the milk of about two hundred cows, and manufactured about thirty thousand pounds, which, estimating the average price per pound at 10 cents, will net the snug little sum of $3,000. Mr. Calkins buys his milk of the neighboring farmers, paying therefor about 90 cents per hundred pounds. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. ' 725 The mercantile trade of the place is rather above the average, there being about twenty stores of all kinds, including dry goods, groceries, hardware, millinery, drug, book, boot and shoe stores. NEWSPAPERS. Randolph, like many other similar villages, has had its newspaper. On the 1st day of Jan- uary, 1873, the first number of the Randolph Enti'rprise made its appearance, J. S. Lightner, publisher; Dr. Hacston, editor. For two years the Doctor continued its editor, when Mr. Light- ner, its publisher, donned the editorial harness and remained in charge for about one year, dur- ing which time it attained its greatest circulation. At the expiration of this time, he sold the material and good will of the office to E. W. Stevens, who continued it for another year, then selling to Messrs. Brown & Foster, who changed its name to Lively Times, which, if report be true, was less lively than any of its predecessors. Before the expiration of the year, they suspended the paper and moved the material of the office to another part of the State, since which time no effort has been made to fill its place. SCHOOLS. One of the best criterions by which to judge a village or city is the condition of its public schools, and it may be said that Randolph will not suffer by comparison. In 1867, it was dis- covered that the old schoolhouse was entirely unsuited to the wants of athriving village, and steps were at once taken for the erection of a better building. A site was chosen by a committee appointed for that purpose, and, the following year, the contract was let for the building of a house 34x50 feet, two stories in height, for the sum of $4,000. J. Roberts, N. Rasmusson and R. D. Calkins are the present Directors, with William Keeley, Principal, and Miss Jennie Mar- vin, assistant, in charge of the school. EXPORTS. The amount of shipments of the place in the year 1879, was as follows: Wheat, 5,574,000 pounds ; barley, 365,840 pounds ; potatoes, 66,780 pounds ; cattle, 772,000 pounds ; hogs, 852,000 pounds; butter, 57,475 pounds; wool, 86,000 pounds. If reduced to cars, we have, of wheat, 279; of barley, 1 ; potatoes, 4 ; cattle, 65 ; hogs, 71 ; butter, 3 ; wool, 7 ; a total of 438 cars for the year. CHURCHES. There are in the place four churches, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal, Welsh Methodist Episcopal and Welsh Congregational, each with large, comfortable church buildings. Baptist. — This church was organized in February, 1867, with twenty-seven members, Elder Moore being its first Pastor. The erection of a suitable place of worship was at once taken in hand, and, in March. 1868, the present building was completed, at a cost of $5,000. The membership of the church increased rapidly until it numbered at one time nearly one hun- dred, but of late years it has been decreased by removals and deaths until their number has become so small they are not able to have regular services. They also have disbanded their Sunday school and stopped their weekly meetings for prayer. The following named have served as Pastors of the church since its organization : Elders Saxton, First, Heagle, McLeod and Sweet. The present Trustees are D. D. Ashley, Lewis Brown and R. D. Calkins. Methodist Upisc'opal — The Dodge County Directory, published in 1872, gives the date of erection of their church building as 1859. The church is now in a very flourishing con- dition, having a membership of about one hundred, and an average attendance in their Sun- day school of eighty. Their church building is a large frame, with basement. The following have served as Pastors : B. R. Shephard, C. C. Lathrop, D. Brown, F. T. Allen, Mr. Window, J. B. Cooper, Mr. Olmstead, Mr. Woodhead, U. H. Thompson and A. Reed, the present Pastor. Welsh Methodist Upiscopal. — This society was organized in 1868 with thirty-two members. It first worshiped in a schoolhouse purchased at a cost of |)248. In 1876, their present sub- stantial building was erected at a cost of $3,000. Its size is 32x46. The church is in a 726 • HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. flourishing condition and the members are working together harmoniously. They employ no regular Pastor. Rev. Thomas Faulk and Rev. Thomas R. Jones are the resident local preachers. Present membership of church, eighty-seven ; Sunday school, seventy-five. Welsh Congregational Church. — Organized in July, 1876, with the following named mem- bers : John Lewis, James Thomas, H. C. Ellis, William E. Roberts, John W. Davis, J. D. Jones, William R. Roberts, Peter Thomas, Griffith R. Jones. The congregation is in good con- dition, with a membership of forty-five. They have only had one Pastor since their organiza- tion — Rev. J. P. Evans. The church building was erected in 1877 at a cost, including site, of $8,100. James Thomas and John W. Davis are Deacons ; Griffith R. Jones, Treasurer ; R. Griffith, Secretary ; H. C. Ellis, 0. W. Lloyd, William J. Davis, Trustees. The average attend- ance of Sunday school is forty-four. SOCIETIES. ijut one benevolent or temperance organization was in the place in 1879, that of the Temple of Honor, No. 33, organized in January, 1876, by Col. Watrous, G. W^ T., with sixty-four mem- bers. The Temple is in a flourishing condition, meets every Tuesday evening at Temple Hall (Baptist Church). The following named comprise the charter members : C. 0. Bigelow, W. S. Johnson, R. D. Evans, J. W. Olrastead, C. J. Coleman, R. G. Roberts, F. 0. Bolles, W. H. Albright, J. M. Albright, Hans Johnson, J. A. Lightner, M. H. Epley, J. M. Allen, John G. Griffin, M. F. Arms, H. Gilraore, J. H. Rockfellow, John E. Hughes, W. F. Root, James Lockhart, 0. C. Dibble, R. N. Rasmusson, H. C. Dunham, W. Byron, J. W. Townsend, John D. Davis, H. AV. Owen, Charles Heyer, F. D. Taylor, W. W. Alward, H. Phelps, David L. Hughes, D. S. John- son, John H. Owens, George G. Roberts, H. C. Williams, William E. Owens, D. Ilsley, 0. F. Lloyd, Milton Jones, Thomas R. Jones, 0. D. Scofield, John Jess, Charles W. Hinchliffe, W. Chapman, Thomas C. Williams, John Lloyd, N. Rasmusson, G. C. Foster, Frank Dibble, Junius Marvin, F. Yoaker, J. H. Phelps, R. H. Mead, William Lyke, E. H. Holmes, James Hanson, Thomas Alrinds, J. H. Holmes, H. Hutchinson, S. J. Butterfield, W. L. Price, E. Bryant, M. Neilson. The first officers were C. 0. Bigelow, W. C. T. ; W. S. Johnson, W. V. T. ; R. D. Evans, P. W. C. T. ; C. J. Coleman, W. R. ; R. G. Roberts, W. A. R. ; M. Arms, W. F. R. ; H. Dunham, W. T. : Charles Hinchliff'e, W. M. ; W. Chapman, W. G. ; E. Holmes, W. S. ; G. C. Foster, W. T. D. Present officers : R. D. Calkins, W. C. T. ; H. Harmer, W. V. T. ; W. W. Lloyd, W. R. ; C. Hutchinson, W. A. R. ; Dr. C. M. Willis, W. F. R. ; N. Rasmusson, W. T. ; James Marvin, M. U. ; Hans Larson, W. D. U. ; John Eggleston, W. G. ; W. S. Johnson, W. S. ; W. C. Foster, P. W. C. T. ; John Lloyd, W. T. D. HOTELS. Clement House. — This house was erected immediately after the laying-out of the village, by H. H. Russell, and kept by him for a short time, when it was disposed of to Edward Clement. Mr. Clement has leased the house from time to time to various parties, E. L. Hoy'', taking pos- session January, 1880. Russell Uoihse. — Was built by John Converse, who kept it for several years, disposing of it to H. H. Russell. In the spring of 1880, it passed into the hands of Roger Williams. TOWN OF DEKORRA. In 1846, this town, with much other territory, was formed into an election precinct, to be known as Dekorra Precinct. Elections were ordered held at the house of La Fayette Hill, and Joshua W. Rhodes, John Springer and Tiiomas Swearingen were appointed judges of election. In 1849, the Board of County Commissioners ordained that all that portion of Columbia County HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 727 lying west of the Wisconsin River, and south of the Baraboo River, and the fractional part of Township 11, Range 9, and the fractional part of Township 11, Range 8, and that part of the south half of Township 12, Range 9, lying east of the Wisconsin River, should be organized into a town, to which was given the name Dekorra, and the house of Bishop Johnson designated as the place for holding the first election. Subsequently, the town was made to embrace only Township 11, Range 9, except a part of Section 6, lying west of the Wisconsin River, and all of Township 11, Range 8, lying east of the Wisconsin River. The northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 34, Township 11, Range 9, was the first land entered in this town. It was entered, as mentioned in a previous article, bv Wal- lace Rowan on the 6th day of June, 1836. The remaining three forties of this quarter were entered by J. D. Doty on the 8th day of February, 1837. Lots 2 and 3, on Section .5, Township 11, Range 9, were also entered by J. D. Doty on the 29th of July, 1836. All of Section 7, Township 11, Range 9, was entered October 10 of the same year, and ail of Section 8, Township 11, Range 9, was entered the following day. Upon the land entered by Wallace Rowan, the first hotel in the town Avas built, and for a considerable time kept by him. Many of the earlier settlers of the State have partaken of the hospitalities of Mr. and Mrs. Rowan, and many a singular anecdote is told of the manner in which the nights were spent at that place. The house was small and not calculated to accom- modate a great number of guests, and hotels in those days being few and far between, there were times when the number of guests were much greater than the lodging capacity of the house would accommodate. The oldest records of the town show that on the 3d day of April, 1849, there was an election held at the village of Dekorra, and that William W. Drake was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and Charles W. Kingsbury and Christopher Randall were his asso- ciates; Quintin Smith was elected Town Clerk; Joshua W. Rhodes, Assessor; William Owen, Superintendent of Schools ; William P. Barber, Hugh Mair and Thomas Robertson, Justices of the Peace ; Joel C. Doolittle and Robert Wilson, Constables. It appears, however, that some of the officers elected failed to qualify for on the 26th day of May of the same year, another election was held and Lafayette Hill was elected Justice of the Peace ; Joel C. Doolit- tle, Town Treasurer, and John S. Richmond, Superintendent of Schools. It again appears that John S. Richmond and Joel C. Doolittle failed to qualify, and that on the 28th day of November, James R. McMillan was appointed Town Treasurer and John Pate, Superintendent of Schools. On the 3d day of September, 1849, another election was held for county officers, at which there were forty ballots deposited. Those voting at that election were David McMur- phy, William B. McQuewen, W. P. Barber, Noah Dunham, Cyrus M. McMurphy, Lewis But- terfield, Thomas Greene, Henry W. Kingsbury, Nathan Palmer, Hezekiah Kingsbury, William G. Greene, Thomas Robertson, Lewis From, William Butterfield, C. Kingsbury, Isaac Griends, Henry York, W. B. Streeter, Solomon Cook, William W. Drake, J. C. Doolittle, John Pate, James Robertson, Quintin Smith, David Brewer, Thomas B. Scott, John Hutchinson, Pardon Davis, Joshua Dayton, Alexander McDonald, John T. De La Ronde, Simeon Lecuyer, Min- grove Bennett, James McMurphy, Rufus McMurphy, J. B. Miller, Samuel Williams, Bishop Johnson, Hugh Muir, J. H. Warren. Of the above number, in 1879 not one was then living in the town. Some four or five were in Caledonia, some have moved to parts unknown, and some have died. On the 6th day of November, of the same year, an election was held for State officers, at which forty-seven votes were cast, only one of which, in 1879, was of the town, that being William McDonald. Some six or seven were then residents of Caledonia. The pioneer mill in this part of Wisconsin is situated on Rocky Run Creek, about a hun- dred rods from the Wisconsin River, in the town of Dekorra, seven miles from Portage, and is known as the Dekorra Mills. It was erected in 1843, at which time there was no grist-mill at Madison, Baraboo, Portage, Wyocena, Kingston or at Columbus, and in the first years of oper- ating the mill, grists were brought from all these points and from a distance thirty or forty miles north of Portage. The mill was built by a company of men from Ohio who had large 728 HISTORY OF COLUMHIA COUNTY. landed interests in Wisconsin, and who were the platters of the ancient and obsolete village of Dekorra. The first grist, which was of corn, was ground for Thomas Robinson, of Caledonia, better known as "Daddy" Robinson, now deceased. In 1847, the mill was leased for three years to Joshua Rhodes and .John Springer, both of whom have since died, the consideration being the building of a new dam and the making of some other improvements. The ne.xt ten- ant of the mill was I. I. Ege, who died at Dekorra two or three years ago, and who managed it a year. In 1852, S. M. Carr traded his farm in Ohio for this property without ever seeing it, and at once removed to Dekorra. He made considerable improvements in the mill and operated it until April, 1868, when it passed into the hands of John McKenzie, who has managed it ever since. He purchased the mill for a consideration of .§9,000. The cost of the repairs and improvements which he has since made on this property amounts to almost as much as the orig- inal price of the mill. During the first summer, he entirely overhauled it and put in a new water wheel at an expense of $2,300. In 1870, he expended $900 more for an additional water wheel, and in 1877 the mill was stopped for repairs from June to August. In that sea- son, the race was widened and deepened, and considerable masonry was laid under and about the mill, new timbers placed beneath it and new flumes constructed, the whole disbursement amounting to $2, .500. The latter, as a rule, have to be renewed every ten years, the line of decay being at the point where air and water meet. That submerged lumber does not rot is well illustrated by the fact that some of the white pine lumber, which has been under the water here for thirty-five years, is still as sound as when hewn, and harder. Except a portion of the frame, very little of the old mill now remains, and it has been gradually and constantly improved until it is now one of the most convenient and easily operated in the country. Among his improvements is the erection of a store building for flour, 14x36 feet, with basement underneath, used as a hitching place for the horses of his patrons. He has also con- structed a very tasty and well-built barn 30x42 feet, with a basement under all. A notable feature about the building is the attempt which has been made to render it rat-proof The floor and walls have been made the same as the solid rock, the grout and rock on the bottom being seven inches thick, with a plank floor over that. The carpenter work was done by G. M. Odie, a former resident of Portage, and the masonry by Henry Loos and Thomas Arnott, both of Portage. Before the supplying of the flour for Portage was divided up among so many mills, the monthly sales from that at Dekorra was sometimes as high as two hundred and fifty barrels, but now the monthly shipments here are scarcely a hundred. Gristing is done for patrons in Arling- ton, Caledoniii, Dekorra, Lowville, Leeds, Pacific and Wyocena. This inclucles the operation of the mills except that during the winter a considerable quantity of breadstuffs are ground and shipped to the pineries, and his shipments, in the winter of 1879, were twenty-one car loads. * The first schoolhouse (a board shanty) was erected in the spring of 1850, on the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 26, Townsiiip 11, Range 9, and the first school was taught therein by Miss Sarah Richardson. The following spring, a more substantial log building was erected a short distance from where the board shanty stood. This house served as a schoolhouse, church and rostrum, for a number of years. The first frame schoolhouse built in the town was built in the fall of 1850, near the village of Dekorra. Among the early settlers of this town were Thomas C. Nelson, Joshua W. Rhoads, Lafay- ette Hill, \Villiam Hartman, William McDonald, .James R. McMillan, Peter McKenzie, Alex- ander Stevenson, Williain Wilbur, Mr. Fish, Mr. Hutchinson, M. R. Rowan, Samuel B. Pin- ney, John /Thomas, S. B. Thomas, John Sims, Mr. Ensminger, Hubbard Johnson, Hugh Jamieson. In the summer of 1877, the members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, living in the northeast part of the town, assisted by those liberally inclined, erected a neat church edifice, 26x40 feet, at a cost of $1,600. They also furnished it with patent iron seats at an expense of ^200. In the winter of 1876-77, Rev J. Warren, a local preacher living in the neighborhood. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 729 began a protracted meeting, which was continued some weeks, resulting in the conversion of forty souls. A class was organized, but no church formed, those holding out faithfully uniting with the church at Portage. A Sunday-school had been held in the neighborhood for twenty years previous, the meeting being the result of the interest awakened in the school. The church building was the result of the meeting. Allen Johnson and Mary Chalfant were the first couple united in marriage in the town, and the event occurred in 1843. Death claimed his first victim in the person of Washington Van Winter, who died in Feb- ruary, 1845. The second death was that of Mr. Osborne, who died the following spring at the house of A. Johnson. The surface of this is generally wooded with the ordinary small oaks, showing only one small patch of prairie in the southeast corner of Township 11, Range 8. Along Okee Creek, in the southern part, and along Rocky Run, in the northern part, are marsh belts about a mile in width. Near the Wisconsin River, the altitude is generally 190 to 200 feet ; away from it, 250 to 300 feet. The higher limestone country skirts it along its southern and western sides, sending into it a few projecting points. A number of isolated bluffs also dot its surface, rising 100 to 200 feet above the general level, the highest ones reaching the horizon of the Lower Magnesian. In the fall of 1870, the Madison & Portage, now the Madison Branch of the Chicago Mil- waukee Railroad, was completed through the town, passing from north to south through Sections 3, 10, 15, 22, 27. 26 and 35. The company made two stations in the town — at Poynette and Hartman's. At the latter, there being no village, trains do not stop unless flagged, or to permit a passenger to get ofi" the train. The following is a list of town officers from 1849 to 1880 inclusive : 1849— William Drake, Chairman ; Charles W. Kingsbury, Christopher- Randall, Super- visors; Quinton Smith, Clerk ; Joel C. Doolittle, Treasurer; Joshua W. Rboads, Assessor; William Owen, School Superintendent. 1850 — Bishop Johnson, Chairman ; John S. Richmond, Danforth Pratt, Supervisors ; Quinton Smith, Clerk ; James McMillan, Treasurer ; Robert H. Miller, Assessor ; John Pate, School Superintendent. 1851 — Joshua W. Rhoads, Chairman ; William Shanks, Matthew L. Kenyon, Supervisors ; Quinton Smith, Clerk ; Thomas McMillan, Treasurer ; Alexander Prentiss, Assessor ; John Pate, School Superintendent. 1852 — Daniel White, Chairman ; James Wilson, John Hutchinson, Supervisors ; Josiah Mitchell, Clerk ; Samuel B. Thomas, Treasurer; Joseph Hartman, Assessor ; John Thomas, School Superintendent. 1853 — Daniel White, Chairman; James Wilson, John' Hutchinson, Supervisors; James B. Boylan, Clerk ; George Ege, Treasurer ; Samuel B. Thomas, Assessor; James B. Boy Ian, School Superintendent. 1854 — Daniel White, Chairman ; James Wilson, John Hutchinson, Supervisors ; Charles Martin, Clerk; M. M. Ege, Treasurer; Robert Shortly, Assessor; Harver Curtis, School Superintendent. 1855 — Joshua W. Rhoads, Chairman ; Solomon Cook, George C. Hopkins, Supervisors ; Charles Martin, Clerk ; Josiah Mitchell, Treasurer ; William H. Wilbur, Assessor ; James Irons, School Superintendent. 1856 — Daniel White, Chairman ; Alexander Stephens, Robert Wilson, Supervisors ; George L. Francis, Clerk ; Josiah Mitchell, Treasurer ; John Sims, John McKenzie, Assess- ors ; James Irons, School Superintendent. 1857-^Daniel White, Chairman ; Alexander Stephens, John Hutchinson, Supervisors ; George L. Francis, Clerk ; Joseph Wood, Treasurer; Archibald Hastie, Assessor; James Irons, School Superintendent. 730 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1858 — Daniel White, Chairman ; Alexander Stephens, John Hutchinson, Supervisors ; George L. Francis, Clerk ; Joseph Wood, Treasurer ; Archibald Hastie, Assessor ; James Irons, Superintendent. 1859 — William Waugh, Chairman ; L. N. Wilkins, Samuel Fish, Supervisors ; William Bonstel, Clerk ; Neenian Thompson, Treasurer : James Mccolean, Assessor ; James Irons, School Superintendent. 1860 — Daniel White, Chairman; Samuel Fish, Horace Hutchinson, Supervisors; George L. Francis, Clerk ; B. S. Buck, Treasurer ; Ralph Tomlinson, Assessor ; Nelson Whitman, School Superintendent. 1861 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; Oliver Luther, William Buckley, Supervisors ; George L. Francis, Clerk; Alexander Freeland, Treasurer; John McKenzie, Assessor; James L. Sims, School Superintendent. 1862 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; 0. C. Luther, William Buckley, Supervisors ; George L. Francis, Clerk ; Alexander Freeland, Treasurer ; John McKenzie, Assessor. 1863 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; James Wilson, 0. C. Luther, Supervisors ; William C. Bonstel, Clerk ; Archibald Hastie, Treasurer ; John McKenzie, Assessor. 1864 — B. S. Buck, Chairman; James Wilson, Elijah Hinkson, Supervisors ;. E. F. Rus- sell, Clerk ; Frank Wilkins, Treasurer ; Joseph Hartman, Assessor. 1865 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; Robert Wilson, Elijah Hinkson, Supervisors ; E. F. Russell, Clerk ; Silas J. Packard, Treasurer ; William C. Bonstel, Assessor. 1866 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; Elijah Hinkson, Archibald Hastie, Supervisoi's ; E. F. Russell, Clerk : Silas J. Packard, Treasurer ; Charles Early, Assessor. 1867 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; Elijah Hinkson, A. Hastie, Supervisors ; E. F. Rus- sell, Clerk ; T. Hartman, Treasurer ; Alexander Freeland, Assessor. 1868 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; AVilliam C. Bonstel, Charles Early, Supervisors ; William Hastie, Clerk; Joseph Hartman, Treasurer; Alexander Freeland, Assessor. 1869 — John McKenzie, Chairman ; Elijah Hinkson, William Buckley, Supervisors ; Will- iam Hastie, Clerk ; William Laughlin, Treasui-er ; Alexander Freeland, Assessor. 1870 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; Neenian Thompson, Thomas Cutsforth, Supervisors ; William Hastie, Clerk; W. B. Laughlin, Treasurer; George McMillan, Jr., Assessor. 1871 — John McKenzie, Chairman; H. S. Reedal, James Luther, Supervisors; AVilliam Hastie, Clerk ; William Dunlap, Treasurer ; George McMillan, Jr., Assessor. 1872 — John McKenzie, Chairman ; H. S. Reedal, James Luther, Supervisors ; James Hastie, Clerk ; William Dunlap, Treasurer ; 0. P. Stevens, Assessor. 1873 — John McKenzie, Chairman ; H, S. Reedal, James Luther, Supervisors ; Edward Waugh, Clerk ; William Reedal, Treasurer ; James Cordiner, Assessor. 1874 — John McKenzie, Chairman ; H. S. Reedal, James Luther, Supervisors ; Edward Waugh, Clerk ; William Reedal, Treasurer ; 0. P. Stephens, Assessor. 1875 — Hugh Jamieson, Chairman ; W. B. Laughlin, William Dunlap, Superviors ; S. L. Scofield, Clerk ; N. C. Fish, Treasurer ; A. Hastie, Assessor. 1876 — Archibald Hastie, Chairman ; William Dunlap, Thomas Cutsforth, Supervisors ; S. L. Scofield, Clerk ; Frank E. Smith, Treasurer ; James Cordiner, Assessor. 1877 — Archibald Hastie, Chairman; Alexander Freeland, Newton Davis, Supervisors ; S. L. Scofield, Clerk ; Frank E. Smith, Treasurer ; William Dunlap, Assessor. 1878 — Archibald Hastie, Chairman ; Alexander Freeland, Newton Davis, Supervisors ; S. L. Scofield, Clerk; Frank E. Smith, Treasurer; Thomas Cutsforth, Assessor. 1879 — James R. Hastie, Chairman; Alexander Freeland, William Reedal, Supervisors; S. L. Scofield, Clerk ; M. B. Scofield, Treasurer ; Joseph Wood, Assessor. 1880 — J. R. Hastie, Chairman ; Newton Davis, William Reedal, Supervisors ; S. L. Scofield, Clerk; M. B. Scofield, Treasurer; Joseph Wood, Assessor. In the spring of 1837, Thompson, Trimble and Morton platted a village on Section 5, t& which was given the high-sounding name of " Kentucky City," so named in honor of Mr. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 731 Morton, who was from the State of Kentucky. LaFajette Hill was induced to settle here, and in August, 1837, he built the first and only house erected in the " city." In vain was the call made for other settlers ; neither the name, location, or inducements held out by the proprie- tors of the place, attracted those in search of a home. The plat was vacated in due time, and " Kentucky City " was a thing of the past. VILLAGE OF DKKORRA. In the fall of 1842, Thompson & Trimble, who became s6le owners of the greater part of Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8, Township 11, Range 9 east, including the site of the former village of Kentucky City, sent out J. W. Rhoads and Thomas C. Nelson, with instructions to build a mill, lay out a village and establish a store at this point. The mill was built according to instruc- tions, a complete account of which is given in the history of the town of Dekorra, it being outside the limits of the village as platted. The village was laid out, the plat made and recorded Janu- ary 7, 1843. The site was that upon which the former village of Kentucky City was located, and was selected on account of the facilities as a landing on the river at that place, and for years it was a great distributing point for lumber, and a large area of country, extending as far north as Madison, was supplied thence. Quite a village gradually sprang up around the landing, and there is a tradition that Dekorra narrowly escaped being selected as the site for the State capital ; but the building of railroads cut off its trade, and it languished and dwindled until it now consists of only a store, run by James McMillan, who is also Postmaster ; a blacksmith shop, and the best ferry on that part of the river. In 1856, Peter Taylor and Mr. Ege built a saw-mill at Dekorra, which was subsequently transformed into a steam grist-mill. The enterprise proving a failure, the machinery was sold and transferred to Blue Mounds. The first store was opened in 1843, by Rhoads & Nelson, agents of Thompson & Trimble ; the second, by J. B. Miller ; third, by James McMillan ; fourth, by George Ege ; fifth, a grocery store, by Thomas McMillan. John Springer started a blacksmith-shop in the village this same year. A post ofiice was established here in the spring of 1843, with Thomas C. Nelson as Post- master. La Fayette Hill, whose house was built while the place was known as Kentucky City, kept the first hotel, and Hill's tavern was always well patronized. Death claimed its first victim in a child of John Springer, in 1844. No church building was ever erected in the village, but a congregation of Presbyterians was organized here October 24, 1854, under the name of "Presbyterian Church of Dekorra and Caledonia." The Presbytery of Winnebago at this time sent Revs. H. R. Robertson, W. W. McNair and Elder Reed to organize if the way was clear. After the usual services, Michael Cochrane, Robert Sample, William Sample, John Brown, Margaret Brown, John Marshall, James Stevenson and wife and Peter Shaw signed the articles of covenant and were consti- tuted a Presbyterian Church as above named. John Brown was elected and ordained as Elder, and John Marshall, Deacon. Rev. John McNulty was chosen as Pastor and served until his death in 1861. On the 3d day of September, 1862, the congregation was formally disbanded. On the 9th day of April, 1863, a United Presbyterian Church was organized by Rev. J. W. Collins. Peter McKenzie and Thomas Allan were chosen as Elders. Those composing the organization, in addition to the Elders named, were David Aitken, Margaret Aitken, Samuel Edwards, Elizabeth J. Hastie, Jane McCulloch, Jane McMillen, Christina McKenzie, John McKenzie, Isabella Robertson, Electa M. Smith, Mary Wilson, Sr., Elizabeth Wilson, James Burns. Those serving the church as Pastors were Revs. J. A. Morrow, G. W. Torrence, Thomas S. Parks, J. R. Harris, Mr. Brown, W. Wright, Mr. Smith, M. B. Williams and Hugh Brown. Mr. Brown served a longer time than any other Pastor, his labors ceasing only when called away by death. May 15, 1876. Since the death of Mr. Brown, the church has not 732 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. flourished, and it has now but seven or eight members, with Peter McKenzie and John Brown as Elders. A good Sunday school is kept in operation. In 1846, William McDonald laid out a village on the northwest quarter of Section 14. Township 11, Range 1» east, and gave it the name of " Inch." The place has never belied its name, its rank among the villages of the county being such as to properly bring it within the meaning of that appellation. No lots were ever sold, stores opened or houses built, and in the year of our Lord 1880, people living in the neighborhood speak of it as "once being called Inch, but now it is not even half an ' Inch.' " La Fayette Hill, in 1848, purchased the northeast quarter of Section 10, and laid out the village of Oshaukuta. Like many other villages, it never attained a very remarkable growth. Mr. Hill himself erected a public house, known as Hill's tavern, which always maintained a good reputation, and was open to the public until his death, in 1853. Several lots were given away and a half-dozen houses erected, including a store and blacksmith-shop. A post office was also established here, but has long since been discontinued. VILLAGE OF POYNETTE. Upon the 8th day of February, 1837, J. D. Doty entered 120 acres of land of the south- east quarter of Section 34, Township 11, Range 9, and caused to be laid out the village of Pauquette, the plat of which was recorded on the 15th day of March of the same year. Tha plat, however, was subsequently vacated. About the year 1850, application was made by peti- tion to the Post Office Department, through Doty, to have a post office established at this point, and the petitioners desired the name given the office to be Pauquette, the same as that given by him to the village he had laid out. Through a clerical error, it was called Poynette. No effort was ever made to change the name, and when the village was again laid out it was called Poynette, after the name of the post office. The first plat of the village was made in 1851, by Samuel B. Pinney, and comprised the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 34. Mr. Pinney, shortly after platting, transferred it to John Thomas. Since this time, various additions have been made, one made by Brayton ct Tomlinson, and recorded September 25, 18G3 ; one by Mary A. Jackson, recorded November 16, 1865 ; one by Tomlinson & Hudson, recorded July 14, 1871. The Poynette House and American House, and nearly all that part of the village west of Main street, on the north side, and part of that on the south side, of the creek, are on Jamieson's Addition. Other additions were made, but prior to 1879 had been vacated. " There were about a dozen inhabitants in the village of Poynette twenty-five years ago, and four dwelling-houses, including the public house kept by Hugh Jamieson. S. B. Thomas, who kept the post office (John Thomas was the Postmaster), Hubbard Johnson and Hugh Jamieson — the latter just married and occupying one apartment of a double log house, while the other served as a schoolroom. It was Poynette's first school. The inhabitants contemplated building a schoolhouse, and in order to draw the public money they had to have a school ; so they taxed the inhabitants to raise money to pay a teacher, for which services they paid $6.00 per month. For something to eat the teacher walked home with her scholars, sometimes two or three miles out in the country ; for Poynette was a village (why not?) with hotel, post office, and blacksmith shop. I used to hear people say Poynette would be as large as Portage City some day. The school numbered twenty-four scholars, but twelve or fifteen was the usual attendance. An old bachelor refused to pay his tax for the reason he had no children to send to school. Another (not an old bachelor) withheld a portion of his tax, claiming that a certain young man who was paying his addresses to the teacher owed him, and he was holding on to see how matters progressed, and if they married he was going to turn it, and if not he would pay the teacher sometime. Of the scholars only two are now residents of Poynette — Courtland Brown and John Wilson. Of the rest, some have died, some are in Iowa, some in Minnesota, some in Missouri, and one in New York, now a Methodist minister. I remembera snow storm the 11th day of June. As I was on my way to school, I saw a man in the field near the roadside HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 733 flanting corn over with overcoat and mittens on. The same was Hugh Jamieson. When arrived at the schoolhoiise, the scholars were there ; and as most of them were barefooted, and no fire in the schoolroom, they had to go home and wait for fair weather. The house was built by Wallace Rowan ; and, since vacated, has served for the purposes of a dry-goods store, post office, schoolhouse and meeting-house. A Mr. Cornell, a Baptist minister, used to come to Poynette. He usually sent an appointment to preach on the Sabbath. Of the dozen inhabitants, no two held the same faith and belonged to the same order. Mrs. Johnson was the only Methodist. Pierce Jamieson was the first white child born in the village of Poynette. Mr. Thomas was Postmaster, and the mail matter was kept in an old tool chest in one corner of the kitchen. It is a difficult matter for the youth of the present day to understand that at the time of which I write, the fleet-footed deer and wily prairie wolf might occasionally be seen Avhere the iron horse now plunges along, heavily laden with the products of a country which then scarcely furnished more than the inhabitants required for imme- diate use, for scarcely a foot of land on the prairie south of our now prosperous and flourishing village was under cultivation, except a very few pieces adjoining the timber. If, however, they had a few bushels of grain to spare which they wished to convert into cash, they hauled it to Milwaukee, a distance of upward of a hundred miles. This journey was usually performed with oxen, taking from eight to twelve and sometimes fifteen days to make the round trip. They usually camped out and carried their provisions with them. Such journeys were frequently performed, and some of our most wealthy and respectable citizens still live to remem- ber the dreary, dus'ty and sometimes disagreeable time they had in making the trip. In those days, men had many disagreeable duties to perform, and, knowing this, they nerved them- selves to the task and went at it with a will and determination to succeed." The growth of the village until the completion of the railroad was quite slow. At that time, there was not to exceed one hundred and fifty inhabitants, and its business was all upon the south side of Rowan Creek, with the exception of Jamieson's Hotel. The first house erected after platting the village was by S. B. Thomas, and the first store kept was by Thomas & Finney. H. P. Jamieson, son of Hugh Jamieson, was the first white child born here. Hotels. — Four years before the platting of the village of Poynette, by Gov. Doty, Wallace Rowan built a house on the south side of the creek, which, for several years, was a noted public house, entertaining many of the earlier and most prominent men of the State. Rowan sold the house in the course of time to Samuel Woodworth, who leased the same to Mrs. Ens- minger, who continued in possession until 1852, when Mr. Woodworth sold it to Hugh Jameison. About two years before it came into the possession of Mr. Jamieson, a new structure had been erected on the south side of Rowan Creek, which he occupied until February, 1858, save for a period of one year, when he leased it to Samuel Wilkins, and made an extended visit to his native country, Scotland. Poynette House. — In 1856, Hugh Jameison began the erection of this house, which was not completed until February, 1858. For ten years, Mr. Jamieson continued in possession. On one occasion, a traveler put up with him for the night, and a Norwegian man-of-all-work was instructed to show him to his room, wait till he retired, and then bring back the light. The man, being a devout Catholic, after disrobing knelt by the bedside to perform his evening devotions. In making the sign of the cross, and other motions peculiar to those professing that faith, he aroused the suspicions of the Norwegian, who, setting down the candle, took the man up in his arms and threw him on the bed, with the exclamation, " You been taking a little too much, to- night." In May, 1868, Mr. Jamieson disposed of the house to Tomlinson k Hudson, who have since served the weary traveler. American House. — This house was erected by James Oleson in 1859, who sold it to H. Jamieson, who sold the same to C. Conger, he disposing of it to B. Van Vleet. He disposed of it to George T. Morrison, who, in turn, sold the same to E. F. Tillotson, April, 1877. Various changes and improvements were made from time to time, adding to the comfort and convenience of the traveling public. 734 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Poynette Upper Mill. — This mill was erected in 1860, by Mr. Fish. It has, from that time, to January, 1878, been the property of L. Stevens, Mr. Aiken, Robert Robertson and Kenry Kuntz. Poynette Loiver Mills were built in the summer of 18.58, by A. P. Smith. J. Bridge, of Wyocena, was the superintending millwright. The carpenter work was done by H. J. Sill, the stone work by Melancthon Smith and James Hunt. The size of the main building was 36.x40, three stories, containing two run of three feet ten inch buhrs and necessary machinery, all driven by a 13xl4-foot overshot wheel. The iron work and buhrs were furnished by Decker & Seville, of Milwaukee. The mill, at that time, was considered the best mill in the county. The first miller was James Ashley. It was run by various parties until the spring of 1867, when it was purchased by A. 0. Dole. It was run without any material changes in the machinery until June, 1878, when it was entirely remodeled by its present proprietor, F. A. Dole. The overshot wheel, with its cumbrous gearing, was replaced by three Elmer wheels — two 17-inch, and one 12-inch, manufactured by Davis & Pugh, Berlin, Wis. ; an entirely new flume and headrace replaced the old one. The old wheelhouse was torn down and replaced by a new one 16x38, requiring thirty cords of stone for the basement. The bolts were remodeled, a power corn sheller added, and a full line of new process machinery for making patent flour. The cost of the improvements amounted to $2,500. The mill is fitted up for both ciston and merchant work. Its principal brand.s of flour are Dole's Straight and Doles Pride. The mill has a large local flour trade, and is well patronized by the farming community. • The Madison .& Portage Railroad was completed to this place in October, 1870. E. F. Russell was appointed its first agent. He only filled the position three months, having accepted the appointment with the understanding he was to be relieved as soon as another could be had to fill his place. S. F. Hill then came and remained one year. He was succeeded by W. Gleason, who attended to the duties of the oSice for eight years, when W. H. Whitcomb was appointed. Surrounded by a good farming country, Poynette has been considered an excellent point for grain. On the completion of the railroad, R. B. Wentworth & Co., of Portage, built a small warehouse, and for two seasons purchased grain. Hugh Jamieson, in the summer of 1871, erected a large elevator, with a storage capacity of 12,000 bushels, and entered on the business of buying and shipping. For seven years, Mr. Jamieson continued in the trade, withdrawing in 1878, in favor of his son, H. P. Jameison and H. C. Gould. The annual shipments from 1870 to 187U inclusive have ranged from 150 to 200 cars. Poynette was early made a missionary field. The Methodists and Baptists were the first to move in the matter. MetJiodist Episcopal Church. — Poynette was, in 1844, embraced in Madison Circuit, under the supervision of Elder Eliliu Springer. R. J. Harvey, a reverend and a lawyer, was sent to travel this circuit, but never reached Poynette. The next year, Lodi and Poynette were set off" from Madison Circuit, and Rev. Adams was appointed to the charge. Mr. Adams continued on the circuit three months, but never reached Poynette. He was then succeeded by Rev. H. Maynard. Before the close of the year. Father Maynard was called to attend the funeral serv- ices, at the house of A. Johnson, of a deceased friend of Mr. Johnson. On this occasion was the first Gospel sermon ever heard in Poynette, at least by a Methodist Episcopal minister. Afterward Mr. Maynard had regular preaching at the house of Clark M. Young, a short distance from the village. Father Maynard was followed by Revs. Waldron, Holmes, Woodlcy and Bunce. In 1853, Revs. Butler and Kidder came, during whose stay of one year (1853-54) Poynette was separated from Lodi. Rev. Waterbury came in the fall of 1854, and remained one year. During the next two years, the parsonage at Dekorra was sold and one built in this village. Mr. Waterbury reported at the end of his labors 100 members and 5 probationers. In the fall of 1857, Rev. Levi M. Cochrane was appointed to the charge, but at the end of six months, finding the work was too hard for him. Rev. H. D. Jencks was employed to assist him. In 1858, Rev. Whiteman was sent to fill out the term of Mr. Cochrane, and at the end of the HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 735 year he reported 113 members and 115 probationers. In 1859, Rev. Lester Perkins was appointed to the charge and continued until 1860, reporting, at the expiration of his term of labor, 180 members and 20 probationers. Rev. Ransom Gould was appointed in the fall of 1860. During Mr. Gould's stay, the church was forbidden the use of the schoolhouse, which resulted in the building of a neat and commodious house of worship, at a cost of $2,500. From the fall of 1862, till the summer of 1863, Rev. John M. Springer filled the pulpit. He was an eloquent, earnest, patriotic. Christian man. He was drafted and appointed Chaplain of his regiment, which position he filled till in battle at Resaca, the Captain, First and Second Lieutenants of his company fell, when he seized a musket and led on the charge, was struck in a mortal part and carried from the field. In his last moments, he said to Charles Early, a com- rade, " I have lived what I preached in our Northern home, and die in the favor of God." In the fall of 1863, Rev. H. Chadsayne was appointed to this church, and was succeeded, in the fall of 1864, by Rev. R. Fancher, who remained two years. At thit^time, there were 132 members and 12 probationers. In 1866, Rev. William Harvey was called and labored for a year and a half, when Rev. 0. D. Teal was appointed to fill out the unexpired term. In 1868, Rev. H. D. Jencks took charge of the circuit and remained one year. An extensive revival occurred this year. In 1869, Rev. S. S. Benedict filled rhe pulpit and continued in charge until the fall of 1871, when Rev. James T. Pryor was sent to the work. He remained until the fall of 1874, when Rev. J. J. Clifton took his place and remained two years. During his administration, the church building was removed to a more central location, and fitted up at an additional expense of $1,500. In the fall of 1876, Rev. Edward McGinley was by the Confer- ence sent to this field and remained two years, when he was succeeded by Rev. Matthew Dins- dale, who labored for twelve months. In the fall of 1879, Rev. Richard Pengilly became Pas- tor of the church, entering with spirit upon his work. For some weeks succeeding the week of prayer, in January, 1880, Mr. Pengilly continued in a protracted effort, in which the church was greatly strengthened, and twelve added to it. At that time, the membership was ' eighty-four. Stewards — Adam Hall, S. L. Scofield, S. M. Owen, Christopher Wilson, Charles Early, A. D. Rose, F. E. Smith, Ella J. Cave. Trustees — Adam Hall, John Palmer, John S. Wolstone, John Lale, S. L. Scofield, S. M. Owen, Lewis Newton. ClassLeader — John Lake. First Presbyterian Church. — On the 24th of April, a committee appointed by the Pres- bytery of Columbus, consisting of Revs. Warren Mays and James A. Lowrie and Elder John B. Dwinnell, visited this place in company with Rev. B. G. Riley, District Secretary of the Home Missions, and Rev. A. G. Dunning, for the purpose of organizing a church. After the usual services, Augustus P. Smith, Caroline A. Smith, Augustus 0. Dole, Sarah E. Dole, Harvey J. Sill, Maranda M. Sill, Adeline Youmans, John Watson, Elizabeth Watson, John Forsythe, Margaret Forsythe, Mrs. Jeannet Campbell, Mrs. Agnes Campbell, after hearing the articles of covenant read and consenting thereto, were declared a body corporate to be known as the First Presbyterian Church of Poynette. Augustus P. Smith, Augustus 0. Dole and John Forsythe were elected Elders, and A. 0. Dole, Clerk. In April, 1874, the church adopted the plan of electing their eldership for a stated period. A. 0. Dole was elected for five years ; John Forsythe, four years ; Eli Norton, three years ; E. F. Russell, two years ; Thomas Mair, one year. In 1880, the eldership consisted of Thomas Mair, I. C. Sargent, Eli Norton and E. F. Russell. In 1874, a church edifice was erected 32x52 feet, at a cost of $4000. It was dedicated January 27, 1875, by Rev. L. Y. Hays, of Madison, Wis. Rev. J. A. Lowrie was the first Pastor, and was succeeded in order named by Revs. D. B. Gordon, George A. Hutch- ison, H. H. Bushnell, E. Smith Barns and Frederick Wall. The membership, January, 1880, was sixty-one. A flourishing Sunday school at that time had been in existence from the organ- ization of the church. Masonic Lodge. — Poynette Lodge, No. 173, was instituted June 10, 1868. Its first offi- cers and charter members were : Louis Low, W. M. ; E. F. Russell, S. W. ; David Bullen, J. W. ; L. A. Squire, Sec. ; George W. Webb, Treas. ; B. M. Low, S. D. ; AV. H. Young, J. D.; 736 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. John Campbell, Tiler. The second and fourth Saturday evenings of each month were chosen as the times of meeting. During twelve years of its existence, it was called upon to deposit within the tomb three of its members, all at the time of death occupying official positions — Louis Low, W. M. ; A. Powers, S. W. ; S. M. Wallace, J. W. At their annual election for officers for 1880, L. A. Squire was elected W. M.; Eli Norton, S. W. ; A. J. Brown, J. W. ; B. S. Buck, Treas. ; Andrew Semple, Sec. ; G. W. Webb, S. D. ; James R. Hastie, J. D. ; Hugh Bowie and Allen Bogue, Stewards ; John Campbell, Tiler. Membership, thirty-seven. Odd Felloios Lodge. — Poynette Lod^e, No. 240, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted October 15, 1874, by W. G. Bunker, District Deputy. Its first officers and charter members were: Joseph Hartraan, N. G. ; A. L. Wood, V. G. ; W. G. Robinson, R. Sec. ; John Binnie, Treas. ; S. M. Owens, Henry Sloggy. The officers during the first term in 1880 were: J. F. Bohling, N. G. ; John Hogan, V. G. ; W. C. Gault, Treas. ; James Thompson, P. S. ; W. G. Robinson, R. S. ; Frank Smith, P. N. G. Menftership, thirty-four. Good Templars. — In 1865, a lodge of Good Templars was instituted here, which continued to exist some two years. On the 4th day of October, a number of interested persons met at the house of Isaac C. Sargent and re-organized under the name of Poynette Lodge, No. 288, I. 0. G. T., with D. C. Strong, Jane Strong, Debbie Brayton, A. L. Wood, Judson Packard, I. C. Sargent, Warren Turner, A. Fancher, A. 0. Dole, E. J. Sargent, J. D. Thompson, A. J. Townsend, Stephen Brayton, Julia B. Sargent, John Watson ami N. Miller as charter mem- bers. For about one month, the lodge held its meetings at the house of Mr. Sargent, when the Methodist Church was secured for that purpose. Another removal was made some six months after to the schoolhouse, and then to Wood's Hall. Here the lodge enjoyed a season of pros- perity, purchasing an organ and otherwise improving their hall. In 1876, in consequence of a change in their place of meeting, some of the members became disaffected, withdrew and insti- tuted another lodge, whicli was given the name of Centennial Lodge. For a few months, both lodges seemed to prosper, but finally the Centennial surrendered its charter after a few months' existence. Poynette Lodge has had several seasons of prosperity and of adversity. In Feb- ruary, 1880, its membership was reported at forty-five, with C. J. Harris, \V. C. T.; Mrs. C. J. Harris. W. V. T.; John Thomas, W. S.: Mrs. H. C. Butler. W. F. S.; H. C. Butler, AV. T.; E. E. Hinkson, P. W. C. T.; Richard Pengilly, Chaplain ; John Jameison, W. M.; Charles Butler, W. 0. G.; Harry Russell, W. I. G.; Jennie Powers, R. H. S.; Eliza Lake, L. H, S.; Wiliiim Hopkins, W. A. S.; Alida Luther, W. D. M.; E. F. Russell, L. D. Poynette Temple, No. 95, is a juvenile Temperance Lodge, under the auspices of the Grand Lodge I. 0. G. T., and was instituted August 1, 1879, by Miss Emma Sprague, of Watertown, Wis. Its first officers and charter members were Charles Turner, C. T.; Mally Squire, P. C. T.; Jennie Gleason, V. T.; Esther Montford, F. S.; Harry Russell, R. S.; Bertie Norton. T. For its first quarter in 1880, the officers were Samuel Jameison, C. T.; Kittie Wheeler, V. T.; Harry Russell, R. S.; Henry Butler, T.; Esther Montford, F. S.; Louis Brown, M.; Mally Squire, C; Charles Butler, I. G.; Josie Montford, 0. G. Post Office. — A petition was forwarded to the Post Office Department, in care of J. A. Doty, the founder of the village of Pauquette, then a member of Congress, in the winter of 1850-51, for the establishment of an office at this point. It was the desire of the citizens that it be called Pauquette, but the department read the name as if it was Poynette, and so named it. The name was accepted by the citizens, and no efi'ort was made to have it changed. John Thomas was the first Postmaster, and received his appointment in the spring of 1851, since which time Stephen Brayton, Ira S. Allen, Abram Padly, Willard Knight, E. Fred Russell, Ambrose Powers, Harlow J. Youmans and Isaac C. Sargent have occupied the office. It was made a money-order office July 1, 1877. J. F. Bohling & Co. drew the first order in favor of Calvin Chesney, for $7.50. During 1879, the amount drawn was $12,000. Amount paid, $2,500. Schools. — In 1852, a school district was formed comprising Sections 34 and 35, in the town of Dekorra, and Sections 2 and 3, and north half of 10 and 11, in the town of Arlington, and HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 737 called Joint District No. 4 of the towns of Dekorra and Arlington. A schoolhouse was built one-half mile south of the village of Poynette. It was a one-story frame, 18x28, and was used until 1867, though for several years previous it had become too small to accommodate the pupils of the district. A room was rented in the village for the higher department, the primary alone occupying the school-room. In 1865, the question of a new school building was agitated, cul- minating in the erection of a large two-story house, which was first occupied in the fall of 1867. R. M. Bashford was the first Principal in the new building. He was followed by H. A. Thomas, S. M. Wallace, D. W. Gilfillan, Kennedy Scott, J. K. Hastie, Nora C. Waters, J. M. Bush- nell, Sylvanus Ames and J. H. Hamilton. In the Primary Department, Laura Copeland, Ada Maxwell, Laura A. Downs, Briggetta A. Waters and Mary Ellen Axon have served — Miss Waters occupying the position from 1870 to 1878. The district has usually paid from $60 to $75 per month, more generally the latter sum, for principals, and $30 to $35 for assistants. Cemetery Association. — On the 4th day of December, 1865, an association was formed under the general law, and a board of trustees elected, consisting of Hugh Jamieson, Phinneas Watson, Isaac C. Sargent, H. J. Sill and Stephen Brayton. Seven acres off the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 35, Township 11, Range 9, was purchased of Bray- ton & Tomlinson for the sum of $50 per acre, which was surveyed and platted for burial pur- poses. A child of Rev. Rufus Fancher was the first buried therein. Cheese Manufactory. — Articles of incorporation were filed in the oflSce of the Secretary of State, February 3, 1876, by E. Fred Russell, W. C. Gault, William Forrest, John Collins and Hugh Jamieson, under the name of Poynette Cheese Manufacturing Company. Hugh Jamie- son was elected President ; James Mack, Secretary ; E. F. Russell, Treasurer. The capital stock of the association was placed at $2,500. During the spring, a large two-story building was erected and 30,000 pounds of cheese made during the season. J. Noyes was Superintendent of the manufactory during the first season ; E. 0. Madison, the second, and C. J. Harrison assumed the management. In 1879, the entire stock passed into the hands of Hugh Jamieson, who con- tinued the business as a private enterprise. TOWN OF FORT WINNEBAGO. On the 9th day of Januai-y, 1849, all of Township 13, in Range 9, lying east of Fox River, with much other territory, was organized into the town of Winnebago Portage, by the County Commissioners, the balance of the township being Menomonee lands, and of course not then surveyed by the United States. On the 8th of January, 1850, the County Board of Supervisors organized this township into a town by itself, and named it Port Hope, all west of the river being still unsur^eyed. The house of A. T. Spicer was designated as the place for holding the first town meeting. July 19, 1850, Section 33 was taken from the town and attached to Fort Winnebago, then composed of the greater part of Township 12, Range 9, and other territory. December 15, 1852, the section was restored to the town. A change having been made in the organization and name of the town on the south, the name of Port Hope was changed at a meet- ing of the Board of Supervisors, held November 18, 1853, to Fort Winnebago, the latter name being thought to be appropriate, on account of the old fort being in the territory comprising the town. March 23, 1858, a portion beginning at a point in the center of Fox River, where the east and west quarter line of Section 33 intersects the center of said river, running thence west along tlie quarter line through Sections 33, 32 and 31, was taken from the town and annexed to the city of Portage. The first permanent settlement of the town was made in 1848. Previous to this time, a number of persons had, for a short season, lived here in the neighborhood of the old fort, none of whom could be reckoned as permanent inhabitants of the town. In May, 1848, Jonathan Whitney came from Green Lake County, and, looking over the ground, selected the southwest quarter of Section 3 as the place of his future home. Charles Baker came shortly after, and settled on Section 2, while John W. French, Lyman J. Barrows, J. M. Hatch and Mr. Green 738 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. followed ; French, Green and Hatch locating their claims on Section 1. August Putsch came in the fall and settled upon Section 10. In 1849, quite a number settled in the town, among whom were Asa Baldwin, Avery T. and Henry Spicer, who also settled upon Section 10 ; '* Bachelor" Brown, on Section 13 ; Isaac Pasco, Daniel M. Brown, Robert B. Willis, Augustus Rood, Jr., Calvin Eastman, Aaron Chesebro, Jacob Lorenzo Wood, Michael Keegan, John Sweeney, Edmund Swift, Alexander Gamble, James Gamble. Sr., James Gamble, Jr., Dominic Moran, Patrick Leeman, John Hogan, John Hogan, Michael Hogan, Matthew Fitzharris, Walter Kelly, Patrick Lovell, Patrick Canall, William Kelley, Michael Coughlin, Thomas Coughlin, James Casey, James Roach, Dennis Cushing, John Gushing, William Cushing, M. O'Hare, William Geary, Paul Duffey, John O'Keefe, James Meany, M. Joyce, Daniel Breen. In 1850, came Abraham Grier, Joseph Spain, Robert Grier. These men were mostly from Ireland. In 1849, a colony of English came in, a portion of whom settled in the northeast part of this town, but the greater number located over the line in Marquette County. They established a ferry across the Fox River, on Section 4, to which they gave the name of Emancipation Ferry, for the reason that they felt themselves emancipated from the virtual position of serfs in the mother country and here were made freemen. In the fall of 1848, Mr. French built a saw-mill on Fox River, which was kept running for several years, but was torn down in 1855, and a grist-mill erected in its place, by two brothers named Chapman, who afterward disposed of it to Dates Brothers, at Portage. At this place it was proposed to establish a village to be called Milford, but beyond naming it nothing was ever done. Jonathan Whitney kept a stock of groceries here in the fall and winter of 1848, selling out the same in the spring of 1849 to Mr. Barrows. Early in the year 1849, a petition was circulated and numerously signed, asking the Depart- ment to establish a post office in the northeast part of the town, for the convenience of the large settlement there formed. The request was granted, and Jonathan Whitney was appointed Post- master. The name given to the office was Port Hope, so called from the hope to establish here upon Fox River a port, which would be the commencement of a new village. In 1880, Mr. Whitney was Postmaster, having served from his first appointment till that time, with the excep- tion of the years 1857, 1858 and 1859. The town on its formation in 1850 was called Port Hope from the post office. The first birth in the town was Edmund, son of Charles Baker. The second was Almeron W., son of Jonathan Whitney, who was born February 19, 1849, and was killed in the battle before Petersburg, June 18, 1864, aged fifteen years and four months. The first couple united in marriage were Milton French and Miss Pearce, in 1849. The first school was organized in the summer of 1849, a room being rented of Asa Baldwin for school purposes. Miss Charlotte Baldwin was the first teacher. In 1850, a log house was erected on Section 10, for School District No. 2, the first schoolhouse in the town. The house was built on the volunteer plan, all the men of the neighborhood turning out to assist in the work. In 1880, the town had seven school districts, with a like number of good substantial school edifices. Fort Winnebago, west of Fox River, was surveyed into sections and quarter-sections in July, 1851. There were at that time one house on Section 4 ; two on Section 5 ; one on Sec- tion 7 ; two on Section 8 ; one on Section 9 ; one on Section 16 ; one on Section 17 ; one on 18 ; two on Section 19 ; two on Section 20 ; one on Section 21 ; two on Section 29 ; two on Section 30 ; one on Section 31, and one on Section 33 — in all twenty-one houses. The first sermon preached in the town aside from any that might have been preached at, or in the vicinity of, the fort, was at the house of Asa Baldwin by a preacher belonging to the Primi- tive Methodist Church. This was in the fall of 1849. One Saturday evening, the reverend gentleman rode up to Mr. Baldwin's place, and inquired of him if they had ever had preaching in that neighborhood. Mr. Baldwin, who was one of those bluff, yet kind-hearted men, curtly replied, " No, sir, we never had." " Would you like to have a sermon preached here, then 'i " asked the preacher. " Yes, by , if it is the right kind." " Can you get me a room in which to preach 'i " " You can have my house." " Can you give notice so I can have a hearing V " /r eAie^u^ FALL RIVER 8 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 741 " I will send my boy around to tell the neighbors, and I guess it will be all right." Mr. Bald- win then asked the minister to stop with him, which invitation was accepted. Before the hour arrived for the sermon, the preacher had learned that the neighborhood was made up of those hold- ing various religious opinions, while some had no opinion on religion at all. It being his first visit in this vicinity, he thought he would preach so as to hurt the feelings of no one. When the hour arrived, a respectable congregation had assembled and services were begun. The preacher, in his remarks, which were of a general nature, stated that all denominations were working for one end, and that it did not matter what party label one wore, if his conduct was all right ; heaven was the object of all — for which place all had embarked. Notwithstanding different roads had been taken, it would not matter when they reached the heavenly region by which route they had come. In illustration of this thought he said that the general course from England by which Wisconsin was reached, was to take a steamer at Liverpool, come to New York, and there take the cars for this State. Now he came from England to New Orleans, thence by the Mississippi River to the State, but he was here all the same, and he supposed he was all right ; and it was just as satisfactory as though he had come by way of New York. While this thought was very consoling and satisfactory to some, one old gentleman, a member of the Regular or " Hard- shell " Baptist Church, jumped to his feet, started out, and, slamming the door behind him, remarked : "A man that will preach such stuff as that ought to be locked up I " The subject was discussed pro and con by the whole neighborhood for years, and old settlers say the effect of that sermon was still felt in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine. Fort Winnebago is traversed centrally from south to north by the Fox River, along which are considerable marshes, as also along French Creek, a tributary of the Fox, in the northeastern sections. The Fox River marsh has an altitude of about two hundred feet, the rest of the town generally not over 250 feet. In the middle and western portions, and again in the southeast corner are issolated sandstone bluffs rising 350 to 400 feet. The early settlers of this town had to endure the same privations as experienced by others, but not for so long a time, as Portage soon began to be quite a business place, with a market sufficient to supply all their wants; but during the first few years, grain was hauled by teams to to Milwaukee, the teamsters returning with merchandise for the tradesmen in this vicinity. On the 11th day of August, 1836, Robert McPherson entered the first piece of land, being the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 25. He also entered the southwest quarter of Section 27, receiving his patent for both November 7, 1837. The first town meeting was held the first Monday in April, 1850, at the house of A. T. Spicer. Annual meetings have since been held ; a list of the principal officers elected each year, up to and including 1879, we give below. A noted character in an early day in Wisconsin was " Count" Haraszthy, a Hungarian refugee. He settled at what is now Sauk City, but occupied for awhile the island on Section 27 in this town, and furnished the fort with wood. Agoston Haraszthy was born in the year 1812, in the Coraitat of Bacska, Hungary. His family was one of the oldest and most influen- tial of the old nobility — the name appearing frequently in the history of that country over a period of 760 years. He was educated to the law, as was the custom there. At the age of eighteen he was a member of the body guard of the Emperor Ferdinand, which was composed of nobles. Then he was Chief Executive Officer of his State. He then became the Private Secretary of the Viceroy of Hungary. When the Liberal movement began in 1839 and 1840, he at once took tlie lead of that party in his State, but was afterward, upon the failure of that movement, compelled to leave his country. He came at once to New York, and, after traveling over the United States, he wrote and published a book upon their resources. The work was designed to invite emigration from Hungary, and was the first work upon that subject ever printed in the Hungarian language. Soon after, in 1849 and 1841, he made the State of Wisconsin his home, purchased large tracts of land, founded several settlements, built bridges, constructed roads and established ferries. T 742 HISTOBY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Having in his possession valuable State papers, the Austrian Government opened negotia- tions for their surrender. The question was referred to Lewis Cass, who succeeded in gaining permission for Haraszthy to return to Hungary and remain for one year. This he did, settling up his affairs ; and although his landed estates were confiscated, he succeeded in saving $150,000, which he brought with him to this country, together with his family, and a large portion of the family plate and paintings. Returning to Wisconsin, he engaged, in 1842 and 1843, in mercantile pursuits ; built and owned steamboats, filled large contracts with the Government for supplying Fort Winnebago with wood, living at one time on the island in Fox River, in what is now the town of Fort Winnebago, Columbia County. He was also engaged extensively in agricultural pursuits. He was the first to plant the hop in the State, and encourage its cultivation. The Commissioner of Agri- culture reports that the product of this crop in the county where it was then introduced, for the year 1866, amounted to over $2,000,000. He was at this time also at the head of the Emigrant Association of Wisconsin, which brought over large colonies of English, German and Swiss emigrants, and settled them upon the fertile lands of this State. He gave to the Catholic Church a tract of 640 acres of land, upon ' which has since been erected an extensive monastery. When news came of the revolution in Hungary in 1848, he was the leader of those who gathered arms and ammunition, and sent them to his countrymen ; also expending large sums from his own private purse for the same object. Concerning his career in Wisconsin, a writer in 1874 gives this graphic description : " In 1842, a wealthy Hungarian nobleman named Haraszthy, with a company of attendants and servants, numbering about twenty, came to the United States, intending to settle in the territory of Wisconsin, and form a colony. His arrival in Milwaukee, at that time a frontier village of not less than 3,000 inhabitants, was hailed as an important event. Of course, a gentleman trav- eling all the way from Europe with such a large retinue, and paying promptly in gold for every- thing he purchased, was notably presumed to be possessed of fabulous wealth, and his coming to that far-ofl" territory was hailed as a harbinger of great prosperity. In the early summer of 1842, he set out from Milwaukee with six of his party, leaving the rest to await his return, on a prospecting tour in the western and central portions of the State. On the shores of a beautiful lake, not many miles from Madison, he selected a plot of 4,000 acres, staked off the boundaries of the tract by the surveyors's mark which he found cut in trees, and built a couple of huts on the lake shore, to fix his right of possession. With an attendant he returned to Milwaukee, where the United States Land Office was, to pay for his land. Here he found only the Register, the Receiver having gone to Washington to settle his accounts. This last mentioned official was the only one entitled to receive money for land, and he would not return in less than a month's time. Haraszthy would not wait so long, and the Register proposed to accommodate him, take his money, enter the proposed purchase on the books and send him the proper vouchers by a special messenger, after the Receiver's return. This was agreed to, and the nobleman paid $.5,000 in gold, taking an informal receipt. He departed the next day with the remainder of his party, and reaching the land, he at once set to work to build houses, naming his colony Good Hope. Two months elapsed, but no messenger came from Milwaukee. Haraszthy was not alarmed, believing that in dealing with a Government official, he was all right. Before the end of three months, however, a cadaverous individual made his appearance on horseback at the colony, claiming to own the identical tract of 4,000 acres, having purchased and paid for it immediately after the Receiver's return, aud oft'ered to sell it to the nobleman at an advance of 100 per cent. Haraszthy hastened to Milwaukee to find that the land grabber had really paid for the land, but with the identical gold which, three months before, the nobleman had left with the Register to secure the same purchase for himself, while that officer had since resigned and left the plaJe. The Hungarian was exasperated at the swindle ; went back to his colony ; burnt every house and shanty he had erected, broke up camp and started west, where he located on the Wisconsin HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 743 River, purchasing over six thousand acres of land, three miles below an old settlement known as Prairie du Sauk. He called his new colony by his own name, ami had it incorporated. It soon grew to be a flourishing village, through Haraszthy's enterprise. He started a horse-ferry across the river, made excellent roads, established flouring-mills, lumber-mills, stores, and subsequently ran a small steamboat down the Wisconsin River as far as St. Louis. But yearly recurring prairie fires destroyed his crops and many of his buildings; and besides, the commercial crisis of 1847 crippled him severely. His family had joined him in 1844, and in 1846, he succeeded in having his place selected as the county seat, building a court house at his own expense. Still, the many losses between that year and 1849 told heavily on his finances, and, with a long train of over fifty associates, he started overland to California. He settled at San Diego, was elected Sheriff of the county, and rendered valuable aid in suppressing the Indian war of that period. He laid out what is known as " Middle San Diego," and, in 1852, was elected a member of the Legislature. Being a working member, he had a place on the principal committees, and distinguished himself by his opposition to all schemes of fraud and monopoly. In ]85'2, he removed to San Francisco, and devoted himself to agriculture and horticulture upon his property at Crystal Springs, in San Mateo County. He was appointed by President Pierce as Assayer in the United States Branch Mint, and at a later period was made melter and refiner. After his resignation of these positions, serious charges were made against him, but upon a thorough investigation they were proven to be wholly without foundation, and he was honorably acquitted. During this time, he built the present metallurgical works, which have rendered such importanlj service, and also he received patents for improved processes for the refining of gold. In 1856, he removed to Sonoma, and devoted his whole attention to viniculture. He founded a horticultural society, and began importing vines from abroad. He was the first to advocate the raising of vines without irrigation, planted the most extensive vineyards, and at once put himself at the head of the wine interest. He may with propriety be called the father of viniculture in California. In 1858, he wrote a treatise on the culture of the vine and the manufacture of wine, which was published by the State of California for gratuitous distribution. This publication gave the first impulse to this interest, and from that time California became the wine State of the Western Continent. He was the first to employ Chinese labor in his vineyards, and the first to adapt the redwood timber to the making of casks for wine. In 1861, he was appointed by the Governor of California as a Commissioner to visit the wine countries of Europe, which resulted in the importation of 400 different named varieties of grape vines, which have now been planted quite extensively in most of the vineyards in the State, from which are made the most valuable wines now produced there. The book written by Haraszthy, entitled " Grape Culture, Wine and Wine-Making," is is conceded to be the best yet written. Upon his return from Europe in 1862, he was chosen President of the California Stat.3 Agricultural Society, having been Vice President for three terms prior thereto. In 1868, he organized the Buena Vista Vinicultural Society, to which society he conveyed his 400 acres of vines in Sonoma. In 1868, Haraszthy went to Nicaragua, with the intention of engaging in trade ; but his active mind and talent for improvement would not let him rest. He became interested in an extensive sugar plantation, and began clearing new lands and planting more canes. Having procured from the government of Nicaragua valuable privileges for distilling, he erected an extensive distillery for the manufacture of spirits for exportation. He also turned his attention to the textile fibers of the country, and was waiting patents for improved machinery for their cleansing and preparation for market. In the winter of 1869-70, he returned to California to purchase machinery, and to charter a vessel with which to open the trade between San Francisco and the ports of Nicaraugua. It 744 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. was his desire to make the rich products of that country tributary to the wealth and material progress of California. Agoston Haraszthy, or, as he was usually called in Wisconsin, Count Haraszthy, met his death on the 6th of July, 1870, in Nicaragua, on the Hacienda San Antonio, near the Port of Corinto. This hacienda, consisting of one of the largest sugar plantations in Central America, and comprising outside of it 100,000 acres of land, was, at the time, owned by Agoston Haraszthy, Gaza Haraszthy, his eldest son, and Dr. Theodore Wassmer. The business they were engaged in was the production of sugar, the distillation of rum and the sale of timber from their hacienda. It appears that on the forenoon of the 6th of July, Haraszthy left his dwelling to go to a new landing, where they were putting up a saw-mill, to meet a Mr. Lewis, who had the con- tract. Not finding the latter, he spoke to the workmen, saying the mill was too far from the river, and would have been better on the other side. He then rode toward the bank of the river to a point, some few hundred yards away, where there was a crossing. Here, in the bushes, he tied his mule, and, spreading his oilcloth cloak upon the ground, must have laid on it for a time. Thence his footsteps, two days afterward, were traced to a large tree, whose limbs touched the other bank, and which, in the rainy season, was used as a sort of natural bridge to pass to the other side of the stream. About half-way over, a large limb was found to be freshly broken, and it is supposed that in attempting to cross, Haraszthy lost his balance, fell into the swollen stream and was drowned. An Indian boy, passing, saw him go to the tree, but as it was a usual occurrence paid no further attention, and that was the last ever seen of him. His body was not recovered, nor was there ever found any trace of it or of his clothing, but as the stream emptied itself but a few miles below into the ocean, it may have been swept out and devoured by the man-eating shark, so abundant in those waters. At the time of his death, Haraszthy left to mourn his loss four sons and two daughters. Haraszthy was a man whose whole aim was to introduce new elements of wealth, to search out new fields of industry, and thus to lead the way to a wider field of material progress, in whatever country he lived. He was a man of good and generous impulses. He was hospi- table and liberal almost to a fault. His hand was ever ready to help those who stood in need. He was full of ambition, but only in the line of being useful to his fellows. Those who knew him intimately loved and admired him, and all acknowledged a charm in his presence which they felt, but could not explain. During 1842 and the year following, Haraszthy brought with him, from Hiingary, his mother, who died at Grand Gulf, Miss. ; his father, Charles Haraszthy, who died at sea, on his return from Corinio to San Francisco, July 22, 1870 ; his wife, Eleonora Dodinsky, who died at Leon, Nicaragua, July 15, 1869 ; his son, Gaza Haraszthy, who died near Corinto, in Nica- ragua, December 17, 1878 ; his son, Attila F. Haraszthy ; and another son, Arpad. His daughter Ida was born in Peoria, 111. ; his son, Bela, in Sauk City, Wis.; and his daughter, Otelia, at Madison, in the same State. The following is a list of town officers from the organization of Fort AVinnebago to the present time : 1850 — Jonathan Whitney, Chairman; Robert B. Willis, Augustus Rood, Supervisors; August Putsch, Town Clerk ; Henry Merrell, Treasurer ; James M. Hatch, Augustus Rood, James Hinman ; Lyman A. Bliss, Superintendent of Schools. 1851 — Jonathan Whitney, Chairman ; James Devine, J. L. Heath, Supervisors ; August Putsch, Clerk ; Alexander Gamble, John Devlin, Aaron Chesebro, Assessors ; William H. Whitney, Superintendent of Schools. 1852 — James M. Forrest. Chairman ; William Geary, John Scott, Supervisors ; George Michael, Clerk ; Edward. C. Degrusti, Treasurer ; T. M. Hatch, J. L. Heath, Dennis Cushing, Assessors; Andrew Sweemey, Superintendent of Schools. . 1853 — Abram Dates, Chairman ; John Scott, Shubael Spicer, Supervisors ; George Mitch- ell, Clerk ; Daniel G. Brown, Treasurer ; Patrick Lennan, Martin Carey, Thomas Joyce, Assessors: A. J. Rounds, Superintendent of Schools. HISTORY OP COLUMBIA COUNTY. 745 1854 — John Hagan, Chairman; Thomas Joyce, Samuel Williams, Supervisors; George Mitchell, Clerk ; Isaac Smith, Treasurer ; Martin M. Carey, Assessor ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools. 1855 — John Hagan, Chairman ; Maximilian Averbeck, Samuel F. Williams, Supervisors ; Andrew Sweeney, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; Abram Dates, Michael Coughlin, Joseph Brentnall, Assessors ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools. 1856 — John Devlin, Chairman ; Abram Dates, S. F. Williams, Supervisors ; D. C. Berry, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; George Mitchell, Abraham Dates, Assessors ; August Putsch, Superintendent of Schools. 1857 — Andrew Sweeney, J. M. French, William Geary, Supervisors ; Charles Baker, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; George Mitchell, William Malcomb, John Scott, Assessors ; Charles Sweeney, Superintendent of Schools. 1858 — Andrew Sweeney, William Geary, Michael Coughlin, Supervisors; Charles Baker, Clerk ; Thomas Joyce, Treasurer ; John Hagan, M. M. Cary, Jacob Davis, Assessors ; Charles Sweeney, Superintendent of Schools. 1859 — Laurence Sweeney, Chairman, M. McLaughlin, Dixi C. Hall, Supervisors ; George Mitchell, Clerk ; Thomas Joyce, Treasurer ; Jamea Wilson, Bradley S. Sanborn, Assessors ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools. 1860 — 0. S. Smith, Chairman ; James Hume, Dixi C. Hall, Supervisors; J.B.Wood, Clerk ; D. B. Peck, Treasurer ; G. M. Chase, Assessor ; James M. Forrest, Superintendent of Schools. 1861 — 0. S. Smith, Chairman ; H. M. Chapman, James Wilson, Supervisors ; William H. Whitney, Clerk ; Warren Oooley, Treasurer ; A. T. Spicer, John Gushing, Assessors ; J. B. Wood, Superintendent of Schools. 1862 — D. C. Hall, Chairman ; H. M. Chapman, William Geary, Supervisors ; J. B, Wood, Clerk ; Warren Cooley, Treasurer ; Abram Dates, Assessor. 1863 — D. C. Hall, Chairman ; William Geary, M. Coughlin. Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Warren Cooley, Treasurer ; A. Dates, Assessor. 1864 — Abraham Dates, Chairman ; Daniel Brown, Kneeland B. Cook, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Thomas Coughlin, Treasurer ; Charles Baker, Henry Bartels, James Heath, Assessors. 1865 — John M. French, Chairman ; Daniel Breen, Henry Bartels, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Charles Baker, Treasurer ; W. H. Whitney, Assessor. 1866 — Philemon Van Brant, Chairman ; Henry Bartels, James Clithero, Supervisors ; R. 0. Nelson, Clerk ; Charles Baker, Treasurer ; H. B. Cook, Assessor. 1867 — Charles Baker, Chairman ; Abram Dates, James Clithero, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; P. Van Brant, James Sweeney, D. C. Hall, Assessors ; Thomas O'Hare, Treas- urer. 1868 — Charles Baker, Chairman ; Henry Bartels, Daniel Breen, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Maurice Coughlin, Treasurer ; James Wiem, Assessor. 1869 — Charles Baker, Chairman ; A. J. Spain, Daniel Breen, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; James Wiem, Treasurer ; D. C. Hall, Assessor. 1870 — Abram Dates, Chairman ; George G. Shaw, William Annacker, Supervisors ; Kneeland B. Cook, Clerk; Bartholomey Hanley, Treasurer; Joseph Spain, Assessor. 1871 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; S. D. Merrill, Moses W. Prescott, Supervisors ; P. F. Casey. Clerk ; Charles Baker, Assessor. 1872 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Benjamin J. Emerton, William Annacker, Supervi- sors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; B. Hanley, Treasurer ; John R. Dee, Assessor. 1873 — Abram Dates, Chairman ; John Cushing, George Bain, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; B. Hanley, Treasurer ; Thomas Graham, Assessor. 1874 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Daniel Breen, James Hume, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Thomas Coughlin, Treasurer ; John Cushing, Assessor. r4t) HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COl'NTY. 1875 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Patrick Lennan, James Hume, Supervisors ; John R. Dee, Clerk ; John Cashing, Treasurer ; James M. Winn, Assessor. 1876 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Patrick Lennan, John Wilcox, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; John Cushing, Treasurer ; B. Hanley, Assessor. 1877 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; Mat. Sinnott, John McKanna, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; James Winn, Assessor. 1878 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; William Myers, Matthew Sinnott, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk ; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer ; John T. Jones, Assessor. 1879 — Charles Sweeney, Chairman ; William Myers, B. Hanley, Supervisors ; Joseph Spain, Clerk; Patrick Lennan, Treasurer; James Winn, Assessor. The Wisconsin Central Railroad enters the town from the city of Portage, on Section 33, passes through Sections 28, 21, 16, 9 and 5 into Marquette County. A small station is located on Section 9, called Corning Station. HISTQRY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 747 OH AFTER XIII. Town of Fountain Prairie— Village of Fall River— Town of Hampden— Town of Leeds — Town of Lewiston— Town of Lodi— Village of Lodi— Village of Okee. town of fountain prairie. At a meeting of the County Commissioners, held in 1846, all of Township 11, Range 12, together with other territory adjacent on the south, was made a voting precinct, and elections ordered held at the house of A. P. Birdsey ; and Asa Proctor, J. T. Lewis and Jeremiah Drake were appointed Judges of Election. At a further meeting of the board, held in January, 1849, the township was set oiF to itself and given the name of Fountain Prairie. The house of A. A. Brayton was designated as the place for holding the first election. Chester Bushnell was the first actual settler of the town. He arrived here in the spring of 1843, and erected a board shanty on Section 33. Wayne B. Dyer came in September of the same year, and erected the first log house. John Brown and Benjamin Sage came also the same fall and selected land, Mr. Brown remaining here and Mr. Sage returning to Vermont after his family. Mr. Brown built a log house upon the land he had selected (the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 34). In July, 1844, Mr. Sage came back, bringing with him his family. He erected a house upon the west half of the northeast quarter of Section 34, being the fourth built in the town. During that summer and for two or three years, a number of settlers came in, among whom were Asa Proctor, John Boutwell, L. Pearson, Julius Higbe, John Q. Adams, Enos Grout, Alison Horton, E. J. Smith, A. A. Brayton, S. M. Smith, John O'Brien, J. D. Bullis, Isaac Bennett, Phinneas Underwood, Edward Tripp, James Ketchum, John Swarthout, Nelson Swarthout, Jacob Swarthout and James C. Carr. In addition to those already mentioned as settling in the town in 1843, H. W. McCafierty made a claim, as it was called, which consisted in selecting a section for a farm and designating such selection by plowing a few furrows upon it, or making some slight preparations for building a cabin, or oftener by blazing a few trees in the timber, or setting a stake or two on the prairie, and placing one's initials upon them. These slight indications of intention to settlement were generally regarded as sacred by the early settlers, so that a claim was seldom jumped. McCaf- ferty's claim was on Section 21 and the adjoining sections. Mac had an eye to a ranch of mag- nificent proportions. He plowed a few acres and sowed it to winter wheat in the fall of 1843; a very fair crop was harvested, although somewhat injured by the deer feeding upon it. The California gold fever breaking out soon after this, McCafferty was swept along with it ; when he returned, part of his claim had been taken up by others and the remainder had been despoiled of its timber, so he abandoned it, yet his name adheres to the place, as the high ridge of land running through Sections 21 and 15 is. known as McCaS'erty's Ridge. July 15, 1843, is the date of the first entry of land in the town. This was made by James C. Carr. The railway station at Fall River is upon it. Carr came from the State of New York and settled upon this land June, 1844. He filled the office of Justice of the Peace for many years, and was several times elected Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors. He removed to Missouri. Wayne B. Dyer came from Ohio in August, 1843, located on Sec- tion 34, the farm now occupied by Mr. Kelly. October 5, 1843, Dyer entered the north- east quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 26, the timber land northeast of the cemetery, on the road to Lost Lake ; this was the second entry of land in town. The following May, Dyer sold his claim and improvements to E. J. Smith, and, anticipating Greeley's advice to young men, " went west" and located in the present town of Otsego, where he was the first settler and built the first house in town. Two of his daughters, Mrs. Capt. M. 748 HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. C. Hobart and Mrs. J. E. Grout, reside in Fountain Prairie. The next entries of land were made October 18, 1848, by Benjamin Sage and John Brown, heretofore mentioned, on the farm now owned by Enos Grout. When one considers that there were not a dozen farms then located in the eastern half of the county, he is just a little surprised at Mr. Brown's choice. Their lands selected, they set out on foot from Fountain Prairie to Green Bay, the land oflSce being located there. This was no small undertaking at that time, a few blazed trees marked the way to Beaver Dam, at Waupun a solitary log house, a few cabins at Fond du Lae, and from there on the east side of Lake Winnebago to Green Bay, most of the country was owned by the Indians. Northeast of Stockbridge was one stretch of twenty miles with only one settled cabin to cheer the tired and lonely traveler as he plodded on through the dense forest, but the goal was reached, the land purchased. Sage returned immediately to Vermont. Brown came back, built a log house, spent the winter alone, and was enabled, he says, to enter into the feelings of Alexander Selkirk, when he sang : ■' I am monarch of .ill I survey, My right there is none to dispute, From center all round to the sea, I am lord of the fowl and the brute." Dyer and Bushnell were the only other settlers in town at this time, and not so much as a cabin on the west until Fort Winnebago was reached. There were " marrying and giving in marriage " in the early day in Fountain Prairie, as well as other portions of the civilized world. The first in the town to take upon themselves the vows to be one " until death should part them," were Clark Heflfron and Jane Boutwell, in 1846. In August, 1845, the wife of James C. Carr died, being the first death. Martha, daughter of Benjamin and Margaret Sage, was born September 2, 1844 ; the first birth in the town. Quite a settlement was effected in the southeast corner of the town as early as 1845, and in the fall of that year a schoolhouse was erected on Section 23 and Mr. Babcock was engaged to teach school therein, during the following winter. The house was also used for religious services, being free to any denomination that desired its use. Here Rev. Stephen Jones, N. S. Green, E. J. Smith and other pioneer preachers labored in word and doctrine, and exhorted sinners to repent. School was held in this house summer and winter until the organization of the town into school districts in 1849. In that year, a better building was commenced and completed the following year ; the district being known aa No. 1. In 1879, there were five whole and five joint districts in the town. Benjamin Sage and John Brown made the next entries, October 15, 1843. To make these entries. Sage and Brown walked the entire distance to and from Green Bay, where the land oflSce was located. J. C. Carr, heretofore spoken of, was a skeptic in religion, while Mr. Sage was a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The former cared nothing for the Sabbath, while the latter believed in the sacredness of the day. While building his house, forgetting himself one Sabbath day, Mr. Sage took his spade and began work in his cellar. As it hap- pened, Mr. Carr came along, and taking in the situation, he hid behind a tree and in a deep tone of voice cried out, " Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy I " Mr. Sage stopped his work, got upon a rock lying in the cellar, looked all around, but could see no one. He then returned to his work. Again the voice cried out as before. A second time Mr. Sage looked around to see whence came the voice. But no one was in sight, and he resumed his work. A third time the voice called on him to remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Firmly impressed with the idea that an angel from Heaven had spoken to him, Mr. Sage cleaned off his spade and started away, when Mr. Carr stepped from behind the tree, laughing heartily at the result of his work. There were frequently strifes among the early settlers for possession of choice pieces of land. On one occasion, E. J. Smith and Jacob Swarthout desired a certain tract, so, one morn- ing, unbeknown, as he thought, to any one, Mr. Smith started ofl' to Green Bay to secure the HISTORY OF COI-UMBIA COUNTY. 749 prize. Mr. Swarthout was informed of the fact during the day, and just before night he mounted an Indian pony and started for the same place. When about half-way, he made a temporary exchange with an Indian for his pony and continued his journey without stopping to rest. He arrived at his destination about six hours ahead of Mr. Smith, and so secured the land. Coon-hunting was an amusement occasionally indulged in. Wayne B. Dyer, Lewis Smith and Jacob Swarthout went out once, and, treeing a coon, Mr. Smith climbed the tree for the purpose of bringing him down. The coon had taken refuge in the hollow of the tree and Mr. Smith put in his hand to draw him out. The coon seized it and the hand was drawn out sud^ denly and with it the coon, who was thrown, by a violent jerk of Mr. Smith, some two or three rods away. Now the sight of blood always caused the gentleman to faint ; knowing this fact and pretending great anger, Mr. Swarthout began to curse him at a fearful rate, telling him he threw the coon away purposely ; that it was a mean, shabby trick, and drawing his gun on him threatened to shoot him if he did not at once come down out of that tree. The ruse was successful ; the mind of Mr. Smith being thus diverted from his maimed hand, he safely descended the tree. Explanations were made and a hearty laugh enjoyed. During the first ten years of the town, it was settled by many first-class farmers, among whom might be mentioned John Brown, Henry C. Brace, William H. Proctor, Stephen FielcJ, T. J. Smith, Jacob Swarthout, Oliver W. Field, Henry C. Field, Victor Brossard, John Q. Adams and others. Fountain Prairie is bounded on the north by Courtland, on the south by Columbus, on the west by Otsego, and on the east by Dodge County. Its area is six miles square, the prin- cipal portion being prairie land. The name. Fountain Prairie, was given to it from the fact that there was a spring or stream of living water on every section of land save three. The north branch of the Crawfish River enters the town on Section 18, passes through into 17, 8, 9, 10, 16, where it unites with the main stream ; the south branch enters on Section 30, runs through 31, 29, 20, 21, and on 16 joins the main branch, which courses through Sections 15, 14, 13. 23, 26, 27, 34, 35, and passes out from Section 36. The town is well adapted for grazing purposes. In 1864, the La Crosse Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was built through the town, entering on Section 34, crossing in a northwesterly direction through Sections 27, 28, 29, 20, 19, and into Otsego from 18. In consequence of the lay of the land not being favorable, the road was built about one mile southwest of the village of Fall River, but for the convenience of the citizens a depot was erected on the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 34, on land then owned by S. L. Batchelder. A small portion of his land was platted by Mr. Batchelder, and was called Batchelder's Addition to Fall River. The first town meeting was held. April 3, 1849, at the store of A. A. Brayton. Enos Grout was chosen Moderator; Jonathan Chase, Assistant Inspector, and N. S. Green and J. C. Carr, Clerks. Sixty-two names are on the poll list, as follows: A. A. Brayton, George Wel- ker, Calvin Bell, Horace O'Brien, Jonathan Eggelston, William Grout, James S. Hart, Francis Meadway, Benjamin Sage, Yule Borden, Silas M. Smith, Jacob Swarthout, John O'Brien, H. D. Manville, John D. Bullis, George Brown, Isaac Bennett, Oliver W. Field, E. T. Kearney, Henry C. Field, Joel -Williams, Christopher Brown, Phineas LTnderwood, Marvin Sturges, Hiram S. Hastings, William Hare, John Brown, William Rue, Henry C. Brace, Josiah Loomis, F. Justin, Nelson S. Green, Orson Snow, Charles Chase, Aaron Lashier, F. A. Martin, William R. Sperling, Edward Wipp, J. Lyman, Jr., William H. Proctor, J. W. Townsend, John D. Hunt, Brooks Fuller, S. R. Dix, John Hicks, Thomas J. Smith, Calvin Martin, Lorenzo Bennett, Stephen Fields, J. C. Carr, Smith Horton, Richard Blake, Jr., J. C. Heflron, Enos Grout, Abel Pierce, Jonathan Chase, Victor Brossard, Orin Bliss, Edward J. Smith, William 0. Maine. The town officers elected were: Alfred A. Brayton, Chairman; Supervisors — Stillman R. Dix, Calvin Martin; Town Clerk, Silas M. Smith; Assessor, Benjamin Sage; Superintendent of Schools, John Q. Adams; Treasurer, Nelson S. Green; Justices of the Peace, Nelson S. 750 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Green, Henry C. Fields, Moses R. Cobb, Calvin R. Martin ; Constables, E. T. Kearney, John Hicks and Lorenzo Bennett. Smith Horton was elected Road Supervisor in the western road district, and Enos Grout in the eastern district. The meeting voted to raise $125 for current expenses, about enough to pay a town clerk in a small town in 1876 ; $175 for school purposes, and $30 for bridge plank. In addition to the foregoing, those assembled at this town meeting took upon themselves the law-making power, and voted that four and one-half feet in height shall constitute a lawful fence ; that fence viewers shall determine whether a fence is lawful, provided it is four and one-half feet high ; that any male swine running at large shall be forfeited ; that hogs shall not be free com- moners except in the months of October, November and December ; to allow orderly horses, cattle and sheep to run at large, except stallion horses and buck sheep ; that a fine of $5 be imposed on any person violating the foregoing by-laws. A few years later, this by-law was put upon the record : " Moved and carried that hogs run- ning at large shall not be considered as property, but shall become the property of any man who will take them up and keep them confined." The first highway located in the town was a Territorial road from Fort Winnebago to Jef- ferson, by way of Columbus and Waterloo. This was in 1844. The route selected was sub- stantially over the present traveled road from Columbus to Otsego. It will be remembered that Benjamin Sage, after purchasing his land, went back to Ver- mont. He returned in the spring of 1844 with his family, and put up a shanty with a hay-roof with a stove pipe running up through it. He was soon burned out. This was the first fire in town ; no insurance. Sage died in August, 1871. Says the Columbus Democrat of August 25, 1871 : "Benjamin Sage died at his residence in Fountain Prairie on Tuesday last of apoplexy. He was sixty-seven years old and was among the pioneer settlers of Columbia f)ounty. Twenty- eight years ago this autumn he came to this county and selected his farm and future home. There was only one family living in the present township of Fountain Prairie. It was neces- sary at that time to go to Green Bay to purchase, as the land office was then situated there. This journey he made on foot. The intervening country was then inhabited by Indians only. Roads and hotels at that period were of course not among the conveniences found by travelers. John Brown had selected an eighty adjoining the prospective farm of the Captain. With a single exception, these claims were the first two made in that township. These two pioneers made the journey to Green Bay together. The friendship formed during that trip was as last- ing as life. Either could have adopted as his own the words of David lamenting for Jonathan, 'Very pleasant hast thou been unto me; thy love to me was wonderful, passing that of woman.' In the spring of 1847, Capt. Sage brought his family to Fountain Prairie and built a cabin. He has resided at the same location ever since. He was a good citizen, order-loving, public spirited and a Democrat of the old school. In 1845, A. A. Brayton entered the land for the mill-site and village of Fall River, where he built a saw-mill in 1846, which furnished all the sawed lumber that was used in the con- struction of hundreds of log houses in this region. White oak boards were considered good finishing lumber in 1846. Brayton opened the first store in town in the fall of 1846, using a slab shanty for his store. , This year, 1846, was known to the early settlers as the sickly season. Fever and ague and chills and fever were very prevalent. In many neighborhoods there were not well ones enough to care for the sick, and some left the country because of its unhealthiness. This town lying in the forks of the Crawfish, which is skirted with timber, was a favorite hunt- ing and fishing ground for the Indian. Then it was right in his pathway from the Rock River to the portage between the Fox and the Wisconsin, and deep trails were worn across the prairie where for many a long year the savage had led his squaw and his pony. For several years after the first settlement, the Indian was wont to visit these old hunting and fishing grounds ; but he was not the Indian of song and story, but a miserable, thieving, begging, cowardly specimen of humanity. Deer and the prairie hen were the principal game that the early settler HISTORY OF COLlfMBIA COUNTY. 751 found, and they were very abundant. Many a family subsisted almost entirely for weeks together upon food obtained by hunting and fishing. The town of Fountain Prairie lies directly south of Courtland, but is considerably lower than the latter town, the dividing ridge having passed off to the westward. Prairie occurs in the southwestern sections only. Narrow marshy belts ai-e seen in the northern portion and middle sections. The Crawfish River traverses the southeastern portions, and near the middle of the town divides into two main branches, the one heading in the southwest corner of the town, the other and more northern one heading in the town of Otsego, on the west. Both streams and marsh belts show the same southwest-northeast direction as observed in the town of Courtland. The largest part of the town lies at an altitude of 300 to 350 feet, the extremes being about 250 feet along the Crawfish in the southeast part of the town, and points in the northwest, reach 380 to 400 feet. The streams run in shallow but well-defined valleys. The following is a list of town officers from 1849 to 1880, inclusive: 1849 — Alfred A. Brayton, Chairman ; Stillman R. Dix, Calvin Martin, Supervisors ; Silas M. Smith, Clerk ; Nelson S. Green, Treasurer ; Benjamin Sage, Assessor ; John Q. Adams, School Superintendent. 1850 — Alfred A. Brayton, Chairman ; Benjamin Sage, H. C. Field, Supervisors ; Silas M. Smith, Clerk ; Nelson S. Green, Treasurer ; James C. Carr, Assessor ; John Q. Adams, School Superintendent. 1851 — John Q. Adams, Chairman; J. S. Field. Samuel Lashier, Supervisors; Silas M. Smith, Clerk; John Swarthout, Treasurer; James C. Carr, Assessor; A. A. Brayton, School Superintendent. 1852 — John Q. Adams, Chairman; Aaron Backus, Jacob Swarthout, Supervisors; Silas M. Smith, Clerk ; A. A. Brayton, Treasurer ; John S. Field, Assessor ; James C. Carr, School Superintendent. 1853 — James C. Carr, Chairman; William P. Bliss, Joel Dudley, Supervisors; S. C. Higbie, Clerk; H. T. Henton, Treasui-er; A. A. Brayton, Assessor; J. Q. Adams, School Superintendent. 1854 — James C. Carr, Chairman; William P. Bliss, H. C. Field, Supervisors; S. M. Smith, Clerk ; H. T. Henton, Treasurer ; E. H. Wood, Assessor ; John Q. Adams, School Superintendent. 1855 — John Walton, Chairman ; John G. Chase, E. H. Wood, Supervisors ; S. C. Higbie, Clerk ; John B. Stickney, Treasurer ; Jacob Swarthout, Assessor ; James C. Carr, School Superintendent. 1856 — James C. Carr, Chairman; S. M. Smith, E. H. Wood, Supervisors; S. C. Higbie, Clerk ; F. W. Stiles, Treasurer ; J. S. Hobart, Assessor ; Eli S. Grout, School Superintendent. 1857 — S. M. Smith, Chairman ; E. H. Wood, W. H. Proctor, Supervisors; M. C. Ingalls, Clerk; F. W. Stiles, Treasurer; H. S. Hastings, Assessor; A. A. Brayton, School Super- intendent. 1858 — J. C. Carr, Chairman; Samuel Lashier, John S. Hobart, Supervisors; M. Ingalls, Clerk ; F. W. Stiles, Treasurer ; John Q. Adams, Ezra H. Wood, Assessors ; George E. Talbert, School Superintendent. 1859 — J. C. Carr, Chairman; L. B. Reed, William Grout, Supervisors; M. Ingalls, Clerk; F. W. Stiles, Treasurer; John Q. Adams, E. H. Wood, Assessors; M. Ingalls, School Superintendent. 1860 — John Q. Adams, Chairman ; H. C. Field, M. C. Hobart, Supervisors ; Benjamin Sage, Jr., Clerk; F. W. Stiles, Treasurer; James C. Carr, James H. Huntington, Assessors; A. A. Brayton, School Superintendent. 1861— E. H. Wood, Chairman ; H. C. Field, H. C. Brace, Supervisors ; F. W. Stiles, Clerk ; S. C. Higbie, Treasurer ; James C. Carr, John Q. Adams, Assessors ; John E. Grout, School Superintendent. 1862 — James C. Carr, Chairman ; John E. Grout, H. C. Brace, Supervisors ; F. W. Stiles, Clerk ; Samuel Lashier, Treasurer ; John Q. Adams, Assessor. 752 HISTOBY OF COLUMIUA COUNTY. 1863— H. C. Brace, Chairman ; H. C. Field, E. H. Wood, Supervisors ; F. W. Stiles, Clerk ; John G. Chase, Treasurer ; John Q. Adams, James C. Carr, Assessors. 1864— George E. Talbert, Chairman: W. H. Proctor, J. S. Hobart, Supervisors; F. W. Stiles, Clerk ; Samuel Lashier, Treasurer : John Q. Adams, Assessor. 1865 — John Q. Adams, Chairman ; W. H. Proctor, Eli L. Grout, Supervisors ; Benjamin Sage, Jr., Clerk ; J. C. Backus, Treasurer ; John <,>. Adams, Assessor. 1866 — John Q. Adams, Chairman ; 0. W. Field, Orson Snow, Supervisors ; Spencer H. Bronson, Clerk ; Zebulon Russell, Treasurer ; Calvin Baker, Assessor. 1867 — Samuel Lashier, Chairman ; Oliver W. Field, Martin C. Hobart, Supervisors ; Benjamin Sage, Jr., Clerk ; Zebulon B. Russell, Treasurer ; J. E. Grout, Henry C. Brace, Assessors. 1868 — Henry C. Brace, Chairman ; John Brown, Aaron Backus, Supervisors ; Benjamin Sage., Jr., Clerk ; Z. B. Russell, Treasurer ; John E. Grout, Samuel King, John Hicks, Assessors. 1869 — William H. Proctor, Chairman; Calvin Baker, S. B. Reed, Supervisors; Benjamin Sage, Jr., Clerk ; Z. B. Russell, Treasurer ; John Foster, Assessor. 1870 — W. H. Proctor, Chairman ; Horace O'Brien, F. L. Jones, Supervisors ; Benjamin Sage, Jr., Clerk ; Z. B. Russell, Treasurer ; J. E. Grout, Assessor. 1871 — H. C. Field, Chairman ; 0. W. Field, Peter Secor, Supervisors ; Benjamin Sage, Jr., Clerk ; S. B. Sage, Treasurer ; Jacob Swarthout, Assessor. 1872 — H. C. Field, Chairman ; 0. W. Field, John Foster, Supervisors ; B. A. Sage. Clerk ; Z. B. Russell, Treasurer ; George D. Rice, Assessor. 1873 — H. C. Field, Chairman; 0. W. Field, John Foster, Supervisors; B. A. Sage, Clerk ; Z. B. Russell, Treasurer ; J. E. Grout, Assessor. 1874 — H. C. Field, Chairman ; William Walker, J. S. Babcock, Supervisors ; B. A. Sage, Clerk; James H. Haskin, Treasurer; J. E. Grout, Assessor. 1875 — W. H. Proctor, Chairman ; William Walker, Peter Secor, Supervisors ; B. A. Sage, Clerk ; J. H. Haskin, Treasurer ; J. E. Grout, Assessor. 1876 — 0. W. Field, Chairman ; William Walker, John W. Kehoe, Supervisors ; B. A. Sage, Clerk; S. Lashier, Treasurer; John E. Grout, Assessor. 1877 — William H. Proctor, Chairman ; John Foster, Peter Secor, Supervisors ; H. A. Sage, Clerk ; Samuel Lashier, Treasurer ; J. E. Grout, Assessor. 1878— M. C. Hobart, Chairman ; William E. Field, J. E. McMahon, Supervisors; B. A. Sage, Clerk ; Samuel Lashier, Treasurer ; J. S. Babcock, Assessor. 1879 — M. C. Hobart, Chairman ; J. Swarthout, J. R. Nashold, Supervisors ; B. A. Sage, Clerk; S. Lashier, Treasurer; J. E. Grout, Assessor 1880 — Spencer Randall, Chairman ; Jacob Swarthout, John M. Kehoe, Supervisors ; B. A. Sage, Clerk ; Samuel Lashier, Treasurer ; John E. Grout, Assessor. VILLAGE OP FALL RIVER. The village of Fall River was founded by A. A. Brayton in 1846. Brayton moved with his father's family to Wisconsin in 18-37, and, in 1888, settled at Aztalan, where, the following year, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Grout. At this place, he kept a small variety store. In 1846, he purchased the southwest quarter of Section 26, Township 11, Range 12, in what is now the town of Fountain Prairie. He drew up a plan of the village and proceeded to erect a saw-mill. . He also opened a variety store. The saw-mill he con- tinued to operate for six years. In 1850, he erected a large grist-mill, which was well patronized by the farmers in the immediate neighborhood. In a short time, he sold a half- interest to A. W. Kellogg, and, afterward, the remainder to Mr. Kenney. Kellogg & Kenney, in the spring of 1860, disposed of it to Mortimer & Curtis. Up to March, 1880, it had suc- cessively passed into the hands of C. D. Cotton, Prime & Jones, E. T. Jones & Bro., and William R. Hughes. ' HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 753 To the original plat of the village, made by Mr. Bray ton in 1856, Eli Grout made a small addition. On the completion of the railroad in 1864, S. L. Batchelder also made an addition in the vicinity of the depot. Previous to 1880, many streets and blocks of land had been vacated, reducing materially the original plat. The first house was erected by Alfred A. Bray ton, who likewise opened the first store. Martha, daughter of Benjamin and Margaret Sage, was the first born in the village as well as town. On the 13th of August, 1853, a cemetery association was formed with S. C. Higbie, S. M. Smith, Samuel Lashier, J. D. Bullis, E. T. Kearney, Christopher Brown, Thomas Benner, S B. Hancock and Elisha Roberts as Trustees. Three acres of ground were purchased of C. Brown, off the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of Section 26. The first burial therein was a son of Christopher Brown. Dr. Hanson Hurd in 1856 started a match manufactory in the place, which he ran for two years, when he sold out to M. & E. H. Bronson, who successfully continued the business until 1860, when they disposed of it to Prime & Randall, who continued it until 1862, when it passed into the hands of Folsom & Grout. The latter firm, in consequence of the hard times during that period, suspended. For a time, the factory employed from ten to twenty hands. Cigar Manuf actor jj . — C. Palmer started, in 1860, the manufacture of cigars, but con- tinued the business but a short time, disposing of it to D. Bobbins, who soon after suspended. In 1872, Charles A. Taylor commenced to manufacture, continuing for about one year, when Z. B. Russell engaged in the work. The latter has had fair success in building up a trade. In 1879, he employed one hand and worked at the bench himself. Cheese Manufactory. — In 1873, 0. B. Prime commenced the manufacture of cheese in the village, making, the first year, about eighty thousand pounds. The quantity was increased each year until 1878, when it reached 166,000 pounds. In 1879, a less amount was made on account of the scarcity of milk. An average of $12,000 per year, from 1873 to 1879, inclusive, was distributed among the farmers in the neighborhood from this one industry alone. Fall River House. — In 1849, S. C. Higbie erected the Fall River House, opening it to the public the same year. In 1860, he disposed of it to George Sickles. From 1860 to 1880, it has passed successively into the hands of Mr. Miller, John Fields, John Young, Richard Blake, S. L. Batchelder, C. Palmer, Lewis Norton and John Hicks. The house was built so as to accommodate twenty guests. Post Office. — One of the first things attended to by A. A. Brayton, on his removal to this place, was to petition the Post Office Department to establish an office at this point, which was accordingly done early in 1847, and Mr. Brayton was made the first Postmaster. He was succeeded by S. C. Higbie, and in turn by F. W. Stiles, and F. W. Stiles by S. H. Bronson. Railroad Station. — On the completion of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad to this point, Mr. Hildreth was appointed Station Agent. Between the years 1864 and 1880, Mr. Hildreth. J. W. Taylor, E. W. Williams and H. Newnham had been in the employ of the company. As Express Agents, E. W. Williams, H. Newnham, H. D. Cotton, S. H. Bronson, George D. Rice, W. E. Batchelder and J. A. Smith had served. Sohoolhouses. — In 1850, a schoolhouse was built in the village, the district being designated as No. 1. The house, in 1856, was found too small to accommodate the number of scholars living in the district, so another was added in that year. The primary scholars attend one, and the higher grades the other. Methodist JEpiscopal Church. — This society was organized in the log house of Clark Smith, by Rev. Stephen Jones, in 1844, the locality at the time being connected with the old Aztalan circuit. The members were Rev. E. J. Smith, Martha Smith, Clark Smith, Sarah Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Aaron E. Houghton. E. J. Smith was appointed leader. A log schoolhouse was erected soon after, and the meetings transferred to it. As the population of the village increased, in due time the society was removed here. In 1855, a church edifice was built, at a cost of $2,000. It was rebuilt and enlarged in 1875, at a cost of $1,200. Revs. Stephen Jones, N. 754 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. S. Green, C. G. Lathrop, Mr. Marshall, J. M. S. Maxon, Ezra Tucker, James Lamson, R. Franchen, William Averill, S. L. Brown, William Stevens, D. Lewis, E. W. Stevens, J. C. Aspinwall, A. Hitchcock, J. Searles, W. Sturgess, S. V. R. Shepherd, C. L. Shepherd, A. Hamilton, J. S. Bolton, J. E. Grant, A. J. Brill, W. E. Randolph, C. D. Cook and C. A. Stock- well have served the church as Pastors. In March, 1880, the membership of the church was ninety-five, with S. H. Bronson, Rec. Steward; John Fardell, H. S. O'Brion, J. S. Babcock and George Kirk, Stewards ; J. H. Haskin, H. S. O'Brion, H. C. Glendenning, A. Horton. J. S. Babcock and B. Babcock, Trustees. First Regular Baptist Church and Society. — The first preaching by a minister of the Baptist Church in this vicinity, was in 1847, Elders Green and Reed being the pioneer preacliers. A church was also organized about this time. A legal organization was effected March 18, 1867, under the name, " First Regular Baptist Church and Society." The first Trustees were H. C. Brace. J. A. Franklin, L. B. Reed. Loyal Morton, Deacon ; H. C. Brace, Clerk. In 1869, a house of worship, 38x60 feet, was erected at a cost of $.5,000. Those serving the church as Pastors from 1847 to 1880, were Elders Green, Reed, Wade, Jones, Jeffreys, Mere- dith, Chapin, Langridge, Gorman and Pickering. In 1877, H. C. Brace and A. M. Hastings were elected Trustees, and in 1879, James Randolph, F. C. Thomas, M. A. Franklin and E. Oliver were added to the number. M. H. Bender, Deacon and Clerk. TOWN OF HAMPDEN. ^, The first settler in the town of Hampden was Alfred Toplifi", who located there May 1, 1844. Lewis and Landy Sowards, with their families, arrived there some four or five weeks later. J. E. Haight and family arrived in the autumn of the same year. What is now the county of Columbia was, in that year, mostly an uninhabited wild. Fort Winnebago, Dekorra, and some eight or ten families in Columbus and Fountain Prairie, then constituted nearly the entire populaticn of the county. The first settlers of Hampden had to go to Aztalan Post OflSce, a distance of thirty miles, for their letters and papers. Most articles of provisions were procured at Milwaukee, a distance of seventy miles. The road then traveled to Milwaukee was by way of Aztalan, and thence through the dense and nearly uninhabited forest of Rock River woods for eighteen miles, over a track that was hardly passable, requiring five or six days to make the journey to Milwaukee and return. The country in all directions was without roads (excepting the Indian trails) and all rivers and brooks without bridges, in this or adjacent towns. The traveler had to search in all directions to find a place where he could possibly cross the streams and marshes and then to find himself in a situation from which, with the utmost diffi- culty he could extricate himself and reach the opposite shore. This difiiculty was much in- creased by the rains which were of such frequent occurrence during the summer and September of that year. The marshes which were the dependence of the settlers for hay to winter their stock, were so filled with water that hay could not be procured from them until October, when the grass was so injured by frosts as to make the hay of diminished value, and a consequence was that quite a proportion of the cattle died during the winter following for want of suitable food to sustain them. The year 1845 aflTorded some additions to the population, but they were mostly transient settlers who have long left for other localities. In 1846, the brothers, Elijah and Perry Lee, with their families, and Mrs. Roys and her son. Clarendon Roys and brothers, and Messrs. Henry Clark, Thomas Smith and Benjamin Chase, arrived and located in the town. A settlement of Norwegians was also made in the southwest quarter, and a settlement of Germans in the southeast quarter of the town. The town of Hampden is bounded on the east by Columbus, on the west by Leeds, on the north by Otsego, and on the south by Dane County. Before the organization of the county into towns it was in the third election precinct composed of Townships 10 and 11, Range 11, the place of voting being at the house of Landy Sowards, the Judges of Election being Jonathan HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 755 E. Haight, Landy Sowards and Henry Pellet. The precinct was known as Dyersburg, so- called in honor of Wayne B. Dyer, the first settler of Otsego, and first Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners. In 1849, Township 10, Range 11, was organized into a town to which was given the name of Hampden, and the house belonging to Cornwall Esmond, situated on the northwest corner of Section 15, designated as the place for holding the first election. Among other early settlers of the town were Daniel Soward, Clarendon Roys, Benjamin Chase, Mr. Tillotson, Henry R. Clark, Clark Hazard, James Montgomery, Jonathan E. Haight, William K. Custer, John A. Franklin, Lyman Morse and John Derr. Alfred Topliif taught the first school in the town on Section 11, in 1847. Rev. Reuben Bates, a pioneer Methodist preacher, was the first to proclaim the Gospel here, though previously Rev. Edward Smith preached the funeral sermon of Mr. Douglas in June, 1845. In 1846, at the house of Mr. Morris, he delivered his first discourse. [n 1857, the Town Board purchased of Samuel Smith a fraction over two acres off Section 16, for a place for the burial of the dead. The town in 1865 erected a comfortable town hall, 26x36 feet in size. Here town meet- ings are held, and the hall has also been used for religious and educational purposes. A post ofiice was established near the center of the town in 1847, and A. Topliff made Postmaster. He was succeeded by Benjamin Chase, Lloyd Newcomb and William Bradley. About 1865, the office was discontinued, but re-established in 1877, and Halver Halverson made Postmaster. Among the principal farmers prior to 1856, might be mentioned Clarendon Roys, Henry R. Clark, Clark Hazard, Eli Sowards, Daniel Sowards, C. C. Tillotson, T. S .Roys, James Montgomery, E. Fairbanks, James H. Sutton, John Derr, Peter Hanson, 0. J. Oleson and E. Knudson. About the year 1868, E. Fairbanks began to give special attention to the improvement of cattle and sheep. His herds of Durham cattle and merino sheep, between the years 1868 and 1880, have been exhibited at county, district and State Fairs, with results highly satisfactory to their owner. The example of Mr. Fairbanks has been imitated by other farmers in the town. Several fine horses were imported from France, in 1875, by an association formed in the town. The town of Hampden is largely rolling prairie in the western and central portions, the prairie connecting by a narrow strip with that of Fountain Prairie and Columbus. In the southwest there are small tamarack marshes. The town lies upon the eastern slope of the divid- ing ridge, and thus rises rapidly from east to west. In the lower portions on the east line, the altitude is 320 to 350 feet ; whilst on the west side, it is 400 to 500 feet. In the southeast is high ground, continuous with that in southwest Columbus. The town lies on the southern boundary of the county, in the southeastern part, by which it is separated from the town of Bristol, in the county of Dane. It is about twenty miles southeast of the city of Portage, and is known as Township 10 north, of Range 11 east. The town is watered by a small stream that flows through it from west to east — an afiluent of the Crawfish River. The first entry of land was made by Alfred Topliff June 28, 1844, consisting of the south- west (juarter of the northeast quarter and the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Sec- tion 11. The following is a list of town ofiicers from the organization of the town to the present time : 1849 — William K. Custer, Chairman; Nelson B. Lloyd, George D. Mead, Supervisors John A. Franklin, Clerk; Lyman Morse, Treasurer; Enoch Pulver, Assessor. 1850 — Elijah Lee, Chairman ; James Montgomery, Cephas Tillotson, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Haslam, Clerk ; Albert Pease, Treasurer ; Jonathan E. Haight, James H. Sutton, Albert Wilkins, Assessors. 1851 — Elijah Lee, Chairman ; Henry R. Clark, James Montgomery, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Haslam, Clerk ; Albert Pease, Treasurer ; Ezra Mead, Assessor. 756 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1852 — Elijah Lee, Chairman ; James Montgomery, John Derr, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Haslam, Clerk ; William K. Custer, Treasurer ; Ezra Mead, Assessor. 185.3 — Elijah Lee. Chairman : Zalmon McDougal, John Derr, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Haslam, Clerk ; James H. Sutton, Treasurer ; James Montgomery, Assessor. 1854 — Elijah Lee, Chairman ; Nels Mikelson, John Derr, Supervisors; Thomas B. Has- lam, Clerk ; James H. Sutton, Treasurer ; James Montgomery. John Oleson, Assessors. 1855 — James Montgomery, Chairman ; George Tillotson, John Derr, Supervisors ; Marshal R. Keeler, Clerk : James H. Sutton, Treasurer ; Hiram R. Tripp, John Oleson, Assessors. 1856 — E. Fairbank.s, Chairman ; John Derr, Benjamin Chase, Supervisors ; George Til- lotson, Clerk ; James Montgomery, Treasurer ; H. R. Tripp, John Oleson, Assessors. 1857 — E. Fairbanks, Chairman ; C. C. Tillotson, Henry Lull, Supervisors ; L. D. Parker, Clerk ; James Montgomery. Treasurer and Assessor. 1858 — Henry Lull, Chairman; Clark Hazard, Nels Mickelson, Supervisors; William E. Newcomb, Clerk ; William K. Custer, Treasurer ; Ira Ford, Assessor. 1859 — William K. Custer, Chairman ; Clark Hazard, Samuel Smith, Supervisors ; George Tillotson, Clerk ; John Oleson, Treasurer ; Ira Ford, Assessor. 1860 — Edward Fairbanks, Chairman ; John Logeman, Thomas Sanderson, Supervisors ; L. D. Tasker, Clerk ; Clarendon Roys, Treasurer ; John J. Sutton, Assessor. 1861 — James H. Sutton, Chairman ; C. C. Tillotson, John D. Logeman, Supervisors ; T. S. Roys, Clerk ; Samuel Smith, Treasurer; James Montgomery, Assessor. 1862 — Edward Fairbanks, Chairman ; Clai-endon Roys, Samuel Smith, Supervisors ; T. S. Roys, Clerk ; James Montgomery, Treasurer and Assessor. 1863 — James H. Sutton, Chairman ; Samuel Smith, John Oleson, Supervisors ; T. S. Roys, Clerk ; Thomas Sanderson, Treasurer and Assessor. 1864 — James H. Sutton, Chairman ; H. R. Clark, Aad Henderson, Supervisors ; G. W. Putnam, Clerk : J. E. Perkins, Treasurer ; H. R. Tripp, Assessor. 1865 — Edward Fairbanks, Chairman ; Benjamin Fuller, Horace Morse, Supervisors ; A. Sanderson, Clerk ; Halver Halverson, Treasurer ; James Montgomery, Assessor. 1866 — H. R. Clark, Chairman; G. S. Armitage, William Bradley, Supervisors; A. San- derson, Clerk ; Ole J. Oleson, Treasurer ; James Montgomery, Assessor. 1867 — H. R. Clark, Chairman; C. Tillotson, John Oleson, Supervisors; A. Sanderson, Clerk ; Ole J. Oleson, Treasurer. 1868 — James Montgomery, Chairman ; John Derr, Ira H. Ford, Supervisors; A. Sander- son, Clerk; Charles Conrad, Treasurer; A. L. Sutton, Assessor. 1869 — C. Roys, Chairman ; Samuel Hasey, Ingelbret Everson, Supervisors ; C. S. Tomp- kins, Clerk ; William McBurnie, Treasurer ; Galen Hall, Assessor. 1870 — C. Roys, Chairman ; Samuel Hasey, Ingelbert Everson. Supervisors ; C. S. Tomp- kins, Clerk; E. J. Morse, Treasurer; James Montgomery. Assessor. 1871 — Samuel Hasey, Chairman; Ole L. Clave, Ingelbert Everson, Supervisors; C. S. Tompkins, Clerk ; T. S. Roys, Treasurer ; Thomas Sanderson, Assessor. 1872 — Charles Tompkins, Chairman; Ingelbert Everson, Samuel Smith, Supervisors; S. C. Bell, Clerk ; William McBurnie, Treasurer ; James Montgomery, Assessor. 1873 — Samuel Hasey, Chairman ; Peter Hansen, John Derr, Supervisors ; A. Sanderson, Clerk ; Henry Bock, Treasurer ; Thomas Sanderson, Assessor. 1874 — John Derr, Chairman ; Halver Halverson, Eli Morse, Supervisors ; S. C. Bell, Clerk; Henry Bock, Treasurer; Thomas Sanderson, Assessor. 1875 — John Derr. Chairman ; E. J. Morse, H. Halverson, Supervisors ; S. C. Bell, Clerk : A. Sanderson, Treasurer ; James Montgomery, Assessor. 1876 — John Derr, Chairman ; Halver Halverson, E. J. Morse, Supervisors ; William Mc- Burnie, Clerk; A. Sanderson, Treasurer: Thomas Sanderson, Assessor. 1877 — Thomas Sanderson, Chairman ; Albert Scheidler, Samuel Smith, Supervisors ; S. C. Bell, Clerk ; Henry Bock, Treasurer. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 759 1878 — James Montgomery, Chairman ; E. J. Morse, Halver Halverson, Supervisors ; S. C. Bell, Clerk ; Henry Bock, Treasurer ; I. Everson, Assessor. 1879 — Edward Fairbanks, Chairman ; Peter Hanson, Adolph Schultz, Supervisors ; Will- iam McBurnie, Clerk ; A. Sanderson, Treasurer ; S. C. Bell, Assessor. 1880 — H. R. Clark. Chairman ; Adolph Schutz, Halver Halverson, Supervisors ; A, Sanderson, Clerk ; Nicholas Ziegler, Treasurer : Thomas Sanderson, Assessor. TOWN OF LEEDS. The town of Leeds is almost altogether upon the top of the watershed, having a surface of rolling prairie, and a general altitude of 450 to 570 feet. In the northwest corner, this high ground breaks down abruptly 200 feet towai'd the head-fcaters of Okee Creek. The State Geologist, in one of his reports, remarked that there were some of the finest lands here that were to be found in the State. The first entry of land was made October 3, 1844, by Johii Dalziel, consisting of the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter, and the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 26. Prior to this, La Fayette Hill made claim on Section 14. He erected a log house which, in his absence, was burned by the Indians in the winter of 1843-44. In the spring of 1844, one Johnson came in, and Mr. Hill, for a small considera- tion, surrendered to him his claim and removed into the town of Dekorra. Mr. Johnson con- veyed in June following a portion of this tract to Oliver G. Chilson. William Young came in in 1844, but remained only a short time, when he removed his house just across the line in the town of Lowville. In the fall of 1844 came William Bradley, Thomas Dalziel, and Mr. Hin- man. Soon after this came Stephen Bray ton, Charles B. ThompsoQ, Sylvester Button, 0. C. Howe, A. Klienert, F. Rennebohm, Jacob Townsend, Smith Scott, Charles Brown, Norman Ives, Fred Lubins and others. The town of Leeds is an agricultural town. No effort has ever been made to locate a village within its boundaries, but now its inhabitants are well supplied with mail facilities, there then being four post offices in the town — Leeds, North Leeds, Leeds Center, and Keyser. Leeds Post Office was established on Section 32 in 1854, with William P. Bradley as the first Postmaster. Mr. Bradley was succeeded by George Durkee, and Mr. Durkee by Anson Engel. Leeds Center was established in 1856, chiefly through the instrumentality of Dr. R. A. Squires, who was made its first Postmaster. He was succeeded by Norman Ives, who continued but a short time when G. E. Fox was appointed, after which it again passed under control of Dr. Squire, who was succeeded in 1857 by A. S. Packard. Humphrey McKinney was the first Postmaster of North Leeds, the office being established in 1858. William Dieruf was Mr. McKinney's successor. In 1876, an office was established in the southeast part of the town, with Benjamin Brae- son as Postmaster. The first school,, in the town was held at Leeds Center on the corner of the northwest quarter of the southwest corner of Section 14, in 1848. In 1850, a substantial log school- house was erected which burned down the first winter. In 1851, a stone house was erected which served the district (No. 1) until June, 1878, when a good frame house was erected and well furnished at a cost of $1,600. It has been stated there had never been an effort to locate a village in the town, but not- withstanding this fact, around Leeds Center Post Office quite a little village sprang up in 1850- 57, there being there at that time two stores, a blacksmith-shop, post office and a tavern, the latter being erected by John T. Baker, and continued by him about four years. Leeds Center was then on the line of the stage route from Beaver Dam to Lodi and also from Madison to Portage. From the organization of Leeds, town-meetings have been held at Leeds Center. Election days have generally been considered as holidays and the average voter expected to have some 760 HISTORY OF roH'MBIA COUNTY. fun. There formerly lived here a genius who would occ;»sionally imbibe too freely of the juice of the corn. He was an ardent Republican and never got so drunk but, he knew the difference between a Republican and Democratic ticket. On one occasion on election day, he was so drunk a leading Democratic politician thought he would get him to vote the Democratic ticket, and to accomplish his aim was very affectionate toward the old man. Taking him by the arm and placing a Democratic ticket in his hand, he led him up to the polls. The Republicans were of course watching every movement. When the old man arrived at the voting-place, he turned to a leading Republican and said, '' Give me a ticket, John." " Why," responded John, "I thought you were going to vote the Democratic ticket? " " You think (hie) because I've got the (hie) symptoms, I've turned Democrat, (hie) do you':*" John furnished him with the ticket of his choice. Horse-trading has been classed as a high art in Leeds, and the people of that town have become proverbial as horse-traders. Woe be to the man who considers himself the better judge of horseflesh, and the more experienced in a trade. Orin Powers was a good-hearted, honest citizen of Lowville, and was possessed of a horse valued by good judges at $125. One day, he made up his mind that he would take that horse over to Leeds, and make a little by trading him to some one. He was advised by a friend not to go, but the advice he considered an insult. The idea of his being taken in by those Leeds men ! He would show them he knew what he was about in a horse trade. So over to Leeds he went. Along about sunset, he was seen returning to the point from which he started, on foot, with a bridle in his hand. " Why, Orin, what's the matter?" said the friend of the morning. " Oh, Doctor," he replied, " they've used me up." " Why, how is that?" " Well, you see, 1 went over there, made two or three trades, and on the last one I got a horse and two cows. I thought I had done well. The horse was a fine-looking animal, and I got on him to ride him home, and coming along, the blasted thing had a fit, fell down and nearly killed me. I took off the bridle and left him to die, and here I am with two cows, worth not over $25. I wish I'd taken your advice.'' The town of Leeds is situated in the south part of the county, on the county line, which sejiarates it from the town of Windsor, in Dane County. It is about fifteen miles southeast of the city of Portage, and is in Township 10, Range 10 east. Nearly one-half of the township is prairie land : the other half is oak openings, which are in the northern and southeastern parts. The town is scantily supplied with brooks or streams, there being only a small rivulet in the southeast portion, which has an outlet in a lake situated on parts of Sections 23, 24 and 26. A large number of the settlers in the southeastern part of the town are Norwegians, and that nationality, with the Germans, largely predominate. The town is well improved and under excellent cultivation. Lutheran Church. — On the 27th day of March, 1847, the first Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran congregation in Columbia County was organized, by Rev. I. W. C. Dietrickson, as " Spring Prairie Congregation." It consisted of settlers re.siding in the towns of Leeds, Hampden, Otsego, Lowville, and later Arlington and Dekorra, in Columbia County, and Bris- tol, Windsor and Vienna, Dane County. The first Norwegian services were held at the house of Sjur Reque, some time previous. Among the first members of the congregation were John 0. Fosmark, Nels 0. Fosraark, Lars Johannesen Moen, Aad Johnson Himle, John Langeteig, Peter Ilalvorsen, Augund Aames, Eivind Thorstensen. On the 15th day of October, 184'J, Spring Prairie congregation was divided into three congregations — Spring Prairie and Bonnet Prairie, Columbia County, and Norway Grove, Dane County. These three congregations resolved to constitute one parish, where, somewhat later, was joined Lodi congregation, in the towns of Lodi, Arlington and Dekorra, in Columbia County. Rev. I. W. C. Dietrickson had charge of these congregations, and served as their minister up to the 10th of April, 1850 ; Rev. A. C. Preus from May, 1850, till August, 1851. Rev. H. A. Preus took charge of them August 10, 1851, and has served as their minister till the present time. As the latter gentle- man has had to attend to a very extensive missionary work among Norwegians in the northern and middle part of Wisconsin, and has also, since 1862, acted as President of the Norwegian HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COl'NTT. 761 Evangelical Lutheran Synod in America, the following named have served as assistants : Rev. C. Magelssen, from September, 1866, to October, 1867 ; Rev. B. Hovde, from January, 1869, to April, 1872; Rev. A. Vinnor, from May, 1872, to May, 1873; Rev. A. Bredeson, from May, 1873, to August, 1876; Rev. Chr. K. Preus, from August 13, 1876, to the present time. The first Norwegian church edifice was a small log one, in the town of ( )tsego, built in the sum- mer of 1853. On the 25th day of June, 1853, the corner-stone of the church in the town of Leeds was laid. It is 50x85 feet, has a fine steeple, and, when erected, cost $2,500. The Bonnet Prairie congregation, Otsego, built a stone church in 1866, 54x35 feet, which cost $7,000. The Lodi congregation was the next to build, in 1871. Their church edifice is of brick, 54x28 feet, with a steeple 70 feet high ; is located in the town of Arlington, and cost $3,600. There are 280 families in the various congregations connected with this parish. Trustees of Spring Prairie congregation — John 0. Fosmark, John Hermundsen, Hans Bjorti- sen ; of the Bonnet Prairie Congregation — Andves Loseln, Halvor Anderson, J. B. Berquam ; of Lodi — Ives Larsen, G. Pedersen and A. Oramundsen. The town of Leeds was organized in 1850, and comprised all of Township 10, Range 10, and the east half of Township 10, Range 9. In 1855, the latter portion of the town was set off to Arlington, leaving the town of Leeds one full township. The following are the names of the town ofiicers since its organization to the present time : 1850 — Thomas Dalziel, Chairman ; Charles B. Thompson, Nathan Hazen, Supervisors ; David M. Hatch, Clerk ; Oliver G. Chilson, Treasurer ; William T. Bradley, Superintendent of Schools ; Henry Waterhouse, Clark M. Young, Assessors. 1851 — Thomas Dalziel, Chairman; Sylvester Dutton, William Young, Supervisors; James M. Robinson, Clerk ; Clark M. Young, Thomas Green, John Oleson, Assessors ; William T. Bradley, School Superintendent. 1852 — Chester S. Chapin, Chairman ; Sylvester Dutton, Lars Johnson, Supervisors ; David M. Hatch, Clerk ; Henry Waterhouse, Treasurer ; John Oleson, C. M. Young, Thomas Green, Charles Brown, Assessors; William T. Bradley, School Superintendent. 1853 — William H. Young, Chairman ; Sylvester Dutton, Amond Christophersen, Super- visors ; J. W. Robinson, Clerk; Thomas Dalziel, Treasurer; C. M. Young, Neils Knudson, Assessors ; Isaac C. Sargent, School Superintendent. 1854 — William H. Young, Chairman ; Sylvester Dutton, Nelse K. Garvinde, Supervisors ; J. W. Robinson, Clerk; 0. G. Chilson, Treasurer; Stephen Brayton, Assessor; D. C. Strong, Superintendent of Schools. 1855 — Isaac C. Sargent, Chairman; Charles Brown, Anton Nelson, Supervisors; F. W. Cady, Clerk ; Thomas Dalziel, Treasurer ; J. W. Robinson, Assessor and School Superintendent. 1856 — Sylvester Dutton, Chairman ; Thomas Dalziel, Amond Christophers. Supervisors ; M. J. Waterhouse. Clerk; William T. Bradley, Treasurer and Assessor; L. A. Squire, School Superintendent. 1857 — William T. Bradley, Chairman ; C. L. Brown, Ender Knudson, Supervisors ; H. P. Estabrook, Clerk; Halver Halverson, Treasurer; William T. Bradley, Assessor; I. C. Sar- gent, School Superintendent. 1858 — William T. Bradley, Chairman ; C. B. Thompson, Amond Christophers, Super- visors ; Abel Alden, Clerk; Halver Halverson, Treasurer; William Young, Assessor; L. A. Squire, School Superintendent. 1859 — Charles L. Brown, Chairman; B. F. Everett, A. Christophers, Supervisors; Abel Allen, Clerk ; Halver Halverson, Treasurer ; William T. Bradley, Assessor ; L. A. Squire, School Superintendent. 1860 — C. L. Brown, Chairman ; A. Christophers, R. Helfritz, Supervisors ; E. F. Russell, Clerk i H. Lubins, Treasurer ; B. F. Everett, Assessor ; L. A. Squire, School Superintendent. 1861 — L. A. Squire, Chairman ; Chri-stian Munson, R. Helfritz, Supervisors ; C. L. Brown, Clerk; Henry Lubins, Treasurer; William T. Bradley, Assessor; Benjamin F. McKin- ney, School Superintendent. 762 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1862 — L. A. Sijuire, Chairman ; C. Munson, William T. Kleinert, Supervisors ; C. L. Brown, Clerk; Lars J. Lee, Treasurer; William T. Bradley, Assessor. 1868 — L. A. Squire, Chairman ; C. Munson, William T. Kleinert, Supervisors ; Abel Allen, Clerk ; Lars J. Lee, Treasurer ; William T. Bradley, Assessor. 1864 — Thomas Sanderson, Chairman ; E. C. Lubins, Benjamin Johnson, Supervisors ; Abel Allen, Clerk ; J. B. Hagaboom, Treasurer ; C. M. Smith, Assessor. 1865 — AVilliam T. Bradley, Chairman; D. C. Lubins, Peter Oleson, Supervisors; Abel Allen, Clerk ; Robert Dalziel, Treasurer ; Smith J. Scott, Assessor. 1866 — A. H. Quackenbush, Chairman ; Peter Oleson, Thomas Pashaw, Supervisors ; Abel Allen, Clerk ; Robert Dalziel, Treasurer ; S. J. Scott, Assessor. 1867. — L. A. Squire, Chairman; Lars J. Lee, Conrad Selle, Supervisors; Abel Allen, Clerk ; J. V. Mixer, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1868. — L. A. Squire, Chairman; Lars J. Lee, Conrad Selle, Supervisors; Abel Allen, Clerk ; William Dieruf, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 186!'. — L. A. S(iuire, Chairman ; Lars J. Lee, Conrad Selle, Supervisors; J. E. Butler, Clerk ; William Dieruf, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1870. — L. A. Squire, Chairman ; Lars J. Lee, Conrad Selle, Supervisors ; William Dieruf, Clerk ; William T. Kleinert, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1871. — L. A. Squire, Chairman; G. A. Kleinert, Anson Nelson, Supervisors; William Dieruf, Clerk; William C. Kleinert, Treasurer; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1872. — L. A. St|uire, Chairman; G. A. Kleinert, Anson Nelson, Supervisors; William Dieruf, Clerk ; AVilliam C. Kleinert, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1873. — William C. Kleinert, Chairman ; Abram Page, John Peterson, Supervisors ; L. L. Phinney, Clerk ; Fred Reembohm, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1874. — William C. Kleinert, Chairman; Abram Page, John Peterson, Supervisors; L. L. Phinney, Clerk ; Charles Steltner, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1875. — William C. Kleinert, Chairman ; F. B. Scott, Andrew A. Erickson, Supervisors; L. L. Phinney, Clerk ; Joseph L. Lee, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1876. — William C. Kleinert, Chairman ; Andrew A. Erickson, Abram Page, Supervisors ; L. L. Phinney, Clerk : Joseph L. Lee, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1877. — William C. Kleinert, Chairman: Andrew A. Erickson, Abram Page, Supervisors; L. L. Phinney, Clerk: L. N. Lee, Treasurer; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1878. — L. L. Phinney, Chairman ; Conrad Selle, John Peterson, Supervisors ; Joseph Faerber, Clerk: L. N. Lee, Treasurer: Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1879. — L. L Phinney, Chairman; Conrad Selle, John Peterson, Supervisors; Joseph Faerber, Clerk : L. N. Lee, Treasurer ; Norman M. Ives, Assessor. 1880 — W. C. Kleinert, Chairman : L. M. Lee, George Wylie, Supervisors ; Joseph Faerber, Clerk; C. N. Ransom, Treasurer; N. M. Ives, Assessor. TOWN OF LEM'ISTON. The town of Lewiston includes the whole of Township lo north, in Range 8 east, except the southeast ([uarter of Section 36, which lies within the city limits of Portage ; also all of the north tier of sections in Township 12 north, in the same range, lying north of the Wisconsin River, except the east half of Section 1, which is a part of the city of Portage ; also, so much of the east half of Township 13 north, in Range 7 east, as lies north of the Wisconsin. It con- tains, therefore, about one township and a half of land. It i.s bounded on the north by Adams and Marquette Counties ; on the east, by the town of Fort Winnebago and the city of Portage : on the south, by the city of Portage and the Wisconsin River, and on the west by the Wisconsin River and the town of Newport. On the 18th day of November, 1852, " Range (8) eight and the east half of Range (7) seven, in Town [ship] thirteen,' were "formed into a new town, under the name of Lewiston." Afterward, so much of Township 12, in Range 8, as lies north of the Wisconsin River was HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA ( OUNTY. 763 added to Lewiston, this fraction and Township 13, in the same range, being diminished a little over three-fourths of a section when the city of Portage was incorporated. When the selection of a name became necessary, that of Beaver Creek was suggested, and was so incorporated in the petition for the organization of the town ; but the Board of Supervisors changed it to Lewiston, in honor of E. F. Lewis, one of the earliest settlers. The southwest portion of the town, along the Wisconsin River, is quite level, and, in high water, it has overflowed and run through the town, thence to Fox River, by the way of a stream known as the Grand or Big Slough. There are several small streams of water in the town, mostly emptying into the Fox River. There are also three lakes, situated in the northwest corner of the town, known as Lake Whiting, Lake Loomis and Lake Corning. Lake Whiting has a small stream running into it on the northwest part, passing out on the south and running down the west side of this town and east side of the town Newport, the Wisconsin River ; thence to the Gulf of Mexico. From the same lake there has been a ditch dug, running in an easterly direction, a distance of about a mile and a ((uarter, with a fall of twenty-one feet, and thence through the Fox River to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Big Slough forms on Section 33, near the Wisconsin River ; crosses Sections 34, 26, 23, 22, 21, 16, 9 and 4, entering Neenah Creek, or North Branch of Fox River, on Section 3. Though the name of " slough " is given it, it can hardly be said to be appropriate, as it is a stream of living water, and, though narrow and shallow in places, occasionally are to be found holes ranging in depth from twelve to twenty feet, and increasing in length and widtii as it approaches its mouth. From the bottom of these deep holes springs of cold water are forced upward. Bass and pickerel abound in the stream. Neenah Creek, where connecting with the Big Slough, crosses Sections 3, 2 and 1, passing into Marquette County on the northeast corner of Section 1, and returns into this county on Section 5, Town of Fort Winnebago. The first white settlement in the town was made by Daniel Brown, in February, 1849, on the northwest quarter of Section 12, Township 13, Range 7, and Thomas Fletcher soon after settled on the northwest quarter of Section 17, Town 13, Range 8, which was all the setde- ment in the town until the 8th of June following, when E. F. Lewis settled on the northwest quarter of Section 21, Township 13, Range 8. On the same day, there was a load of lumber left on the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 2.5, Township 13, Range 8, by Samuel and Jacob Reader, to secure a claim made there by them. Also, at the same time, L-a Young made a claim on the southeast quarter of Section 17, Township 13, Range 8. James Sloan and William Finnegan made claims on Section 20, Township 13, Range 8. About the 20th of June, Peter Thompson and Mons. Johnson made claims on the east half of Section 21, Town- ship 13, Range 8, which was the first settlement by the Scandinavians in the town. Amplias Chamberlain and John Huxley made a settlement on Section 6, Township 13, Range 8, in July, and Jonathan Butterfield and Aaron Toun made claims, in the spring of 1842, where Briggsville now stands, and gave the claim to A. E. Briggs, in 1851, on condition that he would improve the water-power thereon. Mr. Briggs built a saw-mill at once, which was the first start of the village of Briggsville. Solomon Clark and Daniel Burlison made a claim on Section 26, Township 13, Range 8, and Jacob Jacobia also settled on the same section in the fall of 1849. Several settlers came in during the months of July and August of that year, among whom were Robert Shortly and a man of the name of Parks, who settled on Section 1, and Robert Thompson, who settled on Section 4, Township 13, Range 8. About this time, the Germans began to settle in the south part of the town, along the Wisconsin River, among whom were Fred Bach, on Section 32 ; William and Harry Lintz, and Christian Pfieler, on Section 4, Township 12, Range 8. The first settlers in the east part of the town were the Devine brothers and Patrick Shea, who settled on Sections 18 and 14, Township 13, Range 8, and the Ryan brothers, on Section 24. William, James and Robert Clark settled in the north- east corner of the town, on Sections 3 and 10, and from that time on the settlement became general throughout the town. When Mr. Lewis settled on his claim, he lived three weeks in his wagon box. He then erected a log house 22x52 feet, a story and a half high, for hotel purposes, christening his house 764 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. the " Pinery Exeliiuige." Being on the old pinery ro;id, on which there was considerable travel, the hotel flourished until tiie buiklinij of railroads diverted emigration. Other hotels along the line of the road through tlii-; county were erecteil, each receiving fair patronage. Jacob Jacobia built on Section liG, in the fall of 184'.i, and E. N. Storms in 18.'>1. When the new pinery road was opened in 1852, E. B. Craig erected a hotel where it crosses the Big Slough, naming it the "Menominee House." In 1849, a claim society was organized, composi'd of settlers in the towns of Newport, and Lewiston, Columbia County, and the counties of Ailams and Marquette. The object of the society was to protect the first settlers in their claims. The land, not then being in market, was not subject to entry, but many men locating and improving binds selected, with the intention of securing their claim as soon as thrown in the market. It was feared that there would be those who, observing improvements made, would hasten to file claims before the original settler could do so, thus defrauding them out of their just rights. A number of cases of disputed claims came before the society, which they attempted to settle in their own way. In the spring of 1852, James Litchfield located upon the northwest quarter of Section 1, Township 18, Range 7, erected a small frame dwelling and cleared about five acres of land. He received notice from the society to vacate, as another party had a prior claim. Consulting with neighbors, he was satisfied that Mr. Norris, the other claimant, had selected another quarter, and was, therefore, entitled to no more. For this reason he refused to go. One Saturday, in the month of May, 18;")2, near midnight, some ten or twelve masked men came here, and calling up Mr. and Mrs. Litchfield, ordered them from the house, set it on fire, burning it to the ground. The unfortu- nate couple went to the house of John Brickwell, where they remained a few days, and from there to Mr. Briggs', where they stayed until a new house could be built for them by the sym- pathizing neighbors. Five of the masked men were recognized by Mr. and Mrs. Litchfield, warrants were sworn out, and they were arrested and bound over for trial in the Circuit Court for the crime of arson. The first terra, after indictment, the defendants got a continuance of the case, and at the time of the second term Mrs. Litchfield was too ill to attend the trial. The matter was then compromised and the case stricken from the docket. The first school in the town was taught by Mrs. Brickwell, in the summer of 18.53, on Section 12, School District No. 1. The first white child born in the town was a daughter of Frederick Back, on Section 32, Township 13, Range 8, in the summer of 1849. This child died the following winter from being scalded in a tub of hot water. The first death was at the house of E. F. Lewis, in September, 1849. Elisha Parmenter, with his family, came from the State of New York, and stopped with Mr. Lewis. There he left his family, and with his team returned to Milwaukee for his goods. Returning with them, he was taken sick and lived but a few days. He was buried in the military burying ground at Fort Winnebago. The whole number of acres assessed on the first assessment roll was 13,747.73, valued at §40,420. The value of personal property on the same roll was ^1,150. Total, S!47,870. The first election was at the house of E. F. Lewis, on the 5th of April, 1853, at which Kiley Woodford, Almon Hay and John Brickwell acted as Inspectors and L. C. Jacobs as Clerk. Those voting at this election were John Brickwell, Riley Woodford, E. F. Lewis, Almon Hay, Robert Thompson, M. B. Eastings. Charles S. Mason, George W. Bird, Moses Johnson, Peter Thompson, Filing Mahl, Hans 0. Mensen. Jacob Jacobia, John Fitch, Orrin Hay, Hans Han- son, Jr., Lewis Hanson, Hans Hanson, Sr., Thomas Robinson, Hans Thompson, M. H. Dahl, Warren Hay, T. E. Bendi.xon, John A. Gund, Joseph Wagner, Jacob Poagle, Robert Thomp- son, Allen Vincent, George Winders, Nek Paterson, Albert Oleson, Peter Hees, Hans LoUiger, Lewis Sader, Frederick C. Martin, Stephen CoUenson, Solomon Clark, Henry Jertson, Hans Jertson, Lars Isaacson. Joseph Mathias, Isaac Andrews, Sven Johnson, Ole Johnson, Ole Ole- son, John O'Mare. William McDonald, Edmund Beaz, S. A. Reader, Riley A. Woodford, Fred Bach, Claus Hilderbrand, Frederick Guildner, Mortz Kuhl, Andrew Languard, Robert Clark, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 765 James Clark, Andrew McFarlane, T. Fletcher, Holly Warden, John Isaacson, Joseph Blume. C. W. Gay. L. C. Jacobs, G. M. W. Carey, Sven Anderson, E. N. Storms, Ole Erickson, Dan- iel Oleson, George W. Green, Talbot Askinson. Clark Vincent, James Devine, John Ryan, Den- nis Callajhan, William Messer. Christian Tilder, John Hickitkere, Robert Dovle, Michael McCormick, Edmund dishing, John Kline. Dennis Harrigan, Jeremiali Devine. Daniel Gush- ing, Nelson Van Wil, Michael R. Devine, Richard Bagnall, Andrew Baarnaman, George K. Kindness, Francis Dane, John Devine, Frederick Severt, William Clark, Jacob Reader, John Ewing, Jacob Mickelaon, W. Finnegan, Peter McCormick, Charles Seavert, Lewis Vake, James Sloan and John Guilder — a total of 104, of which number, in 1880, about twenty-five were residents of the town. The town was divided into school districts May 19, 1853, by John Brickwell, who was then Superintendent of Schools of the town. In 1871), there were ten districts in the town, all of which had good schoolhouses. A good deal of interest has generally been manifested in the schools. The town has had to be at considerable expense in building roads and bridges, and also in the construction of a levee on the bank of the Wisconsin River, to prevent it, in stages of high water, overflowing and so passing over a portion of the town, to Fox River, thereby keeping the land too wet for cultivation. The land was generally surveyed by the General Government in 1850 and 1851, the town- ship lines being run in 1850 and subdivision lines in 1851, after which, and before the land was brought into market, the settlers had a chance to take out pre-emption papers on their claims, and prove them up, without interference of the land speculators. The first piece of land entered in the town was August 11, 1852, by Jacob Jacobia, the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 26, Township 13, Range 8 ; the next was on August 28, by William McDonald, the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 23 ; the third entry was by Henry Lintz, on August 29, the south half of the southeast quar- ter of Section 33 ; the fourth was by Jerry Devine, on the 30th of August, the north half of the northeast quarter of Section 24, and all in Township 13, Range 8. I^or.wegian Evangelical Lutheran Church, by Portage. — This church was organized in 1851, by Rev. H. A. Preus, with about fifteen families. Mr. Preus was called to the pastorate, and served until 1865, when Rev. Sh. S. Regue was chosen, serving until 1872, when Rev. B. Hovde took charge of the work, remaining until 1879 ; Rev. E. J. Petersen was then called. A small church was erected in 1873, on the northeast quarter of Section 20. In 1879, there were twenty families connected with the congregation. Methodist Episcopal Church. — A class was organized in the schoolhouse of District No. 2, in 1853, and a Sunday school shortly after. Meetings of the class and occasional preaching by ministers in charge of the circuit have since been held at the same place. German Methodist Episcopal Church. — On Section 26, Township 13, Range 7, a German Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1858. A church house was erected in 1860, at a cost of $800. Regular services have since been held, and a large congregation formed. German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — The Germans living in the west part of town erected a log house for religious purposes, in 1853, when a congregation was formed, bearing the above name. In 1851, a post office was established, which was given the name of Beaver Creek, with E. F. Lewis as the first Postmaster. Mr. Lewis continued to serve until elected Sheriff in the fall of 1856, when he resigned in fiivor of Nelson Farrar. Mr. Farrar served as such two years, but, failjfhg to forward his bond to the Post Ofl5ce Department for approval, and failing, also, to account for government property in his possession, the office was discontinued. In 1868, it was re-established under the name of Lewiston, and E. F. Lewis was again placed in charge. The old pinery road strikes the town on Section 36, Township 13, Range 8, leaving on the line between Sections 2 and 3, Township 13, Range 7. The new pinery road strikes the town on Section 24, Township 13, Range 8, and leaves it on Section 5. For many yejirs, the 766 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. old pinery road was the only thoroughfare between Fort AVinnebago and the pineries at Grand Rapids. In 1857, the La Crosse & Milwaukee, now the La Crosse Division, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, was built through the town, entering on Section 1, Township 12, Range 8, taking a northwesterly direction, passing out on Section 22, Township 13, Range 7. A station was located on Section 27, which was given the name Lewiston, and a post office estab- lished thereby the name of Colburn. E. F. Lewis, in 1872, commenced at his home in Lewiston the manufacture of ladies' and gents' underwear, an article which has given universal satisfaction, his trade yearly increasing. The goods, instead of being woven, are knit, and knit the double rib stitches, making them very elastic, and conforming closely to the form of the body and limbs. There is no shrinking or stretching, from wearing or washing, and fitting closely to the body, they admit of no currents of air next to the skin, thus preventing the chill one experiences on going out doors, or passing from a warm into a cold or damp room. In the winter of 1879, to this indus- try, Mr. Lewis added that of knitting socks by hand, thus furnishing employment to many deserving poor of his neighborhood. From using about one hundred pounds the first year, the amount was increased to over two thousand pounds in 1879. In Township 13, Range 8, the general altitude is about two hundred and thirty to two hundred and fifty feet, but on the eastern and northern sides are sandstone bluffs, running up one hundred to two hundred feet higher. This town is watered entirely by the branches of a tributary of the Fox, Neenah Creek, or the "Big Slough," which trends within half a mile of the Wisconsin, on Section 33. Beginning in Township 13, Range 6 (town of Newport), and Township 13, Range 7, the ground rises rapidly toward the north and west. On the west side of this town, and extending into Newport (Township 13, Range 7), is a tamarack marsh, four miles across from north to south, and three from east to west. There are no villages in the town, but two post offices — Lewiston and Colburn. The last is at Lewiston station, on Section 27, on the Chicago, Milwaukee <& St. Paul Railroad. The following comprises the town officers from 18-53 to the present time : 1853 — Samuel A. Reader, Chairman ; William Clark, Frederick Martin, Supervisors ; L. C. Jacobs, Clerk ; Riley Woodford, Treasurer : William Finnegan, Assessor. 1854 — E. F. Lewis, Chairman : A. Barmore, James Devine, Supervisors : Peter O'Meara, Clerk : Riley A. Woodford, Treasurer ; (.t. C. Snider, Josepli Hess, Assessors. Peter O'Meara resigned. G. M. W. Carey appointed November 8, 18.5-4. 1855 — Jacob Jacobia, Chairman : John A. Gund, Francis Dane, Supervisors : William Finnegan, Clerk: M. B. Easting, Treasurer: James Devine, Assessor. William Finnegan resigned. James Devine appointed November 8, 1855. 1856 — John Ewing, Chairman : Mons Johnson, Alfred West, Supervisors ; E. F. Lewis, Clerk : L. Y. Rich, Treasurer : 0. P. Johnson, Assessor. E. F. Lewis resigned November 4, 1856. L. C. Jacobs appointed. 1857 — Samuel A. Reader, Chairman : Lars Isaacson, A. A. West, Supervisors ; L. C. Jacobs, Clerk : Riley A. Woodford, Treasurer : E. Corning, Assessor. 1858 — Peleg Thomas, Chairman: John A. Gund, Michael Colman, Supervisors; James Devine, Clerk; Oscar F. Robins, Treasurer; E. B. Craig, Assessor. 1859 — James Devine, Chairman ; Andrew ifertson, A. A. West, Supervisors: William K. Harvey, Treasurer ; S. V. Hanft, Tiionias Norton, Assessors. 1860 — James Devine, Chairman : Alfred A. West, Lars Isaacson, Supervisors ; W. K. Harvey, Treasurer ; S. V. Hanfc, Clerk : Joseph Bannister, Assessor. 1861 — L. D. Dean, Chairman : A. A. West, Albert Scliarf, Supervisors ; William Mc- Donald, Treasurer: G. M. W. Carey, Clerk : J. W. Treadway, Assessor. 1862 — James Devine, Chairman: Andrew Jertson, Theodore Eickholt, Supervisors: Joseph Clark, Clerk : E. B. Craig, Treasurer : S. V. Hanft, Assessor. S. V. Hanft resigned. James . Devine appointed August 10, 1862. Joseph Clark resigned January 27, 1863. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNT T. 767 Andrew Peterson appointed February 2, 1863 ; resigned February 28, 1863, and Joseph Murphy appointed Clerk. 1863 — James Devine, Chairman : Theodore Eicliholt, Andrew Jertson, Supervisors ; G. M. W. Carey, Clerk ; E. B. Craig, Treasurer : Albert Scharf, Assessor. 1864 — E. B. Craig, Chairman ; Andrew Jertson, Fred Klein, Supervisors ; Albert Scharf, Clerk ; James Devine, Treasurer : Theodore Eickholt, Assessor. Albert Scharf resigned. Thomas McFarlane appointed April 21, 186-!:. G. M. W. Carey appointed Clerk, September 7, 1864, in place of Thomas McFarlane, gone to the war. Thomas Norton appointed Side Supervisor, in place of Andrew Jertson, October 5, 1854, gone to the war. B. 11. Wilmsen appointed Treasurer, December 28, 1864, in place of James Devine, having removed from town. 186.5 — E. B. Craig, Chairman ; Lars Isaacson, Thomas Norton, Supervisors ; G. M. W. Carey, Clerk ; B. H. Wilmsen, Treasurer ; Fred Klein, Assessor. Fred Klein did not qualify. G. M. W. Carey appointed May 29, 1865, in place of Fred Klein. 1866 — E. Corning, Chairman : S. Cushman, Lars Isaacson, Supervisors ; F. 0. Barney, Clerk; M. W. Smith, Treasurer ; William McDonald, Assessor. F. 0. Barney did not qualify. E. F. Lewis appointed Clerk, April 11, 1866. E. Corning resigned January 7, 1867, B. B. Utter appointed in his place. E. F. Lewis being absent from town, G. M. W. Carey appointed to fill vacancy January 11, 1867. 1867 — M. W. Smith, Chairman ; William McDonald, Hilarius Ehr, Supervisors : Jacob Thielen, Clerk ; Herman Brane, Treasurer ; B. H. Wilmsen, Assessor. B. H. Wilmsen refused to accept the oflSce as Assessor. E. Corning appointed Assessor. 1868 — M. W. Smith, Chairman ; Fred Siewert, Andrew Jertson, Supervisors ; Jacob Thielen, Clerk ; Herman Brane, Treasurer ; Albert Scharf, Assessor. M. W. Smith resigned October 3, 1868; E. F. Lewis, appointed. E. F. Lewis resigned January 29, 18u9 ; .John Ewing appointed Chairman. 1869 — William McDonald, Chairman ; Fred Siewert, Andrew Isaacson, Supervisors ; G. M. W. Carey, Clerk ; John Ewing, Treasurer ; Jacob Thielen, Assessor. 1870 — E. F. Lewis, Chairman : Andrew Isaacson, Mathia^ Wagner, Supervisors ; B. H. Wilmsen, Clerk ; Albert Scharf. Treasurer ; Herman Brane, Assessor. 1871 — E. B. Craig, Chairman; August Kaufmann, E. R. Brown, Supervisors; B. H. Wilmsen, Clerk; Hermann Brane, Treasurer; Albert Scharf, Assessor. 1872 — Albert Scharf, Chairman ; Ole M. Bendixson, Pierce Joyce, Supervisors ; E. F. Lewis, Clerk ; Sven Isaacson, Treasurer ; Hermann Brane, Assessor. 1873 — Albert Scharf, Chairman : Ole M. Bendixson, James Clark, Supervisors ; E. F. Lewis, Clerk; Peter Tennesson, Treasurer: Hermann Brine, Assessor. 1874 — Albert Scharf, Chairman ; Fred Malish, Pierce Joyce, Supervisors ; B. F. Wilmsen, Clerk ; Peter Tennesson, Treasurer ; Hermann Brane, Assessor. 1875 — Albert Scharf, Chairman ; Pierce Joyce, Fred Malish, Supervisors ; B. H. Wilmsen. (Uerk; Patrick H. McMahon, Treasurer: Joseph Murphy. Assessor. 1876 — Peter Tennesson, Chairman : H. Ehr. Volney P. Dean, Supervisors ; E. F. Lewis, Clerk; Ludwig Wagner, Treasurer; Gottlieb Windus, Assessor. 1877 — Albert Scharf, Chairman; volney P. Dean, Ludwig Wagner, Supervisors; Dennis Leary, Clerk : Fred Malish, Treasurer : E. B. Craig, Assessor. 1878 — John H. Clark, Chairman : Sievert Christian, William Mews, Supervisors ; B. H. Wilmsen, Clerk ; Andrew Jertson, Treasurer : E. B. Craig, Assessor. 1879 — John H. Clark, Chairman ; Pierce Joyce, Andrew Isaacson, Supervisors ; B. H. Wilmsen. Clerk ; Ole M. Bendixson, Treasurer : Valney P. Dean, Assessor. 1880 — John H. Clark, Chairman : Andrew Isaacson, August Kaufmann, Supervisors ; B. H. Wilmsen, Clerk ; Ole M. Bendixson, Treasurer ; Frederick Malish, Assessor. 768 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA C0U^^T1'. TnWN OF LKllI. In the spring of 1844, G. M. Bartholomew, then a citizen of Illinois, being advised by his physician to seek a better climate than that State afforded, visited Lodi Valley and deter- mined that either here or in Portage Prairie he would in the future reside. Returning to Illi- nois, his description of Lodi Valley so charmed his brother, Marston C. Bartholomew, that the latter determined also to emigrate; therefore in the early spring of 1845, he bade farewell to his family and sought out the "land of promise." He arrived here in March, located a claim and erected, with the aid of a friendly Indian, his cabin upon the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 22. George M., the brother, came back in April, 1845, and selected the southeast quarter of Section 22. In May of the same year came Rev. H. Maynard, who settled upon Section 21. Mr. Maynard brought with him his family, his wife being the first white woman in the valley. In September, the two Bartholomews brought their families out, and in Decem- ber following, James McCloud came and settled upon Section 27. These four were all the sel- lers in this town during that year. In the spring of 1846 came Isaac H. Palmer, with the intention of locating a new village. He, too, settled upon Section 27, and in April of that year erected a saw-mill, the first in the town. During that year there also settled here Adam and Nathan Bowman, .Joseph Brown, Jacob Hurley, Amos and Jehu Stroud, Aaron Chalfant, William G. Simons. G. T. Simons, Johnson Sowards, John Chance and Simeon Ryder. In 1847 came T. S. Wells, John Foote, H. M. Ayer, Ira Polley, Alonzo Waterbury and Peter Froland. When the first settlers came, in 184-"), they found about two hundred Indians encamped on the creek, near where the village of Lodi was afterward located. These were mostly Winneba- goes : a few were Brothertowns. During that season, they were peaceable and friendly, and in the fall they all disappeared. In 1847, they came back to the numberof about eighty, with their chief, and encamped on the creek below where the Bartholomew's had settled. They soon began to show their natural propensities, and the property of the settlers occasionally disappeared. One of the settlers, G. M. Bartholomew,' returned to his home, after an absence of a few days, and found the Indians had stolen a part of his hogs. He went to the chief and complained. The chief denied, but the complainant insisted, and resolutely told Mr. Chief that he could have till the next morning when the sun was "so high," telling him how high by pointing, to be oflF. The chief promised to be off at once and to go to the " Milwaukee woods." Thereupon, Bartholomew roused the settlers to the number of about twenty-five, and the next morning, when the sun was " so high," they appeared at the spot " with horse and gun," but the Indians had left. Fearing they might again camp near enough to continue their depredations, our cavalry followed their trail, and found them just striking their tents on Rowan's Creek, in the town of Dekorra. As the settlers approached the camping ground, they were discovered by two hunters. who were apparently going out to bring in some game, who, seeing the fearful array and fearing more to follow, turned their ponies and rapidly returned. The pursuers halted and Bartholo- mew went forward to the camping ground and inquired if this were " Milwaukee woods." The chief answered " No :" whereupon he was informed he could have just five minutes in which to make his departure. At the expiration of the time nameil, the redskins were on the move. The pursuers followed at a respectful and effective distance, as far as Poynette, or where the village was subsequently located, and then returned to their homes. The Indians never reappeared to make further trouble. Notwithstanding no more trouble was experienced, the settlers were continually on the alert, and on one occasion were considerably frightened by the report that a large body of Indians were marching on the settlement. It appears that one evening as one of the early settlers was busy doing up his chores, his strong frame was made to tremble at the sight of several hundred redskins, who had made their appearance on the prairie not half a mile distant. He could plainly see they were marching in solid ranks on the beautiful village of Lodi. and that some- thing must be done at once, or every settler in the vicinity would fall a victim to the merciless HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 769 sons of the forest. Accordingly he quickly loaded his family into a wagon and hastened to the village and spread the news, then there was hurrying to and fro, and every man's team was brought into requisition to convey the women and children to places of safety, while the stronger sex, save those with the teams, were armed with muskets, riHes, shotguns, pistols and bowie- knives, and forming into ranks marched to the brow of the hill, on the south side of the village for the purpose of meeting the enemy in open engagement. The brow of the hill was reached, and it was discovered that the Indians had halted and turned their ponies loose to graze on the prairies. Then a little reconnoitering was done, and it was ascertained the savages had sud- denly been transformed into a herd of cattle ! In the summer of 1S46 the first marriage occurred, being that of H. W. Kingsbury and Miss Nancy Chalfant. They were married by Henry Carpenter, Esq., of Portage City. The first sad affair that cast a gloom of sorrow over the settlers of Lodi Valley, and called them together in mourning, was the announcement of the death of Mr. Chalfant's son, aged about two years, who died in November, 1846. The first white person born in the town was Josephine, daughter of G. M. and Catherine Bartholomew. April 80, 1846. She grew to womanhood in the vicinity and within the village of Lodi, and was married to William H. Chapin, October 29, 1866. On the organization of the countv in 1846, the County Commissioners ordained that the west half of Township 10, Range 9, Township 10, Range 8, and the Fractional Township 10, Range 7, should comprise a precinct to be known by the name of Pleasant Valley Precinct. Marston C. Bartholomew, Aaron Chalfant and H. Maynard were appointed Judges of Elections, which were to be held at the house of Marston C. Bartholomew. The same boundary lines were retained on the organization of the town. January, 1849. The first election for town ofl5cers was held at the log schoolhouse, about one-fourth mile northeast of the village of Lodi, April 3, 1849. The legal voters assembled at the schoolhouse at 10 o'clock A. M., and were called to order by Isaac H. Palmer. On motion of Mr. Palmer. George M. Bartholomew was chosen Moderator, and James 0. Eaton, Clerk. The hotel of Freedom Simons, in the village of Lodi, was chosen as the place for holding the next annual meeting, and one hundred dollars was voted to be raised by taxation to defray the expenses of the town for the year. Marston C. Bartholomew was elected Chairman of the Board of Super- visors : William H. Mcintosh and Ira Polly, Supervisors ; James 0. Eaton, Clerk ; William G. Simons, Assessor ; Timothy S. Wells, Treasurer ; John Foote, Superintendent of Schools : James McCloud, Horace M. Ayer, Lester Ray, Constables ; John Slown, Aaron Chalfant, Simeon Ryder, James Thomas, Justices of the Peace. Those voting at this election were Isaac H. Palmer, Robert Hopkins, Samuel B. Farrington, Lewis Baldwin, Lester Ray, James Thomas, 0. A. Kilburn, George Lyman, W. E. Cathcart, Joseph B. Hopkins, James Thomas, Jr., Leander Drew, Timothy S. Wells, Jacob Dawson, William G. Simons, Simeon Ryder, John Foote, Reuben Ring, Nathan Bowman, Samuel Ring, Jacob Hurley, G. M Bartholomew, J. 0. Eaton, John Slown, H. M. Ayer, Johnson Soward, James McCloud, Joseph Brown, M. C. Bar- tholomew, Moses Chase, Freedom Simons, William H. Mcintosh, J. B. Tabor, Aaron Chalfant, William B. Partridge, Silas Ryder, Joseph Stretch. Total, 37. Of these there were still living in the town, in March, 1880, Isaac H. Palmer, Timothy S. Wells, William G. Simons, John Foote, G- M. Bartholomew, J. 0. Eaton, H. M. Ayer, James McCloud, Joseph Brown. M. C. Bartholomew, Freedom Simons, William H. Mcintosh and J. B. Tabor. Total. 13. The first school was taught in a house erected in 1846, on Section 27. The building was a small log house, and the school was taught in the summer of that year by Miss Mary Yockey. The next schoolhouse was a frame building, erected in 1851, also on Section 27. Mrs. S. J. Andrews in the Lodi Journal, July 21, 1872, thus speaks of the old log schoolhouse: "That primitive institution of learning, which contained no desk but a board fastened at a convenient height, for the purpose, against the wall, or rather logs, seats of the plainest kind, with no backs, and a floor through the crevices of which snakes and mice often emerged to our delight, was situated upon the rise of ground, then shaded "oy lofty wide-spreading oaks, near where Mrs. 770 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Bower's house now stands. And the boiling, bubbling springs at the foot of the hill, the leafy coverts so admirably arranged for miniature housekeeping — and other considerations, drew the round-eyed, wriggling pupils, full many a time, from the sight of the not too vigilant school- mistress, under cover of the weak subterfuge of studying in the shade. I think I see them now, gay gamboliers in verdant summer bowers, their rippling laughs and gleeful shouts sounding strangely far off and echo-like adown the corridors of time. Play on, blindfolded children, types of innocency and thoughtlessness, for just before you on life's journey are tears and open graves, thorns that will tear your tender feet, and icy-wind storms that may blast, or cover with perpetual snow, the fraj^ile buds of promise in the gardens of your hearts. Or, if your steps grow laggard from weariness, go in to your indulgent teacher and con your right-soon forgotten tasks. There are lessons for you in the future of distrust and indifference, which contact witli a world without a heart must teach. They will be bitter ofttimes, and you cannot forget them, though you would." The first entry of land was the northwest quarter of Section 20. E. Hale purchased and patented June 21, 1836. I. H. Palmer made three of the first entries by an actual settler, being a portion of Section 27. on which he laid out the village of Lodi. The town of Lodi is skirted on the south and east by the edges of the high limestone country. North and west of this edge, which is ragged, sending out irregular projecting points, the general surface is 200 to 300 feet lower, but this lowland includes a number of limestone- capped outliers, some of which have an area of several square miles, and reach as great altitudes as attained by the limestone country to the south and east — that is, 500 to 600 feet. Consid- erable areas of prairie occur in southern and eastern Lodi. The principal stream is Spring Creek, which, heading in the towns to the southward, traverses Lodi from south to north with a fall of some si.xty feet. Along its valley the county, though well down in the sandstone, shows a rich alluvial soil. A little marsh occurs along Spring Creek. The Chicago & Northwestern Railroad was built through the town in 1871, passing through Sections 8, 17, 16, 21, 27 and 34. . Two villages have been laid out, Lodi on Section 27, ami Okee on Section 8. During the four years' struggle for national existence, the part performed by Lodi was such as will illustrate the character and patriotism of her people. The call was no sooner made by the President than many of her brave sons responded. Company H of the Second Regiment, Capt. Randolph (the first company entering the Unitei^ States service), was largely made up from this town. From June, 1861, to November, 1863, there went out 120 men represented in seventeen regiments. Of these were G. H. Irwin, Company G, Second Wisconsin Volunteers; William L. Black. J. R. Bryan, T. D. Bahn, F. J. Burnett, D. C. Edwards, Stephen Fauss, Jehu Grover. G. M. Humi)hrey, 0. S. Hawkins. D. C. Holdridge. Thomas Knutesen, Jonathan Kirk. Edward Louie, William McLitosh, Thomas Murphy, Charles W. Moon, B. F. Stahl, W. F. Turner. H. H. Titus, Sidney Wells, J. G. D. Wall, Charles Ericksen, James Osborn, J. D. Lyman. Alfred Armor. Fifth Regiment ; M. C. Bartholomew, Joseph M. Bartholomew, John Bartholomew, Samuel Bachman. Company A, Seventh Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry (second company raised), Capt. George Bill — Henry Barney, T. J. Buchanan, Michael Burke, William Chalfant, Edward Chalfant, Ebin B. Dunlap, John Grant, Alexander Hall, E. B. Hines, John Jorgesen, Samuel J. Osborne, Lucius Phinney, Philander Phinney, George D. Phinney, .John Quinn, .John Small. Thomas Twett, Henry T. Turner, .Tames Morrison, Joseph M. Ring, S. J. Morrow, Stephen D. Duel William D. H. Rood, Silas C. Casper, Horace A. Foster, Ole Aufresen, Marcus John- son, Henry Nolf Stephen II. Ward, M. Landers, Daniel Leitch, Hiram Brown, Joseph Brown. Company H, Twenty-third Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry (third company raised), Capt. E. Howard Irwin — Samuel Holdridge, Thomas C. Armor, Joseph M. Bartho- lomew, A. W. Baker, J. Cornelius Brown, Henry A. Bates, H. L. Bancraft, A. S. Burlin- game, Charles L. Brown, Thomas Bunker, Simon Cleland, John Cavanaugh, Joseph R. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 771 Collin, Joseph Church, Cornelius Dever, Thomas J. Dowden, Joseph R. Eells, F. A. G. Eaton, Thomas Farber, E. Howard Irwin, G. W. Kingsley, A. J. Kyle, H. C. Lockwood, John Lawrence, James Pettit, George Phinney, Anthony Phillips, James Quinn, Leroy Riddle, William Ring, Ransom P. Ray, G. E. Reynolds, J. F. Stahl, C. F. Stacker. John Sweet, John R. Scott, Seth B. Tannhill, Thomas Townsend, L. F. Warner, Lean- der Wells, Thomas Yule, George Van Lone, W. W. Hurd, Robert Travis, William Travis. Thoms Anfreson, Ed. Moore, J. C. Stahl, T. R. Cross, G. W. Barney, W. H. Dowden,- G. T. Hill, J. B. Rogers, Isaiah Van Brocklin, Trueman Piper, Edwin Chapman. Of this number, November, 1863, seventeen had died in the service of their country — eight were killed in battle and nine died of disease. Twenty-two others had been wounded, and twenty-five discharged in consequence of wounds or disease. At this time Lodi had furnished one in eleven and a half of her entire population. The quota of the town under all calls was eighty-four, therefore an excess of thirty-six had gone out to battle. Says a writer in a local paper at that time : '• Had we been able to have procured credit for our excess, we would not only have been clear of the late draft, but we would also have had more than enough to clear us from the next 300,000. Had the whole State done as well as we have here, she would have sent 67,650 men to the war. Had New York done as well she would have sent 340,000. Had the loyal States all done as well, counting only 50 per cent of the population of the border States, we could have had an array all told, of 1,900,000 men ; and we would have in the field, to-day, an army of 1.235,000 effective men. Lodi has had her representatives on many of the most fiercely contested battle- fields of the war. The first Bull Run was witness to the valor of her sons, and Gettysburg was the crowning glory of many noble deeds. It is no slight honor that fifty of our townsmen are, or have been, connected with the Old Iron Brigade. Not at the East alone, have our brethren displayed their heroism. Nothing could have required greater self-denial than what our boys were obliged to endure before and during the siege of Vicksburg. But without a murmur they bore it all for the good of the cause." While the soldier boys were in the field, the loyal men a*nd women at home were not idle. A large Union League Club was formed in the village of Lodi March 7, 18(;3, for the purpose of aiding and assisting the Government in its efforts to crush out treason and rebellion. Also at Okee, on the evening of March 17, 1863, a similar club was organized. The call of the Government the latter part of 1863 became very urgent, and to encourage enlistments a large fund was raised, by private subscription, to pay each volunteer from the town the sum of $200. In response to the call then made, J. G. Knappen, Frederick Richard, Charles F. Greenman, John F. Hair, Lucius A. Crosier, Norman Cutler, Cyrus Casper, Joseph Charles, George Phinney, George Donaldson, George Evans, Henry O'Connor, Francis Cole and Henry Dunning were sworn into the service. At a town meeting, held Tuesday, August 2, 1864, a tax of $4,000 was voted to procure volunteers. On Friday, August 19, another meeting was held, and it was voted to pay each volunteer $200 each, and an additional tax of $3,500 was levied. About this time, G. M. Humphrey began to raise a company, which was soon completed, consisting of 84 men. This was the fourth company raised and was known as Company C, Forty-second Regiment Wiscon- sin Volunteer Infantry, Captain, G. M. Humphrey: First Lieutenant, Robert Steele; Second Lieutenant, C. M. Bush. Sergeants — Lewis Lyman, Thomas Baltuff, Charles Early, Charles Pigg, H. A. Shaw. Corporals — Frank Church, W. Ryder, J. Chase, G. Keebaugh, A. Chrisler, P. V. M. Pools, M. Cooper, E. Riley. Musicians — ^'E. Richmond, J. B. Quiggle, H. Barnes, H. S. Northrop, D. L. Richmond, G. Davis. Privates — J. Avery, R. H. Brown, A. Bitney, L. J. Burlingame, R. A. Burlingarae, J. Burrows, H. D. Crosby, J. W. Chrisler, W. E. Curtis, S. Clements, J. Cole, J. Donalds, M. Donahue, N. C. Densmore, J. Evans, W. Edwards, H. A. Foster, W. D. S. Gardner, H. D. Gamsby, E. Gardner, W. M. Groton, B. Haskins, L. I. Hinds, W. H. Hartson, S. K. Hovey, J. Johnson, H. J. Jenkins. J. Jermore, H. Koch, D. Koch, W. Keebaugh, .J. Kuster, J. Lewis, S. M. Lewis, E. Luse, W. Lyman, H. S. Lamb, William Lang, L. Mclntyre, G. Mortor, J. McFarland, J. Pagler, P. Proper, C. T. Potter, 772 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. C. Ring, J. R. Scott, 0. P. Stephens, A. E. Stephens, S. L. Scofield, J. Starkson, J. P. Staring. F. Shultz, N. D. Sperv, C. L. Stodard, G. T. Thompson, H. L. Turner, H. J. Wall, J. Woodley, S. C. Washburn, 0. P. Williams. W. S. West. D. York. The ladies of the village of Lodi and vicinity formed a Soldiers' Aid Society, November 2, 18C4, and Mrs. W. M. Bartholomew was elected President : Mrs. E. B. Wait, Vice- President ; Miss M. A. Lewis, Secretary ; Miss M. A. Palmer, Treasurer ; Mrs. D. Hinds, Mrs. Humphrey. Miss M. Farrell, Mrs. H. Cass, Mrs. J. N. Lewis, Directors. The society rendered much aid to the sick and wounded soldiers. In 1864, the fifth com])any was raised ; this was known as Company C, Fiftieth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. Capt. Philander Phinney. In this company, there were from Lodi Frank E. Austin, Joseph M. Bartholomew, John Buchanan, William Cross, Henry Daws, Lewis E. Harris, Anthony Kibbe, John R. Knoles. Charles W. Narracong, Philander Phinney, James W. Rathbun. Henry Schlosser, Edward Beynow and Ira A. Sodders. OLD settlers' AS.SOCIATION. Pursuant to call the old settlers of Lodi and vicinity met at Eaton's Hall on Monday evening, March 22, 1880, for tiie purpose of organizing an " Old Settlers' Society." G. M. Bartholomew was chosen Chairman and John Foote, Secretary. On behalf of a committee appointed at a previous meeting, J. 0. Eaton presented a draft of a constitution for such a society, which was read, and, on motion, adopted and signed by most of the early settlers present. The following persons were then chosen permanent oiEcers of the society : President, G. M. Bartholomew ; Vice Presidents, James Wilson and J. < >. Eaton ; Secretary, John Foote; Treasurer, J. B. Dwinnell. CONSTITUTION. Whereas, It has become customary in all well-regulated communities, to form associations of the early settlers, therefore, the undersigned, residents of Lodi and vicinity, do hereby unite in such an organization and adopt the following constitution : Article I. — This Association shall be known as the Old Settlers' Club of Lodi, Wis- consin. Art. II. — Its object shall be to encourage friendship, by holding a social meeting at least once in each year, and to place on record incidents that heretofore have, or hereafter may occur, which will be of interest to future generations. Art. III. — The officers of this Club shall consist of a President, Two Vice Presidents, a Secretary and Treasurer, who shall hold their offices for one vear and until their successors are chosen. Art. IV. — The officers of the Club shall be chosen by ballot. Art. V. — The officers of this Club shall perform the duties usually appertaining to their respective offices, to call all meetings of the Club, and the Secretary, in addition to the usual duties of his office, shall record any incident worthy of record, that may be related by any member of the Club, at a regular meeting thereof. Art. V.I — Any person who, at the time of signing, has resided in the vicinity of Lodi. Wisconsin, for the term of twenty years, may become a member of this Club on the payment of twenty-five cents and signing this constitution. Art. VII. — This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the Club, by a vote of a majority of the members present. At the first meeting, the constitution was signed, with the date of their arrival in the vicinity of Lodi, by G. M. Bartholomew. April, 1845 : W. G. Simons, July, 1847 ; Freedom Simons, October, 1842 ; James Wilson, July 14, 1842 ; Robert Wilson, July 14, 1842 ; James Crowder, January, 184."); Robert N. Bartholomew, June, 184-3; John Foote, June, 1846 ; W. Dunlap. 1846: James H. Strangewav, 1848: John B. Tabor, 1847; Edgar Richmond, 1856: Henry W. Clugston, 1858: W. "M. Bartholomew. 1849: J. 0. Eaton, 1848; J. B. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 773 Dwinnell, 1850 : William Goldspohn, 1850 ; George F. Cleraans, 1852: George T. Simons, 1846. The following comprises the town officers from the organization of the town to the present time : 1849 — Marston C. Bartholomew, Chairman; William H. Mcintosh, Ira Policy, Super- visors ; James 0. Eaton, Clerk : Timothy S. Wells, Treasurer : William G. Simons, Assessor ; John Foote, School Superintendent. 1850 — Marston C. Bartholomew, Chairman ; William H. Mcintosh, William G. Simons, Supervisors: Earl C. Tuller, Clerk: William M. Bartholomew, Treasurer; George M. Bartholomew, Assessor ; William M. Bartholomew, School Superintendent. 1851 — George M. Bartholomew, Chairman ; James McCloud, William B. Partridge, Supervisors : John Foote, Clerk : L. D. Barnes, Treasurer ; Robert Hopkins, Assessor : Will- iam M. Bartholomew, School Superintendent. 1852 — G. M. Bartholomew, Chairman : W. G. Simons, William Rogers, Supervisors ; John Foote, Clerk: T. S. Wells, Treasurer: William H. Mcintosh, Assessor; Jeremy Bradley, School Superintendent. 1853 — W. G. Simons, Chairman : Jacob Herley, Herman Veeder, Supervisors ; James Barnes, Clerk : John Foote, Treasurer : Nathaniel Goodall, Assessor; John B. Dwinnell, School Superintendent. 1854 — William H. Mcintosh, Chairman : Jacob Herley, Robert Hopkins, Supervisors : George Frissell, Clerk; John Foote, Treasurer; G. T. Long, Nathaniel Goodall, Assessors ; J. B. Dwinnell, School Superintendent. 1855 — M. C. Bartholomew. Chairman : William H. Mcintosh, Robert Hopkins, Super- visors : George Frissell, Clerk : W. G. Simons, Treasurer : N. Goodall, James Barnes, Assess- ors : John Foote, School Superintendent. 1856 — John B. Dwinnell, Chairman ; Stephen Lewis, Aratus Bailey, Supervisors ; G. C. Cleghorn, Clerk ; William Dunlap, Treasurer ; Edward Nichols, Assessor ; John A. Young, School Superintendent. 1857 — W. G. Simons, Chairman ; Adam Shoneberger, W. H. Mcintosh, Supervisors ; G. C. Cleghorn, Clerk; W. B. Partridge, Treasurer; W. L. Wells, Assessor; Edward Nichols, School Superintendent. 1858 — John B. Dwinnell, Chairman ; S. B. Thomas, W. H. Mcintosh, Supervisors ; Alpheus W. Baker, Clerk ; W. B. Partridge, Treasurer: John Foote, Assessor ; Edward Nichols, School Superintendent. 1859 — W. N. Baker, Chairman : Darius Kingsley, Sylvester Reynolds, Supervisors : Alpheus W. Baker, Clerk: William B. Partridge, Treasurer: John Foote, Wil'iam L. Wells, Assessors : John A. Young, School Superintendent. 1860 — W. N. Baker, Chairman; Darius Kingsley, Sylvester Reynolds, Supervisors ; Edward Nichols, Clerk ; William B. Partridge, Treasurer : John Foote, William L. Wells, Assessors ; ■lohn A. Young, School Superintendent. 1861 — W. N. Baker, Chairman ; A. Burlingame, Danford Pratt, Supervisors : Edward Nichols, Clerk ; William B. Partridge, Treasurer ; M. C. Bartholomew, Assessor : Miles G. Todd, School Superintendent. 1862 — William Dunlap, Chairman ; D. Pratt, Thomas Albiston, Supervisors : A. W. Baker, Clerk ; William B Partridge. Treasurer ; Joel Pruyn. Assessor. 1863 — John B. Dwinell, Chairman ; Pliny H. Gunnison, Job Collin, Supervisors ; Henry L. Bancroft, Clerk : Thomas Yule, Treasurer : Sylvester Reynolds. Edward Nichols, Assessors. 1864 — Jonas Narracong, Chairman ; Joel Pruyn, Danford Pratt, Supervisors ; H. L. Ban- roft. Clerk; Thomas Yule, Treasurer; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. 1865 — William Dunlap, Chairman ; J. C. Mosher, Danford Pratt, Supervisors : H. L. Bancroft, Clerk; Thomas Yule, Treasurer: W. M. Bartholomew, E. Nichols, Assessors. 774 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1^866 — J. Narracong, Chairman ; Danford Pratt, W. M. Bartholomew, Supervisors ; Edward Nichols, Clerk ; Thomas Yule, Treasurer ; W. L. Wells, Assessor. 1867 — William M. Bartholomew, Chairman : W. G. Simons, William Dunlap, Supervi- sors: T. D. Bahn, Clerk: Robert Travis, Treasurer; J. B. Dwinell, J. C. Mosher, Assessors. 1868 — Joel Pruyn, Chairman : James Wilson, Aaron Burlingame, Supervisors : Theodore D. Bahn, Clerk : R. S. Travis, Treasurer : W. L. Wells, H. N. Cowen, William H. Mcintosh. Assessors. 1869 — Joel Pruyn, Chairman : William H. Mcintosh, Daniel Rickelson, Supervisors ; T. D. Bahn, Clerk ; H. Burroughs, Treasurer : W. L. Wells, Assessor. 18 1 — Joel Pruyn, Chairman ; James Wilson, M. C. Bartholomew, Supervisors; H. L. Bancroft, Clerk ; Hiram Burroughs, Treasurer; W. L. Wells, Assessor. 1871 — Joel Pruyn, (Chairman ; James Wilson, Samuel Stahl, Supervisors; E. W. Gardner, Clerk; Hiram Burroughs, Treasurer; W. L. Wells, Assessor. 1872 — Addison Eaton, Chairman ; James Wilson, John B. Dwinnell, Supervisors ; Horace M. Ayer, Clerk ; Henry L. Bancroft, Treasurer; John Foote, Assessor. 187-5 — Addison Eaton, Chairman ; James Wilson, William L. Wells, Supervisors ; J. M. Bartholomew, Clerk ; H. L. Bancroft, Treasurer ; John B. Dwinnell, H. M. Ayer, Assessors. 1874 — Addison Eaton, Chairman ; P. S. Kingsley, Charles Goodall, Supervisors; H. M. .Vyer, Clerk ; Henry L. Bancroft, Treasurer ; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. 187.5 — James Wilson, Jr., Chairman ; Charles Goodall, Aaron Burlingame, Supervisors; H. M. Ayer, (_'lerk : John Yule, Treasurer; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. 1876 — James Wilson, Jr., Chairman ; Charles Goodall, Aaron Burlingame, Supervisors ; H. M. Ayer. Clerk ; John Yule, Treasurer; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. 1877 — James Wilson, Jr., Chairman ; Charles Goodall, Danford Pratt, Supervisors ; J. M. Bartholomew, Clerk ; Orrin Rice, Treasurer ; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. 1878 — Charles Goodall, Chairman; Danford Pratt, Sylvester Reynolds, Supervisors; J. M. Bartholomew, Clerk ; R. W. Mills, Treasurer ; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. 1879 — Charles Goodall, Chairman ; Danford Pratt, John Brownrigg, Supervisors; J. M. Bartholomew, Clerk ; John Yule, Treasurer ; John Foote, Assessor. 1880 — James Wilson, Chairman ; Danford Pratt, John Brownrigg, Supervisors ; J. M. Bartholomew. Clerk; E. W. Gardner, Treasurer; W. M. Bartholomew, Assessor. VILLAGE OF LODI. In the summer of 1845, Isaac H. Palmer made a trip through the southwest portion of Columbia County in search of a suitable place on which to locate, and where he could, in time, be surrounded by a thriving village. He found the greater part of the choice Government land had been taken up by speculators, but Section 27, Township 10, Range 8, was yet subject to entry, and there being a fine water-power, he determined here to set his stakes. On the 6th day of February, 1846, at the land office in Mineral Point, he entered the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of this section, and on the 17th day of March, 1846, he entered the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter. On the 2d day of April, 1846, he entered, in tiie name of G. D. Palmer, the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter. He also entered the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter, August 12, 1847, which he transferred to James McCloud, who had built a house upon the same some time previous. Again, on the 14th day of February, 1848, he entered the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter, making a total of five quarters, four of which he retained for his own use, and upon a portion of which he after- ward laid out the village. About the 1st of April, 1846, Mr. Palmer came and at once commenced getting out timber for a saw-mill, and preparing to erect a log house for his family. The saw-mill was completed and in running order by fall ; the house was ready for occupancy, and his family moved in June of the same year, being the first actual settler within what was afterward made the village limits. POYNETTE. HISTUEY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. ' 777 In the year 1847, Mr. Palmer, ambitiously intent on developing the resources of the place, and informing the outside world of its existence, applied to the Government for an established mail route through here, and also submitted to the Legislature a memorial praying for ferry accommodations on the Wisconsin River. Both petitions were granted. A charter was obtained for Chester Matson for a ferry on Section 1. This was indispensable, on account of a much-needed road from Madison to Baraboo, by way of Lodi. The post oiBce was established, and I. H. Palmer appointed Postmaster, his commission dating April 17, 1848, the office being opened in July following. Until he obtained a mail- bag, Mr. Palmer carried the mail from Clark's Corners in his hat, delivering the same at the residence of those for whom it was intended. The second quarter, E. C. Tuller was employed to carry the mail, Mr. Palmer agreeing to make up the amount of his wages over postage received during the time he was employed. The total receipts of the office for the first quarter was $1.62 ; second quarter, $3,24 ; third quarter, $6.59. In April, 1849, Mr. Palmer resigned the office, and James 0. Eaton appointed, and held the office until 1853, when H. M. Ayer was appointed, and held the office during the administrations of Pierce and Buchanan. On the election of Abraham Lincoln for the first term, a meeting was called by the Republican Town Committee of Lodi, to be held January 26, 1861, to express their choice for Postmaster. The meeting was accordingly held, and, on the first formal ballot, James 0. Eaton received seventy- nine votes and William Merryman forty-eight. Mr. Eaton was accordingly recommended and duly commissioned. He held the office until 1867, and, having received an appointment in another and more lucrative position, he could not attend to the business of the office, and Robert Travis succeeded him, and continued till January, 1875, when H. R. Eaton was appointed. In 1868, the office was made a money-order office. The first order drawn was October 28, 1868, Duke W. Rogers, of Okee, remitter, and Joshua W. Rogers, payee, of Williamsport, for the sum of $50. Mr. Rogers also drew the second order, in favor of the same party, and for the sum of $45. The first order paid was December 21, 1868, to John B. Dwinnell, and drawn by Simeon Wood, Tomah, Wis. From October 28, 1868, to October 28, 1869, were issued 618 orders, amounting to $16,135.28, for which fees were paid amounting to $101.80. Amount of orders paid for the same period. $2,124.40. In 1879, were issued 2,661 orders, amounting to $35,175.74, on which fees were paid of $295.92. Number of order paid during the same time, 308, amounting to $5,016.92. On the 25th day of June, 1848, the first plat of the village of Lodi was recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds, at Portage City, by T. H. Palmer, consisting of a part of the south- east quarter of Section 27. Various additions were afterward made, consisting of two by Mr. Palmer, three by James McCloud and one by John Foote. Inducements were held out by the original owner of the village plat to secure the settlement now of representatives of the various trades. A building was commenced by him in the fall designed for a store, and in November of that year, James 0. Eaton came out, looked at the location, and an offer was made to him to open a stock of general merchandise in the building then being erected. Mr. Eaton told the proprietor that he would let him know within two weeks whether he would accept his offer. The time having expired without his receiving any information from Eaton, the building was let to Thomas & Pinney, a couple of young men then doing business at Hanchetville, Dane County. It was the fault of the mails that Palmer did not hear from Eaton, as the latter had sent a letter notifying him that he accepted his offer and would be there in a few days with a stock of goods. In coming to this place, Eaton passed through Hanchetville and there learned that Thomas & Pinney expected to occupy the building he supposed was intended for him. Mr, Pinney, learn- ing Eaton's intention, a race was improvised by the two for Lodi, but the old proverb was here exemplified, " The more haste the less speed," and both got lost on a snow-covered prairie and were compelled to hire a cutter and ride into the village together. On referring the matter to Palmer, he decided the last contract was binding ; that Thomas & Pinney were entitled to the house. As an inducement to Eaton to locate he offered him a choice of any unoccupied lot, which offer was accepted, and on Monday morning (it being Saturday night when they arrived), 778 illSTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. the building was commenced, and by Saturday night following it was completed and occupied by the owner. The formal opening of the store occurred Monday, December 18, 1848, but goods were sold the Saturday previous. It must not be thought that Lodi could thrive without its village blacksmith-shop, there- fore on Main street, on land given for that purpose, Reuben Ring built his shop in 1848. This Ring was a bachelor, and it would appear from tradition was an object of some solicitude from the fair matrons and maidens in the vicinity. Says an early writer: '' The Smith with an end- less name, although he had outgrown the verdancy of youth, failed to profit by the lessons of wisdom years should have taught him. He stole — stole the heart of, alas(s) I — Sophronia Bunker, and we suppose she stole likewise, for the two were fettered in the bonds of matrimony, being the first couple united in the village, thereby establishing a precedent which others were not slow to follow, for you know ' One sheep goes over the pasture wall, and others follow after.' They got married. Yea, and they were serenaded also. But how shall we describe that ' charivari ' — that majestic inauguration of holiday occasions — where the combination of musi- cal instruments displayed an uniqueness of design inimitable by ancient or modern Jubal ; where swine, upon a slight pinch, gave protracting squeals, long, deep and dire, evincing a total lack of sympathy in the joyousness of the occasion ; while poultry, cats, cow-bells, and rustic fiddles came on in the double chorus with a stupendous volume of sound, worthy to be a prelude to the Boston jubilee. Here I will say it was not at the wedding just referred to that • the bridegroom treated the guests to small pieces of stick cinnamon each, though such an exhibi- tion of generosity did actually once occur at a bridal scene. Ah, well, that was the day of small things, which we are recommended not to despise. And, doubtless, the delicate bark from that tree, whose aroma lades the breeze that blows soft o'er Ceylon's isle, was more accept- able to the uneducated tastes of that company than to ' Measure their cups of ale, draining the oaken pail.' " The first " Knight of the Awl " to open his shop in the place was Mandras Randall, who, in 1848, made known to all the people around, that he would attend to their soles, or, in other words, he would manufacture, of as good leather as could be obtained, boots and shoes for all who would give him their order. He was succeeded by Mr. O'Hara, who was drowned in the mill- pond in the village. Having no friend or rela,tive in the vicinity, he was buried by the authori- ties here. W. E. Carthari was the first M. D. to advertise his ability ''to cure all the ills that flesh is heir to," but it appears, from the records of that early day, the people were too perverse to get sick for the purpose of aifording employment to a doctor, however great his skill. With hope deferred, he waited till his heart grew sick, and he left for more unhealthy parts. Says the writer already quoted : " In his wake, at brief intervals, one by one, came a whole faculty of medical men — Ingalls, Warren, Lake, Heath and others, men whose pill boxes, we'll venture, contained no atomized, homoeopathic dose, to tickle the epicurean taste, but the concentrated, double-refined extract of marah, under the effects of which, the repentent patient assents unqualified to the theological dogma, ' In the gall of bitterness and bonds of iniquity,' for you remember the fogyish, foregone conclusion, almost invariably acted upon in those days, ' I think the patient will do well to take a dose of calomel.' However, the grateful survived, with a few exceptions, the visits of these wandering stars ; these Israelites in the wilderness, longing for the flesh-pots of Egypt." "It is appointed unto man once to die," and death is ever nigh, ready to snatch a victim here and there. On the 17th day of July, 1849, Herbert Edward, son of J. 0. and M. M. Eaton, was called away, and he was laid in the cold and silent tomb — the first death in the village. The first celebration of Independence Day was held Saturday, July 3, 1852 ; the Fourth occurring upon Sunday. The day was ushered in by the firing of cannon. The oflicers of the day were Isaac H. Palmer, President ; G. M. Bartholemew and John Sloan, Vice Presidents ; John Ingalls, Marshal ; E. D. Steel, Reader of the Declaration of Independence ; Rev. I. N. Lewis, Orator; Rev. E. S. Bunce, Chaplain. "At 1 o'clock, a dinner was served by J. 0. Eaton, IIISTOHY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 779 near his hotel. Everything passed off in a highly satisfactory manner, without an accident to mar the occasion; but not so on the 4th of July following. Albert Eells, son of Joseph Eells, had charge of the cannon, which exploding, he was struck by a fragment and instantly killed. The first lawyer in the village was L. A. Ellis, who, in 1854, came and remained two years. He was succeeded by R. Lindsay, who came to the village in 1858. For twenty-two years, Mr. Lindsay has occupied the same premises for an office, the same first occupied by Mr. Ellis. Lodi in 185^2. — Rev. J. N. Lewis, a pioneer missionary of the Presbyterian Church, who located here in the spring of 1852, thus speaks of Lodi and vicinity : " Here are groves of all sizes, free of bushes, bearing a striking resemblance to orchards, and, in spite of our knowledge to the contrary, deluding us, for the moment, that they are really such, are scattered everywhere in the valleys, on the hillsides and on the summits. The admirer of nature will here find that she has arrayed herself in superlative attractions, as on some bright, summer day, he looks over this landscape from the hills, or rides through these valleys — not a line or course in all the bounding surface is jagged, while the waving grain and flowery hues of the prairies, and the herds of cattle grazing thereon, remind him of the happy valley of Rasselas. The town of Lodi lies principally in this basin, and embosomed among the hills at the intersection of the main valleys, on a small stream, is the recent and thriving little village of the same name — a retired spot, and but little known, because the thoroughfare from the capital westward at present, pass north and south of it. We could wish, on many accounts, that it might remain so (though we are threatened with a railroad soon), since the beauty of its location, the abun- dance of water power, and the fertility of the surrounding country, will command a growth sufficiently rapid for its moral healthfulness, and let it be forever small, rather than be crowded with such a population as the rapidly growing villages of the West are often composed of. Better it is for a place to start with a good moral influence, and to secure a good moral reputation, than to have a reputation for mere business and money-making. We can afford to spare the loose and low population, which might otherwise be crowded in here, and we hope soon that the sight of church steeples, and the sound of the Sabbath bell, which summon the good to the temple of God, will warn and scare away whatever of moral trash which has found its way to this quiet retreat. A period of four years has, despite of its retired situation, built up a cluster of about thirty dwelling-houses, several stores, a tavern, two good flouring-mills, which are crowded beyond their capacity with custom work from the vicinity, a saw-mill and mechanics of all kinds. Much water-power remains still unemployed. We have three organized churches — Presbyte- rian, Baptist and Methodist, and preaching every Sabbath in a large and convenient place of worship, by clergymen of each of these denominations, an excellent school, a temperance organization, which now, indeed, needs resuscitation, and more energy, though its friends are numerous. We hope that, without any feelings of selfishness, or any bias from any self-interest, we may recommend this place to persons who are intending to remove to this State. The population is mostly free from the foreign element found in almost every town else- where — the country is so much settled by native-born Americans, that doubtless this will always be its character. Society is of the Eastern tone, and we trust we have among us enough of the salt of the earth, to give controlling influence to it, and shape it to permanent morality. As to secular advantages, they are not lacking. Cultivated farms can be purchased at $8 or $6 per acre. A large (juantity of land in the hands of speculators, eager to get rid of it, supplied well with wood and water, can be bought for $4 or $5 per acre, farms well adapted for raising grain or stock. We are well situated in respect to markets, having always, in fact, the choice of four or five. Being near the Wisconsin River, we can send our produce to the pineries on the same stream at the north, or by the Mississippi to Minnesota, or to Galena and St. Louis on the south, or by way of Portage, through the canal to Green Bay ; or by railroad, nearly completed, both from Milwaukee and Chicago to Madison ; we can have intercourse summer and winter with the seaboard. During the past winter, the Rock River Railroad Company have surveyed a route from Janesville, through Madison and this place, to Baraboo, beyond the Wisconsin River, with the intention of extending it to Minnesota.'.' 780 HISTORY OF COLTTMBIA COITNTY As the village grew in size and importance, the necessity for its incorporation under the general laws of the State became apparent, in order that such improvements might be made as would best advance its interests, improvements that the town would not consider. A prelim- inary meeting, to take into consideration the subject of incorporation, was held at Eaton's Hall, Saturday, April 13, 1872. Addison Eaton was made Chairman of the meeting, and H. M. Ayer, Secretary. It was voted that a charter be applied for under Chapter 188, of the General Laws of 1872, and that all of Section 27 be embraced in the limits of the village. H. M. Ayer and C. Bacon were appointed a committee to take the census of the section, and E. W. Gardner, R. Lindsay, and J. M. Bartholomew, to draft the application and present it to the court, and also to made a map of the area embraced in the application. L. F. Wanner was appointed to see to the printing of the proper notices, and that the census returns and map be filed in the office of the Town Clerk for inspection. As the result of the census, it was found there were G47 inhabitants residing on the section mentioned. The application of the citizens of the village was favorably considered by the court, and on the 20th day of July. 1872, the first election was held, resulting in the choice of Horatio N. Cowen, President ; E. Andrews, Alexander Woods, James McCloud, H. C. Bradley, William Dunlap and Leonard F. Wanner, Trustees ; Carlos Bacon, Clerk ; J. M. Pruyn, Treasurer ; H. M. Ayer. Police Justice. Other elections have annuallv been held, resulting as follows : 1873— E. W. Gardner, President; E. Andrews, William Dunlap, I. V. N. Walker, Will- iam Goldspohn, Thomas Albiston, Frederick Hanson, Trustees; H. M. Ayer, Clerk; J. M. Pruyn, Treasurer; H. M. Ayer, Assessor; John Foote, School Superintendent; A. Woods, Police Justice. 1874— E. W. Gardner, President; E. Andrews, William Dunlap, L V. N. Walker, Will- iam Goldspohn, Thomas Albiston, Frederick Hanson, Trustees ; H. M. Ayer, Clerk ; H. L. Bancroft, Treasurer ; John Foote, School Superintendent ; G. T. Simons, Constable ; G. M. Bartholomew, Justice of the Peace ; James Seville, Police Justice. 1875— E. W. Gardner, President ; E. Andrews, William Dunlap, L V. N. Walker, Will- iam Goldspohn, Thomas Albiston, Frederick Hanson, Trustees ; H. M. Ayer, Clerk ; John Yule, Treasurer ; John Foote, School Superintendent ; G. T. Simons, Constable ; G. M. Bar- tholomew, Justice of the Peace ; H. M. Ayer, Police Justice. 1876— E. W. Gardner, President ; E. Andrews, J. 0. Eaton, G. E. McKeebe, William Goldspohn, Thomas Albiston, Peter Kehl, Trustees ; J. M. Bartholomew. Clerk ; John Yule, Treasurer; Addison Eaton, School Superintendent; Alfred Clemens, Constable; S. S. Dun- ning, Justice of tlie Peace ; H. M. Ayer, Police Justice. 1877 — Thomas Albiston, President ; E. Knutsen, E. Andrews, Peter Kehl, W. M. Bar- tholomew, Henry B. Bancroft, J. 0. Eaton, Trustees; J. M. Bartholomew. Clerk; Orin Rice, Treasurer ; G. M. Bartholomew, Police Justice ; E. W. Gardner, Justice of the Peace ; J. U. Ray, Constable. 1878 — G. M. Bartholomew, President; S. M. Blake, William Goldspohn, S. H. Watson, W. M. Bartholomew, H. L. Bancroft, William Dunlap, Trustees ; J. M. Bartholomew, Clerk ; R. W. Mills, Treasurer ; E. W. Gardner, Police Justice ; Alfred Clemens, Constable. 1879 — Edward Andrews, President; S. H. Watson. H. L. Bancroft, J. U. Eaton, E. B. Wait, William Goldspohn, Jacob C. Wrisler, Trustees ; J. M. Bartholomew, Clerk ; John Yule, Treasurer; G. W. Fenno, Marshal; H. M. Ayer. Police Justice; E. W. Gardner, Justice of the Peace. CHURCHE.S. The religious and moral influences of the village have always kept pace with its growth. The Methodists were the pioneer laborers in the field, followed closely by the Baptists and Presbyterians. The Universalists were the last to form an organization. Methodist Episcopal. — Rev. L. Harvey had in 1845 a conference appointment to travel, west, southwest and northwest of Madison, about thirty miles out, and seeing, in the post office HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 781 of that city, some Methodist church papers directed to Rev. H. Maynard and the Bartholo- mews, he inquired where they could be found. The Postmaster told him the course to take as best he could, and the missionary started to hunt them up, and, as remarked by Father May- nard, he found them waiting for him. This was late in the fall of that year. A class was immediately formed, according to the rules of the Methodist Episcopal Church, consisting of G. M. Bartholomew, Leader ; Catherine Bartholomew, M. C. Bartholomew, Mary Bartholomew, Christiana Bartholomew, Henry Maynard, Catherine Maynard, Harriet E. Maynard ; in all eight. Preaching was had once in two weeks in the log cabins of the Bartholomews, or Mr. Maynard, until the log schoolhouse was built on Section 27 in the spring of 1846, which became their regular place of worship. Says the Rev. H. Maynard, in a local paper in 1879 : •* These meetings were generally attended with the Divine presence, spiritual and profitable, with some revivals and additions to the church. As others came and settled in the valley, they came and worshiped with us, in the little log schoolhouse, with one heart and one mind. Mrs. J. N. Lewis says the first time she attended service in this valley she rode on an ox sled, with a family, to that little log house. Every church in Lodi to-day may thank God for the influence that went out from that little log house. There was an unusual proportion of the settlers that were church-going people, hence the influence of Christianity prevailed over opposing influen- ces. The ministers that have been appointed to labor for the Methodist Church in this place from 1845 to 1880 inclusive are : Rev. L. Harvey, about ten months ; W. Smith, one year ; S. Tasker, one year ; assistant preacher, Mr. Adams, six months when he sickened and died, when H. Maynard finished the year ; S. P. Walden, one year ; James Holmes, six months M. Wooley, finishing the year ; E. Bunco, two years ; Nelson Butler, two years; James Wells, one year ; Mr. Cochran, two years ; S. Dodge, two years ; J. B. Bachman, two years ; S. De- lap, one year ; J. S. Hurd, two years ; J. D. Searles, two years ; B. C. Hammond, one year ; J. B. Bachman, one year ; J. T. Prior, two years ; E. Tasker, two years ; F. M. Fullerton,. one year; W.-H. Kellogg, two years ; J. C. Aspinwall, two years ; R. Burnip, two years ; J. D. Brothers, who received his appointment in the fall of 1879. The most of these ministers are yet in the regular work, a few of them are worn out by long, hard service, and are waiting with holy patience the Master's call to come up higher. A few of them have gone from labor to their reward ; they fought a good fight, received their discharge, and have gone to enjoy the faithful soldier's reward. Rev. Mr. Adams was a young preacher of good talents, deep piety, much zeal, and a good prospect for future usefulness in the church. He traveled this circuit some four months, sickened and died at Clark's Corners. He left a wife and two children. I was with him in his last sickness, preached his funeral sermon, and then we laid his remains beneath the sod to sleep until the resurrection morn." As the population increased and the log schoolhouse became too small, a house was obtained in the village of Lodi, which was of suflBcient size for some time. In the year 18.55, the society built a large stone church at a cost of $4,500, which was dedicated June, 1857, N. E. Cobleigh, President of Appleton University preaching the dedica- tory sermon. In March, 1880, there were 146 members of the church. Its ofiicers at that time were Rev. Joseph D. Brothers, Pastor ; L. F. Wanner, R. Steele, A. S. Bowman, G. M. Bartholo- mew, John Wilkins, M. Cain, C. Goodall, N. G. Burlingame, Stewards ; J. M. Bartholomew, Recording Steward ; G. M. Bartholomew, C. Goodall, L. F. Wanner, W. M. Bartholomew, H. Phinney, L. J. Burlingame, M. Cain, A. S. Bowman, E. B. Wait, Trustees ; H. Phinney, L. J. Burlingame, Class Leaders. Baptist. — A meeting was held at the house of H. M. Ayer, April 23, 1852, for the pur- pose of taking into consideration the organization of a Baptist church. Elder Joseph Bowman was chosen Moderator and H. M. Ayer, Clerk. It was resolved to organize, and Peter Van Ness, William G. Simons and Cyrus Hill was appointed a committee to prepare articles of faith and covenant, and present a name for the church when recognized. On Saturday, the 22d of May, those interested again assembled to hear the report of the committee, which report was 782 HISTORY OF COLUAIBIA COIXTY. adopted and the articles signed by Peter Van Ness, Cyrus Hill. William G. Simons, H. M. Aver, Freedom Simons, William Wait, Matthias Warner, Ira Polly, Emma ^'an Ness, Caroline L. Simons. Alraira Simons. Lucy Warner, Caroline Wait, Catherine Polly, James Cross, Laura Durkee, Betsy Hill. Peter Van Ness was elected Deacon. On Wednesday, the '26t\i of May, the Council, consisting of Elders Moses Rowley, Joseph Bowman. Peter Conrad and Charles Perry, convened at the appointed place and voted unanimously to extend to the brethren and sisters the liand of fellowship as a regular Baptist Church. Eider Conrad preached, and Elder Rowley extended the hand. On Thursday, June 3, 1852, the church was received into the Dane Association, then convened at Fall River. In January, 18o3, the church inviteil Elder Joseph Bowman to become its Pastor, which invitation he accepted, and the relation continued till December 28, 1861. During this time the church had no stated place of meeting of its own, but assembled in schoolhouses in the village and out districts. Its membership, too, was scattered over quite an extendeil territory, rendeiing it impracticable to keep up regular social and prayer meetings. Under the labors of Elder Bowman twenty were added by bap- tism ; by experience and letter, thirty-eight. After Mr. Bowman closed his work the church was without a pastor for two years and a half, in which time three were added by letter, three dismissed in the same way, and two died. Elder 0. 0. Stearns was then called to the pastorate, in which relation he continued for ten years, or until July, 1874. In February, 1863, a com- mittee was appointed by the church to see how much could be raised for budding a house of wor- ship. In January, 1865, a committee was appointed to select a site. In September the church voted to build, and appointed Deacons Van Ness ami King and William Simons a building com- mittee. The enterprise was prosecuted vigorously till the house was erected and inclosed; when that was done, it was found the fund was about exhausted, and additional subscriptions had to be obtained. On the 13th of March, 1867, it was completed, furnished, and duly dedi- cated to the service of the living God. The entire cost of the building and furniture was ^4,500. Rev. H. C. Fuller was called to the pastorate December 13, 1874, and continued for two years, when the church was without a pastor until April, 1877. When Elder N. E. Cha- pin accepted a call and entered upon the work. A Sunday school was organized when the con- gregation took possession of their house of worship, and has been a great help to the church, a number of its scholars becoming members. The constituent members of the church were 17, and up to March, 1880, there have been added by bapti.«m, i>5; by letter, 43: experience, 20; a total of 175. The dismissions by letter, death and exclusion have been 'JO ; leaving a membership of 76. At this time, its oflScers are Rev. N. E. Chapin, Pastor ; Peter Van Ness, Freedom Simon.s, Deacons ; E. W. Gardner, Clerk ; E. Richmond, Treasurer ; F. Simons, Isaac ^'an Ness, E. W. Gardner, Trustees. Presbyterian. — In June, 1852, a small band of Christian men and women gathered in a small room on Columbus street, for the purpose of forming a Presbyterian or Congregational church, according to the voice of the majority, whichever way it might be. As a majority were Presbyterians, it was thought best to have the church of the same form, the Congregation- alists cordially acquiescing and supporting the organization. It was put in connection with the Wisconsin Convention, a union of the Congregationalists and Presbyterian Church for united work, in which connection it continued six years, when it was transferred to the Presbytery of Columbus, since which time its relation has been with the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. The organization was consummated by signing the articles of covenant, ten persons affixing their names : James 0. Eaton and wife. A. P. Smith and wife, Robert Mann and wife, Mrs. Partridge, Mrs. Strangeway, Mrs. J. N. Lewis and Miss Eliza Steele. At the first com- munion, Mrs. I. H. Palmer was received on profession, and at the next Mrs. Crowley, by letter. A. P. Smith and Robert Mann were chosen Elders. The Rev. J. N. Lewis, in a quarter-cen- tennial sermon, delivered in June, 1877, remarked that " there seemed to have been a marked Providence in the commencement of this church, as indeed its whole history to this hour reveals the faithful hand of God in blessing and guiding us. With much reluctance, and after much urging by the Secretary of the Home Missionary Society, the first Presbyterian minister to HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 783 Lodi consented to take a letter of introduction to James 0. Eaton, residing here. From descrip- tions given, the place was pictured in his mind as a gloomy hamlet, where two cross-roads met, with merely a tavern on one side and ahlacksmith-shop on the other, in a dingy dell, with a soil of the hard- est white clay, covered with the scrubbiest of scrub-oaks, much like Petroleum V. Nasby's 'Con- federit Corners,' abating the whisky and politics of Deacon Pogram. But what a surprise to behold, instead, the most enchanting landscape, these broad valleys of the greenest prairie, these bold bluffs, these symmetrically rounded hills, with groves in groups scattered on their tops and sloping sides, the music of the mills and the crystal streams, all presenting a view more lovely then, even in its wild state, than since the hand of civilization has despoiled it of half its original beauty." The first Presbyterian sermon was preached here on the 19th of October, 1851. There was no church or society to decide about accepting or rejecting the service of the preacher, no trustees to pledge adequate support. The only support that could be relied on was the pledge of a small sum from the Secretary of the Home Missionary Society. In December following, the missionary, the Rev. J. N. Lewis, arrived with his family. Says Mr. Lewis, in the ser- mon referred to : " The next day after our arrival, while moving the goods to the new home, what gloomy thoughts — more gloomy than the gloomiest of winter days. What was he doing here? "Was this faith or folly, prudence or presumption, to engage in such an undertaking ? Where was the food to come from, unless, like Elijah's, it was brought by the ravens ? With such forebod- ings, the table was spread and occupied for the evening meal, when there was a knock at the door, when a present for the frying-pan next morning was handed in, from good mother Eells over the way. Soon another knock, and a bundle of clothing from Brother Rosenkrans, of Columbus, desiring to divide the contents of a missionary -box he had just received. Truly, it was felt at the table that the ravens were already on the wing. The next day the message had gone before- hand to Judge Palmer's miller, ' take no toll from the missionary ; ' and soon from another, ' come for a bag of oats.' From that day, all anxiety in regard to support was dismissed. In the course of six years, the feeble band of ten was increased to thirty-nine, subsequently six more were added." Early in August, 1857, the Rev. G. B. Riley, from Horseheads, N. Y., commenced his labors in the place. Not having a church edifice, and being able to obtain the schoolhouse for only a portion of the time, he preached much in the school districts adjoining. A church build- ing was commenced, and the basement finished for occupancy. Mr. Riley labored with the con- gregation six years, during which time seventy-six communicants were received. After an inter- regnum of nearly a year, the Rev. Daniel A. Bassett, from Illinois, was invited, and began services in August, 1864. He was a man devoted to his work, a good preacher, and during his two years' stay there were two interesting revivals, and forty-six members were received. The next Pastor was the Rev. Warren Mayo, from Danby, N. Y., a man of the stature and stateli- ness of Saul, King of Israel. In his ministry continual additions were made to the church, in all seventy-five. He was succeeded, in 1872, by the Rev. J. W. Knott, who had a very success- ful pastorate of seven years, during which time large additions were made to the church, 112 being added at one time, the result of an extensive revival. Mr. Knott was succeeded, in October, 1879, by the Rev. H. L. Brown. The church very early adopted the plan of a rotary eldership. In March, 1880, its Elders were William Dunlap, J. B. Dwinnell, Addison Eaton, P. H. Gunnison and E. H. Irwin. Its Trustees at the same time were J. 0. Eaton, Danford Pratt, A. Arries, Thomas Albiston and E. Andrews. Universalist. — A parish was organized December 8, 1872, H. C. Bradley and H. L. Ban- croft, Trustees ; H. C. Bradley, Treasurer; R. N. Bartholomew, Clerk. Its constituent mem- bers were John Foote, R. N. Bartholomew, H. C. Bradley, H. L. Bancroft, S. M. Blake, D. Hesselgrave, Laura Foote, Ann M. Bancroft. Julia A. Bradley, S. A. Dearborn, Mary J. Bots- ford, Sophia Hidden, Hannah Hesselgrave, Jane Lovering, Jane Perry, Philander Mosher, John W. Foote, John C. Dearborn, John T. Hidden, Albert Lovering, William B. Chrisler, Jacob Chrisler, Elizabeth Chrisler, M. H. Chrisler, George T. Cawthorne, Jonas Narracong, Seth "84 HISTORY OF COLUMHIA COUNTY. Andrews. A church, in connection with the parish, was organized September 2, 1875, with the following membership : David Hesselgrave, Hannah Hesselgrave, Frank Terrill, Frederick Perry, .John Foote, William B. Chrisler, Elizabeth Chrisler, J. A. Wieting, R. N. Bartholomew, H. L. Bancroft, C. A. Martin, Mrs. C. A. Martin, Mr. Curtiss and wife, Abbie Curtiss, Mary S. Bradley, Jane A. Perry, Albert Lovering, Jane Lovering, Julia A. Bradley, John W. Foote, Laura R. Foote, Emily B. Foote, Florence M. Foote, A. Terrill, Jacob Chrisler, Mary H. Chrisler, Josephine Cawthorn, Carlton Cawthorn, Emma Cawthorn, Mattie E. Bartholomew. The first minister to preach Universalism in Lodi was Rev. M. G. Todd, through whose instru- mentality a good work was wrought. He was succeeded by Kev. B. F. Rogers, in 1872, during whose pastorate the parish was organized. For the year 1873, the parish had no min- ister, but in 1874, Rev. Mr. Todd once jmore became its minister, and by him the church was instituted. The church edifice is of brick, and is finished in handsome style. Its erection was commenced April -3, 1873, and dedicated January 15, 1878, the sermon of dedication being preached by Rev. M. G. Todd. The cost of the building was .$4,000. A successful Sunday school, of fifty members, has been in operation for some years. Rev. A. C. Barry, D. D., was the successor of Mr. Todd and has met with fair success in his labors. Schools. — The first settlement in the village of Lodi was made in the spring of 1846, and in the summer a log house was erected on Section 27, and school taught therein by Miss Mary Yockey. This house served until 1851, when a frame building was erected on the same section, the district being No. 1. John Foote taught the first winter term in 1848-49. The school districts of the town remained as organized by the Town Superintendent of Schools until 18l34. On the 17th day of September of that year, the Supervisors of the town, by order, attached the territory of Districts Nos. 2 and 6 to District No. 1. On the 8th day of October, 1864, by order of the Board, District No. 7 was also attached. On the 5th day of November, 1877, the portion of Joint District No. 3, lying within the town of Lodi, was attached, making tlie Union District composed of Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, and a part of No. 3. The first school meeting of the consolidated districts was held September 26, 1864. At this meeting, H. M. Ayer was elected Director for three years; John B. Dwinnell, Treasurer, for two years; W. M. Bartholomew, Clerk, for one year. A special school meeting was held October 8, 1864, when the District Board was authorized to move one or more of the schoolhouses in the district as will best sub- serve the interest of the whole district. The object of uniting these school districts was to form a union school of high grade. Previous to this time. Prof. A. G. Riley had been teaching a select high school in the village, and had awakened considerable interest in a higher education than was then being taught by the common schools of the town. At the same time the State Superintendent of Public Schools, in his annual report, had placed the village in rather an un- enviable light in comparison with Kilbourn City, Pardeeville, Wyocena, Cambria, Fall River, and Poynette, which aroused the pride of the citizens of Lodi, and steps were at once taken to remedy the matter. On the suggestion of the Superintendent the consolidation was effected. Prof Riley expressed himself ready to abandon his school if the change was made. He was chosen the first Principal of the Union School, which was opened Mondav, November 14, 1864. At the annual meeting, August 28, 1865, the sum of $375 was appropriated and the Board instructed to purchase for a new school building, and to sell all real estate not then used for school purposes. At the annual meeting, August 27, 1866, it was voted to raise $60, to pay rent for the basement of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was being used for the high school. It was also voted to purchase a lot of E. B. Wait for $150 ; one of J. B. Dwinnell for $127 ; and two of William Dunlap for $275. These purchases were authorized and made with a view of erecting a new school building. In furtherance of this idea, at the annual meeting, held August 26, 1807, there was appropriated $50, to pay for plan and specifications of the new house. A committee was also appointed to secure the passage of a private law to enable the district to issue its bonds for the purpose of erecting the building. The Legislature acceded to the request of the will of the district, as expressed in their meeting, and passed an enabling act. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 785 At the annual meeting, held July 13, 1868, the district resolved that a new schoolhouse was needed, and voted to issue district bonds for $10,000, according to the special act of the Legislature, to apply on the building. The District Board, at the same time, were appointed a building committee. On the 1st day of March, 1869, the contract for the new schoolhouse was awarded to James McCloud, of Lodi, for $9,475, and the district bonds for that amount were sold to Mr. Mc- Cloud at their par value. The house was finished and occupied for the term commencing in November, 1869. It was arranged for four departments on the first floor, and one on the sec- ond floor, with two recitation-rooms. Its seating capacity was 340. About 2 o'clock on the morning of March 29, 1878, an alarm of fire was raised, and it was discovered the schoolhouse was in flames. In the absence of water and a machine with which to throw it, it was evident nothing could be done to save the building, and it was with feelings of sadness that teachers, pupils and citizens had to witness its destruction. It was insured for $7,000, which amount was paid in due time by the insurance companies. On the 25th of May, 1878, the District Board was authorized to contract for a new school- house with the lowest responsible resident bidder, at a cost not to exceed $6,800, exclusive of furnishing. The same day, a contract wiis made with James McCloud, the contractor of the old building, for the sum mentioned. The plans and specifications for the new house were furnished by D. R. Jones, architect, of Madison. The house was completed and occupied December 12, 1878. It is a large two-story cream-colored brick, with three schoolrooms below and three above. The first Principal, employed November, 1864, was A. G. Riley, who remained four years, the second was E. B. Everdell, one year; third, J. C. Yocum, five years; fourth, A. A. Miller, two years ; D. 0. Hibbard, one year ; W. E. Todd, three years. The assistants, in the various departments, from 1864 to 1879 inclusive, have been Elraira Duncan, Martha Lewis, Sarah Bartholomew, Carrie R. Tabor, Julia Bartholomew, Martha Van Ness, Leora M. Evans, Miss Wright, F. Johnson, Jennie E. Little, Tillie M. Riddle, Jennie Sprague, M. C. Buchanan, Sarah Dunlap, Laura Luse, Mr. Aldrich, Alice Welch, Emma Curtis, Michael Clinton, Minnie Waldo, Maggie Ferguson, M. J. Owen, Annie Blachley, Ada Simons, Mr. E. H. Phillips, Misses Fanny Pettit, Hattie A. Salisbury, Ida Merryman, Libbie Batty, Mr. Webber, E. M. Gun^ nison, Alice Randall, Rose Newell, Emma Salisbury, Tillie Knutesen, Hattie C. Hall, Mary L. Aspinwall, Elsina Wiswall, Rose Knutesen, M. A. Owen, A. R. Luse, Emma Foote, Minnie Ayer, Alice Coapman, Mattie Buchanan, Lizzie Dwinnell, Lottie Lattimer and Marion Miles. Graduates of the High School. — Since the organization of the graded-school system, up to-and including the year 1879, there have graduated twenty-nine young gentlemen and ladies, as follows : Annie Irwin, Minnie L. Ayer. Eva Bartholomew, Florence M. Foote, Ida Merry- man, Millie Maynard, Rose M. Knuteson, Lewis E. Walker, James I. Bartholomew, Lizzie I. Dwinnell, Tillie J. Knuteson, Herbert Goodall, James P. Wilson, Eva Goodall, Adell Bartholomew, Henry Early, Silas Overton, Harry Irwin, Bert Palmer, Miles Fenno, D. W. Simons, Nora Knuteson, Elma Simons, Mary L. Overton, George B. Gardner, Ben Wait, Frank 'E oote, Robert Wilson, George Dwinnell. TEMPERANCE. The principles of temperance, as held and taught in early days, found a genial soil whereon to take deep root, among the settlers of Lodi. Among its advocates were the names of John Slown, Aaron Chalfant, I. B. Tabor, the Bartholomews, Simonses, Maynards, J. 0. Eaton, I. H. Palmer, E. C. Tuller, Dr. John Ingals, John Foote, with their families. In the sum- mer or fall of 1849, an organization was formed, called the Lodi Temperance Society. The first meetings were held in the old log schoolhouse, afterward in the hall of Lodi Hotel. J. 0. Eaton was chosen Secretary, John Slown or G. M.Bartholomew, President. The obligation bound its members to abstain from the use of, or trafiic in, alcoholic liquors, except for medicinal, mechanical or sacramental purposes. It was similar to the obligation of the Wash'^ ingtonian Society, at that time quite popular in some parts of the country. 786 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Perseverance Lodge, No. ^72, I. 0. G. T. — This lodge was organized May 10, 1865, by Miss M. Emery, State Organizer, with about twenty charter members. Its first officers were : J. O. Eaton, W. C. T. ; Mrs. E. S. Lewis, W. V. T. : E. B. Meeteer, W. S. ; Mary E. Eaton, W. A. S. ; James Chapin, W. F. S. ; Minnie Chapin, W. T. ; Oscar Dunlap, W. M. ; Mattie Luse, W. D. M. ; Mrs. H. L. Meeteer, W. 1. G. ; George Eaton, W. 0. G. ; Mrs. Schemmer- horn, R. H. S. ; Mrs. Lindsay, L. H. S. The first year, ending May, 1865, there were 185 initiated, including the charter members. The second year, 78 ; third year, 21 : fourth year, 27 ; fifth year, 15. The sixth year was a very dark one for the lodge, there being no meetings held between May 24 and September 6, 1870. On the evening of the 6th, a meeting was held and officers elected. Mattie Lewis was elected W. C. T. ; Sarah Luse, W. V. T. ; Laura Foote, W. S.; Carrie Tabor, W. F. S. ; Maggie Wells, W. M.; Frank Luse, W. T. ; M. Blachley, I. G. ; John W. Foote, 0. G. : Warren Mayo, Chap. During the remainder of the quarter, the meetings were very poorly attended, and it was a question whether to strive longer to keep up the lodge or surrender the charter ; but a few determined ones resolved they would never surrender, but would adopt for their motto '' Perseverance," the name of the lodge, and press forward. The lodge accordingly elected Frank Luse, W. C. T. ; Sarah Dunlap, \V. V. T. ; Maggie Wells, W. S. ; Mattie Tabor, T. : S. K. Luse, W. F. S. ; L. E. Walker, W. M.'; M. Blachley, I. G. ; Sarah Luse, 0. G. ; Mrs. Adeline Chalfant, Chap. The officers were not installed and regular meetings were held only once in two weeks, using the old pass-word, until December 6, when the G. W. C. T. sent R. B. Rowland, a Grand Lodge Deputy, to visit and re-organize. After a few words of cheer, followed by remarks from Frank Luse, W. M. Dun- lap, H. M. Ayer, Laura Foote, Sarah Dunlap, Delia Luse and others, the members were re-ob- ligated, and the lodge declared re-oi'ganized. Weekly meetings were again commenced, and twelve initiated during the remaining part of the year, and a number re-instated. The seventh year, ending May, 1872, there were fifteen initiated, but the lodge was in rather a weak con- dition, and attendance small. The eighth year, ending May, 1873, the lodge seemed to take a new start; the hall of E. Knuteson was rented, fitted up, and fifty-two members initiated, and many old ones re-instated. The attendance was good, and a general interest manifested in the cause. The ninth year, the lodge was in a flourishing condition, though some trouble was experienced in dealing with mem- bers violating their pledge ; forty-five initiated during the year. The tenth year prosperity continued with the lodge ; nineteen initiated. Eleventh year, thirteen initiations ; attendance not quite so good on account of the organization of a division of the Sons of Temperance, which was quite prosperous that year. Twelfth year, only nine initiations ; thirteenth year, thirty-six ; fourteenth year, twenty-six. For the fourteen years, ending May, 1879, the total initiations were 55o, some of whom were initiated twice, but probably 500 different persons were connected with the order during that time. For initiations and dues, over $2,500 were received, the greater part of which was paid out for the incidental expenses of the lodge, but about $500 went to the Grand Lodge. Quite an amount was spent to further the cause of tem- perance in other ways than through the lodge, such as in the purchase and distribution of tracts and in aiding weak lodges. Those that have held the position of Lodge Deputy were J. 0. Eaton, H. W. Cass, Charles E. Eaton, H. M. Ayer, L. P. Hindes, John W. Foote, L. R. Luse, W. M. Dunlap, W. H. Slightman. At the first meeting in February, 1880, were installed Morgan L. Boyce, W. C. T. ; E. A. Cannon, W. V. T. ; Douglas Ayer, W. R. S. ; Mollie Woods, W. A. S. ; Fayette Cannon. W. F.S. : Miss Early, W. T. ; H. M. Ayer, W. C. ; William H. Slightman, W. M. : Josie Brothers, W. A. M. ; Eva Moran, W. I. G. ; Chris. O'Degard, W. S. Lodi Temple of Honor, No. 154, ^^as organized August 22, 1877, by Dr. Wilder, G. T. D., of Rio. Its first officers and charter members were J. M. Pruyn, W. C. T. ; L. E. Harris, P. W. C. T. ; John Foote, W. V. T. ; G. W. Fenno, W. R. ; Charles Goodall, W. F. R. ; W. M. Bartholomew, W. T. ; G. M. Bartholomew, W. U. : William Dunlap, W. D. U. ; P. Rich- ards, W. G. ; E. Knutesen, W. S. ; L. F. AVariner, G. D. ; H. M. Ayer, F. W. Chandler, J. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 787 M. Bartholomew, W. M. Dunlap and Morris M. Mitchell. Trustees, Goodall, Dunlap and Knutesen. During two years, fortv-six persons had been initiated into the order. For the first term in 1880, its officers were J. Christler, W. C. T. ; P. H. Gunnison, W. V. T. ; J. M. Bartholomew, W. R. ; J. F. Collins, W. F. R. ; E. Richards, VV. T. ; G. M. Bartholomew, W. U. ; W. B. Hook, W. D. U. ; Ira A. Soddars, W. G. ; F. W. Chandler, W. S. Osseo Council. No. ^4, Ancient Order of Mendotas, was organized May 1, 1878. Its first officers and charter members were W. A. Bartholomew, Sachem ; Eva Bartholomew, Queen ; E. Seville, Prophet; Mrs. J. W. Watson, Priestess; W. H. F. Barnes, Writer; Mrs. W. A. Bartholomew, Treasurer, M. D. Fenno, Guide ; Rose Knutesen, 0. Henricks, Queen's Guard ; Anna Watson, Temptress ; L. F. Twitchell, White Eao;le ; P. Hanson, E. Knutesen, W. M. Bartholomew, W. H. Buchanan, R. Burnip, E. Sloggy, S. Stewart, J. W. Watson, David Anderson, J. F. Crouk, J. M. Bartholomew, J. S. Bartholomew, Emma Seville, Neddie Crouk, Victoria Babcock, Dell Bartholomew, Mrs. P. Kehl, Edward Lindsay, W. P. Van Ness, Mrs. P. Watson, Ada Knutesen. The council has had a prosperous existence, meeting every Friday night, in the hall over the store of E. Knutesen. The membership has steadily increased, until in April, 1880, it had a membership of 100, its officers being at that time, W. H. F. Barnes, Sachem; Eva Bartholomew. Queen; H. H. Harris, Prophet; Ida Springer, Priestess; H. C. Lindsay, Writer: Hattie Gardner, Treasurer; Emma Knapp, Financial Writer; Samuel J. Wilson, Guide: Alida Buchanan, Guard of Tent; Sylvester Brown, Queen's Guard; Dell Bartholomew, Temptress ; David Anderson, White Eagle ; J. F. Bartholomew, Lodge Deputy. BENEVOLENT ORDERS. Lodi Valley Lodge, No 99, A., F. tf- A. M. — This lodge was organized under dispensa- tion June 3, 1857, with Rufus W. Reed, W. M. ; William N. Baker, S. W. ; John W. Fisher, J. W. ; A. G. Hadder, Secretary ; Darius Kingsley, Treasurer : E. W. Kingsley, S. D. ; A. Hartson, J. D. ; W. B. Partridge, Tiler. On the expiration of the year, a charter was granted, bearing date June 9, A. D. 1858, and of Masonry 5,858. The first place of meeting was in Partridge's hall, where they met for six years, when the place was changed to Way's hall, which Was occupied until January 11, 1867. At this date, they moved into their new hall, erected for their use by J. 0. Eaton. A public installation was held in the Presbyterian Church, and a supper prepared at the hall, by the ladies of the members of the order. In January, 1880, the membership of the lodge was sixty-two, at which time were elected and installed E. Andrews, W. M. ; J. E. Park, S. W. ; J. G. Patterson, J. W. ; A. Eaton, Treasurer ; J. S. Gardner, Secretary ; W. B. Pratt, S. D. ; William Cross, J. D. ; John Collins and Jacob Chrisler, Stewards; J. E. Mandeville, Tiler. Trustees— P. Perry, W. L. Wells, J. E. Parke. In twenty-three years, 157 persons were initiated into the lodge. CEMETERY. In June, 1855, James 0. Eaton purchased of James McCloud one and a half acres of ground lying southwest of the village, and had it surveyed and platted and gave it the name of Mount Pleasant Cemetery. The first laid to rest therein was a young man named George Palmer, and the next was his sister, Mrs. Reuel Noyes. The ground was consecrated for burial purposes in August, 1856. In September, 186':5, Mr. Eaton purchased another acre and a half, which he like- wise had laid out in lots, which were speedily disposed of. J. T. Hidden, June, 1871, also made an addition thereto, his plat conforming to that of Mr. Eaton. In twenty-five years this "city of the dead" has gradually increased its numbers, each year adding one or more. Beautiful head- stones and monuments mark the spot where the loved ones lie. Among the most attractive stones within this hallowed spot, is that of the soldiers' monument erected in 1868, and commemorating the death of the sons of Lodi, who fell in battle during the war of the rebellion. The inscrip- tion placed upon it is as follows : " To the memory of our brave volunteers, who gave their lives in defense of the Union, in the great rebellion of 1861. Dulce et decorum est pro p atria 788 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. mori.* Erected and dedicated by the town of Lodi, A. D. 1868." Twenty-three names are inscribed upon the monument. Fires. — The village has never experienced any very extensive conflagrations, but from time to time a small fire has broken out, entailing individual loss. The most extensive fire was that of the schoolhouse, March 28, 1878 (an account of which has already been given) incurring a loss of $12,000. The first fire was the dwelling-house of A. Hartson, February, 1857 ; loss $150. Other fires are summed up as follows : J. 0. Eaton, store building, March, 1859 ; loss, $1,000 ; Richard Lindsay, dwelling, August, 1869, $700 ; Dr. N. P. Bunnell, dwelling, October, 1873, $1,000; J. M. Bartholomew, dwelling, April 30, 1875, $500 ; S. M. Goodall, dwelling, 1876, $600 ; John Gavin, dwelling, 1877, $150 : school building, March 28, 1878, $12,000 ; R. R. Lloyd, dwelling, 1879, $600; .J. R. Collins, April 12, 1880, $300. The last was one long to be remembered, resulting in the death of three prominent men in the village. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon of the day mentioned, an alarm of fire startled the people of the village, who soon saw flames issuing from a small frame building a story and a half high, owned by Joseph R. Collins, and situated near the railroad. The fire was first discovered by a little girl of ten or twelve years of age, who was alone in the house at the time. She promptly gave an alarm, and the village bell was rung, arousing the inhabitants to an intense pitch of excitement, as a high wind was blowing at the time. There being no fire department in the village, the people could do nothing to check the flames, and devoted their energies to getting out the furniture and house- hold goods, nearly all of which were removed before the building appeared to be in a dangerous condition. The bottom part of a bookcase remained in the house, however, and John T. Hid- den, John Rathbun and Henry Harris rushed in after it, in spite of the protestations of their friends and neighbors, who all expressed fears that the building would fall, and tried hard to dissuade the men from the rash attempt. They had hardly disappeared through the door of the burning building, when to the horror of the crowd, the chimney toppled and fell, carrying the roof and ceiling down with it on the heads of the devoted men inside. After a few moments of thrilling suspense, which seemed like hours to the almost crazed people outside, Mr. Hidden was seen, crawling out of the building on his hands and knees, with his hair and clothing nearly all burned ofi", and his face and body so badly charred that he was almost unrecognizable. He stood erect when free from the build- ing, and called aloud for the people to throw water on him. A wagon was procured, and, aided by kind hands, the unfortunate man was conveyed to his home, and medical aid summoned. Drs. McKibbe and Irving were promptly on hand, and did everything possible to alleviate his suf- ferings. As soon as the fire had burned down -suflSciently to allow one to approach it, measures were taken to rescue the bodies of the other two victims of the fire fiend. Persistent effort was rewarded by the discovery of flie remains of Rathburn and Harris, so badly charred that they were unrecognizable, except by trinkets about them and articles found in the remnants of their clothing. The bodies were removed to Eaton's Hall, where Justice H. M. Ayer summoned a jury and held an inquest — a verdict of " accidental death " being returned. The building was totally consumed, but most of the furniture and valuables were saved by the efforts of the people. Mr. Harris was buried on Wednesday morning, at 10 o'clock, by Osseo Council of the Ancient Order of Mendotas, of which he was a member. The members of the council met at their hall, whence, most of them attired in black, and all wearing a white arrow with a black crape bow across the middle, led by the Sachem and Queen carrying arrows uplifted and crossed above their heads in front. These were followed by the Prophet and Priestess, the former of the two being appointed for the occasion, the rightful incumbent of that office being the occupant of the coffin and the hearse. The Prophet's arrow was draped entirely in black crape, while the others, and the spear also, carried by the White Eagle, were only partially draped. The *It ie sweet and Jiuiutrable to die for one's country. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 789 procession proceeded to the Methodist Church, where the services were conducted by Rev. Messrs Chapin and Brothers, and Rev. Dr. Barry, Mr. Brothers preaching the sermon. At the grave the ceremonies were few and simple, yet beautiful and expressive. The burial service of the M. E. Church was read, and the members of the Council passed around the grave, each depositing a sprig of evergreen therein. Mr. Rathbun's funeral was conducted at 2 o'clock P. M., under the auspices of Lodi Val- ley Lodge, F. & A. M., of which he was a member. The services were held at the Presby- terian Church, and were conducted by the same ministers as in the morning at the Methodist Episcopal Church, Dr. Barry preaching the sermon. Both the victims of this fire were men of steady, exemplary habits, and had acquired and retained the respect and good will of the people in a great degree, having long been residents of the village. Both leave widows to mourn their loss, and Mr. Rathbun leaves also a little girl fatherless. Mr. Hidden lingered on until Wednesday evening about 8 o'clock, when he. too, passed away. His death was hard and his struggles great. His strength was such it seemed he could not die, and the death agonies were long and protracted. He was surrounded at the last by his family and Masonic friends, who ministered tenderly to his wants, and did all that could be done for his comfort with full hearts and willing hands. Mr. Hidden was a man of great energy, promptness and decision of character. With him to think was to act, and whatever he believed right and expedient he was not backward in doing. He was honest and plain-spoken to all. If, like all men, he had his faults, they were largely overbalanced by the promptings and kind impulses of a large and generous heart. His sym- pathies were easily touched by a tale of woe, and many a poor, homeless wanderer has been indebted to his kindness for shelter and food, and " the blessings of him who was ready to perish " have frequently been due to him, whether given or not. In short, he was a large-hearted, generous, whole-souled man, and as such he will be mourned by this entire com- munity. The funeral took place at 2 o'clock P. M., 'on Thursday, when, for the third time since the Sunday morning previous, the Masonic Fraternity of Lodi were called out to perform the burial rites for brother Masons. The services were conducted by the same clergymen as were Rathbun's, the day before, the Rev. M. G. Todd, of Columbus, who had arrived in town that morning, also taking a part in the sad ceremony. The Masonic sei'vices were conducted at the grave in the usual impressive manner, and were participated in by quite a large number of Masons from Baraboo, and other towns in this and adjoining counties. The funeral procession was one of the largest and most imposing ever seen in Lodi. MISCELLANEOUS. Briggs House — When Judge Palmer laid out the village of Lodi, he began to consider the propriety of having a hotel started, as an inducement to travelers to call and view the fine location of the place and its vicinity. By the offer of a couple of lots, he induced Freedom Simons to undertake the work. In the winter of 1848, Mr. Simons commenced the building of what he intended as the L part, which was a story and a half, 16x24, and a leanto, 12x24, one story high. This he partially finished in time to occupy it, January, 1849. In the spring and summer, he put up a two-story front, 24x38, but left it in an unfinished condition and in the fall of that year sold to Samuel Ring, who at once rented it to William B. Partridge. In the sum- mer of 1850, James O. Eaton rented the house for two years, from the 1st of September. The house was yet unfinished, but was completed by Mr. Eaton, who erected a handsome sign, in the shape of a triangle, a form used by the Sons of Temperance for their badges and seal. The sign bore the inscription, " Lodi Hotel — J.O.Eaton." The house was well furnished for the times, and enjoyed a good reputation. On the expiration of Mr. Eaton's lease, the house was purchased 790 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTW by L. D. Barnes, who took possession and began the duties of host. The house next passed into the hands of George W. Lay, who was succeeded in order by Sydney Burlingame, Benjamin Colton, Daniel Mills, Daniel O'Herron and Stephen Lyon. The last named, probably to perpetuate his own name, changed the name to the " Lyon House," which name it bore while occupied by his successor, George T. Simons, who purchased the house, October, 1865, and who continued its proprietorship and management for four years, when it was sold to William Williams, the name, "Lyon House," still being retained. Mr. Williams, in a short time, sold to Alexander Woods, who moved back the entire house, and erected in front a large three-story building, which was certainly a credit to the place. The business not proving satisfactory to him, he sold to Mrs. Briggs, of Chicago. During his administration the house was known as the "Woods House." When Mrs. Briggs came into possession, she changed its name to , the "Briggs House," which name it still retained when it passed into the hands of George T. Simons, for the second time, in the fall of 1878. When Mr. Simons took possession, the upper part of the house was in an unfinished condition. He at once proceeded to finish the building, and furnished it in a style equal to any first-class house in the State. With well-furnished rooms, an excellent table, and the wants of every patron being fully met, the " Briggs House " soon obtained an excellent reputation, and has been a haven of rest to commercial and other travelers. Northwestern Hotel. — This house is located on Main Street, near the creek. The first part of the house was built at an early day, for the purpose of a woolen factory, but the out- look not being favorable, at that time, it was never put to the use for which it was intended. Its lower part was long used as a furniture-room, and its upper for the meetings of the Masonic Lodge, dances, etc. It finally passed into the hands of J. T. Hidden, who, in the fall of 1870, fitted it up for a hotel, after making very important additions thereto, enlarging it to more than double its original size. The house was well finished and has enjoyed a fair run of custom. Excelsior Mill. — This was the first grist-mill erected in the village as well as in the town. Its erection was commenced in the fall of 1848, by Samuel Ring, just below the junction of the two branches of Spring Creek, on Section 27. It has since been owned by Freedom Simons, James (>. Eaton, Adam Schoneberger, James H. Hill, Otto Heinrichs and Peter Kehl. The mill has always borne an excellent reputation, the quality of the flour manufactured being equal to any in the State. The general run of the mill has been on custom work. Lodi Mill. — This mill was erected in 1850, by Isaac H. Palmer. As first built, it had only one run of stone, another being added in 1857, at which time the mill was leased by Mr. Palmer, to A. Ambler, who ran it for five years, when Kibbey & Andrews rented and contin- ued the business for eighteen months, when E. Andrews alone leased it. In March, 1870, Mr. Andrews purchased the\mill from Mr. Palmer, and in 1872, rebuilt and made same valua- ble improvements. In 1878, farther improvements were made, another run of stone added for the manufacture of the patent flour, and an elevator built. This mill has usually been crowded to its utmost capacity with custom work, its trade extending for many miles in every direction from Lodi. Lodi Okeese Factory. — In February, 1873, John B. Dwinnell, John Foote and JH. C. Bradley had incorporated, under the general law, the Lodi Cheese Manufacturing Association, with capital stock of $2,000 divided into eighty shares of $25 each ; one-half only of which were issued and taken by about thirty persons. It was late in the season before the association was ready for work, but they made 30,000 pounds that year. J. B. Dwinnell was elected President; L. F. Warner, Secretary ; Thomas Albiston, Treasurer ; James A. Weiting, Superintendent of the manufactory. Average price realized for the season was 12i cents per pound. During the next six years, up to and including 1879, were made respectively, 70,000, 86,000, 114,000, 106,000, 132,000, and 96,000 pounds per year. For two years the association rented, but in 1875, it purchased necessary buildings, which they fitted up for their use with the best machin- ery to be obtained. The cheese has always brought the highest price in the market, bringing HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 791 from one to two cents a pound more than market quotations at time of sale. In 1878, at the international fair, in New York, all the cheese placed on exhibition was sold at auction and the Lodi cheese brought a cent and a half per pound more than any other. The association make none but full cream cheese. For several years, the great bulk of their sales were made for shipment to Liverpool. Its officers elected for 1880 were Job Mills, President and Secretary ; Thomas Albiston, Treasurer. Mineral Springs. — Lying within the village is a spring, the existence of which was well known at an early day, attention having been called to it because of the ferruginous deposits along the line of its flow, and also because of its strong styptic taste. Here all thought of it ended, and no attempt was made to ascertain its true character, or whether it was of medicinal value. Then Judge Palmer built his mill over it, and for many years it was hid from view. In the summer of 1878, while repairs were being made by the proprietor, Mr. Andrews, into whose hands it had passed, the effect of the water upon the workmen using it, led to an investiga- tion. With a view of ascertaining what were the mineral contents of the spring, the services of Dr. Barry, of the village, were secured, who reported, as a partial analysis, that the constituents of the water were carbonic acid gas, oxide of iron, carbonate of magnesia, chloride of lime, and chloride of sodium ; the iron especially being present in large per cent. Quite a number of persons in the village began using the water, with marked effect. S. M. Blake, M. D., of the village, in a communication in the Lodi Valley News, under date of January 29, 1879, wrote as follows : " In the short time that I have had the opportunity to observe the effects upon the system, I do not hesitate to state that its effects are more immediately perceptible than any other with which I am personally acquainted, being diuretic, laxative, and, in many cases, positively cathartic. As a remedial agent in diseases of the kidney and bladder, of an inflam- matory character, and in all cases of torpor of the portal circulation, or of liver complaint, I believe it to be a very efBcient remedy. This opinion is based upon the disinterested statements of those who have used it for the last few weeks, as well as upon the chemical analysis of Dr. A. C. Barry. We would also be led to look for decidedly tonic influences from its chalybeate char- acter, but more extensive observation is needed to speak positively as to this effect.*" Of well- known citizens who have used this water, I may be allowed to mention the names of Hon. Joel Pruyn and Rev. Father Maynard. For the last five years, he has been afllicted with chronic diseases of the kidney and bladder, compelled many times to seek aid from several different ' physicians, myself among the rest. He has also used the Bethesda water of Waukesha; but his present convictions are that the water from Andrews' spring ' beats us all ' in giving relief. Father Maynard, who is using it for the relief of coativeness and nervous debility, certifies to positively beneficial results." One gallon of the water was sent to Gustavus Bode, analytical chemist, of Milwaukee, for analysis, and he returned the following result : Chloride of sodium '. 0.3748 grains. Sulphate of soda 0.1843 " Bicarbonate of lime 10.7620 " Bicarbonate of magnesia 7.8643 " Bicarbonate of iron 0.6787 " .ilumina 0.24-57 " Silica 1.5360 " Organic mattM- 0.1536 " Mr. Bode reported, also, the water contained almost all the salts as bicarbonates, and was in this respect, as well as the small sulphates contained therein, similar to the Waukesha waters. In comparing the analysis of these waters with that of Bethesda Springs, of Waukesha, it is found they contain sixteen times as much bicarbonate of iron, and nearly two grains less organic matter. Other chemists have analysed the water with like results. John H. Tesh & Co., of Milwaukee, writing to Mr. Andrews, said: "I think you can safely recommend your spring water for any and all things that the Waukesha waters are recommended for, for the analysis proves them identical." 792 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Since the above was put in type the spring has been opened to its fountain head, and the following analysis made : Potassium sulphate 0.0234 .Sodium chloride 0.1983 Sodium sulphate 0.6007 Sodium bicarbonate 0..5338 Sodium pho9]>hale trace. Ciilciuni bicarbonate 15.0757 Magnesium bicarbonate ... 8.4447 Iron bicarbonate 0.6059 Aluminum oxide 0.0699 Silica (silicon dioxide) 0.3091 Total grains of solids in a gallon (231 cubic inches) 25.8616 Perils of the Ice. — Under date of December 2, 1876, the Columbus Democrat relates the following: "At noon on Friday of last week, the children at the district school, three miles north of the village of Lodi, while at play, went upon the newly formed ice upon the pond near the school premises. The ice gave way, and five of them fell into water seven feet deep, beneath which was a bottom of mud. The cry of alarm was raised, and fell upon the ears of Mr. John McCarton, the teacher, who proved to be a noble young man, as our correspondent declares him. He sprang to the rescue, pulled off his coat and leaped in. He was the fortunate instrument of saving two lives, one of the recovered being a little daughter of James Wilson, and the other a child of James Collins. The other three children clung so close to him in their wild afright that he was drawn under the water himself. Indeed, his own chance of escape was now very small, for he had become so nearly lifeless that he could not cling with his hands to the rope, which had, by this time, been cast to him, they had become so chilled ; but by seizing the rope with his teeth, his grasp was at length so tenacious that he was finally pulled out by that means. He was at once taken to the house of James Wilson, where he received every care, and has since recovered. Three children were drowned. One of them was a daughter of Mr. Dennis Maloney, and her age was thirteen. The other two were children of Mr. C. Flint, a a boy, aged eleven, and a daughter, aged fourteen. It is related that the brother gjt out once, and would have made good his escape but for his endeavors to rescue his sister. In so doing, he was pulled in again, and thus lost his own life in an unsuccessful attempt to save hers. The bodies of the drowned were dragged from the water on Friday evening, and taken to their homes for the last time. The funeral of Mr. Flint's son and daughter occurred at the Baptist Church, in Lodi, the Sunday following, and was very largely attended. The remains of Mr. Maloney's daughter were borne to the Catholic Church, at Rocky Run, on the same day, and Were also followed by a large procession." VILLAGE OF OKEE. BY AKETAS BAILEY. The first settler at Okee was Samuel Ring, who came and built the saw-mill in 1847. The mill passed through the hands of Z. Kipp, Blachley k Mathers, Blachley & Bailey, Bailey & Wells and T. S Wells. In 1858, T. S. Wells erected the present saw-mill on the east side of the creek and put in a planing-raill and circular saws in addition, devoting the .old mill to a mill for grinding feed. In 1869, Wells sold the mill power to John Brownrigg, uie present owner, who erected the present commodious grist-mill in 1875. Seth Bailey settled in Okee in 1854, be- coming joint owner in the saw-mill with Dr. Miller Blachley, and platted the village of Okee in 1858. Mrs. T. S. Wells built the first house after the village was platted. James R. Wells and Rebecca Harmon were the first wedded couple; and a little child of this couple was the first to die. The first school taught was in the year 1849, by Miss Eunice Kirk, in a room of Reuben Ring's house, who received for the three months' service the sum of $6. The first Postmaster appointed was Gideon Clark, April, 1858, E. W. Horton acting as Deputy; Gideon Clark not residing in the village. The following year, Isaac P. Cole started 'y ROCKY RUN, HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 795 the first store and acted as Deputy Postmaster for nearly three years, when he sold his place and removed. John Durant, then keeping a few groceries and notions, was appointed Deputy Postmaster under Clark until January, 1862, when he received the appointment of Postmaster. The following year, he removed from the village, Aretas Bailey then took the office as Deputy Postmaster under John Durant until March, 1866, when he received the appointment as Post- master, and is still the incumbent. The first and only schoolhouse was built in 1853. School was taught in that house the winter of 1853-54, by Miss Kate Bell, who received $12 for three months' service. There were eight dwelling-houses when the village plat was made. I. P. Cole started the first store, continued in business about three years. John Durant followed for two years with rather a limited stock. Samuel Woodley erected quite a large store- room adapted to general merchandise, but occupied it only as a grocery store for a period of five or si.x years. Miss C. M. Bailey commenced as a grocer in October, 1874, added dry goods in 1877, and is still in business. W. S. Stahl commenced business as a grocer in 1878, and is still in business. The lumber business has been the leading business of Okee. As late as 1856, the saw- mill had orders for long lumber from places as distant as Sun Prairie. The place has neVer had any saloons. In 1859, J. N. Fellows (in the height of the lumber trade) established a hotel, connecting a whisky bar, under a license from the Town Board of Lodi. A two years' trial compelled him to seek something diff'erent for a livelihood. A young man by the name of Ober shortly after came to the place with a keg of beer and opened to sell lunch and beer to those coming for lumber. Himself and wife drank the beer, and had not money enough to buy a second keg, so the business failed. The fire record of the place is rather remarkable ; one dwelling, that of J. J. Ross, and an outhouse of Mrs. C. Scott, are the only losses sustained since the first settlement of the place. The war record of Okee is remarkable. The village and a circuit of two miles fur- nished nineteen men for the army ; of these, two were killed in battle, two died from disease con- tracted in the service, and one, a starved prisoner, died of disease contracted before he reached his home after the close of the war. The remaining number all returned without serious mis- haps, although most bear some marks of their devotion to their country. The first child born in the village was H. H. Rogers', son of D. W. Rogers. BB 796 HISTORY OF COLUMP.IA COUNTY. CHAPTER XIV. Town of Lowville— Town of Marcellon— Town of Xewpout— Village of Xewport— Vil- lage OF KlLBOL'RN CiTY. TOWN OF LOWVILLE. On the organization of the county, in 1846, the north half of Township 11, Range 10. together with Townsliijis 13 and 12, same range, was made an election precinct and named Wyocena, while the south half of Township 11. Range 10, together with Township 10, Range 10. and east half of Township 10. Range 9. waS formed into another precinct under the name of Lowville, after Jacob Low. The name was afterward given to the town. At a meeting of the Board of County Commissioners, held in January, 1849, Townships 10 and 11, Range- 10, and the east half of Township 10, Range 9, was formed into a town and the name of Lowrille given to it. The house of Jacob Low was designated as the place for holding the first election. At a meeting of the County Board of Supervisors, held January 8, 1850, the town of Lowville was made to comprise only all of Township 11, Range 10, The first settlement made in this town was in 1843. During that and the following year, Jacob Stone. Jacob Low. Edward Clark and Jonathan Gilbert selected and built upon their claims. In 1845, Silas W. Herring. Henry Herring, John Barmore, Orin Rogers, S. J. Scott and Jefferson Waters came in. S. P. Webb, Claudius Evarts, Justice Worden and Joseph Snell came in 1846. Thomas McDonough Richards and Julia A. Webb were united in marriage on the 15th day of July, 1847. being the first couple married in the town. Emma, daughter of Claudius and Betsy Evarts, was born in May, 1847 — the first vhite child born in the town. The first death was that of Joseph Snell, who died July 30, 1848. In the summer of 1848, Julia Stevens taught a three-months term of school in a frame shanty, near the house of Jacob Low, on Section 32. At the same time. B. M. Webb taught a term on Section 5. These were the first schools in the town. In the fall of 1879, there were eight good schoolhouses, four of which were owned by the town and the remainder were held by joint districts with other towns. Elder William Cornell, in 1848, began the proclamation of the Word, his first discourse being at the house of Theodore Northrup, on Section 8. In September, 1849, he organized a Baptist Church, near where he first preached, with sixteen members. The first meetings were held in private houses, and, on completion of a schoolhouse on Section 5, the services were there held. For more than twenty years, the society met in this schoolhouse, when the place of meet- ing was chansred to Edmister's Schoolhouse, on Section 17. Elder Cornell was the first Pastor of the church, followed by Elder Evan Meredith, who for twenty years broke the bread of life to the congregation. Mr. Meredith was succeeded by Elder Enoch Pickering. About 1855, the Presbyterians began services in the town, meeting in different schoolhouses until 1862, when they erected a small but neat church edifice on Section 32. The society has been ministered to from time to time bv Revs. Lewis Strong, Lawrie, Gates, Gordon, Hutchinson, Bushnell, Barnes and Wall. In 1846, a post office was established on Section 32, Avith Jacob Low as first Postmaster. Mr. Low was succeeded, in order named, by Stephen Brayton, De Witt C. Strong, James Hall and William Ridgeway. The first mail route by which this office was sup]died was from Madi- son to Portage. Prior to the completion of the Northern Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, this route was extensively patronized by traveling men. Jacob Low con- verted his house into a hotel in 1846, continuing the same until 1853. Stephen Brayton, who HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 797 lived but a short distance from Mr. Low and who succeeded him as Postmaster, then entertained man and beast until 1856, when the stage line was discontinued and travel thus cut oif. In 1852, a store was started at the corners, near the post office, by Dr. C. Strong, and it was thought a village would here eventually grow up. But the bright anticipations of the Doctor and land-holders thereabouts had not been realized, up to March, 1880. The early settlers were occasionally troubled with claim jumpers, and the Claim Club was brought into requisition more than once. At a very early day, one Devendorf made a claim to a certain quarter, remained on it for a time, and then left, no one knew where. Being gone a considerable length of time it was considered he had abandoned his claim, and it was taken by another party. In the course of time Mr. Devendorf returned, erected a shanty on the claim and proceeded to make himself at home. He was ordered off by the Club, but refused to go ; therefore one night he received a visit from a dozen men, and was taken out to the marsh in a state almost similar to that in which he came into the world, and as the night was quite cool he soon agreed to do the bidding of the Club. There are two post offices in the town — Lowville and Rocky Run. This last office was established in 1851, with J. F. Hand as Postmaster. He was succeeded by Ella C. Curtiss, who is the present incumbent. The following comprise the town officers from 1849 to 1880 inclusive : 1849 — Stephen Brayton, Chairman; S. P. Webb, James Hinraan, Supervisors; Lemuel Page, Clerk ; Clark M. Young, Treasurer ; Jonathan Hibbard, Assessor ; William T. Bradley, School Superintendent. 1850 — Oliver C. Howe, Chairman; John A. Bannon, John J. Lewis, Supervisors; J. F. Hand, Clerk ; Silas W. Herring, Treasurer ; Jacob Townsend, Assessor ; Walter A. North- rup, School Superintendent. 1851 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; J. A. Bannon, Henry Lane, Supervisors ; J. C. Jay, Clerk ; Samuel Dunn, Treasurer; 0. C. Howe, Assessor; C. M. Curtis, School Superintendent. 1852 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; J. Brady, S. P. Webb, Supervisors ; P. L. Carman, Clerk ; J. Gilbert, Treasurer ; J. Townsend, Assessor ; William C. Bonstel, School Superin- tendent. 1853 — J. F. Hand, Chairman ; Giles Easton, L. G. Folsom, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; L. G. Folsom, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor ; William C. Bonstel, School Super- intendent. 1854 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; Orin Rogers, Birdsell Wheeler, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk; Samuel Wheeler, Treasurer; William C. Bonstel, Assessor; VVilliam C. Bonstel, School Superintendent. 1855 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; Birdsell Wheeler, 0. F. Rogers, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; William C. Bonstel, Assessor and School Superintendent. 1856 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; Michael Gallagher, Delos Bundy, Supervisors ; William C. Bonstel, Clerk ; N. W. Bennett, Treasurer ; J. W. Curtis, Assessor ; J. F. Hand, School Superintendent. 1857 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman; H. M. Delaney, R. Johnson, Supervisors; F. S. Henry, Clerk ; N. W. Bennett, Treasurer; F. C. Curtis, Assessor; J. F. Hand, School Superintendent. 1858 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman; Delos Bundy, H. M. Delaney, Supervisors ; F. S. Henry, Clerk ; S. R. Lane, Treasurer; F. C. Curtis, Assessor; J. F. Hand, School Superintendent. 1859 — J. F. Hand, Chairman ; Ole Wilson, Birdsell Wheeler, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk; H. Lane, Treasurer; F. C. Curtis, Asse-^sor; F. L. Henry, School Superintendent. 1860 — Delos Bundy, Chairman ; William H. Young, Nelson Wilson, Supervisors ; D. C. Strong, Clerk ; W. W. Curtis, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor ; F. L. Henry, School Super- intendent. 1861 — Delos Bundy, Chairman ; H. Lane, 0. C. Scovell, Supervisors ; D. C. Strong, Clerk ; W. W. Curtis, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor ; M. T. Alverson, School Superin- tendent. 798 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. 1862 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman; S. W. Herring, Henry Lane, Supervisors; M. T. Alverson, Clerk ; W. W. Curtis, Treasurer ; S. P. Webb, Assessor. 1863 — William H. Young. Chairman ; Adam Hall, Matthew Trout, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; W. \V. Curtis, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1864 — William H. Young, Chairman; Warren Gilbert, John Halpin, Supervisors; Sam- uel Dunn, Clerk ; W. W. Curtis, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1865 — William H. Young, Chairman : Adam Hale, John Halpin, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; W. W. Curtis, Treasurer; F. C. Curtis, Arsessor. 1866 — I. N. Brown, Chairman ; John Budd, Lewis Edmister, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; John Halpin. Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1867 — J. W. Henry, Chairman ; Elbridge Curtis, John Halpin, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; W. W. Curtis. Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1868 — S. W. Herring, Chairman ; Elbridge Curtis, Matthew Trout, Supervisors ; Sam- uel Dunn, Clerk ; William W. Curtis, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1869 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; Matthias Trout, James Price, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; VV. W. Curtis, Assessor. 1870 — William F. Young, Chairman ; Matthew Trout, Charles Woodford, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk: Thomas Smith, Treasurer; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1871 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman; F. M. Delaney, Eli Rosabaugh, Supervisors; James Price, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1872 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman ; William McNerney, Eli Rosabaugh, Supervisors ; James Price, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1873 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman ; Eli Rosabaugh, Daniel Scofield, Supervisors ; James Price, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; F. C. Curtis, Assessor. 1874 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman ; John Kearney, Daniel Scofield, Supervisors ; James ■Price, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; S. W. Herring, Assessor. 1875 — Samuel Dunn, Chairman ; M. Trout, Isaac Rosabaugh, Supervisors ; James Price, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; S. W. Herring, Assessor. 1876 — F. C. Curtis, Chairman ; M. Trout, L. C. Brown, Supervisors ; Joseph Townsend, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; E. Curtis, Assessor. 1877 — F. C. Curtis, ( 'hairman ; M. Trout, Nels. Wilson, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; Joseph Edmister, Treasurer ; William Young, Assessor. 1878 — F. C. Curtis, Chairmaiv; M. Trout, John Kearney, Supervisors; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer ; William H. Young, Assessor. 1879 — John Palmer, Chairman ; I. L. Curtis, Thomas Austin, Supervisors ; Joseph Townsend, Clerk ; Joseph Edmister, Treasurer ; William Evart, Assessor. 1880 — James Price, Chairman ; Matthias Trout, Nils Wilson, Supervisors ; Samuel Dunn, Clerk ; Thomas Smith, Treasurer. TOWN OF MARCELLON. On the 9th day of January, 1849, all of Township 13, Ranges 10 and 11, was organized into a town, and the name of Marcellon given to it, and McDonald's Hotel designated as the place for holding the first election. At the annual meeting of the Board of Supervisors in December following, Township 13, Range 11, was taken from the town leaving, as the territory of Marcellon, all of Township 13, Range 10. The first settler in the town was Francis B. Langdon, who located on Section 24, in Novem- ber, 1845. Case and Powell came soon after. P. Peckham came in March, in 1846, and E. Herod, William J. Ensign, Gilman H. Hoyt, came that same year, while, previous to 1849, quite a large number made here their homes, among wiiom were Samuel Seavy, John Seavy, Thomas D. Wallace, William H. Cahoon, George Brinkerhoff, William Bonny, Lawrence Van Duesan and Hiram Albee. The first marriage in the town was that of P. Peckham and Miss Austin, in October, 1847. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUjSTTT. 799 Death claimed the first victim in the person of Harriet Ensign. She was the daughter of William J. Ensign. Her remains were deposited on the farm and afterward removed to the cemetery at Marcellon, being the first burial therein. The first school in the town was taught by Leona Ensign in the summer of 1847, on Section 36. In 1879, there were four whole and eight joint districts, with seven school buildings, valued at $1,835, with accommodations for 367 pupils. The number in attendance during that year was 362, and the total amount paid in the districts, where there are school buildings, for the same peripd, was $1,148. The first religious services in the town were held on Section 1, at the house of Mr. Powell in June, 1846. Elder Wedge, a Baptist minister, was the pioneer preacher of the Gospel, and addressed the audience on this occasion. The first church organized was the Protestant Methodist at Marcellon Post Office, in 1849. Rev. Mr. Cassell was the organizer, and meetings were held in the schoolhouse. No church edi- fice was ever erected. The congregation disbanded in a short time, the greater portion of the members afterward uniting with the Methodist Episcopal Churcli at Pardeeville. In 1879, there were two churches in the town, the Methodist Episcopal brethren having one on Section 7, and the Baptists one on Section 5. The first winter Francis B. Langdon was here he lived in a small log house in which there was no window, and but one door. To obtain flour and meal for the use of the family, he had to go either to Beaver Dam, Columbus or Waupun, it requiring several days to make the journey, and, when arriving at his destination, there was no certainty of obtaining a supply. On the 20th day of November, 1850, was organized the Marcellon Cemetery Association, with Nathan Beach, George Babcock, James D. Carr, Gilman H. Hoyt, A. L. Crippin and William J. Ensign, Trustees. The association purchased of Thomas D. Wallace two acres off the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 36, for cemetery purposes. In 1872, another acre was added to the original plat. The daughter of William J. Ensign, whose death has been previously mentioned, was the first here buried. Marcellon Post Office was located on Section 36, on the main thoroughfare between Mil- waukee and Portage, and around the office grew up, between the years 1849 and 1857, quite a little village, the greater part of which was located on the lands of William J. Ensign and Andrew Lipe. During this time there were here three general stores, with other kinds of busi- ness sufficiently represented to meet the wants of the community. On the completion of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, which was run three miles south, the place ceased to exist. The first house built in the village was by Gilman Hoyt, fhe second by William J. Ensign, the third by S. G. McDowell. A. P. Lipe built the first hotel, und provided "entertain- ment for man and beast," for a number of years. The post office was established in 1849, with William Wallace as the first Postmaster. Mr. Wallace was succeeded successively by William Greens, George Janes, A. P. Lipe, T. Wade, J. W. Campbell, G. Hoyt, P. C. Heath, William Herreman and Mrs. M. I. Lock wood ; the latter of whom was in possession of the office in February, 1880, at which time mail was received twice a week from Pardeeville. Marcellon is bounded on the east by Scott, on the west bj' Fort Winnebago, on the south by Wyocena, and on the north by Marquette County. The town has a rolling surface, is in some parts very heavily drift-covered, is almost with- out marsh or prairie, and, lying almost wholly within the area of the Potsdam sandstone, presents a generally low and sandy soil. The Fox River crosses the southeast corner of the town, and two small head-streams of French Creek, a tributary of the Fox, traverse the western section. Bellefountain Post Office was established in 1850, some two miles north of its present loca- tion, on Section 14, with James H. Bonney as Postmaster. Between 1850 and 1859, the office was moved three times, with Horace Carpenter and Mr. Kelly as Postmasters. In 1859, James Aldrich was appointed, and the office was removed within a 'half-mile of its present location. In 1863, Henry Neef succeeded Mr. Aldrich, and, in turn, was succeeded by E. C. West in 1869. 800 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. On tlie 18th ilay of Fcbru:u-y, 1859, Rev. D. C. Miller organized the Scott and Marcellon Free-Will Baptist Church. Services have been held alternately in the Barden Schoolhouse, in the town of Scott, and Comstock Schoolhouse, in this town. In the spring of 1880, a church house was erected on the line dividing the two towns, but in the town of Scott. Midland Post Office is located upon Section 3, and was established in 1847, with Robert McKay as Postmaster. William Meacher was appointed in 1867, and is the present Post- master. The first entry of land was by L. Foote and Charles McDougal October 11, 1836; patent issued November 7, 18.37, for the southwest ijuarter of Section 31, containing 144 acres. In 1864, a Methodist Episcopal class was formed at the stone schoolhouse, on Section 5, but the first preaching by a minister of that denomination was by Rev. Joseph Bolton, at a schoolhouse on Section 18. Mr. Bolton organized the class mentioned, and ministered unto them during his stay on the circuit. He was succeeded, in the order named, by Revs. T. M. Ross, M. Peck, Edward Bronson, Jabez B. Cole, 0. B. Clark, William Jones, William Cook, John A' arty and W. F. Stright. The Methodist Episcopal Church on Section 7, known as the Goodman Church, was built in 1869. The building committee were Farnsworth, Morrison, Dunbar, Goodman and D. S. Woodworth. The Baptists have a church on the southwest quarter of Section 5, which was built in 1869. Mitchell, Rounds, Cocker, Loomer, Dates and Wood- worth were active in its construction. Hiram Albee, of whom mention has been made as an early settler, died on the 8th day of May, 1878. The Portage Jiegistei- thus speaks of him : " The late Hiram Albee was one of Marcellon's oldest and most valued citizens. He was born at Wardsboro, Windham Co. Yt., February 13, 1812 ; although he was one of ten children and his parents were very poor, he man- aged by means of his natural abilities and industry to acquire considerable education, as is shown by his teaching during his life twenty terms of district school ; a large number of men and women can testify to his faithfulness and efficacy as a teacher. In 1828, he emigrated to New York and then married May J. Barrett, of Broad Albion, in that State. " He remained in New York until 1846, when he removed to Wisconsin, and in 1847, he settled at Marcellon, where he spent the remainder of his days. He was identified with the organization of this town and was its second town Superintendent, which office he held for three terms. He was also Deputy Provost Marshal during the late war, and was Justice of the Peace for more than twelve years. He died as he had lived for many years, a member in good and regular standing of the Close Communion Baptist Church, and to this church, as well as to the community and his sosrowing family his death is a great loss. He leaves an aged wife and eight children : W. C. Albee, of Marcellon ; Emily A. Ross, wife of Henry Ross, Barron County ; Euretta McDonald, wife of Marion McDonald, Furnass County, Neb.; George W. Albee, of Ben- ton County, Iowa ; Morette Dean, wife of Charles Dean, Barron County, Wis.; D. J. Albee, Port- age, Wis.; Gurdetta Ilerreman, wife of Ivin Herreman, of Marcellon, and Fagette Albee, ofMar- cellon. The funeral was held at the late residence of deceased in Marcellon, and was conducted by Elder Thomas Yule of this city, and the singing was led by David G. Muir, in pursuance of a request of Mr. Albee previous to his death." The following is a list of town officers from the organization of the town to the present time : 1849 — Mathew W. Patton, Chairman ; John Meddaugh, Samuel Seavey, Supervisors ; Thomas D. Wallace, Clerk ; Oilman H. Hoyt, Assessor ; John Seavy, Treasurer ; James M. Hoyt. School Superintendent. 1850 — John Seavy, Chairman ; Thomas D. "Wallace, William H. Cahoon. Supervisors ; George BrinkerhofT, Clerk; William Bonny, Treasurer; Lawrence Van Dueson, Assessor; Hiram Albee, School Superintendent. 1851 — Moses F. Case, Chairman: Samuel Hovey, James M. Hoyt, Supervisors ; William H. Cahoon, Clerk; Martin M. Williams, Treasurer; James D. Cann, E. A. McDowell, Assessors ; 0. D. Coleman, School Superintendent. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. ' 801 1852 — Jacob Rood, Chairman; Elmon Barker, Gilinan H. Hoyt, Supervisors; S. G. McDowell, Clerk ; James D. Carr, Treasurer ; Nathan Beach, Assessor ; 0. D. Coleman, School Superintendent. 18-53 — Ebenezer Williams, Chairman ; David Wyman, E. A. McDowell, Supervisors ; Morris S. Williams, Clerk ; E. A. McDowell, Jacob Rood, Assessors; John Seavy, Treasurer: P. C. Heath, School Superintendent. 1854 — E. A. McDowell, Chairman ; Darius Pierce, Ovid French, Supervisors ; S. A. Knapp, Clerk ; Ovid French, J. S. Blodgett, Elmon Barker, Assessors ; Elam McDowell, Treasurer ; 0. D. Coleman, School Superintendent. 1855 — John Seavy, Chairman ; Simon Hoyt, H. J. Prescott, Supervisors ; B. A. Knapp, Clerk ; William Meacher, Nathan Beach, Assessors ; E. McDowell, Treasurer ; J. M. Hoyt, School Superintendent. 1856 — ^M. F. Cass, Chairman; E. G. Chase, H. J. Prescott, Supervisors; S. A. Knapp, Clerk ; William Meacher, Nathan Beach, Assessors ; E. M. McDowell, Treasurer : 0. D. Cole- man, School Superintendent. 1857 — James H. Bonney, Chairman ; Martin M. Williams, Edwai-d Leighton, Supervisors : Rufus Comstock, Clerk ; Elam McDowell, Treasurer ; Josiah Pierce, S. A. Knapp, Assessors ; J. C. Blodgett, School Superintendent. 1858 — James H. Bonney, Chairman : James H. Blodgett, P. C. Heath, Supervisors : Rufus Comstock, Clerk ; Martin M. Williams, Treasurer ; William Meacher, Merrell H. Smith, Assessors ; J. C. Blodgett, School Superintendent. 1859 — M. M. Williams, Chairman ; Edward Leighton, W. W. Comstock, Supervisors ; C. C. Chappie, Clerk ; F. B. Langdon, Treasurer ; M. F. Cass, Assessor ; Hiram Allen, School Superintendent. I860 — S. A. Knapp, Chairman; N. Beech, R. D. Tasker, Supervisors; F. McGuire, Clerk; A. Smith, Treasurer; William Meacher, School Superintendent. 1861 — S. A. Knapp, Chairman ; R. D. Tasker, G. W. Allen, Supervisors ; E. G. Chase, Clerk; S.Herreman, Treasurer ; M. H. Smith, Assessor; Hiram Albee, School Superintendent. 1862 — Nathan Beach, Chairman ; William Meacher, G. C. Hopkins, Supervisors ; M. S. Williams, Clerk ; S. A. Knapp, Treasurer ; William Meacher, Assessor. 1863 — James M. Hoyt, Chairman ; W. W. Comstock, H. H. Chapman, Supervisors ; E. G. Chase, Clerk ; Samuel Herriman, Treasurer ; P. C. Heath, Assessor. 1864 — Phillip Loomis, Chairman ; 0. S. Ensign, W. W. Comstock, Supervisors ; E. G. Chase, Clerk ; Jackson Kohler, Treasurer ; Hiram Albee, Assessor. 186.5 — William Meacher, Chairman; G. H. Hoyt, James C. Morrison, Supervisors; H. Albee, Clerk ; William Woodford, Treasurer ; William Meacher, Assessor. 1866 — L. A. Bliss. Chairman; L. H. Cass, G. W. Allen, Supervisors; Henry Neef, Clerk ; Edward Leighton, Treasurer ; Henry Preston, Assessor. 1867 — L. A. Bliss, Chairman : R. D. Tasker, G. W. Allen, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk ; Rufus Comstock, Treasurer and Assessor. 1868 — C. W. Beach, Chairman; G. S. Dunbar, W. W. Comstock, Supervisors; Henry Neef, Clerk ; L. A. Bliss, Treasurer and Assessor. 1869 — George S. Dunbar, Chairman : W. W. Comstock, R. D. Tasker, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk ; H. H. Preston, Treasurer ; M. H. Smith, Assessor. 1870 — Hiram Albee, Chairman ; E. C. West, Frank Fuller, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk ; William Herriman, Treasurer : William Meacher, Assessor. 1871 — Hiram Albee, Chairman ; John Moran, Frank Fuller, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk; William Herriman, Treasurer; William Meacher, Assessor. 1872 — Hiram Albee, (^'hairman ; John Moran, D. B. Herreman, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk ; William Herriman, Treasurer ; William Meacher, Assessor. 1873 — Hiram Albee, Chairman ; John Moran, D. B. Herreman, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk ; Asa Smith, Treasurer ; William Meacher, Assessor. 802 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1874 — Hiram Albee, Chairman ; John Moran, D. B. Herreman, Supervisors ; Henry Neef, Clerk: William Herreman, Treasurer; William Meacher, Assessor. 1875 — Hiram Albee, Chairman; John Moran, D. B. Herreman, Supervisors; Henry Neef, Clerk; William Herreman. Treasurer; William Meacher, Assessor. 1876 — 0. D. Coleman, Chairman; Isaac Beach, Zadoc Waite, Supervisors; Henry Neef. Clerk ; Asa Smith, Treasurer ; William Meacher, Assessor. 1877 — 0. D. Coleman, Chairman: C. Cole, Z. Waite, Supervisors ; Amos Cannon, Clerk ; Asa Smith, Treasurer : Stephen Woodard, Assessor. 1878. — Asa Smith, Chairman: Levi Reeves, John Moran, Supervisors; A. A. Cannon, Clerk ; Christopher Cole, Treasurer ; Elon Woodard. Assessor. 1879 — Asa Smith, Chairman ; William Barry, John Moi-an, Supervisors ; A. A. Cannon, Clerk ; H. M. Preston, Treasurer ; AVilliam Meacher. Assessor. 1880 — Asa Smith, Chairman; William Carry, Henry Cuff, Supervisors; A. A. Cannon,^ Clerk ; Christopher Cole, Treasurer : William Meacher, Assessor. TOWN OF NEWPORT. This town includes all of the west half of Township 13 north, of Range 7 east, lying north of the Wisconsin, and so much of the east half of Township 13 north, of Range 6 east, as lies north and east of that river. The first settler was Alonzo B. Stearns, who came here in March, 184'J, and located on Section 17. Mr. Stearns erected a small log cabin, and commenced to clear the land for a farm. The second person to settle in the town was Marvin Mason, followed by E. A. Toles, E. A. Toles. Jr., and Mr. Abbott. These all came in the spring of 1849. The first child born in the town was Lena Oleson, daughter of Mary and Ole Arenson, December 26, 1849, at the house of J. Thompson. The first marriage was that of "Big " Swain Tollison and Tony Gunder. The happy couple were poor in this world's goods, and there being no one in the neighborhood authorized to perform the marriage ceremony, they went on foot in search of a priest. Crossing the river, where the village of Newport was afterward located, the lady was left in the care of Mr. Gilson and family, and the gentleman proceeded to Delton and secured the services of Elder Topping to unite them in wedlock. Not having any money to satisfy the Elder, Mr. Tollison agreed to pay him in hay some time during the next season : but it required a gentle reminder from the good man before he secured his dues. The town did not fill up very rapidly with settlers, and it was not until the winter of 1853—54 that a schoolhouse was built. In the spring of 1854, Miss Frances M. Howard taught the first school, at a salary of §2.25 per week. The schoolhouse was located on Section 7. The first sermon preached in the town was at the house of A. B. Stearns, July 5, 1852, the occasion being the death of L. W. Stearns. Elder Dickens, a Wesleyan Methodist, was the officiating clergyman. The first sermon preached in the English language, where people assem- bled for religious purposes, was at the house of E. A. Toles, Jr., in March, 1853, and was deliv- ered by Elder Anderson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Hospitality was a distinguishing trait of almost every early settler. Marvin Mason, with his wife, two children, and a brother of Mrs. Mason, William Pixley, lived together in a cabin 14x16 feet. A. B. Stearns and Mr. Abbott boarded with them, and when E. A. Toles and wife, E. A. Toles, Jr., wife and two children, came out, they also stopped with Mr. Mason, and all lodged in that cabin until the Toles' could erect themselves a house. There were several Norwegians who were early settlers of this town. Some of them located there in the fall of 1849, among whom were Peter Juleson and family, Swain Tollison, J. Thompson, Paul Anderson, Swain Thompson, Iver Inglebretson, Hans Peterson, George Peter- son, Kittle Kittleson and Osman Jensen. They are a thrifty class of people, and are generally held in high esteem by their American neighbors. The first religious services in the town were HISTORY OF COLIMBIA COUNTY. 803 held by them in 1852. At this time they organized a society, to which was given the name of Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church. In April, 18.57, a lot was selected on the northwest quarter of Section 20, and the erection of a church was begun, and soon after completed and opened for worship. The entire work was accomplished by volunteer labor. Rev. H. A. Preus was the first Pastor, and labored with the congregation for fifteen years. The Rev. E. J. Peter- son has served since December, 1879. Newport was taken from the town of Fort Winnebago, and organized as a new town, on the loth of November, 18.52, by the County Board of Supervisors. At the time the town was set off, the Wisconsin River was quite high, and occasionally boats would run up and effect a land- ing on the site of the village that was then being surveyed, and the old settlers were asked to select a name. The name of Newport was suggested, as here a new port was being made by the boatmen. The name was accepted, and the village and town were called by it. The first election was held at the house of James Christie, the first Monday in April, 1853. The following are the names of the officers elected since the organization of the town : 1853 — James Christie, Chairman ; Andrew Washburn, Perry Woodworth, Supervisors ; Joseph Bailey, Town Clerk ; E. W. Bradley,' Treasurer ; Charles Bowen, Assessor. 1854 — Edward A. Tolls, Jr., Chairman ; John Cone, Herman Bradway, Supervisors ; Thomas Laffan, Town Clerk; Alonzo B. Stearns, Treasurer: H. H. Beardsley, Assessor. 1855 — Samuel H. Baker,'- Chairman ; Peter Rafferty, David Cone, Supervisors ; Thomas Laffan, Town Clerk ; Isaac Andrews,^ Treasurer ; Elbridge Walker, Assessor. 1856 — Edward Dawes, Chairman ; David Cone, Paul Anderson, Supervisors ; Thomas Laffan, Town Clerk ; Alonzo B. Stearns, Treasurer ; Thomas Laffan, Assessor. 1857 — Edward Dawes, Chairman ; David Cone, Paul Anderson, Supervisors ; Thomas Laffan, Town Clerk; Thomas Laffan, Treasurer; Jacob Sterenberger, Assessor. 1858 — Edward T. Hookm-, Chairman ; Stewart Blood, John Stuvell, Supervisors ; J. H. Foote,* Town Clerk; H. H. Beardsley, Treasurer; H. McDonald, Jacob Frey, Elbridge Walker, Assessors. 1859 — Jonathan Bowman, Chairman ; William Porter, David Stilhvell, Supervisors ; Clin- ton D. Woodruff, Town Clerk ; H. H. Beardsley, Treasurer ; Daniel B. Kuney, .Jacob Steren- berger, Stewart Blood, Assessors 1860 — John W. King, Chairman ; .John Tanner, Osmond Jenson, Supervisors ; William A. Gardner,' Town Clerk ; Halvor Severson, Treasurer ; Emory W. Wait, Assessor. 1861 — John W. King, Chairman ; John Tanner, Osmond Jenson, Supervisors ; J. Jackson Brown, Town Clerk ; Halvor Severson, Treasurer ; Jacob Sterenberger, Rockwell M. Thomp- son, Amplius Chamberlin, Assessors. 1862 — ^Robert Herren, Chairman; Nathaniel Van Alstine, Osmond Jenson, Supervisors; Abram R. Dixon, Town Clerk ; Seth Knowles, Treasurer ; Perry G. Stroud, Irving W. York, Halvor Severson, Assessors. 1863 — Robert Herren, Chairman ; Hans Petersen, Anfend Nelson, Supervisors ; G. A. Corning, Town Clerk ; A. L. Proescher, Treasurer; F. Heberlein, Alonzo B. Stearns, Osmond Jenson," Assessors. 1864 — George H. Daniels, Chairman ; Hans Peterson, John Lynch, Supervisors ; Edwin R. Herren, Town Clerk ; A. L. Proescher, Treasurer ; Henry M. Whitney,' Martin Nelson, George F. Noble, Assessors. 1865 — Irving W. York, Chairman ; Anfend Nelson, Charles Teshner, Supervisors : Char- les A. Noyes,"* Town Clerk; Charles Mceller, Treasurer; Amplias Chamberlin, Martin Nelson, Assessors. 1. E. W. Bradley failed to qualify and Charles K. Gile was duly appointed and qualified. 2. Mr. Bilker qualified, and afterward, during hid term, removed from the towu, and Edward Oawes was duly elected to the office in his place. 3. Mr. Andrews failed to qualify and Thomas Laffan was appointed in his stead. 4. C. D. Woodruff, Deputy Town Clerk, appears to have performed Ilie duties of Town Clerk, during the term. ■">. Mr. Gardner acted as Clerk durinj; part ot the term ; J. Jack.iou Brown (appointee) dunug the remainder. 6. Mr. Jenson failed to qualify, and D. B. Kuney was appointed in his stead. 7. Mr. Whitney failed to qualify, and E. .\. King was appointed in his stead. 8. Mr. Noyea resigned December 13, 1S65, and Thomas B. Coon was appointed in his stead. 804 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. ' 186ij — Irving W. York,' Chairman ; Benjamin D. Dawes, Anfend Nelson, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk ; Charles Mceller, Treasurer ; Amplias Chamberlin, Alonzo B. Stearns, Assessors. 1867 — Robert Herren. Chairman ; Charles Teshner, Osmond Jenson, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk; Charles Mte'ler, Treasurer; Amplias Chamberlin, Frank Hill, Halvor Severson, Assessors. 1868 — Robert Herren, Chairman ; Charles Teshner. Hans Peterson, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk ; Charles Mueller, Treasurer ; Amplias Chamberlin, Alonzo B. Stearns, Henry Howard, Assessors. 1869-— George H. Daniels, Chairman: George Ribenack, Anfend Nelson.' Supervisors ; Michael GrifBn, Town Clerk ; Henry M. Whitney, Treasurer ; Amplias Chamberlin, Assessor. 1870 — George Smith, Chairman ; George Ribenack, Anfend Nelson,'' Supervisors ; Michael GrifBn, Town Clerk; Henry M. Whitney, Treasurer; George H. Daniels,' Assessor. 1871 — George Smith, Chairman; John N. Schmitz, John Mylrea. Supervisors; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk ; Henry M. Whitney, Treasurer: William A. Ramsey. Assessor. 1872 — George Smith,'' Chairman : John Mylrea, John N. Schmitz, Supervisors : Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk ; Amplias Chamberlin. Treasurer : W;lliam A. Ramsey, Assessor. 1873 — Irving W. York, Chairman ; John N. Schmitz. Anfend Nelson, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk: Amplias Chamberlin, Treasurer: William A. Ramsey, Assessor. 1874 — Amplias Chamberlin, Chairman ; Anfend Nelson, George Ribenack, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk : John R. Snider, Treasurer : William A. Ramsey, Assessor. 1875 — Irving W. Y'ork, Chairman: George Ri'^enack, Anfend Nelson. Supervisors; Michael Griffin, Town Clerk ; John R. Snider, Treasurer ; William A. Ramsey, Assessor. 1876 — Irving W. Y'ork, Chairman : John N. Schmitz, Martin Nelson, Supervisors: Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk : Marcius A. Rublee, Treasurer; Frank Hill, Halvor Seversen,'' J. Henry Guyer,' Assessors. 1877 — Irving W. Y^ork, Chairman: John N. Schmitz, Thomas Hanson, Supervisors; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk : Marcius A. Rublee, Treasurer : Frank Hill, Assessor. 1878 — Irving W. Y'ork, Chairman: John N. Schmitz, Thomas Hanson, Supervisors; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk : Marcius A. Rublee, Treasurer : William A. Ramsey, Assessor. 1879 — Irving W. Y'ork, Chairman : John N. Schmitz, Thomas Hanson, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk ; Marcius A. Rublee, Treasurer ; Frank Hill, Assessor. 1880 — Irving W. Y^ork, Chairman : Thomas Hanson, R. B. Rose, Supervisors ; Thomas B. Coon, Town Clerk: George A. Boyd, Treasurer: Frank Hill, Assessor. From the organization of the town until 1858, it was Democratic in politics, since which time it has gone Republican at every annual election. The town of Newport, like Fort Winnebago and Lewiston, presents the usual sandy soil. In Township 13, Range 6, and Township 13, Range 7, the ground raises rapidly towards the north and west, so that on the north side of the town it attains elevations considerably over 400 feet, being well upon the high ground which encircles the plain of Adams and Juneau Counties. The eastern portion of the town, extending into the town of Lewiston, is occupied by a large tamarack marsh, four miles across, from north to south, and three from east to west. Along the west side of the town are the walls of the lower part of the " Dalles of the Wisconsin." VILLAGE OF NEWPORT. In 1850, Joseph Bailey made claim to a quarter-section of land on Section 15, Township 13 north, Range 6 east, lying upon the east bank of the Wisconsin River, in the present I. Mr. York faUeU lo i)Uiitif,v, and Mr. Benjamin D. Dawes. Supen-iaor, perfornied the duties of Chairman during the term. *2. Mr. Nelson failed to qualify, and George Smith was appointed in ilia place. U. Mr. Nelson failed to iinalifv, and John M.vlrea was appointed in his stead. 4. Mr. Daniels fulled to qualify, and Daniel B. Kutointed in his stead. 5. Mr. Smith removed from the town during the term, and Irving W. York wa« appointed in his stead March 26, 1873. 6. Mr. Seversen failed to qualify. 7. Mr. Guyer failed to qualify. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 805 town of Newport. In 1851, Jonathan Bowman, then a young lawyer, just graduated from the law school at Balston Springs, in company with Dr. George W. Jenkins, who had just received his diploma from the medical college at the University of New York, came to the place. Mr. Bowman suggested that here would be a fine site for a village. The river would affoi'd good water-power for all the mills that could be erected upon its bank, and should a railroad ever be run between Milwaukee and La Crosse, coming upon a direct line, it would cross the river at this point. Mr. Bailey, at this time, was a young man with considerable energy but little money, and he proposed to Mr. Bowman that if he would advance the cash to build a small warehouse, and pay for the land he had selected, when it came into market he should have con- veyed to him the undivided half and the two would have it surveyed and platted for a village. The proposition was accepted. About the same time that Mr. Bailey located upon the east side of the river, Edward Norris, John Marshall, Joseph Kendrick and William Steele, secured the title of the land upon the west side, in Sauk County. The proposition of Mr. Bowman was also viewed favorably by these gentlemen, and all afterward joined in building up the village. In 1852, a charter was obtained from the Legislature, authorizing the construction here, of a bridge across the river, which was to serve as a highway for commerce and travel. Durinof that year, the La Crosse & Milwaukee (now the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul) Railroad was chartered. Byron Kilbourn became its President. Steps were at once taken, by the proprie- tors of the prospective village, to secure the crossing of the road at this place, and to their propositions the President gave a satisfactory reply. The Legislature of the State, in 1853, passed an act authorizing John Marshall, Joseph Bailey, Edward Norris, Jonathan Bowman, Joseph Kendrick, Charles Bowen and James Chris- tie to construct a dam across the river on the north half of Sections 15, Township 1-3, Range 6 east. The act further authorized them to erect and use mills and other machinery ; to con- struct and use wharves and other buildings ; to make and use races and other water-courses on such lands as it might be necessary thus to use, or in any manner to make use of the water for hydraulic purposes. By entry and private purchase, Bailey & Bowman had obtained 400 acres of land, and on the passage of this act, they proceeded to survey and plat a portion of it. They gave their village the name of Newport. Then the owners of the land on the west side of the river also laid out a village which they called Dell Creek. Lots in Newport were no sooner placed in mar- ket than purchasers were found at really exorbitant prices, and the summer of 1854 witnessed the erection of a number of dwellings and business houses. The population rapidly increased until the summer of 1855, when the village contained about 1,500 inhabitants, with thirteen large stores, three hotels and other business houses. As a further inducement to secure the crossing of the railroad at this place, Bailey & Bowman agreed to make a transfer of the undivided half of the 400 acres owned by them to Byron Kilbourn, President of the company. The incorporators of the dam also agreed to assign to him their charter. Kilbourn sent Garret Vliet. to perfect this arrangement in the name of the latter, which was faithfully carried out on the part of Bailey & Bowman and the incorporators of the dam, the only consideration being that they required Mr. Vliet to give two bonds, in the sum of $100,000 each, providing thdi, in case the road should not cross the river at this point, that amount should be forfeited by him to cover damages sustained by the parties executing the deed and transfer. Kilbourn, through his representative, Mr. Vliet, was also bound to build the dam as provided by the charter. Bailey, Bowman and Vliet now proceeded to survey and plat the remainder of the 400 acres, extending the limits to the village from Section 15 to Section 4, in the present town of Newport, a distance of a mile and a half along the east bank of the river and one half-mile back, overlapping a portion of present village of Kilbourn City. When it became known that additional territory was being platted, it gave a new impetus to every kind of business, especially in the sale of lots, which changed hands rapidly at advanced 806 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. rates. In some cases parties would double their money in twenty-four hours' time, and holders of lots did not know whether or not to dispose of them. The name of Newport was considered too tame, and it was changed to Wisconsin City. This it retained but a short time, when, by act of the Legislature, it was changed back to Newport. Shortly after the transfers previously mentioned, Vliet, acting in behalf of the parties in whose interest it was made, began the construction of the dam, but accomplished very little in the mat- ter, as it was thought best, in order to avoid individual responsibility for any damage that might arise from overflow or other causes, that the work should be done by a company ; therefore, on petition, the Legislature passed an act authorizing Garret Vliet, Andrew Dunn, Anson Eldred, John Anderson and John B. Vliet, and all who should become associated with them, to become a body corporate under the name of the "Wisconsin River Hydraulic Company," and as such cor- poration to have perpetual succession, to be capable of suing and being sued, pleading and being impleaded, answering and being answered unto, both in law and ecjuity, in all courts, and of making and entering into contracts with all parties ; of purchasing, holding and conveying real, personal and mixed estates ; of having a common seal and making and changing the same at pleasure; of appointing all such officers, agents and servants as to them might seem necessary and proper for (Conducting the business and protecting the interests of the corporation, and pre- scribe the compensation to be paid for all services rendered by the persons so appointed ; and generally to do all such acts and things as might be necessary for carrying out the objects of the corporation. The company was also authorized to erect a dam across the Wisconsin River on Sections 9, 10 and 15, or either of them, in Township 13 north, Range 6 east, in counties of Columbia and Sauk, but not so high as to interfere with the navigation of the river by rafts, logs or lumber, and to erect and use mills, manufactories and other machinery of whatever kind, to construct and use booms, wharves, storehouses and other buildings, to make and use races and otlier water-courses, and tomakeuseof the water for hydraulic purposes, and to authorize the same to be done by other parties for a consideration to be agreed on by and between the corporation and such other parties as might desire to be interested therein. To this company, Mr. Vliet conveyed the real estate secured from Bailey & Bowman, as well as the charter for the building of the dam, and the company assumed in its name the bonds given to Bailey & Bowman and the originators of the dam. A survey of the new railroad was made with Newport as a point upon the line, and it was said that every agreement made with Mr. Vliet was to be carried out in good faith, therefore vil- lage lots continued to advance in price. Holders of real estate in proximity to the village also held the same at high figures, and some, whose lands would be overflowed by the construction of the dam, gave notice they should expect quite large sums for "flowage." This proceeding alarmed the members of the hydraulic company, who feared their profits would thus be cut short. As they were under bonds to complete the dam, and also to cause the railroad to cross the river at this place, they feared they were at the mercy of tiiose who might make claims for damages. In this extremity, they proposed to those to whom they had given bonds to surrender the same, assuring them that the railroad would undoubtedly cross at this point, that it was to their interest it should do so, and that their only reason for making the request was that they could make better terms with those who should lay claim for damages arising from the overflow of their lands. If it should be known by these parties that the hydraulic company was under no pecuniary obligation to have the road constructed through the village, they would not be so ex- orbitant in their demands. As Bailey &; Bowman, together with the incorporators of the dam, were only desirous the road should cross here, and believing the work so far advanced that the company would not readily change its plans, and having such strong faith in their new and en- terprising village that the railroad company could not ignore its claims, they consented to the request, and the bonds were surrendered. While these operations were taking place, the mem- bers of the hydraulic company were engaged in a trade for other land. They purchased the tract upon which Kilbourn City was afterward located. During the summer of 1855, the citizens of Newport began to fear there was yet some danger of losing the road, and when it became known that, in the month of August, a survey HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 807 of another line had been made, with the object of crossing the river about two miles above, their fears and anger were unbounded. The further growth of the village was at once checked. While it was said by those in authority that the road would, in all probability, cross at Newport, all confidence in their assurances was lost. Communication was entered into between the citizens and the railroad company and with the hydraulic company, but no satisfaction was given. The latter company were asked to again enter into bonds or to restore the land and dam privileges, to all of which they turned a deaf ear. As will readily be seen, neither the original owners of the land, the first incorporators of the dam or the citizens of the village who had made investments therein, with the understanding that the railroad should cross the river here, had any recourse in law. When these facts were fully impressed upon the minds of all, and when known to a cei-- tainty that the railroad would cross the river about two miles above, on Section 4, a panic ensued among the holders of real estate. Nearly every one wished to sell and few desired to buy. Property began to depreciate very rapidly, and, in the spring of 1857, when the rail- road was completed through the village of Kilbourn City, lots that, two years previous, were held at $1,000, could readily be purchased for $100. Every day, there were some leaving for other and more favorable localities. Good dwelling-houses, on which there were small mort- gages, were abandoned or willingly surrendered to the mortgagees. Notwithstanding all this, there were still a few who were determined not to give up without a further struggle for life. In the winter of 1857, a petition, numerously signed by the citizens of Newport, was pre- sented to the railroad company, praying for the location of a depot at a point on the road near- est their village. As an inducement to the company to grant their request, the citizens obli- gated themselves to build and keep in good order a ferry across the river, and to carry free all freight intended for the village of Delton, Baraboo or other point on the west side. As the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad was not built at this time, this would be a favorable arrange- ment for citizens of the places mentioned, as well as for the railroad company. A favorable response to their appeal was made on condition that Newport would erect a suitable station- house and pay the expense of such additional track as might be necessary for the convenient transaction of all business. This the citizens willingly agreed to do. When the depot was built and an agent placed in charge, Newport held a large mass-meet- ing, to celebrate its "resurrection." Speeches were made, toasts drank and a general season of rejoicing indulged in. It was now believed that the village would again become as prosperous as formerly, and all their fond anticipations realized. A year passed, and these bright visions faded away. It was now clearly seen that they were fighting against the inevitable — the village was doomed to die. At this time, the popula- tion had lessened fully one-half, and those remaining endeavored to make a change as quickly and quietly as possible. A number of buildings were removed bodily; others were torn down and the material taken away for erection elsewhere. Merchants that had been doing a business of $20,000 to $100,000 a year could not sell enough goods to pay expenses, and, one by one, they bo.xed up their effects and sent them to other parts, until, in the summer of 1860, but one firm remained. In October following. Freeman Longley quietly followed the example of others, and the village of Newport was — dead. VILLAGE OF KILBOURN CITY. It has already been stated that the Wisconsin River Hydraulic Company, in the summer of 1855. purchased the land on which the village of Kilbourn City was afterward located. At this point the table-land lies a.bout eighty feet above the Wisconsin River, the perpendicular, rocky banks of which are occasionally broken by easy ravines running thirty, forty or fifty rods back. These table-lands extend northeast, east, and southeast, to an indefiuite extent, and to the south about three-quarters of a mile, where they become more broken by bluffs and hills. Some 808 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. of this land is level, and some gently rolling. In a state of nature it was generally covered with scattering oaks of middling size, the river and some of the ravines being fringed with rich-appear- ing yellow pines. This ground for nearly a mile in length and half a mile in breadth, was, in the month of June, 1856, laid out in village lots, with two main streets, one hundred feet wide, corresponding with the principal points of the compass, crossing at right angles half a mile from the river, and all the other streets running parallel with these two, eighty feet wide, and dividing the whole plat into convenient squares and lots for residences and business. The first settler at this place was Alanson Holly, who arrived here in November, 1855. He at once proceeded to the erection of a dwelling-house, also of an office wherein he was to print the Wisconsin Mirror. "When we came here about the 20th of November," writes Mr. Holly, '• there was scarcely a beginning made in the woods at this point. Part of the frame of our office, and part of the frame for a dwelling, were on the ground, that was all. It was cold weather, and a dwelling for our family and a printing office were to be prepared in time to open our press and materials, and issue the first number of the Mirror on the 1st day of January. By unavoidable delays this work of preparation was hardly commenced before the 1st of Decem- ber. Then we had but four weeks to do all the work, of which time we needed three weeks to open type, fit up the inside of the office, and set up and print the first number. On the 22d of December, we had a dwelling so far prepared that we moved into it, and that night the extreme cold weather commenced. About this time the shingling of the office was finished, and the '• boys " commenced opening type before the floor was completed, and while the plastering was going on. On the 25th, the plastering was finished and frozen solid, but the office was still minus half the windows. In this situation, with the thermometer ranging from ten to twenty- five degrees below zero, the compositors set up the type for the first paper — huddling their stands around the stove, heating boards to stand upon, holding their fingers in warm water every ten minutes to keep them limber, and working until 11 and 12 o'clock nights ! But the Wisconsin Mirror made its appearance on the morning of January 1, 1856, and we submit to those who saw it if its appearance wasn't respectable considering the circumstances? And that was the way it was done." As the editor well remarks, he was doing what was probably never done in the United States before — printing a paper in the woods ! Not a dwelling except his own was within half a mile, and only one within a mile ! On the afternoon on which the paper was to make its appearance, rather an e.xciting and pleasant affair transpired in the office. A number of the friends of the paper gathered in the office to witness the operation of printing in the woods. Feeling sentimentally inclined, before the press was started, short speeches were made by Hon. S. H. Baker, of Dane County, Jason Weaver, of Ohio, Hon. Jonathan Bowman, Dr. Jenkins, Gen. Joseph Bailey, Dr. Hooker, and others, and it was proposed that the first copy struck from the press should be sold at auction. M. A. Holly, the editor's son, then struck off a copy, and G. F. Noble was called upon to act as auctioneer. The first bid received was from Mr. Bowman, who named §15, and from that it ran up rapidly to ^40, $50, $60, and, finally, $65, and passed into the hands of Mr. W^eaver. The second copy was then sold to Abram Vliet, for $10, and the third to Joseph Bailey, for $5. As illustrative of life in the woods, and especially in this embryo village, in the issue of the Mirror for February 5, 1856, the editor says: " We have just moved into our new house, which has been hastily prepared within the last few weeks. It is 20x25 feet, a story and a half high, i battened three-fourths of the way round ; bricked below next to the outside boarding ; lathed on a part of the partitions, and carpeted and blanketed on the rest ; a hole dug in the ground 10x14 feet, and 6 feet deep, for a cellar; some rough boards, some smooth ones, and some dry- goods boxes, for a buttery ; beautiful frost curtains, and two stoves, smoking hot all the time, to keep the whole warm — no danger of burning the curtains though. We rise early in the morn- ing — fly about awhile to make fir,es. Mrs. Helly and the girls bake pototoes and pancakes, which we eat for breakfast, and look out of the window at the quails for meat ; lug dry limbs on our back for wood, because green oak don't burn good; girls washing dishes, sweeping and mak- ing beds ; boys working in the office ; we snatching five minutes now and then, between HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 809 chopping wood, bringing water, and calking house, to select copy and write editorials ; cold pota- toes and pancakes, and thoughts of deer for dinner, and, on special occasions, a talk about apples, lemons, etc , for dessert ; biscuit and a little butter, and partridge drumming for supper ; twenty- three degrees below zero, and baby crying for sleep — all to be repeated the next day, and so on. But our location is beautiful, and our home will be as neat as a pin when we get it fixed. Four oak-trees hang their branches over our house like the arms of power for our protection ; the majestic Wisconsin, catching ten thousand sunbeams, and throwing them joyously into our win- dows ; the rocks and hills peering up in the distance, and the thin covering of snow sparkling in the sunlight, like ten million eyes looking out from the spirit world — is not such a place pleasant for a home ? Live in the cities if you will, but give us the wild, wild woods, the rocks, the hills and the majestic river, with health and loving friends, and we are content." In the winter of 1855-.56, the hydraulic company commenced the building of a dam at this place, their charter having been so amended as to authorise its construction. When com- pleted it was 425 feet long, with a fall of eight feet. Considerable trouble was experienced by the lumbermen in running their rafts over, and a large party gathered here in the snring of 1859 and destroyed it. Soon after Mr. Holly located here, J. B. Vliet, John Anderson, G. F. Noble, James Bailey and others came in, and the place began to assume a business-like appearance. A considerable number of men were employed in clearing away the trees for the streets of the village, and others were engaged in building houses and working on the dam. One of tiie rules of the hydraulic company was, that those who purchased lots were to build on them within a reasonable time, or they were to be forfeited to the company. Although it was not until June 10, 185fi, that the plat of the village was placed upon record, yet many lots were previously chosen by those who were ready to comply with the terms of sale. The new village in the woods was now christened Kilbourn City, so named in honor of Byron Kil- bourn, President of the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad. With reference to the selection of this name, the Mirror, under date of June 17, 1856, says: "Under ordinary circumstances we should be opposed to naming a town after a person, but we think the circumstances in this place ai'e such as to make it eminently proper. Hon. Byron Kilbourn, of Milwaukee, for public enterprise which tells on the prosperity of the State, undoubtedly stands first. This makes it proper that an important central town should be named after him. He is one of the early set- tlers of the State, having come to the metropolis in its infancy, and having been instrumental beyond any other individual in its growth and prosperity ; hence there is a propriety in fixing his name to an enduring monument. He is the body and soul of the La Crosse Railroad. On that more than all other enterprises he has staked his reputation as a business man, to make it the great trunk line of the State. The present prosperity of the road shows that his success is almost certain. Under these circumstances it seems highly fitting that some place on the line of the road should bear his name. Our place is nearly central on the road, at the place where it crosses the largest river in the State, and we expect it to be the largest inland town in the State. Then what place could be named after the head man of the road with greater propriety than this ? In the name itself there can be no objections. It has but two syllables and is euphonious, conse- quently is easily spoken and agreeable to the ear. These reasons we think are abundantly suffi- cient for naming our place as we have. And as the place is honored by the name, it is expected that the name will be honored by the place." The first public sale of lots was advertised to commence Monday, August 18, 1856, to be continued through the week. At the time specified a large number of persons from Milwaukee, Madison, Portage City, and other points in this State, together with a few from Illinois, Ohio, New York and other States, gathered in the "city " and just before noon the sale began. The conditions of the sale were, one-(iuarter down, and the balance in three equal annual payments, at 7 per cent interest. Twenty per cent on the price for which the lots sold were deducted for payment all down. The stock of the hydraulic company was taken in payment at par. The sale was closed on Thursday, up to which time lots were disposed of amounting to .'$76,235, ranging 810 HISTORY OF COLl'MBIA COUNTY. in value from $50 to $1,450 each, ten of which brought upward of $1,000 each, and many others ranging from $500 to $1,000. Just after the sale was closed, and as night drew on, a party were standing in front of the Mirror office, when an Irishman came running up and hastily inquired : " And is this Kil- bourn ? " Wh«n answered in the affirmative, he replied, '• And glad I am, for I could not see it all, for trees, till I was just here, and I was afraid it was a great ways off in the woods, and it would be dark, and the bears would catch me! so I have been running down the strate, with all me might, and just see how wet it is that I am I " and with that he drew out his shirt bosom dripping with sweat. The crowd laughed, and reasoned, though their might be some sense in running from bears in Wall Street, New York, the idea of being caught by them on Broadway, Kilbourn City, was ridiculous. The second public sale of lots occurred on the 14th, 15th and 16th days of October, 1856. and was conducted by Caleb .Wall, of Milwaukee. Mr. Wall was very enthusiastic in his views of Kilbourn, and in an advertisement of a sale that was to take place at his rooms in Milwaukee he says : " There is no new city which holds out such great inducements for all classes of mechanics as Kilbourn City ; and I would call upon all mechanics who have families, and who want to better their condition, and secure themselves home and property, not to let this opportunity slip. Many who are now rolling in wealth in Milwaukee, and. otlier cities of our State, owe it to the rise of property ; and the chances in Kilbourn City are as great as in any city that has been started in the last ten years. I have no doubt in my own mind, taking the central position of Kilbourn City, that the seat of Government of our State will be located there .' A more beautiful site is not to be found for a city." At this second sale, lots were disposed of amounting to $34,447. As at the first sale, many were in attendance from abroad and a large number of lots were sold for speculative purposes. The first year's growth of Kilbourn City cannot be said to have been very rapid, notwith- standing a large number of lots were sold. Still quite a number of houses were built, and its population gradually increased. Many who doubtless desired to locate here were deterred from the fear that its future might be similar to that of the village of Newport. Still the fact of its being backed by the President of the railroad company, and that the owners of the land here were identified with the railroad was much in its favor. According to the Mirror of this place, consid- erable jealousy was entertained against it bv citizens of neighboring cities and villages. Savs the Mirror, under date of December 9, 1856 : " Of all the bumpers that ever were invent' <1. we will give some of the people of Newport, Baraboo and Portage City, the credit of capping the climax. Not a man can get through either place, headed toward Kilbourn City, without hearing some of the greatest yarns ever spun. At first, these wiseacres of our neighborini; towns pretend to be ignorant that any such place as Kilbourn City exists ; afterward they dn recollect that there is a place of some such name up there in the woods, but it will never amount to anything ; and finally they come fully to their recollection, and declare that though there is such a place, the railroad is not located and will never be built there ; the grading is all for sham ; the bridge is not let ; and the dam will never be put in, and a string of similar falsehoods too lengthy to report. Well, it is and always will be true, that the best fruit trees may be known by the number of clubs about them I There are other towns starting about here, but our neighbors of the towns named seem to haveno clubs for them. They are all hurled against Kil- bourn City. Really, we hope the poor souls who hurl them will keep on. It gives the world ocular demonstration that ours is the most important town in this part of the State, and tiie only one to be feared by them as an overshadowing rival. Besides, while Kilbourn City is constantly going ahead, and making sure the foundation of her future greatness, these revilers have nothing else to do but to roll their spite like a sweet morsel under their tongues. Surely we would not deprive them of that pleasure." The first citizens of Kilbourn City appreciated the advantages of the public school, and about the 1st of February. 1856, appointed a building committee, who at once selected a site and gave orders for the necessary material for the house, which was to be " 26x36 feet in size, ^ <^^ ^J/uJ:^<^,^ KILBOURN ,CITy. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. ' 813 well finished and conveniently seated." In May following, the building was ready for occu- pancy, and Miss Julia Seville was engaged to teach a three-months' term, at a salary of $10 per month. There were twenty-seven' children of school age in the district, No. 6, of whom fourteen attended the school. Miss Saville was engaged the following fall, at an advanced salary of $24 per month. At the expiration of three months. Miss Lucy A. Swain took charge, at a salary of $22 per month. At the first annual meeting, a tax of $900 was voted to pay for the schoolhouse, and, during Miss Seville's first term, a bell was purchased for it, at a cost of $12.5. The first to fill the office of School Director of the district was Emory Wall, with John B. Vliet, Treasurer, and George F. McAlister, Clerk. In 1857, there were eighty-five persons of school age in the district, of whom fifty attended school. The number of school age was increased to 180 in 1858. In 1861, Dell Prairie was united with this district, and it was then, and is now, known as Joint District No. t). On account of the increase of pupils, it became necessary to enlarge the school building, which was accordingly done, at an expense of $400. But the village of Kilbourn continued to grow, and a larger and better building was demanded. At a school meeting held in September, 1867, it was voted to appropriate $1,450 to purchase, of Thomas B. Coons Block 78 of the village, on which it was designed, in the near future, to erect a building that would be suflficiently large to accommodate all the pupils of the district. At this same meeting, a communication was received from Kilbourn Institute, proposing to furnish instruction to the pupils of the high school for the sum of $800 per year, which proposition was accepted. This arrangement con- tinued for the school year, when a room was rented in which the higher branches were taught by a teacher employed by the district, in the- year 1868-69, and also the following year, or until the completion of the new building. After the purchase of the block of ground of Mr. Coon, arrangements were at once made to build, and, in the summer of 1870, was completed the present fine structure, at a cost of $12,287. The building is of cream-colored brick, 40x60 feet, three stories high. There are five main schoolrooms, three recitation and one furnace room. It cost $1,400 to furnish. When first occupied, the present graded system was adopted, and the whole placed in charge of a Principal. On account of the incompetency of the Principal, the schools did not flourish for awhile, and it was not until 1877 that that eflSciency was attained that the expenditures war- ranted. In this year. Prof. A. L. Burnham was employed by the board as Pi'incipal, and his selection has been approved by the people. A fine scholar and good disciplinarian, the schools have flourished under his charge. For the session of 1879-80, there were employed : A. L. Burnham, Principal; Lizzie M. Pendleton, Assistant; Hester J. Teare, Emma Darling, Ada Douglass, Bina Loughney. The Principal receives a salary of $1,000 per year, his assistant $315, and the others from $225 to $270. Kilbourn Institute. — In 1857, through the liberality of A. Bronson, of Prairie du Chien, an academy was started at Point Bluffs, some fourteen miles north of Kilbourn City. For sev- eral years, the school was continued with varying fortune, until 1865, when it ceased to be profitable, and was discontinued. In 1863, a charter was secured from the Legislature incorporating the "Kilbourn City Seminary," and when the academy at Point Bluffs was discontinued, the incorporators of the seminary proposed the school should be removed to this place and operated under that charter. The proposition was accepted, the building at the Bluffs moved here, and the Kilbourn Institute opened to the public, with Rev. G. W. Case as Principal. Fine success attended the efforts of those interested in the school, and, in the fall of 1867, there were 140 pupils enrolled. About 1 o'clock, Sunday, January 30, 1868, while dedicatory services were being held in the new Methodist Episcopal Church, the congregation was startled with the announcement that the institute was on fire. It being some distance off, the buildino; was not reached until the fire had so far advanced that it was impossible to save it. A few articles of furniture were taken from the lower rooms, and all else destroyed. Loss, about $5000. cc 814 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. It does not often occur that a newspaper has the privilege of announcing, at the time, the first birth in a place, but the Wisconsin Mirror, under date December 2, 1856, thus breaks forth : " First Birth in Kilbourn City. — Little Nettie Kilbourn Munger (daughter of C. D. & M. E. Munt'er, late of Warsaw, N. Y.). was no doubt greatly astonished, last Thursday morning, November 28, on opening her eyes ami finding herself the first child born in Kilbourn City — a matter she will probably have occasion to speak of a number of times in the next sev- enty years." The editor's prediction was not to be, as the little babe lived only until the next August. The first male child was Victor Stillwell, who was born about two weeks later. The first lawyer in Kilbourn was named Perry, who came early in 1856, but did no busi- ness. Chamberlain k Southgate came in the fall of 1856, and remained about twelve months, but the business not being remunerative, they, too. departed. In the spring of 1857, L. B. Noyes opened an office, and, in the fall, he and P. G. Stroud formed a copartnership, which lasted until September, 1859, Mr. Stroud succeeding to the business. Jonathan Bowman came up from Newport in 1862. The first death in the village was Morton A. Holly, son of Alanson Holly, of the Wiscon- sin Mirror, the young man who struck the first paper from the press. On the night of March 13, 1857, young Holly was disturbed by a cat, near his sleeping apartment, and taking a gun he went out of tiie house and shot it. The next morning he arose early, went out, and taking up the animal, started to the river for the purpose of throwing it in. A slight snow was upon the "round, which was also very slippery. It appears, from the marks made, that when he arrived near the river, in throwing the animal in, his feet slipped from under him and he fell a distance of forty feet, upon the rock and ice below, meeting instantaneous death. When the dam was torn away by the lumbermen, in 1859, the hydraulic company had become hopelessly involved. The building of the dam had cost them a very large sum of money, which, together with improvements made in the village, had compelled them to borrow largely, their heaviest creditor being Hon. Byron Kilbourn, who had taken judgment notes for all tliat he advanced. When the loss of the dam occurred, Mr. Kilbourn entered up his judgments, and in due course of time the property all passed into his hands. No attempt was made to repair the dam until the year 1866. In that year was incorpo- rated the Kilbourn Manufacturing Company, with John Tanner, Edward T. Hooker, M. Grif- fin, Ulmer F. Hinds and Guido J. Hansen as incorporators. This company was organized for the special purpose of utilizing ihe immense water-power at this place, and were further author- ized to construct and provide such shops, fiictories, stores and other buildings, works, machinery and fixtures, as may be necessary and convenient for the purposes of milling and manufacturing any and all kinds of implements and fabrics, whether composed of wood, iron, wool, cotton or other materials, and all kinds of machinery ; to construct, provide and use water, steam or other power to propel machinery, and to sell, lease or let to any person or persons, or body corporate and politic, the whole or any part of the real estate, water, steam or other power, shops, factories, stores or other buildings, machinery or fixtures, for such price and on such terms as may be agreed on by the contracting parties, and to make and execute such deeds, leases and other writings there- for as may be necessary to protect the rights of the respective parties thereto. The company was also authorized to complete the water-power on Sections 3, 4, 9 and 10, in Township 13 north, of Range 6 east, in the counties of Columbia and Sauk, by raising the dam a sufficient height for that purpose, not exceeding three feet above the usual low-water mark in the Wiscon- sin River, and so forming the same that rafts of lumber can pass safely and conveniently with- out hindrance or delay. Pursuant to this act, the incorporators repaired the dam during the summer of 1866, raising it about two feet above low-water mark. It should be stated here that Kilbourn assigned all his right, title and interest in the dam on the east side of the river, ac([uired from purchase of the Wisconsin River Hydraulic Company, so as to enable the incorporators of the Kilbourn Manu- facturing Company to proceed with the work witliout hindrance or delay. A temporary HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 815 injunction was obtained restraining them in that work, and suit was brought in the United States Court at Milwaukee to declare the dam a nuisance. The trial was liad before Judge Miller, who decided it was not a nuisance. Before the judgment was obtained, Byron Kilbourn died, and the company was obliged to abandon the work for a time. On the settlement of the estate of Mr. Kilbourn. Byron H. Kilbourn, his son, obtained possession of that portion of the dam owned by his father, as well as the real estate in Kilbourn City. Before utilizing the water-power created by the erection of the dam. the Kilbourn Manu- facturing Company thought best to give the lumbermen time to test the work in order to ascer- tain whether trouble or damage would be done in passing over. The test being satisfactory, it was intended to embark in some enterprise that would be satisfactory to the members of the company. In 1871, Byron H. Kilbourn, Harry B. Shears, George Lintner and G. J. Hansen, under the general law, secured a charter for the formation of the Kilbourn Mill Company, and obtained a perpetual lease from the Kilbourn Manufacturing Company, to use the water-power on the east side of the river, at the same time the manufacturing company binding itself to keep the same in good repair. In 1871, the company proceeded to the erection of a large mill, which was completed and duly "dedicated" February 22, 1872, by a number of citizens of the place, who assembled at the mill, witnessed its works put in motion, and from the first flour ground, partook of biscuits, made by Mrs. Purcell and Mrs. Ramsay. Toasts were given and responded to, and Kilbourn was happy. In the spring of 1872, some damage was experienced by the lumbermen in taking their rafts over the dam. Instead of appealing to the courts for redress, they called upon the Legis- lature to repeal the charter of the manufacturing company, on the ground the dam was danger- ous to their interests. This repeal was resisted by the company and the citizens of Kilbourn City. The latter issued a circular, in which, after quoting the charter of the company, they say: "By this charter the company is authorized to construct such a dam as that rafts of lumber can pass safely and conveniently, without hindrance or delay. If the company have done so, certainly no one can complain ; and if they have not, then they are not protected by this charter, and are subject to the same liability as though they had no charter. If the com- pany have complied with the provisions of their charter, then to repeal it would manifestly work a great injustice, not only to the company, but to the people of Kilbourn .City and vicinity. On the other hand, if they have not complied with its provisions, then the charter affords them no protection, and its repeal will not in the least aid those who claim to have been damaged thereby. " The company claim that they have complied with the charter ; those opposed to them say they have not. Who shall determine the question, the Legislature or the courts? — an impar- tial jury, or a committee, composed, in part at least, of those who openly claim to be the parties interested? The company say, the courts and jury ; the lumbermen say, the Legislature, with themselves composing a part of it. " Which is right ? " The dam was constructed during the summer of 1871, in exact accordance with, and fulfillment of, the provisions of the charter; and there was no difficulty in running the dam in the fall of 1871. But in the spring of 1872, the water cut away the west bank of the river, below the dam, and thei'eby an eddy was formed. This was an unforeseen difliculty, and there was no practical way to remedy it until winter, when work could be done on the ice. The company immediately called to their aid experienced lumbermen and engineers, to determine the best mode of remedying the difficulty, and acting upon the advice given them by the latter, determined to construct a gunwale below the dam, and during the present winter, the company have had a large force at work, at heavy expense, constructing such gunwale. "The company have acted in good faith. They built their dam in accordance with the provisions of their charter. And, as soon as a difficulty, which no human foresight could have anticipated, occurs, and their dam becomes in the least detrimental to any other interest, they immediately go to work to remove the difficulty. 816 HISTORY OF COHMBIA COUNTY. " And they only ask reasonable time, to remedy not only the present, but any future acci- dent, not happening through their neglect or the want of a proper regard for the right of others. " Shall they have it '! " The efforts of the lumbermen to secure the repeal were in vain, and, therefore, they appealed to the courts. In the name of Bradford, McCoy & Co., of Quincy, 111., they brought two suits in the United States Court, at Madison — one against the Kilbourn Manufacturing Company and G. J. Hansen, H. B. Shears, George Lintner and George Ribenack ; the other against the Kilbourn Mill ('ompany and G. J. Hansen, H. B. Shears, George Lintner and George Ribenack. The gentlemen named composed the Kilbourn Mill Company, and tlie object of the lumbermen in. making them parties to the suit was to prove their individual lia- bility for the damages sustained. At the same time, suits were brought against the same par- ties by Weston & Co., in the Circuit Court of Sauk County. All these suits were brought with the avowed object of having the dam abated as a nuisance, and to recover damages sus- tained in running lumber over it. In April, 1874. the cases were called in the United States Court, and the verdict of the jury was that tlie Kilbourn Manufacturing Company should pay damages amounting to $500, while the mill company should pay $1,000. A special verdict was rendered in both cases that the dam was not a nuisance, and that Hansen, Shears, Lintner and Ribenack were not individ- ually liable. Under these judgments, the dam upon the east side of tlie river was sold June, 1876, and purchased by John T. Kingston, representing the lumbermen. In consequence of these ver- dicts in the United States Court, the suits in the State Courts were abandoned. From that time, nothing has been done to utilize the water-power. The Q/^n-^-^ n^M^r (W, POYNETTE HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. 831 Evening IStar Lodge, No. 519^, I. 0. Gr. T., was instituted April 15, 1867, with eighteen charter members. The organization of this lodge resulted from the withdrawal of some of the members of the Minnehaha Lodge, who had become dissatisfied, and who felt they could better labor in the temperance cause in another organized body. The charter members and first ofli- cers were George W. Case, W. C. T. ; R. Dudgeon, T. : John B. Markham, W. F. S. ; Orvis M. Burnhans, W. Sec. ; Chancey Doughty, W. M. ; I. H. Chickering, W. 0. G. ; William Snoad, P. W. C. T. ; Anna Bliss, W. I. G. ; Durand B. Peabody, Frank Kingsbury, I. M. Strong, H. Taylor, Samuel Kalor, Misses N. E. Case, D. H. Dudgeon, S. Bennett, A. Murray and Miss Doughty. The lodge had a prosperous career for some five years, when the interest began to decline, and in August, 1875, it ceased to exist. April 7, 1877, it was re-organized under its old name and number, and from that time has been quite prosperous. During the month of January, 1880, initiations occurred at every meeting, and its working membership was thirty-nine, with G. A. Ramsay, W. C. T. ; Hester J. Teare, W. V. T. ; James S. McNeel, W. R. S. ; Harry G. Markham, W. F. S. ; Emma V. Drinker, W. T. : Frank H. Marshall, W. M. ; Mrs. Helen B. Stroud, W. G. ; Harry E. Hinnan, W. I. G. : William Brew, W. 0. G. ; William Gillespie, P. W. C. T. ; G. E. York, L. D. Kilbourn City Temple, No. l^S, I. 0. Gr. T. — Connected with Evening Star Lodge is a degree temple, which was instituted June 20, 1867, which continued to work until August, 1875, when it ceased, and was re-organized April 7, 1877. Dell Temple, Temple of Honor. — This institution was organized May 16, 1876, by Col. Watrous, G. W. C. T., of Fond du Lac. The charter members, as well as its first officers, were P. F. O'Hare, W. C. T. ; A. D. Lincoln, 'W. V. T.; J. H. Dunn, W. R.; S. Cadv, W. A. R.; J. H. McNeel, W. T.; W. C. Hicks, Chaplain ; H. 0. Darling, W. U.; Fred." Hin- nan, W. D. U.; James Hinnan, W. G.; J. M. Bilby, W. S. ; J. B. Markham, P. W. C. T.; George F. Noble, D. G. W. T. The temple has had its seasons of prosperity and seasons of adver- sity. But three of the original number were living in the village January 1, 1880. The removal of the others has tended to weaken the order, but their regular meetings are still kept up. For the term commencing January 1, 1880, the officers were James Clapper, W. Y. T.; A. E. Drinker, W. V. T.; C. A. Thompson, W. R.; N. Van Alstine, W. T.; Henry Rich, W. G.; I. H. Chickering, W. S.; J. B. Markham, P. W. C. T. The temple meets every Thursday night in Temple Hall. A Reminiscence. — " I came to Kilbourn City," writes A. Holly, "the last of October, 1855, and hastily prepared a house in which my family could live, and an office in which to print my paper ; and issued the first number of the Wisconsin Mirror, the 1st day of January, 1856. The day was very cold, for a peculiarly cold winter, and our office was very open. I wrote my editorials in the house, and picked up dry wood about where the village now is, and hired green wood cut when I could not get dry. " The day on which we published the first number of the Mirror, the mercury was 17 degrees below zero, at noon. The office boys were obliged to heat planks to stand on, to keep their feet from freezing, and to keep a kettle of hot water to prevent their hands from freezing. There were several of the officers of the ' Wisconsin River Hydraulic Co.' and others, present, and when the first paper wa8 struck off", Mr. Noble, of Newport, now a resident of Kilbourn City, took it and put it up at auction, for my benefit, and Mr. Weaver, of Ohio, bid it off at $65, and immediately paid for it ! The next copy was sold to John B. Vleit, of Newport, for $10, and the third to a brother of J. B. Vleit, for $5. This, of course, was all done for my encouragement, but it was all kept a profound secret from me, till the sale began. It was to keep me ' printing in the woods ' till things thawed out, and it was a good way to do it. " The present Kilbourn City was then covered with woods, and not a dwelling-house within a mile. Our provisions and other things for use in the house had to be brought from Newport, or other places abroad, and much of them were brought on my back, or on the backs of my boys. There was, that winter, a considerable quantity of game seen where Kilbourn City now is — deer, sometimes bear, rabbits, squirrels, partridges and quail. But the larger of these 832 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COLNTY. animals entirely disappeared on the appearance of the railroad, and considerable of the smaller ones. One winter, the northern bears got so hungry that they made us quite a long visit. " The Dells of the Wisconsin River, when we came there, had scarcely been seen, except by raftsmen, and nothing was said about the canyons or gulches. " The summer after we came there, we went frequently through the Dells in small boats, and to the canyons and gulches, in boats or on foot. But those canyons were so filled with brush and fallen logs that it was difficult to get through them. In 1856, I and the boy went to Cold Water Canyon, and it was so cold, in August, that I would not have our women try to go in. We afterward went to Witch's Gulch, not then named, and could not get through, because the water was so deep below the fall. Afterward I heard that some boys swam through ; and because they imagined they saw something on the high wall at the lower end that looked like a witch, they named it ' Witch's Gulch.' " It remains to point out a few of the advantages of Kilbourn City, geographically, for pleasure-seekers. It is situated about midway between Chicago and St. Paul, being one hundred and ninety-three miles from Chicago, and two hundred and sixteen miles from St. Paul, and is in the immediate vicinity of the Dells, which have already been described. It is seventy-seven miles from Oconomowoc, fifty-seven miles from Madison, and sixty-two miles from Sparta. By the run of trains, one can leave Kilbourn in the morning, go to Sparta and fish for trout all day, and return in the evening ; or go to Oconomowoc and dine, and have some four or five hours' amuse- ments on the lakes, and get back to supper at Kilbourn : or go over to Madison, arriving there at 10 A. M., and see the capital and public buildings, take a sail on the beautiful lakes by which it is environed, and return to Kilbourn to supper, the same night : or take a carriage and pair of horses and drive through to Baraboo and Devil's Lake, seventeen miles, and dine and "take in " all there is of scenery there, and back to Kilbourn the same night ; or take short runs out by trains to Mauston, Lisbon or Camp Douglas, and view the wonderful rock formations all along the line: or over to Delton, and take a sail on Mirror Lake, and back to Kilbourn. Mirror Lake, located three and a half miles from Kilbourn City station, and four miles from the Dells, has hitherto been kept from public notice by the few lovers of good fishing and the beauties of nature, who were acquainted with its attractions. But its wonderful refiections, magnificent canyons, and entire diflerence from other places of interest, have at length disclosed its beauties to the tourist, and in 1879, a steamer was put upon its waters. Its proximity to '• Congress Hall," and the mineral springs, and the well-known healthy climate of Delton, where it is located — the average mortality being only two deaths per year, out of a population of about nine hundred — make it one of the most desirable resorts in the Northwest. Lake Mason, the fisherman's paradise, is a spot comparatively unknown, though one of the finest of the numerous lakes scattered over Wisconsin. The lake proper is three miles in length, and two in breadth, with several large bayous. The lake is situated partly in Marquette County, and partly in Adams County, about ten miles north of east from Kilbourn City. The drive from Kilbourn City to the little city of Briggsville, so cozily nestled in the valley at the foot of the lake, is undoubtedly the finest drive for the tourist visiting the Dells. The fishing is among the finest in the West. The favorite sport is trolling for pickerel. The lake is filled with them, and the best time to troll is during the months of May, June, September and October. Pickerel have been caught here weighing as high as twenty-five pounds. Still-fishing for perch, rock bass, black bass, sunfish, and other varieties, is good at all seasons of the year, whenever the lake is clear from ice. In the spring and fall, large fiocks of ducks and geese tloat upon its bosom, and feed upon the wild rice that grows in wild luxuriance in the different arms of the lake. The lake is situated in a valley, where, in the springtime, the waters of the Fox, which (low into the great lakes, mingle with those of the Wisconsin, which enter the Mississippi. As the traveler reaches the eastern edge of the plateau, about half-way between Kilbourn and Lake Mason, he beholds a landscape of green fields, and waving woods, and silver lakes, and distant hilltops, veiled in blue, that makes him think he has caught a glimpse of fairyland. Now all these attractions around Kilbourn City are in addition to the unique — the wonderful Dells! HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 833 OHAPTEE XV. Town of Otsego— Village of Otsego— Village of Rio— Village of Doylestown — Town OF Pacific — Town of Randolph — Town of Scott — Town of Springvale — Town of West Point— Town of Wyocena — Village of Wyocena — Village of Pabdeeville. town of OTSEGO. At a meeting of the County Commissioners, held in January, 1849, all of Township 11, Range 11, was organized into a town, to which was given the name of Otsego, and the house of Edward Williams designated as the place for holding the first election. The name Otsego was chosen by the early settlers in honor of Otsego, N. Y., from which place a number had emi- grated. Wayne B. Dyer was the first man to make a home in the town. He arrived here in May, 1844, and erected a log house upon Section 22. In this house he entertained the weary traveler for a number of years, and Dyer's Tavern became a famous institution. During the summer and fall several others came in, among whom were Ulac Wilson and " Old Hans," Cyrus Root, Stephen James, Samuel Gibson, E. Lynn, Horace Dodge and Mr. Pellet. In 1845 and 1846, a large number came in, among whom were Frank Folsom, Isaac W. Spaulding, J. W. Stewart, Abram Van Aermsm and Henry Ager. In the fall of 1844, Horace Dodge returned East, where he was united in marriage with Miss Eliza Deck, being the first citizen of the town to be married. The first marriage occurring in the town was that of John Brown and Caroline Hughes, in the fall of 1847. Mary Topliff, in the fall of 1848, taught the first school on Section 22. In the organiza- tion of the town into school districts, in the following year, this was made District No. I. Elder Wood, of Wyocena, in the spring of 1847, came into the town, and at the house of Stephen James on Section 28, preached the first discourse. With the exception of about four years spent in the East, Elder Wood, who is a Baptist minister, in the spring of 1880 had com- pleted thirty-four years of service in this section of country. In 1849, Rev. Hanson, a Method- ist Episcopal minister, organized a class in the scboolhouse on Section 23, which was continued in that neighborhood until 1853, when a church was built on Section 3, where religious services were afterward held. In answer to a letter, Wayne B. Dyer writes : " In September, 1843, I settled on Fountain Prairie, on the farm known as the Baker farm (Section 34), and there built the first house in that town. Mr. Bushnell was then living in a small board shanty, where John Brown now lives. His house was built early in the winter, and John Brown built the next house on the Enos Grout farm. These three houses were all of Fountain Prairie until the next summer, except Smith Horton's, who built, during the winter, on the Hawkurst farm. Snow fell that year in October, and remained until about the 20th of February, when we had a thaw. The snow all went off, and the 10th of April plenty of feed for cattle. I have never seen grass as early since. In May, 1844, I sold out to E. J. Smith, and moved to the present village of Otsego, there being no settler between my place and Fort Winnebago. There I built the first house in that town, and I was the first settler there also. During the latter part of the summer and fall came several more settlers: Cyrus Root, Stephen James, Samuel Gibson, E. Lynn and others. My house, during the summer, was the stopping-place for people looking lor land ; also being visited by the Indians, who were sometimes troublesome. Once, during my absence, a drove of them came and undertook to make my wife and Mary Swift (now Mrs. John Swarthout) bring them water from the spring, which they refused to do. The women now became scared and left for the prairie where some men were at work, but before the men arrived the natives had left, 834 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. and were never troublesome afterward. Snow fell about the middle of October, 1844, to a depth of six or eight inches, but soon left, and no sleighing that winter. The next summer people came into the country by hundreds, and my old log cabin became known far and wide. We were full all the while, and at one time had twenty-seven living in my house besides tran- sient visitors. We then belonged to Portage County. In the winter of 1845-46, Columbia County was set off from Portage County, and the fall following elected county officers. T. C. Smith, Sherift"; Richard F. Veeder, Nathan Griffin and John D. McCall, County Commissioners ; Major Dickason, Register of Deeds; John Swarthout, Treasurer; Nelson Swarthout, Clerk of the Board. N. Swarthout not qualifying, I was appointed Clerk — said meeting of the Board being held at my house. When I asked the Board where I should locate my office, the answer was, ' Carry it in your hat.' So you see I carried the county seat one year. The Board finally settled on Low's tavern for the county seat until the next Board was elected, and there was held the first court for Columbia County — Judge Irvin presiding. Being then under Territorial government, the jury were all paid in specie before leaving. Some of them coming without a cent, with their dinner and supper in their pockets, and leaving with several dollars, felt ;is if they had drawn a prize. ■ The whole expense of the county that year was less than one county official receives now. If that old Low tavern could speak, you could hear of some fine doings going on there of nights, when John Smith, with Capt. Low's old uniform on, with three or four pillows stuffed in for filling up, with sword buckled on, and the old Captain running up and down stairs to find out what was wanting ; and he had a cough so long his well had got low. Before this year, there were but three precincts for voting in the county — Fort Winnebago, Dekorra and Columbus. Four more were added at the first meeting of the Board — one at Lan^don's, near Cambria; one at Wyocena ; one at Lodi ; one at Dyer's, comprising Hampden and Otsego, known as Dyersburg ; and one at Lowville. The 9th day of June, 1847, there was a severe frost ; the ground was frozen and all early corn killed. I planted over the 17th of June, and by the 25th of August had as ripe sound corn as I ever raised, which was the most remarkable growth I ever saw. About the 15th of June came a hurricane across the prairie which blew down Thomas Swarthout's log house, and took John and his sisters about sixty rods into a. thicket. It also blew over H. Swift's house, where George Robinson's house now stands. The next year we became a State, and the judicial organization of our county commenced with the first court at Columbus, under Judge Larrabee. The first Norwegian settlers were Enlor Wilson and little Hans ; the first Welshman, Stephen James. Some of the first settlers in Otsego were so hard up that they had to live on roast corn and potatoes. Times were hardv as no one wanted to hire. The first winter they had to go into Illinois to get pork ; and no butter was to be had at any price. My own family never suffered for provisions. Always being fond of a dog and gun, I soon became a successful hunter, and always had plenty of venison, for deer were very plenty. Could sometimes see a hundred and fifty in a day. But those times are gone, and my rifle hangs up rusting." The day of the hurricane, leaving his wife at the house of a friend, Mr. Dyer and his friend went to Columbus. Observing the storm coming on, they hastened home, and as it increased in fierceness, and they were hurrying on, the friend shouted to Dyer, " For God's sake, Dyer, can't you drive faster ? " "No," was shouted back. "Then," said he, "I'll go afoot." Out he sprang from the wagon and was soon left far behind. Their families, however, escaped all injury. The old log tavern, although a home for any that came that way, had not been properly roofed, and during the first summer often let in more than a little dampness. It is related that on one occasion a traveler drove up during a storm, intending to ask for dinner. He found the light-hearted mistress seated in a large rocking chair, with skirts tucked up and a baby on each knee, while she held an umbrella over them to keep dry, and was rocking and singing, while the rain washed off the dinner dishes and covered the floor. Rattlesnakes were plenty in the early day, and, in the springtime it was considered dan- gerous to venture out without means to destroy them. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 835 The habit of lost persons traveling in a circuit, was exemplified during the early years of Dyer's residence here. Mrs. Dyer had endured the toothache until she thought it impossible to longer stand it. Taking her horse and buggy, with her two little children, she drove over to Madison and had the tooth extracted. She reached there without trouble and in due time started for home ; driving all day, at sunset she reached tlie same house she had stopped at the the night before. Somewhat surprised, she put up for the night. The ne.xt morning, she started again only to repeat the previous day's experience, returning to the same house for the second time. She was now thoroughly frightened and began to think she never would reach home, but started with renewed courage on the third day, and was fortunate to reach home at night. When Wayne B. Dyer "entertained man and beast," his old log tavern and log barn at Otsego was a famous resort for the early settlers for miles around as well as for travelers. That was the good old time when there was no whisky tariff, no illicit stills, no Government gangers, whisky but three cents a dririk, and when common drinking tumblers were used in dispensino- that commodity. Though Dyer kept a bar, he was strictly abstemious in regard to drink, althougli it was well known that he sometimes smoked. One day late in the fall, two well-known men went to Columbus from Springvale on foot. Returning, they had buffeted a driving storm all the way from Columbus to Otsego. Leg- weary and somewhat chilled, with several miles yet stretching between the latter place and their- cabin, one of them proposed to the other that they should revive themselves at Dyer's bar. The jug and the big tumblers were produced, filled* to the very brim and emptied without a grimace, while Dyer looked silently on, in astonishment or admiration ; the closest study of his face did not reveal which. A dime was thrown down, which was slipped into the till. Waiting a moment for his change, but not seeing it, tlie Springvale man remarked, "I thought whisky was three cents a drink ? " Dyer replied " It is three cents a drink, but I just now was wholesaling." The following are the names of the town officers elected since 1849 : 1849 — Orin Kincaid, Chairman ; Henry Ayer, John Boutwell, Supervisors ; Isaac N. Williams, Clerk ; Samuel Gibson, Assessor; Stephen James, Treasurer ; Christopher Hughes, Superintendent of Schools. 1850 — Orin Kincaid, Chairman ; Frank Folsom, Samuel Gibson, Supervisors ; John A. Byrne, Clerk ; Horace Dodge, Assessor ; Simpson Marsh, Treasurer ; Henry Ager, Superin- tendent of Schools. 1851 — Orin Kincaid, Chairman ; Isaac D. Gano, John Hughes, Supervisors ; John A. Byrne, Clerk ; George D. Mead, Treasurer; Henry Thornton, Assessor ; E. R. Morris. Super- intendent of Schools. 1852 — Frank Folsom, Chairman ; William Chamberlain, Asa Thornton, Supervisors ; John A. Byrne, Clerk ; G. D. Mead, Treasurer ; Horace Dodge, Assessor ; J. D. Gano, Superin- tendent of Schools. 1853 — G. D. Mead, Chairman : Henry Thornton, William Chamberlain, Supervisors ; Pat- rick Doherty, Clerk ; Cyrus Root, Treasurer ; Abram Van Aerman, Assessor ; Asa Thornton, Superintendent of Schools. 1854 — N. S. Green, Chairman ; Asa Thornton, David Dwyer, Supervisors ; Patrick Doherty, Clerk ; Cyrus Root, Treasurer ; Hans Oleson, Assessor ; Christopher Hughes, Super- intendent of Schools. 1855 — Frank Folsom, Chairman ; William Allyn, Abram Van Aerman, Supervisors ; Pat- rick Doherty, Clerk ; Horace Dodge, Treasurer; Levi Nelson, Assessor; E. W. McNitt, Super- intendent of Schools. 1856 — Abram Van Aerman, Chairman ; Hans Oleson, C. S. Tompkins, Supervisors ; Patrick Doherty, Clerk ; John Boutwell, Treasurer ; Isaac W. Spalding, Assessor ; George Put- nam, Superintendent of Schools. 1857 — Frank Folsom, Chairman ; Hans Oleson, Joel L. Burke, Supervisors ; Patrick Doherty, Clerk ; Daniel Daly, Treasurer ; John Boutwell, Assessor ; Edwin W. McNitt, Super- intendent of Schools. 836 HISTOUY OF COLIMBIA COUNTY. 1858 — Frederick G. Smith, Chairman ; William F. Ide, John Anderson, Supervisors ; Patrick Doherty, Clerk ; Daniel Daly, Treasurer ; Hans Oleson, Assessor ; C. 0. Pequin, Superintendent of Schools. 1859— J. L. Burke, Chairman: Cliff Wilson, William F. Ide, Supervisors; Edwin W. McNitt, Clerk; John Roche, Treasurer; Frank Folsom, Assessor; Thomas Doherty, Superin- tendent of Schools. I860 — C. S.Tompkins, Chairman : Thomas Henton, Peter Halverson, Supervisors; E. W. McNitt, Clerk; Philemon Root, Treasurer; J. W. Spalding, Assessor: John Sickles, Superin- tendent of Schools. 1861 — J. L. Burke, Chairman : Annun Hanson, Charles C. Holly, Supervisors : E. W. McNitt, Clerk ; Philemon Root, Treasurer : J. W. Spalding, Assessor ; John Sickles, Super- intendent of Schools. 1862— J. L. Burko, Chairman : Roswell Palmer, Levi Nelson, Supervisors : E. W. McNitt, Clerk ; Philemon Root, Treasurer; C. S. Tompkins, Jabez Hunting, Assessors. 1863 — Roswell Palmer, Chairman : William H. Robins, Halver Halverson, Supervisors : E. W. McNitt, Clerk: Henry Stevens, Treasurer: C. S. Tompkins, Henry Blenis, Assessors. 1864 — Roswell Palmer, Chairman : Thomas Henton, Clift" Oleson, Supervisors ; Patrick Doherty, Clerk : Halver Halverson Shelby, Treasurer : William F. Ide, Assessor. 1805 — E. M. Rosenkrans, Chairman: L. G. Lloyd, William Bradley, Supervisors; E. W. McNitt, Clerk ; Halver Halverson Shelby, Treasurer ; Joseph W. Stewart, Assessor. 1866 — L. G. Lloyd, Chairman : Thornton Thompson, J. W. Stewart, Supervisors : E. AV. McNitt, Clerk : W. A. Pulver, Treasurer : A. W. Dodge, Assessor. 1867 — J. L. Burke, Chairman: John Bently, Samuel Sampson, Supervisors: Alexander Rogers, Clerk : W. A. Pulver, Treasurer ; F. A. Brewer, Assessor. 1868 — Joel L. Burke, Chairman; Lester Curtis, L. H. Doyle, Supervisors: D. M. Hall, Clerk ; Hans Hanson Towgen, Treasurer : James S. Scott, Assessor. 1869 — Joel L. Burke, Chairman : Lester Curtis, L. H. Doyle, Supervisors: D. M. Hall, Clerk : Hans Hanson Towgen, Treasurer ; D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1870 — J. L. Burke, Chairman ; James P. McMahon, Pliilamon Root, Supervisors ; S. B. Curtis, Clerk ; Gabriel Oleson, Treasurer ; D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1871 — J. L. Burke, Chairman ; James P. McMahon, John E. McMahon, Supervisors; S. B. Curtis, Clerk : J. H. Ferguson, Treasurer : Hans H. Tongen, Assessor. 1872 — John Boutwell, Chairman; Oliver Noble, John E. McMahon, Supervisors; S. B. Curtis, Clerk: 0. A. Rustad, Treasurer: H. H. Tongen, Assessor. 1873 — John Boutwell, Chairman ; Hans H. Tongen, John E. McMahon, Supervisors ; H. L. Stevens, Clerk : Philemon Root, Treasurer : D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1874 — John Boutwell, Chairman : J. E. McMahon, J. H. Jurgerson, Supervisors; H. L. Stevens, Clerk : Philemon Root, Treasurer ; D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1875 — D. M. Hall, Chairman : Robert W. Williams, D. D. Fox, Supervisors ; John Peter- son, (_'lerk ; M. J. Leffingwell, Treasurer : D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1876 — Thornton Thompson, Chairman ; Samuel Sampson, E. C. Palmer, Supervisors ; 0. A. Rustad, Clerk: M. J. Leffingwell, Treasurer; D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1877 — Thornton Thompson, Chairman; Samuel Sampson, E. C. Palmer, Supervisors; 0. A. Rustad, Clerk ; M. J. Leffingwell, Treasurer ; D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1878 — Samuel Sampson, Chairman : Theodore Henton, William H. Gaskill, Supervisors; 0. A. Rustad, Clerk ; M. J. Leffingwell, Treasurer : D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1879 — H. H. Tongen, Sr., Chairman : Andrew Anderson, Jr., John Roche, Supervisors : H. H. Tongen, Jr., Clerk : M. J. Leffingwell, Treasurer ; D. J. Haines, Assessor. 1880 — H. Phillips, Chairman ; H. H. Shelby, Andrew Anderson, Jr., Supervisors ; J. B. Meredith, Clerk : M. J. Leffingwell, Treasurer ; 0. H. Smith, Assessor. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 837 VILLAGE OF OTSEGO. Around the settlement of Wayne B. Dyer, grew up quite a village between the years 1846 to 1849. Being on the direct route between Milwaukee and Stevens Point, quite a number in search of a home were prevailed upon to stop [here. A post office was here established in December, 1847, Cyrus Root receiving the appointment of Postmaster. During the first year, the entire recepts of the office was only a trifle over $4. Mr. Root retained the office for eleven years, being succeeded by Norman Mead, who held it a little less than one year, resign- ing in favor of Mr. Palver. The latter gentleman continued in charge until the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861, when Edwin McNitt obtained the appointment. Mr. McNitt re- signed in 186-3, in favor of .John Sickles. From that time until 1872, Mr. Sickles and Lewis Stevens filled the position. In 1872, VV. A. Pulver was appointed, serving until the fall of 1878, when Henry Root was commissioned. Wayne B. Dyer built the first hotel in 1844. The building was of logs, but in time was displaced by a large frame house. Mr. Dyer disposed of the property in 1853, to Abijah Stevens, and the hotel was discontinued. In 1848, John Boutwell built a large dwelling-house, and one year later converted the same into a tavern which he named the "Otsego House." His spelling of the word "house" was unique. His sign read "Otsego Hous." VVhen informed he should add "e " to the word, he replied, " Pshaw, you can't fool me ; that would make it read hous-y 't " The sign was put up as he spelled it, but travelers making so much sport of the spelling caused him to take it down and make the correction after a time. Mr. Boutwell only continued the house for one year, when he sold to Norman Mead, who ran it until 18.57, when Philemon Root purchased it. From that time to January, 1880, it has passed successively into the hands of W. A. Pulver, Sol- omon Mead, Lot Mead, Josiah Loomis, Archie McDougal, Mr. Willard, Mr. Robbins, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Bodie, Samuel Slifer and Fayette Ashley, the present owner. In 18.'j4, Dennison Dunning erected a hotel known as the "Gothic House," and continued in charge until his death, which occurred in 1864. The widow then continued the business for about three years, when she was married to John Boutwell, who, as landlord, served his guests until 1873, wlien the business was abandoned. The village attained a fair degree of prosperity before the completion of the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, in 1864, which was located two miles north. VILLAGE OF RIO. The village of Rio is situated in the extreme northwestern part of the town of Otsego, and was laid out in 1864, by N. B. Dunlap, who owned the largest part of the land on which the village has been built. In the month of November, 1864, Mr. Dunlap engaged A. Topliff, County Sur- veyor, to lay out and plat a portion of his land. This survey was completed and acknowledged November 4. Previous to the 8th day of May, 1868, Mr. Dunlap made three small additions to the village plat, and Mosher, Buchanan, Van Aernam and Scott also added to the same. N. B. Dunlap and Jacob Ulrich began the erection of business houses about the same time in November, 1864. There was quite a strife between them as to which should complete and first occupy his ■ building. Sixteen years after, each party was confident he was the first. The only building that had previously been erected was that of a small warehouse built by Mr. Welch, for the storage of grain. This warehouse was also used by the railroad company, until the completion of their depot, in the fall of 1865. The first lot sold was purchased by Jacob Ulrich, on which he erected a hotel, to which was given the name of Rio House. The house was opened in December, 1864, and continued in successful operation until May, 1875, when it was destroyed by fire. In July, following, Mr. Ulrich began the erection of another house, which was completed and opened for the accom- modation of the traveling public, November 10, 1875. The new house was larger than the old, 838 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. and more convenient, with ample room for twenty guests. In 1866, another hotel was erected by Rowland Morris. Tlie first dwelling-house was built by John Baw, a German shoemaker, who came here early in the spring of 1865. A daughter was born to him in May, of that year, being the first born in the village. The village post office was first established in the northeast corner of Lowville, in the year 1852. It was given the name of Rio. When the new village was located, one-half mile from this office, it was thought best it should take the same name, as the office would undoubtedly be moved there. Delos Bundy at that time was running a small country store, and was Postmaster at Rio. In the spring of 1865, he moved his store and office into the village, and consequently was the first Postmaster. Mr. Bundy held the office for a few years, and was succeeded by Mr. Emerson, and he in turn, in 1872, by M. J. Leffingweil. In the winter of 1864-65, Robert Williams and Kennedy Scott started here a lumber-yard, being the first to engage in the sale of lumber ; Delos Bundy opened the first stock of general merchandise ; Dr. Vincent was the first physician : John J. Brown the first legal adviser. In the fall of 1866, W. Davidson put in the first hardware store. In the spring of 1866, Warren Bundy, in company with Delos Bundy, put in the first drug store. D. Buchanan, in July, 1865, commenced the erection of an elevator, with a storage capacity of 10,000 bushels of grain, which was completed and ready for use September following. Mr. Buchanan continued in the grain business for two years, when he sold the elevator, it passing through many hands, and in 1879, was purchased by F. R. Morris & Co. Mr. Welch, in the fall of 1865, also commenced to build an elevator, but before completion it was sold to Knowles & Binnie. It afterward passed into the hands of Samuel D. Curtis, and was destroyed by fire November 30, 1872. The village cemetery grounds was donated, in ]848, by Samuel Dowd, and a son of Charles Dowd was the first burial therein. A joint school district was organized in 1849, composed of a portion of the towns of Low- ville and Otsego, the schoolhouse being erected in Lowville. Here the children of the village have been sent. They now have a graded school of two departments. MetJiodist Episcopal Church. — A class was organized in 1863, at the schoolhouse in the northeastern part of the town of Lowville. Here religious services were held until the fall of 1868, when services were held in the Congregational Church in the village. In 1869, together with the Baptists, a small building was fitted up for church purposes. The greatest era of prosperity attending this church was in 1872, when they had thirty-two members on the class- book. In 1879, the number had been reduced to about ten, caused by removals, death and withdrawal. Congregational Church. — This church was organized in 1863, at the house of David Palmer, two miles east of the village, with 0. C. Howe, Juliet Howe, William Scott, Jane Scott, David Palmer, Mehitable Palmer and Catherine McKenna. For several years, the congrega- tion worshiped in the schoolhouse. In the summer of 1867, they began the erection of a church building, which was completed and formally dedicated in October, 1868, Rev. S. B. Doe, Sec- retary of the Home Mission Society, preaching the sermon. Previous to this, a sermon was preached in the church on the occasion of the death of Abram Van Aernam, in the spring of 1868. This was the first sermon preached in the house. The church has had the services, as Pastor, of Revs. Donaldson, Thompson, Brown, Fairfield, Logan, Cheney, Powell, Demarest and Ball. In 1879, Kennedy Scott held the positions of Trustee, Deacon and Treasurer ; Car- oline C. Scott, Clerk. A union Sunday school was organized in 1865. In 1879, Kennedy Scott was Superintendent ; Mrs. John AVeyant, Assistant ; Arabella Tifl't, Secretary. Baptist Church. — This church was organized June 29, 1867, with D. Buchanan, Mrs. Buchanan, H. Blemis, M. E. Mosher, L. H. Palmer and wife, J. A. Eliot, Mrs. Wm. Gaskill, N. A. Palmer and wife, Mrs. Herring and Miss Buchanan. M. E. Mosher was elected Clerk. The organization was effected by Rev. Nathan Wood, of Wyocena, who, in 1880, had served thirteen HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNT r. 839 years, being the first and only Pastor. The first meetings of the church were held in the school- house, and were continued there until the house was refused them for religious services, when they niet in various halls in the village, and for a short time in the Congregationalist Church. In 1873, a building was purchased and fitted up for their use. In 1879, the officers of the church were: C. C. Holly, Clerk; Sylvester Noble, C. C. Holly, William Gaskill, J. B. Carter, Seth Allen, G. Palmer, Trustees ; Roswell Palmer, Seth Allen, Deacons. A Sunday school was organized in 1868, which has had a flourishing existence. In 1879, Roswell Palmer was Superintendent. VILLAGE OF DOYLESTOWN. On the 16th day of March, 1865, Lemuel H. Doyle purchased of Damon C. Starr 120 acres off the southeast quarter of Section 11, and, on the 2.5th day of March, purchased of Eason Starr 115 acres oif the northeast quarter of Section 14. The main object of the purchase was to locate thereon a village. On the 26th day of August, 1865, Alfred ToplifF, County Surveyor, completed and had recorded the plat of the village of Doylestown. David Metcalf, a former resident of Columbus, erected a store here in the summer of 1865, being the first in the village. He operated it for about four months, or until it was burned. From that time until 1868, no improvements were made in the place, and, in January of that year, only four families resided here. Mr. Doyle determined the place should have a start, and made a public offer to give a lot free to any who would build thereon. His offer was accepted, and during the year 1868, about thirty houses were erected. Eaton & Canfield built at the time a $2,500 elevator, with a storage capacity of 15,000 bushels of grain. Mr. Eaton died shortly after, and the elevator was burned in July, 1876. The first lot sold was purchased by Thornton Thompson, who erected the first house in the village. This house was afterward sold to Joseph Doyle, who, in 1868, built an addition to it, and opened the first hotel. The first freight was received by J. H. Davis September 19, 1865, consisting of two bundles of sash, the charges on which were 25 cents. The first shipment was two cars of bulk wheat to Curtis & Mann, Milwaukee, sent by Metcalf & Starr September 16, 1865. First ticket was sold May 22, 1866. D. Metcalf was the first station agent, serving from September, 1865, to November 1, 1866. L. H. Doyle was then appointed, serving until November, 1873, when Charles A. Doyle received the appointment. From the building of the road to March, 1880, D. Reed, J. A. Doyle. F. W. Whitcomb, Julia Williams, C. A. Doyle. C. S. Bensted, L. W. Davis, D. E. Moore, J. W. Hancock, H. A. Doyle, S. C. Budlong, F. N. Mills, S. B. Morse, George C. Wright, L. H. Martin, J. 0. Baker, P. Vandercook and E. J. Conner have served as telegraph operators. The original plat was composed of nine blocks off the northeast quarter of Section 14. The first addition was made, June 13, 1868, and was also off Section 14. The second addition was made, June 18, 1869, and was off the southeast quarter of Section 11, and comprised about forty acres. Isaac B. Downs, about this time, also made an addition, of about fifteen acres, to the plat of the village, off southeast quarter of Section 11. The first schoolhouse built near where the village was laid out was in 1859. In 1869, a larger and better house was erected, at a cost of $1,250. The first teacher in the new school- house was Miss Emma L. Holmes. In the winter of 1879-80, Peter F. McMahon was the teacher. First birth in the village was Martin, son of John Maloney, in the summer of 1866. The first death was Mrs. Thompson, July, 1866. Catholic Church. — In 1865, Father McGurke organized a society in this place, and in 1866 a church was erected, at a cost of $1,500. The congregation increasing in numbers, the house became too small to accommodate those who desired to attend ; therefore, in 1874, it was enlarged, at an additional cost of $700. In 1877, a parsonage was erected, adjacent to the church, at a cost of $750. A Sunday school has usually been maintained during the summer 840 • HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. months. Fathers McGurke, O'Kiefe, Gray, Roche and Murphy, have ministered to the spirit- ual welfare of the congregation, from its organization up to 1880. At that time, eighty families were represented in its membership. Methodist Episcopal Church. — A chiss was organized here at a very early day, religious services being held in private houses and in the schoolhouses in the neighborhood. The church having become numerically strong, in 1870 determined to erect a church edifice. In order to best carry out their intentions, David Edwards, David D. James, James S. Hallock, George Ormsbee, John J. Scott, George Young, Norman B. Dayton, Lester Hoard and Lemuel H. Doyle were elected Trustees, by the congregation. The first meeting of the Trustees was held in the shop of L. H. Doyle, January 8, 1871, Rev. B. M. Fullmer, presiding, all the Trustees being present. It was then voted to erect a church edifice, which was completed and dedicated Sunday, October o, 1873, by Rev. Samuel Fallows, D. D., of Madison, Wis., Rev. J. B. Cole being then preacher in charge. The cost of the church was $2,000. L. H. Peck, Lester Hoard and L. H. Doyle were the building committee. The first funeral held in the church was that of an infant child of Ferdinand and Kate Pinkrou, in the fiiU of 1873, Rev. Oppen, of Columbus, a German preacher, ofliciating. The first marriage in the church was that of D. W. Edwards and Mattie James, October 21, 1874. Protestant Episcopal Church. — Rev. F. C. Eldved organized the church here November 21, 1877, with the election of George Hall, Warden ; J. G. Smith, Treasurer ; Niels Rasmus, Secretary. Mr. Eldred discharged the duties of Pastor of the church, until the summer of 1879, when he was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Burlsora. For the first two years, services were held every Friday evening, with occasional visits from the Minister at other times. In the fall of 1879, the time of services was changed to each Sunday evening. Good Templars.— W. P. St. John, D. G. W. C. t., of Portage City, visited the place June 26, 1869, and instituted a lodge of twenty-nine charter members. Those composing its first officers and charter members were Lemuel H. Doyle, W. C. T.; Emma L. Holmes, W. V. T.; Delevan E. Moore, W. S.; Isaac B. Downs, W. C; David Edwards, W. F. S.; Cora A. Downs, W. T.; D. W. Edwards, W. M.; Delia E. Doyle, W D. M.; Ella Doyle, W. I. G.: Ful- ton R. Morris, W. 0. G.; Mary E. Doyle, R. H. S.; Nellie Peck, L. H. S.; Lester Hoard, P. W. C. T.; Charles M. Morris', Henry A. Doyle, Joseph Doyle, Lettie C. Edwards, Norman B. Dayton, David D. James. Brigetta A. Waters, Ira C. Edwards, Clarence Peck, T. C. Hop- kins, Charles M. Peck, Fannie Hopkins, James Hopkins, Mary Hopkins, Mary J. Doyle and John W. Hancock. For five years, the lodge continued in successful operation. In consequence of the removal of the greater* number of the most active workers, it was compelled to suspend. Patrons of Husbandry. — Union Grange, No. 430, Patrons of Husbandry, was organized March 5, 1874, by Deputy Kennedy Scott, assisted by John Sanderson, of Cambria. The first officers and charter members were Lemuel H. Doyle, Master ; George Hall, Overseer ; John J. Scott, Treasurer ; Peter Morse, Secretary ; Jerome R. Nasholds, Lecturer ; Franklin Andrews, Steward ; Charles Peck, Assistant Steward ; Edward F. Palmer, Chaplain ; F. C. Councilman, Gate Keeper; Mary V. Andrews, Stewardess; Ellen M. Titcomb, Ceres; Harriet Palmer, Pomona ; Sarah Youngs, Flora; Cora A. Downs. Mary J. Doyle, Ida Andrews, George Youngs, Lyman B. Ward, Dexter Titcomb, George Williams, Sarah A. Hall, Mary E. Doyle, Thomas W. Davis, Demosthenes Nasholds, Anthony Snowdeii. The first meetings of the grange were held in Hoard's Hall, afterward in Methodist Episcopal Church. A grange store was started in 1877, but both grange and store were discontinued in 1878. The Columbus Democrat, under date of March 22, 1872, thus speaks of Doylestown : " In 1848, Owen Kincaid entered a tract of land about ten miles west of Columbus (it is now owned by H. A. Whitney) and is not far from the station and village of Doylestown, and was the first entry in that vicinity. Daniel James was the first settler adjacent to the present HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 841 site of the little village, his duplicate bearing date May 9, 1848, though Mr. Moses Roberts, in 1847, entered forty acres, and built a cabin near where Joseph G. Smith lives. Damon C. Starr secured his land and arrived two weeks later, his patent, dated September 1, 1849, having the signature of President Taylor. He built a log house that year, which was the first struct- ure in that locality. The frame building with which he replaced it was five years ago the only building near where the village now is. In the same year, William Chamberlain settled on land which is now owned by Daniel Tompkins. Eason Starr, in 18.50, purchased of speculators a quarter-section adjoining his brother, and Dr. Edward Heath arrived the same year. Most of the village is situated upon which was originally bought by the former. The depot and water- tank were built in 1865. L. H. Doyle arrived in June, 1865, and purchased the lands of the two Starrs, between two and three hundred acres. " A village was platted that year, and David Metcalf, a previous resident of Columbus and now general roadmaster of the La Crosse & North-Western Division, erected a store which he operated for four months, or until it was burned. No progress was made for two or three years. In 1868, there were but four families living on the village plat. That year, Eaton & Canfield built a $2,500 elevator. '* The village now has a population of 200. D. D. Fox and D. D. Jones have each a good general store well stocked with dry goods, groceries, etc. Hoard & Earle are engaged in the lumber trade, and they also purchase wheat and produce. The elevator has a capacity of 15,000 bushels of grain. Not long after its erection, one of its owners djed, and it has since been closed. R. Elliot, of Milwaukee, holds a mortgage on it, and the building is for sale on favorable terms. Residents claim that 40,000 bushels of grain would find a market there, under favorable circumstances. Joseph Doyle, father of L. H. Dowle, is the proprietor of the Doyle House, the village hotel, which he manages successfully. John Bau is the boot and shoe maker of the hamlet, and does his work well. He runs a saloon in connection with his shop I. Gormley, a new-conjer, is also proprietor of a saloon. .James Riley is the village blacksmitii. Dr. Henry Allen is the resident physician, and, though he only came to Doylestown a few months ago, is acquiring an extensive practice. He went thither from Hartland, though for six years he was Superintendent of an eye and ear infirmary at Chicago. L. H. Doyle is the station agent, express agent and Postmaster. Becoming the owner of the village site, he has shown an irrepressible desire to build up the town, and has given away acres to persons desiring to become permanent residents. In connection with other business, he established a nursery ia 1868, and he now has about eight acres set out with choice trees and shrubbery. Last year, he manufactured about three thousand brooms. It is not to be denied that he has shown much enterprise and liberality in promoting the growth of the village which bears his name. A lodge of Good Templars is in Doylestown ; it has sixty members, and Dr. Allen is its Worthy Chief. A Catholic Churcli is the only building at present that has been erected for the purpose of wor- ship. The priest at Columbus conducts services periodically. One of the best schoolhouses in the county was built here some years ago. The Baptist and other denominations have wor- shiped here. The Methodists are about to erect a new church, 30x40, and have the stone for the foundation already on the ground. " It is now about three years since the leftd excitement broke out in the vicinity of Doyles- town. A point a few rods west of that station is, by survey, the highest elevation on the rail- road between the Wisconsin River and Lake Michigan. To the northeast, the land is broken into hillocks of reddish clay, though lime and sandstone frequently appear. On the Hallock farm, two miles and a half away, men at the plow brought up rich fragments of ore, and, while building fences across the land, found very promising specimens of that material. Carpenter, of Rio, has made numerous excavations upon the farm, and has secured ore in paying quantities. He is still at work under a lease. About a year ago, the farm was sold to a company at Sparta, and they have been since sinking a shaft. It had reached a depth of eighty-five feet the other day when we visited the spot, and the work is still in progress. They have been constantly taking out good ore, but in very small quantities, yet the indications are that lead exists in large 842 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. amounts, if it can only be struck. The State Geologist has inspected the locality and adds the weight of his opinion to this statement. The formation is peculiar, those clay hills being approached on both sides by sand or by prairie. It should also be stated that evidences have been found which lead to the belief that silver exists in those ledges. If the secrets of nature shall be successfully read in this vicinity, it would make Doylestown a busy station and give an impetus to the business of the county even." TOWN OF PACIFIC. This town is located in the central part of the county, its northwest corner adjoining the city of Portage. It comprises the east half of Township 12, Range 9, and a fractional part of Sections 4, 9, 16, 21, 28 and -33, of same township and range, lying to the east of the Wis- consin River, which river forms its western boundary. It is watered by the Fox River, which enters the town on the east through Swan Lake on Section 1, flows west and northwest to Portage City. It is also watered by Duck Creek in the central part. About one-half of the town is marsh land, 'the remainder is oak openings. The land is generally sandy and low, the surface altitude being from 200 to 250 feet. The town was set off in 18-54 from Portage City, much to the delight of its inhabitants, avers a local writer, for the reason of the high assessment of its lands. N. H. Wood, who had entered and purchased a large portion of the land lying within the present limits of the town, and had also established a store on Section 16, had the honor of naming the town. The first election showed about fifty voters ; the number has not since materialh' increased. Among the first settlers were Henry Jennings, who came in 1849, Stephen Calverly, H. Holden John \V. Lawrence and Benjamin Dow, in 1850 ; N. H. Wood, 1851 ; William Bates, J. W. Porter, Moses Bump, Daniel Marston and Jonathan Pegg, in 1854 ; Amasa Porter, Joshua Calkins, J. L. Porter and Griffin Smith, in 1856. There are no villages in the town, though numerous attempts have been made to establish one, and paper cities have flourished. On an old Territorial map, issued in 1837, on the north side of Swan Lake is marked the village of " Ida." The proverbial '' oldest inhabitant," living in the spring of 1880, had never heard of its existence. In 1838, a magnificent " city " was laid out on the same site, which was given the name of Wisconsinapolis, and so well was it platted, the lake being crowded with such magnificent steamers, that in the East a large number of lots were sold at almost fabulous prices. The success of this venture encouraged the owners of the land on the south side of the lake also to plat a city which was to bear the name of "Winnebago City." Lots here brought good prices. Henry Merrell relates that upon one occasion a gentleman came into his store at the fort, and inquired at what hour steamboats left for Winconsinapolis. He was told that at the time boats were very irregular, but lie could direct him to the place. The man then inquired which was the best hotel. Mr. Merrill declined to answer that question, as he did not wish to injure his popularity as a business man by showing partiality in the case. A few hours afterward, when he returned from the " city," where no building larger than an Indian wigwam had ever been erected, and where twenty-five white men had probably never set foot, he drove rapidly by, neither looking to the right or left, his curiosity having been abundantly satisfied. In 1838, an act was passed by the Territorial Legislature, incorporating the Marquette and Swan Lake Canal Company. James Duane Doty, Lieut. Hovey and others were the incorporators. It was the intention of the company to run a canal from Swan Lake into Lake George, and down Duck Creek to the Wisconsin River. A tavern was built at the west end of Swan Lake, and a ferry run across the neck of the lake. This canal was in opposi- tion to the one connecting the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers at Fort Winnebago, and, it was thought by its incorporators, would tend to build up the villages of Wisconsinapolis and AVin- nebago City. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 8-13 " Baltimore City " was another paper city which never had an existence in fact. It was laid out on Section 33, where Duck Creek empties into the Wisconsin River. Says a local writer : " Cities have not flourished in Pacific, but industry has, and no where in the county is there less ostentation or more promptness to meet obligations than Pacific. It is one of those towns where from a variety of agricultural resources, nnd a strict economy, its population seem to ' come out all right in the spring.' When its population quadruples, and the land is drained and occupied, Pacific will he a very prosperous and popular town, and to-day. for a high order of intelligence, morality, industry, and moderate thrift, it is at least a good average of the county." The following is a list of town officers elected since the organization of the town : 1854 — N. H. Wood, Chairman; John W. Lawrence, Benjamin Dow, Supervisors; La Fayette Dow, Clerk; Thomas Dow, Treasurer; Stephen Calverly, Assessor; Rodney Loomis, School Superintendent. 1855 — Benjamin Dow, Chairman ; Giles M. Packard, Henry Jennings, Supervisors ; D. Marston, Clerk ; R. 0. Loomis, Treasurer and School Superintendent ; Stephen Calverly, Assessor. 1856 — J. W. Porter, Chairman; William Weir, Giles M. Packard, Supervisors; James Wright, Clerk ; R. 0. Loomis, Treasurer ; Stephen Calverly, Assessor ; J. W. Porter, School Superintendent. 1857 — William Weir, Chairman; Stephen Calverly, William Bates, Supervisors ; James Wright. Clerk ; B. F. Flowers, Treasurer ; A. D. Betz, Assessor ; Dan Marston, School Super- intendent. 1858 — Francis Wood, Chairman ; A. D. Betz, Andrew Weir, Supervisors ; George W. Marsh, Clerk ; Daniel Marston, School Superintendent ; Stephen Calverly, Assessor ; B. F. Flowers, Treasurer. 1859 — Francis Wood, Chairman; Andrew Weir, J. L. Porter, -Supervisors ; George W. Marsh, Clerk ; George Osborne, Treasurer ; Stephen Calverly, Assessor ; J. L. Porter, School Superintendent. 1860 — Andrew Weir, Chairman ; J. W. Lawl'ence, S. W. Porter, Supervisors ; George Marsh, Clerk; William Bates, Treasurer; Stephen Calverly, Assessor; J. L. Porter, School Superintendent. 1861 — Andrew Weir, Chairman; Griffin Smith, B. F. Flowers, Supervisors; Z.J. D. Swift, Clerk ; T. W. Dow, Treasurer; Henry Jennings, Assessor ; A. D. Betz, School Superin- tendent. 1862 — Francis Wood, Chairman ; A. Weir, Samuel Hoyt, Supervisors ; Amasa Porter, Clerk ; T. W. Dow, Treasurer ; Griffin Smith, Assessor. 1863 — H. Jennings, Chairman; Samuel Hoyt, Samuel Porter, Supervisors; Amasa Por- ter, Clerk ; B. F. Flowers, Treasurer ; Stephen Calverly, Assessor. 1864 — Griffin Smith, Chairman; A. Coapman, S. W. Porter, Supervisors; Amasa Por- ter, Clerk ; Stephen Calverly, Treasurer ; William Bates, Assessor. 1865 — Stephen Calverly, Chairman; Samuel Murray, B. F. Flowers, Supervisors; Z. .J. D. Swift, Clerk ; Edward Smith, Treasurer : J. L. Porter. Assessor. 1866 — William Weir, Chairman ; William Bates, Moses Bump, Supervisors ; Amasa Por- ter, Clerk ; Z. J. D. Swift, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1867 — H. Jennings, Chairman ; Lewis Evans, Samuel Murray, Supervisors ; E. Smith, Clerk ; Griffin Smith, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1868 — Amasa Porter, Chairman ; J. F. Warren, Stephen Calverly, Supervisors ; J. L. Porter, Clerk ; William Bates, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1869 — Edward Smith, Chairman ; Stephen Calverly, Henry Cutsforth, Supervisors ; H. Jennings, Clerk ; Stephen Calverly, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1870 — B. F. Flowers, Chairman ; Lewis Evans, Moses Bump, Supervisors ; Z. J. D. Swift, Clerk ; Henry Jennings, Treasurer, J. L. Porter, Assessor. 844 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1871 — Stephen Calverly, Chairman; W. B. Cutsforth, Lewis Evans, Supervisors, Amasa Porter, Clerk ; Frank H. Husbrook, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1872 — J. L. Porter, Chairman; D. B. Tompkins, H. Jennings, Supervisors; Z. J. D. Swift, Clerk ; William Bates, Treasurer ; J. F. Warren, Assessor. 1873 — Stephen Calverly. Chairman; Henry Cutsforth, A. Weir, Supervisors; E. Smith, Clerk ; I. Kershaw, Treasurer ; A. Kershaw, Assessor. . 1874 — E. Smith, Chairman ; E. A. Porter, Jonathan Pegg, Supervisors : W. S. Flowers, Clerk ; I. Kershaw, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1875 — Lewis Evans, Chairman ; Stephen Calverly, Henry Cutsforth, Supervisors ; W. S. Flowers, Clerk ; E. E. Smith, Treasurer : J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1876 — Edward Smith, Chairman ; Anson Coapman, Patrick Lehan, Supervisors ; W. S. Flowers. Clerk ; E. E. Smith, Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1877 — J. L. Porter, Chairman ; Benjamin Dow, W. Cutsforth, Supervisors ; E. E. Smith, Clerk; I. Kershaw, Treasurer; E. Smith, Assessor. 1878 — Henry Jennings, Chairman; Charles Lawrence, I. Kershaw, Supervisors; A. Bump, Clerk; William Bates, Treasurer; A. Kershaw, Assessor. 1879 — E. Smith, Chairman; E. A. Porter, John Jarvis, Supervisors; E. E. Smith, Clerk ; H. W. Cutsforth Treasurer ; J. L. Porter, Assessor. 1880 — A. Weir, Chairman; Patrick Lehan, L. F. Dow, Supervisors; A. A. Porter, Clerk ; E. E. Smith, Treasurer ; H. W. Cutsforth, Assessor. TOWN OF RANDOLPH.* BY WILLIAM T. WHIRRY. The first settler in this town was George Knowles, who came from the city of New York, selected his land in the fall of 1843, on Section 13, and entered it in February, 1844, and erected the first building in town at the same time, in the form of a board shanty, with white- wood boards brought from Fond du Lac ; broke up some land in May, 1844, and claims it was the first land broken in town ; planted the first crop, and raised a good one, without any fence ; put up his log house in August, 1844, and resided on the same place until about 1860, when he removed to Milwaukee. S. S. Torbert came from Illinois March 16, 1844, in company with John Langdon and Benjamin Williams. Mr. Torbert raised the first log house on Section 15. B. Williams being a single man, lived with him. They lived for a long time on succotash (green corn and beans), without anything else. He broke, as he claims, the first land, but that point is disputed by Mr. Knowles. His first crop of wheat was seventy bushels, from two acres, and two bushels in sowing, which had been dragged in with a wooden-toothed drag. At that time, there were only three log cabins at Fo.x Lake, and no building between there and Fort Winnebago, except Pow- derly's, near the latter place. John Langdon put up his log house very shortly after Torbert, on Section 29, but finished it first, making it the first log house in town. He brought in the first span of horses, and as Torbert and Williams came with him, and as they all brought cattle, they must all have the credit of bringing in the first oxen and cows ; and they were called a very superior lot of cattle. He also brought some hogs, and came fully equipped to break up land, and did break up a good (leal for others. He started Cambria — built the dam and put up a saw-mill, in company with Samuel Langdon, in 1845, and for several years it was called Langdon's mill ; but he became involved, and allowed a sharper, named Bell, to get hold of his property, who converted it to his own use, and changed the name of the place to Bellville (it was afterward called Florence, then Cambria). John Langdon was thus financially ruined ; and the loss of his hard-earned property probably shortened his days. He removed to Bad Axe (now Vernon County), and died there in 1852. •This akelch, with much additional, was written in 1871, rerised in 1873, and published ty the town. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 845 Benjamin Williams located a piece of prairie on Section 32, but did not build right off. He sold to Joseph Kerr, who came here in the foil of 1846 ; he then built on a piece of land adjoining Cambria ; was Sheriff for one term ; now lives in the fruit region of Michigan. Alvin B. Alden came from Connecticut in July, 1844, and put up a hay shanty, with wings for bedrooms, on a splendid quarter-section of openings, on Section 24, being the first land selected in town ; built his log house in November, 1844 ; claims that he put in and har- vested the first winter wheat. He was clerk of the Board of Supervisors for several years ; now resides in Portage. John Converse came from Connecticut in October, 1844 ; boarded about six months with his son-in-law, Alvin B. Alden ; put up his log house in the spring of 1845, on a clay knoll, on Section 25: had a mill privilege, which nature had done a good deal for, except supplying it with water — if we except a few springs ; but Uncle John, nevertheless, not to be balked by such a trifle, built a dam and a small mill, and put in a run of stones, bolts, etc. Feed is still ground there, when we have a wet time. Uncle John kept the first house of entertainment for man and beast, and scores are now living who remember with pleasure the kind, liberal and motherly attentions of Mrs. Converse ; though not kept in the style of the Fox House, yet everything that was substantial was in abundance, and all left satisfied — style was not expected in a log house. He was the first Postmaster in town; kept the first post ofiice, called Polk Prairie, a misnomer, as it was situated in the openings. The name was afterward changed to East Randolph. He was the founder of the village of Randolph, in Dodge and Columbia Counties, for which he is entitled to the gratitude of the whole community, having labored almost single handed against the combined efforts of Cambria, Fox Lake and the railroad company. The opposition he encountered would, doubtless, have deterred almost any other person ; but, after repeated refusals, in February, 1857, he obtained permission from the railroad company to put up a shanty on the prairie for the reception of grain, the company agreeing to stop the cars whenever he succeeded in getting a car-load, on being signaled, and providing the train was not detained over ten minutes. A poplar pole, with an old neck-scarf attached, was the signal used ; now it is about the greatest wheat station on the line of the road. He built the Russell House, and when he removed there he took the post office and its name with him, which was the cause of the station being called Randolph. He was our first School Superintendent, and now resides at Portage. The first Welsh people in this section of our State settled a few rods east of our town line, and the first in this town were the Rev. Thomas H. Roberts, David Roberts, and John Evans. The two former settled on Section 4, and the latter on a poor eighty acres, on Section 15, now used as a pasture by William Harris ; his log house, with a stick chimney on the outside, stood near the road, on the north end ; and the first sermon delivered in the town was preached there, in the winter of 1844 and 1845, by the Rev. T. H. Roberts, at which time the Welsh church of Blaen-y-cae was organized, and also the Sabbath school, and religious services were held alter- nately at James Evans', near Lake Emily, Catharine Roberts, Blaen-y-cae, and John Evans', on Section 15 ; the first is now living at the same place, and aged about eighty-four years, the second died in May, 187 1, aged eighty-three years, and the last has removed to Iowa. The said Thomas H. Roberts, immediately after his arrival here, wrote letters to his friends in Wales, describing the country and its advantages, which were read in the mines there, and created quite a furor ; the result was that the next spring witnessed the departure of a great many families to Wisconsin, who settled at Lake Emily, and what is now Courtland, Springvale and Randolph, all brought here by these letters. Mr. Roberts, like most of the Welsh preachers, is also a farmer, and has resided, until a few years since, on his first location, and owns it now, but resides on the town line, in the town of Manchester, and is still a preacher and farmer, and very much respected by all. At one time, while he was in the woods splitting some rails, a noble-looking stag came near where he was at work, stopping under a tree and appearing to lean against it ; Mr. Roberts, rightly conjecturing that he had been wounded by some hunter, went 846 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUXTY. up to him and caught him by the horns and secured him ; he had been shot. David Roberts, mentioned above, settled near Lake Sarah in 1844, and left in the spring of 1850 for California, and died just as he came in sight of it. He located the first settlers in Springvale, etc. The most of our first Welsh settlers had spent what little money they had by the time they had become settled here; some paid their last sliilling for their land, a yoke of oxen or a cow; one fiimily paid out their last sovereign for an old lame sow, but which proved a good specu- lation afterward in the sale of pigs ; but, with no money, or anything to exchange for groceries, they fared hard indeed ; ami some recollect well how thankful they were to receive from an acquaintance, who was fortunate to own a cow when they had none, a small piece of butter or a little milk occasionally, and they would go a long distance to get it, and live a long time on its recollections — for from that time they began to live, as they could exchange butter for what they needed, and, with the good pasturage the land afibrded, they would make about nine pounds of butter a week from a good cow, and felt comparatively independent. For a long time after they came here, not one of them owned a wagon ; but nothing pre- vented them from attending their religious meetings regularly, week days as well as Sundays — and they went mostly afoot: and when the creeks were swollen in the spring, or overflowed the low bridges, the women would take oiF their shoes and stockings, wade through, and re-dress on the other side, and go on to meeting. Would any American woman do that ? Some went to meeting with a yoke of oxqu and a low, log sled, similar to a stone-boat, winter and jmmer, and some used, for several years, low truck wagons, with the wheels cut from the ends of a large log, the stjueaking of which could be heard for a mile when they went to and fro to meeting. Now, some of those very individuals drive as handsome a turnout as any one. Our Welsh people started the poultry business under rather discouraging circumstances. A friend of John Roberts (Bontnewydd), had brought with him a pair of chickens to commence with, but they proved to be both roosters, and, as there were no hens to be found anywheie, the prospect for fresh eggs or chicken pie was poor indeed ; but a trade was struck vup, by which John Roberts was to have one, if he would help to procure a hen ; so they posted oif together to Columbus, and, after a good deal of travel and more persuasion, and representing the very bad fix they were in, they procured two hens. The following incident will give some idea of the loneliness of some of ourl early settlers (the neighbors being few and far between) : The family of the above-named John Roberts had resided here nearly one year before they saw a single individual, excepting their town people, when one day, one of the boys came running in, shouting at the top of his voice, " Mother I m jther ! there's a man coming ! " and they were almost as much astonished as Robinson Crusoe was when he discovered the footprints in the sand. The first celebration of the anniversary of American independence, in town, was cele- brated by the Welsh people July 4, 1848, on Section 4, by singing, and short lectures on tem- perance. Job W. Perry, though not one of the earliest settlers in this town, yet located his land in 1844, and deserves notice here. He lived a short time a few miles beyond its limits ; built a large, good log house on Section 12, in the spring of 1845 ; came originally from New York, then Ohio, then Walworth County ; was a good specimen of the old-fashioned pioneers, who have done so much to build up this country ; had always lived at the western end of civilization, and, as soon as land became improved, so that his cattle did not have a wide range, he was uneasy, and would sell out and be off further West. He had sold here in 1852, and had located in Minnesota, and was preparing to remove his family when death put in his veto. I am afraid there were Ku-Klux or Wide- Awakes in those days, although they did not go by these names; but, as Shakespeare says, " What's in a name? " The early settlers generally respected claims. Uncle Job had jumped some claim and refused to give it up ; he was Ku-kluxed one night by a delegation disguised, and, after a bold resistance by the family, in which an old sword and hot water were freely used, he was taken off to Lake Emily, to be put under the ice, but at the last moment a compromise was effected. y ^^n DE KORRA HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 849 In this connection, an amusing incident occurred. Uncle Job, previous to the threatened lynching, had become alarmed, from information lie had received, and, knowing the then cus- toms of the country and the characters he had wronged, expected trouble. So, one day, he came to F. R. Roberts and represented that the settlers were going to kill him because he had shown land to the Welshmen. Roberts and his brother David thought, in their innocence, that it was too bad that Uncle Job should be killed on their account, and that even if they lost their lives in consequence, they ought, by right, to go and protect him. They went, but found no one there. David left, but the other remained, and, in a very short time, some men were seen advancing toward the house. Uncle Job ran up a ladder to the chamber, and, Robinson Cru- soe-like, pulled it up after him. The old lady got out the old sword and put it into Robert's hands, and posted him near the door; she then hid under the bed, and the daughters left the house. The men tried to come in, but Roberts brandished the sword so vigorously that the feat was impossible without the risk of losing a limb or two. They expostulated and explained in English, which was the only language they were masters of, and Roberts talked back in Welsh, for the reason that he did not know a word of any other language — but the old sword still threatened. In the mean time, however, one of the girls came around from her hiding-place to the door, and found out that these men were travelers, and innocent of any murderous designs. She also tried to explain to Roberts in English, but all to no purpose ; the old sword still flour- ished menacingly. Roberts thought of nothing but saving the life of Uncle Job, which was placed in jeopardy on his account, and was determined to " fight it out on that line, if it took all summer." Finally, Uncle Job heard enough to satisfy him that he had nothing to fear from these men ; so he came down from his hiding-place, and the old lady from under the bed, and, after numerous motions and signs, Roberts was induced to give up the old sword, and the men allowed to come in. Uncle Job, like H. Stevens and other speculators, made a business of locating settlers on Government land at any price they could agree on, and then go or send to the Land Office at Green Bay and enter it. This same F. R. Roberts, in 1845, had paid Uncle Job for his land and was preparing to build on his present homestead, when he found out by a friend, who had overhea<-d the conversation, that Uncle Job had planned a trick to get his son-in-law to enter the eighty acres of prairie which he (Roberts) had paid Perry for — Perry having all his money, which had been delivered to him without any witness or receipt. Roberts had no alternative but to imme- diately squat on it and claim it under the pre-emption laws, and thus prevent it being purchased by others. As he happened to have a few boards, he immediately put up a small shanty on the prairie, and lived in it for four months, w^ithout any door to it, and by so doing he succeeded in saving his land, which he had previously paid for ; but it was a very close thing — his pre- emption having been made at 9 o'clock in the morning, and Perry's money, which he had fur- nished, having arrived at the Green Bay Land Office at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the same day. Uncle Job was like all the old pioneers, kind and good-hearted, and willing to aid any- one in sickness or distress ; a good neighbor, though sharp at a bargain ; he was our first Town Assessor, but would not stand a re-election. The first German who settled in this part of our State was Dr. William C. Arch, a much- respected and well-informed man, who settled on Section 6, near the Fox River marsh, in 1848. He still resides there, in the old log house. Through his influence, most of the numerous Ger- mans in this and the adjoining section of country were induced to settle here. The first school ever kept in town was kept at the log dwelling-house of John Converse, in 184.5. The first schoolhouse erected in town expressly for a school was made of logs, on Govern- ment land, on Section 11, by voluntary contribution of labor and material, and school taught there by Margaret Jones, of Springvale, in the summer of 1846. The writer lived there for a few months ; but in December of that year, the forty acres it was built on had been exchanged for another forty, and a dispute arose about the ownership of the schoolhouse, and one night it was secretly torn down and carried away, and so ended the first schoolhouse. 850 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. The first schoolhouse built after the School Districts were organized was built of logs, on Section 25, in School District No. 1. The first, and until quite recently, the only store in this town, was erected in 1846, by Elijah Dunlap and Milo E. Bradley, on the old Fort Winnebago road, and was the only one for a number of miles, and quite a business was done there for several years, by Dunlap & Scott, and it was considered the nucleus of a village, and called Centerville. Squire Patton, of Scott, used to hold there what was called the '' High Court of Centerville ; " said store and a one-horse tavern across the road, in the town of Scott, was all that ever came of it, excepting that a doctor set up there, for a short time, but it was so healtliy that he had no practice, and left, and Centerville, though in a new country, was reckoned among the things that had been. The first dwelling destroyed by fire was Mr. Blood's, on Section 36, which was built of hay — no insurance. Insurance agents had not arrived yet. The first road in this town was laid out and the sloughs bridged by the soldiers, for tlie purpose of getting their supplies, and was called the Fox Lake and Fort Winnebago road ; and, though no regard was paid to section lines, yet a part of it is still used as a road ; another, and older military road, from Fort Winnebago to Fort Howard, was, and is now, located a little north of the town line. The first election held in this section of our county, and in this town, was held in the house of John Langdon, in 1846, at which election M. W. Patton was elected Justice of the Peace, for the four townships now called Courtland, Springvale, Scott and Randolph. The old house still stands, in a good state of preservation, and can be seen any day, on the farm of Thomas Sander- son, between his house and the barn. The roof is shingled now, but for several years it was covered with bark, which was held in its place with poles. The first white child born in the town was a child of Henry Dantz, who settled on Section 10. in 1845, who was AV. W. Dantz, of Princeton, and who was the Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms in the Senate in 1871. Now deceased. The first white death in the town was a child of James Lowell, who was buried on his farm, on Section 13, as there was no cemeteries -at that time. The first public cemetery was donated to the public by Job W. Perry, on Section 12, and was, for a number of years, the only burial ground in town, and a great many were buried there, but the bodies have been mostly removed to the beautiful cemetery at Randolph Center, which was surveyed April 24, 1851. All the first settlers avoided the prairies, having somehow, formed the erroneous idea that no one could live and support himself there, because there was no timber, and but little water or marsh — three very important requisites in a new country ; also, that the land was considered too poor to grow timber : too cold for man or beast to live on in the winter, and only fit for cat- tle to range on in summer : and some men thought that it would never be settled, and that they would get the use of it for pasture as long as they lived : consequently, you would find all the first settlements in the openings, at the edge of the timber, and near some spring of water — water and wood being the principal things looked for; and when land was purchased on the prairie it was generally for speculation, and the most of that was done after the Mexican land warrants came into market. The first man, in this town, who was bold enough to venture clear out into the prairie was the late E. D. Hewit, in March, 1847, having been enticed there by a large spring of water and some marsh, on Section 84, and lived there for several years, and raised crops without any fence, or any fear of being annoyed by roving cattle — his own cattle being tethered on the marsh. The first name given to the town was Luzerne, but a dispute arising as to its orthography, some contending that the third letter should be "c." some "s" and others "z," another meet- ing was called and its present name adopted. At a meeting of the County Commissioners, held at Columbus January 1'. 1849. it was decided that Township No. 13, north of Range 12. east of the Fourth Principal Meridian, should constitute the town of Randolph. A strong effort had been made by a portion of the people of Scott to get the east half of the present town of Scott attached to Randolph, but we preferred to go it alone, believing that a town six miles HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 851 square was large enough. The County Commissioners designated the house of Oscar F. Ham- ilton, on Section 23, as the place for holding the first town meeting. The first town caucus was held at the house of Willard Perry, on Section 22 ; a union ticket was proposed, but failed, and party tickets were nominated — VVhig and Democratic. The first town meeting was held as stated above, on the 3d day of April, 1849, and at the election of moderator of that meeting the first party battle was fought, resulting in a Democratic victory, John Converse having been elected Moderator and George Knowles Clerk. That election was considered a test vote, and the Whigs tried to change the result and the Democrats to retain what they had gained, and we had lively times, and party feeling ran high ; but the Democratic ticket was elected, as the Whigs alleged, by illegal voting, and because the Democrats had the best horses. A few Englishmen who were working here, but whose families resided in the town of Scott, were arrested for illegal voting, and had atrial at the " High Court of Centerville." They were defended by ex-Governor James T. Lewis, but nothing came of it excepting hard feelings, and a great deal of party animosity, for several years, in town elections. At the first town meeting, in the town of Randolph, the whole number of votes cast was ninety-six : and, on Chairman of Supervisors, where the greatest efibrt was made, the vote stood fifty-six and forty. Tlie following were the first town ofiicers elected : Supervisors — William T. Whirry (Chairman), John W. Phillips, Powell Austin ; Town Clerk, S. D. Hambleton ; Assessor, Job W. Perry ; Treasurer, Warren Campbell ; School Superintendent, John Converse; Justices — Thomas H. Roberts, Francis Knowles, Powell Austin, John Converse ; Constables — David R. Roberts, Lorenzo D. Farrington, James Knowles ; Sealer of Weights and Measures, William T. Whirry. The unsuccessful ticket was headed by Joseph Kerr, who was the first member of Assembly from Columbia County, representing the whole country in the two first State Legislatures of 1848-49. The following poll is a list kept at the first general election, the fall succeeding the town meet- ing: John Converse, Frederick J. Converse, William Bradshaw, Frederick Schroeder, Rufus Langdon, William H. Mack, Elam D. Hewitt, George Knowles, James Lowell, Isaac Holcomb, Charles A. Richards. John Whirry, John W. Phillips, Robert Andrews, Powell Austin, Hezekiah Dunham, Phillips W. Hartwell, Abraham G. Langdon, Meltiah Sweat, William T. Whirry, Daniel P. Larkin, Edward Lewis, Richard H. Roberts, Ezra A. Doolittle, Robert Hamilton, Warren Campbell, Benjamin Williams, Isaac Harris, George W. Scott, Rodney Campbell, Richard Lewis, Elijah Dunlap, Aaron J. Gibson, Riley S. Richmond, William H. Torbert, Thomas Lewis, William M. Jones, William Harris, John N. Hardy, Hiram Perry, John Schroe- der, John P. Converse, Charles Presba, James Knowles, William B. Presba, Henry A. Crooker, Willard L. Perry, J. S. Langdon, Greenleaf Ide, Henry Dantz, Rowland Langdon. Job W. Perry, Hiram W. Perry, Henry Hanson, James Taylor. Oscar F. Hamilton, Thomas Williams, Stephen D. Hambleton, Joseph Thomas, Benjamin F. Stanton, Joseph D. Stanton, Samuel S. Torbert, Henry L. Bessac, John W. Hinton, Joseph Kerr, Lorenzo D. Farrington, E. B.Finney. The total amount of tax on the first tax roll of the town was $706.48, and, on the last, $5,217.46. The assessed valuation of the town in 1849, was real estate, $62,885 ; personal property, $1,672; total, $61,557. In 1872 it was real estate, $503,806 ; personal property, $104,836; total, $608,182. What is called Kelly's Addition to the village of Cambria is located in town, and includes forty acres of land nor|h of the mill pond, and (including the buildings) was assessed in 1872 at $5,378. The largest tax ever raised in town was $8,930.28, in 1864, which included a war tax. The Welsh Calvinistic Methodist society up to 1854 had held their religious meetings in the old Lake Emily log schoolhouse, and in private houses, but in the summer of that year, they built a church edifice on land donated by F. R. Roberts, on Section 12, in this town, and it was dedicated on the first Sabbath of December, 1854, the Rev. Thomas A. Roberts, Proscaeron, and 852 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY the Rev. John J. Roberts, of Columbus, ofiBciating. The name of the church was declared to be Engedi, a Hebrew name, signifying a fountain of pleasant waters. The cemetery adjoining the church is called Mai-hpelah, after the cave purchased by old Father Abraham. The first Trustees were J, W. Hughes, J. VV. Jones and 0. J. Jones. The Rev. John Daniels was their first and only Pastor. The church was enlarged in 1870. There are two other societies of the above nomination partly in this town : "one has its church just north of the town line, in the town of Manchester, and the other on the town line in the town of Scott, and a German Lutheran Reform Church is also on the town line in the town of Scott ; but as they are not located in town, the plan of this sketch precludes any further remarks, excepting that in 186H the latter society purchased five acres of land on Section 6, and built a parsonage on it. The First VVesleyan Methodist society of Randolph Center organized June 17, 1858, and built a church on land donated by Z. W. Oliver, on Section 22, principally through the inatrutnentality of Rev. John Willis, who had secedecl from the Methodist Episcopal Church. It was dedicated in October, 1858, by the Rev. A. C. Hand. The society is broken up, but its old members claim that they still own the church. The Methodist Episcopal society organized a class and Sabbath school at Randolph Center, in 1849. They own no building, but for several years they have used the Wesleyan Church, and hold religious services there every Sunday. The German Catholic Church, on Section 7, was built in 1861, on land donated by John G. Fisher. Religious services are held there occasionally by a priest from Beaver Dam. The German Lutheran society, under the guidance of Rev. C. Diehlmann, worship a part of the time in the town hall. In 1868, School District No. 3, having decided to build a new schoolhouse at Randolph Center, by mutual agreement the town built a stone basement under it for the purpose of a town hall, at a cost of $642.05; furniture, $77.50; total, $719.55. In 1871, Parkinson built a small store for the sale of groceries, at Randolph Center, and it is the only store in town. Randolph Center, at an early day, was platted as a village, but it never contained enough inhabitants for a set of village officers. In addition to what is mentioned elsewhere, it contains a post office, blacksmith and wagon shop. What streams we have in town start from springs, except the one on the marsh, on Section 1, through which the small outlet of Lake Emily runs. We are pretty well up in the world, having a position on the boundary or divide between the Valley of the Mississippi and the Val- ley of the St. Lawrence, and on many farms the rain as it foils divides and finds its way to the ocean by different routes, a portion by the Gulf of Mexico and a portion by the St. Lawrence, so we have no fears of the greatest freshet doing us any damage. But I must not omit to men- tion that the celebrated Fox River takes its rise here at Lake Sarah, on the line between Sec- tion 4 and 5. It is not much of a lake, however, and once or twice, to my knowledge, during the time of our great droughts, it became perfectly dry, and at other times it is only a pretty good duck pond ; but nevertheless, it has been honored with the name of lake. I presume it must have been a wet time when it was named. One-half of the area of this township is prairie, the wooded portions occurring especially in the northern half Marsh extends along the stream in Sections 15, 10, 11, 2 and 1, and also along the eastern side of the town. The surface is generally level, lying at an altitude of 350 to 400 feet. On the east sides are the heads of several small streams that pass eastward to Rock River. In the southwest quarter, the head-waters of Duck Creek make a deep ravine whose bot- tom has an altitude of only 240 feet. The first entry of land in the town was made by Mary Perry, the west half of the north- west quarter of Section 12. Entered February 8, 1844; patented September 1, 1846. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 853 TOWN OF SCOTT. Among the first settlers in this town were Matthew W. Patton, Samuel McConachie, William Jones, John G. Evans, John Smith, John McConachie, George Payne, Edward Root, James Ingle- hart, Theodore Thomas, John Sawyer and John Dodge. The first mentioned moved on to his claim in the fall of 1845, the others coming in the following spring or soon after. At this time, neigh- bors were like angel's visits, " few and far between," while the nearest post office was Fox Lake. For their mill privileges they were compelled to go to Beaver Dam, or to Catfish mill, fifteen miles south of Madison. Mr. Inglehart, on one occasion, went to Beaver Dam with a load of wheat to be ground, and was informed that it could not be done inside of four weeks. Not wishing to be delayed so long, he prevailed upon the miller to exchange a small sack of flour for some wheat, and returned home, divided it between four families, and set out for Catfish mills. At this place hfe was more fortunate, being enabled to return home in about ten days with his flour. On the 30th of December at 11 o'clock A. M., rain began to fall and continued for two hours, when it commenced snowing, continuing all night, covering the earth to a depth of eighteen inches. This snow remained upon the ground until the following spring. The neigh- bors of Mr. Inglehart experienced great difficulty in procuring food, many of them during the entire winter living on buckwheat cakes, the wheat being ground by Inglehart in a small coifee- mill, and then run through a small sieve. Fifteen bushels of buckwheat were ground in this manner. As in many other places, the Methodist " circuit rider " was the first to wend his way into this new country with the "story of the Cross." This was in 1847, since which time ministers of other denominations have presented their peculiar views for the consideration of those who would hear. Four churches have since been erected in the town, one on Section 12 by the Reformed Lutherans, another on Section 26 by Welsh Methodists, the third on Section 7 by the Methodist Episcopal brethren, and the fourth on Section 34 by the Presbyterians. The first settlers were from the Eastern States, but at present many nationalities are rep- resented among its citizens, the Americans predominating. During the late war, the town showed its devotion to the Union in a prompt response to every call made by the national authorities, in no instance permitting a draft to be made. Mark Barden and Freeman M. Ross, from this town, have represented the county in the Gen- eral Assembly, serving with credit to themselves and honor to their constituency. Other men who became known outside of their own immediate neighborhood may be mentioned Squire Patton, Judge of the High Court of Centerville, and Edward Root, the honest man. The south and east part of the town is prairie land, while the west and north part is timber land and openings. The northwest part has a sandy soil, while the south part is good heavy black loam. The first death was that of a child of William Wilson, in 1847. Jude Luning taught the first school in the winter of 1847-48. and boarded around among the scholars for the sum of $12 per month. The house was situated upon Section 1, and, in 1879, was still standing upon its original site, but for many years it had been used for storing grain raised upon the farm of Robert Beattie. A potato patch had also, for many years, adorned the school ground where the children formerly romped and playe!. The house was long used as a place of worship by various religious bodies. In 1860, the Presbyterians built a house on Section 34, and continued to hold services therein until 1872, when the congregation disbanded, its members visiting with such congrega- tions as was convenient for them to attend. The Methodists had, as early as 1847, a class in this neighborhood, but which ceased to exist after a few years. In 1872, when the Presbyte- rians retired from the field, the class was re-organized by Rev. Daniel Brown, a local preacher. In 1871», they had a membership of thirty-two, with Ervin McCall as Class Leader. From 1872, the congregation had enjoyed the ministerial services of Revs. Brown, Smith, Teel, Suifron, Bronson, Shepherd and Logan. A Sunday school was organized at the same time as the class. 854 IIISTOUY OF COLUMBIA COtXTY. holding weekly meetings during the warm season of the year. In 1879, Ervin McCall was Superintendent. John Dodge settled in this town in the fall of 1844, but went back the same fall to New Hampshire and returned in the latter part of the winter, stopping at Cliicago to purchase a span of horses. Reaching Watertown, he bought a load of of corn and oats and brought it through. He then sent his brother to Green Bay on horseback to enter the quarter-section on which he now lives. A little more than two years later, the horses were stolen and run oif south, and John was left to mourn their loss, as he never found them This was the first horse team owned in this section. In the fall of 1844, snow fell to the depth of four inches in October, which was his first season here. They did not get their shanty completed until the middle of November, and it was very cold, but John says they did not mimi much about cold and storms then. In October of that year, he went down on the marsh and cut a small stack of hay, which, of course, was nearly worthless. Sara Langdon sold him a little hay, and the rest of his supply he bought at the rate of $20 per ton from an ex-soldier, named Howey, who, after serving his time at Fort Winnebago, had embarked in a limited way in farming, about two miles north of the old Powderly place. This, with the small store of grain he brought from Water- town, tided his stock through that dreary winter ; John avers that his steers in the spring •' looked like delegates from the seven years of' famine,' lean tiesh and ill-favored." Powderly's house on the old military reservation was the only one between his place a!id Portage. Deer and small game were plenty, and from time to time they replenished their larder with a buck or pheasant. He shot one buck from his dooryard. For two years or more, they were obliged to go to Beaver Dam or Columbus to mill, the trip occupying two days to go there, leaving their grist and returning for it in about a month, which required another day. In the fall of 1845, M. W. Patton, afterward known as the " High Court of Centerville," made his appearance at Mr. Dodge's, tired and hungry from land-hunting. The squire called for dinner, tfi which Mr. Dodge favorably responded. Patton says it was one of "' his biggest meals." and John believed him. The squire first' beheld John coming out of the woods with a gun and squirrel. He waited outside of the cabin while the culinary preparations were going on, the weather being fine, and fell to contemplating the scenery, thinking as his eye swept to the south that it was the finest panorama he had ever witnessed. Such a wealth of verdure, fertility and beautv reveling in its pristine glory he had never realized. Straight and lofty oaks clothed in their autumnal tints on the one hand, and the prairie with its rank vegetable growth on the other, bespoke the march of civilization and future wealth. After supper, Mr. Patton anil Perley went down to the creek and held a short palaver with a band of Indians that were trapping along the stream. In 1846, the first move was made in the United States to found a settlement by the English " Potters' Society," which pitched its tent in the town of Scott, there arriving here in May, John Sawyer, Hamlet Copeland and James Hammond. The society had grown from a very feeble beginning, six years earlier, to a powerful co-operative society, accumulating considerable funds. It was organized to protect the artisans of this extensive labor class from the frequent strikes, and provide homes in America for many of its members, thus keeping a demand for labor for those that remained. They published a journal devoted to the interests of the society. Each new settler was entitled to twenty acres of land, a house to be erected on the land, and the fam- ily to be provisioned for one year, at the expense of the society. Sawyer, Copeland and Ham- mond were made Trustees of the society to invest funds in this country. They sailed from England in January, 1846, and arrived at New York the following April. . They were then instructed to erect cabins for the nex't year's installment out of funds in their possession. At an early day, Theodore Thomas and Robert McConachie were together engaged in breaking land. In that neighborhood lived a family named Anderson. A fascinating young lady consti- tuted one of the attractions of that household. It was always the custom to turn the cattle out to graze on the prairies through the evening and night, and they sometimes strayed a considerable HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 855 distance. In the morning Robert would always say: " I will look around in the neighbor- hood of Anderson's," while of course Theodore would look in another direction, but could sel- dom find them, while Robert was nearly always successful. This fact after awhile aroused Theodore's curiosity, and he began to investigate the case, and discovered that his partner had furnished the salt, and induced the girl to salt them at her place. The treacherous plotter never could satisfactorily explain so palpable a deception. In 1846, Samuel and John McConachie erected the " Blue Tavern," a roomy frame struc- ure. They " bached " it there a short time, when they rented the house to Zenas Oliver, who lived there about three years, and who was succeeded by Stephen B. Gage, who kept the house several years more, doing a thriving business. He charged travelers a shilling a meal, and always treated his customers to a drink of whisky. Out of these moderate charges he made a good deal of money. It was on the regular stage line, and in those days all the commercial and business traffic between Milwaukee and Portage passed over this road, as it was the main thor-- oughfare between these two points. It was no uncommon affair to see thirty or forty teams in a day on the road, carrying grain to Milwaukee, and freighting back goods. Mr. Gage stuck to the tavern until the railroad, in 1857, heralded the dawn of a new era, and this common thor- oughfare almost lost its identity as a theater of busy life. The long line of teams daily toiling wearily through sand, marshes, tenacious clay and the frightful corduroys, consuming from ten to fourteen days to make the round trip to Milwaukee ; the jostling crowds at the wayside inns that dotted this great highway, the loquacious landlord who with a liberal hand dispensed ham, eggs and whisky to the teamster and the wayfarer, and then packed them away in his " prairie feather " beds, or sometimes, to meet the exigencies of the case, planted them on the floors ; the endless jokes and fearful stories that passed around the bar-room, and robbed toil of its tedium, are things of the past. • But they are still fresh in the memories of many of the pioneers who are yet working out their probation here, and who sometimes almost regret to see the modern innovation of steam breaking up the great social compact that bound them together as a band of brothers in common trials as well as in common joys. All of Township 13, Range 11, was organized' into a town by the Board of Supervisors, at their annual meeting, held November, 1849, and it was given the name of Scott. The town is bounded on the east by Randolph, on the west by Marcellon, on the south by Springvale, on the north by Marquette County. The town of Scott lies directly north of Springvale, and like it presents eastward project- ing points of high|ground, with intervening sharply defined, and in part marshy-bottomed, ravines, which are occupied by the head-streams of Fox River.. The points of high land are shorter toward the northern part of the town, the longest lying on its south line. On the west side and ■extending into Marcellon, is an isolated area of high land, some three miles in length, from north to south. The low ground has a general altitude of 230 to 280 feet, the higher about 400. The extreme points are on the north half of Section 35. The latter point is on a prairie, which occupies the high ground on Sections 25, 26, 35 and 36, being an extension of the large prairie area of Randolph. The first entry of land in the town was made by John Dodge, and consisted of the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 34. It was entered February 11, 1845, and patent issued June 1. 1848. The following are the names of the officers elected since the organization of the town : 1850 — Board — Joseph Hewitt (Chairman), Freeman M. Ross, William Judd ; Clerk, William Smith ; Treasurer and Collector, Edward Tripp ; Assessor, M. W. Patten ; Superintendent, John H. Guptil. 1851 — Board — John Guptil (Chairman), Edward Tripp, Truman Ross ; Clerk, Marcus Barden ; Treasurer, Andrew Leshar; Assessor, Jas. Inglehart ; Superintendent, Marcus Barden. 1852 — Board — M. W. Patton (Chairman), David Clark, Elijah Sanderson; Clerk, M. Barden ; Treasurer, Samuel McConachie ; Superintendent, James Stebbins ; Assessor, James Inglehart. 856 • HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1853 — Board — William Wiley (Chairman), John Cruckson, Samuel McConachie ; Clerk, M. Barden ; Treasurer, John Hamilton ; Superintendent, Stephen D. Hamilton ; Assessor, Elijah Sanderson. 1854 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), Hugh Martin, William Stebbins ; Clerk, James Stebbins ; Treasurer, J. G. Lyons ; Assessor, E. Sanderson ; Superintendent, J. Hamilton. 1855 — Board — M. W. Patton (Chairman), M. C. Prescott, John McConachie ; Clerk, James A. Stebbins ; Treasurer, John Hamilton ; Assessor, John Sawyer ; Superintendent, Samuel McConachie. 1856 — Board — M. W. Patton (Chairman), George Payne, William Judd ; Clerk, Marcus Barden ; Treasurer and Assessor. D. H. Langdon ; Superintendent, Samuel Barden. 1857 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), Major Woodard, Elbridge Clark; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Treasurer and Assessor, D. H. Langdon ; Superintendent, Elon Woodard. 1858— M. Barden (Chairman), C. H. Grover, William Wiley ; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Treas- urer and Assistant, D. H. Langdon ; Superintendent, Wesley Gibbs. 1859 — Board — Marcus Barden (Chairman), John McConachie, C. H. Grover ; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Treasurer and Assessor, D. H. Langdon ; Superintendent, Samuel E. Stebbins. 1860 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), John McConachie, Ervin McCall ; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Assessor and Treasurer, Joseph Parkinson; Superintendent, John Hamilton. 1861 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), W. H. Judd, John McConachie; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Treasurer and Assessor, D. H. Langdon ; Superintendent, Samuel McConachie. 1862 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), John McConachie, James Inglehart; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Treasurer and Assessor, D. H. Langdon. 1863 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), John McConachie, Joseph Sayers ; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Treasurer and Assessor, E. G. Clark. 1864 — Board — M. Barden ( Chairman), William R. Jones, Samuel JE. Stebbins ; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Assessor and Treasurer, Archy Thom. 1865 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), William R. Jones, Samuel E. Stebbins; Clerk, F. Ross ; Assessor and Treasurer, James Inglehart. 1866 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), John Sawyer, Wesley Gibbs; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Assessor and Treasurer, A. Thom. 1867 — Board — F. M. Ross (Chairman), Theodore Thomas, Giles Langdon; Clerk, M. Barden ; Treasurer and Assessor, Stephen Woodard. 1868 — Board — F. M. Ross (Chairman), Julius Barker, Robert Beattie ; Clerk, Marcus Barden ; Assessor and Treasurer, D. C. Merrill. 1869 — Board — Marcus Barden (Chairman), C. F. Roberts, Theodore Thomas; Clerk, F. M. Ross; Assessor, D. C. Merrill; Treasurer, Isaac Hopkins. 1870— Board— M. Barden (Chairman), C. F. Roberts, William Sauer; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Assessor, D. C. Merrill ; Treasurer, William Owen. 1871 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman). John Sawyer, C. H. Grover ; Clerk, F. M. Ross ; Assessor, D. C. Merrill ; Treasurer, Joseph Sayer. 1872 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), John Sawyer, C. H. Grover; Clerk, F. M. Ross; Assessor, C. F. Roberts ; Treasurer, Joseph Sayer. 1873— Board— M. Barden (Chairman), John Sawyer, C. H. Grover; Clerk, F. M. Ross; Assessor, C. F. Roberts ; Treasurer, Joseph Sayer. 1874 — Board — M. Barden (Chairman), Charles Scharf, John Sawyer; Clerk, Lester Woodard ; Assessor, G. W. Gorsuch ; Treasurer, Robert Evans. 1875 — Board — John Sawyer (Chairman), William Owen, William Sauer; Clerk, Lester Woodard ; Assessor, G. W. Gorsuch ; Treasurer, Robert Evans. 1876 — Board — John Sawyer (Chairman), William Sauer, William Owen; Clerk, Lester Woodard ; Assessor, G. W. Gorsuch ; Treasurer, George Stancer. 1877— Board— .D. C. Merrill (Chairman), William Sauer, G. L. Keite ; Clerk, Virgil Barden ; Assessor, G. W. Gorsuch ; Treasurer, George Stancer. > HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 857 1878— Board— D. C. Merrill (Chairman), William Sauer, D. C. Keith ; Clerk, Virgil Barden ; Assessor, Henry Slinger ; Treasurer, J. C. Thomas. 1879 — Board — John Sawyer (Chairman), William Sauer, G. C. Keith ; Clerk, Mark Roberts; Assessor, Henry Slinger; Treasurer, William Ross. 1880 — Board — Marcus Barden (Chairman), Wesley Gorsuch, D. C. Merrill; Clerk, Mark Roberts ; Assessor, Henry Slinger ; Treasurer, William Ross. TOWN OF SPRINGVALE. This town is bounded on the east by Courtland and Randolph, on the west by Wyocena, on the north by Scott, and on the south by Otsego. In 1857, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was built through it, entering on Section 1, and crossing Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, and passing into Wyocena from Section 6. Duck Creek and its branches traverse the town in various direc- tions. The territory comprising the town. Township 12, Range 11, was organized into a town by the Board of County Commissioners in 1849, and the name of Springvale given to it and the house of Edward Williams designated as the place for holding the first election. Late in April, 1845, Ervin McCall came here from La Porte, Ind., in quest of a home. On the 1st day of May, he decided on the site of his present home, and, in the sub-land office at Fox Lake, immediately deposited the money for the entry of eighty acres of land. Mr. McCall stopped over night in the log tavern in that place, and, in the morning, long after sun- rise, seeing no visible signs of a breakfast, he settled his bill and started for Oak Grove, a dis- tance of fifteen miles, for breakfast. He arrived there late in the forenoon, got an early dinner, and while he was partaking of that meal a team passed the tavern ; he jumped up, settled his bill, ran and overtook the team, and secured a ride to ten miles beyond Watertown. He stayed over night with a farmer and took an early start the next morning. He was soon overtaken by a young man with a double-seated buggy, who was going to Milwaukee, who agreed to carry him to that point for the consideration of $1. He made a quick trip back to La Porte, and, early in September, with his family and brother John, with a wagon, two yoke of oxen, half a barrel of pork, a limited supply of other provisions and household goods, he started for his new home. While fording Fox River in Illinois (the bridge being gone), he overturned the wagon while ascending the bank, which resulted in a fracture of his wife's arm. The broken arm was properly adjusted and they came on to Rock County, where his brother-in-law, M. W. Patton, Jived. He left his family there, and, with his bi'other, pushed on with the team and stock, arriving here about the middle of September. The first night after their arrival here was spent at the log house of Sam Langdon. The next day, they commenced haying on the marsh near Cambria and got a winter's supply for their stock. They built a log house, and then Ervin returned to Johnstown, Rock County, for his family. Mr. Patton and family came back with them. While crossing the bridge over Rock River, a high and very narrow structure, the sides only protected by timbers laid along the edge of the bridge, a laughable incident occurred that might have been a lamentable accident. Mr. McCall was driving his two yoke of oxen, the wagon containing both families. The "leaders" were an exceptionably well-trained pair of old cattle, while the "wheel" oxen were a pair of skittish four-year-old steers. They had just got on the bridge, Mr. Patton following behind with a small herd of cattle, when a young heifer attempted to pass the team. It got by the wagon, but, getting frightened, turned in behind the steers and jumped astride the tongue. The steers snorted and plunged about in a very uncertain manner, and the risk of the whole load and teams going overboard seemed immi- nent. Perhaps they would, but for the nerve and coolness of Mr. McCall, who whipped up the head team and keeping the line straight, gave the heifer a free ride across the bridge and no harm was done, though all parties were badly scared. The squire, a terror-stricken witness of the scene from the end of the bridge, threw his hands over his head, assuming a most tragic attitude until the danger was passed, and then yelled out, "Well done." Had they been precipitated over the bridge, the result would likely have been fatal to the whole load. They came on the 858 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. remainder of the way without further incident worthy of mention, and arrived at the hospitable residence of Sam Langdon on the 15th day of November, where they stayed all night, and the next day moved into the new cabin. On the 27th of February, 1846, that winter, Janette Patton was "born, being the first female child born in the town of Springvale. She afterward married William Gage, now land- lord of the City Hotel, Portage. During the first winter of Mr. McCall's residence here, after making the necessary pur- chases of provisions to last until spring, he took an inventory of his bank and stock account, and found that his total assets were two twenty-five cent pieces. A little later, two Methodist ministers, who are never out of hearing of the pioneer's ax, came through here on a kind of frontier missionary work, preaching and locating places to preach. The elder of the two was the Rev. W. G. Miller, afterward a presiding elder and an eminent preacher of great worth and great popularity, and I suppose to the pioneers, "like the voice of one crying in the wilderness." He delivered a sermon to the settlers at the log house of Mr. Langdon, before mentioned, and that night was entertained at the home of Mr. McCall. To his colleague, the Rev. Mr. Han- son, a young man, Mr. McCall gave one of his twenty-five cent pieces. This was the first religious service held in the town. Among the first settlers of the town were Ervin McCall, Robert Closs, Hugh Edwards, John Edwards, Evan Edwards, Robert Lloyd, John Rowland, Robert Rowland, William Lloyd. John 0. Jones, John Meredith, John Williams, Samuel Owens, Owen Samuel, Richard Owens, Alfred Cowley, John Morgan, David Roberts, John Leatherman and Mr. Jennings. The first marriage was that of John Williams and Miss Margaret Owens. The first death was Margaret Thomas, in 1847. The first schoolhouse was built on the southwest corner of Section 1, in 1847. The first male child born here was John Edwards, in the early part of February, 1846. It was not until 1860, that a mill was built in the town. In that year, S. Ingram erected a small one, on the south branch of Duck Creek, on Section 20. John Dodge, April 29, 1845, entered the west half of the southeast quarter of Section 1, and Lot 1 in Section 2, being the first entries in the town. He received his patents June 1, 1848. Springvale lies on the Wisconsin side of the watershed. Three branches of Duck Creek traverse the town from east to west, running in flat, marshy, sharply defined valleys, which have an altitude of 230 to 260 feet, and are separated by tongues of high land which rise from 300' to 400 feet. The broadest marsh and valley are those of the north or main branch, the latter nearly four miles wide on the west line of the town. Prairie occiws on higher ground in Sec- tions 11, 12, 13, 15 and 4, connecting with that in Courtland. The Calvinistic Methodists, in the spring of 1849, erected a church building on Section 12, the first in the town. Springvale was the name given to a post office established in 1852, on Section 28, Thomas Cowley being the Postmaster. Ii was discontinued in one year, but re-established in 1862, on same section, with Wilbur Kennicat as Postmaster, and again discontinued after a short time. The following is a list of town officers since 1853 : 1854 — John 0. Jones, Chairman ; John Meredith, Alfred Cowly, Supervisors ; Robert Rowland, Clerk ; Thomas J. Hughes, Treasurer ; Nathan D. White, School Superintendent. 1855 — John 0. Jones, Chairman ; Nathan D. White, John Meredith, Supervisors ; Robert J. Rowland, Clerk ; Thomas Hughes, Treasurer ; Robert Closs, Assessor ; William Depuy, School Superintendent. 1856 — Nathan D. White, Chairman ; John R. Rowlands, Jr., Lewis H. Lloyd, Supervis- ors ; Robert J. Rowlands, Clerk : Thomas J. Hughes, Treasurer ; Robert Closs, Assessor ; William Depuy, School Superintendent. 1857 — John 0. Jones, Chairman ; Luke Martin, Henry Delaney, Supervisors ; William Meredith, Treasurer ; Thomas Ingram, Assessor ; John B. Van Shaick, School Superintendent. HISTOKY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 859 1858 — Evan Meredith, Chairman ; John R. Rowlands, Jr., Robert B. Sanderson, Supervis- ors ; Robert J. Rowlands, Clerk ; William Meredith, Treasurer ; Thomas Ingram, Assessor ; John B. Van Shaick, School Superintendent. 1859 — Evan Meredith, Chairman; Robert B. Sanderson, Robert D. Owens, Supervisors; John Meredith, Clerk ; Thomas Sanderson, Treasurer ; John P. Rowlands, Assessor ; Thomas Meredith, School Superintendent. 1860 — Robert B. Sanderson, Chairman ; Griffith 0. Jones, John Leatherman, Supervisors ; Robert J. Rowlands, Clerk : Evan Evans, Treasurer ; John R. Rowlands, Assessor ; Austin Cannon, School Superintendent. 1861 — John 0. Jones, Chairman ; John Leatherman, John Edwards, Supervisors ; John Meredith, Clerk; Alfred A. Cole, Treasurer; John R. Rowlands, Jr., Assessor; J. B. Van Shaick, School Superintendent. 1862 — John 0. Jones, Chairman ; John Leatherman, John Edwards, Supervisors ; John Meredith, Clerk ; Robert Closs, Treasurer ; John R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1863 — John Leatherman, Chairman ; William J. Rowlands, Alfred Cowley, Supervisors ; J. B. Van Shaick, Clerk ; Thomas J. Hughes, Treasurer ; John R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1864 — John 0. Jones, Chairman; Owen D. Owens, Alfred Cowley, Supervisors; Evan T. Evans, Clerk ; William Aiton, Treasurer ; John R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1865 — John 0. Jones, Chairman ; Owen D. Owens, George Hall, Supervisors ; Morris J. Rowlands, Clerk ; Lewis Lloyd, Treasurer ; John R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1866 — Thomas Meredith, Chairman ; William W. Rowlands, J. B. Van Shaick, Supervis- ors ; M. J. Rowlands, Clerk ; Alfred Cowley, Treasurer ; John R. Rowlands, Jr., Assessor. 1867 — Thomas Meredith, Chairman ; William W. Rowlands, E. P. Upham, Supervisors ; John Meredith, Clerk ; Alfred Cowley, Treasurer ; J. R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1868 — Thomas Meredith, Chairman ; H. J. Rowlands, Alfred Cowley, Supervisors ; John Meredith, Clerk ; John D. Jones, Treasurer ; Evan T. Evans, Assessor. 1869 — John R. Rowlands, Jr., Chairman ; A. C. Jennings, George W. Williams, Super- visors ; John Meredith, Clerk ; Owen D. Owens, Treasurer ; Evan T. Evans, Assessor. 1870 — John R. Rowlands, Jr., Chairman ; William Stokes, E. P. Upham, Supervisors ; Kennedy Scott, Clerk ; William W. Rowlands, Treasurer ; Evan T. Evans, Assessor. 1871 — John R. Rowlands, Jr., Chairman; E. P. Upham, William Stokes, Supervisors ; Kennedy Scott, Clerk ; William Meredith, Treasurer; Thomas Meredith, Assessor. 1872 — J. R. Rowlands, Jr., Chairman ; John D. Jones, George Cowley, Supervisors ; A. C. Jannings, Clerk ; Lewis Lloyd, Treasurer ; Thomas Meredith, Assessor. 1873 — J. R. Rowlands, Chairman ; James Adams, J. R. Jones, Supervisors ; M. J. Row- lands, Clerk ; Luke Martin, Treasurer ; Thomas Meredith, Assessor. 1874 — John R. Rowlands, Chairman ; George Cowley, E. T. Evans, Supervisors ; Morris J. Rowlands, Clerk; William W. Hughes, Treasurer; Thomas Meredith, Assessor. 1875 — John R. Jones, Chairman ; James N. Cowley, E. F. Palmer, Supervisors ; M. J. Rowlands, Clerk ; W. W. Huntley, Treasurer ; E. T. Evans, Assessor. 1876 — J. R. Jones, Chairman; E. F. Palmer, E. P. Upham, Supervisors; M. J. Row- lands, Clerk; W. W. Huntley, Treasurer; John R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1877 — John D. Jones, Chairman ; John H. Jones, H. D. Jennings, Supervisors ; A. C. Zennings, Clerk ; James Cowley, Treasurer ; J. R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1878 — John D. Jones, Chairman; H. D. Jennings, John H. Jones, Supervisors; A. C. Jennings, Clerk ; H. J. Rowlands, Treasurer ; J. R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1879 — John Leatherman, Chairman ; Robert S. Rowlands, Edward Roberts, Supervisors ; David J. Edwards, Clerk ; W. W. Huntley, Treasurer ; J. R. Rowlands, Assessor. 1880 — John Leatherman, Chairman ; R. S. Rowlands, Edward Roberts, Supervisors ; David Edwards, Clerk ; Thomas Meredith, Treasurer. 860 lUSTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. TOWN OF WEST POINT. This town lies in the extreme southwestern part of the county, and is bounded on the east by Lodi, on the north and west by Sauk County and on the south by Dane County. The first settlement in the town was made by Christian and David Dorsch, in 1845. Other early set- tlers of the town were Horace M. Ayer, Alonzo Waterbury, Simeon Ryder. Dr. Drew, James Thomas, Francis 0. Sisson, Lewis Baldwin, Jeremiah D. Shumway, Ira Polly, Jesse Van Ness, Aaron and Philip Burlingame, Cyrus Hill, Mr. Arnold, Eldredge Northup, Simon Walker, John Chance, Orrin Hutchinson, Christian Ribblett, William D. Partridge. Enias Carncross, Isaac Richardson, Peter Van Ness, Joseph Lester, Otis A. Kilburn and Timothy Tirrill. On the organization of the county, in 1846, West Point was made a part of the Pleasant Valley Precinct. In 1849, it was attached to Lodi, but, on the 8th day of January, 1850, the Board of Supervisors set off the town, fixing as its eastern boundary, commencing at the north- east corner of the quarter-line, and running through the center of Sections No. 5, 8, 17, 20, 29 and 32, in Town 10, Range 8, and including all of Town 10, Range 7, lying south and east of the Wisconsin River. The house of J. D. Shumway was designated as the place for holding the first election. The first marriage was that of Horace M. Ayer and Sarah A. Ryder, October 4, 1848. They were married by Aaron Chalfant, Esq. The day before the event occurred, Mr. Ayer went to tlie town of Lodi, to engage the services of Rev. Henry Maynard ; but, finding him absent from home, he engaged the Squire to perform the ceremony. A few minutes before the time set, the Squire, in company with a friend, was proceeding to the residence of the bride- groom-elect, when they noticed Mr. Ayer hard at work upon a house which he was erecting. Stopping, Mr. Chalfant called out, " Hello, young man ! ain't you the one that engaged me yes- terday to come this afternoon to marry you ? " "Yes," replied Ayer, '' I'm the man. You go on down to the house and wait till I come. Like the man that was going to be hung, there can't be anything done till I get there." After finishing his task, the young man brushed his clothes a little, washed his face and proceeded to the house, was married, and at once took his bride to the home which he had prepared for the occasion. Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Lester, was born in 1848, being the first white child born in the town. In the fall of 1848, Miss Adula Jones taught a select school at the house of Otis A. Kil- burn, in the south part of the town, it being the first. The next was in the Van Ness. neighborhood, and was taught by Miss Sarah B. Van Ness, in the fall of 1850, at which time the district was organized. The first death was that of Thomas Pratt, in the fall of 1849. In 1852, on Section 13, Christian Riblett erected a sign, bearing the inscription, " Pub- lick Inn," and. for a few years, entertained man and beast, this being the only hotel ever kept in the town. The town of West Point, which includes all of Township 10, Range 7, south of the Wis- consin River, is skirted on the east and south by the edge of the high limestone country, which, from this part of its course, borders the Wisconsin all the way to its mouth. North and west of this edge, which is ragged, sending out irregular projecting points, the general surface is 200 to 300 feet lower, but the lowland includes a number of limestone-capped outliers, some of which have an area of several square miles, and reach as great altitudes as attained by the lime- stone country to the south and east — that is, 500 to 600 feet. Considerable areas of prairie occur in the central part of the town, including both lowland and high outlying bluffs. In 1857, a post ofiice was established near the central part of the town, to which was given the name of West Point, after the town. Jesse Van Ness was the first Postmaster, and was succeeded in order by Corilus Stone, Cyrus Hill, S. C. Kingon. J. N. Fellows, William H. Worthley and Mrs. R. A. Moran. Another office was established in the south part of the HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 861 county in 1876, at a point known as Farr's Corners, which name was given to the office and J. L. Farr was made Postmaster. The most noted point in West Point is Gibraltar Bluffs, on Section 13, Township 10, Range 7, and Section 18, Township 10, Range 8. One of the legends of this bluff, as related by the old settlers, is, that at an early day, a party of hunters, with their dogs, had started a deer, which ran directly for the highest point, and being unable to check itself, jumped off into the marsh below, a distance of over 600 feet. The dog which was closely following it also gave a jump, the result of which can easily be imagined. A story is related of Christian Riblett, of whom mention has been made. One winter, a party came to his house, and wished to engage him to cut wood for them upon some Govern- ment land, which lay but a short distance from his place of residence. A bargain was struck and Mr. Riblett worked faithfully during the entire winter, and a large quantity of wood was taken off. His wife several times anxiously inquired of him, if he was certain where he was at work. 0, yes, he knew what he was about. Time ran along, and, when the snow went off in the spring, his wife proposed, one day, they take a walk down where he had been cutting the timber. On arriving at the place the lady began to search for the corners, and soon found, as she feared, that her husband had all winter been stealing wood off his own land. Wisconsin City. — While now there is neither city or village in the territory of West Point, there was a time when such was not the case. The State Historical Society, in 1872, published a report stating that : " Among the maps preserved by our Historical Society is an engraved plat of Wisconsin City ; without date, but made in 1836, 19 x 28 inches in size, and certified by John Mullett, United States Deputy Surveyor. It shows that this paper city was located on the south side of the Wisconsin River, on Sections 8, 9 and 17, Township 10, Range 7, situated in the bend of the river, on a beautiful eminence, commanding a splendid view of the stream, with two long public landings fronting the river ; a beautiful square for Territorial use, of two blocks; Franklin, La Fayette and Washington Squares, each four blocks — each block 260 feet square ; three market places, three blocks in length, and 200 feet wide ; streets from 60 to 100 feet wide. Isaac H. Palmer, of Lodi, confirms this description, adding that he visited the p.ace in 1837, with view of purchasing the city — it was then, he says, in all its glory, with the stakes all standing, or enough to show the public grounds. The locality of Wisconsin City is in the southwesthern part of the township of West Point, Columbia County, and must not be confounded with the paper place of the same name, mentioned elsewhere in this volume, located on Rock River, in Rock County ; nor yet Superior City, embracing the old Black Hawk battle-ground, in Dane County, a little below Sauk City." The war record of West Point compares favorably with any town in the county. Her quotas were generally filled, and but one bounty tax was levied, and that near the close of the war, for $5,000. The West Point Dairy Association was organized March, 1875, with a capital stock of $2,000. Enias Carncross was elected President; Martin Van Ness, Secretary; William Mor- rissey. Treasurer. During the season of 1875, the association made 30,880 pounds of cheese, which brought an average price of 10 cents per pound. In 1876, 42,605 pounds were made, realizing 8i cents per pound. In 1877, 55,102 pounds brought lOJ cents. In 1878, 57,904 pounds were made, which realized Ih cents per pound. In 1879, but little was made, the price during the season being so low, the association abandoned the work temporarily, with the inten- tion of at once resuming when the price would justify. In 1880, the officers were Enias Carn- cross, President; Martin Van Ness, Secretary; William E. Smith, Treasurer ; W. B. Chrisler and George W. Nott, with the officers, forming a Board of Directors. The following are the names of the officers elected since the organization of the town : 1850 — Ira Polly, Chairman ; Samuel Ring, David Dorsch, Supervisors ; Joseph Lester, Clerk ; Philip Burlingame, Treasurer ; Leander Drew, School Superintendent. 1851 — Jesse Van Ness, Chairman ; Reuben Ring, James Thomas, Supervisors ; Philip Burlingame, Clerk ; Enias Carncross, Treasurer ; 0. A. Kilburn, Assessor ; Horace M. Dyer, School Superintendent. 862 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1852 — Jesse Van Ness, Chairman ; Reuben Ring, David P. Green, Supervisors ; Samuel W. Walker, Clerk ; Samuel B. Farrington, Treasurer ; 0. A. Kilburn, Cyrus Hill, Assessors ; Timothy Tirrill, School Superintendent. 1853 — Jesse Van Ness, Chairman: Volney Moore, Samuel Martin, Supervisors; Timothy Tirrill, Clerk ; Peter Van Ness, Treasurer ; Daniel P. Grow, Orin Hutchinson, Assessors ; Timothy Tirrill, School Superintendent. 1854 — Peter Van Ness, Chairman ; Orin Hutchinson, Enias Carncross, Supervisors ; Timo- thy Tirrill, Clerk; Otis A. Kilburn, Treasurer; Samuel B. Johnson, School Superintendent. 1855 — Samuel B. Walker, Chairman ; Albert Wheeler, James Thomas, Supervisors ; Samuel B. Johnson, Clerk ; Otis A. Kilburn, Treasurer ; Jesse Van Ness, Cyrus Hill, Assess- ors ; John F. Madison, School Superintendent. 1856 — Timothy Tirrill, Chairman ; AVilliam S. Shears, Frederick Perry, Supervisors ; Albert Lovering, Clerk ; Samuel W. Walker, Treasurer ; Ira Polly, Charles E. Odell, Assessors ; Samuel B. Johnson, School Superintendent. 1857 — Peter Van Ness, Chairman ; Cyrus Hill, George Yule, Supervisors ; Amos F. Abbott, Clerk ; John W. Fisher, Treasurer ; Jesse Van Ness, William H. Worthly, Assessors ; Laroy J. Burlingame, School Superintendent. 1858 — Joseph Pound, Chairman ; Eldridge Northup, Otis A. Kilburn, Supervisors ; Alonzo B. Avery, Clerk ; John W. Fisher, Treasurer ; Ira Polly, Assessor ; Laroy J. Burlingame, School Superintendent. 1859 — Ira Polly, Chairman ; Frederick Perry, Orin R. Ingram, Supervisors ; Amos F. Abbott, Clerk ; John W. Fisher, Francis 0. Sisson, Assessors ; Timothy Colby, School Super- intendent. 1860 — Ira Polly, Chairman ; Frederick Perry, William L. Austin, Supervisors ; Amos F. Abbott, Clerk; John W. Fisher, Treasurer; Orin R. Ingram, Assessor; William T. Shurtliff, School Superintendent. 1861 — George Yule, Sr., Chairman; William L. Austin, William H. Cook, Supervisors; Amos F. Abbott, Clerk ; Silas W. Gofrey, Treasurer ; Cyrus Hill, Melatiah Willis, Assessors ; Isaac Van Ness, School Superintendent. 1862 — George Yule, Chairman; William L. Austin, William H. Cook, Supervisors; Amos F. Abbott, Clerk ; Silas W. Godfrey, Treasurer ; Cyrus Hill, Assessor. 1863 — George Yule, Chairman ; Frederick Perry, J. L. Farr, Supervisors ; Laroy J. Burlingame, Clerk ; Silas W. Godfrey, Treasurer ; William L. Austin, William J. Robinson, Assessors. 1804 — Frederick Perry, Chairman; Otis A. Kilburn, Joseph Pound, Supervisors; Laroy J. Burlingame, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; Isaac Van Ness, Assessor. Isaac Van Ness appointed Clerk. 1865 — George Yule, Chairman ; William B. Chrisler, David H. Fellows, Supervisors ; Joseph Lester, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; David Hesselgrove, Moses Smith, Assessors. 1866 — Frederick Perry, Chairman ; F. 0. Sisson, AVilliam B. Chrisler, Supervisors ; Joseph Lester, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; J. N. Fellows, Assessor. 1867 — William H. Sherman, Chairman ; William H. Cook, William H. Dodge, Super- visors ; George Grow, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; Joseph Lester, E. Maloney, Assessors, Ira Smith appointed Supervisor in place of Dodge. 1868 — F. 0. Sisson, Chairman; William II. Cook, William B. Chrisler, Supervisors; II. J. Bullis, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer : Cyrus Hill, William Madison, Assessors. 1869— F. 0. Sisson, Chairman ; W. H. Cook, VV. B. Chrisler, Supervisors; L. J. Bur- lingame. Clerk : J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; A. F. Abbott, Assessor. 1870 — F. 0. Sisson, Chairman; William B. Chrisler, William H. Cook, Supervisoi'S ; L, J. Burlingame, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; Amplius B. Avery, Assessor. 1871 — J. L. Farr, Chairman ; Isaac Van Ness, Merrill Johnson, Supervisors ; L. J. Bur- lingame, Clerk ; Alonzo B. Avery, Treasurer ; Amplius B. Avery, Assessor. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 863 1872 — J. L. Farr, Chairman; William B. Chrisler, Merrill Johnson, Supei-visors ; Jacob Chrisler, Clerk ; Alonzo B. Avery, Treasurer; J. N. Fellows, Assessor. 1873 — J. L. Farr, Chairman ; Albert Vanderpoel, Cyrus Hill, Supervisors ; Jacob Chris- ler, Clerk ; Alonzo B. Avery, Treasurer ; J. N. Fellows, Assessor. 1874 — Julius A. Parr, Chairman; John Evans, George Yule, Supervisors; William B. Smith, Clerk ; D. H. Fellows, Treasurer : William J. Robinson, Assessor. 1875 — George Yule, Chairman : William E. Smith, John Evans, Supervisors ; William B. Smith, Clerk : L. W. Carncross, Treasurer ; Amplius B. Avery, Assessor. 1876 — John Evans, Chairman ; Amos F. Abbott ; D. H. Fellows, Supervisors ; William B. Smith, Clerk ; L. W. Carncross, Treasurer : J. N. Fellows, Assessor. 1877 — Alfred Vanderpoel, Chairman ; William J. Robinson, John I. Newcomb, Supervi- sors : William B. Smith, Clerk; J. L. Farr, Treasurer: Amplius B. Avery, Assessor. 1878 — A. Vanderpoel, Chairman; William J. Robinson, J. I. Newcomb, Supervisors; William B. Smith, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer ; Amplius B. Avery, Assessor. 1879 — Julius A. Parr, Chairman ; L. J. Burlingame, John R. Scott, Supervisors ; William B. Smith, Clerk ; J. L. Farr, Treasurer; M. V. B. Van Ness, Assessor. 1880 — William H. Cook, Chairman : Francis 0. Sisson, John R. Scott, Supervisors ; William B. Smith, Clerk ; J. N. Fellows, Treasurer : W. H. Hill, Assessor. TOWN OF WYOCENA. The land is generally what is called oak openings, mostly of a sandy soil ; but little of good land in town, but is well situated in regard to internal improvements. The Fox River enters the town from Marcellon on Section 3, and runs southwest to the village of Pardeeville, where it forms a good mill site, thence northwest, emptying into Swan Lake. The north branch of Duck Creek enters the town from the east, on Section 13, thence west and southwest until near the east line of Section 21, where it forms a junction with the south branch, which enters the town from the east on Section 24, running in a nearly west course to the junction. From the junction the creek ruus nearly west through the town. There is a valuable mill site on the south branch on Section 23, and one on the creek 'on Section 21, one-half mile below the village of Wyocena, both occupied by mills. The first permanent settlement in the town was made by Maj. Elbert Dickason, who moved here in May, 1843, and located on Section 21, and built the first house in town. The Major raised the first wheat in town on Section 21, and gave name to the town and village. He died here August 9, 1848. Benjamin Dey moved here in January, 1844, and spent the winter with Maj. Dickason, and the summer following made the first entry of land on Section 10, and raised the first corn in town. Aaron Hodgson settled on Lot 4, of Section 3, in 1845, and was the first settler in the north part of the town. In 1846, many others came into the town and became permanent settlers, among whom were Charles and Chauncy Spear, Darius Bisbee, S. H. Salisbury, Harvey Bush, Dr. Rockwood, Philip Hipner, Willis W. Haskin, and others. Harvey Bush built the first frame house on the southwest quarter of Section 22, which was afterward removed to the north- west quarter of Section 27. In the summer of 1851, John Hunter and A. B. Winchell commenced building a grist- mill on Duck Creek, one-half mile below the village of Wyocena. The mill was completed and commenced operations the next winter. It was burned down November, 1852, and rebuilt by Benjamin Dey in 1853. The town is divided into eight school districts with a schoolhouse in each. The religious denominations are Catholic, Methodist, Congregationalist, Baptist, Presbyte- rian, Universalists and Episcopalians. The Catholics have a church on Section 32. Wyocena was organized as a town April 3, 1849 ; previous to that time it had been unitel with Marcellon and Springvale as Wyocena Precinct. 864 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. When the county adopted the county system of supporting the poor, the Commissioners purchased of Maj. Dickason's heirs the house and two acres of land with barn, at the village of Wyocena, for a county poor-house. As an incident of the early settlement of the town, Benjamin Dey related to Henry Con- Verse the following : " After traveling around Wyocena for some time, I did not see any place that suited me any better than where the old log house stands on Section 10. I inquired of the Major if it was claimed by any one, and he told me it was claimed by Charles Temple, son-in-law of Capt.^ Low, so I went to Portage with the intention of buying it of him. He asked me if I wanted it for the purpose of selling it or to settle on and improve it. I told him I wanted to settle on it. He said I was welcome to the claim for that purpose. After I had built my house and moved into it, I received a letter from the claim society stating I was on C. Dinon's claim and I could accept of three offers: I could stay on the claim peaceably by paying $100, or I could give it up to them, or I must leave the country, as they would drive me out. I took the letter and went to the fort, as Portage was then called, to see my friend, H. Merrell. He sent for Capt. .Jewett and Lieut. Mumford, and showed them the letter, which stated the time when they were coming to pay me a visit ; that they had paid Mr. Lewis, of Columbus, a visit, and Mrs. Die- fendorf, of Lowville, a visit. Capt. Jewett and Lieut. Mumford said they had six good wagons and teams, and they would be on the ground in one hour's notice with six wagon loads of regulars. I sent a letter back by the same man that brought it to me, to the reverend Claim Club Company, that I was not willing to capitulate on any of their terms ; that the only proposal I had to make to them was an open-field fight, on said prairie, by their giving me two hours' notice, and the victors to hold the spoils ; but I was never troubled with that party after that." Samuel Wedge and Amanda White were the first couple, residents of the town, united in marriage — the event taking place in the fall of 1846. Another early marriage was that of Ben- jamin Yates and Eliza Ennis, in 1848. Miss Eanis, some time previous, had run away from home, and was working for Willis W Haskin. One day, on looking out, she discovered her father coming toward the house with the evident intention of taking her home. Seizing some of her things, she started out of the back door, where she encountered Mr. Yates, and told him the trouble she was in. Mr. Yates proposed they should be married at once, the proposition was accepted, and together the couple started for a minister, and in less than thirty minutes the two were made one. The first death was that of Mr. Sexton, who died in 1816, near the village of Wyocena. Benjamin Cole taught the first school on Section -1, in 1816. In 1847, Elder Wood, a Baptist preacher, delivered the first discourse in the town. The first election, before the organization of the town, was held in 1846, at the house of Elbert Dickason. Harvey Bush, Benjamin Dey and Solomon Salisbury were the Judges. The first election, on the organization of the town, was at the house of Richard C. Rockwood. The town was organized by the Board of Supervisors January, 1849, and is composed of all of Township 12, Range 10. It is bounded on the east by Springvale, on the west by Pacific, on the north by Marcellon, and on the south by Lowville. The name Wyocena, Maj. Dickason claimed, came to him in a dream. In that dream it was determined that the village should be the county seat, the same being realized for a period of one year in which the county business was here transacted. In 1857, the Northern Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was com- pleted through the town, entering on Section 1, and passing west through Sections 2, 3, 4, 5 and into Pacific from Section 6. Afterward the La Crosse Division of the same road was completed through the town, entering on Section 31, and passing in a northwesterly direction, into Pacific. The town of Wyocena resembles Marcellon in lying wholly within the Potsdam area, in possessing generally a low sandy soil, and in being entirely without prairie. The Fox River crosses the northern row of sections in an easterly direction, being bounded for the most of the WYOCEN A HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 867 distance by a marsh one-half to one mile in width. Duck Creek crosses the middle sections in a similar direction, and is similarly bounded by marsh. The Fox River marsh has an altitude of about 210 feet ; that of Duck Creek nearly the same. Between the two, there is a nearly level sand plain raised in its highest part not more than 20 to 30 feet above the streams. South of Duck Creek, the surface is much more broken, and near the south line are some quite high bluffs rising to an altitude of 350 feet. The first entry of land in the town was made by Joseph W. Turner, June 17, 1886, and patented August 10, 1887, for Lots 5, 11 and 12, Section 5, containing 166 acres ; also Lot 5, Section 6, containing 58 acres. The following comprises a list of town oflBcers since the organization of the town to the present time : 1850 — Darius Bisbee, Chairman ; Robert M. Haynes, David H. Everson, Supervisors ; A. B. Alden, Clerk ; Nathan D. White, Treasurer ; John Carpenter, Jeremiah H. Heath, J. P. Kellogg, Assessors ; M. W. Sargent, School Superintendent. 1851 — Daniel S. Bushwell, Chairman ; Joseph L. Sherman, Joseph Farrington, Supervi- sors ; Alvin B. Alden, Clerk ; E. H. Vaughn, Treasurer ; John Carpenter, James D. Slackly, E. H. Rice, Assessors ; A. B. Winchell, School Superintendent. 1852 — Francis E. Whiton, Chairman ; Joseph Farrington, Henry Ager, Supervisors ; Henry Converse, Clerk ; Yates Ashley, Treasurer ; James D. Shackley, Assessor ; J. D. W. Roberts, School Superintendent. 1858 — Henry Converse, Chairman ; James J. Pervis, A. E. Patchen, Supervisors ; John Weiting, Clerk ; William J. Towner, Treasurer ; James D. Shackly, Assessors ; J. W. Earle, School Superintendent. 1854 — Henry Converse, Chairman ; A. E. Patchin, R. M. Haynes, Supervisors ; John Weiting, Clerk ; James J. Purvis, Treasurer : James D. Shackly, Assessor ; Seth A. Cooledge, School Superintendent. 1855 — T. H. Briggs, Chairman; George Purvis, Lewis Kingsbury, Supervisors; S. E. Faurote, Clerk ; John Farrier, Treasurer ; James D. Shackly, Assessor ; S. E. Miner, School Superintendent. 1856 — William Blair, Chairman ; R. M. Haynes, Ophir Leonard, Supervisors ; S. E. Faurote, Clerk; John Farrier, Treasurer; James D. Shackley, Assessor; S. E. Miner, School Superintendent. 1857 — Henry Converse, Chairman; J. W. C. Langworthy, M.W. Twitchell, Supervisors; Seth A. Cooledge, Clerk; I. I. Purvis, Treasurer; S. A. Mitchell, Assessor; H. W. Roblier, School Superintendent. 1858 — H. H. Roblier, Chairman; Edwin Spear, E. B. Blaisdell, Supervisors; S. A. Cooledge, Clerk ; N. B. Ellis, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor ; Erastus Taylor, School Superintendent. 1859— H. W. Roblier, Chairman ; N. B. Ellis, E. B. Blaisdell, Supervisors; D. M. Hall. Clerk ; J. D. Shackley, Treasurer and Assessor ; J. W. Earle, School Superintendent. 1860 — Norman Coapm.an, Chairman ; E. B. Blaisdell, N. B. Ellis, Supervisors ; William Depuy, Clerk ; E. S. Kellogg, Treasurer ; Henry Converse, Assessor ; J. W. Earle, School Superintendent. 1861 — E. B. Blaisdell, Chairman ; S. H. Salisbury, J. P. Shackley, Supervisors ; A. D. Coapman, Clerk ; E. S. Kellogg, Treasurer ; James I. Purvis, Assessor ; J. W. Earle, School Superintendent. 1862 — E. B. Blaisdell, Chairman ; S. H. Salisbury, George S. Mantor, Supervisors ; Henry Converse, Clerk ; John English, Treasurer ; James D. Shackley, Assessor. 1863 — Henry Converse, Chairman; Samuel Hovey, Thomas S. Stanley, Supervisors ; Norman Coapman, Clerk ; James D. Shackley, Assessor ; John English, Treasui-er. 1864 — M. W. Twitchell, Chairman ; R. M. Haynes, John Farrier, Supervisors ; H. M. Blair, Clerk ; Alexander Farrier, Treasurer ; A. J. Robertson, Assessor. 868 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 1865 — E. B. Blaisdell, Chairman ; Seth Allen, 0. D. Van Deusen, Supervisors ; N. D. Cone, Clerk ; H. D. Burrows, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1866 — A. E. Patchin, Chairman ; R. M. Haynes, P. Hibner, Supervisors ; H. W. Rob- lier, Clerk ; G. S. Manter, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1867 — A. E. Patchin, Chairman ; R. M. Haynes, Philip Hibner, Supervisors ; H. W. Spear, Clerk ; H. G. Britt, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1868 — A. E. Patchin, Chairman ; R. M. Haynes, S. H. Salisbury, Supervisors ; Henry Converse, Clerk; R. Hawkins, Treasurer; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1869 — E. B. Blaisdell, Chairman ; Henry D. Burrows, Solomon H. Salisbury, Super- visors ; Norman Coapman, Clerk ; Henry C. Stanley, Treasurer ; James D. Shackley, Assessor. 1870 — Enoch B. Blaisdell, Chairman ; Cornelius Phillips, Solomon H. Salisbury, Super- visors ; James W. Coapman, Clerk; Peter C. Irvine, Treasurer ; James D. Shackley, Assessor. 1871 — E. B. Blaisdell, Chairman; Cornelius Phillips, 0. D. Van Dusen, Supervisors; James W. Steele, Clerk ; Albert Parmenter, Treasurer ; James B. Shackley, Assessor. 1872 — C. J. Pardee, Chairman ; P. C. Irvine, A. E. Patchin, Supervisors ; H. W. Spear, Clerk ; A. M. Parmenter, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1873 — Charles Spear, Chairman ; Cornelius Phillips, C. S. Dowd, Supervisors ; L. S. Rolleson, Clerk ; A. M. Parmenter, Treasure)- ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1874 — C. J. Pardee, Chairman ; George Purvis, C. S. Dowd, Supervisors ; L. S. Roll- eson. Clerk ; D. C. Gilson, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1875 — C. I. Pardee, Chairman ; George Purvis, C. S. Dowd, Supervisors ; 0. C. Patchin, Clerk ; M. W. Twitchell, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1876 — C. I. Pardee, Chairman ; R. M. Haynes, C. S. Dowd, Supervisors ; N. Coapman, Clerk ; John A. Bull, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley. Assessor. 1877 — Stephen Calverly, Chairman; C. S. Dowd, R. M. Haynes, Supervisors; N. Coap- man, Clerk ; R. C. Falconer, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1878 — S. Calverly, Chairman ; C. S. Dowd, R. M. Haynes, Supervisors ; H. W. Stanley, Clerk ; J. I. Purvis, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1879 — M. G. Tucker, Chairman ; H. D. Burrows, J. Valentine, Supervisors ; C. J. Pardee, Clerk ; D. C. Gilson, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. 1880 — Rus Falkner, Chairman ; H. D. Burrows, Cornelius Phillips, Supervisors ; C. J. Pardee, Clerk ; W. S. Gardner, Treasurer ; J. D. Shackley, Assessor. VILLAGE OF WYOCENA. Hotel of Dickeson. — One night, in the winter of 1844, Elbert Dickeson had a dream, so he affirmed, that upon the site of his farm, on Section 21, there would spring up a village called Wyocena, whichshould be the seat of justice for Columbia County. In the morning, he told his dream to Benjamin Dey, who was then stopping with him. The two talked the matter over and determined to put the plan into execution, for the fulfillment of the dream. To this end, Maj. Dickeson opened a public house, to "afford entertainment for man and beast." In 1846, the old log gave way to a large two-story frame building, which was duly dedicated with a grand dance the evening of July 4. Maj. Dickeson died in 1848 ; the hotel was not com- pleted. Mr. A. A. Bull took a lease of the hotel for a term of years, completed the hotel ; he occupied it for one year, and leased it to William Wolcott for one year. Wolcott sold out his interest to John Hunter. Hunter sold out to Becker; his time expired with the lease. Widow Dickeson, married to Dr. Singer, took possession of the hotel, kept it a short time, and sold out to Noah Dickeson. He, Dickeson, sold his interest to I. M. Carr ; he sold to C. Hill, and he to W. Austin ; that closes the hotel business. The county bought the property for a county house, for which purpose it is now occupied. About 1850, Dr. Rockwood built a public house, which was purchased by John Lewis, by him sold to J. Hunter ; he, in 1853, disposed of it to James Austin, who, iii 1880, had been in charge of the same for twenty-seven years. The name given to the house was Boston. HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. 8tJ9 Maj. Dickeson, who was a practical surveyor, laid out and platted the new village, in 1846. The Board of County Commissioners adopting it as a temporary county seat, and the prospect seeming good for its being made permanent, lots brought a fair price and considerable improvements were soon under way. Jacob Rogers was the first to embark in the mercantile business in the place. In 1847, he opened a stock of general merchandise and commanded a fair trade. In 1817, the citizens erected a small frame building, for school purposes, which was used eight years, when, becoming too small, the district erected a two-story frame building, 32x40. The school was now divided into two departments, the primary department occupying the lower room, and the high school the upper. In 1879-80, Henry Stanley and Nellie Hughes were the teachers. Some two years before the completion of this building. Elder Miner erected a building for a select school, in which the higher branches should be taught, and students be prepared for college. Only moderate success attended his efforts. In 1817, the building was disposed of to the Methodists and Baptists, for church purposes. A post office was established here in 1845, with Harvey Bush as Postmaster. Jacob Rogers was next appointed. He resigned in favor of David R. Meloy. Mr. Meloy, in 1852, resigned in favor of John Weiting, who was commissioned by the Post Office Department, under James K. Polk. Through the successive administrations of Polk, Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Johnson, Grant and Hayes, Mr. Weiting has served the people. • In his proud boast that not a dollar ever mailed in this office has been lost, to the best of his knowledge. In 1853. a grist-mill was erected by John Hunter and Chauncey Spear. In the fall of that same year, Benjamin Dey purchased the interest of Mr. Spear, the firm remaining Hunter & Dey for two years. In 1855, Mr. Dey purchased Hunter's interest, and, in the fall, the mill was burned. Mr. Dey immediately rebuilt, and on a more extensive scale. In 1865, he dis- posed of his interest to Mr. Sexton, of Milwaukee. Mr. Sexton continued sole proprietor for four years, when he sold to George Craig, who, in turn, in the spring of 1879, sold to Mr. Douglas. Wyoaena Cheese Factory. — In the fall of 1875, a stock company was organized for the purpose of manufacturing cheese. A paid-up capital of -f 1,600, composed of sixty-four shares, at $25 each, was immediately subscribed. During the summer of 1876, about forty thousand pounds of cheese were manufactured, and the same during 1877. In 1878 and 1879, the amount was reduced to about twenty-five thousand pounds per year, in consequence of the ina- bility of securing a supply of milk. Spear's Cheese Factory. — This factory is located about one mile east of the village, and began operations in the summer of 1878, making about twenty -five thousand pounds of cheese. In the summer of 1879, the .same amount was manufactured. ConyregntioJialist Church. — In the spring of 1853, Rev. S. E. Miner organized a congre- gation of fifteen members. For two years, services were held in the schoolhouse, but, in 1855, a small, neat house of worship was erected, at a cost of $1,600. From the organization up to Januaiy, 1880, Revs. Miner, Barton, Jenkins, Hassell, Donaldson, Richards, Fairfield, Logan and Ball have served as Pastors. At this time, there were twenty-eight members, with James I. Purvis, George Hill and De Witt Gilson as Trustees ; A. E. Patchin and John Wood, Dea- cons. A Sunday school was organized in 1853, which continued for three years, when, in con- nection with the Methodists and Baptists, a union school was organized. Baptist Church. — The first religious services held in the town, at which there was preach- ing, was in the summer of 1846, Elder Wood, a Baptist minister, officiating. Elder Wood preached here occasionally for one year, and then returned East. In 1852, Elder Moses Row- ley organized a congregation, with D. A. Vaughn and wife, Mrs. Electa Spear and Mr. Sher- man and wife, in the organization. Elder Wood returned in 1853, and was called to the pastor- ate, serving for four years, when he went to Baraboo and remained thi-ee years. Elder Meredith, during that time, having charge of the Wyocena Church. In 1860, Elder Wood again resumed 870 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. the pastorate, with a record of twenty years' continuous service in the spring of 1880. In conjunction with the Metliodists, the schoolhouse erected by Elder Miner was purchased in 18.57, wherein regular exercises have been held. About forty names were on the roll of church membership, January, 1880 — R. 0. Spear, clerk. Methodist Episcopal Church. — A class was organized about the year 18.52. In 18.57, together with the Baptists, they purchased a house of worship. In the spring of 1880, they had a membership of twenty. The Columbus Democrat, December, 1869, has the following to say of Wyocena: " Wyocena is the remains of a once thriving and increasing village assassinated by the building of the old La Crosse Railroad. Seventeen years ago, it contained five stores doing a good trade. Now it has two. Pardeeville was erected upon its decadence ; then the new division of the railroad was laid toward Portage ; the seat of commerce again shifted ; the glory of Pardeeville departed, and Rio was built upon its ruins. Wyocena is overgrown with the thin moss of the Western antiquity, and is ancient in appearance, as is permitted to any village of less age than a quarter of a century. It has a good schoolhouse, a tolerably commodious town hall (costing, perhaps, .^1,500 more than the one in Columbus), and two churches. But we observed no new buildings and few evidences of the vigor generally found in Western villages. The railroad, upon which it scarcely impinges, came too late to benefit it much. Its settlement antedated Portage proper, though of course. Fort Winnebago was older. Maj. Dickason, the hardy pioneer of our own village, we are told, was the first settler also. He built the log cabin on the bank of Duck Creek, in which he afterward died. A man named Bush located shortly after the Major, about a mile east of the Columbus road, and Charles Spear, John Dalton and Benjamin Dey, are mentioned too as among the earlier settlers. They live here still, but the Major's descendants have sought newer camping grounds. We believe the old veteran himself was buried here and we meant to visit the spot of his repose, but time did not permit. It is about eleven years since the poor-house was located at Wyocena ; previous to that date a temporary accommodation for the destitute had been provided at Portage. Three inmates were removed to Wyocena in 1858. During the first winter, the institution was kept in a small building a little east of the present one. The three persons with which it was founded were an old deaf man named Savage, who was afterward killed by the cars, a lad whose father sent him from Madison off to school, and who became dissipated, was expelled, and after- ward sent up from Portage. The father came after the prodigal when he had been sufficiently punished. The third was a crazy Norwegian, who has since remained here. The buildings now occupied are pleasantly situated close upon Duck Creek. They consist of a two-story wooden building, and an adjoining two-story brick. The latter was built two years since by Messrs. Prescott & Carnagy of Portage, at a cost of about .$4,000. The frame of the former was erected by Maj. Dickason, who had been dispensing his hospitalities from his log cabin on the other side of the creek, and had determined to put up a more modern hostelry. The old Major's light was put out as the frame went up, and it was leased for a term on condition of being completed. It soon passed into the hands of the county and has since been used for its present purpose. "A little cabin on the Crawfish, in Columbus, was the first structure that the Major built in the West, and the mark of his hands ceased with the future poor-house building of the county. In the interim is the story of all his pioneer days. "An almshouse is the depository of much sad personal history. It is a discolored, worn and faded volume, in which are bound as many pathetic and discreditable biographies as there are inmates ; it is a charnel-house, where are laid the remains of missspent or unsuccessful lives ; and there is instruction there, in turning over dead relics of the past, and in the study of the causes of their decay ; it is a place where the brightness of life can be only a distant memory, and hope is but a specter of the irrecoverable. Few things can be sadder than the death of worn-out old age in the alms-house. We have talked with men of much experience in the man- agement of pauperism, and they have invariably informed us that, in nine cases out of ten, it HISTORY OF COLFMBIA COUNTY. 871 is directly, or indirectly, intemperance, that makes men public charges. It is very seldom that misfortune, unassisted, makes men paupers. " The individual history of many of the inmates would not be uninteresting, did space permit. In this poor-house, two years ago, died Jonas Haywood, aged ninety-two years. He was a man possessed of much general information, and had fought with Wellington in the Napoleonic wars ; he had many a tale of that stirring period that had never reached the historian's page, and, doubtless, not a few of them were true. The aggregated individual experience of contend- ing armies is the only complete annals of war. It was too large and too frequent drinks that finally beat the old veteran. ■ "Here also died Gabriel Rongie, at the age of eighty-four, after living here four years. He came to Green Bay fifty-nine years ago, being a French Canadian. He was an Indian trader, and one period had amassed considerable property. During his life he formed three matrimonial alliances with dusky aborigines, and bequeathed to the Territory an unre- corded number of half-breeds. His personal experience and knowledge, properly compiled, would make a most readable volume. He was blind before he died, and used to aver that one eye was sick and that the other was scratched out by a wild cat, while he was climbing a tree for coon. He too succumbed to his cups. " Edward Lahey, a former Catholic priest, was once an inmate here. It was he who was pardoned from States prison, where was sent for the shooting of a man, eighteen years ago, in Pardeeville. He was comparatively rich, but claims brought against him after the pardoning beggared him." VILLAGE OF PARDEEVILLE. In the fall of 1848, John S. Pardee, then merchandising in Milwaukee, sent out Mr. Reuben Stedman to build a store in this neighborhood, and in December following, Yates Ashley came out with goods and commenced trading for Mr. Pardee, and getting out timber to build mills. In 1849, the saw and grist mills were built and commenced operations. This was the beginning of Pardeeville. In July, 1850, John S. Pardee platted a portion of his land, and Willis S. Haskin did likewise. In 1855, Dr. Lake made an addition to the village of some forty acres on the south. The first frame house built on the site of the village was by Mr. Haskin, but Joseph Utley built the first after it was laid out. Killian Hepler built the second. In 1852, Reuben Baughman erected the first hotel, giving it the name of "Diamond Hall." In 1855, he sold the same to Mr. Turner, who in turn disposed of it to Mrs. Johnson, who assumed management for awhile, and then leased it to various parties until September, 1879, when it was purchased by George Briffett, who immediately took charge of the same. The house is roomy, with accommodations for twenty guests. Killian Hepler built the Hepler House in 1860, and leased it to John Benedict, who ran it three years, when Mr. Hepler took personal charge. J. S. Pardee commenced the erection of the large grist-mill, in 1849 ; in the same year he transferred his interest in Pardeeville to Joseph Utley, who, about the year 1853, turned the whole property over to John Pardee, father of the original proprietor, who took possession of the property (the mill being unfinished), and completed the mill in the latter part of 1856. About that time he disposed of a quarter interest in the mill property to Yates Ashley, the copartnership being continued till the death of Mr. John Pardee, which occurred June 26, 1873. The site of the village is embraced within School District No. 3. A schoolhouse was erected in the district as early as 1847, which soon gave way for a better one, and it in turn by a still better one, erected in the village limits in 1868. This latter building is a large two-story brick. In the winter of 1879-80, Miss Nora C. Waters was Principal, and Mrs. Blaisdell, Assistant. Presbyterian Church. — This society was organized in 1857, with six members — xllanson Hughson, Phila M. Hughson, Lebbuns H. Gilbert, William J. Ensign, Leona Ensign, and 872 HISTORY OF COLUMBIA COUNTY. Sarah Burcheeker. Rev. S. H. Barteau was the officiating minister in its organization. A. Hughson was elected Deacon and William J. Ensign and L. II. Gilbert, Elders. Rev. S. Barteau was the first occasional and then stated supply till .January 1, 1862. Rev. E. F. Tanner preached one year, from August 1, 1862. Rev. E. F. Waldo, as his successor, supplied the pulpit for one year from October, 1863. After being without a regular minister for nearly a year, Rev. E. F. Tanner became the second titns the stated supply from September, 186.5. The house of worship was commenceil in the summer of 1863, ami completed at a cost of §2, .500. It was dedicated March 30, 1864. Rev. Charles Hichards succeeded Mr. Tanner, and was followed by the Rev. Joseph Rossiel. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The church building was erected in 1861. John W. Fal- coner and Samuel Cannon were the most active in its construction. Its cost was $1,800. Revs. Boschee, Parker, Joseph Bolton, T. M. Ross, M. Peck. Edward Bronson, Jabez B. Cole, 0. B. Clark, AVilliam Jones, William Cook, John Varty and W. F. Stright have each served as Pastor. The church form? a part of the Wyooena Circuit. Pardee Lodge, No. J7I, A.. F. ^f A. M. — A dispensation w!is granted September 12. 1867, to organize at this place, wliicli organization was effected by the election of Samuel B. Rhodes, W. M. ; Charles J. Pardee, S. W. ; David H. Langdon, J. \V. A charter was granted to the organization .June 10, 1868. It had a membership January 1, 1880, of thirty-two. There have been four deaths and ten dimissions since the organization. Pardee Lodge, No. 126, 1. 0. 0. F. — This lodge was instituted December 5, 1873, with Charles J. Pai'dee, N. G. ; David Narracong, V. G. ; F. A. Matthewson, Sec. ; John Hartman, Treas. Its membershiji January 1, 1880, was twenty. Post Office. — The first mail route was established here in 1849, from Madison to Fort Winnebago, thence to Pardeeville and Wyocena. Yates Ashley was first appointed Postmaster in 1843, served two years. In 1852, Jose])b Utley, who served one year. In 1853, Hubble West, Sr., who served two years. In 1855, Darius Coman, who served four years. In I860. John Pardee, who served one year. In 1861, Ira Atkins, who served six years ; died in 1867, when Luman A. Gilbert was appointed, who .«erved si.x years. In 1873, Newton W. Gilbert was appointed, served five years. In 1878, Mrs. Susan Falconer was appointed, who now holds the office as Mrs. Susan Yan Schaick. ERRATA. Jas. D. Shuchly, page 453, should be Jas. D. Shackley. Robertof Roberts, page 713, officers of 1852, should be Robert ap Roberts. Saffron, page 717, M. E. Church, should be Suffron. H. 0. Jones, page 717, M. E. Church, should be H. 0. Evans. M. J. Rach, page 717, Good Templars, should be M. J. Roach. Hattie Hughes, page 717, Good Templars, should be Katie Hughes. Fred Miller, M., page 718, Cambria Lodge, should be Fred Miller, G. F. Wm. Peterman, 0., page 718, Cambria Lodge, should be Wni. Peterman, R. Wm. Seeman, page 718, Cambria Lodge, should be Frederick Seeman. G. D. Jones, page 719, officers of 1879, should be G. D. Meyers. Adam Culdon, page 699, Town Treas. 1865 and 1866, should be Adam Culdow. Jno. Campbell, page 700, Assessor 1877, should be Jno. Caldwell. Adam Bogue, page 700, Chairman 1880, should be Alan Bogue. Aaron Town, page 763, made claims in spring of 1842, should be Aaron Town made claims in spring of 1849. On page 764, Elling Muhl should be made Male : George Windens should read Windus : Nels Paterson should be Peterson : Hans Lollinger should read Hans Tollackson ; Stephen Collenson should read Colbenson. On page 765, Talbot Askinson should read Tollac Asbinson ; Edmund Cushing should read Edward ; Nelson Van Wil should read Nelson Van Wie, and Andrew Baarnaman should read Boarnaman. On page 767, Herman Brane should read Herman Brune, and William Mews should read Maves. Hugh Mair, page 727, in election, 1849, should be Hugh Miner. Jno. Sims, page 728, early settlers, should be John Lines. Harver Curtis, page 729, officers 1854, should be Harvey Curtis. Jno. Sims, page 729, officers 1856, should be John Lines. Jas. L. Sims, page 730, officers 1860, should be Jas. L. Lines. Jas. Hastie, page 730, Clerk 1872, should be William Hastie. Page 731, " Village of Dekorra," far north as Madison, should read far south as Madison. Since the article, page 752, on the Village of " Inch " was printed we are informed that there were lots sold, houses built, and some business was done in 1856 or 1857. — Ed. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ABBRJE"VI^TI0 1Srs. O) Company or county dlr dealer W. V. A Wisconsin Volunteer Artillery W. V. C „ Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry W. V. I Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry p. P"st Office S. or Sec Section Bt street CITY OF PORTAGE. W. H. C ABRLL, dentist ; born at Middletown, Genesee Co., N. Y. (now Wyoming Co.), May 25. 1827. When about 12 years of age. his parents removed to Ohio : lived there until he was 20 years of age. Educated in dentistry in ^Middletown. Conn.; commenced study with a brother in 1852 ; prior to that time, he was engaged in civil engineering, V>eing Second Assistant Engineer of the Western I)i\ision of the Erie Canal during its construction in New York State. The Doctor was married at Skaneatelcs, Onondaga Co., N. Y., in April. 1854, to Angelina C. Lawton ; she was born at Catskill. Greene Co.. N. Y. They have three children — David Hunter. Fannie Jewett and Henry Russell. Mr. Abell is a member of the A., F. & A. M. Lodge. SlILiES T. ALiVERSON, real-estate and loan agent : was born in the town of Rodman. Jefferson Co., X. Y.. Jan. 20, 1833 : son of Almanson and Sylenda Alverson, who moved to Russell, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., November. 1848, where Miles T. lived until 1854, when he came to Wiscon- sin in October of that year, locating on what is now the town of Arlington, on Sec. 1, with his friend Ambrose Powers, remaining with him. more or less, until 1857. when he went to Southwestern Mis- ssouri. where he taught school a [jortion of the time, only remaining there a year, when he returned to Wisconsin to Lowville, working at the carpenter's trade. Married, JIarch 23, 1859, to Melissa A. Low. only daughter of Hon. Jacob Low. of Lowville. who died Jan. 24. 1875 ; her mother, Catherine Low. is now living ; they were among the early settlers of that place. Mrs. Alverson is probably the oldest settler now living within tlie corporate limits of Portage ; she was born in the city of New York. :March 28. 1841. They have two children— Charles Lewis, born Dec. 23. 18(30. and Harry Bartlett, JIarch 27, 1872. After marriage, ^h-. Alverson was engaged in teaching and working at his trade as carpenter and joiner, but teaching principally, until 1864 ; one year of this time, he carried on his father-in-law's farm ; in 1864, went to Milwaukee and took a course in commercial college, returning to Poynette. where he taught the higher department of the public school, that being his third term at this place ; he returned to ^Milwaukee in 1865, and was employed as a teacher in Bryant & Stratton's College, where he remained until he came to Portage. Jan. 1, 1867;- was Deputy Treasurer two years, then elected County Treasurer in the fall of 1868 ; re-elected in 1870. In 1872, in company with Thomas Yule, purchased aljstracts of titles of lands in this county ; was engaged in the abstract business and real estate, loans, etc.. until November. 1878. when he sold out their abstracts, and since then has been in loan and real-estate business ; since Aug. 1, 1879, has conducted business alone ; was Town Superintendent of Schools in 18(il, Town Clerk of Lowville in 1862 ; was Deputy County Treasurer two years after he went out as County Treasurer, and Deputy County Register at the same time. Mr. A.'s father died Aug. 29, 1879 ; mother now lives on the homestead, in Russell. St. Lawrence Co.. N. Y. Jh'. A. was one of the charter members of the T. O. O. F.; also a memlier of the A.. F. & A. M.. and was a member of the School Board two years. WILLIAM ARMSTRONG was born in County Armagh, town of Drumminmadder, Ireland. June. 1824; came in 1839 to America, and located in the vicinity of Stevens Point, Wis.; engaged as head sawyer in Harper's mill for three j-ears, then came to JIarquette (now Green Lake) 87(i BI0GHA1'IIICA]> SKETCHES: Co.; was on a fai'iii one smiiiiu'r : l)oiigiit and iiin a saw-mill at Now Lisbon for til'teen or sixU-en months ; cumc to what is now Portage ; ran a hunber yard two or three years ; took iij) the elaini and entered pro])erty in tiiat place : commented brick making in 1S47. which he has continued since, with the exception of two years. .Mr. .V. was married in I'ortage to Ilulda Fish. They have had three children, of whom but one. William John, is li\ing; William James, deceased : Sally Jane, deceased. Mr. A. was one of the (Irst Aldermen of the city, .serving several terms. CHAKIjKS ,1. AK^OI^I), son of Josiah Arnold, was born at Colnmluis, Cohnnbia ("o.. Wis.. Oct. 24. 1847. Attended I'ortage High School and Kacine College; came with parents to I'ortage in 1851 ; followed lumbering during ten years, up to ISTtl, when he engaged in his present business, that of freigliting. lie was married at Portage. June 30. 1870. to Mary F. Hutt, born in Canada. They have three children — Louis C. Jiobcrt'lL and Carl S. Mr. A. is a member of the A. O. V. W. and A.. F. c^ A. >L JOSIAH AKX4llil), son of Sylvester Arnold, was born in the town of Wasliington. Berkshire Co.. .Mass.. Nov. 1. 1820: moved to Stockbridge, Mass., with his parents, in 1824; his father died in that jilace Oct. 18. 1845 : removed to Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y., and resi1. she was married to her late husliand. Samuel S. Brannan, whose extended biography appears in tliis volume, with others of the illustrious dead of the county ; her entire married life has been passed in P(jrtage. and most of it also in her present home ; she has four children — S. Prentice, born June 2. 18(i2 ; William R., Feb. 24. 1SG4 : Lucy C. known as •■ Kittie," Aug. 5, 18(i5. and Jackson T. Brannan, Oct. 24. 1868. Her husliand's mother, aged 75. widow of William Brannan, formerly of this city, resides with the family, and is still active and vigorous. One son. Willie, is Assistant in the post office at Portage ; and the other, S. Prentiss, is mail agent on the Madison & Portage Railway. LL. BREESE was lioru Jlay 13, 1833. atA bermyuack, in the parish of Malwyd. Merioneth- shire, North Wales ; he is the son of Edward and JIary Breese ; he immigrated with his parents to this country in the month of May, 1846. and settled in the town of Randolph, this county ; his education was academic ; up to the age of 25. he was engaged most of the time with his parents in cultivating the farm. In tlie fall of 1858, owing to impaired health, he accepted the position of Deputy Sheriff of Columbia Co.. hoi)ing thereby to impro\e his health and extend his knowledge of business, and the circle of his ac(iuaintance. Previous to this, he held the office of School District Clerk, Town Supervisor, Justice of the Peace, and Town Treasurer. In the fall of ]8(i0, he received from the Republican County Convention the nomination for County Treasurer, and was elected the following November. He held this position for three consecutive terms, in all six years, having no competitor for the office, except in the first instance. In January, 1807, at the close of his third term as Treasurer, he entered as a partner the dry-goods firm of N. H. Wood & Co.. the firm being composed of N. H. Wood. R. (). Loomis. C. R. Gallett, and himself. This connection was continued until 1869, when Mr. Wood disposed of his interest to the other partners, and retired from the firm, which thereafter stood and was styled Loomis, Gallett & Breese. In the summer of 1 860. at the urgent solicitation of friends, he became a candidate for the office of State Treasurer at the State Convention held that fall. On the first informal ballot, he received a plurality of votes, but, owing to local combinations, the hdmination fell to his competitor. In about a month after this convention, the nominee for Secretary of State, resigning his position upon the ticket, made it necessary for the State Central Committee to fill the vacancy by ai)i)ointment. Without solicitation on his part, or even knowledge of the vacancy, the committee tendered him the nomination for that place, commun- icating their action by telegraph. Had it not been for the persistent entreaty of a few intimate friends, the appointment would have lieen declined. He was elected the following November. Under the organization of the State (iovernment of Wisconsin, the office of Secretary of State is by far the most important of the State offices ; besides involving the duties of Secretary of State proper, this officer is also ex officio Auditor of State, and School Land Commissioner, and also ex officio Commissioner of Insurance. In !May, 1876. he represented Wisconsin as Commissioner of Insurance at the National Insurance Convention held in the city of New York. This convention was composed of those officers in the ditterent States who had charge of the different departments therein. He was elected ^''ice President of the convention for the term of one year ; re-elected the second year, and elected President the third, and presided at its fourth annual session. After the expiration of his second term as Secretary of State, he returned to Portage and resumed his former occupation as merchant. In addition to this, he also held the pf>sitions of President of the City Bank of Portage, President of the I^ortage Iron Works and President of the Board of Education. He has lieen engaged in farming more or less extensi\ely throughout his life. Religiously, he is a memljer and Elder of the Presliyterian Church, professing Christianity at the age of 14 years. He is an active worker in the church and Sunday school. Mr. Breeafe was married, June 9, 1853, to Miss 3Iary E. Evans, of Milwaukee, by whom he has had six children, three lioys and three girls, one of the latter dying in infancj. 880 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: VOLXRV E. BREWER, jeweler ; was horn in Otego. Otsego Co.. N. Y.. May l(i. 1841; moved from tliere to Lisle, Broome Co.. N. Y.. when 10 years of age. lived there eight years : Mr. Brewer traveled in Western New York for st-veral years selling patent medieines. miisieal instru- meiit-s, ete.; was one year in the oil regions of Pennsylvania, spent a year in Illinois. Iowa and Mis- souri before coming to Portage, where he arri\ed in 18118 ; he learned the jewelers' trade in Lisle, N. Y.. and has been engsiged in that business ever since coming to Wisconsin : he is a member of the T. <).(). K. JOH\ BRICKWEIiL was born in Ilighwicombe, Bnckinghamshire. England. Dec. 8, ISK:! ; came to Wisconsin fr<^m Uxbridge, England, locating at Ft. Winncl)ago in 1848; made a claim in Lewiston on Sees. 1, 2 antl 11 (only one section) ; lived there until 1857. then removed to Portage ; Mr. B. was first Justice of the Peace of Ft. Winnebago and organized all the schools before the town was organized or surveyed, and was the first School Superintendent of that (jlace ; he came to Portage, was admitted to the bar March 4, I85(i, and to the Supreme Court Nov. 0, 1877 ; his naturalization papers were issued Sept. 11. 185C. Mr. Brickwell was married in I'xliridge. England, to Sarah Barton, a native of Ilighwicombe. They have two children — Joseph and Sarah Ann. Mr. B, has held the ollice of Alderman several times, President pro tern, of the Council, etc. Justice of the Peace tbi' several years, Clerk of District School Board when he first came to Portage, Acting 3Iayor one year, and was elected Supervisor April (i. ISSd. His son is now living on the land which his father first entered in this countv ; he was elected Justice of the Peace in Lewiston in April. 1880. HARVEY BRINGS was born in Bens,)n. Kntland Co.. Vt, May 17, 1818; educated at Castleton Seminary, read law in the town of Whitehall. Washington Co,, N. Y.. admitted to the bar of Vermont in 1842 ; he then practiced law in his native place until 1854 ; came to Portage June 4, 1854, has resided in ^Visconsin ever since ; be purchased a larm on Sec. 6 in the town of Lewiston, lived there one year ; in 1858. removed to Packwaukee, was appointed County Judge of Marquette Co, July 1(), 1858 ; in the spring of 1850, was elected to the same ottice on the Ilepublican ticket by a majority- of 500 in a Democratic district, served until 18li2, when he resigned ; was also Justice of the Peace and Assessor while in that county ; removed to Briggsville, was there until 1874 ; then in .Montello one year, and took charge of the ollice of County Judge. Came to Portage in 1875. where he has remained ever since; has been Justice of the Peace for four years. Mr. Briggs was marrieil at Cornwall, Vt, May 2, 1844, to Francis L. Peck, a native of Cornwall ; they have three children — Carlton W., now at Grand Rapiilitv. did guard duty at Ft. La Fayette and Ft. Hamilton ; re-enlisting in July. 1862, in Co. E, 23d W. V. I., and was mustered out August, 1865 ; moved to Baraboo and resided there until coming to Portage, in 1876. Married Jliss Isabelle Elgie, daughter of jMathew Elgie, who came to Caledonia thirty years ago, and is now living there, March 18, 18(iG ; she was liorn in Guelph, Canada; they have one daughter — Belle, born Dec. 25. 1866. WlfjIilAIH a. BUNKER, sou of Levi and Maria Bunker; was born in the town of West River, Randolph Co.. Ind.. Aug. 17. 1834; his parents moved to AVayne Co., Ind., in 1841 ; learned his trade at Richmond, Ind.. and commenced business for himself in 1853, in Wheeling, Delaware Co.. Ind.; remained there six years ; then went to Logansport, where he remained until 18(51. when he moved to (ialveston, in Cass Co.. and remained there four years, when he came to Portage in spring of 1865 and engaged in harness-making, which Inisiness he has since followed, with the exception of two years that he resided in the town of Ft. Winnebago. Was elected Justice of the Peace in 1874. and was re-elected in 1876 and 1878. Mr. B. was married in Jonesboro, Grant Co., Ind., Dec. 17, 1857, to Ursula A. Mehaffej- ; she was boru near Dayton. (Jhio, Ma3% 1840 ; they have two children — Adeline ^I. and Warren W. 'Sir. Bunker is a member of I. 0. 0. F. since 18(52. ALEX. CARlKf AGIE, a native of Cupeer, in Fyfe, Scotland ; was born July 12, 1820, emi- grating to America in 1840, and locating in Vermilion Co., N. Y.; remained there one year and a half; then going to Albany, N. Y., where he made it his home until 1848 ; then coming to Milwaukee, and remaining there until September, 1850, when he came to Portage; returning to New York City in 1853 ; living on Staten Island most of the time until 1855, when he returned to this city, which since hag been his home. Mr. C. learned his trade before leaving Scotland. He murried in the town of Hope, Ham- ilton Co., N. Y., June 3, 1842, Eliza Mills, who was born in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, Aug. 12, 1824 ; they have four children, three sons and one daughter — Agnes, Alex, Jr., John W. and George. Mr. Carnai:;ie has been City Assessor for two terms, also Alderman of the Second Ward two years. FRED lic school, remaining there until the spring of 1857, wdien he came to Wisconsin, locating at Portage, and engaging in the practice of his profession. In the spring of IStil, he was elected County Judge of Columbia Co.. serving until the 1st of January. lS(i(i : in the fall ol' this year, he was chosen District Attorney, and heUl that otliee two years ; in 1870. he retired to his farm in the town of Roxbury, Dane Co.. Wis., where he lived with his family until the fall of 1875, removing to the city of Madison, that his children might enjoy the advantages of the State rnivevsity. In Feb- ruary, 1878, he purchased of Messrs. Brannan & Turner the Wiscmixiii Stutr Jiegisttr, soon after- ward admitting B. F. Goodell as a partner, ami removing his family from the State capital in July, 1879 ; Judge Clark has sole control of the editorial colunnis of the Rrgtstir. Seven children have been born to Judge and Jlrs. Clark — Mary Holley, born in Lyons, N. Y.; Elizabeth Sophronia, and John Tillotson (died Nov. 19, 18li3), born in New Brunswick. N. J.: Helen Loinse. Jidia Kirkland. Sarah Amelia and William Henry, born in Portage. ^.^^^ ^^^'*i?1 ,te,, -m^li'^^^.. Res ofI.W.SchULZE Portage Wis. Residence^/Buisness Block OF J. O, Eaton Lodi Wis mmm CITY OF PORTAGE. 885 W. a. CLOUGH, Principal of the high school, was born in Portage, Maj' 20, 1853 ; son of Win. R. and Mar}- A. Govve_y Clough ; parents settled in Delavan, Wis., in 1846; afterward removed to Portage ; father died Feb. 8, 18(>9 ; Mrs. C. is still a resident of Portage ; Mr. C. was educated in the piil)lic schools of Portage, and also a graduate of the State University at JIadison in 1875 ; taught district sclioc^ls three winters prior to entering the State University ; afterward appointed Assistant Principal of Portage High School, and held the position one year ; since that time has been Principal in the same school. ROBERT COCHRANE, miller and grain dealer, was born April 25, 1822. in Westfield, Chautauqua Co.. N. Y. ; his mill is in Westfield, Marquette Co., Wis,, and his residence is in Portage ; in 1842, came west, and remained nearly three years in Joliet, 111. ; about 1845, he, with three brothers, bought fully a thousand acres of land, near Waupun, and farmed unitedly on a large scale ; in 185(1. himself and two bnjthers went to Marquette Co. and bought a large tract of land, and laid out a village, which, in honor of his birthplace, he named Westfield ; there they erected a gi-ist-mill and saw-mill, and store and dwelling, and thus founded the village. He was married on the 12th of January, 1859. to Miss Lucy R. Emerton, of Ft. Winnelmgo ; she was born on the 21st of September,] 838. in Columbia, Coos Co., N. H. ; during the war. the Cochrane lirothers divided their respective interests. 3Ir. Robert C. retaining the Westfield property ; he also has a farm in Dodge Co.. besides the improvements at Westfield, and a large brick residence in Portage. One child died in infancy, and four are lining — Jennie E., Lula A.. R. Li^'ingstone and T. Harry. Mr. C. has held town and county ottices. and was a member of Legislature in 1803 ; is a memlier of the Odd Fellows and of the Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons ; he votes in local elections for the '' best man," but in State and National afliiiirs is of decided Democratic proclivities. Mrs. C. is a Presbyterian ; the familj- are highly respected. J. COLE was born in the town of Cherry Vallej-. Otsego Co., N. Y., Nov. 15, 1815 ; worked in cotton mills in Oneida Co, until nearlj' 21 years of age ; then went to Lockport, N. Y., and remained about three years ; returned to Rochester, and worked in the cotton-mills for eighteen months ; in the fall of 1839, removed to Newton Falls, Ohio, residing there eleven years; he subseijuently resided in Painesville one year, Cleveland one .year, town of Bristol two years ; JNIr. C. came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1854, and located at (Jconomowoc, residing afterward at Milwaukee and Hartford ; in the tall of 1858, was employed by railroad company, as machinist, running stationary engines, etc. ; remained in their employ for twelve years ; in September, 1871, engaged in flour and feed business, and has continued in that Ijusiness ever since ; he also deals in wooden pumps. ^Ir. C. was married in Rochester, N. Y.. in the fall of 1839. to ;Mary A. McDonald, a native of Water- town, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ]Mr. and Mrs. Cole are l:)oth members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is Stewartl, Recording Secretar}- and Class Leader in the church. CONRAD 'COLLIPP. [An autobiography]. I was born Feb. 21, 1822. in the village of Obersuhl, in the middle Werra Valley of Northwest Thuringia, near the city of Eisenach, and the renowed castle of Wartburg, where Dr. JNIartin Luther in the years 1522-23 translated the Bible into the German language ; my liirthplace. Oliersuhl, belonging at that time to the J]leetorate of Hesse- Cassel, now to Prussia; I was brought up under stern Protestantism — the (jrcrman Reformed Church — vigorous Zwingli-Calvanism. 'Sly father. John CoUipp, was a verj- severe and stiff military gentle- men, of strict morality and of very few words ; he was a manufacturer of worsted and other fine white woolen yarns ; lie owned quite a wealth of real estate. 3Iy mother's name was Christina Mohr. of old German stock, tough and wiry all lier lifetime ; she died in Philadelphia in 1873. 77 years of age. I was the only son of five chiklren, having tour sisters ; I went to school about fourteen j-ears. from my 4th to my 14th year, in what we call in regular school, and four years in extra preparatory school tor higher studies, mostly three times a day, till I was 18 years old. 3Iy mother becoming a widow through the sudden death of my father, and she intending to use me for other purposes than book studies, took me awaj' from school against my most obstinate remonstrances and wishes, and put me in apprenticeship to a damask-weaver, antl afterward to plush and velvet weaving. After the death of mj' father, my mother, who had given up my father's business, commenced a commer- cial business of selling table-linen, damask and general hosiery, besides carrying on our farming : from my 18th to my 22d j'ear, I have alwaj'S considered the worst four years of my life, because l)eing compelled to engage in employments against my inclinations and wishes ; I rather would ha\e liked to be a soldier from my 20th year, but even that could not be, for I was the only son of a widow, and therefore exempt by law and the circumstances ; but thank God ! the year of 1844 came on, the 3-ear of my majority — 22 years old according to German laws ; yes, dear mother — 22 years >i86 BIOGRAPHICAI. !>KETCIIES: old, now 1 t"ui do something for myself; aTid straightway I i)repared to go into the great universe, wlieresoe\er I might get to. to the East Indies or elsewhere, no differenee to me. The 1 Ttli of .March. 1844. I left the old domieile of my mother and my native village of ( )l)ersulil amidst copious shedding of tears and great sorrow of my dear mother, sisters and hundreds of friends : per foot, knaiisaek on my liaek. eane in hand, the legal pajjers and passports, and necessary cash in my pockets ; going to (i ittingen in pretty had weather, and rather footsore. 1 took the mail coach for Bremen ; arriving in Bremen the 22d of March. 1S44. I noticed a large poster, stating that in a few days a ship would .sail for America ; I went to the ottice and asked what it would cost to go to Amerit'a : the man asked me what I had. I told him nothing hut myself and a knapsack ; he tohl me if I paid lit thalers in gold. I coulil go. I paid right away and took my passage ticket ; after looking around the city of Bremen, and buying .some maps of America and otlier stationery. 1 Anally left the old foggy jtlace in a schooner on the Weser Ui\-er for Braka some miles seaward. On the night of the 24th of March. 1844. I left dear old Fatherland in the hrig Louisa. Capt. Claus Wencke. for far-off America ; in the morning, when I got out, I could see nothing more of land, only dreary fog, and once in awhile a dangerous looking buoy in dismal waters. Adieu. After a stormy and terrific voyage of eight weeks in despair, sulfering in the meantime almost every conceivable misery and discomfort. T arrived hale and hearty the 21st of May. 1844, and about 9 o'clock A. M. set my feet on drv land at Spruce street wharf in Philadelphia, thanking (rod and kissing the very dry soil on terra tirina. I advanced a few rods upon my •' sea-legs " to the corner of Spruce and Water street, to a barrier post, made of an old cannon, and gazed with delight in the lialmy bright May morning up Spruce street, with its gilt-lettered liehung signs. While I was standing there in won- drous admiration and meditations of many sorts, a middle-aged. tall, paletaced and lank gentleman of a pleasant countenance approached me and asked, whether I had come with yonder ship, point- inlishment. paying me well for niy ser\ices, and treating me with all the good graces of a gentleman while 1 was with him. Naturally for me, I applied my mind right away with an intense assiduity to the learning of the English language. I remained with >Ir. Woodruff aliout half a j-ear. Afterward. I apprenticed myself to become a printer in a newspaper printing office. An editor — a fine man — Mr. Miskey. addressed me once thus : '■ Dear young man," he said, ■■ I get 12.000 a year. Ijut I have to work almost day and night like a slave, in a room like a prison : take my meals in a hurry ; only a few hours on Sunday I can see my family, and when the year is around, there is nothing left of my hard-earned wages ; besides, I have almost daily to write down, to my utmost disgust, the manifold truths and mendacities of commonplace men and hypocrites. I am sick of this business. If I were young yet. I would go to the West. Dear young man. I advise you to give up learning this business, and go West.* I assure vou, you will live happier if you work as hard there as I must do here." I took the hint — and quit ; or, I saw the reason in the ad- vice, and quit. After the printing experiment, I went to learning weaving ingrain carpets, tor which art I had to pay $80. With this business I could, and really ditl, make good wages during four days of the week, and so had three days for muse and studies while I remained in Philadelphia. The years, and parts of years. I lived in Philadelphia, were of great blessing to me, and added much to my future career. I learned the English tongue, some of the English literature, antl various good man- ners and Americanisms. Late in the fall of 1844, I got ae(iuainted with a \ery good, common-sense, reasonable and pious man. Rev. Daniel Berger. Through the grace of (Jod. tliis good man and mj- zealous efforts. I found peace of mind religiously, in the Christian fundamental truth or principle ; and my motto was henceforth. --Entire negation of the negative. ' My mother's great love of her only son indui-ed her to sell her iiroperty in Europe, and follow me, with my four sisters, to America, in the year 1 840. They arrived safely at Philadelphia, and mother bought some real estate there, and I helped to get them in tolerably good condition, in the way of living to their satisfaction. In the year 1848, lieing now additionally a little lietter prepared for the great world, I started off again — for the West and wilderness — to the infinite sorrow of my dear mother and sisters. But who could heljj it? I went via New York. Hudson Ri\er. Erie Canal. Buffalo ; per steamer Olobe over Lakes Erie and Huron, Straits of JIackinaw and Lake Michigan, to Wisconsin, and finally arrived, in the beginning of August, 1848. at Chicago, 111. There I got, the first day, employment as a clerk In a large dry-goods and grocery store. In April. 1840, I obtained the excellent situation of clei-k on the steamboat Indiana, whicli was towing at that time vessels in and out of Chicago's poor har- bor, in Iwisterous, l:)ad weather : also the many canal and packet boats of the Illinois Canal, from Bridgeport up and down the Chicago River — an arduous, dangerous and dashing business for me ; among primitive, chaotic ^A'estern wickedness, putrid water, mud and (luagmire. jjestilential cholera, numerous and terrific deaths, and lilack clouds of tormenting mosquitoes at night-time, but plenty cash rolling around me. in the general havoc going on at that time in Chicago. I eame out all hale and hearty ; no impression made on me of any jjarticular hurt, then or afterward. In the beginning of August, 1840. I startecl from Chicago, per steamer, well equipped with gun, pistol, ammunition, etc., and some cashj for Milwaukee. From there, per foot, to the Indian lands, bej'ond Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, having at Chicago set my eyes for the wilderness and utmost limits of civilization, to try progress, I had for company, on this adventurous route, Mr. Samuel Slifer. who afterward liecame my father-in-law. and another — a youngish Yankee he was, I think. At Oak Grove, a little westward of poVerty-stricken Watertown, at that time, I saw the last poor habitation of quasi-civilizatif)n. Further on toward Fort AVinneltago, I saw nothing but inane expanse of grassy, wild, rolling i)rairie and wf)ods. About ten miles eastward of Fort Winnebago, we struck an apparent wagon-track through tlu* woods, which. I afterward found, had lieen the mili- tary road to the fort. I eame up to Fort AVinnebago about half an hour in advance of mv weary comrades, it being now about o'clock A. M., middle of August. I sighted the consoling and well- *Horace Greeley, it seems, did not urigiiiute this familiar expression. 888 BIOURAPHICAL SKETCHES: arranged frontier military Ijarrack and building of the fort with much pleasure, and was delighted with the fine view toward the west and Barahoo hills. While I sat there waiting, I soliloquized : " Precious castle of comfort to the pilgrim seeking an eartlily home ; a watch-house of our glorious Government for the protection of ad\ancing civilization anil wealth, versus barbarism.'' As S(5on as m\ comrades came up, I walked again in advance down to a bridge across a small stream. A grassy ditch, thought I. All at once I noticed what appeared to me a half-breed Indian in the big grass near the bridge. •' What is this ':* " I asked, pointing to the water. He said. " Fox River." O Poseidon !* said I to myself — Fox River. I asked. '■ Where is the Wisconsin River ':* " He said. " Over there," pointing with his finger southward. • great big river, that. " 'My comrades now came up to the bridge ; I told them, ■ This, you see. is the great Fox River ;" but they were so weary and worn-out. they had nothing to say. Tn the mean time, the indi\idual down in tlie grass came up to us. I asked him. ■ Is there any tavern round hereabouts ?" He said. •■ Little way over there — the C'ap'ns place." pointing soutiieasterly across the liridge. I said then to my comrades, "Let us cross the Xiemen. and now into — Russia. " As soon as we were a few rods across the river among tiie tall willow brush which at that time covered the whole flats to the Wisconsin River, we saw every- where groups of horriljle-looking Indians, old and yijung. l\ing among the bushes on the ground. Alas ! wild-looking creatures to liehold. In a little while, we came to the Franklin House — a cozy resting-place for weary men in this wilderness. (31d Capt. Low had built this hospice a few jears back, in this Iy land was full of these troublesome insects. Numerous ant-heaps stood like large beehives in every direction. By burning- out their haunts, 1 finally subdued that tormenting animal in some degree. Countless gophers, who would root out my new-i)lanted crops, had also to l)e destroyed; Init the greatest danger to the frontier settler were the unexpected and disastrous wood and i)rairie fires when they came with a strong blast of wind. Among the okU'St, permanent and solid settled men of the city of Portage, whom I now call to mind, were and are, including some that are dead — Henry ^Merrill. AVilliam .Armstrong. Dr. Prentice. J. J. (xuppey, H. T. Haskell. A'alentine Helmann. James Collins. W. K. Clougli. Solomon Leech. John (iraham. Anton Klenert, Bemos Pixley, (ieorge Thakell and Alex. Carnagie. The 12th day of February, 1S50, I married Miss Louisa Slifer (the marriage taking place on her 2()tli birthday) ; she was born at the village of Trappe, Montgomery Co., State of Pennsylvania ; her father, Samuel Slifer, had taken up the next claim, westward of ray claim on Silver Lake, for a home- stead, on the Indian land. .My wife's parents. "Sir. Sanniel Slifer and his wife (her maiden name being Ksther Scholl) of Pennyslvania, were descendants of the Palatinate I'migrants of the seventeenth cen- tury, in the time of Louis the XIV. (" (iraud Louis," His Most Cluistian Majesty, King of France, devastating i)oor South (icrinany with his infamous infernal dogs, like Turenne, 3Ielac and ^lontelus, at a fearful rate ; worse than the Huns and .Mongolians.) S(|uire S. \'an Slyke. a young man. tied the ■connubial knot.' a little, young'lawyer. a Mr. Soo]), being witness. It liai)pcncd in front of Mr. Slifer's log lK>use. at Silver Lake, on the sod (being very line weather), and under the ■canopy of heaven. " Here is the statement of the genuine document : STATE OF WISCONSIN, 1^^ Columbia CoiiNiy. i Hf il Rpmemhereii — TImt nt Fori Winnehngo, in siiid f'ounly (being in the Woods), on the I'Jili day of February. 18")0, Mr, Coiirad Collipp mul .Miss Louisa Slifpr were duly ioined in marriage by me. S. VAN SLYKE, Jusdce of the Peace. This, our marriage, was, I believe, the first legal marriage of white man and woman kind on the Indian lands, hereabouts. Momentous destiny ! Glorious, indej)endent Ijachelorhood now gone — e\a|iorated to zero. The desperate plunge of life had now been made forever. I must confess I dreaded, in an uneasy, anticipative way, the so-called l)unlen, care and sla^very of married life. But l)e it said by inc. the \er\ reverse became the fact in my case ; happiness, success, and entire con- tentment henceforth to tliis da\'. CITY OF POTri'AGE. 831 God blessed our marriaue with eleven children : eight girls and three sons ; all born at Silver Lake. Jennie Oetavia. was lH)ru the Sth of Deeember. 1S51. and was married to W. W, Lloyd the 27th of Auiiust, 187.'5 ; Louise Anna was born the 20th of January. 1S54, and was married to D. C. Treadway the loth of Septeml>er. 1875 ; Sophia Augusta was liorn the 8d of November. 1855 ; Lydia Amanda' was Iwrn tiie 24th of November. 1857. anrickyard and ran it till 18(55. In 18(5(5, I took the brickyard niyself and ran it. with good success, till 1875. Since 1878, the brick- yard has been run liy Ati'elt & (ronten. In April. 1855. a wood fire swept like a hurricane in a terrible devastating manner over my land. I lost 90 cords of newly chopped wood, 1 1 rods of rail fence and many large trees, which stood like burning spires, and would come down at last with an awful crash. AH my laud, except the cultivated parts, looked like a black, dreary waste. I felt pretty rough at the time. The season of planting had arrived, but now my fields lay open. Matters, however, mended, and everything went on as smoothly as ever. In July, 1856, I laid out a road, four rods in width, over the center of Collipp's Point, from the narrowest part of Silver Lake northward to the town line, and from thence westward four rods in width on the town line to the one-quarter line, meeting there the land I had sold to Hon. J. J. (luppey. through which we had formerly fixed the road more westward. la the s'l^riug of 1859. Hon. J. J. (luppey, Charles Hiertel and I built a bridge, about twelve rods in length, over the narrowest part of Silver Lake. The first team drove over the bridge May 11, 1859. :My part of the expense was S250 and one month's work with team. In 1874, the city of Portage took charge of the bridge as a public highway, and. in the winter of 1875, built an earth dam across the same place, where the bridge had stood. In 1875, I dedicated the same road I had laid out in 1851 to the city of Portage as a pulilic highway. It was named Collipp avenue. In the years of 1853"aud 1854. I built a frame house. 14x22, and, in 1855. a barn, 20x30 feet, on my land on Lot 2, Sec. 0, Town 12. Range 9. A little east of these buildings, I built, in 1858. a convenient, solid brick house, two stories high abo\-e ground, and basement and cellars Iielow. This l)uilding is 32x32 feet, with wing 20x22 feet. Since August. 1858, we have resided in this house. Since 1854, I have planted a great many fruit trees, vines, ornamental trees and shrubbery, and we have had. since 1858. most every year plenty of apples, grapes, berries, etc. In 18U9, 1 built, on Cook street, in the city of P(irtage. a lirick store, twenty-two feet wide l)y se\-enty-five feet long, two stories high, with cellar under the whole building. In 1875, I built an addition of forty feet in length thereto, making the store now 115 feet long, now rented to Parry & 3Iuir, who keep a large Alycia M. .^I'. (Iregorv. daughter of Ezra and ^lartlia (Iregory. now residents of (Jleiidale, Monroe CITY OF PORTAGE. 893 Co.. Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Curtis have two children— George G., born May. 1S7S, and an infant son, born in February, 188(1. Mr. Curtis was elected Justice of the Peace in April 1880. HEi\RY'HALE Cl'RTIS, attorney at law. was born at Brecksville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. Dec. 15. 1848; removed from there with his parents, George and Elizabeth Curtis, in 185G, to Mauston, Juneau Co., Wis., where they still reside. In 1875, he entered the law office of Winsor & Veeder, at Maustou. Mr. C. followed farming and school teaching; in 1807, he entered the Law Department of the State University, at Madison, from which lie graduated in the class of 1870. and in July of that year came to Portage and liegan the practice of law ; while in Juneau Co.. Mr. C. was Court Commissioner, Justice of the Peace. Town Clerk and the incuml)ent of other local offices. He was married at Lemonweir. Juneau Co.. Oct 11, 1871, to M. E.. daughter of John MeXown, who was killed at the battle of Shiloh ; they have three children — Alfred S., Iwrn Sep- tember. 1871 ; Norman P., born Fel)ruarv. 1875, and Nathan, born December. 1877. DAIVIEL J. DAliTON was "born in the town of Springvale. Columbia Co., Wis., Aug. 14. 1853 ; son of Thomas J. and Mary A. Dalton. residents of Juneau Co.. Wis.; entered Mauston High School at tlie age of 17 ; afterward attended the commercial college and State T^niversity at Madison ; began teaching school winters at the age of 18 ; studied law while teaching, and after- ward read law with J. B.' Tayler. and was admitted to the liar in May, 1879. :Mr. D. began practic- ing law in Portage in Augu.st, 1879 ; he is also in the insurance business; he is a member of the Guppey Guards, and attornev for the companv. JOHN R. DALTON was Ijorn at' York. England, in January. 1835 ; came to America in 1849. locating at Buffalo. N. Y., for six months, after which he settled at Milwaukee, where he resided until 1854. In :Milwaukee. Mr. D. attended school and learned his trade, that of a mason. In 1 854. he came to Portage, which has since lieen his home. He was married, in Portage, to Eniily Ellis, born in England ; they have tw(3 children living — Reginald G. and (ieorge C. Mr. D. is a member of the lodge of A., F. & A. M. Thev have lost one infant child. HENRY J. DARTON, freight engineer. C. 51. & St. P. R. R. ; born September, 1852, at Hartford, Wis.; his father was one of the earliest settlers of Hartford, his nearest neighbors then- being nine miles distant ; began railroad life in the summer of 1809 as fireman onC..M. &St.P.R. R., and was promoted to charge of engine in August, 1870, and has -run" continuously to date. Was married, July 21, 1878, to Miss Alice Dean, a niece of R. E. McMillan, a leading lumberman of Oshkosh. Wis.; they have one son— Harry Irving, born Jan, 4, 1880. (hi the 27th of April. 1879. he was seriously injured by an exploding torpedo on the track, near whicli he was standing. A fragment of the shell is still in the wounded leg. His run is on the Northern Division. He is well spoken of bv " the bovs." JOHN B. DASSI was born in Lombardy, Italy. Feb. 11. 1825 ; emigrated to Germany in 1840, and to America in 1850 ; located in ^lilwauliee, and engaged in peddling two years ; removed to Portage Nov, 0, 1854, having purchased property here "in 1851 ; erected a residence in 1850; returned "to Milwaukee in 1803, and engaged in clerking until 1809 ; removed to Portage, and, in 1870, engaged in present business. He was elected Justice of the Peace from 1870 to 1880 ; Alder- man, from 1871 to 1878 ; meiulier of and organized the Leidei-kranz Singing Society ; was President of that society, and is now Secretary ; was connected with the I. 0. 0. F. from 1850 to 1873. Mr. D. was married in Milwaukee. Nov. 15, 1852, to Barbara Dofmeyer, a native of Bavaria, liorn Feb. 2. 1835 ; came with her parents to America in 1847. .^Ir. and 3irs. Dassi are members of the Irish Catholic Church. 5Ir. D. was ori^anist of St. Mary's Catholic Church. WILLIAM W. IJATES. The suljject of this sketch was born in the town of York, Racine Co., AVis.. April 19. 1845 ; is the son of Abram and Polly C. Dates, who were early settlers of Racine Co.; they moved to the town of Ft. ^^'illnehago. Columliia Co.. in 1852 ; the fatlier died in October. 1875. and his mother still lives on the homestead. William W.'s life was passed on a farm until he came to Portage in October. 1877, when he engaged in the flour and feed liusiness. which business he still continues ; also is one of the proprietors of the Dates' Flouring Jlill, water and steam comliined ; owns a farm of 75 acres in Marcellon ; he and his lirother, George D., own the old homestead ; George D. and William W., with their mother own the mill. Married Lizzie Jones in the town of Ft. Winnebago December. 1870 ; they have two sous — George E. and Fred. WILLIAM M. DAVIE, machinist, was born 1820. in Htate of New Jersey ; served his apprenticeship, as machinist, in New York City ; from age of 12 to 18. was a seafarer, and made several voyages as a •• whaler. " He was married, in 1840, to Miss Mary L. A' an Sands, of New Jer- sey, He has been connected with the N, Y, C. and the N. Y, & N. H. R. Rs. ; he came West in 1854 894 BIOGKAPIIICAL SKETCHES: and was master inechanic on the C. & >I. R. R. ; this was the second raUroad Imilt in the State ; in 1873. he settled in Portage, where he still resides: has worked for many different railroads. l)ut is now in employ of C. M. & St. P. as maehinist. Has three children — .Mary E.. William C. and Winnefred E. : his dangliter is now wifi^ of T. T. Rhodes, and resides in Kansas. (Jwns a pleasant residence next to tlie - little lirown chiiri'h on the corner." situated on Wisconsin street : he is a natural inccliaiiic and a ueniai citizen. MOKTON E. I>A VIS, freight conductor on St. P. R. R.. was l)orn in .Madison Co.. .\. Y.. in 1S4S ; came Wi'St in lS.")(i and lived three years in Walworth Co.. Wis. ; in 1S51I. moved to Hardin Co.. Iowa: his father was a real-estate speculator ; in ISlid. he made Beloit his home : spent ncarlv four years in .Milton College, and graduated therefrom in 1S(J4 ; in 1SG7 and ISdS. lie tried the busi- ness of liuying. training and selling horses: for the work he has taste and ahility — seldom mis- judges the capaiiilities of a horse. In ISdS. he married Miss Kuphemia L. Vincent, daughter of Christopher \'incent. of Rock County. He tried the livery business first in Kdgerton. and then in Chicago ; the fearful epizootic in 187H found him at (>(•!• and (ill Cottage (Jrove .\ venue. Chicago, in livery, with hirge stock of tine horses, — the result was bankruptcy ; his railroad life began as brakeman in the fall of 1S74. on the Wisconsin Division of the C. & X. ; this he continued till the fall of 1S75. when he tried his hand at the horse business again ; bought some fine Kentucky stock and trained them, and did well, until a mishap in Septeml)er. lS7(i. set him back again : then immediately went to braking again, on Sept. 15. lS7ti. for the C. !M. & St. P. R. R.. and after one year's experience, was given charge of the same train, which he still retains : no accident has ever ha|)pened to his train : he has had even another "horse experience;" in ISfin. he had a first-class training stable at Milton. Wis. ; had seventeen horses in charge, and all of them " fast ; " with the best of these, he made the eastern circuit two seasons ; his affliction this time was that of having ■• two much partner: he is now confining his attention to the •• iron horse : has three children — .Minnie K.. born in 1S72 : Jesse .M. in 187"). and Susie Burdick. called -Birdie." boru in 1878 ; his paii'iits live with him : .Mr. Davis is an .\ncient. Free & .Vccepted Mason and a Knight of Pythias ; although a thoroughbred horseman, he was never intoxicated : is devoted to his family, but has a lingering love for the ■■ horse : ' is social, popular and respected. CHAN. L. l>ERIIV, 2d W. V. L; was in the tirst and second liattles of Bull Run. battles of the Wilderness. Chancellorsville. (iettysl)urg, and all the other engagements that his regiment was engaged in, except South Jlountain and Antietam ; was wounded and disal)led at the first and second battles of Bull Run, and was mustered out June 3tt, 1804, as First Lieutenant commanding the company, having had command of the 'company more than a year prior to this time; returning to Portage, but remaining (mly a few weeks: went to Oulf Department with the 21st Iowa ; in the fall of 1803, he returned to Portage, and clerked in the County Clerk's oflSce for a ^-eai' ; he then clerked in a diy goods store, until 1807 ; then with W. W. Corning until he went to Madison with Secretary of State L. Breese ; remained with him four years ; returned to Portage, and has lieen connected with the U. S. postal service since, on the C, M. & St. P. R. R.. until he received an appointment of Postmaster, in the spring of 188(1. He was married in Port- age, Dec. 10. 1807, to Annie K. Jones ; they have three children — W. Corning, Carrie Louisa and Charles Homer. Mr. Dow is a member of the A., F. & A. M., and a Kniii'ht Templar. THOMAS W. DREW was Ixn-n in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, July 4, 1SH9, and resided there until coming to Portage in the spring of 1855 ; in 1850, he commenced clerking for O. Ward, with whom he remained three years ; then going into the grocery lousiness himself which he continued until the breaking-out of the war of the rebellion, when he enlisted in Co. A, 2d 111. L. A,, in April, 1801, and served four and a half years in the same company and regiment ; was in all the battles his regiment jiarticipated in ; was with Gen. Grant when he was a Colonel ; partici- pated in the Vickslnirg and Red River campaigns, serving as a private : was mustered out in the fall of 1805, and returned to Portage and resumed Inisiness as a grocer, which he continued alone until ^larch, 1879, when Mr. Pugh was admitted to partnership in the grocery business, Mr. Drew dealing in farmers' produce in addition to his other business. He was married in Portage, Feb 1, 1808, to Minnie AVilliamson ; she was born in Canada ; thev have four children — Jennie. Minnie, Delia and Lillie. Ci^EORGE W. DITSEXBURY was 'born in Canaan, Columbia Co., X. Y„ July 27. 1851 ; son of .Alorgan H. and Alniira Dusenbury, who came to Pardeeville when the subject of this sketch was about 8^ years old, and where his boyhood days were passed upon his father's farm, located four miles east of Pardeeville, also lived in the \illage a short time : then coming to I'ortage, he attended school for a 3ear, when he went into the emph^y of the C, M. & St. P. R. R.. and has continued with the company to the present time, with the exception of one year. Married Morgie A. Thompson, a native of Rhode Island, Oct. 22. 1873, at Pardeeville : they have two children — Ovie V. and Bartie. Mr. D. is a member of A., F. & A. M., with the degree of Knight Templar. JOHN DULL.AWHAN was born in County Louth, Ireland, Xov. 23, 1831 : came t(, America in 1850 ; was in Xew York City for a short time ; removed to South Carolina in 1851, and to Charleston, S. C, in the spring of 1852, and returned to Xew York same spring ; he then went to the Isthmus of Panama and worked for the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. at what is known as Xa\y Bay, working for the company eleven months, building piers, etc ; April, 1853, he went to California and remained there mining until 1858, when he returned to Europe, where he was married July 5, 1858, to Ann McShean, County Armagh, Ireland, a native of that county; they have seven children — James Joseph, Stephen ?I., John, Mary Ann, Blargaret, Edward and Elizabeth ; was engaged in Xewry, County Armagh, Ireland, in the grocery and provision business, there ten years ; when he came to Wisconsin in 1808 and locates! in Portage ; engaged in the business of grocery and liquor dealer, etc., since coming here, and has remained in it ever since. Jlr. and Mrs. D. are members of St. Mary's Church, and of St. John's Literary and Benevolent Association. 890 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: WILLIAM MARSHAL EDWARDS (ilrusr clerk with John Graham); was born in ^lihvaukfL'. March 15, 1850 ; son of Samuel and .Sarah (Keene) Edwards ; came to Portaije with his parents in 1851 ; in 1800, removed to Winona, where he lived until 1867 ; commenced learning the drug business with his father in Winona in 1804 ; has been with Mr. Graham since 1807. Mar- ried in Portage, Sept. 5, 1875. to Lizzie J. Baxter, daughter of D. R. Baxter, of Sauk Co. Mr. Kdwards is a memlier of three branches of the Masonic Order, the Lodge, Chapter and Commandrv. WILLIAM EDWARDS, lock-tender on the Portage Canal, which connects the Wis- consin and Fox Rivers ; he was born in Wales Oct. 15. 18.30 ; his parents came to the United States in 1832. and settled in Deerfield. Oneida Co.. N. Y., where they resided until their death. He was married in March. 1855, to Miss Johanna C. (Jray, of Deerfield, N. Y.; in March. 1855, they came to Portage, and this county' has been their home to present date. 1880 ; he lived seven years on a farm near Portage ; on Sept. 22. lS(i4. he enlisted in Co. B, 22d W. V. L; he was on detached ER is a native of Prussia, born Aug. 27, 1831 ; came to America May 1, 1850 ; was in New York and Boston until ho came to Milwaukee, in 1851, where he remained until 1853; then removed to ^ladison. where he resided until 1S55. when he came to Portage. Was engaged in the railway lousiness l)efore coming to this city. From 1855 to 1858. was clerk in a gro- cery ; since in the hotel l)usiuess ; was proprietor of the National Hotel for ten years. In 1870. erected his elegant hotel, which he has successfully managed up to present time. Mr. E. was mar- ried in >lilwaukee, July 23. 1854. to Pauline .\rsand : she was born in Prussia. They have five ciiildren — Louisa, Emma, Paulina. George W. and Charlie H. Is one of the oldest members of the I. O. O. F.; also memljer of Leiderkranz Societv. MRS. REBECCA L. EMERTOIV, widow of Thomas J. Emerton ; was born May 15, ISlO. in NiirtiiHekl, Merrimac Co., N. II.; she is daughter of Benjamin and Lucy Hoegg Rogers. She was educated in the public schools of her native town, and taught several terms before her marriage. She was married Vah. 23. 1833. to Thomas J. Emerton, of (Jrafton Co.. X. H. He was born March 15, 1805 ; he was a successful farmer in the East, and enjoyed the confidence of his fellow-citizens ; held several town otiices. and was several times elected to the Legislature. In 1851. the family came to Fort Winnebago and bought the farm which he carried on seventeen years ; in 1808. he moved to Westficld, Marquette Co., where he died on the 14th of January, 1870, leaving one (laughter and two sons — Benjamin J., born .Jan. 10. 1835 : Lucy R.. born Sept. 21, 1838, and Andrew .J., born Aug. 24, 1841, Her daughter married Robert Cocln-ane, and lives in Portage: her sons are married, and are farming in F(irt Winnel)ago. She owns some real estate in Wisconsin and a pleasant home on Conant street : her young granddaughter resides with her. She is a Pres- bvterian. She is threescore and ten. and is cheerfuUv nearins the smiset land. FRANK B. ERNSPEROER. merchant. Opera House ; born Oct. 14. 1838, in Rock- ford, Wood Co., Ohio. His pareuts arc of Swiss ancestry. Began commercial life as a dry -goods clerk, at age of 14 ; after 1.S41. his parents lived in Sandusky Co., Ohio; at age of 20. he located in Fulton Co., Ind., and continued as salesman ; in 1801, he went into trade for himself, at Roches- ter, Ind., with a large stock of general merchandise. He was married in Jlay, 1801, to Miss Mary A. Lyon, formerly of Pennsylvania. He h;ul a large trade for many years, being the leading house of the city, and doing both a retail and a jobbing trade ; he closed his business there in 1879, and opened business in Portage on 1st of .January, 1880, in the elegant Opera House Store ; keeps good stock of dry goods, boots, shoes, and hats and caps. Has four children — Lillie X.. Cecil R., Laura M. and Edgar B. He is a member of I. O. O. F.. and is a Royal Arch Mason. Is a thorough tem- perance man and an active Methodist. Previous to 18S(l, his history was connected with another State, but he is rapidly becoming identified with the city wherein are his commercial interests and his chosen home. CHRISTIAN P. ETTEN was bom at :\luffenIarch 16, 1820 : came to the town of Jackson. Washington Co., N. Y., in the spring of 1847 ; lived there until the fall of 1850, then came S5'.>8 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: to Buttalo. .Marquette Co.. Wis., and engaged in fanning, dealing in ive stock, butchering, etc.; resided tiiere until the fall of lytllt. then came to Portage in the fall of 18(iil ; in the spring of 1870, eonnnenced dealing in general produce and dressed meats for the mining regions of Wisconsin and .Michigan, which he discontinued six or seven years ago; he has been dealing in live stock since 1S70. which business he still follows, also extensive dealer in wool : while a resident of Buffalo, was Supervisor and Justice of the Peace. Mr. Poster was married in Portage. May 2, IStil. to Margaret (ialloway, a native of Fyfeshire. Scotland; they have three children — James A.. Jennie H.. (leorge G. 3Ir. Foster and his partner, Mr. Keid. own a large ranch in Saline Co.. Xeb.. on which they have 275 head of cattle. W. D. FOX was born in Richmond. Ontario Co.. N. V., Dec. (!. 1824. and lived there until 1843 ; then went to Black Rock. Erie Co.. N. Y., remained there until 1845 : then to Ohio near Wooster. Wayne Co.: came to Milwaukee in the spring of 1847, lived there a few months, then came to Watertown and lived two years, wliei'e he was engaged in the milling business : from M'atertown he moved to Kingston and c, 1872, with Alex Thompson; buying Thomp.son out in 1880. he has since carried on the business alone. Was married Jan. 22, lS(iO, in Waukesha Co,, Wis., to Agnes T. .More : she was born in Glasgow. Scotlanorn in Ft. Ann, Washington Co.. X. Y., Oct. 18, 1883. and resided there until he enlist.'d in the 16th X. Y. Heavy Artillery, Co. I, at Troy, X, Y.. Sept. 7, 1864 ; was mustered out of the 1 ■nited States service at Alexandria, Va., Aug. 1, 1865. and out of State service at Harts Island, near Xew York City, same month ; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1S65. locating on a farm in the town of Xew Haven. Adams Co., when he came to Portage ; was in business one year with H. O. Lewis, and in trade by himself for last six years, selling agi-icultura! ini|ileuients. .Mr. (i. was married at Ft. Ann, April, 1856, to Mary Ann Stephens; they have two children — Edward A, and Carlton C. Mr. G. is a charter member of the Temple of Honor and of the A. O. r. W. ROBERT GRACE, passenger engineer. C, M, & St. P. R. R. ; born in Hyde Park. Dutchess Co.. X. Y.. in July. 1841; he is a son of Patrick and Catherine Grace ; his lather was 21 years and 6 months in the em|)loy of one man. James H. Wilkes, in Dutchess Co.. X. Y.: Robert is one of a fiimily of sixteen children, of whom fifteen were lioys; only three are now living — Joseph. Oliver and the subject of tiiis sketch : he came West in the fall of 1855 ; began working for the rail- road company, in 1857. as engine wiper, then as fireman, and. since 1864. as engineer. Was mariicil. June 15. 1868. to Miss Louisa Dall ; she is a native of Wisconsin, and was twelve years chief din- ing-room girl at Fox's Hotel, in Portage ; have four children — Willie, born 1870 ; Oliver, 1875 ; Myra L.. 1877. and Horace (ireeley. 1880. He is an earnest and consistent Temperance man ; was a leading organizer, and is a loyal supporter of the Headlight Temple of Honor, Xo, 163. in Port- age ; he owns a neat lirick residence near the depot. JOHN GRAHAM, a iu»tive of Scotland, son of Alexander and Jane (Duncan) Graham ; his father was born at Mulbirn, parish of Skerlig. county of Peeliles. Scotland. March 22. 180(i. died May 16. 1850. dying on his passage to this country ; his mother was born April 1. 1805. at Fordal. parish of Xew Battle. Scotland, and is still living and resides here. The subject of this sketch was CITY OF PORTAGE. 903 liorn in Edinburgh. Scotland. Api'il 14, 1833; came from Europe to Portage in the 3-ear 1850; was employed at Ft. Winnebago in the post office for a short time ; afterward in, the employ of Samuel Edwards as clerk ; in the fall of 1856. he commenced liusiness for himself — drugs and gro- <;eries — under the firm name of Jliles & Co., W. K. Jliles l)eing his partner ; they continued business together until the time of Mr. M.'s death, which occurred in 18(i7, since then Mr. Graham has been in business alone ; he has one brother, James T., who resides at La Crosse. Wis. Mr. (Graham married Fannie M. J^dwards, a native of Pennsylvania. Mr. G. has Ijeen Alderman of Second Ward several years ; Mayor one term, SujK'r\'isor, etc. JIeral)er of A., F. & A. M. Lodge and Episcopal Church. ALiPHEUS S. CirRBIiilV wa.s born on the Atlantic Ocean, twenty-seven miles from Boston, in American waters. Nov. 8, 1812 ; son of Wells and Alngail (Ballard) Green. nati-\-es of London. pjUgland ; they located at Gill, Mass., where they resided twelve years ; removed to Utica, N. Y.. remaining there four years ; then to Rochester. N. Y.. resided there eight years ; removed to Buffalo, where they resided ten 3'ears ; came from Buflalo to Portage, Wis., in 1852. where they have lived ever since. Mr. G. learned the liaker's trade in Utica. and after coming to Portage worked one year for others, then commenced business for himself, which he carried on for five jears ; afterward served as Deputy Sheriff, two years under Robinson, two years under E. F. Lewis, and as Deputy ^larshal for one year under Daniel Gindner ; returned then to New York for ten months, but during the last seven years has Ijcen night watch. He was married at Utica. N. Y., Nov. 20, 1834, to Mary A. Jaques, born in Oneida Co.,, N. Y., in 1814 ; thej- have had three children, one of whom is living — Marv Jane, now Mrs. John Brown, of Portage. 'LUCIUS E. raham Lin- coln ; was one afte.inoon driving slowly past Lincoln's home, who hailed him and intpiired who he was searching after ; the reply was. " a Baptist Deacon ; " to Lincoln's inquiry of what they were good for. Guild said it was their duty to keep the preacher over night, and take care of his horse ; Lincoln says, '-I'll be Deacon," and suiting the action to the word, liegan unhitching the horse, and both preacher and horse were welcome for the night ; years afterward, at the White House, in HH 904 BIOGRArHIt AL >: Washiiiiiton. Mr. (liiild I'lilU'il to pay his respet'ts to the Chief Magistrate, and Lincohi. in.stantly rememheriii'; tiie incident, asked. -AVell. Klder. have you found a Deacon yet?" Mr. (iuihl is an earnest temperance advocate : while in Jerseyviile. he was County Commissioner of Schools ; during his pastorate he has built six churches, and baptized fully one thousand persons ; like all the blind, his touch is exceiMlinuly delicate — he will easily read his Bible througii eight folds of handerchief ; one eye is still in darkness, and the other very dimly reveals the outer world, but happy sunshine Ir. H. was married at Ann Arbor. Jlich., Oct. 25, 1870, to Carrie L. Bisdon ; she was born at Ann Arbor ; they have one child — Gertrude B., born April 1. 1879. WILLIAM HOLDEN is a native of Rochester, England ; born Aug. 10. 1S29 : Uved there until he came to America, coming to Milwaukee in August. 1849 ; remained there until fall of 1850, when he came to the town of Pacific, Columbia Co., and was occupied in farming there for two years; he then removed to Portage and worlvcd at wagon-making about three years, when he returned to his larm, where he remainetl until enlisting in Co. (i, 2d W. X. ].. .May 20. 1801 ; was in every liattle the regiment participated in until he was discharged. Feb. 24. lSt)4, on account of disability caused by ill-health ; entered the service as a private and was mustered out as First Sergeant of same company ; returning from the army and living on the farm a year, he then came to Portage; on account of illness, was not engaged in active business for a miml)er of years ; en- gaged in cabinet work for the last five years. Married in Wyocena ^March 10, 1851, to Harriet Ann Corsten ; she was born at Wrotham Heath, county of Kent, England ; she died Oct, 30, 1870 ; 906 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: present wife was Mrs. Elniira R.. widow of John dates ; was married Sept. 2S. 1877; she was born in New York State. Mr. H. has two eliildren l)y adoption — Helen E. (Wright), adopted wlien an infont only 12 weeks old. and is now aged 23 years; Wni. Henry (Whitam). adopted when ti weeks oltl. and is now 15 years old. Jl'LIi:S ii. HOLSTEN, brakeman on freight. C. M. & St. P. R. R.: born in Cedarburg. Wis.. July 27. 1S51 : his parents moved to Portage when he was a child ; with the exception of three years spent in La Crosse, this has been his home ever since ; began as brakeman in 1808 on St. Paul road, and in fall of 1870, he got a train as conductor and run till 1877; then, as result of '•running against flags," he was set liack to braking, which he still continues. He was man'ied in September. i8(i,8. to >Irs. Minena A. Clemens, who was born in Burlington. Essex Co.. "\'t.. on the loth of Feliruary, 1848 ; she is one of thirteen children, eight of whom are living; they have no children. Charles V. Monroe is lier son by a former marriage : he works on the river; two of her brothers have been killed by railroad acc-idents. She is a Presbyterian ; they own property soutli of the canal, but live on Pe Witt street, near tiie St. Paul depot. R. E. HOLiSTOX. station agent. Southern Division of the W. C. R. R.. at Portage ; born in 1840 in Wauwautosa. Milwaukee Co.. Wis.; lived in his native town till 18G8, tlien moved to Del- avan. Walworth Co.. where lie lived till 1874 ; most of his labors prior to this were on a farm ; in fall of 1874, began railroading at Elkhart Lake. Shelioygan Co.. Wis.; then to Saukville, Ozaukee Co.. in 1875; then to Westfield, Manpietto Co.. in 1877. and came to Portage in June, 1879 ; in each and all of these places he was the station agent. Was married in March. 1873. to !Miss Edith E. Barlow, of Delavan. Himself and wife are Baptists ; they have two children — Grace, born in 1S74. and Eugene. l)orn in 1876. Takes no active part in politics, but is a reliable Republican ; resi- dence is on Conant street. M. Hl^BER is a native of France ; l)oru in Alsace Sept. 28, 1835 ; came to New York City in 1854 ; connuenccd working at the business of linker in New York City ; ^May 11, of same year, came to Portage and engaged in the bakery trade ; erected his present hotel, eating-house and liak- ery on the same spot where he tirst located when he came here. ^Married in Portage, Sei)t. 9. 1858. to Dora Erhart ; she was born in Saxony ; they have six children — Sartdi. Emma M. C Georgi- anna, Charles T.. Samuel J. T. and Nellie May. Mr. Huber is a charter member of the tire depart- ment^ — diploma gi^•en him for serving his term of ten years as foreman ; he also is a member of A. 0. H. W. JOSEPH R. HUEBL was born in Austria, March 19, 1845 ; came with his parents to Portage. Wis.. July. 18(il ; was in the employ of the >L & St. P. R. R. Co. for four years, one and a half years with Charles Haertel, of I'ortage, brewer ; one year at Madison in a Ijrewery ; returned to the employ of Haertel ; afterward in the mills of Waterhouse, and also awhile with Wells & Craig ; Mr. H. went to Oregon, and remained one year ; returned and worked on IIk' Government impro\e- mentof the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers a short time. He was married in Portage in 18l!9, to Louisa Haertel, a native of Hesse-Darmstadt. They liave three children — loseijh. Charles R. and Eliza Mary. Mr. H. is a inemlier of the Lcidcrkranz Society. Father died in I'ortage. and mother is living with her son, J. R. He has held the oliice of Alderman, and was elected City Treasurer April li. ISSd ; lias been emploNcd in hardware store of AV. W. Corning for the last seven years. JOSEPH HI'EB\ER was born in Prussia Jan. 22.'^ 1845 ; came to America in 1871. and liveil in New (Jrleans. La., tliree years ; then came to Ciiicago for a few months. an Sarah T. Tower : she was liorn in Shorcham. Addison Co.. \'t.: have one .son. .Mliro S. MICHAEI^ R. K.4\'K. horn in Ireland Sept. 2!t. ISO.i ; came to New York in Septem- her. IS.Hd ; settled in ^Milwaukee in Sei)tenilier. isy>7. On the Stli of Septeniher. 1S37. he was mar- ried to Miss Mary Cox. of Pennsylvania, who is of Scoti-h parentage, lint was liorn in Armagh. Ireland, in 1S2II. .Mr. Kane ser\ed three years and six months in Co. !>. l!Uh W. V. I.; held rank of Sergeant ; he was commissioned lirevet Captain liy (rov. Lucius Fairchild. ■ for meritorious con- duct on the battle lield." on the 27th of .\pril. LSG4 : he was jailer of the first jail liuilt in Columbia Co.. and afterward was gate-keeper at Waupun Penitentiary. They had seven children, five of whom died in chililhood. and a son. James, ilied in St. Louis Xov. 23. 1S70. of intermittent fever, aged 23 years : one daughter survives, named .NIary .).. who is a native of Portage ; was educated in the public schools of Portage, and for several years has been an acceptable teacher in inter- mediate departments of the city schools. On the Stii of January. 1877. Mr. Kane sufl'ered a eom- l)'>und fracture of the leg as a result of a runaway accident. He is now at the Soldiers' Home in .Milwaukee. The family own a pleasant brick residence on Wisconsin street. Mrs. K. is an Epis- copalian. REV. THOMAS KEESfAN. born in County Tyrone. Ireland, .\pril 15. 1820: lived in Ireland until ]X4i. then emigrated to Philadelphia with frieuils ; received his education in part in the old country, studying mathematics, grammar. Latin, etc.. to some extent. Aftercoming to Phil- adelphia, was a stiKlent of IJev. P. Ratferty. a [)riest. receiving instructions from him for three years. Then entered the seminary of St. Cliarles Borrenea. located on Eighteenth street. Philadelphia ; was a student there for two years, but (jn account of ill-health! was compelled to leave the institution. .\t the solicitation of his friends, he came West (as he had acqiiired a thorough (iernian education) to this State in 1S52 : ordained for the Diocese of .Alilwaukee July I'.l. 1851. Prior to his ordination, since coining West, had been engaged in teaching and being taught. One of his teachers was the present Hishop of La Crosse. Attended lectures, studied theology and attended school while he remaine C. KEIiLOGCi was born in Clinton. Vermillion Co.."lnd.. July 8. 1S45. s(m of Orri.son and Theodosia Kellogg: he came with his parents to Calamus. Dodge Co.. Wis., in 1852 : received his medical education in Chicago, and engaged in the practice of his profession at Portage in 1S70. In 1875. lie was elected amember of the Democratic State Central Committee, and is still a member of that body : in 1877. he was elected Superintendent of City Schools, and still occupies that position. Tlic Doctor was married in this city to Harriet B. .Vckerman in SeptemVier. 1871 : she was born at Three Mile Bay. Jetferson Co., X. Y.; they have three children — .\lonzo F.. James liossiter and Harriet Ruth. Mrs. Kellogg, before marriage, was engaged in the Hungerford Colle- giate Institute at .\dams, Jetferson Co., X. Y.. as a teacher of oil painting, and afterward taught in the Wesleyan l''emale Seminary at Wilmington, Del. T. li. KEX^.AX^, attorney at law : was born in Morristown. St. Lawrence Co.. N. Y.. Feb. 22. 1827. where he lived until the age of 20. when he went to Xorvvalk. Ohio, and studied law with his uncle. Jairus Kennan : came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1851. and located at Oshkosh: was admitted to the bar of Wisconsin Oct. 2.'i. 1S51 : removed to Portage abfiut Oct. 1. 1855. .Vt the breaking-out of the rebellion, he enlisted Aug. 22. 18(11, in Co. D. lOth W. V. I., and was cf>inmis- sioned First liicutenant. and recruited half of his company: resigned July 12. 18()2 : the follow- ing summer he was app(jintcil I)e|)uty Provost Marshal of Marquette Co.. serving until near the clo.se of the war. resided at Pewaukce about ten years : going then to St. Louis, where he was employed as general agent for the Xorthwestern Life Ins. Co.; then for a short time practicing CITY OF PORTAGE. 909 law there, and ivtiirniiig ajjain to Portage in JIarch. ISTo. He was married at N'ortli Fairfield Hnron Co., Oliio, Sept. 30, 1S50. to Loa Brown: she was born in Borodino. Onondaga Co.. X. V.; they have six children— K. Kent (a lawyer of .Alilwaukee). Chester T. (in college at Hipon). Loa B. (in\^ollege at Kipon), Mary B. (at home). Ciiarboth J. (at home) and Thomas L.. Jr. Thomas L. Kennan.^Sr., was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court Nov. (J. lS7(i. having been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Wisconsin many years earlier, also to the United Dis- trict and Circuit Courts several years prior to 187G. FR.^\K KELM was liorn in Prussia April 2. 1835 ; came to America in October. 1S57, and lived in tlie State of New Voriv for nearly one year ; then came to AVisconsin. and lived in Osli- kosh and al.so in AVaupaca Co. until the war l)roke out. In the fall of lS(il. he enlisted in Co. C. nth \V. y. I., and ser\ed until the tall of IStU ; was in Co. A of some regiment for one year of this time ; he never went to the hospital, nor was he e\er absent from his regiment a single ilay. and par- ticipated in every V)attle they fought. After leaving the service, he went to Oshkosh and resided there until he came to Portage Sept. 29. ISlili. lie has Ijeeu connected with one lumlier-yard ever since coming here. He was married in Portage to Miss Wilhelmina Fischer ; she was born in Sax- ony ; they have two children — Lena and William. Mr. Kelm is a member of the Hook and Ladder Co.. and of the Leiderkranz Society. ANDREW KIEFER, the subject of thi.s sketch, was born in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, April 2S. \s:'M : came to Xew (Orleans Dec. 1. LS45 ; in February. lS4(i. went to Cincinnati. Ohio, where he learned his trade of Ijarber. remaining two years, when he returned to Xew Orleans, where he spent at portion of the time' for several years ; he then removed to St. Louis, and was engaged in business on l)oard ^lississippi River steamboats for three years. si)ending about seven years in the South ; he then lived for two and a half years in Buffiilo. X. Y.. prior to removal to Port- age. May 1. 185(i ; 3Ir. Kiefer has been engaged in present business ever since he came here. He was Akierman of the Fourth Ward in 18(i()-^(il ; City Treasurer of Portage in 1874-75 : connected with the Fire Department from its organization to the present time, and has been of material assist- ance in maintaining its etticieney. holding the office of Secretary for ten years. Secretary of the Hook and Ladder Co. since its organization ; President and Secretary of Leiderkranz Society several times ; Secretary of the German Cemetery Association since its organization. Mr. Kiefer was married at Watertown. Wis., to Henrietta Arenliurg ; she died July 14. 18(34, leaving two children — one now living, Andrew J., born July 20. 18()2 : lost one son, George Henry, born July 3. 18(54. died Sept. 10. f870. His present wife is Wilhelmina Anacker. and was married Feb. 23. 1868. at Portage ; she was born in Hesse-Cassel. Germany : they have three children — Charlotte E.. born Nov. 1. 1868 ; Emma Louisa. Feb. 13. 1873. and Fred W.. Sei)tember. 1878. H. L. KIND was liorn in Prussia June 23. 1814: came to Chicago in June. 1854. and to Portage in September of that year ; he has lieen in the grocery business twelve years, but worked eight years in eleyators before going into Inisiness for himself Mr. K. was married first in (ier- raany. February. 1836, to 3Iaria Spangl)erg, who died in 1847 ; in June. 1848. he married Susanna Frederieka Kind, Ijy whom he had ten children : the children are all dead but Ida ; Mr. Kinds second wife died March 30, 1875, and he married his present wdfe, Henrietta Brick, Aug. 28, 1875 ; she was born in Kolberg, Germany, and came to Milwaukee in 1849. and to Portage in the spring of 1855. Both are members of the German Lutheran Church. ALiOIS KLENERT, of the firm of Klenert & Son. was l>orn in Portage July 23, 185(); resided a short time in .Minnesota, but this city has been his home since the time of his birth : he is the son of Anton and Catharina Klenert. Alois was married in Portage Aug. 1. 1878, to 3Iary Wurst : she is a native of Austria ; they have one son, Fred, born July 6. 187!'. Mr. K. is a meni- mer of the I. ( ). O. F.. Leiderkranz and Turner societies. A. KOENIG, merchant tailor, and dealer in clothing and gents' furnishing goods : was liorn in Prussia, July 13, 1823: engaged in tailoring at the age of 15 years: caiue to Milwaukee in ■ 1854, and to Portage in 1864," Mr. K. was married at Portage July 29. 1865. to Louisa M. Blass. who was born in Xew York City ; they have two children — Clara Augusta and Laura Louisa, CirEORGE KRECH, a native of (iermany. liorn in Saxony, Oct, 8, 1838 ; came to Xew York City, landing there Oct. 7. 1857 : came directly to Beloit : resitled there four years, then came to Portage, and has been engaged in the butchering business since the fall of 18(il : was dealing als(j in stock for several years ; at present not engaged in that Inisiness. Marrietl Catherine Dunnan in Portage. June. 1866 : they have one child. Kittle. ftlO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: OTTO KKISCH, lioin ill Boliomia. Oct. 4, 1831 ; cixiiK- to America in the latter part of SeiJteinlier. 1S54. and in Xoveralier of same year eame to Portage ; commenced saloon business here in 1855 ; in 1856, he was employed by Charles Haertel. and remained «ith him two years and two months : since then he lias been in business for himself. Mr. K. was elected City Treasurer for two years. 1870-71. Was married to Madeline Sihliss in Portage, Feb. 7. 1857 ; she was liorn in Kleinwetzheim. Hesse-Darmstadt, ffermany ; they have four children — Alois, Anna, Ida and Otto. Mr. K. is a meinlier of the Lciderkraii/C and A. (). I'. W. societies. MRS. JIARV .1. LA KOWE, ncc Bryce. was born Jan. 5. 1834. in Albany. Oswego Co., N. Y. Mrs. La Rowe was born Aug. :i, ISHl. in Amwell. Hunterdon Co.. N. J.: the family came West in 1848 ; before her marriage, she taught school several years in Columbia and Manpictte Cos. She was married Aug. 14. 1854. to S. Hamiltnu La Kowe. of Kingston. Marquette Co.. where he was engaged in general merchandizing ; he removed his business to Portage in 18(i2. and kept the express office in connection with his mercantile liusiness ; he died in 1808. leaving three cliil(h-en — 8. Hamilton, born Feb. 5. 185(5. in Kingston; ^[arv Estelle. born at Kingston Dec. l(i. 1857. and Frank F.. born on ]>ec. 25 (Christmas). 18(17 ; the oldest son has bought land and is fanning near Sioux Falls. Dak.; the other two are at lK)me. The family attiliated with the K|)iscopal Church ; she still owns a pleasant home on Conant street, but has disposed of ail other real estate ; she is the daughter of ■T'ncle .\rcliie Brvce." of Portasje. JAMES M. LAWSOiV was born at (ilasgow. Scotland. March 28. 1849 ; came to Amer- ica with his parents in 1852 and located in Packwaukee. Marquette Co.. Wis.; in 1808. moved to Kingston, (jreeu Lake Co.: two years later moved to Washington. Mich., where he was general sales- man for the Washington .^Iining Co.; six months afterward, moved to South Saginaw. Mich., where, for three years, he was book-keeper, general salesman and paymaster; came to Portage in 1873, where he has since been with Schumacher & Schulze. He was married to Sarah P. Smith, at Port- age. Oct. 11. 1870 ; she was born at Racine; they have one child — Fred S.. born Oct. 5. 1878. He is a memlier of the A.. F. & A. 'S\. 1 Hiring the past ten years. .^Ir. L. has been engaged in the fire-insurance business, representing five of the leading comjianies — Fire Association. Boston rnderwritcrs, St. Paul Fire and .Marine. Continental, of New York, and Westchester, of Xew York. AIjFREI) lee. carpenter : was born in London. Kngland. March 25. 1843: came to America in 1850. and located in Portage, where he has since residi'd ; he worked three years in the car-shops, and has followed carpenter work and lathing the balance of the time. He was married at Portage Oct. 24. 18()8. to Mrs. I". A. Harmon, liorn in (iermany ; she died Feb. 8. 1880, leaving one son — Frank T. W.. born Oct. 27. 18(i!t. .Mr. I^ee is a member of the 'SI. K. Church. PATRICK LEXXOX was born in County Armagh. Ireland. iSIarch 17. 1817 ; came to America and landed in New York City ; spent seven years in Upper Canada ; then resided at Crown Point. N. Y.. until he came to Wisconsin, in .Ahiy. 1840. locating on Sec. 31. town of Ft. Winnebago. Mr. L. was married at Crown Point. N. Y.. .Alarch 8, 1840, to Julia Rnddey. who was born in Ireland ; they have had ten children — Catharine, Terrence, John, Mary Ann. James. Mar- garet. Patrick and Kdward. now lining ; James, aged 1 year and 1 month, deceased ; Bridget, aged 15 years, deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Fiennon are both memliers of the St. ^Mary's Catholic Church. Mr. L. was Town Treasurer of Fort Winnebago six years. Supervisor three years. School Director and Clerk of the School Hoard for severtil years ; he owns 240 acres of land — 200 on Sec. 31. town of Ft. Winnebago, the balance on Sec. 24. town of Lewiston. Ijcing still the owner of the land on which he first located in Columbia Co. ^ FRAXKIilN^ 11. LEWIS, lumlier dealer; was born in Hopkiuton. Washington Co.. R. I.. Jan. 0. 1S48 ; rainc to Wisconsin in the spring of ]8(i5. locating at Werner, Juneau Co.; was engaged in lumber liusiness. having his residence there until 1870. when he came to Portage ; since 1872. has lieeii in business for himself manufacturing at Werner ; since coming to Portage in 1870, has continued his manufacturing at Werner ; he has large lumber-yards at Portage, and is owner of extensive tracts of pine lands on Yellow River. Wood Co. Mr. Lewis deals in salt, cement, sash, doors, lilinds. etc.. in connection with his lumber business. Was married in Werner. Juneau Co., . Sept. 17. 1874, to Miss Vir>rinia L. Bacon ; she was born in Lee. Penobscot Co.. Me. HEIVRV LITTLE was born in the t(jwn of (Jardner. near Augusta, Sle.. May 19, 1848 ; moved to Xew Ork'uns in 1S57. and attended school in that city until he came to Wisconsin with his father. William Little, to Fairfield. Sauk Co., in February, 1801 ; his father died there in 1863. Henry lived in Fairfield most of the time until he came to Portage in 1805. and was engaged in farming ; and since coming to this place has been engaged in the livery and omnilius business. Mv. CITY OF PORTAGE. 911 Little iiKUTied M:irv Bolting, a native of Portage. Sept. 22, 18U5 ; tliey have Liad two children, one living. Heniy Wni.; lost one son. died in intancy. Is a memlier of the I. t). 0. F. R. J. LIjOYD, horseshoer and jobber ; was born in Wales in 18.39, and eanie to America in 1S4G. and settled in Oneida Co.. N. Y.. where he remained nine years ; in 1855. he uame to Oxford, Marquette Co.. where he lived till IStil!, when he located in Portage, which is still his home. On the 2()tli of May. 18(50, he was married to Miss Jane Watkins. formerly of Pennsylvania ; they have six children — William. Wallie. Robert. Lillie. Daisy and Lawrence. He has been proprietor of one shop ever since lie came to Portage ; he owns his shop on Main street, and his house on Conant street : employs one journeyman, and has a good run of patronage. Himself and wife are memljers of the First Presb_yterian Church of Portage. SAMUEL'S. LOCKHART is a native of Ayrshire. Scotland : son of John and Agnes Lockhart. who came to America with tlieir family in 1853. locating tirst at Williamsburg, L. I.; in 1854. they removed to Caledonia in this county, locating on Sec. 3 ; they now live on Sec. 9, in the same town, engaged in farming. Samuel S. w^as born Nov. 20. 1850 ; he passed his early life on his father's farm ; attended the high school of Portage, where he graduated the summer of 1874 ; prior to this had attended the district school of his own town, and had also taught some ; his tirst graded school was at Pardeeville. where he taught the summer of 18T() ; in the fall of the same year, entered Randolph public school, and had chai-ge of that as Principal, until the summer of 1878 ; during vacations studying law in the office of James B. Taylor ; was elected Clerk of the Court in Novem- ber. 1878, which office he now holds. Married in the town of Randolph, March 29. 1879, to Hallie L. Marvin, daughter of Hon. G. G. Blarvin ; she was born in the town of Randolph. 3Ir. L. is a memlier of the A.. F. it A. M. ROI>NEV O. LOO.^SIS, is a native of German Flats, Herkimer Co., N. Y.; born Sept. •17. 1833 ; came to I'aciflc. Columbia Co.. Wis., in September, 1852. and has resided in this county ever since ; was employed in the store of N. H. Wood as clerk until 1857. when he became a mem- ber of the firm of Wood. Loomis & Osborn ; at the expiration of one year. Mr. C)sborn retired, and the Ijusiness was conducteil under the firm name of AVood & Loomis for one year : then the firm of N. II. Wood & Co. was formed, which consisted of N. H. Wood. R. O. Loomis. Geo. H. Osborn and Frank E. Wood ; in 1801. the firm name was again changed to AVood. Loomis & Osborn ; from 18(j3 to 1.S65. the business was carried on bv Wood. Loomis & Co.. Jlr. C. R. Gallett becoming a memljer of the firm ; from 18(J5 to 18(37, the firm was N. H. Wood & Co.; in the spring of 18(i7. LI. Breese became associated with them, but the style of the firm name was not changed ; in 1869, the present firm of Loomis. (rallett & Breese was formed. Jlr. Loomis married Susan Wood, Sept. 8, 185G, at Dubuque, Iowa ; she died C)ct. 5, 1865, leaving two children; one. an infant eighteen months old, survived the mother Init a short time: one son. Fred W.. was born ]March 30, 1859. Jlr. L. was mar- ried the second time at Ly(ms, N. Y., to Isabelle H. Cole, Oct. 23. 1867 ; she was born in Lyons; there are three children bv this union — Isabelle Chester. Marv Emily and Frank Breese. JOSEPH LIIWWMw, born in Bohemia Dec. 25. 1825 ; came to America in 1848, worked in New York City from June to October of the same year, then came to Milwaukee ; December to May. worked in tannery ; in the spring of 1849, commenced liuying hides, wool. etc.. running a small tannery a short time liefore coming to Portage ; he learned the tanner's trade in Europe: in 1851. he came to Portage and engaged in buying hides, which business he is still engaged in. l)esides carrying on the tannery ever since he came here : he commenced the boot and siioe business in 1857. and has Ijeen in his present location since 1859. His present wife was Mary Rohn ; she was born in (Germany : they have five children, two girls and three lioys. Mv. L. has two daughters by a former marriage. ALEXANDER 3IfI)f>IVALI>, one of the four oldest settlers of Columbia Co.. was born in the parish of Kilmarnock, near the bridge of Spean. Inverness-shire. Scotland. April 23. 1817 ; parents both McDonalds. Mr. McD. came to America in July, 1836. and for a year traveled in Canada and the I'nited States ; in 1837. engaged with the Government survey in Michigan ; in December. 1838, he came to Madison, Wis., where he was ill about a year; in June. 1839, removed to Ft. Winnebago, and was present when (fen. Scott had a conference with the Winnebagoes to induce them to remove to a reservation ; in 1840. he joined the (ioverninent survey in Wisconsin ; t«ok up 160 acres in Caledonia, a portion of which lie still (jwns ; was a contractor in the C. & N. W. Ry, at ■Tunnel 1. " and other points ; was Sheriff of Columbia Co. in 1851-52, and is now giv- ing his attention, in addition to carrying on his farm, to an agency for the sale of sewing machines. Mr, .McD. married in the town of York. Livingston Co.. N. Y., April 5. 1853, to Mary A. Crawford. yi2 HIOGHAPHKAL SKETCHES: born in Freedom. (';itt:iraugiis Co.. N. Y.. who ilied May -•!. 1S(!1. leavinjj: four eliililren — lane Kliz- abctli, horn Fel). !l, 1S.">4 ; James Alexanitor. Iiorn Xov. 11. 1S5() ; Mary Ann. liorn Feb. 14. 1850 : John C. born April 22. ISiil. Mr. .Mcl>. nianieil .^Iarl;aret Roljurtson. of Caleilonia. June 18. 1862: They liave tiiree ehildreii livino; — Jeanette M.. born Ai)rii It. 18(18; KHzalieth. born Jan. 1(1. ]8()5. and (ilengarrey W.. born l>ee. 2(1. 1872. and have lost two. >Ir. .^IeI)onald haife seen C'oliiniliia Co. and Wisconsin t-hanijed from an Indian luuitino triouiid to a cultivated, tliickly settled and wealthy State. lie was appointed by (iov. Dodue as Major of militia ; has lieen Supervisor and Chairman of the County Hoard : was proprietor of the Ellsworth, now Corninif House, for eight years. l>EWiTT C. MeWl'FFIK. express messenger between Portage and Ashland, on the Wis. Cent. K. K.: born in Lafayette. Wis., on the 15th of November. 1848. He came into Columliia Co. with his parents in 1853; they settled on a farm in Springvale. where they li\-ed twenty years : in 1878. they sold tlie tarm and moved into Rio. Devvitt began railroad life as clerk in station office at Rio. on the C, M. <& St. P. R. R.. in 1870 : he was express messenger in 1871 between Portage iind Horicon, and then he was two years at Portage as telegi'aph operator and express agent : he served a year and a half as engineer of a iiuartz-inill at Silver City. Xcv.: since fall of 187(). he has been express messenger on Wis. Cent. R. R. He was married on the 28tli of August. 187!'. to Miss Harriett S. Race, of Portage. He is a Republican. Li\es in brick house near 8t. Pa(d dejjot. 1*. JlefwIXX «'as born in County Monahan. Ireland, in 182!t: came to America in 184(i : resided in \'ermont. New York. Ohio and California, prior to locating in Portage in 1857; was engaged in mining while in California ; learned the molder's trade in Vermont; began the grocery business in 1857. in which he has continued ever since. His present wife. Catherine (raffnev. is a native of East Canada. They have ti\e children — .Mary, aged 1 1 : Catherine, aged Id ; John T.. aged 8 ; Margaret Celia. aged 7. and James, aged 4. Mr. anil Mrs. McOinn are both members of St. Mary's Catholic Church. "MICHAEL moKENXA, coppersmith, at Portage machine-shops of the ('.. M. & St. P. R. R. ; was liorn in January. 181S. in Dul)lin. Ireland ; served a seven-year apprenticeship in Dub- lin ; he came to the ruited States in 18411. and settled in Butfalo. N. Y.. where he remained five yeai-s. working at his trade ; then spent five years in l)etroit. and after that two years for M. C. R. R. at Marshall. Mich ; spent one year in Chicago, and located in La Porte. Ind.. where he remained eleven years in the employ of the .^I. S. R. R. : in fall of 1872. he came to Portage and began work for C, M. & St. P. R. R. Co.. and has been in their employ continuously to date. Before leaving Ireland, he was married. DecemVter. 1848. to Miss Mary Dolan. who died in 1878, leaving one daughter. Catherine IX McKenna. who is established as milliner and dressmaker on Cook street. Portage ; she also keeps a stock of fancy notions : she has ■ more than a dozen employes :" before starting her business this season, she made a visiting tour of England and Ireland. The family affiliate with the Catholic Church. He belongs to no society except the ■■ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Insurance .Vssociation. " He is the onlv coppersmith in the employ of the railroad com- pany at Portagi'. and is reported as a first-class mechanic. ' D. A. jieKEXNEY was l)orn in Malone. Franklin Co.. N. Y., July 18. 1880 ; resided there until he was IS years of age, then came to Berlin, (!reen Co.. Wis.: remained there until he came to Portage in the fall of ISlil ; while at Berlin, he was employed as a clerk in a store ; after coming to Portage, he was in the photograph business until 1868, when he went to Washington. 1). C. where he remained until 18()4 — in the (lovernment service one year — connected with the construction of buildings there and in that vicinity. In lS(i4. he returned to Portage, and has been, most of the time since then, with P. S. Hollenlieck. furniture dealer, being employed as finisher and salesman. .Mr. McKenney was married at Berlin. Wis.. Jan. 1. 185!>. to Miss Elizal)eth Behan ; she was born in Syracuse. N. Y. They have tour children — Charles T., Wni. 1).. Clara and (rcorgc. FELIX MflilXDON, son of James and Sarah McL.. was born in the town of Annaloist. County .Armagh. Ireland. Oct. 81. 1812 : came to Peru. N. V.. in May. 1881 ; lived there six years, and in Franklin and Chemung Cos.. until the fall of 1845. when he came to Shullsburg. Wis., in April, 184it : moved IVfim there to Portage. ^Ir. McLindon has been engaged in various pursuits: was Postmaster of the Assembly in 1858: has l)een Constalde twenty-seven years. Justice of the Peace during the last four years: was Sergeant-at-Arms of the Assembly in 184!*. He was married in Peru. Clinton Co.. N. Y.. Jan. 28. 1888. to >Iargaret. daughter of Wm. and Elizabeth Watson, born in Scotland : she died Dec. Iti. 1877. leaving three children — Martha J., now Mrs. D. L. Beards- lev, of Odessa. Minn., born July 1. 1842: James, of La Crosse, born July lit, 1S44. who is an engineer on the Southern Minn. R. R.. and was married in September. 1874. to Ellen McLaughlin; CITY OF PORTAGE. 913 Robert E., horn at Fort Winneliago, April 16, IH.')!. is an engineer on tlie M. & St. P. P. R., and was married June 2.'!. 1S79. to Teresa MeSorley. Mr. Meljindon was for several j-ears President of tlie St. Josepli's Total .Mistinenee Soeiety. and is now its A'iee President. JOHIV H. 91Ani>EN was horn in County (Jalway. Ireland. Aug. 25, 1.S3!) ; came witli his parents, Miehael and .Mary Madden, to America in 1847 ; located in Racine Co., resided there initii 1851, and then removed to Buffalo, MarIary Ann. .Martin James. John. Wni. llenr\-. Catherine, Thomas Francis, IMargaret, Clara and Estella. TH03IAS €. llIAl>l>ElV came to Wisconsin, in ISfjO, with his father, Michael Madden, who located in Butlalo. .Maniuette Co.. Wis., and who is now living with his son, Thomas C. in Portage. Mr. Gladden was engaged in the dry-goods and grocery l)usiiiess at Lyons, Iowa, for nine years, from 1860 to 1860 ; enlisted in Co. K.lSth W. V. I., and served until discharged on account of disaliility caused \)y sickness ; ong'aged in farming from 1869 to 1872 ; traveling salesman three years ; in business at Portage one year; at ^Montello one year; then on a farm one ye.ar. Slv. Mad- den married Hellen Hendricks, who died in 187:^.. leaving one daughter — Mary Ellen. He married ills present wife. 3Iarv .\. Oa'le, a native of WLsconsin, Sept. 17, 187i). PETER E. MAHOIV, l>orn in Meath Co., Ireland, Dec. 4, 1846; canie to America with liis parents. Edward and Mary Malion, wlio settled in Milwaukee, where they resided six years ; came to Portage in May. 1855 ;' father died Jan. 31. 1871 ; mother is still resident of Portage. The subject of this sketch has worked at carpenter and .joiner's trade the past sixteen years ; is carpen- ter, contractor and builder. He was married in Portage, Jan. 24, 1876, to Elizalieth O'Brien ; they have two children — .Mary, born March 4. 1878. and Edward, born Nov. 15, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. ^lahon are members of St. Mary's Catholic Church. Mr. M. has been Chairman of the First Ward Board of Supervis(jrs three years, and is now serving his fourth year as Alderman of the same ward. DR. EDWIX C. MAIXE, homeopathic physician ; born in North Stonington, New Lon- «'II was born in Lisle, Broome Co., N. Y., Sept. 21, 1823. and resided in Broonic and Chenang(j Cos. until 1847. when lie went to Boston. Mass.: spent six years in that city, and studied short-hand ; removing from Boston, he came to Pacific, Columbia Co.. in Decem- ber. 1854. and remained there until he enlisted in 1801 ; was the first man who enlisted in Portage, in the Portage Light (hiardsat first, afterward Co. (1. 2d W. V. I.: served until Aug. 2. 1801, when he was discharged for injuries received at the first battle of Bull Bun, July 21, 18(n ; Oct. 7, 1861. he was commissioned Second Lieutenant of the Fremont Bifles of Portage City, afterward Co. D, loth W, V. I.; served about two years in this company, on detached duty most of the time; Post Adjutant at Louisville, Ky., and afterward detailed as Commissioner of claims at Huntsville, Ala., and on (Jen. Rosecrans' staff, detailed to do duty at bouisville, Ky.. in charge of discharge oftiee : resigned after about two years' service, and coming to Columbia Co., where he has lived most of the time since ; after resigning, he spent several years in teaching ; was afterward Deputy County Clerk for two years ; Coroner from 1858 to 1802 ; Town Clerk in Pacific for five years ; janitor of the court house now, and in the insurance business with L. S. Rolleston. He was married in Smitli- ville. Chenango Co.. N. Y., March 12, 1848, to Maria Pick ; she was l)orn in the town of (Ireen in that county ; they have four children — Ellen A. (now Mrs. ( Jabriel Budal, of Lodi). F]mma J.. Esther A. (now .Airs. W. 11. Kenyon). and (leorge A. While in the army, Mr. Marsh was the accredited correspondent of the >Iilwaukee Snitiurl. writing under the noni ile plume of " Agawau," JOHX ^lARSllALL, boot and shoe maker, was ))orn in Lenarkshire, Scotland, in 1.S87 : his father was a shoemaker, and John served an extcndt'd apprenticeship at home — calls himself an apprentice for the past thirty years, and has not learned it all yet. He was married in 18()0 to Miss Ellen Phclan. of Manchester. England ; came to America in 1805. and ever since has been a resident of Portage. He lias nine children, all living at home — Robert, born in 1801 ; James in 1803; Nellie in 1805 ; John in 18t;7 ; Thomas in 1809 : Henry in 1871 : Willie in 1878; Annie in 1875 ; and (leorge in 1877. His two oldest sons are his assistants in the sho]). Since the exhibition of his work at the fair, some vears asjo. he is often called the ■■ Premium Shoemaker." WILLIAM ME ACHER, M. D. The subject of this sketch, a native of Bungay. Suftblk Co., England, was born on the 27th of .May, 1888, and "is the son of William and Sarah Ami (Brown) -Meacher. At the age of ten years, William attended part of a winter term of school and one sum- mer term of the same length in Monroe Co., N. Y.; later, he spent a little less than two years in school in Wisconsin, whither he moved with his father in the summer of 1844 ; at the age of 22. he conceived a desire for literary culture, and. giving himself with avidity to the work, at once l)egan the arduous task of educating iiimself ; beginning with grammar, arithmetic and spelling, lie spent the forenoon in study and de\oted the afternoon to work on the farm, or carpentering, during the summer, and in the winter employed his evenings and Sundays with his liooks. .\fter one year's diligent study, lie spent two months in a select school in the city of Portage, and in the following winter taught the school of his district, receiving a comi)ensation of $18 per month and lioarding iiimself; in early life it iiad been his desire to become a iihysician, liut it seemed lieyond his reach. During this winter, iiowever, he determined to accomplish his purpose and gratify his desire. .Accordingly, in the ensuing spring, with the encouragement of T>r, O. D. Coleman, of wiioin he CITY OF PORTAGE. 915 liorrowed books, he began his studies at home, dividing his time between tliem and his work to support his family. At the expiration of two years thus spent, he mortgaged his tarm of 40 acres for $250, and witli this money pursued a course of study at Kush Medical College of Chicago, and in the fol- lowing summer began practice in Waushara Co., Wis.; meeting with little success, he sold his laud in the fall for 1500, paid his former loan, and with the balance attended another term at the college, and graduated in the spring of 18G2, six years from the time when he first began his private study of grammar and spelling. It had been a long and tedious work, l)ut as he compared his condition now, the master of a noble profession, with his former state, when, as a boy, he was oliliged to toil as a day laborer, or when, as a sailor upon, the lakes, he was thrLL was born in Utica, Oneida Co., N. Y., July 24, 1807 ; resided in Utica. Jacket's Harlior and Oswego until 1830 ; then removed to Geneva, N. Y., and carried on the drug business until 1840, when he came to Ft. Winneliago, Wis., and engaged in merchandising and farming, with his brother Henr>-, six or eight years ; then came to Portage and purchased his present location, where he has lived ever since ; he is real-estate agent, and is also agent for various property owners of the city. iMr. M. was married, at Geneva, N. Y., to Mary C. Tippetts. who died at Portage in 1841 : they had two children, liothof whom died before the mother. His second wife (deceased) was Alvira Tompkins, of Fox Lake, Wis.; liorn in Canada ; they had three children, all deceased. Mr. M. was married again, in 1862, to Jlrs. Milo Pettilione, nee Eliza Dibble, born in New York City ; came to IVjrtage in 1852 ; she had three children — Frank R.. now a resident of Chicago ; Jessie, deceased, and Flora E., living at home. HENRY L. :^IERRELIj was horn at Ft. Winnel)ago July 22, 1848, in the same house in which he now li\es (the same having been removed to Portage) ; son of Henry and Elizabeth (Low) Merrell ; mother died when Henry was 5 years of age. A portion of Mr. Merrell's farm is a part of the old homestead ; he was engaged in the drug business up to the time of his father's death. May, 1876 ; since then attended to matters pertaining to the settlement of his father's extensive estate ; in 1875, Mr. M. purchased an orange grove of 15 acres and 1.10(» trees at Orange City, Fla.; spends winters there with his family. Mr. M. was married in Portage, Sept. 5. 1872. to Ida M. Miller, born in Portage, daugliter of Dr. Fred K. and Amanda Miller, early settlers of Portage, hnv- ing located here in 1850 ; they have one child — Frederick H., born May 17, 1873. JULIUS METTLER, butcher and stock-dealer; was born in Switzerland Jan 4, 1830 : settled in Newark. N. J., when he first came to America; then coming tf) Sauk City. Sauk Co., Wis.. where he remidned ele^'en years, when he came to Portage and engaged in present liusiness ever since coming here. Married, at Newark. N. J., in the fall of l854, Barbara Abbath ; she was born in Baden, Germany ; have nine children — Thecla, Amelia, Julia, F]mma, Bertha, Julius. Jr.. Carl, August and Joseph, ^Mr. JI. is a member of I, O. 0. F. and A. 0. I'. W. 916 JJIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHES: JOHX MKTZIjKK, l"X't anil shoo nuikor ami repairer ; borii in Haden. Prussia, in 184S ; came to America in lS(i7. and settled in J*(jrtaij;e in spring of isyo ; has earried on tlie business since 1871) : employs one jus- iness of merchant and dealer in hops. ^Ir. M. was married in Portage. July 1. 18t>2, to Mary Arntz ; she was liorn in l^russia ; they have one son — Charles. Jr.. aged 17 years. Mr. and Mrs. Mohr are memliers of the (ierman Metiiodist Churcii. . and father in (>ctol>er. 1878. Mr. Morrison was Ixirn in Jordan. Onondaga Co.. N. Y.. April 2ti. ]8y,!l ; engaged in farming while Tiv- ing in Marcellon ; was in the City Hotel here for five years, his father being proprietor ; lived in Brandon. Fond du Lac Co.. for three years, in mercantile business ; from there went to town of York. Uane Co.. and again occupied his time in farming : thence to Lowville. and farmed there for three years, then coming back to Portage, where he entered the store of Gates & Austin as a clerk, remaining witli them six years; hetlicn went into business witli his brother, James . 18(13. to >Iiss 'A. K. .Marrs : she was born in tile town of Paris. Edgar Co., 111., Sept. 5, 188!t (daugliter of Sylvanus 11. Marrs. who was among tlie early settlers of Portage) ; they have four children — .Vrtliur J., Stephen F.. ^Marion K. and ( Jeorge W., Jr. .Air. M. is a member of tlie A. 0. V. W. and Temple of Honor. Mrs. Morrison s father died in Portage .March 17, 1851; her mother also died here Nov. 11, ISliS; they were both natives of Clark Co.. Ind.. and came to Watertown, Wis., in 1840, and came to I'ortage in 185(1, JOHN MUKLIjER, the subject of this sketch, was l>orn in Hesse-Darmstadt. (Jermany. June. 18:58. and came to New York City in 1802. remaining one year there, when he came to Portage, and engaged in the coopering business ever since ; worked alone at lirst. and now employs three men ; manufactures all kinds of cooperage. Was married in Pcu'tage. October. 18(17. to Anna Schlcisman; she was liorii in' Hesse-Darmstadt, (rermany ; they have four children — .\ una. Charles, Louis and Fannie. |>.4 VII> ii. MFIR, a native of Dunbar. Scotland ; was born July 11. 1S4(). and is the son of Daniel and .\nn .Muir. who came to America in 184!), coming directly to .Manpiette Co.. Wis., and engaged in farming; lived there until 1801. when they came to Portage, where they now reside. J), (i. >Iiiir commenced business here as a clerk, and continued as such until 1805. when he went into the mercantile business with Parry & Hebb. under the firm name of Parry, Bebb & Muir, wiiich firm e.xisted for four years, when the present firm of Parry & Muir was organized. .Married in the town of Buffalo. .Mar(|iiette Co., Wis.. Oct. 20. 18(;:5. to Catherine H. Cairns; she was born in I'eebles. Scotland ; tliey have four children — Carrie. Annie. Wilberforce D. and John D. Mr. M. is a member of the Presbyterian Church; he has been one of the choir singers in that church for six- teen years. He is a cliarter member of tln' Temple of Honor. [arquette Co.. Wis., then went to Minnesota, where he aided in the organization of ^lartin Countv and towns: left Minnesota on account of the Indian massacre in 1862; returning to 918 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Maniuette Co., unlisted in Co. II. .itli W. \. I.. Aug. 2)1 lSt)4. and was uiiistered out June 20. 1S65. when he again returned to Manjuette Co.: in 1>^()!1. Mr. O. moved to Lineohi. Adams Co.. Wis., where lie remained until eoming to I'ortage. March 3, 1880. He was married at Nevada, Martin Co., Minn.. April 2t!, 185!l, to Elizabeth A., daughter of James B. and Jane A. Clark, born in On- tario, Canada, June 10. 1830. Thev have six children — Clark, born Oct. 20. 18(i0 ; James Amos. July 2ti. 1S(52 ; Edna. June 2.'). 18()() "; Nellie. April 24. 18(i0 : Bert, July 18. 1875. and Clifte. Nov. 17, 187'(). ^Ir. <). is a member of a lodge of A.. F. & A. M. lIR>i>. MARY A. OWKNS, nee Parrish. wife of John T. Owens; she was born July 12, 1828. in the city of I'eterliorough. England; he is a native of Wales: she sailed from Liverpool in the good ship Milan, on the 14th of May. 1848, and reached New York on the IHth of June. 1848. which was the shortest passage of sailing vessel recorded up to that date : she lived twelve years in I'tica. N. Y. ."^Iie was married in 1S.")() ; in the spring of lS(i() they came West, and bougiit land in Caledonia Township, where they lived till 1S7H: since which date she has resided in Portage. Had four children; three are dead: the other. Anna, is marrietl to a son of Thomas Walker, of Caledonia, and now lives in Bremer Co.. Iowa. She keeps a stock of fancy notions, and also does stamping. .8he is a member of the Presbj'terian Church, and is a reliable and useful member of society. ABRAHAM PADLEY is a native of England : was born at Staley Bridge. Lancashire. Oct. 27. 1828 ; came to .America with his mother in the fall of 1840 : lived at New Y'ork Mills until he came to Wisconsin. February. 1857 ; acquired his musical education at Utica, N. Y. When first coming to this State, he settled at Lodi. in this county, where he resided one j'ear ; then moving to the town of Dekorra. where he remained six years, in the hotel business and owner of tlie ferry : moving from I)ekorra to Pojnette. he engaged in the mercantile business, where he li^ed for seven years ; was Vostniaster for about five years during his residence in this place, and then, coming to Portage in the fall of 1871. he engaged in the music liusiness. dealer in pianos, organs and all kinds of musical instruments, and teaching vocal and instrumental music. ^Ir. Padley was marrieil in Whitestown. Oneida Co.. N. Y.. August. 1840. to Jliss ^lary A. Walker, a native of Rome. N. \'. They have two children — Viola J. (now Mrs. J. H. Rogers, of this city) and Julia E. Is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; also belongs to the I. O. O. F. Society. WIIjLjIAM T. parry, son of ^\'illiam and Catharine Parry; was Ijorn in Bangor. Xoi-th Wales. 'Slay 17, 1837 ; came to America in 1840 ; to Wisconsin in Septemlier of the same year, locating at Nianehester. (ireen Lake Co.: lived thereuntil 1858. and engaged in farming: in 1850, came to Portage : clerked for aliout six years with A. D. Forbes ; in 1805. the firm of Parry. Bel)l) & Muir was formed ; they were together about four years, when the firm became Parry & >luir. and has continued to present time. Married Margaret Williams June 30, 1857, at Randolph, this county ; she died June 30. 1860. leaving two children — Mary A. (now ^Irs. Thomas Moss, of Hud- son, Wis.) and William. Present wife's maiden name was Annie R. Roberts ; were married Aug. 27, 1807. at Westminster Church. Utica. N. Y.: Mrs. P. was born near Bala. North Wales: they have four children — Lemuel R.. Floy. Richard and Pierce. Mr. Parry is an Elder of the First Pres- byterian Church, and has lieen Superintendent of Sabbath school for the last eleven years. William I'arry. father of William T.. died in Cambria: mother is still living; she resides at Randolph, in this county. JAMES PATERSON was liorn in Dumfries, Scotland. Sept. 27. 1827 : came to America in 1851 ; spent one year at .\tliens. Penn.. two years in Steuben Co.. N. Y.. and the balance of the time, until coming to Columbia Co. in 1857. at Franklinville. Cattaraugus Co.. N. Y. In the fall of 1800, Mr. P. entered the store he is now connected with; spent the summer of 1870 in Scotland. He was married at Portage. June 5. 1808. to .\gnes Reid. l)orn in Hamilton. Scotland. Both are members of the Preslnterian Church. They have one son — James, born in Ai)ril. 1800. Mr. 1*. is a member of the Curling Club. ROBERT C. PIXLEY was born in London. Canada West. Oct. 14, 1832 ; lived there until the spring of 1850. then came with his parents. Bemus J. and Mary Pixley. to Portage. Wis., arriving April 15. 1850. Father died in the house where he .settled. August. 1870: mother died May. 1870. leaving four children — William B.. of Stockton. Cal.; Jonathan B.. now in Minnesota : Han-iet M.. now Jlrs. Philo .M. Plumb, of La Crosse, and Robert C. the subject of the sketch. Mr. P. was engaged in teaming for six or seven years : in the fall of 1850. he went to New Lisbon. Wis., and carried on grocery, livery and express 1)usiness. initil 1801 : he then spent one year in Califor- nia ; has l)een a resident of Portage ever since, dealing in hides, furs. etc.. since 1802. with .Vrthur '/p(-^iy- FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE. CITY OF PORTAGE. 921 Bros., with the exception of two years spent in the store of Loornis. Gallett & Breese. Mr. Pixley was married Jan. 20, 185(5, to Elizabeth (), Blanchard, a native of Oneida Co., N. Y. They have two children — Charles R., born Jan. 18. 1857. and Minnie L.. born Oct. 25. IStiO. Mr. P. is now serving as Alderman. SHERiUAN L. PLL'IVIB, the subject of this sketch, was born in Monroe, Fairfield Co., Conn., July 20, 1841 ; when a lad IG years of age, he went to Galesljurg ; was there about four years, then came to Milwaulvee, where he remained, most of the time engaged in railroading, until 1866, when he came to Portage and engaged in his present business since coming to this city. Mar- ried in Portage, Aug. 27, 1872, Alice I. Stanton ; she was born in Lake Co., 111. Mr. Plumb is a member of the A., F. & A. M. CHARLEIS PRKHIV, carpenter ; was born in North Prussia Sept. 23, 1830 ; came to Mil- waukee in 1853 ; in 1855, he came to Portage and began working at his trade, which business he has since followed. He was married at Portage, Feb. 3, 1861, to Emma La Clair, who was born in Prussia ; they have six children — William L,, born Julv 17, 1863 ; Charles ({„ born March 18, 1865 ; Bertha A., born Aug. 6, 1867 ; (lustav C, born Oct. 15. 1860 : Louis, born Jan. 8, 1872, and Augusta D., born Sept. 25, 1876. Mr. P. is a member of the Temple of Honor, and has served as Alderman of the First Ward ; his father. John Prehu, died in 1857, liut his mother. Minne Prehn. is still living, being mer 80 years of age. LiOUIS PREHX, blacksmith ; was born in Mecklenburg, Germanj', on the 10th of Janu- ary, 1843 ; when he was of the age of 10 years, his parents emigrated to America, and located at Milwaukee ; his father was a farmer named John Prehn ; has lived in Portage since 1855. Was married in January, 1866, to Jliss Bertha Ncimats, who was born in July, 1846. in Prussia. He has been Supervisor two terms ; is connected with the I. O. 0. F. Has three children — George, born in 1867 ; Emma, born in 1872, and Lizzie, born in 1876. His widowed mother lives with him : he is reported as a substantial, reliable citizen ; he reports business prosperous. JAMEN PRENTICE, physician and surgeon ; was born at Aurora. Erie Co.. X. Y., Nov. 15, 1820 ; came from Erie Co., with his brother, to Milwaukee, in 1844 ; remained there six months, when he removed to Antioch, Lake Co., III., living there one year ; then went to St. Charles, Kane Co., 111., where he studied medicine with Prof G. W. Richards ; he gradu- ated at Indiana Medical College, at La Porte, Ind., in 1847, his preceptor being Professor of Theory and Practice in that institution : came to Fort Winnebago in 1840. and has since made this his home. Was Surgeon of the 23d W. Y. I., entering the service in August. 1862, and resigned in Feliruary, 1863, on account of ill health, antl has since been engaged in the active practice of medicine up to the present time. Was married at Bellefontaine. Columbia Co.. Wis., in 1848, to Emma Bonney ; she was liorn in Elaine ; they have three daughters — Alice (now the wife of R. J. Flint, an editor at Jlenomonee). Anna and Emma. The Doctor was a Justice of the Peace at Fort Winnebago in an early day. JAME)^ 6. PRESCOTT, of the firm of Carnagie. Preseott & Co., lumber dealers, and manufactui'ers of sash, doors and blinds ; was born in the town of Sanbornton. Belknap Co., N. H.. March 16. 1820 ; when 16 years of age, he went to Massachusetts ; lived in Worcester one year, and then went to Lowell, where he remained until 1855, when he removed to Westfield. N. Y., where he resided until coming to Wisconsin, in May, 1856, locating at Portage, where he has lived ever since ; engaged in building, contracting, etc.; soon after coming here, he became associated with A. Carnagie in Ijuilding operations, and they were together in that business for fifteen j'ears, until 1872 ; they erected the Veeder House in 1857, the high-school building, the Columljia Co. Court House and Jail, and also built several of the principal blocks of this city ; was appointed Under-Sheritf Jan. 1, 1873, and did the business of Sheriff during the term for which William W. Drake was elected; in the fall of 1874, Mr. Preseott was elected Sheriff; lias lieen lender Sheriff all the time since he was Sheriff, with the exi'cption of a few months of the first part of Mr. Conklin's term ; was Alderman, from 1864 to 1871, of the Second Ward ; was President of the Council two years, and a member of the School Board one year. Was married in Lowell, Mass.. Oct. 20, 1851. to Sophia T. Mass ; she was born at Fairfield, Me.; thej- have two children — Allie L. and Laura E. EDMUND S. PURDY is a native of the city of New York ; was born Sept. 6, 1845 ; is a son of F]dmund and Harriet Purdy, who came to Wisconsin, locating at Vox Lake, Dodge Co., in 1846, and have resided there to the present time ; E. S. lived there until the fall of 1868 ; has been engaged in the drug trade since he became 13 years of age ; with Frances Ibberson, of Fox Lake, for ten years ; then in Ripon one year ; engaged in business for himself several years ; took charge II 922 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of the business for Waterhouse & Davis since April 0, 1871 ; Henry Merrell was a partner witli liiin until liis death, in May, 1876 ; Mr. Merrell's heirs were interested in the business until Dec. 8, 1879 ; is also eno;au;cd in the manufacture of the A^aeuuni Cream Extractor, for the last two years. Married at Portage, Sept. i:-{, 1871, to Helen M. Merrell. daughter of Henry Merrell ; she was bora at Ft. Winnebagcj July 1, 1850, and was probably the first one christened in the Episcopal Church of Portage ; tiiey liave two children — Henry Kdmund, born Octol)er. 1872, and Hattic Elizabeth, born Nov. 5. 1874. Mr. Purdy has been Alderman of the Second Ward four years ; is at present member of the School JJoard. JOHN l>. PUGH, of the firm of J. D. Pugh & Co.. grocers ; born in Ni.rth Wales. Feb- ruary. 1847 ; is the son of David and Laura Pugh. who came to America when John D. was an infant, 11 months of age, locating in Green Lake Co., where they still reside ; Mr. Pugli lived in Green Lake Co. most of the time, until 1808 ; during the next tliree and a half years, was engaged clerking for J. M. Darling ; returned to Green Lake Co.. and was employed in fanning, up to the fall of 1877 : has been in liusinoss for himself since March, 187II. associated with Thomas W. Drew. JOB PURNELL was born in Trowl)ridge, Wiltshire, England, Dec. 1, 181ft ; came to America in 1841, and located at Norwich, Conn., remaining there until lS5o, when he moved to Ohio, where he resided one year before coming to Wisconsin, to Portage, where he located in 1854, and has resided here ever since, and engaged in present liusiness, dealing in stoves, tinware, etc., up to present time, with the exception of two years that he worked for Bacon & Atkins. Mr. P. was married, at Norwich, Conn., Oct. 23. 1844, to Emma Osborne ; she was born in Somersetshire, England ; they have five children — Eliza E., now Mrs. Arthur 0. Stevens, of Milwaukee ; Mary A., now Mrs. J. F. Coss, of Milwaukee ; Susan M., now Mrs. Alex. Thompson, of this city ; Sarah 0. and Minnie A. ; lost one daughter, aged 14 months, died in 1858. Mrs. Purnell died here Jan. 3, 1879. CwEORfirC S. RACE, route agent on the C, M. & St. V. R. R. ; born at Mineral Point, Wis., on the 15th of October, 1843 ; lived with his parents until his enlistment in the United States service at Portage, on the 15th of September, 1801. in Co. E, Capt. (ieo. N. Rithmorn Nov. 12. 1823. in Chautauqua Co., N. Y. He is a carpenter and joiner, and has worked many years at his trade. While living in Mineral Point in 1840. he went to New Orleans with five boat loads of copper ore, as a speculative experiment. After marriage he took charge of a hotel for three years, and afterward farmed for three years; he tried mercantile life three years at Dodgeville. In 1850, he settled in Portage, and has been a continuous resident to date. They have had six children ; two died in childhood ; the li^■ing are named George S.. F]arl, Frank A., and Abner H. : and Harriet S. Green, who from early child- hood has been as a daughter, and is thoroughly identified with the family. The five are married, and ff)ur have settled in Portage, and one. Earl, is in Idaho Ter. For nearly twenty-five years, ;Mr. Race worked at his tratle in Portage ; liis wife excels as a landlady ; for several years they have owned and kept a large boarding house on the corner of Mack and Emmett Streets ; tlie\' have an average patronage of forty ; sometimes sixty to seventy per day take nn'als with them, and they have rooms to accommodate flft^- boarders. \Vhile at Mineral Point he was Jailer and Under Siieriff; he is a Free-thinker ; is a kind, social man and good citizen. Mrs. Race's father was a jirominent CITY OF PORTAGE. 923 Spiritualist, and she. from eliilrlhood. has professed the same faith ; she is a hid}- of good executive ability, and the ■' Race House " is well patronized. JIRS. !»I.\RTH.\ S. KEFiI> (nee Brooks) was horn Aug. 30, 1830, in township of Haneot'k, ^'t. ; she was married in Noxemher, 1855, to D. F. Chandler, of Vermont, and soon after- ward came West and located in .Milwaukee. He was a passenger engineer on the C, M. & St. P. R.; he was killed April 28, 1857, by his engine running off the track at Beaver Dam ; his injuries were internal, and he died that day at the residence of the Hon. Scott Sloan, where he had been immedi- ately- taken. He was born Dec. 24, 1820, in West Randolph, Vt. ; he left one son, Wallace B., born November, 1855 ; he is now ticket agent and telegraph operator at Portage, for the C, M. & St. P. R. R. Mrs. Chandler was married in January, 18C3, to Theodore Reed, who had been for several years ticket agent and telegraiih operator at Portage, for the C, M. & St. P. R., which position he held until his death in 1873 ; his only surviving son, by a former marriage, Oliver T. Reed, succeeded him in that position, and held the same until his death, in March, 1870 ; and he, in turn, is succeeded by Mrs, Reed's son, Wallace, the present incumbent of the ottice. Mr. Reed left three children, all of whom are living — .Martha H., Iiorn in 18(55; Angle E., in 1868; and Julia Maud, in 1872; the oldest is at school in .Massachusetts ; Mr. Reed and his son, Oliver T., were Masons ; Mrs. Reed's pleasant home is located on the corner of Dunn and Emmett streets. JOHX KFi[I>, son of Andrew and Janet Reid, was born in Paisley, Scotland, Feb. 24, 1835 j came to Butfalo, .Alanpiette Co., Wis., with his parents, in 1850, where his father died, in 1854, and where his mother still resides. Mr. Reid came to Portage in 1865, and engaged in the stock and produce business, which he has since followed. He was married in Buffalo, Marquette Co., in December, 1860, to Margaret H. Mnir, born in Dunbar, Scotland ; they have five children — Anna Cr., Jessie S., Henry D., Maggie May and John J. ; a son died in infancy. The firm of Reid & Foster are the heaviest dealers in wool in AVisconsin, DR. RICH.4RI> C. ROCKWOOI> wasborninUtica,N. Y.,Nov.23,1814 ; came to Mil- waukee in !May, 1830, but returned to ITticain thefall. In May, 1837, he again landed at Milwaukee, and soon after visited Madison, Mineral Point, Blue Mounds and Dekorra, returning to the East via Chicago, in September. On the journey home, he rode, for the first time, after a locomotive, from Adrian, Mich., to Toledo, Ohio. In April, 1845, Dr. Rockwood returned to Spring Prairie, Walworth Co., where he entered land, in .Vugust, 1837 ; one year later, he moved to Wyocena, Columbia Co., where he lived until coming to Portage, in 1872 ; assisted in rolling up the first log house at Oconomowoc. He has been in practice thirty-six years, being at first the only physician between Wyocena and St. Paul, and also engaged in farming. Dr. Rockwood was Justice of the Peace, at Wyocena, twehe years and has been Alderman, Street Commissioner and Supervisor, at Portage. He married Mahala Packard, in Otsego Co., N. Y.. who died in 1860, leaving two children — Helen A. and Charles S. The Doctor married his present wife. Rosa Conlon, a native of Count}' Louth, Ireland, at Madison, in September, 1860 ; they have four children — Ernest S., Louis, Mellie A., and Edward. The Doctor is Treasurer of the Chapter of Royal Arch Masons ; at Wyocena, he kept the "Cottage Inn," from 1847 to 1859 ; was President of the Columbia County Agricultural Association in 1876. J. H. ROWERS, District Attorney, was born in Oshawa, Ontario, July 27, 1841 ; edu- cated in Canada ; graduated from Victoria University in the spring of 1866 ; entered Osgood Hall August, 18(j(; ; was articled to attorneys at (.)shawa, and afterward graduated from the Law I)e))art- ment of Michigan l^niversity, at Ann Arbor, in the spring of 1868, and came to Wisconsin imme- diately afterward, locating at Poynette, residing there one year and a half, practicing his profession ; . he then went to the State of New York, where he spent one year, returning to Wisconsin and locat- ing in Portage, in the spring of 1871, when he .engaged in the practice of law, which he lias continued ever since ; has lieen District Attorney since 1874, ha\'ing lieen elected three times to this office. Married, at Portage June 12, 1872, to Miss Viola J. Padlev, daughter of Abraham Padley, who located at Lodi, about twenty years ago ; she was born at York Mills, Oneida Co., N. Y.; they •liave two children— Edith Ethelyn. born Sept. 19, 1875 ; Seldeu Wallace, Sept. 1, 1877. Mr. Rogera was one of the charter memliers of the A. ( ). U. W. of this city. L.BO\.\RD S. ROLLESTOIV is a native of Nottinghamshire, England ; was born Sept. 19, 1834. Married, in Leicester, I]ngland, Jan, 22, 1857, to Maria Xewton ; she was born in Leicester Dec. 21, 1835 ; they have twelve children — Elizabeth A., Florence E. and Flora L. (twins), Maria L.. John P., Ida Fannie. Arthur Septimus, Ada F., Leonard W^illiam, Alice Mauil, William Launcelot and Beulah Octavia. Came to Wisconsin March, 1857, and located in the town of Lowville, 924 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: on Sec. 5 ; was tliuiv six yciirs. then ino\eil to the ailjoiiiiiio; town of W^ocena, on 8ei'. 32, still retaining liis property in ths town of Lowville ; resided in Wyocena until Jan. 1, 1875. when he came to Portage, having been elected County Clerk in November, 1874; he was re-elected in 1876 and 1878. While residing in Wyocena he iield the otlices of Town Clerk two years. Justice of the Peace two years, and several times member of the School Board. Mr. Rolleston is a member of the A., F. & A. 51. Lodge. In 1854. he graduated from Kossal College, at Lant'ashire. England, he being in the first class, fourth form. During the Crimean war. he served as Lieutenant of Co. No. 6. 57tii Ilcgiment Hoyal Sherwood Foresters. JAMES RITTHVEX was born in (Uasgow. Scotland. Sept. 8. 1814 : when 1 year of age, his parents moved to Kendall. Westmorclandshire, England, where he lived thirty-two years ; came to .Vmerica, and first located at Albany. N. V.; resided there until 185(1. then came to Chicago, where he remained until he came to Marcellon in September. 18(55 ; resided in the latter place until the spring of 1878 : worked at shoemaking when 15 years of age ; while in Kendall was employed in a wholesale gi'ocery store for fifteen years. Mr. R. was married, at Kendall. Westmoreland. England. Nov. 28. 1838. to .Vgnes Sandford. a native of Westmorclandshire. England ; they have three children living — Isalx'Ua S.. now Mrs. Walter Riddell ; John antl Allan, and have lost five — Mary Ann. 4 years : Edwin. months, and three infant children. Mr. R. is a member of the Temple of Honor, (^ood Templar, and Sons of Temperance societies. PIERCE RVAN, son of Chief Justice Ryan and Caroline Willard (Pierce) Ryan ; was born in Milwaukee. Wis., Oct. 9, 1851, and resided there until early in 1865. when he went to Bos- ton ; lived there and in that vicinity about four years ; two years of this time at Dummer Academy, and two years with a Calcutta importing house in the city of Boston ; he then returned t. 1877. He aims to vote for the best men. is not active in politics, but is of Democratic proclivities ; he is a Methodist, and his wife is a Con- gregationalist ; she is a member of the local Shakespearean (!lub : they have a pleasant home on Prospect Hill. JOHN M. f>>»AXI>ERSO]V was born in Ncwbiu-g. N. V.. Sept. 17. 18.38. and lived in Albany froTU his youth until he lauic West ; enlisted in Albany. N. Y.. August. 1802. in llaverlock Batterj'. and served until tiic close of the war ; was in all of the engagements his command was in after he enlisted ; the principal battles he was in were Cold Harbor, second battle of Bull Run. Petersburg, Chancellorsville and ( Jcttysl)urg ; came to Portage in ISCti and engaged in the business of cigar- making for himself which liusiness he still continues. Married in Portage to Helen Augusta Lin- scott ; she was liorn in Utica. N. Y.; they have have two children — Warren F. and Harr\'. JOHN W. SARtiiENT, freight engineer on main line P. & M. ; born in Lake Village. Bel- knap Co.. N. H., Oct. 21. 1838 ; his father. William T.. was proprietor of the hotel at Lake Village ; at the age of 14, he began railroad life as a water boy on a gravel-train on the B., C. & M. R. R.; at the age of l(i, he was given the position of fireman on the same gravel-train ; after a years expe- rience, he was sent on to a passenger train, and continued there until fall of 185(3. when he came West ; he landed in .Milwaukee on Christmas. 185(j. and, on Dec. 28. he began firing on a freight running between Milwaukee and Fo.\ Lake, on C, M. & St. P ; in spring of 1857. the road was opened through to Portage ; he was for awhile engine-dispatcher at Portage, and afterward the CITY OF PORTAGE. 925 same at Milwaukee ; in the fall of 1858, while on a visit to New Hampshire, lie came near death's door with typhoid fever; this detained him till spring of 1860. when he returned and took his old position of fireman, and that fall he was given an engine, which he run till the time of his enlist- ment ; Co. F, 2d W. V. I., was formed entirely of railroad men. He enlisted in that company Aug. 21, 1862, and was honorahlj' discharged on surgeon's certificate of disaliilitj^ after about one j'ear's service ; on his partial recover}-, he was given his old situation on the railroad ; he was four years on the W. W., two of which was while the St. P. ran it, and the last two years by request of W. W. and consent of St. P., and he has been in continuous engineer service to date — part time freight, and sometimes passenger. Mr. Sargent has been longest in engineer service of any now living in the county. He was married Feb. 22, 1868, to Miss Julia B. Snow, of Watertown, Wis.; they have no children ; he belongs to the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers ; they have boarded since marriage until this season. Mrs. F. N. Snow, his wife's mother, lives with them ; the family are social and respected. CHARLiES SCHARIEKwasbornin Mecklenburg. Germany, Dec. 5,1852 ; came to Port- age, stopping three weeks in New York on his way from Europe, in March, 1878, where he has since been engaged as book-keeper for Haertel's brewery. Mr. S. is a member of the Odd Fellows' Lodge, Turner's and Leiderkranz Societies and Hook and Ladder Company. He was married in Mecklen- burg Feb. 15, 1875, to Carolina Kopcke, born in Mecklenburg; they have three children living — Amelia, Charles and Louis, and have lost one — Hulda, who died at Portage in July, 1878, aged 2 years ; before engaging with the Ilaertels, Mr. S. was with Schumacher & Scluilze two months. MISS MARIA ^illAlIB, first cook at the Corning House: was born in Waterford, Racine Co., Wis., in 1855 ; her father is a furniture ilealer in Waterford ; has worked several years in private families, and two and a half years in the hotel. She is a Catholic. To her skillful hand can be ti-aced the well-prepared substantials which so attract the hungry traveler to the Corning House. FRAIVK SCHERBURT was born in Prussia JLarch 12. 1856 ; is the sonof Christoph and Mary Schubart, who emigrated to America when Frank was 11 years of age. locating in Portage, where they still reside ; has worked at cigar-making for about eight years, and has been in business for himself during the last four and a half years as manufacturer of cigars and dealer in tobacco and smokers' articles. He is a member of the Turner Society and Hook and Ladder Company. BEIVJAMIK SCHITLZE was born June <). 1801," in Taura, Saxony, where, when he had reached a suitable age, he was apprenticed to learn the art of butchering, the mysteries of weaving, and the rudiments of music, all from the same master : Mr. Schulze remembers having seen, when he was 13 years old. Napoleon Bonaparte's army as it passed through his native town en route to Russia, and was soon afterward employed with the Prussians in making fortifications for the pur- pose of retaking Torgau, on the Elba — which place the French had captured in 1810 — and was present during the fight that followed, and saw the town set on fire ; he also witnessed the shooting by Russians of three French soldiers for horse stealing, the victims being placed upon the edge of a hike, and pushed backward into the water when killed ; after finishing his aiJiircnticeship, he went to Schmannewitz, where he engaged in his various avocations, applying himself more particularly to the study of music. Here it was that he met and married Johanna Rosina Wagenknccht, the matrimonial event taking place April 25, 1824 ; Schmannewitz was the home of Mrs. Schulze's parents ; she was born Jan. 2, 1804, and also bore witness to the French Invasion ; when the news was received that the army was approaching, her father, who was a farmer, collected his small flock of cattle and ran them into" the woods, to save them from being carried off by the advancing foe, while Johanna, then but fl years of age, gathered together her younger brothers and sisters, and marched them into the village of Schmannewitz, where, a few days later, she heard the roar of cannon in the historical battle of Leipsic. In 1830, Mr. Schulze remo\ed to Tamenheim. a small Saxon hamlet, and there engaged in hotel keeping in addition to his three professions ; in 1833, he went to Sitzenroda, and purchased a farm and tavern for $1,600, living there until 1850, when he came to America, crossing the Atlantic Ocean in the sail-ship '■ Amalia.' and bringing with him his wife, eight sons and one daughter, the eldest son, who was then 25 years of age. remaining in the fatherland, in the service of the Emperor as buglei' in one of the national liands ; the family aiTived in Portage, by way of Quebec, Buffalo and ^Milwaukee, July 28 of the same year, stopping at the old Franklin House ; a settlement was soon after made on the east side of Silver Lake, on a quarter section of land, which was soon placed under cultivation ; and here, for thirty years, they have made their home ; Mr. Schulze is 79 years of age, and his wife but three years younger. There have been born to this now ft26 lilOGHArmCAL (SKETCHES: aju'il foiipli' ton cliiklren, as follows : Frederick (now Sern'tMrv of :i National Telej^rapli Bureau, in Bautzen. Saxony), liorn ]\Iay 15. 1825; Charle.s (drowned in the ^lississippi River. .Vpril 17. l.S(i5), born Aug. 20, 1829 ; llenry"(now in Chieajjo). l)orn Nov. i:i, 18S1 ; Krank (dii'd .May 22. 187!)). Ijorn Jan. 14. 18:)P>; Hermann (now livini; in Oregon), born Mareli 0. 18;^(( ; l-'erdinand. born July 2(1, 188!» ; Frederick W.. born .March (1. 1842 : Saiuuel. liorn July 22. 1845 ; Minnie, liorn Feb, 17. 1847 : Benjamin, liorn Jan. 7. 1849. .Mr. and Mrs. Scliuize celebrated their fjoldcu weddinn' April 25. 1874. the occasion beinj; api)ropriately observed ; the famous Schulze iiand was. of course, present, tlie old Ljentlcnian once more taking part in the musical exercises ; there were seven children present ; a very touching poem, tifcy verses in lengtli. commemorative of the occasion, written by tlie absent son in (xerniany, was read, also one of the same length, composed by the family pastor, the Hev. A. Klein; both were publislied in tlie ('u/iiinliin ('(imifi/ Wrc/,-rr : Mr. and .Mrs. Schulze are apparently in as good health as ever, and have not vet outlived their usefulness. ilRS. B.4.RBAR.\ SCHUI^ZE, n.'e Schwartz, widow of August Frank Schulze ; she was liorn May 1. 184(1, in Wittenburg, (termany; her deceased husband was born on the 14th of January, ISor!, in Prussia; he came to the United States in 1850, and settled in I'ortage. where lie was for many years a hardware merchant. He was married, Feb. 5, 18li0. to theeslimalile lady who survives him. From early liovhood. he was a member of • Schulze brass band," organized liv his father, and composed mainly of the Schulze family. He died on the 28d of May, 1879; they had eleven children, six of whom died in infancy: the living are Louis, liorn Dec. (>. 18(10; Oscar, born Dec. 13. 18()8 ; Herman H.. born Nov. 12. 1872 ; .Vugust Frank, born Feb. 2, 1875. and Samuel A., born Dee, 15, 1877. .VII the children reside at home. Louis is salesman in the store in which .Mrs. Schulze still retains an interest. She has a small place of about 20 acres near I'ortagi'. and her pleasant home on I'orncr of Howard and De Witt streets. Jlrs. S. is a member of the Evangelical ('liurch. and so also was her husband. He was a social gentleman, and a good citizen. The family arc :ill highly respected. FE<]Ki>I]VANI> SCHULZE, the suliject of this sketch, was born in Saxony. Prussia, July 20, 1840 ; came to America in 1850, and located at I'ortage, and spent his time until 1861 on his father's farm ; he then went across the Plains to Ne\ada, and for five years was engaged in mining and music business ; returned to this county in the spring of IStili, and occupied his time in farming for two years in the town of Hampden, in this county ; then came to Portage, and engaged in the mercantile business, which he has continued ever since. Mr. S. was married in ^lilwaukee, March 2, 1880, to ,Miiiiiie A. Dent: she was born in St. Mary's Co.. >Id.. near Washington, D. C: is a daughter of Dr, Walter Brewer and ^largaret (Fowler) Dent. Mr. Dent was born in Charles Co.. Md.; he came to Milwaukee in 18.')2 : returned to .Maryland in 1854. and remained until 185!t, when he again came to .Milwaukee, and came to Portage in 18(11 ; died July Ml, 1807. Jlrs. Dent is a native of Cliarlotte Hall, St. .Marv's Co., Md, FKIEI>K1€K W. SCIILIliZE, a native of Saxony, Prussia; liorn .March 0. 1842. and came to America with his parents, I5cnjamin and Johanna K. Schulze. in 1850. locating in the town of Portage, where they still reside. Mr. S.'s early life was spent on liis father's farm until the age of 21. then worked three years at the carpenter and joiner's trade, when he went to California, spend- ing live years there. From 18(13 to 18(17, while in California, his whole attention was devoted to instrumental music and the composing of music ; returned to Portage in 18(i7 : he was a mem- ber of the firm of Si'humaehcr, Schulze & Bro., for a few years; then, in 1873, for about ten months, he carried on mercantile business at ;>Hnneapolis, Jlinn.; allerward returned to Portage and engaged in banking business, which he has continued ever since. .^larried in Portage, Aug. 9, 1872, to Miss .Margaret A. Ilaertel : she was born at Portage; they have three children — Clara, Anna and Carl, Mr, and Mrs. S, are members of the Kvangelical Lutlu'ran Church, and ^Ir, S, is a member of the A.. F. it A, M, I.OriS SCHl^liTZ was born in Portage Seiit. 25. 185(; ; son of Christian and Maggie Schultz. both R'sidcnts of Portage : engaged in surveying, etc., on government improvi'inents from 1871 to Septemlu'r, 1878, running engine in connection with the river improvements and Wis- consin Uiver steamboats ; engineer in Haertel's brewery since September, 1878, 3Ir. S. was mar- ried in Madison. Wis,. Dec. 25. 1878, to Mary I'lihotl': they have one child — Carrie Dora, He is a ini'inbcr of the Hook and Jjadder Co. SAMUELi SCHUIvZE, son of Benjaniin and Johanna Schulze: born in Saxony, Prussia, July 22, 1845 : came to America in 18,1(1, arriving in Portage on the 28th of July of that year. In 1803. commenced learning his trade — tinsmith — with I. W. Bacon, with whom he remained CITY OF PORTAGE. 927 six years, with the exception of about seven months while in tlie army. He entered the United States service Feb. 14, 1865, as a.memljer of Co. D, 46th W. V. I., and was mustered out Sept. 27 following. At the expiration of his six years' service with Jlr. Bacon, he went to Virginia City, Mont. ; returning, he was with his brother Henry for awhile in Chicago ; then purchased a stock of hardware of Charles Goodyear and commenced business in 187(5, in Portage, in partnership with his brother Frank, who died 'Slay 22, 1879. Is now carrying on an extensive hardware store. Has been a menilier of the I. < )'. O. F. since 18GS. E, born in .Milwaukee. M'is.. July 15. 184;t ; his parents. W. H. and Catherine Thede. moved to Sauk City, whore they now reside, in 1S51 : Mr. T. learned his trade, that of a harness-maker, in MadLson and Mazomauic. and followed it in various places before beginning for himself at Portage in 1877. He was married at Sauk City. Aug. 28. 1877. to Joseph- ine Sturm, liorn in Tvrol. They h;n-e one child. William, born May 81, 1878. AliEX.4:VI>KK TH05IPS01V, born in Glasgow. Scotland, ftlay 2G, 1848; came with his parents, Ninnian and JIary Thompson, to Ft. Winnebago in August. 1850 : father worked at carpenter's trade for fifteen years, then engaged in farming in the town of Hekorra, Columbia Co., which he still continues. Alex. T. worked at carpenters traile three years, but in 18711 engaged in grocery business, and dealing extensively in clover, timothy and field seeds generally, which busi- ness he still continues. .Mr. T. was married in Portage. Dec. 18. 1872. to Susan ^M. Purnell. a native of Norwich. (Vjun. They have one child. Marv Emma, born May D, 1874. .Mr. T. is a prominent memlier of the 1. (). (). V. A. B. THOMPSON, born in Smithtield. Providence Co.. R. I.. Aug. (J. 1825: came to Pardeeville in November. 18(i4. resided there ten years, then removed to Portage. Was married in Smithlield. R. I.. .November. 1846. to Thankful Handy, a native of that place : they have four chil- dren living — Morgie .\.. now Mrs. (ieo. W. I)usenlierry. of Portage; Philip K.. .\lice G.. now .Mrs. Frank A. Mathewson. of Pardeeville. and Frank B.. living ; Sarah, deceased. .Mr. and Mrs. Thompson are members of the Presb\terian Ciiurcii. and of the temperance societv. MISS JEXNETTE THOMPSON, at Corning House;" was born in Butfalo. Mar- quette Co., Wis., in I)ecember, 1857; her parents are farmers, and were counted of ■■ pure blood in the land of Burns. " She has been for six j'ears a member of the United Presbyterian Church ; has been a vear in the hotel. WERT F. THOMPSON, deceased, was born in Colchester, Vt, in 1834 ; lived in Ohio before coming to Wisconsin ; settled in Portage in 1858 ; was married in 18(i0. to Miss Cornelia E. Reed, formerly of Seneca Co.. N. Y. : her father. Warren S. Reed, came to Portage in 1858. and died in January. 18(i7. Mr. Reed started the rest:uirant Inisiness. at the depot, which, with enlargements, is now conducted Ijy Mr. Fox, Mr. Thompson died in May. ISiiS. and at the time of his death, was in charge of the railroad shops ; he has been a railroad man most of his life ; he was a 82(1 Degree Mason, and was buried with Masonic honors; .Mrs. Thompson and her brother reside in the ■ Reed Homestead. " The brother. Samuel, was Iwru Jan. 10, 1844 ; he has been a resident of Portage since the age of 14. In June. 1878. he was married to Miss Julia Crane, of .Mauston. Wis. ; they have one child, liorn September. 1874. and named Wert Thompson Reed : Mr. Reed is a railroad engineer. EPHR.4IM B. TRAOEWELI., farmer ; born in the city of Baltimore. .Md.. in 1822 : in 1840. he came to Wisconsin, anil settled in Kenosha, which continued his home until the spring of 1851, when he came to Portage. In 1858, he was married, in Kenosha, to ^liss Harriet Dana ; in 18H0, he bought a farm. 200 acres, in Marcellon. Columbia Co.. Wis., which he still owns and rents ; since 1874 he has lived in Portage ; has two children — Frances, born in December, 185(i ; and .Major D.. born in 1858 ; both live in the county ; his wife died in 187(> ; he was crippled in the knee, by the cut of an ax, on patella, when a child ; Government was making the canal when he came to Portage, and water was let into the canal that same year : muscle and grit were the elements of success then, for those were rough pioneer times. A. J. TIIRNER was i)orn in the town of Schuyler Falls (then Plattsburg). N. Y.. Sept. 24. 1882. where he lived until 1853. removing to Grand Rapids. .Mich., where he took his lirst les- sons in the art of type-setting in the />"//<■ ottice ; returning to his native town, in 1855. he "set up' the first number of the Plattsluirg Snitini/. a paper still in existence, teaching school for a short time, and returning to Grand Rapids early the .same year: in September. 1855, he came to Portage, and was employed as a com|)ositor in the Lulipiiiiliiit otHee the second day after his arrival, and worked there until the spring of 185(). when he went to .Madison, and was engaged at his trade in the ottice of the Statr ./luinin/ for six months : at the end of that time, he was pro- moted to the position of city editor of that paper, and this e\ent marked the beginning of his jour- nalistic career ; in the spring of 1857, he returned to Portage, and became one of the editors of the Record; in the fall of that year, he returned to Madison as a clerk of one of the legislati^•e CITY OF PORTAGE. 931 coininittees. and. in tho tbllowini)- spring, he made the trip, on foot, with thai reuuirkahle genius, "Shanghai" Chandler, to Friendship, Adams Co.. where he assisted in establishing the Adrnm Cciiiiti/ hiih-pcudcut. remaining tliere four or five months ; returning to Portage, he resumed his former connection with the Rn-nnl. Tn the fall of 180(1, he was elected Clei-k of the Circuit Court, and served one term, at the expiration of which he was chosen to represent his district in the State Assembly ; returning from the State capital, he again took his place upon the Record, which he soon afterward purchased and consolidated with the Whfonsin ,Statf Ri-t/ixfer. founded a few months pre\ious by S. S. Brannan. upon the ruins of the Badger State .• he continued witli Mr. Brannan. as publisher of the Register, for seventeen years, selling! in 187S. to Judge J. T. Clark. Mr. Turner has l)een prominently before the people of Columbia Co. for nearly a quarter of a century, having filled various county offices ; he was a delegate to the National Convention which nf)minated Lin- coln, was Chief Clerk of the State Senate three years, and now holds the otticc of State Railway Commissioner. To Mr. Turner is due the credit of establishing the - Blue Book ' upon its present plan, and he was for se^■eral years its compiler ; he was the first Secretary of the Wisconsin Central Railway Company, afterward one of the Directors of the Portage & Stevens Point Railway, and, still later. President of the Portage, Friendship & Grand Rapids Railroad, which was consolidated with the present [Madison & Portage road. Mr. Turner was married at Friendship, Adams Co., ' Wis., :May 29. 1860. to :Mary (). Hanford. a native of Walton. Delaware Co.. N. Y.; they have three children — Fred J., Rockwell F. and Ellen B. STKPHElif TURNER was Iwrn in Nelson Co., Va.. Dec. 14, 1818 ; came to Portage May o. 1858 ; engaged in peddling one year ; in 18()0, commenced mercantile business, dealing in gi-oceries and fruits ; continued in that for four years ; then engaged in auctioneering and speculating, in wliich he has successfully continued ever since ; owns two-thirds interest in the jewelry establishment of Turner & Parsons. ^Ir. Turner was married at ITnion Hill. Nelson Co., Va.. December, 1840, to Eliza Jane Hill, born at Tuion Hill ; they have had nine children, three of whom arc deceased — Samuel died in 1801. aged o years and 8 months ; Annie died in 1872, aged i) years; Charles died in 1872. aged 3 years and 3 months ; the children living are Bluford B.. Stephen. Jr.. Elizabeth, liUcretia. Willie and Jessie. Mr. T. is in every sense a self-made man. ELKtiENE a. VAUIiiHAN, son of Samuel K. and Lavina A'aughan, who came to Wis- consin, locating at Waupun. at an early date ; his father died in Portage, in September, 1872 ; his mother is now living and a resident of this city ; Plugene was born in Wyocena, Feb. 28. 1853, and has been employed in John (Jraliam's drug and grocery house for the last ten years. He was married in Portage 3Iarch 24. 1875, to Sarah" A. Padley ; she was born at Lodi ; they have one son —Samuel K. — bIRS. RICHARD ¥. VEEDER, widow of the earliest settler on this side of the canal ; her maiden name was Winopher ^'eeder. and she was born near Albany. N. Y.. April 2. 1812 ; 'Mr. Veeder was liorn Jan. 11. 1812. in ]M(jntreal. Canada, where his parents were temporarily stopping ; from the age of 10 he lived with an uncle in Boston. ^lass. ; he came to Wisconsin June 20, 1835, but stopped a while near (Jreen Bay. as he had relatives connected with the pineries; became to Portage several years before his marriage, which was on JIarch 10, 1844 ; when a -'bach." he kept travelers at his cabin, and after marriage he kept open house for many years ; they built the first dwelling in Portage (since destroyed by fire), and there was nothing here when they liuilt in the sum- mer of 1845 ; the,y first spent nearly a year at the Indian trading-post ; the ^^'isconsin River now flows over the site of the trading post, and also over the site of their first pioneer dwelling near "the Post ;" the house Iniilt by them and now occupied by Mrs. Veeder is the oldest building in the city ; it was built for a storehouse, but has been used tor nearly everything. They have had four children — Eliza- beth, born in 1845. in the first dwelling in Portage (she is dead) ; John S. .born Feb. 4, 1847 (he is now a railroad conductor) ; Hannah, liorn in 1849. is dead ; Richard T.. Jr., born Jan. 1. 1851 (he is also a railroad conductor). Mr. \' eeder is remembered as a kind-hearted man and good citizen, and was universally known as -Uncle Dick," and iiis widow is still called ■ Aunt Dick ;" he died Jan. 19, 187(1 ; he was not a churcii nu^mber. but aftiliated with the Episcopalians. Her son. R. F.. still lives with his mother on Sec. 5. wiicrc Portage is mainly l)uilt. and which Mr. Y. bought at government price ($1.25 per acre) ; ]Mrs. A', owns two blocks in Portage beside her old home. JOHN VERSEN, deceased, was l>orn in Paderborn, Pnnince of Westphalia. I'russia, Nov. 8, 1814 ; came to America and landed at New Orleans. Decemlier. 1847 ; remained there al)out one year ; removed to St. Louis, and worked at carriage trimming ; was in Galena, 111., for some 932 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: time, where he made the acquaintance of U.S.Grant; afterward a resident of Madison ; came to Portage, Feb. 1. 1851. engaofed with his partner in harness-malving. with credit sufficient to obtain material for a single liarness. having landed at Portage with only five cents ; at tlie time of his death. May 24. 1S72. he carried on the largest harness manufactory in Central Wist'onsin. doing business where Purdys drug st«re is now located : leaving a larire estate at his death. JOSEPH A. VERSEN, son of John Versen. was born in Portage June 9, 1857 ; edu- cated at the High School ; served an apprenticeship of three years in the harness and saddlery business ; has been engaged in mercantile luisiness for some time, being now in the employ of of D. Fischbeck & Son, of Milwaukee, wholesale dealers in saddlery- hardware and leather. The Portage Register of Oct. 3. 1874. contained the following complimentary notice of young Versen: ■' Joseph Versen. of this city, a boy of 17. entitled himself to the -reward of merit.' if not to the ' first premium.' by the manufacture of a set of single harness which he had on exhibition at the county fair. Though he is but a yearling in the business, his work would do no iliscredit to a much more experienced workman. He will, no douljt, make his mark in his particular line of business, if in no other direction. \Ve take pleasure in saying a word of encouragement to hini. as we do to all bovs who pursue the rightcoursc. " SAM WAH & BROTHER, laundrymen ; Sam was born in China in 18(i3. and Charley was born in IS.'jtl : Charley came to San Francisco in 1870. and Sam in 1878 : both have lived in Red ^\'ing. 5Iinn. ; they came to I'ortage nearly a year ago. and are doing a good business on Conant street : are law-abiding, prosperous Chinamen. MRS. ELECTA WARD, widow of Orlanilo Ward, who was one of the earliest mer- chants in Portage; she was lx>ni I)e('. 17, 1812, in liCe, Berkshire Co.. Mass. Mr. Ward was ))orn Jan. 22. 1812. in ^'ermont ; they were married in Carlton. Orleans Co.. X. Y.. on the 2Hd of June, 1836 ; came West in 1840. remained two years in Milwaukee, and then settled in the house where Mrs. Ward now lives in Portage; he died in October. 1871, leaving one child, Helen — now Mrs. Winne — living in Iowa : ^Ir. ^\'ard was a member of the Masonic ( )rder. and of the ( )dd Fellows ; she is a member of the First Presbvterian Church ; is still an active worker. MARVIN WATERHOl'SE, M. D. (deceased), was born in Alden. Erie Co.. N. V., on the lilth of September. 1827 ; when at the age of 14. he was bereft of father, and. soon after- ward, he and his widowed mother removed to T)arien. Walworth Co.. Wis.; in 1850. he moved to Packwankee. Wis.; his early life was passed amid the scenes and duties incident to farming. On the 1st of January. 1852. he was man-ied to Miss Maria A. Older, who survives him : they had no children. A broken leg. in October. 1853. caused him to study medicine, and he graduated from Hush Medical College, in Chicago, in 18(j0 ; he had practiced medicine, in response to local calls, since 1855; in August. 18(;4. he was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the 1st Regiment Wis. Heavy .Vrtillery : was in the army one year; located in I'ortage in September. 18(i5. and practiced his profession in the city and surrounding country until pre\ (.'uted by his last illness ; in July. 18(i7. he became a member of the Wisconsin ^Medical Society ; was elected Mce Presi- dent in 1871. and President in 1873; was delegate four years to the American Medical Society, and contributed several valualile papers to the society ; he was a successful physician, and had a lucrative practice : his broken liml) never fully recovered, and finally amputation was necessary ; this was done Jan. 1((. 1878. and the wounded limb rapidly healed ; but in the summer it broke out vvith ulcers, and an abscess formed, caused by taking I'old ; he endured the intense pain with remarkalile fortitude, until his iron constitution yielde(l. and he died on the 19th of October, 1878 ; he had been an active memlier of the I. O. O. F.. and was one of the original Patriarchs of Excelsior Encampment, at I'ortage ; the brotherhood conducted his obsetjuies. according to their impressive cereuKmies. He was a pulilic-spirited citizen ; at the time of his death, he was a member of the Board of Education, also, Kxamining Surgeon for Pensions ; he was financially comfortable : he was naturally cheerful, but firm and teiuicious ; all declare him to have been an honorable, high-minded gentleman, and one who acted well his part in all the varied relations of husband, citizen and healer of the afflicted. ANDREW WEIR was born in Harthill. Lanarksljire. Scotland. April. 1821 ; he came to Ft. Winnebago. Wis.. May, 1851 ; remained there until November of the same year, then went with his lirother. John Weir, to California, where they spent fifteen months in mining, etc.; then went to Australia, where he spent fifteen months ; he then sailed for Scotland, where he arri\ed October, 1854. Mr. W. was married at Causewayhead. Sterlingshire, Scotland, May 9, 1855. to Margaret Kincaid, a native of Bowhouse, Sterlingshire, Scotland : they sailed for America, CITY OF PORTAGE. 938 lauding in New York in June, 1855 ; came direct to Ft. Wiunel)ago ; engaged in real-estate and gi-ain business ; he now lives where he first settled. Mr. W. was one of the founders 'of the City Bank of Portage : was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors several terms, and is now in that position. EIjISHA a. wells, farmer : born in Hartford, Conn., on the 9tii of September, 18(11 ; his parents removed to Berkshire Co.. Mass.. when Elisha was quite .young, and there the '•old folks ' resided uutil their death ; the fatlier was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. Mr. Wells remained with his parents during their entire life. He was married on the 25th of June, 1828. to Miss Anna ^lartin. of Massaeliusetts ; they have had nine children ; the living are Ann C, Martha E., Horace K., Lydia \.. Lemuel M. and Mary A. He came to Portage on the 5th of 'Slay. 1855 ; present liouse was first liriek made in Portage ; lost a large residence May. 1879 ; has a small place in I'ortage, also land in Lewiston ; has documents dated 1704, signed by Ichabod Wells, a Sheriff of Connecticut at that date ; he was a town official many 3-ears in his New England home. Their ■■ yiildnt wcddiiKj" yi&s, celebrated on the 25th of June, 1878 ; kind friends and valuable gifts made it a memoralile occasion. HORACE D. WELLS, retired farmer, was born on the 2d of January, 1798, in the city of Hartford, Coun. ; he is tile son of Elisha and Clara Deming Wells, of Connecticut ; the family trace their ancestry for 800 years, and show connection, l)v intermarriage, witli nobility and royalty. The " Magna Charta," signed hy King John, in 1215, was delivered at (runuymede to ■ Bishop Hugode Wells, of the Cathedral of Lincoln." The ancestral tree is traced generations bejond the •• Bishop," and its branches are in a connected liue with the Wells family iu Portage. The original ■ coat of arms ' of the Wells family bore the motto, ■■ Christ's Cross is my Light." Gov. Tliomas Wells, of Connecticut, was among their earliest ancestors in America ; real estate near Hartford, Conn., has been in continuous ownership of the Wells family for 200 years ; the subject of this sketch was married at Rye, N. Y., on the oOtli of April. 1834, to Miss Mary S. Barker, daughter of James Barker, a retired merciiant of New York (lity ; Mr. Wells was in the mahogany business at Yonkers, N. Y., from 1828 to 1843 : theuce he went to Owego, and engaged in mercantile Imsiness, together with lumbering ; in 1848, he weut to Hartford, and remained until coming West ; his residence in Hartford was once the home of Gov. Morgan of Connecticut, and when Jlr. Wells left the State, he sold it to Gov. Richard D. Hubliard. ^Irs. Wells died Oct. 6, 1852, leaving two sons — James B., born March 7, 1836, and Lemuel H., born Dec. 3. 18 — ; the latter is an Episcopal Clergyman in Walla Walla, Washington Ter. Mr. Wells first made a tour of the West in 1854 ; in the spring of 1855, he bought a large tract in Sauk Co.. of which he still owns 1,0(10 acres ; he came to Portage in 1862, and his present beautiful home of 20 acres was i)urchased soon afterward ; this is also the home of his son James B., who was married on the 20th of April, 1859, to Miss Anna P. King, daughter of the Hon. 0. B. King of Watertown. Conn. : they have two children — Mary A., born May 24, 1860, and James H.. Iiorn November. 18(32. The W#ells i'amilies are all Episcopalians ; the old gentleman, past fourscore and two years, is in delicate health. l)ut still retains the genial air and quiet dignity of the -old-school gentleman." He has always been a worthy citizen, and is blest with competency and hosts of friends. JOSEPH E. WELLS was born in Birmingliam. England. March 22, 1842 ; came to Wisconsin in 1851, witli liis father ; his mother and otiier children came to Wisconsin in April, 1852 ; his father located at Twiggs Ferry, in Coliunliia Co., on the Fox River. Rev. William Wells, father of J. E. Wells, now living at Fort Winnebago, located a form in that town at about that time, and still owns it ; has been engaged in preaching at different points until fifteen j'ears ago, regularly ; now preaches every other Sunday, as he is called upon, Joseph E. worked upon the fai-m until the age of 21. when he came to Portage and attended scliool for about a year; then commenced clerking for I. W. Bacon, a hardware dealer, and remained with him between eleven and twelve years, then purchasing the Inisiness of the Bacon estate ; he has been in part- nership with H. W. Williams for the last six years ; they also run a branch store at Waupaca. Mr. W. married in Portage. June 7, 1871, Addie E. Forrest ; she was born in New Hampshire ; they have four cliildren — Mary E.. Cora A., Maud S. and Josie A. He is serving his fourth year as Alderman of the Third Ward ; is member of the Temple of Honor and A., F. & A. M. DANIEL WELLS, son of Walter Wells, who died in Yates Co., N. Y., was Ijorn in Ham- ilton, Madison Co.. N. Y.. Sept. 24. 1829. In 1858, lie removed to Yates Co., N. Y., and resided in Penn Yan and vicinity, until 1859 ; in December of the same year, he settled in Wisconsin, pur- chasing a farm on Sec. 26, town of Randolph, and engaged in farming until he sold out iu September, 934 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 18(58. and in November. 1868. removed to Portascc : in Fohruarv. 1870. engaged in tlonr and fci'd business, and also that of an aiiotioneer. Mr. Wells was ("hairman of the Board of Supervisors while at Handolph ; has been City .Marshal i>f Portage, and also held the otliee of Under .Sheriff for two years. Mr. Wells was married in the town of Jerusalem. Yates Co.. N. V.. Feb. 15. IS'ilt. to Martha fiallett. a native of that plaee. They have tlu-ee ehildren — Susan. Klizaheth. John W.. Daniel (>, Mr. Wells is a member of the Odd Fellows' Lodge. ROBERT B. WEXTWORTH was born in the town of Buxton. York Co.. .Me., Jan. 18. 1827. and resided there until he came to Wi.sconsiu in 1848, locating at Madison. He learned the trade of printing in Portland. Maine, when a boy. and while living at Madison, worked as a journeyman printer. He pulilished the first paper that was ever issued inDodgc^Co — Dixige County Gazi'tic — which was published in Juneau, and continued tiie pul)lieation of that journal for about four years : the last two years he issued it as the Burr (>2. in the 24th W. V. I., and was mustered out on the 22d of June. 18(15, having served nearly three years. His regiment was in the Army of the Cuml>erland during the entire war, and he was in eleven regular liattles. besides skirmishes and raids unnumliercd. Some of the engage- ments are familiar in histut without a scratch. He enlisted from .Milwaukee, and at the close of the rebellion, he returned to his old position and -fired" until 1867, when he took charge of an engine, aiid has run as engineer to date. He boards at the Fox House ; belongs to the Temple of Honor. •■ Cliarley is well liked." RE%\ MATTHIAS WITTEXW VLER was born in Switzerland Aug. 9. 1840 ; came to America in June, 185;!, locating in the town of Washington. Green Co., Wis.; resided there until 1862 ; then entered the holj- ministry ; was ordained in 1864 ; his first charge was the church at Lomira. Dodge Co.; remained there for tive months and was then stationed at Waupaca Mission, embracing five counties ; while in charge there, he traveled every day and had to preach about every other day ; remained until lS6;i ; the conference then sent him to Fox Kiver Circuit ; was one year t'onnectecl with that ; in 1S64. was sent back to Waupaca Mission, where he remained two years ; in ISli)!. was sent to Two Rivers Mission, and was located there two years ; in 18<)8. came to Win- nebago Circuit, was also two years in that place ; then sent to Dunn Co. Circuit and was there three years; then, in 187;!. to Buffalo Co. Circuit : was Pastor there for two years ; then, in 1875. appointed Presiding Klder for four years, and now has charge of Portage Church, and has a numlier of other appointments ; has made this city his residence since 1875. Mr. W. was married in Portage Oct, 17. 18(15. to Auirusta M. 3Iellea ; she was liorn in I'russia ; they have eight children — A. R., Lydia W.. .Martha M .. Hulda S.. Kddie K.. Julia E., Fredrick F., and Henry H.' EI>\VARD L. WILCOX, I'oreman of the round-house! ('.. M. & St. R. R.. at Portage, Wis.; born Nov. 6. 1820. in New Hartford, Oneida Co., N. Y.; is a son of Samuel W.. who built the arsenals for the Government at Batavia. N. Y.; the mother, Abagail (White) Wilcox, still lives in Whitestown. Oneida Co.. N. Y.. which was named after her grandfather, who was the founder of the town ; she is aged 01. in 1880. The subject of this sketch learned the trade of machinist at Willow Vale, N. Y., of the firm of Rogers & Spencer; al)out 1850, he began work for N. Y. C. R. R.. at CITY OF PORTA(iE. 935 Scheneetad>', where he remained three years ; then was at I^a Porte, Ind.. for tlie JI. S. R. R.; after- ward at (Chicago, with the C. & R. I., and tlien at BIoominsTton, in employ of C, A. &. St. L. R. R.; was for some time in eharge of the round-house, at North Milwaulvee ; was afterward foreman of the round-house at Davenport. Towa, on tlie ]M. & M. R. R. ; he ran an engine nine years between Jlil- wauliee and La Crosse ; and he lias been in continuous eharge of the round-house at Portage for the past ten years ; there maj- be several other railroads with whieh he was at some time connected, as he could at any time procure work on any railroad ; in various capacities lie has served the C, JI. & St. P. Co. twenty-five years. He was married in 1S(>:-! to Miss Mary McCauley, a native of Milwaukee ; they have had five children, four of whom died in childhood ; have one son — William Henry, born Nov. 21, 1870 ; his residence is on Emmet street ; is a member of A. 0. U. W.; he is President of the Wisconsin Milling and Mining Co.. of the Black Hills. D. T. ; they own four claims together with a water-right and a mill-site ; when the balance of their stock is sold, the company will enlarge their facilities for developing the mines. JOH^ A WITTER, photognxpher; was born in Manchester, Boone Co.. 111., April 20, 1857 ; resided there until 18 years of age, when he moved to Janesville. Wis., and to Portage Oct. 1, 1878. Mr. W. learned the photographic art at Janesville, and began liusiness Oct. 28, 1878. He is a Good Templar and a member of the Presbyterian Church. ADDIS L. WITTER was born in "the town of Manchester. Boone Co.. 111.. Sept. 19, 1859 ; removed thence to Clinton Junction, Wis., in 1876 ; removed to Janesville for a few months in 1878. and to Portage Oct. 1. 1878. where he has since resided ; and is associated with his brother, John A., in the photographing business. N. H. WOOD. The subject of this sketch was born in Ashfield, Mass., Feb. 21, 1820 ; his father. Nathan Wood, was born in Phillipston, Mass.; he was an orphan at 12 years of age, with only one bnither. William, who was afterward engaged in the South American trade, and died in London in 1820, with quite a fortune ; the father emigrated to Ashfield in 180O, and married Lucy Ranney, daughter of Francis Ranney, fifth descendant of Thomas Ranney, who settled in Middleton, Conn., in 1669. From 1838 to 1844, when he married Harriet J. Luke, of Hamilton, N. Y.. and opened a store in Little Falls, N. Y., Mr. Wood was a wholesale peddler, supplying the stores with small wares ; his route was from Troy, N. Y., via Syracuse, to Watertown, generally journeying through the Mohawk Valley westward, and returning through Cortland, Madison, and the counties along the Cherry Valley turnpike ; in 1848, Mr. Wood visited Wisconsin, and, with a bundle of land warrants, located lands about Portage City, then Ft. Winnebago ; in the spring of 1849, he shipped a considerable stock of goods to Chicago, as a venture; he arrived there about June 1, with the cholera raging and the population very quiet ; most of his merchandise arrived in a single vessel, a perfect avalanche of goods, which obstructed the sidewalk, resulting in a fine imposed by a petty magistrate, complaint having lieen made by a jealous competitor in trade ; the fine was placarded on the door, and brought him both sympathy and notoriety ; having only two younger brothers with him, and disliking to employ those who would offer their services most readily, he adopted, from necessity, the novel plan of handing out goods to the customer who would first reach up his monej' ; the plan took like wildfire, and in this manner he disposed of his whole stock of general dry goods, fancy goods, and many articles in the gi'ocery line, which included 100 chests of tea and 300 boxes of raisins ; the nest arrival brought an immense stock of Ijooks. stationery and engravings, bought at the New York trade sales, obliging him to close his store for three days to examine ; the opening hour of 10 o'clock, which had been placarded, lirought a throng of people which filled lioth sidewalk and street for a block ; the openings of the counters were barricaded and the merchandise placed beyond reach ; on opening the doors, the rush of the crgwd was like a stampede of Texan steers ; jumping upon the counters, they commenced handing books to the first man who got the money up ; lawyers and business men came in by scores ; book after book accumulated in their arms, until, loaded, they would journey home, to return again ; a clearance of the room for dinner was facili- tated by the sale of thirty medium-sized mirrors, which reflected the suggestion of the propriety of improving the appearance by journeying home for ablutions and dinner : the afternoon so far exceeded the morning, that we lost all knowledge of time, forgot our supper, sold thicker and faster, until we observed the room was thinning : they were easily dismissed — it was past 11 o'clock ; they had sold that day. stationery in small parcels and liooks in single volumes, mostly, $1,461, a feat which retailers of books and stationery — the slowest of all merchandise — will appreciate ; the stock was soon exhausted, and Mr. Wood must replenish at the seaboard ; no one could keep up the system he had introduced, nor did he ever attempt it himself again. He sent to Little Falls for 936 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: George S. and Chauiu-ey T. Bowen, aged 1(3 and 18 years : they suc-ceeded him in 1858. and. as the firm of Bowen Brothers, were for many years one of the learling wliolesale firms of Chicago, and known throughout the United States ; Chauneey T. Bowen was afterward one of the City Fathers of Chicago ; (ieorge S. Bowen is the cek'brated railroail President and dairyman of Klgin. 111., and is interested in its extensive watch manufai-tory ; their wisdom and ability liave increased with years, but they were • beautiful in tlieir youth :" so thought Mr. Wood when C. T. Bowen. at l*i. took his books in charge : in a week lie knew the cost and price of every article in the store ; in three weeks hi' knew the amount of credit each customer was entitled to. and in a month he was authority on the amount of credit every Jew in the clothing trade of Chicago might have, and the management of collections ; and so wisely and well did he do all these things, that he maintained his position ; Mr. Wood never had the least idea of failing in business ; his bark was always near shore ; he would never owe. or sutler others to owe him. more than he was worth ; with his caution, he woukl never enter the lists of a large and hazardous wholesale trade. The miasma of Chicago in those days was disagreeable to him. and he determined upon the economical life of a tax-payer upon unpmd active property in Wisconsin : perhaps thirty years of this experience has tried his ever-hopeful nature. i)ut the future of Portage City is assured, and his last (lays may Ijrighten. J. D. WOMKR was born in Philadelphia, Pen'n., .March 8, 1848; resided there until ll! years of age ; lived then in Pittsliurgh until enlisting in February, 18G3, in Co. B, lOdth Peun. V. I., in which he scr\'ed from the battle of the Wilderness to Jjee s surrender ; was mustered out at Har- risburg, Penn.. in August. 18(!5. On leaving the army, Mr. W. went to New York City, where he remained until 1872 ; moved from there to .Springfield, 111.; two years later, he went to (Irand Rapids. Wis., and in December, 187(!, removed to Portage, which has since been his home. Mr. W. was mar- ried at .Jamestown. N. Y.. March 1(!, 1869, to Sarah A. Wood, liorn near Westtield, Chautauqua Co.. N. Y. He is a mi'uiber of the Orand Army of the Republic, ami Captain of the Guppey Guards. E. 3. S. WRICJHT was born at No. 2 Phipnix Court. Newgate street. London, England. July 2t). 1848 ; came with his parents. Edward and Tamar (Kay) Wright, to Wisconsin in .Jan- uary, 1855, and located in the town of Moundville, Jlanjuette Co.; resided there one year: removed with his parents to Portage in 1850. Mr. Wright, Sr,, was engaged in the mercantile busi- ness in Portage for se\-eral years previous to his death. Sept. 2t), 1875, Mrs. W. died April 8. 1877. E. J. S. Wright has been engaged as clerk in the dry-goods business since ISlil ; was four years with A. D. torbes. and for the last fifteen years with the present firm of Parry & Muir, and its pre- decessors, Mr. W. was married at Portage, in St. John's Episcopal Church, liy Rev. Walter F. Lloyd. Dec. 17, 18(J8, to Jennie M. Tayl )r, a native of Tillicoultry, Clackminningshire, Scotland, born Sept. lit, 1847 ; they have two chihlren — Nellie JIargaret. born Dec. 5 1809, and CoUette. born July 13, 1879. Ixjth born on Cook street in city of Portage. .Mr. and Mrs. Wright are lioth members of the Episcopal Church, of which Mr. W. is 'S'estryman, and has been Treasurer for ten years (with an intermission of ten months). He has been Secretary of the Columliia County Bible Society for the last two }-ears ; he is a member of Ft. Winneliago Lodge, A., F. & A, M,, No, 33; Ft. Winnebago Chapter, No, 14 ; Ft, Winnebago Commandci-y of Knights Templar, No. 4. and is Seci'etary of Ft. WinneViago Lodge at the present time ; he has hejd the office of Senior Wanlen of the same lodge, and is one of the Stewards of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin. Mr. M'rigiit's fatlier was born in London, England. Aug. 4. 1814 ; his mother was liorn at St. Noets. Huutingtonshire, England. July 5, 1824 ; her father, Thomas Kay, was born at Barnard Castle, Durham, England ; her mother, Ann Shrives, was l)orn in St. Noets. England. FRAIWK YANKO, grocer ; was born in Bohemia .March 14. 1844 ; came to Chicago in 1854 ; one year later removed to Portage, where he resided until 18()5. when he removed to New Lisbon and engaged in clerking ; in Septemljcr. 1877. Mr. Y'anko returned to Portage, and engaged in the grocery and li(iuor business. He was married in Portage. May 10. 1870. to Amelia Hanule, born in Bohemia; they have four eiiildren living — Edith. Anna. Louis and Clara, and have lost two — Willie and Emma. Mr. Y. is a member of the German Catholic Church: was elected Alderman of the First Ward in April. 1880. His lather. Frank Yanko. died at Kilbourn June 27. 185S. ami his mother is now a resident of Portage. GEORIirE VULE was born in Northumli.n-land County. England.. .May 3. 1837 ; he came to .Vmerica in the spring of 1853, with his parents, (reorge an, farmer. Sec. 21 : P. 0. Cambria; born March 21, 1828, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales ; son of William and Margaret (Owens) Hughes; came to America in 1846. Married in New York City, by Rev. E. Roberts, Nov. 19, 1859, to Margaret Davis, daughter of Ellis and Mary (Roberts) Davis. Mrs. Hughes was born in Carnarvonshire ; had nine children — William, born Aug. 12, 1858, died when 12 hours old ; Mary E. and Maggie, twins, born Aug. 2, 1859, Maggie died at birth, Mary E. died Jan. 22, 1874; Ellis E., born Aug. 20, 1861, died at birth; Hugh W.,^b rn Dec. 17, 1862 ; Ellis E., born April 9, 1864; Jane L., born Oct. 5, 1865 ; Maggie Ann, born Dec. 18, 1868 ; Batchy, born Ojt. 6, 1871, died same day. Mr. Hughes was Town Treasurer one year, about 1875 ; his father died Dec. 14, 1873, aged 77 ; his mother died March 2, 1877, aged 69 years and 9 months. Owns 220 acres ; 150 acres cultivated. SIMEO]¥ HUNTLEY, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. Doylestown; born Dec. 9, 1828, in Franklin Co., N. Y.; came here in 1848. Married at Portage, by J. J. (jluppey (County Judge), Jan. 30, 1877, to Ellen Holverson, daughter of Holven Holver.-^on ; had two children — Ljttie Imogene, born Feb. 10, 1878 ; Henry Seyniore, born Oct. 10, 1879. Owns 160 acres of land; 115 acres cultivated. JOH^ O. JONES (deceased), born March 14, 1823; came to this country at 7 years of age from Angleseyshire, North Wales, with his parents, Owen ani Elizabeth (Morgan) Jones. Was married, ft42 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: April 28, 1856, to Judith Jones, daughter of Evan and Ella (Roberts") Jones. Had four children ; all at home and unmarried — John 0., born June 26, 1857; Masrgie Adelia, born Nov. 12, 1858; Evan N., born May :il, I860 ; Owen Franklin, born Nov. 24, 1862. Hon. John O. Jones died Nov. 10, 1871, after a long and painful illness (which he endured with remarkable fortitude), from the effect of a surgical operation, performed by Dr. Cody, of Watertown, rendered necessary by an enlargement of the cheek-bone. Mr. Jones was several years Chairman of Town Board, and represented his district in the Legislature in 1859 ; later in life, declined all official preferment, choosing a retired life and the comforts of his home (which was peculiarly adapted to the requirement of a nature such as he possessed) ; he was widely known and universally respected for his honesty of purpose, benevolence, and upright manly course through life ; his was a singularly spotless reputation, and his heart a heart that knew no guile ; no man in the county has been so generally and so deeply lamented by his maay friends ; and enemies he had none. His estate contained 480 acres; 280 aere.< cultivated, balance in timber; Cambria is the post-office address of family. REV. JOHN R. JONES, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Cambria; Pastor of Welsh Presbyterian Church of Jerusalem, on See. 15 ; born in Dolwyddelan Parish, in Wales, April 29, 1811 ; son of Owen G. Jones and Ann (Jones) Jones, she being a daughter of John Roberts ; came here in 1847. Married, Feb. 12, 1870, by Rev. Rees Evans, to Maggie Jones, daughter of John W. and Elizabeth (Jones) Jones, and who died July 29, 1870. Commenced preaching in 1875 to a congregation of forty-five; which now numbers fifty-five ; Side Supervisor two years ; Chairman two years ; charter member of Jerusalem Lodge of Good Templars (organized Jan. 26, 1875, with nineteen members, and now numbering thirty-five), and is also State Deputy. Owns 160 acres. JOH\ J. JOXES, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Cambria ; born in Anglesea, Wales, March 20, 1830; son of John and Catharine (Williams) Jones; came to this country in 1867. Married, by Rev. Mr. Edwards, Angle.sea, Feb. 13, 1852, to Elizabeth, daughter of William and Elizabeth Hughs, born May 6, 1826 ; had seven children — John, born May 1, 1853, died Sept. 8, 1864 ; William, born June 1, 1857, died Nov. 17, 1859; William J., born Oct. 9, 1859; Owen, born March 12, 1861, died April 11, 1861 ; Libbie E., born Aug. 9, 1865 ; Edward C, born April 18, 1867 ; John J., born April 12, 1871. Mr. Jones' father was killed in Anglesea, about fourteen years ago, by accidentally slipping against the cylinder of a thrashing-machine, mangling both legs in such a manner as to produce almost instant death. John Hughs (joiner), brother of Mrs. Jones, aged 31 years, was killed by the bursting of a boiler in a house which he bad built and was living in at the time (Dec. 25, 1871 ), at Fairfield, England. RICHARD JONES, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Cambria; born in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, in September, 1823; came to America in April, 1851 ; settled in Welshtown, Lehigh Co., Penn. (now called Slatington); in December following, moved to Lobarth, same county; after one year, went to town of Lynnport, same county ; then to town of Westford, Dodge Co., Wis., where he followed farming four- teen years ; then came to present location. Married in February, 1842, in Carnarvon, by Rev. William Williams, to Ann Husly, daughter of Hugh and Jane (Parry) Huxly. Parents of Mr. Jones were John and Laura ( Evans) Owens. Had nine children — Laura, born 1844, died 1847 in Wales; Jane, born 1847, married Daniel Morris; John, born 1849, married to Agnes Griffin, of Randolph ; Hugh H., born 1851, at home unmarried; Richard, born 1854, died in 1860 in Pennsylvania; William R., born 1857, is in Chicago; Samuel, born 1859, is in Chicago; Laura, born 1861, and Maggie, born 1864, both at home, unmarried. Owns 165 acres; 5 acres in Sec. 21 ; 140 acres cultivated; balance timber. JOHN LEATHER3IAN, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Rio; born Aug. 22, 1823, in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio; son of David L. and Sophia (Steveley) Leatherman ; settled here June 12, 1847. Married, Aug. 10, 1845, in Allen Co., Ohio, by Edward Hartshorn, Magistrate, to Mary A. Brown, daughter of .Absalom Brown (.see Brown) ; no children. Mr. Leatherman was Chairman of Town in 1863, and is now in same office ; was also Side Supervisor five years ; has been District Treasurer, School Director, Constable, and a Magistrate sis years; also now President of the "Anti-Secret Society" organization of southwest Springvale, with forty or fifty members. Owns 587 acres ; 300 acres cultivated. LEWIS LLOYD, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O.Cambria; born June 12, 1828, in Denbighshire, North Wales; son of Lewis and Jane Lloyd; came to Rock Co., Wis., at the age of 21 ; lived there six months, and removed to present location on Sec. 1, on northwest quarter of southeast quarter, which was the first 40 acres entered in the township. Married, Sept. 15, 1854, to Catharine Williams, by Rev. William J. Jones; had seven children, all living — William E., born Aug. 1, 1855; Jane, Aug. 15, 1857; Kate J., Dec. 2, 1859; Annie, June 18, 1863; LewLs, Feb. 24, 1866; John, Aug. 6, 1868; Baldwin, Jan. 21, 1871 ; wife was born in Carnarvonshire, North Wales. Mr. Lloyd attends Calvinistic Method- ist Church ; is Republican in politics ; has been Treasurer of town two years ; one year Supervisor ; also member of State Agricultural Society ; is a practical farmer, with extensive knowledge of agricultural . TOWN OF SPRING VALE. 943 chemistry ; a man of acknowledged ability, and widely known and respected for his good i|ualities, exem- plary life and scholarly attainments. Owns 190 acres; has 100 acres under cultivation. ERVIN McCAIiL, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Cambria ; was born Oct. 8, 1815, in Hebron, Washin- ton Co., N. Y. ; son of John and Nancy McCall ; his mother died in 1831, and in the fail of 1836, his father removed to Indiana with his family and settled in Li Porte Co., where he died two years after, aged 61, leaving a family of ten children. Ervin was married .May 18. 18HS, in Indiana, to Harriet Griffin, who was born April 14, 1817, in Schoharie Co., N. Y., town of Boone (now Conesville) ; daugh- ter of Seth Griffin. In the spring of 1845, Mr. McCall came to Wi-consin to look at the country, and located some land in Springvale, Columbia Co., where he now resides ; after securing his land, he returned to Indiana for his family, and came on the farm the next September. His brother John D. came to Wis- consin with him, bought land in company witli him, and lived with him till his death, Feb. Ii6, 1851, aged 40, and unmarried. Mr. McCall's 6rst wife died Aug. 11, 1854, aged l!7, leaving four children — Nancy A., now Mrs. Richard Mason, of Almon, Allegany Co., N Y.; Susan M., who married Henry Ellis, and died Jan. 1, 1873, leaving three children — George, Effie and Ida ; Mary E., now Mrs. Rich ard Gage, of Marinette, Wis., and Almina, now J\lrs. Samuel Wilcox, of Portage City ; had lost four — Orpha, Alice and Harriet, and one died in infancy, not named ; was married the second time April 2, 1855, to Louisa Ann Wells, who was born April 20, 1820, in Chenango Co., N. Y. ; daughter of Asi Wells, who came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1850, and died Nov. 2, 1869, aged 79; has four children by the second marriage — Asa Ervin, born Dec. 22, 1856; John S., Sept. 12, 1860; Sanford H., April 3. 1863, and Harriet V., Nov. 23, 1865 ; all now living at home with their parents. Has 201 acres of laud in Springvale and Scott. In June, 1865, his dwelling house (then standing on the north side of the t(]wn-line road in the town of Scott) was destroyed by fire, with about one-half of his furniture and wear- ing apparel ; immediately after, he rebuilt on the south side of the road, in Springvale, where he now resides. Mr. and Mrs. McCall are both members of the M. E. Church, in which he has held several official positions, and was Sabbath-school Superintendent for about three years ; Democrat. JOHN MEREDITH, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Cambria (or Rio) ; born May 27, 1817, in the parish of St. Harmon, county of Radnor, South Wales ; his parents' names were John Meredith and Anna (George) Jleredith, both born in the 2, aged 14 months. Mr. Allen came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1851, and came on his present farm on the 1st day of May, in a fearful snowstorm ; he learned the shoemaker's trade before he was 21, and followed that business till he came West; has worked at it some in Wisconsin; has held the office of Supervisor three years, and in politics is a Reformer. Mr. and Mrs. Allen, and his daughter, Prudy, are members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church ; they believe (as the name indicates) that the seventh day of the week should be kept ;i8 the Sabbath; also in the personal coming of Christ, and the total annihilation of the wicked. Has 140 acres of land. WILLIAM BARRY, carpenter and farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Portage City ; born May 15, 1821, in Paisley, Scotland ; son of John and Jane Barry; came to America in 1841, and lived in the city of New York fourteen years ; learned the carpenter's trade in New York, and followed it while living there. Was married in New York in the fall of 1846, to Isabella Smith, who was born July 9, 1830, in McDuff, Banffshire, Scotland ; daughter of William Smith, who came to America in 1839, and settled in New TOWN OF MARCELLOX. 947 York; came to Wisconsio when 60 years of age, and died Sept. 1, 1879, aged 87 years; her mother, whose maiden name was Margaret Mcintosh, died March 27, 186G, aged 73. Mr. Barry went to Wash- ington in the spring of 18i7,and worked on the Smithsonian Institution three years, then returned to New York, and in June, 1855, came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Buffalo, Marquette Co. ; lived there five years, then went to Portage City and worked at his trade there till the spring of 1864, then bought his present farm and has since resided on it; has three children — Angus (lives in Plattsmouth, Neb., married to Mary Heley, of Marcellon), John and Henry (both at home). Mr. Barry is Supervisor, now on his second term, and has been Clerk of the School District throe years, and is a Republican ; was in the Quartermaster's Department ten months, at Helena, Ark. ; in Gen. Buford's command during the last of the war. While in Portage he worked for Alexander Carnagie, and was employed on the court house and jail, high-school building and Fox House. Has 140 acres of land. Mrs. Barry is a member of the Baptist Church. ISAAC BEACH, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Marcellon ; bora April 9, 1835, in Saratoga Co., N. Y.; son of Nathan and Sarah Beach, who came to Wisconsin in 184(5; lived one year in Walworth Co.; then came to Columbia Co. in the spring of 1847 ; settled in Marcellon, and started the first black- smith-shop in the town. Mr. Beach >vas married Ma-ch 18, 1856, to Clarissa Lipe, who was born Feb. 22, 1835, in the Soate of xVew York ; daughter of Abram Lipe, a native of New York State ; her mother was a native of Vermont; maiden name, Clarissa Richmond; they came to Wisconsin in 1854, and settled in Marcellon ; he died July 20, 1871. aged 64 years, and Mrs. Lipe died Aug. 21, 1867, aged 53 ; in the fall of 1872, Mr. Beach went to California, and spent about six months visiting friends and looking over the country ; his fiither, three brothers and one sister, are living in that State, and one bror.her, Frank, is railroading in Oregon ; his brother, Cormi, lives in Oakland ; Tyler and his father at San Jose, and Geo. D., in San Francisco; Mr. and Mrs. Beach have had two children, and lost both of them — Maria was born April 22, 1859, ia Marcellon, and died in January, 1868; Roland was born Oct. 31, 18i;6, and died in January, 1872. Mr. Beach is a Republican, and has held the oSice of Supervisor one term; has 360 acres of land. JOHX CAMPBELL, firmer, Sec. 1 and 2; P. 0. Portage; born Jan. 29, 1848, in Dane Co., Wis.; .son of John Campbell, who died when John was only about 1 year old ; his mother afterward married John Bryan, of Portage City, and went to Iowa; lived there seven years; then came back to Cross Plains, Dan-i Co., Wis., and for the last eleven or twelve years has lived in Portage. John was married, Aug. 5, 1875, to Jane Smith, who was born March 16, 1850, in New York City; she was a daughter of Daniel Smith, who came to Wisconsin with his family in 1855, and was killed in January, 1864, in Chicago, by a boiler explosion ; her mother is still living in the town of ButTalo, Marquette Co. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell have two children — John, born Dec. 20, 1876, and Nina Belle, born Nov. 4, 1877. Has 80 acres of land ; is a Republican. LEWIS H. CASS, fiirmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; born April 2, 1836, in Belknap Co., N. H.; son of Moses F. Cass, who came to Wisconsin with his family in 1850, and lived one year in Walworth Co., and in the spring of 1851, cime to Columbia Co. and settled on the farm now owned by his jon ; he died Dec. 7, 1861, agad 57; Mrs. Cass, whose maiden name was Nancy A. Smith, died Sept. 1, 1879, lacking only 17 days of being 70 years old. Mr. Cass was married, Deo. 26, 1865, to Ellen Haynes, who was born Nov. 7, 1840, in Walworth Co., Wis., town of East Troy, daughter of William and Caroline B. Haynes, natives of New Hampshire, who came to Wisconsin in 1838, now living in Par- deeville, Wis.; Mr. and Mrs. Cass have only one child, Nancy Kvalene, born Aug. 22, 1870. He enlisted March 3, 1865, in the 52d W. V. I., and was discharged May 20, for disability. Is a Republican, and has held the office of Supervisor ; has 160 acres land. O. D. COLMAIV, M. !>., Sec. 13; P. 0. Pardeeville; was born Aug. 1, 1821, in Otsego Co., N. Y., town of Springfield ; son of Franklin Colman, who was a farmer ; spent his early life on his father's farm ; read medicine with Dr. Menzo White, of Cherry Valley, Otsego Co., N. Y.; his fiuher. Dr. Joseph White, w;is an eminent physician and surgeon, and had a reputation second to none in the State; he was the father of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Western New York, located in Herkimer Co., and had a more extensive personal acquaintance than any other medical man in the State. Dr. Col- man came West in 1848, and located in the village of Marcellon April 1, 1849; he received his diploma in 1850, at Rush Medical College of Chicago; he remained in Marcellon till 1857, then wont to Pardee- ville, whore he practiced about twenty years, then located on his farm in the town of Marcellon in 1877, where ho continues to practice his profession, his farm being carried on by his son. He was married, April 23, 1851, in Marcellon, to Miss Kate Sheffield, who was born Oct. 3, 1831, in Warren Co., N. Y., daughter of Simon Sheffield ; they lost their first child, Florence, who was born July 25, 1854, and died 948 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in October. 1856; have one sin living, Charles D., born July 13. lS5li, and married Aug. 12, 1877, to Miss Eva Cook, now livin2 on the homestead, which consists of 4:50 acres of land, with first-class farm buildings; the Doctor caui; into this ounty when there was plenty of hard work, long rides and poor pay, his nearest neighbors in the medical profession being at Portage City, Kingston and Fox Lake. He is a Democrat, and has held the office of Town Superintend int of Schools, and Chairmin of the town, and wasa member of Assembly in the Legislature of 1853. eUFUS COMSTOCK, farmer, See. 16; P. 0. Bellofountain ; born May 2, 1818, in Ontario Co., N. Y., town of Gorham; came to Wisconsin in September, 1845, and lived in Rock Co. till the next March, then went to Marquette Co. and from there to Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Appleton and Green Bay, then returned to New York, and was married, Feb. 10, 1848, to Irene Blodgett, who was born Feb. 27, 1823, in Gorham, N. Y., daughter of Benjamin Blodgett ; in the fall of 1848, again came to Wisconsin and lived in Brookfield, Waukesha Co., two years, then went to Gre^n Lake Co., and lived near Little Green Lake one year, then sold out and removed to his present location ; has six children — Charles, Edwin, Rosa, Adeiia, Mary and Alice ; Charles is at Warren's Mills, Wis., and Edwin in Miner Co., Dakota. Mr. Comstock is a Republican, and has been Town Clerk two years, and Assessor and Treasurer one year, and has 110; acres of land. Mr. and Mrs. Comstock and all the children are members of the Free- Will Baptist Church, except Charles, and he is a Methodist. WALTER W. COMSTOCK, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Bellefountain ; was born June 17. 1822, in Ontario Co., N. Y., town of Gorham; son of Jonathan Comstock; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1849, and stayed through the winter near Milwaukee, and in May, 1850, located land in the town of Marcellon, where he remained till the next September ; then returned to the State of New York, and stayed there till the spring of 1852; then came back to Wisconsin, and has resided on the same farm ever since. He was married, Sept. 28, 1858, in Marcellon, to Susan H. Dean, who was born Oct. 5, 1839, in Livingston Co., N. Y., daughter of Harvey Dean. (See his biography.) Mr. and Mrs. Comstock have seven children — Truman 0., Clara E., Ettie L., Wallie, Phebe S., Frank C. and Edith May. Mr. Comstock is a Republican, and has held the office of Supervisor several years. Mr. and Mrs. Comstock and the three , oldest chilnren belong to the Free-Will Baptist Church. He enlisted in February, 1865, in the 49th W.V. I., Co. I, and was discharged on account of sickness, the 1st of the next August; was stationed at Rolla, Mo., all the time he was in the army. He has 200 acres of land in his farm. 9IAKTIN A.COOK, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. O. Pardeeville ; was born in Rodman, Jefferson Co., N. Y., July 14, 1822 ; spent his time on a farm till he was 21 years old, then followed a sailor's life on the lakes about ten years. He was married, March 19, 1848, in Jefferson Co., N. Y., to Emeline C. Griffin, who was born Oct. 12, 1828, in Columbus, Chenango Co., N. Y., daughter of Dr. John W. Griffin. After marriage, Mr. Cook concluded to settle down to a more quiet life, and in November, 1848, came to Wisconsin and settled in Burnett, Dodge Co. ; lived there three years, then returned to New York, and lived six years in Rushford, Allegany Co. In the spring of 1858, he again came to Wiscon- sin, lived one year in Metomen, Fond du Lac Co., and one year in Buffalo, Marquette Co. He then came to Columbia (lo.; lived twii years in the town of Seott, then came to Marcellon, where he has since resided ; bought his present farm in 1802. He enlisted in September, 1804, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, .Co. F, and was discharged at the close of the war. Have had five children, three of whom are still living — Ada, is now the wife of (jeorge Clark, of Rockford, Floyd Co., Iowa; Anson Wirt and DcForrest Grant, are living at home. Georgiana Gertrude died in Burnett, Dodge Co., Sept. 29, 1851, aged 2 years 5 months and 14 days; Adelbert Eugene died in Marcellon, Aug. 25, 1859, aged 7 years 3 months and 2 days. Mr. Cook is a Republican, and owns 80 acres of land. JOHBi DAILV, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 0. Pardeeville; is a native of County We.-tmeath, Ireland, and came to America in 1847, when about 17 or 18 years old. He settled in Chenango Co., N. Y., where he was married in Auirust, 1855, to Ann Fagan. The next fall, he came to Wisconsin; lived in Wau- kesha Co. till spring, then went to Illinois and stayed till fall, then his wife returned to New Y'^ork, and he went to New Orleans, where he stayed through the winter, and went back to New York the next July. In the spring of 18G4, he enlisted in the 5th N. Y. Heavy Artillery, and was mustered out at the close of the war. He was in Virginia most of the time, and participated in six or seven battles. After the war closed, he returned to New York, and in October, 18G5, again came to Wisconsin, this time to stay, and the same winter bought his present location, where he has since resided. Mrs. Daily died Oct. 10, 1876, aged about 45, after an illness of a year and a half, leaving four children — Thomas, Mary Ann, Jane (now Mrs. William Robert Shaw, of Scott), and Julia. Mr. Daily is a Democrat and a member of the Catholic Church. He has 200 acres of land. TOWN or MAT^f'ELLON. 949 HARVEY DEAN (decoased ), was born in the State of New York, May 21, 1814; son of Samuel Dean; was married, Sept. 23, 1836. to Eliza A. Wilkins, who was born Feb. 27, 1819, in the town of Sussex, England, daughter of Charles and Susan (Hobden) Wilkins, who came to America in the fall of 182!4 and settled in Monroe Co., N. Y.; lived there three or four years, then sold out and went to Victor (same county), and lived there till May, 1862, then came to Wisconsin. Mrs. Wilkins died in New York State Feb. 9, 1862, in her 73d year, and Mr. Wilkins died April 3, 1878, in Wisconsin, in hi.s 82d year. Mr. Dean came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1850, lived in Racine till the next fall, then came to (Columbia Co. and located on See. 14, and afterward bought more land on See. 15 and resided on the same farm till his death, Jan. 14, 1865, of pneumonia, after an illness of nine divs, leaving five chil- dren — Susan H. (now Mrs. W. Comstock), of Marcellon ; Clarissa L. (now Mrs. William Albee), of the same town; Caroline S, born Dec. 3, 1843, in Monroe Co.. N. Y. (now Mrs. Nelson Thwing, of Wa seca Co., Minn. ) ; Charles, born Sept. 25, 1847, in Greece, Monroe Co., N. Y., lives in Barron Co., Wis., and Martin H., born March 20, 1863, in Marcellon, Wis., now living on the homestead with his mother ; P. 0. Bellefountain. Have 140 acres of land. Mr. Dean worked at the carpenter and joiner's trade in New York, and most of the time after coming to Wisconsin. The sons are all farmers. Mrs. Dean and youngest son are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church. JOHX M. FRENCH, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. O. Portage City; was born May 4, 1791, in Essex Co., Vt.; son of Hains French, who was a Revolutionary soldier, and was in the battle of Quebec, when Gen. Montgomery was killed; was the first Clerk of the Court in Essex Co., Vt.; he was a member of the first Council, and remained in both offices till 1S13; the county was organized in 180(1 ; in 1812, he helped raise a volunteer regiment in Vermont; took a major's commission, and died in November, 1813, at Chau- tauqua Corners, State of New York. John M. enlisted in July, 1812, in a New Hamp.shire volunteer regi- ment and served one year; then enlisted in the 4th Regulars and served till the close of the war ; Was in seven or eight engasiements ; once got shot throusrh the \es below the knee and had two ribs broken ; his oldest brother. Homer, enlisted in a Maine volunteer regiment, served one year and then re-enlisted in the 4th Rifle Regiment, in the regular army, and was killed Nov. 17, in the battle of Fort Erie; his youngest brother enlisted in. a Vermont volunteer regiment, served one year, then re-enlisted and served through the war. He is now living in Canada East, aged 85 years. After the war, Mr. French returned to his native place and was married, Dec. 25, 1815, to Tirzah Day; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1844 : lived in Dodge Co. two and a half years, and, in the fall of 1846, built the first saw-mill in the county, on French's Creek, in the town of Fort Winnebago. He removed to his present location in 1868 ; his first wife died April 1, 1863, in the 67th year of her age; she was the mother of eighteen children, only six of whom were living at her death ; had lost nine before coming to Wiseon.sin, and three died in Wisconsin before her death and one since ; those who are still living and those who died in Wisconsin are as follows : Ovid, born Nov. 3, 1816 ; John M., Jan. 3, 1818, and died Jan. 16. 1868; Tirzah, born Feb. 19, 1820, died Sept. 27, 1856 ; Haines, born April 21, 1822, died April 21, 1842; Olive, born June 9, 1824, died Nov. 3, 1854; Ann, born Sept. 21, 1827; Homer, born June 9, 1829 ; Volney V., Aug. 22, 1832, and William W., Jan. 8, 1824. Homer was in the Mexican war, through the whole of it, and also served in the 32d W. V. I., through the war of the rebellion ; William W. was in the 2d W. V. C., and served three years during the rebellion ; a grandson, William, son of John French, also served during the war, in the 2d W. V. C. Mr. French was married the second time, Sept. 13, 1863, to Malvina Barrows, who was born Oct. 25, 1824, in Oneida Co., N. Y. ; was edu- cated at the Wesleyan Female College, of Cincinnati, and graduated June 29, 1849 ; has one daughter by the second marriage — Lillie, born Sept. 9, 1867. Mr. French has had nineteen children; now has forty grandchildren and fifty great-grandchildren living. Although nearly 89 years old, he retains all his mental faculties, and gives names and dates readily from memory ; he still plays the violin and seems to enjoy it as well as ever, and can dance as well as most of the boys. He was an old-time Jeflferson Democrat and still acts with the Democratic party. Has 52 acres of land, which he rents, as his failing eyesight prevents active labor. FRANK FULiLER, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; was born Nov. 26, 1827, in Erie Co., N. Y. Was married in Allegany Co., Dec. 31, 1850, to Esther Ann Aldrich ; came West in 1852 and settled on the farm he now owns, and has resided on it ever since ; has eight children living — Albert, William, Homer, Andrew, Edwin, Arthur, Millie and Mina Ann; Albert and Homer live in Lake Co., Dakota ; William in the town of Marcellon. and all the rest at home ; have lost three — Ernest, died May 29, 1877, aged 16 ; Theodore, died in August, 1861, aged l-l years, and one, an infant, died in 1862. Mr. and Mrs. Fuller are members of the Free- Will Baptist Church. He is a Republican in politics, and has 200 acres of land. 950 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WIIililAlfl GOODMASr, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 0. Portage City; born Sept. 17, 1819, in Somersetshire, England, son of William Goodman. Was married, March 24, 1840, in Ware, England, to Eliza Carter, who was born in 1816, in Ware, England, daughter of Thomas Carter; Mr. Goodwin was a farmer in England ; came to America in 1849, and located in the town of Marcellon in July of that year. Has four children living — Jane(lives in Portage), William (lives in Mower Co., Minn.), Henry and Mary, at home ; has lost two — Robert enlisted in 1864 in the 3d W. V. C., Co. K, and died about two months after his enlistment from an accidental discharge of his own carbine, while passing through some timber in charge of a lot of horses ; the hammer of the gun was caught by some bushes and the gun discharged ; he died two weeks after the accident, aged 24 ; Ellen died, aged 28, Nov. 25. The family attended the M. E. Church, but are not members; he is a Democrat. Has 370 acres of land, and at the present writing there is a P.)rtage company minins; for silver on his farm on Sec. 7. DEXTBR S. HEATH, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Marcellon; born Sept. 30, 1831, in Cale- donia Co., Vt., son of John Heath, who came to Wisconsin in 1851, and settled in Marcellon on the farm now owned by his son, and died there Dec. 31 1876, aged 85 ; Mr. Heath has lived on the same farm ever since he was 20 years old. He was married, Sept. 18, 1864, to Mrs. Mariette, widow of Asa Langdon, and daughter of Hugh Barker; she was born June 29, 1837, in Genesee Co., N. Y.; her father came to Wis- consin when she was 7 years old, and died in Packwaukee, Marquette Co., in October, 1857, aged 64; Mr. and Mrs. Heath have three children— Allen, born Sept. 10, 1866 ; Julius, Jan. 29, 1869, and George, born July 17, 1873. Mr. Heath has 255 acres of land, and a first-class farm building. H. T. HE»rTO\, farmer. Sec. 9 and 10 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; was born Feb. 24, 1823, in Ripley, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. His parents removed to Erie Co., Penn., when he was 11 years old, and came to Wisconsin in 1850; his father, Thomas Henton, died in I860, and his mother died in 1832. He sailed on the lakes from 1838 to 1850; commenced, at the age of 15, on the old steamer Thomas Jeft'er.son, running between BufFaio and Chicago. Sept. 14, 1846, he was married, near Cresco, Fond du Lac Co., Wis., to Evaline, daughter of Capt. Fiancis Dorchester, a native of Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and one of the first settlers in Fond du Lac Co., having located there in 1844. After his marriage, Mr. Henton returned to Erie, Penn., and lived there one year; then came to Milwaukee, where he resided five years. In October, 1852, he removed to Fall River, Columbia Co., Wis , and was engaged in the mercantile busine.ss three years; then he went to Ripon, Wis., and July 13, 1855, bought an interest in the Ripon and Gothic Mills, and removed his family to that place in October of the same year; was in the milling and produce business in Ripon until April 1, 1873 ; then went to Winneconne and bought the •' Lake View House," and an interest in the Winneconne flouring-mills ; remained there till March, 1878 ; then removed to his present location. Mrs. Henton died, Oct. 19, 1879, of hemorrhage of the brain, with- out a moment's warning, leaving one son — Henry Prcemont, born Feb. 8, 1850; had lost three sons — Francis D., died Aug. 19, 1869, aged 16 years; Harvey Howard, died in September, 1869, aged 13 motilhs, and one died in infancy unnamed. Mr. Henton is a Republican, and was one of the delegates to the convention that organized the Republican party in the summer of 1854, and was one of the committee to appoint permanent officers for the organization; has been a stanch Republican ever since, and is "de- termined to fight it out on that line;" was nominated and elected Mayor of the city of Ripon in the spring of 1865, while away from home, and, on returning, his first official act was issuing a proclamation calling a meeting of the citizens of Ripon to take action on the death of Abraham Lincoln. He held the offices of Chairman, Supervisor, Superintendent of the Poor, and several other offices in Ripon, and repre- sented the village of Winneconne in the County Board. He has 240 acres of land in his home f\irm, and a farm of 146 acres in Clark Co., Wis. I> WIGHT B. HEKKE9IA1V, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 0. Bellefountain; was born Aug. 12, 1835, in Euclid, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio ; son of William Herreman, who came to Wisconsin in May, 1849, and settled in the town of Farmington, Jefferson Co., and lived there two years ; then came to Columbia Co., and settled in the town of Marcellon, where he has since resided ; was Postmaster in Marcellon eighteen years, and resigned in October, 1879. Dwight B. lived at home until he was 20 years old ; then went to Rice Co., Minn., and lived there one summer, returning to Marcellon in the fall. He was married, Nov. 11, 1857, to Polly Aldrich, who was born June 29, 1839, in Allegany Co., N. Y., daughter of Gideon P. Aldrich, who came to Wisconsin in 184!, and now lives in Wyocena, Columbia Co. Mr. and Mrs. Herreman have four children — Warren, Cara, Prudy and Wallace, all at home. He has held the offices of Justice of the Peace and Supervisor ; he learned the blacksmith's trade of his father, when a boy, and now has a shop on his farm and carries on that business in addition to his farming. He enlisted March 13. 1865, in the 49th W. V. I., Co. L, and was discharged at the close of the war; spent most of his time in Missouri hunting "bushwhackers." He has lost two children — Esther Ann, born March TOWN OF MARCELLON. 951 29, 1863, and died Dec. 16, 1863; Alvin Eugene, born Feb. 11, 1872, and died April 1, 1874. He has 120 acres of land, and is a Republican. WILLIAM HERREMAN, merchant, Marcellon ; he was born March 21, 1803, in Liv- ingston Co., N. Y.; his parents removed to Meadville, Pcnn., when he was 16 years old, and he started out at that age to do battle with the world on his own account ; spent about five years on the St. Lawrence River and in Canada ; then went to Meadville and stayed three years ; then went to Ohio and lived in Gi'auga Co. till 1849, and in May of that year, came to Wisconsin ; lived two years in Jeflferson Co., and in the spring of 1851, came to Columbia Co. and settled in the village of Marcellon, where he has since resided ; learned the blacksmith's trade in Ohio when 27 years old, and worked at that business till 1870, since which time he has been engaged in farming and selling goods ; had the post office in Marcellon from 1864 to 1879, and then resigned the office. Was married, June 12, 1828, in Geauga Co., Ohio, to Caro- line Parsons, who was born June 27, 1811, in Hartford, Conn., daughter of Warhem Parsons; have nine children living — "William L., O.scar H., Celia M., Dwight B , Orlando A., Cassius M., Irvin T., James F. and Alice L.; have lost three — t hloe M., Mvron S. and Alonzo A.; had five sons in the army during the rebellion. Alonzo A. was in the 2d W. V. C. about two years, and died July 25, 1865, from the effects of a wound received at Vicksburg, while in a scouting party; Dwight B. and Oscar H. were in the 49th W. V. C, Co. I.; the last nine months of the war, Myron S. was in a New York regiment; Orlando A., in Gov- ernment service in Nashville, Tenn., and Cassius in the permanent corps, in Madison ; also had a son-in- law, T. M. Lockwood, in same corps as Cassius; Alonzo was a prisoner about two mouths, being taken April 21, 1S64. Mr. Herreman is a Republican and held the office of Town Treasurer five years; reads without glasses at the age of 77.; has a farm of 120 acres adjoining the village. JAMES HODtJMAX, fiirmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Bellefountain ; born iu Rutland Co., Vt., Oct. 5, 1825; son of Latt 0. and Mary Hodgman ; he came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1850 and settled in Lowville, Columbia Co.; remained there till the spring of 1866; then sold out and purchased the farm he now owns, and where he has since resided. Was married, March 16, 1856, to Sarah Jane Evarts, who died May 16, 1857, leaving one child — Frederick Lorenzo, now living in Lowville, Wis. Was married the second time, July 4, 1864, to Fanny Lucina Jerome, who was born in the State of New York, Feb. 7, 1852, daughter of Daniel Jerome; has three children by the second marriage — James W., born Jan. 1, 1867 ; Emma Viola, born Nov. 15, 1872, and Charles Nelson, born Aug. 26, 1875 ; has 160 acres of land. Republican. W. H. HORTOBf, farmer. Sees. 5 and 6 ; P. 0. Portage City; was born May 17, 1835, in Ashtabula Co., Ohio ; son of Loren Horton, who came to Wisconsin in 1847, and lived in the town of Herman, Dodge Co., till his death, in April, 1839; was killed by a falling limb from a tree he was chop- ping. Mr. Horton was married, Oct. 8, 1857, to Sarah Whittaker, who was born Oct. 7, 1837, in Wor- cester Co., Mass., daughter of Robert Whittaker, a native of England; have two children— William, born Oct. 2, 1858, and Mamie, born Aug. 9, 1866; the maiden name of Mrs. Horton's mother was Mary H. Cheney, and she was a native of Massachusetts. Mr. Horion's parents were both natives of Washington Co., N. Y.; his mother's maiden name was Lucy M. Kingsley. Mr. Horton is a Republican and has 153 acres of land. DANIEL JEROME, Jr., farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; born Aug. 23, 1844, in Livingston Co., N. Y. ; son of Daniel Jerome, who came to Wisconsin in 1847, and came into the town of Marcellon in the fall of that year, and is still living in the town, aged 80 ; Mrs. Jerome is also living, at the age of 71. Mr. Jerome was married, Feb. 22, 1866, to Katie Ann Cobb, who was born Feb. 10, 1847, in Canada ; daughter of Leonard Cobb, who settled in Wisconsin when she was a child ; have two children — Nellie, born June 29, 1869, and Wallace S., born Feb. 6, 1877 ; he is Republican, and has held the office of Constable ; has 160 acres in his home farm, and 160 acres in Waushara Co. He enlisted Aug. 15, 1862, in the 23d W. V. C. Co. C; was with his regiment one year, participating in four battles during the time; was then transferred to the 5th V. R. C, stationed at Indianapolis, Ind., and was discharged July 5, 1865. E. B. LAKGrDON, or " Uncle Frank," as he is called, was the first permanent settler in the town of Marcellon ; ho came here from Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, in the fall of 1845, arriving with his family on the 3d day of November, having selected his land about ten days before ; he took oflF his wagon-cover and used it for a tent, living in it till he got his house built ; his nearest neighbors at that time were Samuel and John McConochie, of the town of Scott ; has lived on the same farm ever since ; helped to organize the town of Marcellon, and was a member of the first Town Board ; he was born Jan. 27, 1810, in the town of Wilbraham, Hampden Co., Mass.; son of Christopher Langdon, who removed to Geauga Co., Ohio, in 1814, and died there in 1822. Mr. Langdon was married in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, on Sept. 1. 952 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1833, to Lydia Hamblin, who was born Nov. !l, 1812, in Grand Isle Co.. Vt.; daughter of Asa Hamblin, who removed to Ohio when she was 7 years old. Mr. and Mrs. Lanirdon have had four children, but the only one living is Rosellia, who was born June 11, 1834, and married to John Braden, who died in the army from a gun-shot wound, received in battle in Missouri ; he belonged to the 14th Iowa V. I., and his deatii occurred Oct. 31, 1864; he left five children — Alma, Julia, Erwin, Datus and Herbert; she is now the wife of S. R. Peck, and has one child by the second marriage — a daughter, named Mandania. Mr. and Mrs. Langdon have lost three children — Christopher, enlisted in the 32d W. V. I., was under Sherman, and died in North Carolina in the 27th year of his age; Asa, died Jan. 10, 1862, in his 24th year, and Marinett, died Dec. 21), 1841, aged 1 year. Mr. Langdon has 191 acres of land on Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Marcellon ; is a Republican. BARKEY I^OVELL, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; born Dec. 2, 1820, in Cayuga Co., N. V. Was married Sept. 11, i842, in Livingston Co., N. Y., town of Sparta, to Elizabeth Spicer, who was born May 3, 1826, in Sparta, daughter of Asa Spicer; Mr. Lovell came from New York to Michigan in 1851, and lived in Cass Co. till Augu-it, 1865, then sold out, came to Wisconsin and bought the farm he now owns and occupies; have four children living — Nathan V., lives in Berrien Co., Mich., Henry C. and John T. are living on Sec. 11, in ^larcellon, and Mary Elizabeth is now Mrs. Alman Inglehart, of Cambria, Wis.; have lost one. Prances Adel, died March 6, 1875, aged 16. Nathan V. spent four years in the army; belonged to the 7th Mich. V. I., Co. B, almost a year; was taken prisoner at Murfre.sboro and taken to McMinnville, Tenn., where he escaped, and reported at Camp Chase, Ohi); his regiment being badly cut up, what there was left of it was disbanded, and he re-enlisted in the 7th .Mich. V. C, Co. B; spent three years with Sheridan and Custer; was with Grant when he took Rich- mond, and was discharged at the close of the war; had nine horses shot under him, and was once shot through the heel, but never left his regiment, and never spent a day in the hospital. Mr. and Mrs. Lovell were both members of the Christian Church, in New York, but are not members of any church at present ; he is Republican, and has 80 acres of land. PELEG L. PEt'KHAM, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Bellefountain; born May 24, 1819, in Madison Co , N. Y. ; his parents removed to Monroe Co. when he was in his 16th year; he remained at home till he was 21 years old ; came to Columbia Co., Wis., in August, 1844 ; lived near Columbus till January, 1846, then came up and located the land he now owns in the town of Marcellon, and has lived on it ever since. Was married, April 19, 1846, to Minerva Austin, who was born Oct. 4, 1825, in Mexico, N. Y. ; daughter of Lyman Austin, who came to Wisconsin in 1845, and settled near Lake Maria, then in Marquette Co. Mr. and Mrs. Peckham have five children — John lives in Harrison Co., Dakota ; Lucretia is now Mrs. Thomas Vining, of Faribault Co., Minn., and Elizabeth, Charles and William are still living with their parents; lost one child, which died in infancy; has 280 acres of land. E. R. PERRY, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Pardeeville; born Dec. 28, 1830, in Riga, Monroe Co., N. Y.; son of W. L. Perry, who came to Wisconsin in 1845, and lived in Dodge Co., town of Clyman two years, then came to Columbia, and lived in Randolph ten or twelve years, and died in Marcellon May 30, 1874, aged 73 years; Mrs. Perry died in June, 1835, in Riga, N. Y., aged 34. E. R. Perry was married, Sept. 17, 1856, in Monroe Co., N. Y., to Mary Richmond, daughter of Joshua Richmond (see biography of H. J. Richmond) ; she was born in Ogden, Monroe Co., N. Y., and died March 26, 1876, aged 43 years, leaving two children — Charles E. and Ella D. Was married the second time, Nov. 27, 1878, to Mrs. Maria Brown, daughter of Killian Hepler, of Pardeeville; she was born in Medina Co., Ohio, April 28, 1845 ; had one daughter by her first husband, Addie E. Brown. Mr. Perry is a Demo- crat, and held the office of Constable in Randolph, and Justice of the Peace in Marcellon ; hiis 160 acres of land. A. W. RESHEGUIE, farmer. Sees. 1 and 12; P.O. Bellefountain: born Oct. 30, 1848, in Susquehanna Co., Penn.; son of Lewis Resseguie, who came to Wisconsin, and settled in Berlin in the spring of 1850; he died Jan. 15, 1879, aged 69; Mrs. Ressequie died in 1151. A. W. Resseguie was married, Oct. 29, 1872, in Berlin, to Miss Lutie Leonard, of that place, and followed farming three and one-half miles southeast of Berlin till March, 1877, then sold out and removed to his present location ; has 216 acres in his farm, with gnod brick residence. In politics. Republican. H. S. RICHJIOND, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Marcellon; born Aug. 20, 1838, in Monroe Co., N. Y.; son of Joshua Richmond, a native of Vermont, who raised a family of fifteen children, three boys and twelve girls; all grew up to maturity and all married and raised families except one girl ; his first wife was a Miss Sprague, the second, Nancy Creasey, and the third, Nancy True, all of Monroe Co., N. Y.; he died Dec. 13, 1868. H. S. Richmond was married in Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1858, to Mary Rob- bins, who died Aug. 16, 1870, aged 35, leaving three children — Harriet, Nona and Riley. Was married TOVVX OF MARCELLON. 953 the second time, March 19, 1872, to Mrs. Maria Gibbs, widow of Almoti Gibbs, and daughter of R. P. McGlashan, a native of Scotland ; Mrs. McGlashan, whose maiden name was Sarah Holmes, was a native of Connecticut; they came to Wisconsin in 1845, and settled in Trenton, Dodge Co.; he died in 1848, and Mrs. McGlashan died May 12, 1877 ; they left seven children— James, living in Beaver Dam; Mary Ann, now Mrs. John Brown, of Beaver Dam ; Sarah, now Mrs. Ezra Parker, of Dartfurd ; Edwin, living in Beaver Dam ; Catharine, now Mrs. Hiram Hubbard, Dakota ; Maria, now Mrs. H. S. Richmond, and Frances, who married Mortimer Clark, and died April 16, 1878; Mrs. Richmond was born Aug. 3, 1839, in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. Mr. Richmond is a Democrat ; has 160 acres of land. MERRIliL H. SMITH, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Portage City ; was born in Danbury, Grafton Co., N. H., May 5, 1823; son of James and Rachel (Hoyt) Smith; in 1852, went to California, and was gone between two and three years; then returned to New Hampshire. Feb. 24, 1854, was married to Rosanna Sanburn, who was born Aug. 25, 1824; daughter of Jonathan and Mary C. Sanburn ; in the fall of 1855, he came to Wisconsin with his family, and settled on his present farm in Marcellon, and has since resided there ; was a locomotive engineer and followed railroading while in New Hampshire ; went South during the rebellion and ran an engine in the Government service during the last year of the war ; altogether followed that business about fourteen years. Has five children — Leonora (now Mrs. Daniel Damuth, of Fort Atkinson, Wis.) ; Viola, Winfield S., Ulysess Grant and Minnie Eva ; all at home except Leonora. He is a Republican, and has held the office of Assessor and Justice of the Peace. Has 615 acres of land in Sees. 20, 21, 28 and 16. ABEL STRONG, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bellefountaln ; was born Dec. 17, 1822, in Nova Scotia; son of Stephen Strong; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1845, and worked out in Walworth Co. four years ; came to Columbia Co., in November, 1847, and bought 160 acres of land in what is now Mar- cellon ; then returned to Walworth Co.; and in the fall of 1848, came up and commenced fencing his land ; returned to Walworth Co. again in the spring ; in the fall of 1849, located on his land, and has resided on the same farm ever since. Was married in Portage City, Aug. 31, 1862, to Julia Dee, who was born May 1, 1844, in County Tipperary, Ireland; daughter of Lawrence Dee, who came to America in 1847, and settled in Milwaukee; lived there one year; then Portage City one year ; then five years in Marcellon ; then removed to Fort Winnebago, where he died Aug. 18, 1865, aged 73. Mrs. Dee is still living at the age of 68. Mr. and Mrs. Strong have three children — John Gaylord, born Aug. 14, 1863 ; Stephen Eaton, born April 3, 1865, and Sarah Jane, born March 11, 1867 ; all at home. Mr. Strong enlisted March 8, 1865, in the 194th N. Y. V. L, Co. B, and was discharged about the middle of May. Is a Republican. Has 320 acres of laud. Mrs. Strong is a member of the Catholic Church. HIRAHl J. STRONG, carpenter. Sec. 7; P. 0. Portage City; born March 9, 1827, in Livingston Co., N. Y.; son of Amos Strong, who came to Michigan in 1831. Hiram Strong was married in Michigan, Aug. 28, 1851, to Mary Morgan, who was born July 10, 1830, in Miami Co., Ohio. Mr. Strong worked at carpenter work in Michigan ; was on the Michigan Central R. R., three years, and was division foreman on the N., I. & S. M. R. R., two years ; in August, 1855, he came to Wisconsin and located in the town of Buifalo, Marquette Co.; lived there seven years working at carpenter and joiner and millwright work ; in March, 1862, removed to his present location, where he has since resided, except one year in Sparta, Monroe Co., Wis., in 1863; still works at his trade. Has only one child — Carlton Delos, born April 13, 1859; now living at home ; one daughter, Emma Amelia, was born Feb. 19, 1855, and died Sept. 2, 1863. Mr. Strong is a Republican, and has held the office of Justice of the Peace two terms, and some school district offices. Has 17 acres of land. CASPER TURK, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. Portage City; born June 6, 1837, in Nassau. Germany, son of Joseph Turk, who came to America in 1845, or thereabouts, and settled in Utica, N Y. He died Sept. 10, 1854, aged 54; was run over by a train on the New York Central Railroad, and died a few hours after the accident. Mr. Turk learned the machinist trade in Utica, of " Hart & Munson," and worked at the business twelve years ; before that, had worked for the same company about eight years, running a stationary engine six years of that time. He was married Feb. 3, IStil, to Mary Harny, who was born Jan. 8, 1835, in France, daughter of Sabastian Harny, who came to America in 1836, and now lives in Utica, N. Y. Mr. Turk came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1869, and settled in the town of Marcellon, where he still resides; has ten children — Mary, Frank, Samuel, George, John, Louisa, Clara and Clarissa (twins), Joseph and William, all at home. Members of the Catholic Church, and in politics , Republican. He has 160 acres of land. ANDREW WAITE, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bellefountaln ; was born June 25, 1831, in the town of West Hawksbury, Canada; son of William Waite, a native of Boston, Mass. Mr. Waite came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1857, and lived in the town of Buffalo, Marquette Co., about three years, 954 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ; then came to his present location in the town of Marcellon. He was married in September, 1862, in Port- age, to Mary Jane Smith, daughter of Harrj' Smith ; she died Nov. 27, 1866, aged 24, leaving three children — Rachel, born Aug. 7, 18()3 ; Abigail, born Dec. 21, 1864; and Mary Jane, born Nov. 27, 1866. He has 160 acres of land. Republican. SYLVESTER WALKER, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; waa born in the town of Truxton, Cortland Co., N. Y., June 20, 1821 ; son of Phineas Walker ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and lived in Kenosha Co. till the fall of 1850, then came to Columbia Co., and has lived in Marcellon ever since He was married Dec. 31, 1848, in Racine Co.,Wis., to Magdelan A. Vandy. Mr. Walker was in the 22d Wis V. I., Co. C, about four mouths, in 1865. Have two children — Clarence D., born April 18, 1861, and Minnie, born Fib. 18, 1864, both at home. He has 120 acres of land and is a Republican. ZADOCK WAITE, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. Portage City; born Aug. 1, 1825, in Canada West; son of William Waite, a native of the State of New York. Mr. Waite left home when lit years of age, came to Wisconsin and lived five years in Walworth Co. ; then went to Marquette Co. and bought land in the town of Buffalo ; lived there till the fall of 1874, then sold out and removed to his present location ; was married in Walworth Co., in 1858, to Emily Jane Carpenter, who was born July 8, 1831, in Chautauijua Co., N. Y.; daughter of William Carpenter. Have only one child — Sarah Jane, born Jan. 1, 1850, married to John Cuff, and living in Butler Co., Iowa. She has six children — Justin, Ernest, Oscar, Lillie, Mertie and Elsie Jane. Mr. Waite is a Republican ; was Supervisor of Marcellon two years, and has been District Clerk and Postmaster several years. He has 200-acre farm in Marcellon, and a 120-acre farm in Butler Co., Iowa. DANIEL S. WOODWORTH, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Portage City; born July 9, 1827, in the town of Essex, Chittenden Co., Vt.; son of Jabez and Mehitable Woodworth, who removed to Niagara Co.,N. Y., in 1849 ; lived there two years, then came to Wisconsin and lived nine years in Racine Co. (now Kenosha), then in July, 1854, came to Columbia Co., where they both died — Mr. Woodworth, May 3, 1867, aged 83 ; Mrs. Woodworth, May 15, 1868, aged 79. Mr. Woodworth has lived on his present farm ever since he came to the county in July, 1854. He married in Marcellon, Feb. 18, 1859, to Melissa Hart, who was born Jan. 6, 1841, in the town of Forestville, county of Norfolk, Canada West, daughter of George and Eliza Ann Hart, who came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1856. Mrs. Hart died July 18, 1864, aged 15 ; Jlr. Hartis still living in Lincoln Co., Dakota, aged 64. Mr. and Mrs. Woodworth have five children — Emma, Albert, Eliza, Cora and Fannie, all at home. Mr. Woodworth is a member of the M. E. Church and a Republican ; has 411 acres of land, 150 is in his home farm, 160 acres in Marquette Co., one and a half miles from home farm, and 101 acres in Sauk Co. Mrs. Woodworth is a Baptist. TOWN OF COLUMBUS. ^55 TOWN OF COLUMBUS. JOHN Q. ADAMS, was born in Franklin Co., Mass., in 1816 ; son of Charles Adams, who came to the town of Fountain Prairie, Columbia Co., Wis., in 1846, where his wife, nee Mary Howes, died soon after, and some time during the following year he returned to the State of Massachusetts, where he subsequently died. John Q., our present subject, received his education in the common schools and academies of his native State. He came to Wisconsin in 1844 and located on a farm, in the township of Fountain Prairie, Columbia Co., and made that his home for about twenty-three years. He then removed to the city (then village) of Columbus, where he has since resided, retaining, however, his farm of 350 acres. Mr. Adams was elected one of the first County Commissioners of Columbia Co., in 1846, and was re-elected in the fall of 1847, serving in 1848. He was elected Chairman of the Town Board of Fountain Prairie in 1851 and 1852 and has several times been re-elected to that office. He also held the office of Town Superintendent of Schools of that town in 1849-50, and was one nf the organ- izers of the town in 1849. Mr. Adams represented his district in the Wisconsin Assembly in 1853, and also his county in the Senate during the sessions of 1854-55-56 ; he was again returned to the Assembly in 1863. In 1858, he was elected Superintendent of the County Poor, and has ever since been kept in that office. He has been President of the Columbia Co. Agricultural Society several terms, and has held the office of Treasurer of the same for eleven years. Was member of the School Board of Columbus for seven years; was President of the same for three years. Politically, Mr. Adams is a Republican, and was a member of the committee on resolutions at the organization of that party, at Madison, Wis., in 1854. In Massachusetts, in 1846, he was married to Miss Lucy S., daughter of Erastus Pomroy. Their children are Louie P. (now a student at Ripon College) ; Clara and Lily (at home). Mr. and Mrs. Adams are- members of the Congregational Church. A. T. AUSTIN, farmer; Sec. 14; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Grafton Co., N. H., in 1827, and with parents in 1835 he emigrated to Richland Co., Ohio. Ten years later (^May, 1845), he came to Wisconsin and located on a farm in Jefferson Co. He entered a farm of 220 acres in the town of Elba, Dodge Co., in 1846, and settled there in the spring of 1847. Here he lived for twenty years and devoted his attention wholly to agriculture. Selling his interest in Dodge Co., in February, 1867 ; he bought a farm of 250 acres on Sec. 14, town of Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis.; where he has since resided. He was married in 1853, to Miss Sarah Hathaway, of Jefferson Co., Wis., but a native of Monroe Co., N. Y. Their children are Thaddeus T. (now in California); Mercy D. (at home); Abraham S.,Gracie D., Frank, James W. and Charity S. Mr. Austin's family are connected with the Congregational Church. CAPT. CALVIN BAKER, was born in the town of Georgia, Franklin Co., Vt., in 1803; when quite young, with his parents, Remember and Cynthia (Stannard) Baker, he removed to Genesee Co., N. Y., where his father devoted much of his time to the trade of millwright, but later removed to Michigan, where they afterward died. The family was composed of seven children, four suns and three daughters — Calvin, the oldest of these, devoted much of his time with his father, to the trade of a mill- wright and at building thrashing machines — but failing health forced him to quit the trade and seek some outdoor employment. He followed buying stock wool for the New York markets for several years. In 1834, he was married to Mi.ss Susanna Blodgett, of Genesee Co., N. Y., who died in 1841. His second marriage was to Mrs. Ann Scofield, of New York City, a daughter of George and Betsey Hague. Her father was a native of England, her mother of France. Mr. and Mrs. Baker came to Wisconsin in 1857, and located on a farm in the town of Fountain Prairie, Columbia Co., where he followed farming for some time. In 1862, he was engaged in the detective business, with his brother, Col. Baker. He was appointed Captain of the Quartermaster's Department at Washington, in 1863, a position which he held till the fall of 1865. Returning then to his farm in Fountain Prairie, he devoted his time to farming till 1872, when they removed to the city of Columbus, where he has lived a more retired life. Mr. and Mrs. Baker are members of the CongTegational Church. HENRY D. BATH, deceased; was born in Schenectady Co, N. Y., in 1843; son of Levy and Agnes Bath. His father was a Baptist minister of New York, and came to Colum- bus in 1861, where he was Pastor of the church for a number of years. He died in this city in April, 1877, leaving four sons and one daughter, one of whom died in June, 1879, one having died in April. 1876. Mr. Bath was educated at the Grass Lake Academy, of Jackson Co., Mich. In 1861, he enlisted as private in Co. B, of the 7th Mich. V. I., under Col. Grovesnor, with the army of the Poto- mac ; was promoted to the positions of Sergeant, Second and First Lieutenant ; was severely wounded at the KK 956 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, after which he came home for four months, and early in 1863, he rejoined his regiment and with it was mustered out in 1864. He then came to Columbus and read law two years with Cook & Chapin, and was admitted to the practice at Portage in 1866. He went then to Mil- waukee, and was city editor of the Daily News till July, 1868, when he returned to Columbus, purchased the Columbus Transcript, and converted it into the Columbus Democrat, of which he has since been editor. In March, 1877, he, with his brother, W. E. Bath, established the Portage Democrat, of Portage City, and were editors of the same till the death of his brother, which occurred in June, 1879. Mr. Bath was married in 1866, to Louisa T., daughter of Matthew T. D. and Theodate Nowell, of Colum- bus. Children are Paul T. and Dane. Mr. Bath died June 8, 1880. RICHARD BARROW, deceased ; was born at Hawkhurst, County Kent, England, in 1782, and was the son of John and Susan Barrow, with whom he spent most of his time till his marriage, in 1818, to Miss Lucy, daughter of Humphrey and Mary (Rogers) Wickham, a native of County Sussex, England. After marriage, they settled on a farm in County Kent, which was afterward their home till 1839. April 28, of that year, they sailed from London, and landed in New York (as emigrants to America) the last day of May following, locating at Oriskany Falls, Oneida Co., N. Y. They made their home there for three years ; then removed to Chittenango, Madison Co., whence in June, 1845, they immi- grated to Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm on Sees. 22, 23 and 27, now consisting of 181 acres, and 11 acres in the town of Elba, Dodge Co. Here Mr. Barrow died in 1854. Their family consisted of themselves and nine children; the latter are as follows: Richard, born 1819, and now lives at Baraboo, Wis.; Frances, born 1820, now Mrs. John H. Valentine, and lives at Mason City, Iowa; John, born in 1825, now at Merrimac, Sauk Co., Wis.; Ann, born 1827, the late wife of George McCafferty, now deceased; James, born 1830, now at home; Seymour, born 1832, now deceased; Samuel, born 1834, now deceased; Thomas, horn 1836, now at home; Lucy, born 1839, now deceased. JOHN BEBOW, farmer; Sec. 16; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Mecklinburg Schwerin, in 1828. He came to America in 1852 ; located in Erie Co., N. Y., where he followed farming for nine years. In 1861, he came to the town of Columbus, purchased a farm of 65 acres on Sec. 16, where he now owns 125 on Sees. 9 and 16, and also a farm of 90 acres on Sees. 8 and 17. He was married in 1852, to Miss Dorothea Minken, a native of Mecklinburg. Their children are Louisa, now the wife of Fred Prieri, and lives in the town of Leeds ; Mary, now the wife of Henry Reider, of the town of Columbus ; Matilda, Frank and Charles at home. They are members of the Lutheran Church. NELiSON C. BISSEIjIj, merchant tailor, Columbus; was born in Susquehanna Co., Penn., 1823. His father, David Bissell, was a native of Connecticut; his mother, Hepsibleth Reynolds, was born in New York. When 15 years old, he began the tailor's trade in Montrose, Penn., and five years later, he went to New York City, where he continued his trade a year ; returning then to Pennsylvania, he worked three years at his trade in Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co., and afterward at Lanesboro for a short time. Returning then to Montrose, he clerked in a hotel for two years. At Dundee, in May, 1854, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Ireton, and in August following they came to Wisconsin, and located at Columbus, where he has still continued the merchant tailor's trade. They have one daughter — Katie. Mr. Bissell was a member of the County Board of Supervisors from the Third Ward of Columbus, in 1877 , Himself and family are connected with the Presbyterian Church. DEXTER BliANCHARD, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Columbus; this pioneer of Columbia Co. was born in the town of Rochester, Windsor Co., Vt., in 1826 ; his father, John Blanchard, was a tanner by trade, and he worked much of the time with him at the same business in his younger days. In 1 846, he and his father came to Columbia Co., Wis., and entered a farm of 247 acres, on Sees. 28 and 29, town of Columbus, where they built their log shanty, covered it with prairie hay and " kept bach" therein for about six months. They returned to Vermont in the fall, and in the following spring (1847) came again with fam- ily to Wisconsin, and located on the farm which was ever after their home till their death ; Mr. Blanchard has always made his home on the original farm, and now owns 83 acres of it on Sec. 28. He was married in 1864, to Miss Emma J., daughter of Thomas and C. J. Sallsbee, a native of Ohio but an emigrant to Wisconsin in 185G ; their children are John, William T. and Marietta. HERMAN M. BLliaiENTHAL, of the firm of Turner & Co., proprietors of marble works, Columbus, was born in Prussia in 1853, and came with his parents to America in 1868; they located at Columbus, Wis., where he began his trade in 1870, with Miller & Graham, and has since con- tinued his trade in this city ; he became a partner in the firm of Turner & Co. in January, 1878. He was married, in May, 1878, to Miss Mary, daughter of the Rev. F. Kluckhohn, of this city ; they have one son, Edwin. They are members of the German M. E. Church. Mr. Blumenthal is a member of the I. O () F. TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 957 F. H. BOIiTE, of the firm of Bolte & Eckoff, proprietors of the Columbus Foundry, manu- facturers of the Eureka Windmill and pumpg of various kinds ; Mr. Bolte was born in the town of Col- umbus, Columbia Co., Wis., in 185G; was educated at the Northwestern University at Watertown, Wis., from which institution he graduated in 1871 ; he entered upon an apprenticeship at the carpenter and joiner's trade in 1872, with Charles Breyer, of the town of Elba, Dodge Co., and continued with him for three years; he invented and got patented the Eureka Windmill in December, 1878, of which he and his partner are now sole manu,facturers ; he also invented the Economist Churn in April, 1879. In December, 1879, he was married to Miss Minnie Eckoff, of Columbus, Wis. They are members of the Lutheran Church. PROF. a. M. BOWEN^, Principal of high school and Superintendent of the city schools of Columbus; was born in the tuwn of Amsterdam, Montgomery Co., N. Y., in 1847 ; when 10 years of age, he, with his parents, M. H. and Matilda Bowcn, removed to Fond du Lac Co., Wis., and located on a farm near Ripon ; three years laier, they removed to Auroraville, Waushara Co., and settled on what is known as the '• Indian land," where they now reside ; Mr. Bowen received his earlier education in the public schools of Wisconsin. In 1864, he enlisted in Co. I, of the 7th W. V. I., at Auroraville; was with the Army of the Potomac, and was wounded at the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, 1864, receiving two wounds, from one of which he now carries a ball ; he rejoined his regiment at Peters- burg, in August following, and was with it in all its principal movements and at the surrender of Gen. Lee, April 9, 1865 ; was mustered out at Madison, Wis., in July, 1865 ; returning then to Auroraville, he spent two years attending the common schools and teaching ; he entered the State Normal School at Whitewater, Wis., in April, 1 868, and graduated from that institution with the firstclass in 1 870 ; he was elected Principal of the West District of Jefferson, Jefferson Co., in the fall of 1870, and in the following year was elected Teacher of Mathematics in the Jefferson Liberal Institute; in 1872, he was elected Principal of the Wausau High School, and re-elected in 1873, to the same position ; he was elected Principal of the Berlin High School in 1874, and in January, 1876, he was elected to theprincipalship of the Columbus High School, and has been re-elected to that position for four successive years. The Professor is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and of the Universalist Church, JOHN A. BOWEX, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Columbus ; son of Joseph Bowen and Catharine Allison, natives of New Jersey ; born in Morristown, Morris Co., N. J., Sept. 13, 1812 ; his father removed with the family to Seneca Co., N. Y., in May, 1833, and in November following went to Tompkins Co., where his mother died in 1834 ; his fiither then returned to New Jersey, and died there in 1836 ; John A., the oldest of a family of five children, was educated in the district schools of New Jersey ; he followed teach- ing in New Jersey for ten quarters, and then returned to New York, and continued there for three win- ters. In December, 1836, in Morris Co., N. J., he was married to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of John and Mary (Todd) McCord ; she is a native of that county ; they removed within a fortnight after marriage to Tompkins Co., N. Y., where they lived on a farm until 1842; immigrating thence to Wisconsin, they located in the town of Richmond, AValworth Co.; six years later, they removed to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., and located on Sec. 10, where he now owns 280 acres; nearly twenty years after, he removed to a farm of 80 acres on Sec. 36, where he has since lived ; he also has 10 acres in the town of Portland, Dodge Co. Mr. Bowen has been Assessor of the town for ten years, and member of the Town Board for two terms. They had five clnldren, as follows : Mary C. (now deceased), Edward and Mary I. (twins, the latter deceased; the former now lives on Sec. 10, of this town), Erastus (now with his brother on the farm) and Eliza E. (now the wife of Ezra W. Richmond, and lives in the town of York, Dane Co.). Mr. and Mrs. Bowen are members of the Presbyterian Church. A. LiOUIS BRAUCKLiE, brewer, Columbus; was born in Wurtemberg, Germany Feb. 2, 1814, and is the son of an extensive farmer in that country, Thomas Brauckle ; at the age of 20 years, he began the brewer's trade in Wurtemberg, and continued the same there till 1845, when he emigrated to Mil- waukee, Wis., and there worked at his trade for Mr. Brown, till 1847 ; he then went to Racine, where he followed his trade till the fall of 1848 ; he then came to Columbus, where he worked for Mr. Jussen nearly a year; then bought the brewery of him, and has since been its proprietor. He was married March 1, 1851, to Mrs. Mary, widow of John Erhart, and a daughter of August Nussar, a native of Wurtemberg; they have one son — Peter, and have lost three children. They are members of the Catholic Church. (SllSTAVUS BREUXINtir, manufacturer and dealers in boots and shoes, Columbus ; was born in Prussia in 1843; ho emigrated, in 1854, with his parents, Gotlieb and Henrietta Breuning, to America, and located at Watertown, Wis., where his father died, about four weeks after their arrival ; his mother soon removed to Columbus with the family, and made it her home till her death, which occurred in 1875. Mr. Breuning entered upon a three-years apprenticeship at the shoemaker's trade, with Julius 958 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Fox, at Columbus, in 1858, and continued with him a year as a journeyman, after his apprenticeship. In 1866, he opened a shop of his own, in tiiis city, and has since been engaged in the manufacture as well as dealing in boots and shoes. He was married in 1866, to Miss Louisa Diamond, a native of Columbus, Wis. Their children are George and Carl. Mr. B. is a member of the Lutheran Church, his wife of the Episcopal. WILLIA5I BUTLER, carpenter, Columbus ; was born in Wiltshire, England, in 1819 ; he was educated in the common schools of his native country ; when quite young, he began the carpenter and joiner's trade, with his father, and continued the same there till 1841. He was married in 1840, to Miss Hellen Taylor, with whom he sailed for America early in 1841, and landed in New York City in March of that year, continuing his trade in the city for fourteen years. In June, 1855, they emigrated to Wis- consin, and located in the village of Columbus, where he has since followed his trade, and has been con- nected with the erection of many of the prominent buildings of the city and surrounding country, among them the public school buildings. Mr. and Mrs. Butler have seven children, as follows : William Thomas, James and George, all three of whom are now in Colorado ; Charles, now in Nebraska ; Nellie, now the wife of Linton McNeel, and lives at Neillsville, Wis. ; Sadie, at home with her parents. Mrs. Butler is a member of the Baptist Church. R. W. CHADBOtIRN, banker, Columbus ; was born in York Co., Me., in 1819, and is the son of Nathaniel and Ruth Chadbourn, with whom he spent his earlier life, on a farm, in his native county, completing his studies at the academy at Gorham, Cumberland Co , in 1841 ; he then went to the State of Virginia, where he devoted his time to teaching till 1846, returning then to Maine, whence, in 1849, he emigrated to Columbus, Wis. For the first few years, he was interested in making land entries for emigrants, and otherwise aided them in securing homes ; he gradually worked into the business of money loaning, and in 1855, secured a charter and began a regular banking business. He was married in 1866, to Miss Catherine, a daughter of Thomas C. Atwater, a native of Catskill, N. Y.; they have one son — Frederick A. Mr. and Mrs. Chadbourn are members of the Congregational Church. EM510XS E. CHAPIX was bom in the town of Venice, Cayuga Co., N. Y., July 14, 1829, and in 1837, with his parents, removed to the town of Aurelius, near the city of Auburn, in the same county, where he remained until October, 1854, when he came to Wisconsin, first settling at Oconomowoc, and removed to Columbus in January, 1856, where he has since resided ; he received an academic edu- cation ; he is a lawyer by profession. For many years, he was a member of the Democratic State Central Committee, and in that capacity has frequently entered into State and national canvasses with speech, pen and purse, to reclaim the State and nation from the theories and aims advocated by the Republican party as opposed to the broad Democratic principles of government early established and advocated by Jefferson and the fathers; he attended as a delegate from Columbia Co., and participated in every Con- gressional and State Convention from 1857 to 1879 ; his political course has been liberal and progressive; in the convention held at Milwaukee in 1869, by which Hon. C. D. Robinson, of Green Bay, was nom- inated for Governor, Mr. Chapin, in connection with a number of other prominent Democrats, insisted upon and succeeded in laying down a platform of principles indicating the new departure that ultimately overthrew the Republican party in Wisconsin, or, as Mr. Chapin put it, " With these principles, and these alone, Wisconsin must and shall be Democratic" — and it was Democratic for the next four years. During the war of the rebellion he contributed time, money and efforts to sustain the Governnienr, and not the political party in the ascendency, firmly believing that military force must be met by military force, and a rebellion against the Government must be promptly met and surely suppressed. He was opposed to any act indicating a repudiation of the national debt, or of an assumption of the rebel debt, or any part thereof, by the United States. He has ever held an aversion to the present mode of the few combined to run an "available" for ofl5ce, and he insists that the country wants and demands intelligent, straightfor- ward, honest, good, practical, common-sense business men for official position — or that "the office should seek the man and not the man the office." Mr. Chapin has seldom permitted his name to be placed upon a ticket for any office, although often nominated and urged by his friends to do so ; yet he has held vari- ous local offices of a non-partisan character, and was placed in those positions by the aid of Republicans ; he was one of the Trustees, and also Supervisor of the village during the years 1872-73. In the fall of 1873, when it was determined to incorporate the city of Columbus, he was appointed by the Trustees of the village to draft a charter and procure the necessary legislation for its enactment. The city charter was drafted by him, and it was passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor Feb. 26, 1874, and Columbus thereby became a city — but not without some opposition. In April, 1874, he was appointed by Gov. Taylor as a member of the State Board of Charities and Reform, and was chosen by the Board ita Vice President ; he held this office till May 1, 1876 ; he was chosen attorney by that Board to conduct TOAVN OF COLUMBUS. 959 the examination of witnesses in the investigation of the management of the State Prison and the Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, in behalf of the State. He was one of the Commis- sioners named by the Legislature of 1874-75 to consider the feasibility of the removal of the State Prison, and presented a report in opposition to such contemplated change ; he had much to do toward inaugu- rating the present system of prison management and discipline. ^Ir. Chapin was appginted to and did represent the State at the National Prison Reform Congress held at St. Louis, Mo., May 13 to 16, 1874r, inclusive, and prepared and presented to the Governor (of Wisconsin ) a report of the proceedings of that Congress, which report may be found on pages 54 to 78 of the ''Fourth Annual Report of the State Board of Charities and Reform of the State of Wisconsin." March 5, 1875, the Legislature of Wiscon- sin enacted a general law authorizing the establisliment of free high schools ; the city of Columbus availed itself of its privileges under the act, and the free high-school system was adopted Aug. 9, 1875, by a vote of the electors of Columbus; Mr. Chapin was elected President of the Board of Education, and in the month of January, 1876, the Columbus Free High School was fully organized and running under the new law to the satisfaction of all. The first class of seven young ladies were graduated from the high school into the university grade on the 21st day of June, 1878, as the first-fruits of this system, and at this time Mr. Chapin, as President of the Board, in presenting the diplomas, took occasion to make a brief speech, which, as he says, was the best and happiest efi'ort of his life, lor his heart was really in the work — and having been a teacher in his early life, he was master of the siiuation ; he has been Corpora- tion Counsel ever since the city of Columbus was organized, and is now City Attorney ; he was appointed Dec. 24, 1870, United States Court Commissioner, and still holds this ofiice ; he has been a Free and Accepted Mason for over a quarter of a century ; he was one of the charter members of the Columbus Lodge, F., & A. M., No. 75, chartered in June, 1856, and subsequently its Worshipful Master ; in 1875, be was Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Wisconsin, and in 1876 was elected one of its Trustees for the term of three years, and was re-elected in June, 1879, for a second term. A writer for the " History of Wisconsin," in speaking of Mr. Chapin, says : '' He does not allow his public duties to interfere with his professional labors, and con.«equently he enjoyS an extensive and lucra- tive practice as a lawyer; he stands among the first of the profession, and is held in high repute as a citizen." He is often invited to deliver lectures, orations and speeches, both at home and abroad, and complies, if, as he says, "any one can gather any comfort or happiness therefrom." Mr. Chapin was mar- ried, Dec. 28, 1853, at Aurelius, N. Y., to Miss Emily J., youngest daughter of Nathaniel and Mercy Blanchard. 3Irs. C. is a sister of the late Col. H. W. Blanchard, a pioneer of 1836 to Wisconsin, and late proprietor of the Blanchard Mills at Watertown, Wis.; Mrs. C. has in her parlors many pieces in oil, crayon and pastel — the work of her own hands — which would do credit to a more pretending artist. They have two sons — Herbert B., now in the employment of the C, M. &. St. P. R. R. Co., and Clarence E., at home attending school. DR. E. CHIIRCHIL.L(, dentist, Columbus; was born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1836; he received an academic education at Springville, Erie Co., after which he began the study of dentistry with Dr. Streight, of Buffalo, N. Y., and later he continued his studies with Dr. Main, of New York City, where he completed them in 1860 ; he practiced his profession in the village of Concord, Erie Co., N. Y., for nearly two years ; in 1861, he went to Washington City for a short time, and in February, 1862, he located at Columbus, Wis., where he has since practiced his profession. In 1868, he was married to Miss Harriet L. Winch, of this city (Columbus). The Doctor is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. J0H:N B. CliEVELAND, farmer. Sees. 15 and 22; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Sara- toga Co., N. Y., in 1819; he spent much of his time in Schuylersville, Saratoga Co., till 9 years old ; then removed with his parents to Sandy Hill, Washington Co., N. Y., where he lived until 1837; he then removed to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where he was engaged in the mercantile trade till 1856 ; removing from there to the town of York, Dane Co., Wis., he located on a farm and followed agriculture there till 1873 ; disposing then of his farm in Dane Co. he bought his present one of 120 acres on Sees. 15 and 23, town of Columbus, Columbia Co., where he has since resided. He was married in 1845 to Miss Julia Coleman, a native of Ashtabula Co., Ohio, who died in 1865, leaving seven children — Louisa, Fannie, Oliver C. and Horace W., both deceased; Julia, Nettie and Mary. Mr. Cleveland was Chairman of the Town Board in the town of York, Dane Co., for one term. CHARLEiS A. COLOl^IUS, of the firm of George Linck & Co., dealers in dry goods, goods, etc., etc., Columbus, was born in Prussia in 1837. He came to America in 1855 ; worked on a farm in Orange Co., N. Y., for nearly a year ; in 1856, he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and enlisted in Co. I of the 6th United States Infantry, of the regular army ; was employed most of the time for five years in the Quartermaster's commissary department, and in the Adjutant General's office ; was mustered out at Fort 960 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: MpjavR, Lower California, in 1861. Returning then to Germany for two 3'ears, in 1864, he came a sec- ond time to America, and located in Watertown, Wis.; enijaging in the commission business there, with his brother, for a short time, and in the winter of 1867-68, he came to Columbus, and clerked for Fuller Brothers, for five years. He then began business for himself, but in January, 1874, he joined as a part- ner in the firm of» George Linck & Co. He was elected a member of the City Council, fr.^m the Third Ward, in 1874 ; in April, 1876, he was elected City Treasurer; re-elected in 1877-78-79 and '80. He was married, 1866, to Miss Josephine Brayer, a native of Prussia, but emigrated to America with parents when 3 years old, and settled in the town of Elba, Dodge Co., Wis. They have had three children, all of whom are deceased. They adopted two — Josie, deceased, and Jessie. Mr. and Mrs. Colonius are mem- bers of the German M. E. Church. BERNARD CONLIN^, deceased, was born in County Sligo, Ireland, in 1811 ; he was the son of Thomas Conlin, with whom he lived, in his native country, till about 1830 ; emigrating then to Amer- ica, he was employed in the construction of railroads and mining, in Massachusetts, for a number of years, and was afterward employed on the Erie Canal. He was married in 1848, to Miss Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Mary ( Hart) Clark ; also a native of County Sligo, Ireland, but an emigrant to America, with her parents, in 1847, and located, first, to Worcester, Mass., later, removed to Fitchburg, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Conlin came, in 1848, to Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm on Section 25, where he first bought a farm of 100 acres, and afterward increased it to 140 acres. He died, at his home, June 22, 1876, leaving a wife and seven children. The latter are as follows: Mary, now the wife of John Dargan, and lives in Mitchell Co., Iowa ; Ella, now in Dubuque, Iowa ; Catherine, now at Emmettsburg, Md.; Thomas, Bernard, Elizabeth and James, at home. The family is connected with the Catholic Church. All ASA G. COOK, attorney at law, Columbus ; was born in the town of Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1823. His father, Sylvanus Cook, was born in Rhode Island in 1787, and removed to Chenango Co.; N. Y., with his parents in 1798. His mother, Mary Green, was also a native of Rhode Island, born 1790. Mr. Cook spent his earlier life on a farm in his native county, with his parents ; at the age of 17, he entered the Oxford Academy, and later the academy at Norwich, where he completed his studies in 1844. He then began teaching in the public schools of Honesdale, Penn., and afterward taught in select schools at Laurens, Otsego Co., N. Y.; in 1845, he entered upon the study of law, with Fuller & West, of Honesdale, Penn., and pursued his study as much as circumstances would permit while teaching. He next read with Charles A. Thorp, of Norwich, for two years, and later with Hon. L. S. Chatfield, of Laurens, Otsego Co., N. Y. Mr. Cook was admitted to the practice of law in September, 1849, and in October following he removed to Wisconsin, and in March, 1850, he located at Columbus. He soon formed a copartnership with Gov. Lewis, in the practice of his profession, which lasted a year ; after which he continued the pra,;tice alone till 1862, when he took in as a partner, Mr. E. E. (^hapin, and the firm was known as Cook & Chapin till May, 1869 ; since which time he has had no partner. He was appointed District Attorney, by Gov. Dewey, in 1850, and in the fall of that 3'ear was elected to the same office, for a term of two years; ho was Postmaster of Columbus from 1856 to 1861, and has held various other ofiices in the city. He was at one time the Democratic candidate for the Wisconsin Assembly, and in 1869 was candidate for the office of Secretary of State ; was also a candidate for Congress in 1870 and and again in 1874. In 1853, he was married to Sarah J. daughter of Ard. S. and Betsey Rockwell, of Otsego Co., N. Y.; who afterward removed to Elkhorn, Walworth Co., Wis., where Mr. Rockwell died in 1865. Mrs. Rockwell afterward died in the city of Columbus. Mr. and Mrs. Cook have five children — three sons and two daughters. They are as follows : Hobart, (^a graduate of the State University, now a law student with his father); Henry (now at home); Charles, Bertha and Mary (^students at the State University). Mr. C. has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity for nearly twenty-five years. His family is connected with the Episcopal Church. HORACE C. COOPER, Columbus; was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., in 1815, and is the son of Chauncy Cooper and Annie Candee ; his grandfather, Daniel Candee, emigrated from New Haven, Conn., to Onondaga Co., N. Y., as an early settler ; his father was a native of New Haven, Conn., also, and after marriage removed to Onondaga Co., N. Y., where he and his wife both afterward died ; Mr. Cooper is the oldest son of a family of four children, two sons and two daughters, two of whom now live in Wisconsin. He began the trade of a cabinet-maker at Manlius, Onondaga Co., when (juite young, and continued the same there till 20 years' of age ; in the autumn of 1836, he emigrated to Detroit, Mich., where he worked at his trade during the winter ; in the spring of 1837, he entered a farm in Macomb Co., Mich., but spent the summer at Rome in the grocery trade, and in the fiiU of that year he entered some land near Grand Rapids, and spent the winter at his trade in Kalamazoo, and the summer of 1838 was spent at his trade in TOWN or COLUMBUS. 961 Niles, going to La Porte, Ind., in the latter part of 1838 ; he was there, in 1839, induced by a friend to go to peddling ; this he continued for several years through Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin, dealing largely in furs; in 1841, he opened a store at Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wis., though he continued his peddling wagon, and in the spring of 1843, he built and opened a store at Lake Mills, Jefferson Co., to where he afterward removed, located and built a hotel ; passing through Columbus, Wis., in the autumn of 1849, he made a trade with Mr. Eaton, a dry-goods merchant, and exchanged his hotel at the Lake Mills for a store and dwelling in Columbus ; he soon removed to Columbus and began merchandising, which he continued here till 1865, and was in the trade elsewhere till 1872, since which time he has been proprietor of the Cooper House of Columbus. He was married in 1845 to Miss Julia, a daughter of James Williams, of Le Roy, N. Y.; their children are Horace C., William (now a merchant at Streator, 111.), Charles F. (now at Chicago), Alice C. (now the wife of C. F. Rogers, of Lake City, Minn.), Etta C. (now the wife of Willard Scott, Jr., of Naperville, 111.), Helen (now the wife of H. M. Brown, of this city), Julia A. (now the wife of H. C. Williams, of Chicago). O. E. CORNWELLi, station agent for the C, M. & St. P. R. R. Co., Columbus; was born in the State of New York in 1840 ; he came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1848, and located at Oconomowoc, Waukesha Co.; in 1863, he was employed by the N.-W. R. R. Co., and stationed at Watertown for two years; he was employed by the C, M. ERR, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Bavaria April 16, 1841 ; his parents, Joseph and Magdaline (Schmidt) Derr, immigrated with their family to America in 1846; they stopped a short time at Detroit, Mich., and in the spring of 1847, came to the town of Hampden, Colum- bia Co., Wis., where his father entered one-half of Sec. 36, and made that his home till his death, which occurred in August, 1879 ; his mother died in June, 1877 ; Joseph, the youngest of nine children, made his home with his parents until 24 years of age ; he then bought 66 acres of his present farm, which now consists of 2171 acres, on Sees. 31, town of Columbus, and 25 and 36, town of Hampton ; he was married in 1864 to Miss Rosina, daughter of George A. and Dorothea (Long) Thine, a native of Bavaria but an emigrant to America with her parents in 1848, and to Dane Co., Wis., in 1849, where her mother died in 1862 ; their children are Mary M., Matilda B.; Frank J., John, Anna D., Lizza A., Jose- phine R., Catharine E. They are members of the Catholic Church ; Mr. Derr has been a member of the Town Board for two terms, 1879 and 1880. Cr. T. DODOE, dry-goods merchant, Columbus; was born at Greece, Monroe Co., N. Y., Sept. 22, 1834; his father, Rev. H. B. Dodge, was born at Hanover, N. H.; graduated at Dartmouth College, and soon after at a theological college in the District of Columbia, and afterward entered the work of the ministry as a Baptist preacher in the State of New York ; his mother, Eliza Beckwith, was a native of Plattsburg, N. Y.; was married to the Rev. Mr. Dodge, June 13, 1830. Five years after marriage, they removed to Ohio, where Mr. Dodge continued his ministerial labors for a few years, and then returned to Plattsburg, where he died Nov. 11, 1865. Mrs. Dodge came to this city (Columbus) soon after the death TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 963 of her husband, and made this her home till her death, which occurred Nov. 3, 1878; the family was composed of four sons and two daughters, three of the former were for several years merchants of this city. Harvey K., was a soldier in the 1st W. V. I., under Gen. Starkweather, and was connected with the gen- eral pay department of the army from 1862 to the close of the war. He was married to Miss Nellie Dudley, of Naperville, 111., who died in six months after marriage. He was afterward married to Miss Julia Manning, of Columbus. Rufus S., was in the 16th N. Y. V. I., and was in the battle of Bull Run, and remained with and engaged in all the principal battles and movements of his regiment till after the second battle of Fredricksburg ; he came to Columbus in 1863, and was a member of the firm of Dodge Brothers till 1879 ; he is now in business at Sparta, Wis. He married Miss Fannie Cotton, of Beaver Dam, Wis.; they have one daughter, Nellie. G. T., the subject of this sketch, came to this city (Colum- bus) in 1855, and has since been engaged in the dry-goods trade. He was married in 186-4 to Miss Julia I., a daughter of M. Meade, of Columbus, who died in six weeks after marriage. His second marriage was at LeRoy, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1866, to Miss Franc P., daughter of Dorus Hinkston, a native of Clark- son, N. Y.; their children are Bessie A. and Ruth M. Mrs. Dodge is a member of the Episcopal Church. WILLIAM W. DRAKE, farmer; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., June 20, 1819. His father. Col. Jeremiah Drake, was a native of Ulster Co., N. Y.; his mother, Lur- inda Brockett, was born in Connecticut. Mr. Drake was educated in the common schools of his native county ; he came to Wisconsin in June, 1843, and located at Columbus in September following ; he, with his father, rented the flouring-mill at this place (then the only one in this section of the country), and were its proprietors for three years ; he removed to a farm near the village, and there followed farming for awhile ; returning to the village two years later, he began the wagon manufacturing, which he carried on, for nearly twenty years, and then resumed the business of a farmer, which he has followed most of the time since ; he now owns a farm of 200 acres in the town of Columbus. Mr. Drake has been Chairman of the Town Board for several terms ; was elected Sheriff of Columbia Co. in the fall of 1860, for a term of two years, and re-elected in 1872 ; politically, he is a Republican. Dec. 2-1, 1845, he was married to Miss Helen, daughter of Jacob and Marie Miller, a native of Onondaga Co., N. Y., but who, when quite young, removed with her parents to Albany Co., and made that her home till 1843, when she came to Col- umbia Co., Wis.; they have two children — Lurinda M. and George L. Lurinda is a member of the Presbyterian Churi'h. ROBERT W. EARLL, M. D., Columbus; was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., in May, 1823; his parents, Marcus and Calista Earll, were both natives of that county; his mother died there in 1839, and his father afterward removed to Coldwater, Mich., where he now resides. The Doctor received his literary education in the Academy of Onondaga Hollow ; he came to Wisconsin in 1840 ; he pursued the study of medicine in Syracuse, N. Y., for two years, attended lectures at Rush Medical College of Chicago during the terms of 1847—48, and graduated from that institution in February, 1853; he located at Columbus, Wis., in 1851, and practiced his profession in company with Dr. Axtell for three years, and since that time he has continued the practice alone. He was married in August, 1850, to Miss Angeline, an adopted daughter of Henry Finney, of Lowell, Dodge Co., Wis., who died in April, 1872, leaving four daughters — Dora, Coie, Hattie and Ann. They attend the Congregational Church. ABRAM S. ECKERT, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Ulster Co., N. Y., Feb. 14, 1815. Mr. Eckert lived with his parents, Solomon and Margaret, on the farm in his native county till their death, and afterward remained on the farm till 1854; emigrating then to Wisconsin, he settled on a farm in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., which he made his home for one or two years ; selling out his farm in 1856, he returned to New York for the winter, and, in the following spring, came again to Columbus ; in 1 868, he bought a farm of 36 acres on Sec. 36, which he has since made his home. He was married in 1830 to Miss Sarah A. De Graff, of Ulster Co., N. Y.; their children are Sarah M., now Mrs. Jeremiah Marshall, and lives at Lanesboro, Minn.; Oliver, now at Northwood, Iowa ; Solo- mon, now at 3IcGregor, Iowa; Henry, now in Winnesheik Co., Iowa; Emery, now at Nortiwood, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Eckert are members of the Presbyterian Church. J AHES ECKERT, farmer. Sees. 20 and 21 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in the town of Esopus, Ulster Co., N. Y., in 1837 ; he came with his parents, Hiram and Sallie Eckert, to Wisconsin in 1855, and located on a farm of 80 acres in Sees. 20 and 21, town of Columbus, Columbia Co., where his father died April 28, 1876 ; his mother now lives with him on the farm. He was married March 16, 1876, to Miss Viola Parker, a native of Steuben Co., N. Y., but immigrated with her parents, William and Sarah Parker, to Wisconsin in 1856 ; they have three children — James C, Troup and Adella. JOSEPH EDWARDS, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Delaware Co., N. Y., in 1804, and made that his home till 17 years old, then, with his parents, he removed to Lewis Co., N. Y.; 964 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: where he followed farming until 1837 ; emigrating then to Wisconsin, he located at Milford, Jefferson Co., on a farm; six years later (June, 1843), he entered a farm of 160 acres in Sees. 4, 9 and 17, in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., he being the second man to make a land entry in this part of the town; he moved his family up from Milford Jan. 18, 1844, and has since made it his home; he now has a farm of 280 acres. 3Ir. Edwards distinctly remembers of being summoned as a juror, at Portage, in an early day, when, upon the calling of the court, the docket showed not a single case for trial ; his house was used for the church and schoolhouse for more than a year after his settlement there ; the first minister to hold service there was the Rev. M. Jones, of the M. E. Church. Mr. Edwards was married in 1824 to Miss Maria Bill, of Delhi, Delaware Co., N. Y.; their children are Mariette, now the wife of S. S. Loveless, and lives in Clark Co., Wis.; Olney, now in the city of Oconto, Wis.; James J., Norfolk, Monroe Co., Wis.; Eliza, at home; Lorilla, now Mrs. Bennett, of Luddington Mich.; Antha, now Mrs. C. S. McKinzie, of Oconto, Wis.; Maria, now Mrs. George Butterfield, lives in Oconto, Wis.; Joseph, Jr., now living at Waupun ; Theron, at home on the farm. Mr. and Mr. Edwards are mertibers of the M. E. Church. JOIUf A. EBHART, manufacturer and dealer in harness, etc., Columbus ; was born in Sax- ony Sept. 1, 1834. His father, John R. Erhart, was born there in 1805, and died when John A. was only 4 years old ; his mother, Louisa Erhart, was also a native of Saxony, born 1808, and, after the death of his father, she married Ferdinand Baerholdt, and with him emigrated to Columbus, Wis., in 1856, where they now live. Mr. Erhart began a three-years apprenticeship at the harness trade when 15 years old ; in 1853, he emigrated to America and followed his trade in Milwaukee for a year ; in 1854, he went to Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis., where he worked two years in a shop for J. R. Decker; in the spring of 1856, he, with a partner, bought Mr. Hosmer's harness-shop at Beaver Dam, and conducted the business there till the following fall, when became to Columbus, and, in copartnership with Edward Vedder, carried on the trade two and one-half years ; he then bought out Mr. Vedder, and has since carried on the business alone. Mr. Erhart was one of the Town Supervisors before the organization as a city ; he was a member of the Village Board for two terms, and was elected a member of the City Council in the spring of 1880. He was mar- ried in October, 1858, to Miss Caroline, daughter of Andreas and Margaret Liebing, a native of Germany, born 1838, and came to Columbus, Wis., in 1853; their children are Annie A., born Sept. 9, 1861 ; IdaL., July 17, 1864 ; Charles A., born August 4, 1866 ; Oscar T., born April 20, 1870. Mr. E. and family born are members of the Lutheran Church ; he has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity since 1859. ELIJAH FEDERLY, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1819 ; his parents, Daniel and Margaret Federly, were natives of Herkimer Co., but removed to Jeffer- son Co., N. Y., in 1815, where they afterward died. Mr. Federly was brought up as a farmer's son, and was educated at the district select schools of his native county ; at the age of 24, he began the ship-car- penter's trade at Clayton, Jefferson Co., and continued that most of the time for six or seven years ; he next turned his attention to the carpenter and joiner's trade, at which he worked much of his time for a number of years ; he came to Wisconsin in 1848, and located on a farm in the town of Concord, Jeffer- son Co., and in the following year, he removed to the town of York, Dane Co., where he lived on a farm for fifteen years ; in the winter of 1865, he located on his present farm of 180 acres on Sec. 35, town of Columbus, Columbia Co. He held the offices of Town Treasurer, Constable and Depnty Sheriff while a citizen of Dane Co. He was married in 1842 to Miss Sarah M., daughter of Edmund and Charlotte (Dickerson) Ingalls, a native of Vermont, but an emigrant to Jefferson Co., N. Y., with her parents when young ; her parents afterward came to Wisconsin ; both are now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Federly have four children — Charles M., who enlisted in October, 1861, in Co. B, 16th W. V. L, under Col. Allen, of Madison, was taken sick, was brought home, and died Jan. 11, 1863; Charlotte M. (now the wife of F. W. Oatman. and lives in Jefferson Co., N. Y.), Albert E. and Sarah C, at home. They are members of the M. E. Church. JOHN FICK, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Mecklinburg in 1827 ; he came to America in June, 1855, and located at Watertown, Wis., where he worked on a farm for six years; he came to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., in 1861, bought a farm of 127 acres in Sees. 15 and 22, where he has since lived. He was married in 1855 to Miss Dora Scheibers, a native of Germany ; their children are Henry, Frank, John, Joseph and Mary. They are members of the Lutheran Church. HENRY C. FIELD, proprietor of livery stable, Columbus; was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., in 1820 ; his father, Stephen Field, was born in Connecticut ; his mother, Charlotte Berry, was also a native of Connecticut, died when he was quite young ; he, with his father and family, removed to Kala- mazoo Co., Mich., in 1833, and lived there on afarm till 1848, whence they emigrated to Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm in the town of Fountain Prairie, where his father died in 1852 ; Mr. Field lived TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 9(35 on his farm in the town of Fountain Prairie till 1876, when he removed to the city of Columbus, pur- chased the livery stable of M. D. Misner, and has since been its proprietor. He was a member of the Town Board of Fountain Prairie for a number of years, and Chairman of the same for four years ; he was elected a member of the City Council of Columbus in 1877. In March, 1850, he was married to Miss Theressa, daughter of Asa and Mercy Hicks, nee Robins ; her father was a native of New York ; her mother of Connecticut; she was born in Yates Co., N. Y., in 1821, and removed to Kalamazoo Co , Mich., with her parents in 1834, where they afterward died. Mr. and Mrs. Field have five children, as follows : Carry M. (now the wife of S. V. Potter, station agent at Calmar, Iowa), William (now in Red- wood Co., Minn.), Charles (now on the farm in Fountain Prairie) Henry (an engineer on the Iowa Divi- sion of the Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R.J, Louis, at home with his parents. WAL.DO H. FIELD, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Cheshire Co., N. H., in 1796 ; his father, Waldo Field, was a native of Bridgewater, Mass.; his mother, Mary Atkins, was born in Waterbury, Conn , and removed to Cheshire Co., N. H.,a few years before the Revolutionary war. At the age of ten years, Waldo H. removed with his parents to Washington Co., Vt., where they afterward died. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and took part in the battle of Lake Champlain. He was married in 1840 to Miss Lovisa, widow of Zebina Lyons, nee Carey, and daughter of Theodore and Silence (Cobb) Carey, a native of Springfield, Vt., but removed to Brandon, Vt., at the age of 5 years ; in June, 1849, Mr. and Mrs. Field came to Columbia Co., Wis., and located on Sec. 30, town of Colum- bus, where they have since lived, and now own 31 } acres of land. Their children are Martha (now Mrs. Colville), Mary (now the wife of J. Folsom, and lives in Dane Co., Wis.)— these two are by Mrs. Field's first marriage," and by her second marriage they have two — Almira (now the wife of Hugh Twining, and lives in the town of Medina, Dane Co.), and Henry (now a resident of the city of Columbus). Mr. and Mrs. Field are members of the M. E. Church. RET. ERNEST FITZXER, Pastor of the German M. E. Church, Columbus ; was born in Prus- sia in 1839 ; he came with his parents, Charles and Christina Fitzner, to America in 1850, and located on a farm at West Bend, Washington Co., Wis., and made that his home for eleven years ; Mr. Fitzner pre- pared for the profession of a teacher in the Academy of West Bend, Washington Co., Wis., from which institution he graduated in 1861. In October of that year, he enlisted in Co. D, 12th W. V. I., under Col. Bryant, of Madison, and was with his regiment in all its principal movements and battles for one and a half years; he was then detached and placed as member of the board, at the headquarters of Maj. Gen. Howard, where he remained until the close of the war, and was mustered out of service at Louis- ville, Ky., in 1865. Returning then to West Bend, in August, where he soon entered upon the work of the ministry, he was assigned to the Charleston Mission, and at the division of the mission, 1866, he removed to Green Bay, which was then added to the portion assigned him ; joining the Northwestern Conference at St. Paul, in the autumn of 1867, he was then ordained Deacon, and appointed to the charge at Oconomowoc in 1868, of the German M. E. Church. During his stay at Oconomowoc, he was married, in 1868, to Miss Lizzie Horst, of Green Bay, and in the fall of that year he was sent to New Bremen, Cook Co., 111., where he remained in charge of the church for three years ; he was next at Plattville, Wis., for two years ; in 1873, he removed to Galena, 111., and by the Bishop was appointed Vice Presi- dent of the Northwestern German M. E. Normal School, which position he resigned at the expiration of one year ; in 1874, he was appointed to the charge at Fond du Lac, Wis., and, in 1877, to Madison, Wis;, and, in 1878, to Columbus, where he now resides. Their children are Edwin, Charles, William Ernest, John and Robert Philip. WILLIAM FRANZ, farmer. Sec. 7; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Prussia in 1831, and is the son of Martin Franz, with whom he came to America in 1848, and located on a farm in the town of Lowell, Dodge Co., Wis.; eight years later, he purchased a farm of 80 acres in Sec. 17, town of Colum- bus, Columbia Co., and, in the fall of 1864, disposed of that and secured his present one of 208 acres in Sec. 7, of this township, and has since made it his home ; he devotes his time to farming and stock-raising, making a specialty of sheep and cattle. He was married in May, 1855, to Miss Christina Schank,^ a native of Prussia ; their children are Louisa, now the widow of the late John Boskil, deceased ; Carrie, now Mrs. Rudolph Bankie, and lives in Lowell, Dodge Co. ; Charles, Matilda, Fredrick and Mena, at home. They are members of the Lutheran Cuhrch. JULIUS FOX, proprietor of the Fox House, Columbus ; was born in Prussia Nov. 19, 1827 ; his father, William Fox, was a tailor in that country ; his mother, Wilhelmina Kazloskie, was of Polish descent, her father, Carl Kazloskie, having escaped from Poland when he was a young man, and afterward made his home in Prussia. At the age of 14, Mr. Fox entered upon a four-years apprenticeship at the shoemaker's trade at Reetz, and after serving his time at the trade, he traveled in the interest of the trade 966 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: for eleven years over various parts of Europe. Jan. 26, 1855, at Reetz, he was married to Miss Wil- helmina, a daughter of Gotlieb and CaroUne Breuning, a native of Prussia, born July 26, 1830 ; May 15, 1856, they sailed from Hamburg for America, and landed in New York Aug. 2, following ; they came thence to Watertown, Wis., where they stopped a short time and then came to Columbus, where he began and carried on his trade for nine years, as a manufacturer and dealer ; he next engaged in farming for a year ; then in the grain trade for a short time ; he bought the Whitney House in 1868, changed its name to the Fox House and has since been its proprietor ; he also owns a farm of 400 acres in the town of Columbus. He has been a member of the City Council for two years. Their children are Charles (deceased), Clara, Robert (deceased), Henry, Bertha, Laura (deceased), Hobart and Ozisia. They are members of the Lutheran Church. AUGUST FRITZ, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P.O. Columbus; was born in Prussia in 1841; his parents. Christian and Regina Fritz, emigrated with their family to America in 1857, and located at Watertown, Wis., where his father died in 1862 ; August, the subject of this sketch, enlisted in Co, E, W. V. I., in 1862, under Col. B. Pinkney, and partook in all the principal battles and movements of his regiment durinsr the war ; wa.s mustered out at Galveston, Tex., in August, 1865 ; returning then to Watertown, Wis., he made his home on the farm till 1866, when he sold there and bought his present one of 124 acres, on Sec. 34, town of Columbus, where he has since resided. He was married, March 20, 1866, to Miss Mary Holsten, of the town of Farmingham, Jefferson Co., Wis., though a native of Germany, and an emigrant with her parents to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1849 ; their children are Edwin, Annie, Eleanora and William. Mr. Fritz and family are members of the Lutheran Church. His mother resides with him. DASflELi S. FULiLER, of the firm of Fuller Bros., dry-goods merchants, Columbus ; was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., June 13, 1834 ; with his parents, L. and Rachel Fuller, he came to Wisconsin in 1857, and located at Columbus; he soon went to Berlin, Wis., where he spent one year, returning to Columbus in 1858, and in January, 1859, with his father, in the firm of L. Fuller & Son, he began mer- chandising, and continued the business under that name till July, 1866, when his brother, Mark R., took the place of his father, and the firm was changed to Fuller Bros. In the fall of 1866, he was married to Miss Frances, daughter of Frederick Ingersoll, and a native of Attica, N. Y.; they had three children — Agnes v., Alfred H. (deceased), and M. Roosevelt. Mrs. Fuller is a member of the Congregational Church. liUSCIUS FULiIiER, retired, Columbus; was born in the town of Kirkland, Oneida Co., N. Y., in July, 1810; is the s^on of Daniel and Cynthia Fuller, who were natives of Connecticut; Mr. Fuller devoted his time to fiirming in his native county (excepting five years which was devoted to saw- milling), till 1857; emigrating then to Wisconsin, he located at Columbus, March 31, 1857; the first year after his arrival here was given to saw-milling at Berlin, Wis.; returning to Columbus, he began merchandising during the winter of 1858-9, and continued that business for several years; disposing of his merchandise in 1866, he has since spent his time looking after his farm of 170 acres in the town of Columbus. He was married in 1833 to Rachel Sanford, a native of England, who died in Columbus, Wis., in 1873, leaving three children — Daniel S., now a merchant of this city; Mark R., a merchant at Augusta, Wis.; and Alice V., who died in September, 1877 ; they had one son (Alfred E. ), who enlisted in Co. G, 23d W. Y. I., in August, 1863, and was with his regiment in all its principal movements, till March, 1864, when he died at Milliken's Bend, La. His second marriage was in February, 1875, to Mrs. Mary D., widow of the late E. Grover, of Madison, Wis.; Mrs. Fuller is a native of Monroe Co., N. Y., but came with her parents, C. H. and Mary A. Williams, to Dane Co., Wis., in 1846. She is a member of the Connreirational Church. ROBERT GARNIDGE, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Columbus; is a native of England. His parents, William and Jane (Richardson) Garnidge, were natives of Northampton Co., England ; his father was born in 1777, and died there in 1860 ; his mother was born in 1787, and died in 1836 ; they raised a family of four children, of whom Robert, the second and subject of this sketch, was born at Spratton, Northampton Co., in 1S16, and removed with his parents, when 4 years old, to Ravensthorpe, Northampton Co., >vhere he lived till 1845, whence he emigrated to America; he stopped first at Avon, Lorain Co., Ohio, where he was employed at farm labor for about a year ; April 2, 1846, he started for Wis- consin, and reached Columbus, Columbia Co., the 13th day of that month; he at once entered a farm of 40 acres on Sec. 22 of this town, made a few improvements, and sold it; he next bought SO acres of his present farm on Sec. 23, in 1848, and has since made it his home; he now owns 200 acres in that section. In 1849, he was married to Miss Sarah E., daughter of John and Sarah Adler, a native of Northampton, England, but emigrated to Wisconsin with her parents in 1846, where they afterward died. TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 967 Mr. and Mrs. Garnidge have three sons and two daughters, as follows ; Byron R., now in Mason City, Iowa; Jennie, at home with her parents; William H., now at Albion, Boone Co., Neb.; Charles R., at home; and Anna V., at home. Mrs. Garnidge is a member of the Congregational Church. ROBERT GRIFFITHS, dealer in furniture and undertaker, Columbus; was born at Holy- head, Anglesea, North Wales, in 1829 , he began the carpenter and joiner's trade when 18 years old; in 1856, he came to America and located in New York City, where he continued his trade for nearly nine years ; he came to Columbus, Wis., in 1864, formed a copartnership with J. Colville in the furniture and undertaking business, and continued with him till his death ; since that time, he has carried on the business alone, and now has the most extensive business in the city. In 1864, he was married to Esther Jones, of New York City, a daughter of the late Richard P. Jones, of Columbus, Wis. Mr. and Mrs. G. are mem- bers of the Welsh Calvinistic Church. EUGEIVE S. GRISWOLD, dry-goods merchant, Columbus ; was born in Salisbury, Her- kimer Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; is the son of Amos and Phebe (Sherwoodj Griswold, natives of Connecticut, but Mr. Griswold was educated at the Academy of Fairfield, N. Y.; completing his studies there in 1 853, he went to New York City, where, for the next two years, he was connected with the Mercantile Library Association; he came to Columbus, Wis., in 1855, and was employed as clerk by his brothers in the mer- cantile trade for eighteen months; in 1861, he began dealing in grain, which he afterward followed for two years, and then began the dry-goods business, which he has since continued. He was married to Miss Hattie, daughter of Dudley Tyng, a native of Augusta, Me. They have three children — Florence, Ada and Edith. WILLIAifl M. GRISWOLD, Columbus, was born in Salisbury, Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1823. His parents, Amos and Martha Munson Griswold, were natives of Connecticut. Mr. Griswold was educated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., from which institution he graduated in 1844 ; he studied law with A. Loomis, at Little Falls, Herkimer Co., N. Y., and was admitted at Schenectady, N. Y., in 1850 ; he at once began the practice of his profession with Judge Loomis, the father of the code, and continued with him for three years ; he came to Wisconsin in 1853, located at Columbus, and for the first few years he was engaged in the mercantile trade ; he next devoted his attention to farming for seven years, and since that time has lived more retired from active life. He has been Town Supervisor several terms; was elected a member of the Wisconsin Assembly in 1858, re-elected in 1859 and 1860 ; in 1868, he was elected to the Senate from Columbia Co., and filled that position so faithfully that he was again re-elected to the same in 1870. In July, 1868, he was married to Miss Mary, daughter of Alfred Scofield, of Yates Co., N. Y.; their children are William E. and Mary M. Mrs. Griswold is a member of the Universalist Church. GEORGE GRISWOLD, Columbus, was born in Salisbury, Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1816; was educated at Union College, of Schenectady, under Dr. Nott ; read law with A. Loomis, at Little Falls, and later with Michael Hoffman, of Herkimer, N. Y; he came to Columbus in the fall of 1850, and for nine years was engaged in merchandising ; since that time he lived a more retired life. ■ HARIIAN R. HANCOCK, farmer; Sec. 4; P. 0. Cdlumbus ; was born in Jeflferson Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; son of Isaac B. and Sally Hancock, with whom he emigrated to Columbia Co., in the spring of 1846, and located on a farm in the town of Columbus, where they lived for three years ; his father then removed to Fall River, where he now resides. Mr. Hancock was married in 1856, to Miss Mary R., daughter of Danforth W. and Emily Stiles, a native of Vermont, but an emigrant to Wisconsin, in 1847, and located on the farm where she now lives and where her father afterward died with the cholera. Mr. and Mrs. Hancock have eight children, as follows : Nellie, Lydia, Edwin, Cora, Matilda, Herbert, Willis and Laura. JOHN HASEY, Columbus ; was born in the town of Londonderry, Windham Co., Vt., in 1817 ; is the son of John and Rhoda Hasey, who emigrated to Genesee, N. Y., about 1828, and to Wisconsin in 1844, and afterward died in Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis. Mr. Hasey came to Dodge Co., Wis., in 1845, and located in the town of Elba; two years later, he removed to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., where he entered a farm of 160 acres, and made that his home till 1856 ; removing at that time to the city (then village) of Columbus, he began dealing in produce, and continued that line of business for nearly 20 years. Mr. Hasey has been a member of the City Council of Columbus since its charter as a city. In 1843, he was married to Miss Albina S., daughter of F. C. Farnham, of Alexander, Genesee Co., N. Y. They are members of the Universalist Church. SAIHUEL HASEY, P. 0. Columbus ; was born at Londonderry. Windham Co., Vt., in 1822. His parents, John Hasey and Rhoda Emmons, were also natives of Vermont, but were among the early settlers of Genesee Co., N. Y.; they came with their family to Dane Co., Wis., in 1844, and later, to 968 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Columbus, where they afterward died. Mr. Hasey, our present subject, came with his parents to Dane Co., Wis., in 1844, and in the following year, removed to the town of Elba, Dodge Co., where he followed farming till 1866, returning then to Dane Co., and, in 1868, removed to Columbus for a short time ; thence to a farm of 240 acres on Sees. 9 and 10, town of Hampden, and made that his home for eleven years, and, in November, 1879, returned to the city of Columbus, where he has since lived. He was married in 1852 to Miss Mary E. Anderson, a native of Genesee Co., N. Y.; their children are James H., who was born at Danville, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1853, and lived with his parents till his marriage in 1879, to Miss Alice, daughter of Robert and Alice McBurnie, a native of the town of Hampden ; they now live on the farm in that town ; George E., also on the farm ; Mary R. Mr. Ha.sey was Chairman of the Town Board of Hampden for three term.s, and was elected a member of the Wisconsin Assembly from the Second Assembly District of Columbia Co., in 1874. WIIjL/IAM K. HOSKEN, photographer, Columbus; was born in London iu 1836; is the son of James and Mary Hosken ; when about 7 years old, he began the study of drawing and art in his native city, and devoted his attention to that study more or less of the time there till 1857 ; emigrating then to America, he located at Altoona, Penn., and there followed various kinds of business for awhile; he next resumed bis travel, which he continued over many of the States; in 1862, he located at Madi- son, Wis., and there, in 1865, began work at photography; in the latter part of 1866, he removed to Oconomowoc and continued this business there till 1869, when he removed to Milwaukee; he came thence to Columbus in 1873, opened a studio and has since continued his profession in this city, doing work also in crayon, water-colors and pastel. He was married in 1866 to Miss Angeline Stowe, of Sun Prairie, Dane Co , Wis.; their children are Charles L., Edith A. and Emma J. They are connected with the Universalist Church. CHARIiE$4 HOTON, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Yates Co., N. Y., in 1833 ; is the son of Aaron and Nancy Hoton, with whom he came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located on a farm on Sec. 3, town of Columbus, Columbia Co., where his father afterward died. Mr. Hoton spent most of his time with his mother on the farm til! his marriage in September, 1874, to Miss Alice McBurnie, of the town of Hampden, this county; after marriage, he located on a farm of 120 acres on Sees. 3, 9 and 10, town of Columbus, which he bought in 1859, and has managed and controlled since that time ; they have one son — Clarence. WILiLilAJl K. HURD, farmer. Sees. 7 and 18; P. 0. Columbus; was born at Bridport, Addi.son Co., Vt., in 1820. His father, William Hurd, was a native of Connecticut, but his mother, Mary Kendall, was born in Vermont. William K., the subject of this sketch, spent his early life on a farm in his native State, and, in 1839, removed to Akron, Ohio, where he was engaged in a flouring-mill for seven months, and then clerked in boatyard there for five months. He was married at Akron in 1840, to Miss Jane L., daughter of Calvin May, with whom, in the autumn of that year, he returned to his home in Vermont; after spending a year on his father's farm, they removed to Randolph, (Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., where he worked at the carpenter and joiner's trade for four years; in 1845, they removed to the town of Richmond, Walworth Co., Wis., where he bought a farm, built what was known as the old " Gravel House" and kept tavern in connection with farming for three years, removing then to the town of West Troy, Walworth Co., where he kept tavern a year, after which he continued the carpenter and joiner's trade till 1854 ; while there, he built twenty miles of railroad fence for the M. & M. road, it being the first for that company in the State ; in the fall of 1854, he bought a farm of 120 acres in Sec. 7, town of Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis, which has since been his home, and where he now owns 196 acres in Sees. 7 and 18 ; here his wife died in March, 1855 ; their children are James E., who now resides in Schuyler Co., Mo.; Helen, now Mrs. Alonzo Chase, and lives at Wells, Faribault Co., Minn.; Achsa L., now the wife of Monroe Phi|lips, and lives in Brookfield, Waukesha Co., Wis.; Arthur C, deceased; Charles M., deceased; Reuben S., living now at Kasson, Minn.; Oscar A., who now lives in Iowa ; his second marriage was in August, 1855, to Mrs. Mary A. Murphy, nee Curtis, of the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis.; she had two daughters by her first marriage — Frances M., the late Mrs. J. J. Sutton, now deceased ; Sarah A., now Mrs. Lsaac Thompson, and lives in the town of Columbus. Mr. and Mrs. Hurd have two children by their second marriage — William F., who married Miss Eliza Baker in March, 1879, and lives on his father's farm, and Fred W., at home; they have an adopted daughter — Mary. Mr. H. has been Justice of the Peace and Notary Public for several years. ADOLPHIIS W. INGALSBE, Columbus; was bom in Washington Co., N. Y., in 1822; he was educated in the common schools of his native county; he went to California in 1849, and spent three years in the West ; returning to his home in New York, in 1852, whence, in the fall of that year, he emigrated to Wisconsin, and located at Columbus in February, 1853, where he has since devoted his time TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 969 to farming and stock-raising; he now owns a farm of 600 acres in the towns of Columbus, Columbia Co., and Elba, Dodge Co. Mr. Ingalsbe was a member of the Town Board for several terms, and Chairman of the same two years. In October, 1853, he was married to Miss Maria Butterfield, of Washington Co., N. Y., who died at her home in Columbus, Wis., in July, 1876, leaving three children, as follows: Burr, now living in Nebraska ; Nora and Millie at home with father. Mrs. Ingalsbe was a member of the Baptist Church ; Mr. Ingalsbee is an Ancient Odd Fellow. E. E. JOXES, Columbus; was born in Flintshire, North Wales, in 1828; is the son of Edward and Arabella .Jones ; he was educated according to the school system of his native country, and, at the age of 14 years, was apprenticed to the mercantile trade, which he continued there and in Liverpool till 1848, his father having died when he was not yet a year old ; in 1848, he with his mother emigrated to Amer- ica, and located at Columbus, Wis.; he engaged in teaching for a year, and then began clerking for Mr. Bassett, in the mercantile trade; after continuing with him for some years, he next became a partner with Mr. Hazelton, in the business, and, in 1861, he and Mr. Johnson bought out Mr. Hazelton,and continued the business for three or four years ; disposing of his business, he soon became employed by Bassett & Davies, in the dry-goods and general merchandise store, and has remained with them since. He was mar- ried, in 1853, to Miss Elizabeth Jones, of the town of Elba, Dodge Co., but a native of Caernavonshire, North Wales, and an emigrant to Wisconsin with her parents, about 1845; they have one daughter — Katie. They are members of the Welsh Calvinistic Church ; Mr. Jones is a member of the Temple of Honor. THOMAS JONES, farmer, Sees. 23 and 26 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Merionethshire, North Wales, Oct. 20, 1833 ; his father, Thomas Jones, was born in Merionethshire, and died in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., Nov. 7, 1849 ; his mother, Elizabeth Gittings, was alto a native of that shire, and died in Wisconsin in August, 1862. Thomas, our present subject, is the oldest of five children, with whom his parents landed in New York, as emigrants to America, July 8, 1845 ; they settled in the town of Macy, Oneida Co., N. Y., for nearly a year, and then removed to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., where they arrived June 3, 1846, where they located on a farm on Sec. 27 ; Mr. Jones made his home on the farm till his marriage in 1861, to Miss Mary J., daughter of Dan and Hannah M. Tompkins, a native of Yates Co., N. Y., but an emigrant with parents to Wiscon.sin, in 1854, and located in the town of Otsego, Columbia Co., where her father died in 1876 ; her mother still resides in that town. Mr. and Mrs. Jones located soon after marriage on a farm of 170 acres, on Sec. 22, and made that their home till Feb. 8, 1876, whence he removed to his present farm of 135 acres, on Sees. 23, 25 and 26. He has been a member of the Town Board for two terms. JOHX A. KITZROW, farmer. Sees. 16 and 21 ; P.O. Columbus; was born in Mecklenburg in 1838; he came to America in 1857, and located in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis.; he now owns a farm of 160 acres, Sees. 16 and 21. In 1866, he was married to Miss Augusta Prien, of the town of Arlington, Columbia County ; their children are Otto, Edward, Charles and Mary. They are members of the Lutheran Church. ALBERT EUGENE KOENIG, Columbus ; was born May 2, 1848, in Berne, Switzer- land, and came to America in April, 1867 ; located in Fayette Co., Iowa, and was in the law office of Mr. Goodrich for about nine months, and then went to New Orleans, and to Cuba, and was there till Decem- ber, 1870; then he went to California, from there to Shanghai, China, where he contracted the yellow fever, and, on account of ill health, returned to California, and was in the employ of his brother for three years, and then he went to New York, and, in 1876, came to Columbus, Wis., where he still lives, and is now in the employ of J. Fox, Esq.; he has charge of the livery and feed stables at the Fox House. REV. FREDRICK KEUCKHOHN, retired, Columbus ; was born in North Germany in 1820: he was educated in the common and select schools of his native country ; at the age of 14 years, he became apprenticed to the blacksmith trade, with his father, and continued that, together with farming there, till 1848 ; emigrating then to America, he located at Chicago, where he worked at his trade for nearly a year. There, in 1849, he was married to Miss Charlotte Friday, a native also of Northern Ger- many, after which he soon settled on a farm of 160 acres in Cook Co., 111.; two years later, he removed to a farm in Lake Co., Ind., where he remained two years ; during the time of his residence in Cook Co., 111., and Lake Co., Ind., he devoted much of his time to the study of theology ; he joined the Rock River Conference in 1854, and was appointed to the charge of Manitowoc, Wis., for two years, during which time he built the first German M. E. Church there ; he was assigned, in 1856, to Fond du Lac, where he also built the first German M. E. Church, and remained there as its Pastor for two years, and, in 1858, to Wheeling, Cook Co., 111.; two years later, he was appointed to the German M. E. Church, of Clybouriie avenue, Chicago, where he remained for two years ; in 1862, he was sent to La Porte, Ind., and, in 1864, 970 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: to Bremen, Cook Co., 111., where he remained three years, going thence to Peru, La Salle Co.. for one year. In 1868, he removed to Galena, 111., and was Presiding Elder of that district for four years, after which he was Pastor of the church there for one year. At the time of the division of the Northwestern Conference, in 1872, at his request he was transferred to Chicago German M. E. Conference, and by it was again appointed to the charge of Bremen, 111., for two years. In the autumn of 1875, he came to Colum- bus as Pastor of the German M. E. Church, and remained as such for three years, when failing health forced him to resign. Mr. and Mrs. Kluckhohn have six children — Fred, Louisa (now the wife of L. Hersch, and lives at Lemars, Iowa), Mary (^now the wife of H. Blumenthal, of this city), Josephine, Henry, Emma. DAVID IjASKEY, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Columbus ; was born in the town of Greene, Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1841, and came with his parents, Richard and Dorothy Laskey, to Wisconsin in 1844 ; stopped one year in Walworth County ; in 1845, came to the town of Hampden, Columbia County, where he made his home till 1865 ; then he bought a farm on Sec. 30, town of (!olumbus ; disposing of that in 1868, he bought one of 120 acres, 87 of which lies on Sees. 33 and 34, town of Columbus, and 40 acres on Sees. 3 and 4, town of York, Dane Co. He was miirried Nov. 1, 1870, to Miss Susan, a daughter of Henry and Mary McNamara, a native of New York City, born in 1850 ; her parents were natives of Ireland, but emigrated with her to Dane Co., Wis., when .she was quite young. Their children are Albert J., William H. and Uri D. Mrs. Laskey is a member of the Catholic Church. RICHARD IjASKEY, deceased, was born in Leicestershire, England, in 1784, and lived there on a farm till about 21 years of age; he then joined the British army as a soldier in the War of 1812, and served most of the time in Canada; at the close of the war, he deserted the army, crossed the Niagara River on the ice into York State, and located in the town of Greene, Chenango Co., where he made his home till 1844. He was married there, Feb. 9, 1826, to Miss Dorothy Johnson, a native of New Hamp- shire, where she was born Feb. 13, 1800, but emigrated to New York with her parents when 12 years old. In 1844, Mr. and Mrs. Laskey, with their family of twelve children, emigrated to Wisconsin, and located on a farm in the town of Lina, Walworth County; a year later (1845), they removed to Columbia Co., and located in the town of Hampden, where they were among the first families, and made that their home for about twenty-two years. In 1867, they removed to the town of Columbus, and settled on a farm, on Sec. 24, where he died in 1870, and his wife in 1875; they were members of the M. E. Church. Their children are Rhoda, born Nov. 1 2, 1826, the late wife of Thomas Smith, now deceased ; John, born Dec. 13, 1827, who owns a farm of 60 acres in the town of York, Dane Co.; Albert, born Nov. 30, 1828, who, with his brother John, owns a farm of 390 acres in the town of Columbus ; Lois, born Jan. 27, 1830, now the wife of Perry J. Kidder, and lives in the town of Columbus ; Thomas, born Sept. 30, 1831, enlisted in Co. K, 18th W. V. I, and killed at the battle of Shiloh ; Stephen, born April 13, 1833, and died in the town of Hampden ; Asenath, born Dec. 13, 1835, now Mrs. Thomas Smith, of Columbus ; Chloe, born March 7, 1837, now Mrs. L. B. Huntington, of the town of Fountain Prairie; Uri, born Feb. 14, 1839, enlisted in Co. A, 7th W. V. I., was wounded at the battle of Gainesville, Va., died at Alexandria ; David, born Oct. 23, 1841, and he now lives in this town (Columbus). PERRY IjEE, deceased, was the son of Jesse and Jane Lee ; born in the town of Eaton, Wy- oming Co., Penn., in 1816 ; he was educated in the common schools of his native county, and' devoted his time to farming there till his marriage, in 1840, to Miss Esther, daughter of Thomas and Polly Mitchell, of that town and county. After marriage, he, with a brother, turned his attention to milling (having purchased a grist-mill a short time before his marriage), and were its proprietors till 1844; emigrating then to Wisconsin, they located at Milwaukee for fourteen months, and in December, 1845, settled on a farm in the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., which was their home till 1850 ; removing then to Portage, he was proprietor of the Wisconsin House for two years, and then purchased the Lee House, of which he was proprietor till December, 1859, when it burned down. He was elected Sheriff of Columbia County in 1852, and served in that office during the years 1853 and 1854. He went to Denver, Colo., in 1860, and there, with a company of men, started South on a trip, but he was taken sick and died at Abiquiu, New Mexico, in November, 1860, leaving a wife and five children to survive him. The children are as follows: Wm. D., who now lives in Texas; Mary M., now the wife of Thomas Sanderson, and lives in the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis.; Sarah, now Mrs. J. J. Sutton, of this city; Esther M., now Mrs. A. H. Whitney, of this city, and Lillian E., at home with her mother. Those who knew Mr. Lee knew well his many manly qualities, being a man who took interest in public aflairs, and whatever seemed to be for the general good of the county or community he was ever ready to support. His acquaintance through- out the county was very extended, and all who met him honored him for his courtesy, his kindness, his manhood. TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 9^1 JOHN W. L.EFFINGWEL.L, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Columbus ; was born in the town of Riga, Genesee Co , N. Y., Oct. 16, 1832 ; his father, Lemuel Leffingwell, was born in Connecticut, in 1798, and was a grandson of William Leffingwell, who emigrated from France to America in an early day, and was instrumental in rescuing some whites from the hands of the Indians ; as a reward for which the U. S. Government granted him the land where the city of Norwich, Conn., is now located ; his father, Lemuel, removed with parents to the town of Camden, Oneida Co., N. Y., when a mere boy. There, in February, 1820, he was married to Miss Ruth Preston, a native of that county, born April 13,1803. Four years after marriage, they removed to Genesee Co., and made that their home until 1835, whence they emigrated to Monroe Co., Mich.; in 1837, they returned to Oneida Co., N. Y., and settled in the town of Vernon, whence, in 1847, they came to Wisconsin and located on a farm in the town of York, Dane Co.; he having come in the fall of 1846, and made preparation for the family, which arrived in the spring of 1847 ; he afterward purchased land near the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., to which he removed and made his home until his death, which occurred Sept. 6, 1877. He left a wife and four children to survive him ; the latter are as follows : Mary A., now the wife of Francis Smith, and lives in the town of Vernon, Oneida Co., N. Y.; George, who lives with his mother on the farm ; John W. and Orrissa, now the wife of Daniel Peck, and lives in the town of York, Dane Co., Wis. John W., the third and subject of this sketch, was married Nov. 12, 1855, to Miss Amanda, daughter of Orlando and Thankful ( Parker) Wiseman, a native of the town of Gainesville, Wyoming Co., N. Y.; her grandfither, Thomas Wiseman, was a native of England, and came to America as a British soldier in the Revolutionary war, served his term under the King and then joined the American cause ; he was one of the men who watched for Maj. Andre at the time of his capture ; he afterward located in the town of Gainesville, Wyoming Co., N. Y., where he followed the weaver's trade, and made that his home until death ; he raised a large family, of whom Mrs. Leffingwell's father was the youngest but one, and come as a pioneer to Dane Co., Wis., and located in the town of York, where he died in the fall of 1876, and his wife two years later. Mr. Leffing- well has been Assessor of the town of Columbus for two terms, was elected Chairman of the Town Board, in 1878, re-elected in 1879 and 1880. He now has a farm of 230 acres. Sec. 33, town of Columbus. Himself and wife are members of the M. E. Church. Their children are as follows: Luella, now the wife of Calvin J. Fairbanks, and lives in the town of Hampden ; Ada E., now the wife of Franklin Feelyater, and lives in the town of Columbus ; Arthus L. and Milton F., at home. HON. JAMES T. LEWIS. Searching the streets of Athens with a lantern, Diogenes illumined a truth of his own discovering, namely, that honest men are a nation's rarest as well as most precious jewels, and we have discovered that of those who shine in the crown of the republic, none have a higher worth than the faithful administrators of the law. Prominent on the roll of true and good men, we find the name of James T. Lewis, a native of Clarendon, N. Y. He was born on the 30th of October, 1819, and is the son pf Shubaei Lewis and Eleanor Robertson. His grandfather, Samuel Lewis, lived in Brimfield, Mass. His father, a native of New England, was born on the 27th of Febru- ary, 1783, and grew up from a poor boy, with a spirit of self-reliance and strong hope, and by his sterling qualities commanded universal respect. He was a man of sturdy enterprise, and acquired large estates both in New York and Wisconsin. He was thrice married — first, on the 29th of January, 1815, and the second time on the 15th of April, 1835, to Parna Nichols, who was born on the 10th of April, 1798. She was a lady of the truest womanly qualities, a devoted wife and all that a mother could be to the chil- dren placed under her care. Her pure life was devoted to the welfare of her family, and to the influence of her teachings and example the subject of this sketch to-day feels himself largely indebted for the success of his life. His third marriage was to Mary Bugbee. He died at the advanced age of 78 years. The mother of our subject, a lady of Scotch descent, died on the 8th of October, 1834. Of Mr. Lewis' brothers and sisters, William L. was born Oct. 19, 1815, and was married Oct. 7, 1842, to Miss Eliza Ann Martin, of Clarendon, N. Y.; Shubael R. was born Nov. 3, 1817 ; was a distinguished soldier in the Mexican War — the first to scale the walls of Chapultepec, and for his gallant conduct on the field was presented with a sword ; married, Aug. 18, 1839, to Mrs. Sarah Ann (Nichols) Brown, widow of Harvy Brown, M. D. ; died in August, 1856. Hiram W. was born January 13, 1823 ; married Sept. 2, 1847, to Miss Melissa P. Tousley. Mary Jane was born Sept. 6, 1825 ; married Oscar A. Harris. Andrew J. was born May 23, 1828 ; died January 20, 1840. Lydia A. was born Sent. 22, 1831 ; died Oct. 12, 1834. James T., the third son, after receiving a common-school education, completed a course of English classical study in Clarkson Academy and Clinton Seminary, in New York, and, in 1842, began the study of law with Gov. Selden, of Clarkson. He afterward removed to Wisconsin, and, in 1845, was admitted to the bar of the United States District Court, and subsequently to the Supreme Court of the State. LL 972 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Declining the gift of an elijiible law oflSee offered him by influential friends, if he would settle in Clinton, N. Y., he decided more wisely, and established himself in Columbus, his present home. At the age of 26, he was married to Miss Orlina M. Sturges, daughter of a prominent and successful merchant of Clar- endon, N. Y., and by her had four children — Henry T., deceased at the age of 16 months; Selden J., named after Gov. Solden, of Clarkson, N. Y.; Charles R., named after Hon. Charles D. Robinson, of Green Bay, Wis., and Anna L. Mr. Lewis, a man of superior executive ability, rapidly rose to the success- ive positions of District Attorney, County Judge, member of the Constitutional Convention which formed the organic law of the State, member of the General Assembly, State Senator, member of the Court of Impeachment, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State and Governor. As Secretary of State, it was truly said of him, " He has been prompt, methodical and systematic in all the departments of his oflBce ; a true man in every sense of the word, kind and gentlemanly in his deportment and possessing great executive ability." When elected to this office, he received every vote cast in the city of his resi- dence, and, when elected Governor, in 1863, received a majority of 25,000, by far the largest ever accorded to any candidate for that office. The nation at this time being engaged in civil war, Gov. Lewis felt that for the time political divisions should cease ; that all loyal men, forgetting party strifes, should rally around our country's flag, and save it from dishonor ; that rebellion should be crushed by hearty co-operation and earnest sacrifice, and that peace should be restored. Sincerely impressed with this belief, he severed party ties and proclaimed : " He who is not a faithful friend to the Government of his country in this trying hour is no friend of mine," and spared neither time, talent nor money in sending troops to save the national capital. Especially was his attention engaged in caring for the needs of the sick. He repeatedly visited camps and hospitals, making long and careful tours, and finally secured a special order from the Surgeon General of the United States for the transfer of all the sick and wounded soldiers from Wisconsin to hospitals within their own State, a privilege never before granted. Under his administration, hospitals were estab- lished, a soldiers' orphans' home was founded, and families of soldiers provided for. Through his influence, multitudes of suffering " boys in blue " were nursed back into life, in hospitals blessed with comforts, blessed by the prayers of mothers and wives at home ; the dying hours of brave men were soothed, and men who had risked their lives for a great principle, and bereaved families, were provided with homes. The marked but not forgotten graves of our slain heroes dot the hillsides of the South ; but, had it not been for the noble work of Gov. Lewis, hundreds who are among the living to-day would live only in the desolate, sorrowing hearts of those who loved them. By personal efforts, he obtained credit from the Government for soldiers fiirnished, and reduced the quota of Wisconsin at one time from 19,032 to 15,311, and Wiis especially successful in securing the claims of his State against the Government, amounting in all to more than half a million of dollars. In 1864, by his wise adjustment of affairs, the State tax was reduced several hundred thousands of dollars ; and, during his entire administration, he did not use one dollar of the Military Contingent Fund. At his request, the Legislature declined to vote the usual appropriation of $5,000 as a general contingent fund for the use of the Executive. He worked for the good of his State, and was economical, systematic and prompt in all his departments of duty. His large-heartedness and sympathy went out to all ;• yet, in the administration of justice, he was inexorable. As a man and public officer. Gov. Lewis possessed the unlimited confidence of the people, and through his varied career has maintained a name and character above suspicion or reproach. Figuring little in proclamations, orders and telegraphic communications, he performed his duties quietly and without ostentation ; unselfish and self-denying in all his actions, he labored for the welfare of his State and nation. Standing upon noble principles, he felt that he needed no other platform; the ends which he aimed at were his country's, God's and truth's. A marked feature in the character of Gov. Lewis, and one worthy of imitation, is his generous benevolence. Possessed of a liberal competence, he devotes a large portion of his annual income to the building and support of universities, colleges, academies and educational interests, thus exerting a silent but lasting influence for good by developing the minds and morals of his country's youtli. He has been a liberal contributor to churches and benevolent enterprises of various kinds, and in ail that pertains to the welfare of his city, or the good of his fellowmen, he is ready to lend a cheerful support. In 1864, Lawrence University conferred the degree of LL. D., an honor which was just!}' bestowed and has been worthily worn. He recently received a dispatch from Washington tendering him the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue ; he, however, declined the h(mor, owing to other duties which require his constant attention. Mr. Lewis has been .several times offered similar offices, but has uniformly declined. WiLLiIAM Ir. liEWIS, Columbus; was born at Clarendon, Orleans Co., N. Y., in 1815; he is the son of Shubael Lewis and Eleanor Robertson, who are mentioned in the sketch given of his TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 973 brother, Hon. James T. Lewis. Mr. Lewis received the greater part of his education in the common schools of his native State. In 1842, he began merchandising at Bergen, Genesee Co., and after continuing there two years he removed his business to Clareudon, Orleans Co., and there continued the same and also milling, for several years ; disposing of his interest at Clarendon, in 1853, he removed to Hawley, Orleans Co., and was proprietor of the Hawley Mills for three years ; he, with his family, emigrated to Wisconsin, in the spring of 1857, locating at Columbus ; he has since been engaged in farming, lumbering and the grain trade. He was employed as clerk in the Secretary of State's office, in 18G3, with his brother, during his term of office, and by Mr. Pairchild, in lSti4. Returning to Columbus, in 1865, he has devoted his time to superintending his farm of 312 acres, in the town of Columbus. He was married in 1841, to Miss Eliza Ann Martin, of Clarendon, Orleans Co., N. Y.; their children are Martin J., who now lives in Dakota; Adella, now the wife of D. M. Inmann, and lives in Dakota; Anna E. now Mrs. M. D. Thomp.son, of Vermillion, Dakota; Jennie, deceased; Lillie, now at home with parents. Mr. Lewis' family is connected with the Baptist Church. MATTHEW LOWTH, farmer; Sees. 10 and 15 ; P.O.Columbus; was born in County Meath, Ireland, May (5, 1819 ; when 7 years old, he, with his parents, Edward and Alice, nee McCabe, emigrated to America ; they settled in Aug. 1820, in the town of Tinmouth, Rutland Co., Vt., where his mother died in the following December ; his father followed mining tliere for a number of years ; after the death of his mother, he and his brother were put out to live with American families of Vermont, and with them he made his home until 21 years of age ; at the age of IS years, he entered upon a three years' apprenticeship to the molder's trade, in the Granger Stove Works, at Pittsford, Rutland Co.; he next came to Albany, N. Y., where he worked at his trade awhile, and later to Troy, N. Y., where he followed the same for a time ; he emigrated to Wisconsin in 1844, and stopped a year with his cousin, John Lowth, at Troy, Walworth Co.; Nov. 9, 1845, he removed to his log house, in the town of Lowell, Dodge Co., Wis., where he made his home until the fiill of 1849; disposing of his interest in Dodge Co. at that time, he entered a farm of 120 acres, in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., and returned to Troy, N. Y., and continued his trade at INIechanicsvilie for two years ; coming again to Columbus, Wis., in 1851, he settled on his farm, which has since been his home ; he devoted the winter seasons of the first eleven years after his permanent settlement in Columbia Co., to teaching, and the summers in farming. Mr. Lowth was elected Assessor of the town or village of Columbus, in 1856 ; he has served three terms as Chairman of the Town Board, and in 1879 was elected a member of the Wisconsin Assembly, from the Second Assembly District of Columbia Co. He was married, in 1843, to Miss Mary Glavin, a native of Cork, but an emigrant to America with parents, when about 2 years old, and settled at Troy, N. Y., where she was afterward married ; their children are Edward, Alice Francis, Catharine, Thomas H.; Josephine, now the wife of Charles Hall, and lives at Spencer, Marathon Co., Wis., and Emma, at home. OL.IVER RODNEY LIIEY, farmer; Sec. 20 ; P.O.Columbus; was born in Windsor Co., Vt., in 1824 ; he had the advantage of the common school in his boyhood, where he received his education ; he devoted his attention to farming in Vermont, until 1844, whence he emigrated to Wisconsin; he found employment at farm work at Mr. James' in the town of Richmond, Rock Co., for two summers ; in November, 1845, he came to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., bought a claim of 160 acres in the southeast quarter. Sec. 20 ; and in February, 1846, he obtained a deed to 40 aci'es of it and pre-empted the remainder ; he at once built his pioneer log house, at first only 16x10, but was afterward enlarged, which was his home for fifteen years ; his farm now numbers 250 acres, and instead of his log house, a commodious residence decorates his premises. Mr. Luey has been a member of the Town Board for two or three years. He was married. May, 1848, to Miss Sarah, daughter of Robert and Polly (Berry) Miller, a native of Windham Co., Vt.; her mother died there in 1870 ; her father came to Wisconsin in 1876, and now makes his home at Mr. Luey's. Mr. and Mrs. Luey have five children, as follows : Charlotte, now the wife of Frank Hopkins, lives at Gary, Dakota; Edwin, now at Rochester, Minn.; Cheney 0., Walter R. and Cornelia, at home. ADAH McCONSfEIiL/, Deputy Sheriff, Columbus; was born in County Armagh, Ireland, in 1824; he is the sjn of James McConnell, who came as an emigrant to America, in 1845, and located at Columbu-', Wis., where he afterward died. Mr. McConnell, the subject of this sketch, spent four years in a constabulary in County Kildare, Ireland, and was on duty at the Clontarf when the notice was given by Daniel O'Connell to bold one of the monster meetings at that place, in 1843, and was present when he was arrested. Remaining there in that line of duty until 1847, he then resigned. May 3, 1847, he was married in the town of Kilcock, County Kildare, to Miss Anna Walsh, immediately after which, they sailed for Americj, and landed in New York City about the 1st of July following ; they came thence to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm, which was their home until 1805 ; then 974 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ' removed to the city of Columbus, where they have since resided. Mr. McConoell was appointed Deputy Sheriff of Columbia Co. for two years, by P. P. Pool ; was re-appointed by Mr. H. A. Russell, during hia term of office, and again appointed by Mr. Jonas Conklin, which position he now holds ; he was a member of the Town Board of Supervisors for two years ; was Village and City Marshal for Columbus, six or eightyears. Their children are Anna M., now the wife of R. M. C. Turner, and lives in Philadelphii ; Thomas H., now a clerk in R. W. Chadbourn's Bank, at Rochester, Minn.; Charles H., a clerk in the First National Bank, at Leadville; Morris J., now in a store at Birds' Island, Minn.; Jennie, at home. Mrs. McConoell is a member of the Congregational Church. JAMES McTIKKNAN (deceased), was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, about 1806 ; he was brought up as a farmer's son, in his native county ; when about 30 years old, he emigrated to America, and lived in Vermont and Massachusetts for several years ; in 1847, he with his family removed to Columbia Co,, Wis., and located on a farm of GO acres on Sec. 25, which he bought of William Drake, and afterward purchased 42 acres, making his farm 102 acres on that section ; here he made his home till his death, Nov. 2, 1865. He was married in 1850 to Miss Mary, daughter of Thomas and Margaret Kelly; a native of County Wicklow, Ireland, born in 1828, an i came to America in 1849. Their children are Maria, now the wife of Edward Lay, and living in Kansas ; John, at home ; Margaret, at home ; Bridget, in Chicago ; Thomas, at home ; Annie (deceased); Katie and KUen, at home. The family is connected with St. Jerome's Catholic Church. JOSEPH S. JIANSTIWdr, proprietor of flouring-mill ; was born in Plainfield, N. J., in 1819 ; his father dying shortly after his birth, his mother soon removed with him to Middletown, Monmouth Co., N. J., where he spent much of his time at school till 14 years of age ; he then went to New York City, and began with an uncle as clerk in a dry-goods store ; remaining there till 1844, he came to Wisconsin, and located at Kenosha (then Southport), where he clerked in a dry-goods store for three years; he removed thence to the town of Courtland, Columbia Co., where he followed farming for two years, and then came to Columbus, purchased the Ludington mill, and has since been its proprietor. Mr. Manning was a member of the City Council for three years ; he has been a member of the Ma,sonic Fraternity for twenty-five years. In 1847, he was married to Miss Mary, daughter of James and Julia Campbell, of Southport (now Kenosha), Wis. ; they have one daughter, Julia M., now the widow of the late H. K. Dodge, dec'd. Mrs. Manning is a member of the Congregational Church ; Mrs. Dodge is a member of the Episcopal Church. Mrs. Manning's brother, Benjamin Campbell, enlisted in the 6th W. V. I., at Milwaukee, in 1861, and was with his regiment till it reached Baltimore, Md., where he died from physi- cal exhaustion cauj^ed by the measles. ISAAC MEKRIAM, dealer in lime, coal, brick, plaster, etc., etc., Columbus; was born in Franklin Co., N. Y., in 1811 ; he is the youngest of a family of seven children, whose parents, Benjamin and Sally (Kendall) Merriam, were natives of Connecticut, but removed to Franklin Co., N. Y., about 181(1 ; his father dying when he was ((uite young, he was soon compelled to earn his own living as best he could; and being thus early in life deprived of his home, he sought employment at farm work from friends and neighbors; coming to Wisconsin in 1847, he located at Watertown, where he followed the carpenter and joiner's trade, to which he became apprenticed in his native county at the age of 21 years ; seven years later (1854), he removed to the town of Lowell, Dodge Co., where he followed agriculture for nearly ten years ; in the spring of 1863, he came with his family to the city (then village) of Columbus, where, in 1866, he begah dealing in lime, coal, etc., and has since continued the same. xA.t Cornwall, Addison Co., Vt., in 1847, he was married to Miss Lucinda S. Goodrich, a native of that county ; their children are: Mary H., a graduate of VVayland University, of Beaver Dam, Wis., and now a teacher in the public schools of Milwaukee; Lucy M.; Sarah I., a teacher in the public schools of this city; Jesse I., now a printer at Alexandria, Dak. Mr. Merriam and family are members of the Baptist Church. HEBfRV 510RSE, firmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Columbus; was born in the town of HalfmooDi Saratoga Co., N. Y., in 1814. Hi.s father, John E. Morse, was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y.; his mother, Rebecca Palmer, was also a native of York State. At the age of 18 years, he began the carpenter and joiner's trade, which he afterward continued in Saratoga and Genesee Cos. till 1859 ; emigrating then to Columbus, Wis., he stopped in the village one year, then located on a farm on Sec. 24, town of Columbus, where he and his son together own 240 acres. He was married in 1837 to Miss Minerva, daughter of F. C. Farnham, a native of Washington Co., N. Y.; her father came to Columbus, Wis., in 1858, and died here in 1879. Mr. and Mrs. Morse have two children — V. C, now with his father on the farm ; Mary, now the wife of Eli Thaire, who lives in Minnesota. Mr. Morse was elected Assessor of the town in 1877, and re-elected in 1878-80. TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 975 STEI>MA1¥ S. NEWTOX, dealer in musical instruments, sewing machines and jewelry, Columbus; was born in Tioga Co., Penn., in November, 1850. His father, Lewis Newton, was a native of Vermont ; his mother, Emily Egbert, was born in New York ; his father and grandfather John D. Egbert, came with their families as emigrants to Wisconsin, and landed at the house of Mr. Josiah Fos- ter, in the town of Arlington, Columbia Co., in April, 1854; they soon located in that town, and Mr. Egbert was, for several years, a prominent citizen of that town ; he died there about 1862 or 1863 ; he did much in the way of making deeds and drawing papers of various kinds for the early settlers, and was a man to whom all looked for counsel. Mr. and Mrs. Newton had a family of six children — three sons and three daughters; three of them now live in this County. Stedman S., the subject of this sketch, was the fourth child, and spent his time on his father's farm and at district school till 1868, removing then to Poynell, where, in 1870, he began clerking in a drug store, and also had charge of the post office at that place ; in 1871, he entered the State University and completed his studies there in 1872 ; return- ing then to Columbia Co., he taught at Dekorra for a term of five months; in the spring of 1873, he began dealing in machines and musical instruments at Poynette and Lodi ; in the fall of 1876, removed the main portion of his business to Columbus, though he still continues these points as branch houses to the business here; he added a stock of jewelry to his trade in the tall of 1878, and has since carried on the three lines of trade. In February, 1877, he was married to Miss Delia, daughter of Lewis and Eme- line Cave, a native of Staten Island, but an emigrant to Poynette, Wis., in 1854. Mr. and Mrs. Newton are members of the M. E. Church ; he is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. GERD H. XIEJIEYER, farmer. Sees. 22 and 27; P. 0. Columbus; was born at Han- over, Germany, in September, 1820. His mother, Dorothea Rolls, died when he was only 5 years old, and his father, Gerd H. Niemeyer, when he was 8. An orphan boy at that early age, he was forced to leave off his studies and seek some employment by which he could earn his own living ; he went to live with a neighbor farmer, where he learned that honest industry is the true source of wealth, and upon that principle he has ever acted ; he emigrated to America in 1848, and located at Milwaukee, Wis., where he followed laboring for five years, and then removed to Portage, where he lived two and one-half years; he next removed to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., and located on a farm of 40 acres on Sec. 16 ; a year later, he sold that farm and bought one of 120 acres on Sees. 17 and 20, where he lived for two years; disposing then of that, he bought another of 100 acres on Sec. — , and made his home there till 1876, whence he removed to his present one of 140 acres on Sees. 22 and 27, where he has since lived. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Mary Alfs, a native of Germany, but an emigrant to America in 1848; their children are Eliza IMary and Fred. They are members of the Lutheran Church. ASA PERKINS, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Columbus; was born in the town of Ira, Cayuga Co., N. Y., in 1826; he was educated there in the common schools, and devoted his time to farming there till 1849, when he emigrated to Wisconsin, and entered a farm of 120 acres, on Sec. 19, town of Colum- bus, Columbia Co , in June, having just 2 shillings left after paying the purchase money; he returned to New York in the following fall for tlie winter, and a year from that time, came again to Wisconsin, and located at Janesville, where he worked by the month on a farm for two years, after which he made his home there most of the time for another year; he settled permanently on his farm in 1853, and has increased it to 166 acres. Mr. Perkins is one of the committee on the extension of the North-Westem Railway from Granville to Lodi, Wis., and has taken an active part in the enterprise ; in 1870, he took a trip to California, thence via the coast to Portland, Ore., and up the Columbia River to Waulula, and from there by stage to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, whence, alter a fortnight's sojourn, he returned the same way to his home in Wisconsin. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Sarah C, daughter of Reuben and Nancy George, a native of Indiana, but an emigrant to Wisconsin with her father in 1847, her mother having previously died in Illinois ; their children are: Mary A., born in 1854, and married to Stephen B. Marvin in November, 1875, and now lives at Redwood, Minn.; Randall K., born in 1856, and now at Redwood, Minn.; Francis F.,born in 1858, now at home ; Charles M.,born in 1860, and Arthur R., born in 1866. Mr. and Mrs. Perkins are members of the M. E. Church. JOHSf PETERS, farmer. Sees. 22 and 15; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Prussia in 1817; he came to America in 1853, and lived five years at Milwaukee, Wis., and, in 1857, he came to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., where, in 1857, he bought a farm of 60 acres ; selling that in 1866, he bought his present one of 120 acres in Sees. 22 and 15. He was married in 1850, to Miss Louisa Harms, a native of Germany ; their children are Henry, Charles, William, Mary, and one adopted daughter, Emma. They are members of the Lutheran Church. JOHN PRIEN, manufacturer of wagons and buggies, and agent for all kinds of agricultural and farming implements, Cjlumbus; was born in Mecklenburg in 1824; at the age of 21 years, he began 976 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the wagon-maker's trade in his native country, and continued the same there till 1852 ; eniigratinii then to America, he located in Milwaukee, Wis., and followed his trade there for five years ; he came to Columbus in IS57, and has since carried on the business of a wagon manufacturer. In 1853, he was married to Miss P]rnestina Kreutzfeld, a native of Germany. They have one daughter — Mary Charlotte. They are mem- bers of the Ijutheran (church. JOHN 11. tir. PRICE, of the firm of Price & Henderson, Columbus ; was born in Norfolk Co., Upper Canada, in 1835 ; he received his earlier education in the common schools and academiis of his native country, but completed his studies at the Lawrence University of Delaware Co., N. Y., in 1860 ; he came to Heaver Dam, Wis., in 1856, and clerked in a dry-goods store for two years ; then, after com- pleting his studies at the University, returned to Beaver Dam, and continued clerkin;; for two years longer; in 1862, he began clerking for D. E. Bassett, at Danville, Wis., and, in August, 1864, came to Columbus, where, in January, 1865, he formed a copartnership with Bassett & Davies, in the firm of Bassett, Davies & Price, and continued business for about seven years ; he removed to Milwaukee in 1873, and for three years was engaged iu the wholesale tea trade ; returning to Columbus in 1876, he formed a copartt.ership with J. T. Henderson, under the firm naiue of Price & Henderson, lumber merchants. Mr. Price has been a member of the City Council for two terms. He was married in November, 1865, to Miss Frances A., daughter of Thomas Eggleston, of Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis.; their children are George W. and Harry A. They attend the Congregational Church ; Mr. Price is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. GRIFFITHS ROBERTS, of the firm of Roberts & Thiede, manufacturers of wa-nns, farm machinery, etc., etc., Columbus; was born in Caernarvonshire, North Wales, in 1845, and bejran the black.smith's trade when 11 years old. He came to America in 1868, and located at Columbus, Wis., and worked at the trade with Owen Jones for some time. In 1871, he formed a copartnership witli Mr. Thiede, and establi-shed the present firm of which he is a member. He was married, in 1871, to Miss .Sarah Williams, of Dodge Co., Wis. Their children are Rece and John. They are members of the Welsh Calvinistie Church. <]}EOR4tE ROBINSOSf, Columbus ; was born in Worcester Co., Mass., in 1824. His parents, John and Nancy Robinson, were natives of County Armagh, Ireland, but were early emigrants to Massachusetts, where his father afterward died. His mother died in Poriage, Wis. Mr. Robinson came to Wisconsin, in October. 1843, and located at Kenosha. In May, 1844, he came to the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., and settled on a farm, which was his home for ten years ; selling his farm at that time, he bought another in the same town, where he now owns 240 acres ; this he made his home most of the time till 1878, when here' moved to this city, where he has since resided. He is now one of the three first settlers of the town who now reside in this city. His brother, Isaiah Robinson, was a pioneer lawyer of Columbus, and died in New York City in 1856, while on a visit Kast. Mr. Robinson was elected Sheriff of Columbia Co. in the fall of 1854, served during the years of 1854 and 1856. Politically, he is a Republican. In September, 1855, at Wyocena, Wisconsin, he was married to .Miss Elizabeth R., daughter of Charles and Charlotte Woodward ; she was born in Pembroke, South Wales, and died in Columbus in March, 1878, leaving the following children — Nelson, Frances A., Berth i E., and an adopted son, George R. Mr. R. and family are connected with the Congregational Church. NEWTON A. ROBINSON, Columbus; was born at Glens Falls, Warren Co., N. Y., Aug. 19, 1828. His father, William Robin.son, was a native of Rhode Island, but removed to New York in an early day ; his mother, Lydia Warner, was a native of York State. Mr. Robinson began clerking in a store at Glens Falls, when 15 or 16 years old, and remained there in that business till 1 850 ; going then to Granville, Washington Co., N. Y., he clerked for five years. In 1855, he emigrated to Dodge Co., Wis., and stopped at the village of Randolph tor the winter. In the spring of 1856, he went to Danville, Dod'.e Co., where he clerked two and a half years for D. E. Bassett, and one year for E. H. Silsbee ; coming then to Columbus, he began clerking for Davies iV Axtcll in their dry goods .store, and remained with that house till 1869. He afterward clerked one year for Fuller Brothers, and three years for Farn- ham, Allen & Co., grain dealers, and in January, 1879, he began as bookkeeper for J. S. Manning, with whom he remained till May, 1880. Mr. Robinson was Town Treasurer in 1869, Town Clerk in 1872. He was married, in 1860, to Miss Frances J., daughter of Daniel Malls, the pruprietor of the first Colum- bus journal ; she died Dec. 5, 1875, leaving one son — Newton F. REV. FATHER HENRY J. ROCHE, Priest of St. Jerome's Catholic Church, Colum- bus ; born in County Wexford, Ireland, in 1834. He received his early education in the common schools of his native county, and when 14 years old, with parents, he came to America, and located at Utica, N. Y.; three years later, they removed to the town of Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis. In 1852, he entered the University known as the " St. Mary's of the Lake," Chicago, where he pursued his classical studies TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 977 for three years ; after which he took up the study of philosophy, physics, and also theology at St. Francis, of Milwaukee, where he completed his studies in 1859. He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Henni, of Milwaukee, in December, 1859, and in 18C0 entered upon the work at Beloit, Wis., as Assistant Priest of St. Thomas', Catholic; remaining there one year, he was next sent by the Bishop, as Priest of St. Andrew's, of Delavan, Wis.; three years later, he came to Richmond, Dodge Co., where he organized an entirely new society, built St. Jo.seph's Church, and remained there nine years. In Decem- ber, 1872, he came as Priest of St. Jerome's to Columbus, and has since supplied the parish of St. Au- gustine's, at Wyocena, and St. Patrick's, of Doylestown, and also St. Mary's, of the town of Calamus, Dodi;e Co. ^FiHIL I,. RUPNOW, farmer, See. .34; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Prussia in 1819; his parents, John D. and Regina Rupnow, both died when he was quite young. Though early in life de- prived of that good counsel which only comes from a parent, he resolved to gain an education that would fit him for any responsible position he might be called upon to fill. He began his studies at the public schools, and continued them at the College of Neuzelle — the State institution in the Province of Branden- berg — from 1837 to 1841, when he graduated in the teacher's course; he was then a teacher in the Gov- ernment employ till 1856, when he resigned. He sailed May 1, 1857, for America, and landed in New York sixteen days later ; coming thence direct to Watertown, Wis., he was engaged as a teacher in the Lutheran School there for nine months. In the spring of 18G8, he went to Jefferson, Wis., where he was Pastor of the Lutheran Church for six years; coming then, in 1864, to Columbus, he clerked for Mr. Whitney in the hardware store for five years; having purchased a farm of 132 acres in Sec. 34, town of Columbus, in March, 1863, he located on it in 1869, and has since made it his home. He was married in Germany, in 1844, to Miss Augusta R., a daughter of Charles and Caroline Schultz, and their children are Mary R., now the wife of Herman Hehmeyer, and living at Lagrange, Mo.; Maximilian, now a civil engineer on the railroad from Chippewa Falls to Spencer, Wis. HEMAN SHERMAN, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Essex Co., N. Y., in 1828. His father, Amos D. Sherman, was born in Waterbury, Washington Co., Vt., Oct. 17', 1789, and made that his home till about 25 years old, when he removed to Essex Co., N. Y.; he was a soldier in the War of 1812, and for his services as such, now draws a pension from the Government; he is now 90 years old. His mother, Millie Handy, was a native of Pittsford, Rutland Co., Vt., and came to Essex Co., N. Y., with her parents prior to her marriage; she died April 15, 1850. Mr. Sherman is one of a family of twelve children — six sons and six daughters — -three of whom now live in the State of New York, and one in Iowa. He spent his time in farming in Essex Co. till 1849, when he removed to Steuben Co., N. Y., where he engaged in lumbering for three years. In 1852, he immigrated to Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm on Sec. 4, town of Columbus, where he now owns 103 acres on Sees. 4 and 5. He has been a member of the Town Board for two years. He was married in March, 1851, to Miss Laura E., daughter of Charles and Caroline Loveless, a native of Essex Co., N. Y.; born Dec, 15, 1836. They have five children — Orlin D., who married Miss Marian Link, of Randolphj Dodge Co., Wis., and now lives in this town (Columbus) ; Albert R., at home; Eliza, now the wife of Charles Oliver, and lives at Winnebago City, Minn.; Frank and Clinton, at home. T. CLARK SMITH, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. Columbus; was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., in Jan- uary, 1811 ; when a mere infant, his parents removed with him to Yates Co.,N. Y., and located on a farm near Seneca Lake, where he lived till near 31 years of age; he emigrated to Wisconsin in 1842, and in June of that year, entered and located on a farm of 160 acres in Sees. 3, 7 and 8, in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., and in the following September he went t« Illinois, purchased some land, and in October took the boat at Chicago, was joined by his family at Milwaukee, and returned, via Bufl'alo, to Yates Co., for the winter; he came again, with his effects, to Columbia Co., in the spring of 1843, and found his log house occupied by Mr. Bushnell, who received him kindly, and soon gave up his possessions to him ; he at once began to make improvements, and has since made that his home ; his farm now con- sists of 446 acres in the town of Columbus, and 40 acres in the town of Calamus, Dodge Co. ; his log house has been exchanged for a commodious residence, with all the improvements of a model farm. Mr. Smith was elected the first Sheriff of Columbia Co. in the spring of 1846, and in the fall of that year was re.elected for another term of two years ; he has also been Chairman of the Town Board one term. He was married in April, 1868, to Mrs. Angeline Carpenter, nee Compton ; they each have two children by former marriages. THOMAS SMITH, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Columbus; was born in the County of Suffolk, England, in 1809; he followed farming in his native country till 1832; emigrated then to America, and landed at Quebec, May 1st of that year, and afterward located in Upper Canada, where he worked at farm labor till 978 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1836; coming then to Michigan, where he remained but a short time, on account of bavins, unfortu- nately, lost his arm ; he next went to Rochester, N. Y., and there was engaged in keeping a restaurant, from 1837 to 184(), when he came to Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm in the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., where he followed farming till 1861, when he removed to a farm of 160 acres, on Sees. 14 and 23, town of Columbus. He was married in 1853, to Asenath Laskey, of the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis., but a native of Chenango Co., N. Y.\ their children are Jerome H., Ellen M., Jesse L. and Charles T. Mrs. Smith is a member of the M. E. Church. JACOB SMITH, merchant tailor. Columbus; was born in Yates Co., N. Y., May 20, 1815; son of Col. J. J. and Nancy Smith; his father was a native of New York, but his mother was bora in Philadelphia; when 16 years of age, he entered upon an apprenticeship at the tailor's trade, in Eddy- town, Yates Co.; one and one-half years later, he went to Dundee, N. Y., and there continued bis trade for ten years; in June, 1843, with his brothers, T. C. and Lewis Smith, he landed at Milwaukee, as an emigrant to Wisconsin, and came thence to Columbus, where they arrived a week later ; he invested in real estate, and located on a farm near the village, and for three years devoted his time to farming ; in 1846, he opened the first merchant tailoring establishment in Columbus, and has continued that business most of the time since. In May, 1835, he was married to Miss Nancy, daughter of Joseph and Catha- rine Ireton, of Dundee, Yates Co., N. Y.; they had an infant son, deceased. They are members of the Presbyterian Church; Mr. Smith is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. JOHIV SWARTHOUT, druggist, Columbus; was born in Yates Co., N. Y., in 1819; he emigrated to Wisconsin in the fall of 1843, and located at Kenosha, and a year later (1844), he came to Columbus, Columbia (then Portage) Co; returning in September, 1848, to Buffalo, N. Y., he purchased the first stock of drugs ever brought to Columbia Co., Wis.; reaching Columbus again, he opened the first drug store of this place, and has ever since continued in that business. He was elected the first Tax Collector of Columbia Co. in 1847-48; he was appointed Postmaster at Columbus, by President Grant, in 1872, and has been re-appointed to that office at the expiration of each term since that time. In 1853, he was married to Miss Mary A., daughter of Hiram and Sarah Swift, a native of Vermont; they had one daughter, Eva, now deceased. Mrs. Swarthout is a member of the Universalist Church. CHARLES H. THOMAS, farmer and horse farrier. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Columbus; was born at Alabama, Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1840, and came with his parents, Merrit A. and Julia A. Thomas, to Wisconsin in 1847, and located on a farm in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., where his parents lived till 1876, and then removed to Albert Lea, Minn., where they now reside. Mr. Thomas made hia home with his parents on the farm till 18 years old, and then began firming and trading for himself; in 1860, he began the profession of a horse farrier, and has successfully practiced it through this section of the country most of the time since ; in 1863, he bought a farm of 55 acres on Sec. 8, town of Columbus, which has since been his home. He joined the United States service in 1864, and was on detailed duty through the Southern States as a veterinary surgeon till February, 1865, when he returned to his home in Columbus. He was married, in 1859, to Miss Martha E., daughter of Charles Loveless, of the town of Columbus, but a native of the town of Maria, Essex Co., N. Y., and an immigrant to Wiscon- sin in 1851 ; their children are — Merrit, Clara A., Edwin S., Melvin J. and Nellie. ALFRED TOPLIFF (deceased); was born in Wesifield, Mass., Nov. 11. 1799; he was the youngest of a family of eight children, whose parents were John and Susanna (Jacobs) TopliiF. Mr. Topliif devoted much of his earlier life to teaching in his native State, and, in the spring of 1844, he came to Columbus, Wis., but soon after located in the town of Hampden, and there went to work mak- ing improvements, and preparing a home for his family, who were then East; in 1846, he went back for his fiimily, consisting of a wife and three daughters, and when he returned with them he found that he had been elected County Surveyor, an office which he held till the year 1870, when he resigned, but the instruments which he loved so well were not allowed to become rusty for want of use ; many were the lines run and the roads laid out by him. Scarcely a year before his death, did he give up the profession that he had followed so long and faithfully; in 1851, he was elected a member of the Wisconsin Legis- lature and re-elected in 1852, proving himself to be an active, intelligent and honest member of that body ; in 1855, he removed to the City of Columbus (then village) and resided here till his death, which occur- red Nov. 3, 1879 ; his wife having died eleven years before him ; he left a family of three daughters — Mrs. Chadbourn, Mrs. Waterhouse and an unmarried daughter. A writer who knew Mr. Topliff says : '■ It was always pleasant to meet the good old gentleman, kind, intelligent, courteous, a good word for every- body ; always appearing to look on the bright side of the picture, and with that quaint humor of which he was so fond, and ever at his command, he was sure to dispel the gloom which might be upon his auditor, leaving him, for the time being at least, a transformed being, feeling better for having conversed' TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 979 ■with the good old man. He was a religious man in the true meaning of the term, nothing egotistical or Pharisaical about him, but a true, intelligent belief in God and his Savior, guided and controlled him in the latter part of his earthly career." REY. M. Cr. TODD, Pastor of the Universalist Church at Black River Falls, Elkhorn, and the parish of Wyocena ; was born at Homer, Cortland Co., N. Y., in 1821 ; he i^ the youngest son of eleven children, whose parents were Dan and Sarah Todd, natives of Connecticut, but were among the first settlers of Cortland Co., N. Y., where they afterward died. The Rev. Mr. Todd completed his studies at the Cortland Academy of Homer in 1843, and afterward removed to Geneva, Kane Co., 111., where he engaged in teaching for five years, and then followed farming there for six years. Reduced in health, he came to Wisconsin for recuperation and located on a farm in the town of Merrimack, Sauk Co. Regaining his health, he entered upnn the work of the ministry at Prairie du Sac in 1856 ; in 1857, he preached the first Universalist sermon at Lodi, Wis.; organized the society and was settled as its Pastor for five years ; in the spring of 1862, he removed to Mazo Manie, Dane Co., where he organized the society and was Pastor two years. He was called to the chaplainjcy of the 23d W. V. I., under Col. Guppey, in 186-1:, and remained with his regiment till the close of the war. Returning then to Mazo- Manie, he resumed his ministerial work there, and also organized a society and built the Universalist Church at Prairie du Sac ; in February, 1866, he preached his first sermon at Columbus; organized the society and was settled as its Pastor in the following spring. After a successful pastorate of twelve years, much worn with labor, he resigned. Soon forming a circuit, including the parishes of Black River Falls, Elk- horn and Wyocena, he has since supplied these places with regular services. At Homer, N. Y.,in 1845, he was married to Miss Margaret Williams, who died at Geneva, 111., in 1849, leaving two sons — Lew- ellyn and Willard. His second marriage was in 1850, to Miss Helen Parker, of Geneva, 111.; they have three sons and two daughters — W. E., a graduate of the State University in 1876, and has since been Principal of the Lodi High School ; D. Charles, a farmer in Sauk Co.; Miles E., now a student at the Columbus High School ; Evelyn, a student at vocal music under the instruction of Miss Fannie Root, of Chicago; Myrtie, a student in the public schools of Columbus. Rev. Mr. Todd is a member of the Masonic fraternity ; also of the Order of Good Templars, Temple of Honor, and S. of T., and of I. 0. 0. F.; has been R. W. G. Chaplain of the Order of the State. JOHN TOPP, of the firm of John Topp & Bro., general merchants, Columbus; was born in Mecklenburg in 1 840 ; he came to America with his parents, John F. and Anna Topp, and located at Columbus, Wis., in 1852, where his father afterward died; his mother now lives with him. Mr. Topp was educated at the public schools of Columbus ; he devoted two summers to forming near this city, and, in 1859, began clerking in a general store in Columbus for B. Stern, continuing as such four years; he was then placed in charge of the business at this place by Mr. Stern ; two years later, he formed a copartnership with his proprietor in the firm, John Topp & Co.; in April, 1866, his brother Charles, who had been managing the farm, formed a copartnership with him in the place of Mr. Stern, and they have since continued the business as John Topp & Bro. Mr. Topp has been a member of the City Council for one term. He was married in 1864 to Miss Mona, daughter of Henry and Louisa Schwieson, of Columbus, but anative of Mecklenburg ; their children are Charles J., Henry J., Rudolph 0. They are meaabers of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Topp is also a member of the Masonic Fraternity. WILLIAM T. TL^RNER, farmer and stonecutter; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in the town of Leeds, Yorkshire, England, in 1819 ; when 12 years of age, he entered upon an apprenticeship at the stonecutter's trade, which he afterward followed in Scotland, the Island of Jersey and other British possessions till 1847, emigrating then to America and landing in New York in March, 1847 ; he worked at his trade in Lockport, N. Y., for a short time ; he came to Wisconsin in December following, stopped for the winter in Milwaukee, and, in the following spring, came to Columbus, Columbia Co.; he entered a farm of 160 acres, part of which lies in the town of Fountain Prairie, and part in the town of Courtland, Columbia Co., and devoted his time exclusively to farming till 1870 ; removing then to the city of Columbus, he opened a marble-shop and resumed his trade, which he has continued most of the time since. He was married in 1847 to Anna Marston, of Yorkshire ; they have seven children — John, now a former in the town of Courtland ; Joseph M., now Principal of the High School at Watertown, Wis.; William R., now in marble-shop in this city ; Alice A., at home; Mary A., a teacher in Dodge Co.; Ange- line D., a teacher in Columbia Co.; Emily M. The family is connected with the Universalist Church. RICHARD D. VANAKEN, architect and builder, Columbus ; was born in Ulster Co., N. Y., in 1830; at the age of 15, he became apprenticed to the carpenter and joiner's trade at Kingston, Ulster Co., and continued there until his removal to Wisconsin in 1856 ; locating at Columbus, he has since devoted his time to the business of an architect and builder, and has had the contracts for the 980 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: erection of" many of the most prominent buildings of this city and surrounding country ; among them are the Lutheran, Episcopal and Universalist churches, three store buildings for Lueders & Krause, two for John Topp & Bro., two for C. Leitch, two for E. S. Griswold, one for H. Brown, the Union Bank; among the dwellings are those of P. Farnham, A. Sexton, L. Fuller, D. Fuller, — Fay, Allen, Mr. Erhart, Mr. Brinkers and many others of the city, several fine farm residences of the town of Columbus — not less than two hundred and sixty in all. Mr. Vanaken has been and is at this time a member of the City Council. He was married in 1851 to Miss Charlotte Echert, a native of Ulster Co., N. Y.; their children are Wilson, now at the trade with his fiither ; Mary, now the wife of Jefferson Smith, and lives in the town of Columbus ; Richard, a student at telegraphy. Mr. and Mrs. V. are members of the Uni- versalist Church. KEY. HENRY YOdrEIi, Pastor of the Lutheran Church, Columbus ; was born at Hof, Bavaria, April 2, 1842 ; he came with his parents, George and Christiana Vogel, to America in 1855, and located at Dubuque, Iowa ; in the following year, he entered the Wartberg College, of Strawberry Point, Clayton Co., Iowa, from which, as a theological student, he graduated in 1863; he was ordained to the holy ministry at Toledo, Ohio, in February, 18(54, and entered upon the work as Assistant Pastor of St. John's Lutheran Church, of Toledo, soon after his ordination ; in the fall of 1864, he was called to the Lutheran Church, at West Bend, Iowa, where he remained till 1867, when he accepted a call and removed to Madison, Wis.; remaining there till 1875, he was called to the church of Charles City, Iowa, whence, in 1876, he came as Pastor of Zion's Church, of Columbus. He was married in 1865 to Miss Augusta Gropp, of McGregor, Iowa ; their children are Herman, Sophia and Leonard. ENST YON BRIE^EN, attorney at law, Columbus ; was born at Bromberg, Prussia, in 1841. He was a soldier in guard artillery of the Prussian army from 1860 to 1868, and was com- missioned First Lieutenant of his company in 1866, and served as such till his resignation in 1868. He sailed from Bremen for America in April, 1868, and landed in New York City the same month ; sis months later (September, 1868), he went to Chicago, where he followed clerking, and various kinds of business, till June, 1869 ; he went thence to La Salle, 111., where he was foreman of the rolling mills till December of that year ; returning then to Chicago, he continued clerking till 1871, when he removed to Cambria, Columbia Co., Wis.; there was engaged in merchandising till April, 1873; June following, he removed to Columbus, where he has since resided. In April, 1874, he was elected Justice, an office which he has since held. He was elected City Clerk in April. 1875, and has been re-elected to that office every year since that time. In February, 1879, he was appointed one of the Court Commissioners of Columbia County by Judge Alva Stewart, and in May, 1879, he was admitted to the bar. He was married in 1872, to Miss Margarethe Klappenbach, of Chicago, but a native of Texas; their children are Elizabeth, Henrietta, Ernst, and Richard. They are members of the Lutheran Church. OKIN D. YONBrKCrH, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. O. Columbus ; was born in the town of Ancram, Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1816; is the son of Richard A. Vosburgh and Catharine Thorapkins, both of whom were natives of Columbia Co., N. Y., and both died there. Mr. Vosburgh was brought up as a farmer's son, and spent his time at that vocation in that county till 1846. He then emigrated to Lake Co., Ill , where he leased a farm for four years; though soon after he arrived there, he came to Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., and entered his present farm of 160 acres on Sec. 29 ; then returned to Illinois, and in 1850, came again to Wisconsin, and located on his farm. He was married, April 8, 1846, to Miss Mary, daughter of Arthur and Sarah (Jennings) Holmes, a native of Greene Co., N. Y; her parents were natives of Massachusetts; her mother died in Clark Co., Wis.; her father now lives in Columbus, Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Vosburgh have eight children — Henry, born June 7, 1847, enlisted in Co. C, 51st W. V. I., in 1864, under Col. Martin, was with his regiment in all its principal movements and battles till the close of the war, and is now at home; Charles F., born in Lake Co., III., Feb. 22, 1849, and now at Copake, Columbia Co., N. Y.; William, born March 28, 1851, died Nov. 18, 1869 ; Cornelia, born April 8, 1853, married Mr. Daniel Bath, died Aug. 23, 1878; James E., born March 10, 1855, now in Dane Co., Wis.; Edgar M., born Jan. 21, 1857 ; Fannie, born Feb. 3, 1859; Martin H., born July 10, 1861; Frank, born July 4, 1863 ; Everett, born Nov. 22, 1868, died Dec. 23, 1869; George W., born Nov. — , 1871. HENRY A. WHITNEY', hardware merchant, Columbus ; was born in Windham Co., Vt., April 20, 1819; is the son of Warren and Caroline Whitney, both of whom died in Windham Co.; Mr. Whitney was educated in the common schools of his native State, and at the age of 14 years, began peddling Yankee notions, which he continued a few years through that State ; emigrating to Illinois in 1839, he located on a farm near Peoria, and there devoted his attention to agriculture for two years; removing then to Rockford, 111,, he continued farming another year; he came to Columbus, Wis., in 1844, built a small frame house where the Fox House now stands, and began merchandising in one part of it, and keeping TOWN OF COLUMBUS. 981 tavern in the other ; after conducting his business in these somewhat cramped circumstances for a few years, he sold out his hotel and erected another building near the first one, and continued his mercantile trade and livery business ; about a year later, he began buying produce and drawing it to the lumber resiions of this State, and taking in exchange therefor lumber, which he would raft down the Mississippi to St. Louis, losing nearly all his lumber by the breaking of his raft, one day, at Alton, 111., where he beheld all he had in the world floating down the river, with no apparent destination ; returning then to Columbus, he began drawing provisions to Green Bay, and trading with the Indians, he next bought back the hotel, and was again proprietor of the same for nearly three years, after which he turned his attention to buying wheat and hauling it to Milwaukee, reluming either with his wagons loaded with goods for the merchants of his village, or emigrants for this section of the country; much of his travel being done with ox teams, it would require from ten to fourteen days to make a trip to Milwaukee and return ; a few years later, he began dealing in live stock, and shipped the first car load from this part of the country ; after filling Gov- ernment contracts for stock two or three years, he then took up the hardware trade and livery business ; he also built the Whitney House (now the Fox House), the roof of which was put on just eighteen days after the foundation was laid, and he was its proprietor for the next eight years ; disposing of the hotel at that time, he has since continued the hardware trade. Mr. Whitney was Postmaster at Columbus in an early day ; he has several times been a member of the Village Board and City Council. He now owns a farm of 300 acres in the town of Columbus ; four farms in the town of Fountain Prairie — one of 280 acres, another of 308, a third of 130 acres, and the fourth of 120 acres ; he also has three farms in the town of Otsego — the first contains 300 acres, the second 260, the third 130 acres ; two in Dodge Co.— one of 200 acres, near Loss Lake, the other of 180 acres, in the town of Calamus ; he also has two farms, of 120 acres each, near Augusta, Eau Claire Co., Wis., and one of 160 acres at Fairmount, Minn. Mr. Whitney was married to Miss Helen M., daughter of John and Nabby Pierson, of Rockford, III, but a native of Vermont. Their children are Alonzo and Orlina (now the wife of Mack Lee). Mr. W. has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity for twenty-five years. JOUIlir WARNING, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Columbus ; wa.s born in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1838, and came to America in 1854; located in the village of Columbus, where he worked four years for Mr. Edson; he then bought 45 acres on Sec. 8, where he lived till 1875, when he bought his present farm of 80 acres on Sec. 28, and has since made his home. He was married, in 1857, to Miss Mena Reilkneck, a native of Germany ; they have one daughter — Eliza. They are members of the Lutheran Church. JOHN WILiIjIAMS, druggist, Columbus ; is a native of Breconshire, South Wales, born in 1842 ; his parents, John and Mary Ann (Davis) Williams, had a family of sixteen children, of whom he is the sixth ; his father was a farmer in Wales, but John early turned his attention to the drug trade, and has since continued in it ; in 1860, with his brother Thomas, he emigrated to America, and located at Adrian, Mich., for a short time, and in 1861 they came to Columbus, Wis., where he has since lived and continued the drug business ; his brother afterward went to San Francisco, where he died March 17, 1880. Mr. Williams was married in 1863, to Miss Martha B. Smith, a native of Yates Co., N. Y., born in 1841, and came to Columbus, with her parents, in 1843. Their children are Sidney H., George E., and Charles H. They are members of the M. E. Church. JOFiL. WINCH, retired; Columbus; was born at Bethlehem, Grafton Co., N. H., March 28, 1808; he is the son of Joel Winch and Sarah Sessons, natives of Massachusetts, but emigrated to Beth- lehem, N. H., shortly after their marriage, at Boston, which occurred about 1806. Mr. Winch, our present subject, was the oldest of a family of eight children ; he received an academic education, after which he devoted a part of his time to teaching, from the time he was 20 until 30 years of age ; the remainder of the time he devoted to farming there until 1847 ; emigrating then to Wisconsin, he located on a farm in the town of York, Dane Co., where he lived until 1872, when he disposed of his realty, and removed to the village of Columbus, where he has since lived a more retired life. Sept. 29, 1835, he was married to Miss Louisa Moore, of Lunenberg, Essex Co., Vt..; they have three children — George D., born May 19, 1837 (studied medicine with Dr. Earl, of this city, and graduated from the Rush Medical College, with the class of 1863-64, but during his course he was commissioned and was Assistant Surgeon of a Wisconsin regiment ; he subsequently returned to college, completed his studies, and was commissioned, by Gov. Lewis, Surgeon of the 36th W. V. I., with which he served until the close of the war; returning to his home, he removed in 1865, to Blue Earth Co., Minn., where he successfully practiced his profession until his death, which occurred July, 7, 1877 ; he was a man whom all held in the highest esteem professionally and as a citizen) ; Harriet, now the wife of Dr. E. Churchill, of this city; Mary, born Dec. 13, 1853, and died Sept. 24, 1868. Mr. Winch was Justice of the Peace and School Superintendent, in the town 982 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of York, Dane Co., for teu or twelve years. Mr. and Mrs. Winch are members of the Presbyterian Church. B. J. Y^ULE, former; P.O.Columbus; was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1832 ; in 1844, his parents, John and Elizabeth Yule, emigrated with their family to Wisconsin, lauding at Milwaukee, June 1 ; they came thenoe to Watertown, where they stopped one year; in 1845, they removed to the town of Elba, Dodge Co., and located on a farm where his parents afterward died. Mr. Yule was educated in the common .schools of New York and Wisconsin, and has always devoted his attention to agricultural pursuits. He was married in 1856, to Miss Lucy Pomeroy, a native of Ohio, but an emigrant to Dodge Co., Wis., with her parents in 1850 ; they located in Calumet Co., Wis, soon after marriage, and made that their home until 1800 ; returning then to Elba, Dodge Co., he resided there on a farm until 1877, when he disposed of that and bought his present one of 213 acres, in Sec. 12, town of Columbus, Columbia Cn., where he has since lived. Mr. and Mrs. Yule have five children, as follows : Ella H., William H., Harvey E., Nellie May and Hobart. They are members of the M. E. Church. TOWN OF HAMPDEN. ROBERT BELL, farmer; Sees. 10 and 11 ; P. 0. Columbus; was born in the town of Brookfield, Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1845, and is the son of Francis and Mary Bell, natives of Ireland, but emigrated to America in 1838 ; his father now lives in Waukesha Co.; his mother died therein 1853 ; Mr. Bell lived with his father an the farm in Waukesha Co. until 18(31, when, June 12 of that year, he enlisted in Co. B, of the 5th W. V. I., under Col. Amasa Cobb ; he was with his regiment in all its movements and battles (losing only one day), until mustered out at Madison, Wis., July 28, 1804; reluming then to his home, he spent a year on the farm, and in 18(36, he went to Nevada, where he engaged in various kinds of businesses until June 28, 1868 ; coming then again to Wisconsin, he with his brother, Stewart C, purchased a farm of 182 acres, on Sees. 10 and 11, town of Hampden, Columbia Co. He was married in February, 1864, to Miss Flora M., daughter of Levi and Hannah Nelson, of this town. They have one daughter — -Kittie. STE%VART C. BELL, farmer; Sees. 10 and 11 ; P. O. Columbu'^ ; brother and partner of Robert Bell, whose biography appears above, was born in Brookfield, Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1847 ; he went with his brother to Nevada in 1866, and was a book-keeper at Austin and White Pine, Nev., until 1868 ; returned, and, with his brother, bought the farm on which they now live. He was married, Nov. 15, 1869, to Miss Merzia, daughter of Eli Phillips, of the town of Brookfield, Waukesha Co.; their children are Francis E. and Alma. NICHOLAS HE]VRY BOCK, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Hanover in 1819; his parents, John Peter and Anna Maria Bock, both died in Germany. Mr. Bock was a farmer in his native country, and, in 1S54, with his brother, A. T., came to America; they stopped a year in Mil- waukee, and then came to the town of Hampden ; bought a farm of 160 acres on Sec. 16, where they now own 240 acres. He was married in Germany, in 1841, to Miss Anna S. D. Waltmann ; their children are Augusta, the late Mrs. F. Duebore ; Christopher Henry ; Matilda Sophia, now the wife of Fredrick Duebore, and lives in this town ; Anna Sophia Dorothea, now Mrs. William Ladwig, and lives in Hamp- den, and John Peter ; they are members of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAiU BRADLEY, farmer and stock-dealer, Sec. 16; P.O.Columbus; was born in Yorkshire, England, March 4, 1826; his parents, Ralph and Elizabeth Bradley, both died in England. Mr. Bradley spent his time at farming in his native country till .1854, whence he emigrated to America ; he stopped for three months at Utica, N. Y.; he went then to Essex Co., N. Y., where he followed fiirm labor for a short time, and afterward followed teaming in an ironstone mine for the firm of Lee, Sherman & Welby ; he came to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1858, thence to the town of Columbus, where he made his home with T. Clark Smith for two months, removing then to the town of Hampden for nearly a year ; he next went to the town of Otsego, where ho lived til! March, 1866, when he returned to Hampden and located on his present farm of 245 acres on Sees. 16, 17, and 21, where he has since lived. He was mar- ried, Oct. 10, 1859, to Miss Lockey, a daughter of Levi and Lucy (Force) Nelson, of the town of Otsego ; their children are William J., Delbert (deceased), Martha M. and Elizabeth. HE\R\' R. CLARK, farmer. Sees. 8 and 9 ; P.O.Hampden; was born in the town of Springport, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Oct. 5, 1819; his parents, Henry R. and Sally (Craft) Clark, were also TOWN OF HAMPDEN. 983 natives of New York. Mr. Clark is the third of a family of seven children, and with his oldest brother, Albert, came to Wisconsin and located in the town of Darien, Walworth Co., where his brother died in 1847 or 1848. In June, 1846, he came to the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., and purchased a claim to some land on Sees. 6 and 7, where he made his home for a few years ; then removed to his present home on Sees. 7, 8 and 9, where he now owns 600 acres. Mr. Clark has been for several terms and is at present a member of the Town Board. He was married, Sept. 28, 1850, to Miss Lucy J., daughter of Elias and Elizabeth Ives, a native of Cortland Co., N. Y., born March 19, 1832, and came with her parents to the town of Miltcn, Rock Co., Wis., in 1845, and to Columbia Co. in 1850 ; they now live at Leeds Center. Mr. and Mrs. Clark's children are De Witt C, born May 6, 1852, died Sept. 8, 1862; Harriet P., born May 12, 1854, died Nov. 24, 1854; Elias H., born April 26, 1858, now married and lives on Sec. 8 of this town; Hattie M., born June 1, 186H ; Albert J., born April 2, 1866 ; Lucius I., born March 27, 1868; Ezra A., born Aug. 17, 1872. WILLIAM H. CURTIS, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Columbus; was born in the town of Maria, Essex Co., N. Y., in 1840 ; his father, Austin Curtis, was a native of Massachusetts; his mother, Polly Conn, was born in Vermont; he came with his parents in 1851 to Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm in the town of Otsego, but soon removed to the town of Hampden. Mr. Curtis enlisted in Battery M, of the 1st W. H. A., in August, 1864, and was with his regiment in all its movements till mustered out at Milwaukee in July, 1865; he returned then to Columbia Co., Wis.; in 1869, he went to Bremer Co., Iowa, for a short time. He was married, Jan. 24, 1868, to Miss Emma J., daughter of James Ortha Montgomery, of this town ; their children are Elida M. and Carrie D. Mr. Curtis owns a farm of 76 acres on Sec. 1, town of Hampden, and 38 acres on Sec. 6, town of Columbus, upon which he settled in the spring of 1870. JOHN DERR, farmer, Sec. 36; P.O.Columbus; was born in Bavaria in 1828, and came, with his parents, Joseph Derr and Magdaline Schmidt, and eight brothers and sisters, to America in 1845, leaving three in the old country ; they landed in New York in November, and came thence to Detroit, Mich., whence, in the spring of 1846, they removed to the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a farm on Sec. 36, where his mother died in June, 1877 ; his father in August, 1879, leaving seven children, three of whom now live in this county. John, the oldest, and subject of this sketch, made his home with his father till 28 years old. He was then married, in October, 1855, to Miss Mary R., daughter of Joseph and Caroline Rinck, a native of Bavaria, but came with her parents to the town of Bristol, Dane Co., Wis., in 1848, where her fither died in March, 1874; her mother now lives there. Mr. and Mrs. Derr located on Sec. 36, town of Hampden, soon after marriage ; have since made it their home ; he now owns a farm of 260 acres on Sees. 35 and 36. Mr. D. has been a member of the Town Board for several terms and has served as chairman of that body for four or five terms ; he has been elected to various other minor oflBces, but did not accept them ; their"children are John, at home ; Annie, who was married in February, 1879, to Henry Schey, and lives in this town (Hampden). Mr. and Mrs. Derr's family are members of the Catholic Church. IN<]rERRRI<]}T EVERSOI^, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. Hampden; was born in Norway in 1833 ; his father. Ever Johnson, was also a native of that country and afterward died there; his mother, Sarah Halverson, came with him to Wisconsin in 1859, and made it her home till her death. Mr. Ever- son began the life of a sailor at the age of 18 and followed sailing on the North Sea for nine years; he came to America in 1859, and located in Green Lake Co., Wis., and, in 1860, he came to the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., and located on a farm of 125 acres on Sees. 5, 8, and 9, where he has since lived. He was married, in 1862, to Miss Ingeborg Holstenson, a native of Norway, but emigrated to America in 1857; their children are Hawkin, born in 1863 ; Henry, 1865; Sarah, 1867, now deceased ; Gena, born 1869 ; Ida, 1871 ; John, 1873 ; Elizabeth, 1875 ; Annie, 1877 ; Herman, 1879. They are members of the Lutheran Church. EDWARD PAIRRANKS, farmer, Sees. 24, 25 and 26, 290 acres ; P. 0. Columbus. The subject of this sketch is the son of Reuben Fairbanks and Lucinda Fish, natives of Massachusetts, but removed to Clinton Co., N. Y., prior to tlie war of 1812, where his mother afterward died ; his father afterward removed to Iowa, where he died. Mr. Fairbanks was born in the town of Champlain, Clinton Co., N. Y., in 1819, and spent his time on the farm there till 1838 ; he then secured the position of Over- seer of the Vermont & Massachusetts Railway, and, after serving in that capacity for some time, he became a conductor on the Ogdensburg road. In 1852, he emigrated to Columbia Co., Wisconsin, and located on a farm on Sec. 25, town of Hampden, where he has since devoted his time to agriculture and stock- raising. Mr. Fairbanks has been Chairman of the Town Board for four terms. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Mary J., a daughter of Samuel and Dolly Long, a native of the town of Champlain, Clinton Co., 984 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: N. Y.; their children are Ellen M., now the wife of H. Hall, and lives in this town ; Calvin J., who mar- ried Miss Ella LeflSngwell, and now lives on the farm ; Florence E., now Mrs. David Jones, and lives at home. IRA. H. fORD, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 0. Columbus; was born in the town of Grranville, Addison Co., Vt., in 18:i8; his father, Capt. Caleb Ford, was born in Connecticut; was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was among the first settlers of Granville, where he died in 1852 ; his mother, Roxina Lamb, was born in Addison Co., and died in 1877. Ira H., our subject, went to California in 1852, where he engaged in mining a short time, then in the dairy business two and a half years ; in October, 1855, he came to Columbia Co., Wis., bought a part of his present farm, and has since made this his home ; he now owns 320 acres on Sees. 14 and 27. In the fall of 1862, he raised a military company in his neighborhood, which afterward became Co. I, 18th W. V. I.; he enlisted as a private, but was elected First Lieutenant, and was with his regiment in all the principal battles and movements until taken prisoner at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 18G2,and taken as such to Memphis, Mobile, Montgomery, and to a place in Georgia, where he made an attempt to escape, but was chased down by bloodhounds, and kept in chains five months; was taken to Andersonville, Madison, Ga., Columbus, S. C, and to Libby Prison, where he was paroled in November, 1862, and at once rejoined his regiment, though did not receive his exchange papers until the following March ; he was promoted Captain of his company, i« February, 1863, and served as such until August, 1864, when he resigned, came home and enlisted in Battery M, 1st W. H. A., was elected Captain and served with the Army of the Potomac, until the close of the war, and was mustered out at Alexandria, Va., in June, 18G5. Mr. Ford was elected a member of the Wisconsin Assembly, from the Second District of Columbia Co., in 1867, and re-elected in 1868 ; he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the County Board, from his district, in 1869, and elected a member of the Board in 1870 ; member of Town Board and other minor offices. DANIEL J. HAIIVS, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Otsego; was born in Westchester Co., N. Y., in 1831, and is the son of Sylvester H. and Jane Hains, both of whom were natives of New York. Mr. Hains came with his parents to Wisconsin, in September, 1839, and located on a farm in the town of Koshkonon;;,.Iefferson Co.;Jn 1843, they removed to the town of York, Dane Co., where his father deeded the first ]jiece of land in that town ; his mother died there in January, 1850 ; his father lived there for twenty-five years, now resides in Turner Co., Dakota. Daniel J., our present subject, made his home on the farm in the town of York, until 1852, when he to went Placer Co., Cal., where he engaged in mining, until 1856; returning then to Dane Co., Wis., he continued fivrming there until 1863, then removed to the town of Hampden. He enlisted in 1864, Co. M, of the W. H. A., under Capt. I. H. Ford, and partook in all the principal movements of his regiment, until mustered out at Alexandria, Va., in June, 1865, when he returned to Hampden. He was married, in 1858, to Miss Mary, daughter of Hugh Kclley, of the town of Springvale, Columbia Co., Wis ; their children are Alberto, Viola, Clarence, Marian, Edith, Ellen. Mr. Hains has held the office of Assessor for nine years, and that of Justice of the Peace for fourteen years. JAMES liVtirLIS, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born '" S-^lkirkshire, Scotland, in 1828 ; his parents, Thomas and Elizabeth (Johnston) Inglis, died in his native country. Mr. Inglis was apprenticed to the weaver's trade in Selkirkshire, at the age of 14 years, which he followed until 2 1 years old ; he came to America in 1849, and landing in New York, he went thence to Amesbury, Mass., where hecontinued his trade in the woolen-mills, until July, 1852; emigrating thence to San Francisco, and to the interior of California, where he engaged in mining until 1856, when he returned to Scotland, and in March, 1857, he was married to Miss Isabel, daughter of James and Mary Williamson, nee Hall; they started the day after marriage for America, sailing from Liverpool and landing in New York ; they came thence via Philadelphia, to the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis., where they located on their present farm of 1.3(1 acres; their children are Mary, Elizabeth, Jessie, Davina, Olive, Thomas, Jennie and James. SAMl'EL JOHNSON, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Hampden; was born in Norway in 1833. He came to America in 1845, and located at Chicago for nearly ten years; he then came ti. the town of Otsego, Columbia Co., Wis, whence, in 1860, he removed to a farm on Sec. 4, town of Hampden, where he now owns 120 acres. He was married, in 1854, to Miss Caroline, a daughter of Olie Oleson ; their children are John, Matilda, Annie, Olive, Martin, Estella, Caroline S. and Henry. Mr. Johnson and family are members of the Ijutheran Church. JOHN KLUPEKDANZ, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Bavaria in 1816, and is the son of George F. Kluperdanz, a farmer of that county. He emigrated to America in 1846 ; stopped a short time in Chicago, and then came to the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis., located on Sec. 35, where he has since made his home, and now owns a farm of 320 acres. He was married, in TOWN OF HAMPDEN. 985 1846, to Miss Vasula Derr, who died in 1847, leaving one son — John, who now resides on the farm. His second marriage was, in 1847, to Miss Margaret Scheingar, a native of Bavaria, hut emigrated to Wiscon- sin in 1846. Their children are Magdaline, now the wife of Anton Naiser ; Lawrence, now in this town ; Henry and Andrew Joseph, on the farm ; Maggie, now the wife of Fred Fox, and lives in the town of Columbus ; Catherine, Mary and Elizabeth, at home. They are members of the Catholic Church. ROBERT MeBURNIE, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Glasgow, Soot- land, in 1810. His father, Wm. McBurnie, was born in Ireland, and died at Glasgow about 1805; his mother, Alice Cleland, was also a native of Ireland, and died at Glasgow. Mr. McBurnie was apprenticed to the weaver's trade under his father at the age of 13 or 14, and continued the trade at Glasgow till 21 or 22 years of age. He went, in 1838, to Galicia, Scotland, and engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods till 1849, when he came to America, and located on his present farm of 160 acres. He was married, in 1839, to Miss Asnes, daughter of Thomas and Mary Rea Wilson, a native of Selkirkshire. Their children are Mary R.; William, now a resident of this town ; Alice, now the wife of Charles Hoton, of the town of Columbus ; Thomas, at home ; Agnes, now the wife of Asa Baker, and lives in Blue Earth Co., Minn.; Christina, deceased; Robert, deceased; Elizabeth, now Mrs. James Hasey, and lives in this town (Hampdenl ; Margaret, deceased. They attend the Presbyterian Church. ISAAC MAURER, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Columbus; was born in the town of West Beaver, Snyder Co., Penn., April 7, 1822. He is the son of John Maurerand Elizabeth Smith. The former was born in that town and county in March, 1794 ; the latter was born in Dauphin Co. about 1787 or 1788, and died in Wisconsin, April 13, 1857. Mr. Maurer is the fourth of a family of eight children, and was brought up as a farmer's son in Snyder Co., Penn.; at the age of 11 years, he was hired to work for the farmers in that vicinity, and continued the same until 24 years old. He was married, Sept. 7, 1844, to Miss Polly, daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Pontious, a native of Freeburgh, Penn., born May 7, 1822. Her parents were natives of Union Co., Penn.; her father was born in 1809, her mother in 1857. Mr. Maurer and family came to Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., and located on Sec. 5, May 18, 1850 ; six years later, he removed to his present farm on Sec. 1, town of Hampden, where he now owns 200 acres. His first house in Hampden was of logs, without doors, window, roof or floor. It has long since been exchanged for a more commodious one. Their children — Mary A., born in 1845 (married, Feb. 8, 1865, to Daniel McKinley, and lives now in Minnesota — their children are William, Carrie, George and Ida) ; Matilda, born in 1849 (married Mr. Benton Sowards, Jan. 15, 1864, and has four children— Darwin, Laura, George and Wesley — they live now in Nebraska) ; Elizabeth, born in 1852 (married, Sept. 20, 1869, to Alexander Bowen, a native of Orange Co., N. Y.,and their children are Harry and Arthur — they now live on the farm) ; Maria, born in March 17, 1862 (married Charles Kopplin Nov. 26, 1879), and now lives in Hampden. JAMES MONTGOJIERY, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Washington Co., Vt., in 1820 ; his father, Thoaaas Montgomery, was a native of Massachusetts, and was the son of a Mr. Montgomery, who emigrated to Massachusetts, from the Isle of Man, in a very early day ; his mother, Lucy Blanchard, was born near Old Haverhill, Mass., and after marriage removed with Mr. Montgomery to Washington Co., Vt., where they both died — her husband about 1849 or 1850, at the age of 87 years, she about 1855. Our present subject was brought up as a farmer in his native county, and, in 1846, emigrated to Columbia Co., Wis., and settled on a farm on Sec. 30, town of Columbus, and, in the autumn of 1847, he removed to Sec. 25, town of Hampden, where he now owns 127 acres off the northeast one- quarter. Mr. Montgomery has held the office of Town Assessor for twelve years ; was Deputy Sheriff under W. W. Drake, and member of County Board under the Supervisor system; that of Town Treasurer three years. He was married in Vermont, in 1842, to Miss Orpha M., a daughter of Reuben and Adeline Stiles, a native of Washington Co., born 1825 ; their children are Cyrus, now a resident of the town of York, Dane Co., Wis.; Mary A., now Mrs. A. Sanderson, and lives in this town ; Sarah A., now Mrs. William McBurnie, of this town ; Ella J., now the wife of Albert Welton, of the city of Columbus<; Emma J., now Mrs. William H. Curtis, of Hampden ; Hannah B., now Mrs. Milan Brewer, of this town ; Adelia M., at home ; Armelia, twin with Adelia, now deceased ; Henry W., William, Adeline and James W., at home. liEVI NEIiSON, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1823; his father, Levi Nelson, was a native of Massachusetts ; his mother, Lucy Force, was born in New Jersey ; they both removed to York State when young ; Mr. Nelson spent his early life on a farm in his native county till the fall of 1849, when he emigrated to Jefferson Co., Wis., and, in the summer of 1S51, to the town of Otsego, Columbia Co., and made that his home till April 8, 1865 ; he then removed to his pres- ent home on Sec. 11, town of Hampden, where he now owns 400 acres of land; his mother died in. the 980 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: own of Lowville, Columbia Co., Wis.; his father ia New York. Mr. Nelson was Assessor and also a member of the Town Board of the town of Otsego. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Hannah, a daugh- ter of Riley and Elvira Monger, a native of Attica, N. Y.; their children are Flora, now the wife of Robert Bell, and lives in this town (Hampden); Elvira, now a teacher of this county ; Frank and Myrtie, at home. JOIl\ E. PERKINS, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Columbus; is the sou of Francis and Alice (Kelley ) Perkins; his father was born in Bennington Co.. Vt., and removed on foot to Cayuga Co., N. Y., which he afterward made his home; his mother was a native of Ireland, and came to Washington Co., N. Y., when only 7 years old. Mr. Perkins, our present subject, was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., in 1830. and spent his time at farming there till 1852, when he came to Wisconsin and located on Sec. 24, town of Hampden, Columbia Co., in 1S54, where he now owns 150 acres on Sees. 13 and 24. He has held the oiEce of Town Treasurer one term. He was married, in 1856, to Mi.ss Laura A., daughtsr of Loyal and Rhoda Morton, a native of Franklin Co., N. Y.; she died in Hampden May 26, 1879, leaving three chil- dren — Alice A., Warren M. and Ellen G. CHARLES REMUS, farmer. Sees. 14 and 12; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Prussia in 1842 ; is the son of Charles and Louisa (Hoffman) Remus; he came to America in 1862, and located at Watertown, Wis., where he followed farm work for two years; in 1865, he came to the town of Hampden and located on See. 15, and two years later, he bought 9(1 acres of his present farm, which now numbers 200 acres on Sec. 14 and 20 acres on Sec. 12. He was married, in 1862, to Miss Augusta, daughter of William and Charlotte Schulz, a native of Prussia, but then living in this town (Hampden); their chil- dren are Eddie, Clara, Annie, Martha, Paul, Mary and Delia; they are members of the Lutheran Church. CIjA.REXDO\ ROY^S, fanner and stock-breeder; P.O.Columbus; is a native of Berkshire Co., Mass., and is the son of William Roys and Mary A. Hicock, born Jan. 20, 1828; his father dying in the East about 1848, he, with his mother and four brothers, came as emigrants to Columbia Co., Wis., and located on a form of 160 acres on Sees. 29 and 3(1, town of Hampden, where his mother died Jan. 18, 1879. Mr. Roys now owns between 1,600 and 1,700 acres of land in this town; he has been largely interested in the importation of the Percheron stock of horses into this county ; he has been Chairman of the Town Board one term. His brothers are Edwin, born Nov. 13, 1836, and enlisted as a private in Co. B, 16th W. V. I., at Waterloo, Wis., in 1861, was elected First Lieutenant of his company, then promoted to the captaincy of his company, in which capacity he served till January, 1862, when he resigned ; he now lives on the farm with his brother; Theodore was born in 1842, and makes his home on the farm ; Martin D. and Tunis V. are deceased. ARCHIBALD SANDERSON, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Selkirk- shire, Scotland, in 1837 ; his father, John Sanderson, was a weaver by trade, and was born in Scotland in 1805; his mother, Isabel Trotter, was born in 1815; they came to America in May, 1849, and located in the town of Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis., where his mother died in 1854 ; his father now lives in this town. Our present subject spent the first twenty-one or twenty-two years of his life with his parents on the farm, after which he began business for himself He was married in 1863 to Miss Mary A., daughter of James and Orpha Montgomery, a native of Vermont, born in 1846, but came with her parents to Columbia, Wis., when a mere babe. Their children are Ellen, born Sept. 6, 1865 ; Jennie, born May 1, 1868 ; William, born May 23, 1873 ; Thomas, born Feb. 7, 1875. They located on a farm of 164 acres, on Sec. 1, town of Hampden, in 1868, where they have since lived. Mr. Sanderson has been Town .Assessor for two terms, Town Treasurer for three terms, and Town Clerk for five or six years, and was re-elected to that office in the spring of 1880. SAMUEL SMITH, farmer. Sec. 14; P.O.Columbus; was born in the County of Suftblk, England, in 1822; his father, John Smith, was born in 1798. His mother, Rachel Barber, was also a native of that county, but died there when he was not yet 2 years old, leaving him and a younger sister; Mr. Smith was brought up as a farmer's son in England, and was married, March 21, 1846, to Miss Ann, a daughter of Thomas and Ann Jennings, with whom he sailed from London for America in May, 1853, and landed at New York after a five weeks' sail ; they came thence to Hampden, Columbia Co., Wis., and located on Sec. 15 ; six and one-half years later, they removed to Sec. 28 of this town, and in 1866, to Sec. 14, where he now owns 200 acres. Mr. Smith has been a member of the Town Board for several terms, and Town Treasurer fur one term. Their children are William, born in England, Nov. 4, 1846, died Nov. 24, 1853 ; Alfred, born in England April 1, 1849, now resides on Sec. 6 of this town; Thomas, born in England, April 2, 1851, now resides in the town of York, Dane Co.; Julia A., born Sept. 27, 1855, now a teacher of this county ; Francis, born Nov. 1, 1859 ; John, born Sept. 3, 1861 ; Celia A., born April II, 1864. TOWN OF HAMPDEN. 987 C1IARL.es D. stiles, farmer, Sec. 23 and 26 ; P.O. Columbus; was born ia the town of Waterbury, Washington Co., Vt., in August, 1834; his father, Reuben, was the son of Peleg and Eunice (Wyman) Stiles, and was born in Washington Co., Vt., in 1799 ; his mother, Adeline Cobb, was born at Montpelier, Vt., in 1803. Mr. Stiles, with his parents, removed to Columbia Co., Wis., in 1844, and located in the town of Columbus, where his parents now live and where he spent most of his time at farming for fourteen years. He was married in August, 1858, to Miss Margaret, a daughter of Ephraiiii and Fannie Baker, a native of Franklin Co., Mass., born in March, 1839, but emigrated to the town of York, Dane Co., Wis., with her parents in 1843. Mr. and Mrs. Stiles located on a farm in the town of Columbus soon after their marriage, and in 1861, removed to his present home, on Sees. 23 and 26, town of Hampden, where he now owns 135 acres. Their children are an infant son, born September, 1862, deceased ; Minnie, born June, 1871 ; Arlettie, born July, 1874 ; an adopted son George, born 1862, died February, 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Stiles are members of the M. E. ChurcL. CHRISTIAN STEINBACH, farmer, Sees. 23 and 24 ; P. 0. Columbus ; is the son of Charles and Susanna (Scheifle) Steinbach, born in Baden in 1831 ; he followed farming, and worked in a vineyard until 1853, when he emigrated to America and located at Buffalo, N. Y., where he worked as a laborer until the fall of 1855 ; he came then to Columbia Co., Wis., and in 1861 bought 40 acres of his present farm, which now comprises 120 acres. He was married at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1853, to Miss Chris- tiana, daughter of Gotfried and Carolina (Pflum ) Of, a native of Baden ; their children are Catharine, now Mrs. Fred Siede, and lives in the town of York, Dane Co., Wis.; Charles G., Mary M., Joseph C, Caroline, Anna, Clara. They are members of the Lutheran Church. JAMES H. SUTTOX, farmer. Sees. 23 and 26; P. 0. Columbus; this, pioneer of Colum- bia Co. was born on the banks of the Hudson, at Haverstraw, Rockland Co., N. Y.. Dec. 29, 1812; his father, Noah H. Sutton, was born in the town of Horseneck, Conn., in 1770, and died in New York City, in 1835; his mother, Rachel Lent, was born in Westohester Co., N. Y., and died in New York City, about 1865, at nearly 100 years of age. James H. is the eighth of a family of nine children — four sons and five daughters, only one of whom beside himself is now living, that is Clarissa, now Mrs. Quacken- bush, of New York City. Mr. Sutton was apprenticed to the carpenter and joiner's trade, in Rockland Co., at the age of 14 years, where he served seven years. In May, 1832, in New York City, he was married ttj Miss Jane A., daughter of William and Mary (Wooding) Bentley, a native of Dutchess Co., N. Y., born in 1812; her father died in 1832 ; her mother now lives in that county. Mr. and Mrs. Sutton settled in Dutchess Co., N. Y., some time after marriage, and he continued his trade there until 1844, when they emigrated to Columbia Co., Wis., and settled on Sec. 26, where he made a claim of 160 acres, built a pioneer log shanty, and covered it with prairie hay, which sufficed for a home until 1845, when it burned, turning them out of doors with six children ; he next built a log house, which was their home for many years ; he has, however, exchanged that for a commodious frame house ; he now owns 36(1 acres on Sees. 23 and 26. Mr. Sutton has been a member of the Town Board for three terms, and was Town Treasurer for three terms. Their children are William, deceased; Abraham, now at Cordova, Le Sueur Co., Minn.; George, deceased ; John J., now a resident of Columbus ; Daniel J., deceased ; Mary, deceased ; Frederick and Fletcher, twins, both deceased ; Rachel L., now a student at the Normal School, of Oshkosh ; Ellen M. and Tabor G., at home ; Clarissa A., at the Norman School, of Oshkosh ; also, Franklin P. and Charles H., at home. GEORGE S. TILLOTSOX, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Columbus; was born in Essex Co., N. Y., in 1828. His father, Richard Tillotson, was a native of Connecticut; his mother, Rosemond Car- penter, was born in Vermont. Mr. Tillot.son was brought up as a farmer's son, and has always devoted his time and attention to that vocation. He emigrated to Columbia Co., Wis., in 1851, and located on a farm in the town of Otsego ; two years later, he removed to the town of Hampden and settled on a farm, where he now owns 240 acres, 80 of which is on Sec. 3, and 160 acres on Sec. 10. He has been Town Clerk for one term, and also a member of the Town Board. January 1, 1851, he was married to Miss Prudence, a daughter of Austin and Polly (Conn) Curtis, a native of Essex Co., N. Y. Her father was born in Massachusetts, and her mother in Vermont. They emigrated with Mr. and Mrs. Tillotson to Columbia Co., Wis., in 1851 ; her mother afterward died in this town; her father, in the town of Columbus, in May, 1878, at the age of 86 years. Mr. and Mrs. T.'s children are Richard R., born in March 13, 1852, now living in the town of Otsego; Adelade A., born March 28, 1854, died Feb. 12, 1879 ; James R., born May 17, 1857, now at home ; Coriothia P., born Sept. 17, 1860, was married to Mr. James Dowd, in January, 1879, and now resides in the town of Wyocena; Henry S. born Nov. 9, 1866, died Deo. 19, 1869; Hattie J., born Nov. 8, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Tillotson are members of the M. E. Church. MM 988 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WIIililAM W. TIL-LOTSON, farmer, Sees. 3, 4 and 10; P. O. Columbus; was born in Essex Co., N. Y., in 1834. His father, Richard Tillotson, wiis a native of Connecticut; his mother, Rosemond Carpenter, was born in Vermont. Mr. Tillotson was brought up as a farmer in his native county, and in 1851, came to Columbia Co., Wis., and lived with his brother George in the town of Hampden for four years; he then bought a farm of 120 acres on Sees. 3 and 10, where he has since made his home and followed farming; he now owns 200 acres on Sees. 3, 4 and 10. He was married in 1859, to Miss Mary J., daughter of Samuel and Eliza (Smith) Sprague, a native of Essex Co., N. Y. Their children are Ida A., now Mrs. Elias Clark, and lives in this town (Hampdenj ; Charles S., Jessie M., Harry J., and Alta M., at home. They attend the M. E. Church. (^EORCiiFi W. TRIPP, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. ( >. Otsego ; was born in Tioga Co., N. Y., in 1821. His father, Elisha Tripp, was a native of Vermont, born in 1783, and early in life removed to Albany, N. Y., where he learned the shoemaker's trade, and continued the same there till 1818; then re- moved to Tioga Co., N. Y., where he devoted his time to farming during the summers, and to his trade during the winters; his mother, Polly Bebee, was born at Kingston, N. Y., in 1791. In 1847, Mr. and Mrs. Tripp came to Columbia Co., Wis., and located in the town of Fountain Prairie, where he died ia 1856 ; his wife now lives in that town, and has reached her 88th year. George W., our present subject, began the blacksmith's trade at the age of 175 years, at Binghamton, N. Y., and continued there until the spring of 1845, when he emigrated to Wisconsin. He stopped a few weeks at Columbus, Columbia Co.; then settled at Beaver Dam, where he was the second blacksmith, and the only one from July, 1845, to March, 1846. In 1847, he removed to Madison, where he continued his trade till 1854, with the ex- ception of eight months that he was in business in Columbus. He was the first man to ring the first church bell in the city of Madison (1852). Removing to Columbus in 1854, he continued his trade till 1856, when he located on a farm on Sec. 9, town of Hampden, and followed farming for twelve years; removing then to the city of Columbus, where he lived (except the year 1870, which was spent in St, Louis Co., Cal.) till 1879, when he removed to his present farm of 80 acres. He was married, in 1856, to Miss Louisa C, daughter of William and Polly (Brown) Alexander, a native of Windsor, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, but an emigrant to Columbus, Wis., in 1855. TOWN OF LODI. EDWARD ANDREWS, proprietor of Lodi Mills, was born in the town of Solon, Cort- land Co., N. Y., in 1836 ; he came to Lodi Jan. 1, 1858; purchased the mills in 1870. He was married to Miss Sarah J. Palmer, daughter of Judge Palmer, and they have three children — Henry E., Edward P. and Helen G. HORACE M. AYER, Police Justice and Justice of the Peace, Lodi ; was born in Vermont in 1822; he removed from Vermont to Sauk Prairie, Sauk Co., Wis., in 1843; came to Columbia Co. in the fall of 1846, and settled in what was then Sec. 19, town of Lodi, now West Point. He resided there till the spring of 1851, when he came to the village of Lodi ; he engaged in the mercantile business till 1871 ; was Postmaster from the spring of 1853 until the spring of 1861 ; he has been Justice of the Peace since 1852, except two years, when he refused to serve as such. He was married to Sarah A, Rider, who was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, in 1827. They have had nine children, eight of whom are liv- ing — Edward A., Delia, Minnie, Susie, Douglass, George W., Horace M. and Nellie; the oldest son, Albert H., died suddenly in Denver, Colo., April 16, 1880, in his 31st year. ARETAS BAILEY, Postmaster, Okee ; was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, in 1817. He came to Columbia with an older brother, April 8, 1854, and settled at Okee ; was engaged in the saw- mill here for some time, and has also been engaged in farming, etc. He was married to Margaret Wolf, who was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio. They have two children — Cordelia M. and Mary E. JAMES BAIRD, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Lodi ; he is the son of Adam Baird, deceased, a native of Scotland, who came to the United States in 1850 ; he lived in Steuben Co., N. Y., about five years; came to the town of Caledonia, Columbia Co., in 1855, and he died on the place which his son now owns, July, 1879, aged 56 years. Mr. Baird's mother and sister, Joanna, live with him. The farm contains 160 acres. a. M. BARTHOLOMEW, retired farmer, Lodi; born in Clarke Co., Ind., in 1812, where he lived till he was 21 years of age, when he removed to McLean Co., 111., where he lived till April, TOWN OF LODI. 989 1845, when he came to the town of Lodi, and settled on Sec. 26, where he engaged in farming ; Mr. Bartholomew is also a surveyor, and has been engaged in that occupation more or less for many years; in 1875, Mr. B. retired from farming, and has since resided in the village of Lodi. His wife was Miss S. C. Hefner, born in Virginia ; they have seven children— C. Elizabeth, now Mrs. James McCloud ; B. Jane, now Mrs. George Clegliorn, resides in Nebraska; Joseph M., by profession a lawyer, of Red Oak, Iowa; Mary A., now Mrs. E. B. Wait; Josephine, now Mrs. W. H. Chapin, resides in Nebraska: Ellen, wife of L. K. Luse, Esq., of Dane Co., and James I., a student at Lawrence University. Mr. Bartholo- mew has been Justice of the Peace for twentv years. JOSEPH M. BARTHOLOjIIEW, express agent, Lodi ; son of M. C. Bartholomew, one ■ of the early settlers of the town of Lodi ; he was born in Lexington, McLean Co., 111., Dec. 26, 1837; he enlisted at Lodi, June 12, 1861, in Co. A, 7th W. V. I., enlisted for three years, but was discharged on account of disability Oct. 30, 18G2 ; he re-enlisted Feb. 8, 1865, served till April, 1866. He was mar- ried to Miss Sarah C. Rathbun ; they have three children — Harlow L., Marston A. and Molly. Mr. Bartholomew has been espre.^s agent since 1870. R. N. BARTHOLOMEW, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Lodi ; son of M. C. Bartholomew, who came to the town of Lodi in the spring of 1845. He (M. C.) was born in Clarke Co., Ind., in 1806; removed to Illinois in 1830 ; then to Columbia Co., Wis. His wife was Mary Hopkins, born in the State of Delaware. R. N. was born in McLean Co., 111., October, 1834. He was married to Priscilla Eells, born in Hanover, Mass. ; they have seven children — M. C, Martha E., Mary D., Ransom G., Albert G., Nellie M. and John B. * Mr. Bartholomew now resides on farm of T. U. Warren ; owns farm in Sec. 22, now occupied by Mr. S. Wells. W. M. BARTHOLOMEW, druggist, Lodi ; born in Indiana in 1821 ; he removed to Illinois in 1831 ; came to the town of Lodi in February, 1849, and purchased a farm of M. C. Bartholo- mew in Sec. 22, which was the first farm improved in the town of Lodi ; this farm Mr. Bartholomew still owns. He was married to Frances M. Goddard, born in Cincinnati, Ohio ; they have six children, one son and five daushters — Frances E., born Oct. 7, 1843; Julia B., Feb. 13, 1848; William A., Nov. 8, 1851 ; Annie M., April 27, 1854; Eva L., July 17, 1856, and Angelia D., March 5, 1860. Mr. Bar- tholomew engaged in business in Lodi in 1864. REV. A. CONSTANTIIVE BARRY, Pastor of the Ilniversalist Church, Lodi, was born in Delaware Co., l\. Y., July 15, 1815. His parents removed to Victor, Ontario Co., when he was 2 J years of age, where he resided until 1836; his preceptor was the Rev. Jacob Chase, of Geneva; he began his labors in the ministry at Gaines, Orleans Co. ; thence to Homer, Cortland Co., where he preached four years ; thence to Fort Plain for five years ; thence to Racine, Wis., in 1846, which was his home for many years. Although actively engaged in the ministry of the church with which he is identi- fied, yet Dr. Barry has long been engaged in scientific pursuits, and prominently identified with, the edu- cational interests of the country ; he was State Superintendent of Public Instruction during 1856 and 1857 ; he entered the army as Chaplain of the 4th W. V. I., in which capacity he served about one year; was then engaged in the recruiting service for about two years, and during this time was elected to repre- sent Racine Co. in the Legislature of Wisconsin; he served as Chaplain of the 19th W. V. I., from the spring of 1864 till Feb. 10, 1865, when he was made Chaplain of the United States Hospitals by Presi- dent Lincoln ; was mustered out of the United States service Aug. 15, 1865. In the spring of 1864, Dr. Barry removed his family to Fond du Lac, which was his home for four years ; he then went to Elkhorn, Walworth Co., where he established a church ; he came to Lodi, in April, 1878. He was married in the fall of 1866, to Adelia Robinson, of East Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y., and she died at Elkhorn, in May, 1877 ; his present wife was Helen Peterson, of Fond du Lac. He has three children by his first marriage — Malon P., who is in the service of the N. W. R. R. Co., at Chicago; Melville A., resides in Lodi; Bella B., now Mrs. Frank Warner, of Chicago. He has one child by his present marriage — Jennie A. Dr. Barry is well versed in the natural sciences, and enjoys the acquaintance of the most eminent naturalists of the State ; has been for many years corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, of Philadelphia, of the " Boston Natural Historv Association " and the Buffalo Scientific Association. Dr. Barry and wife were victims of the " National Hotel " poisoning on the occasion of the inauguration of President Buchanan, from the effects of which he has never fully recovered. He is still actively engaged in the ministry, where he has long labored to make men better, to prepare them more fully for the present and the hii;her life. SAMUEL M. BLAKE, M. D., Lodi, born in Vermont, Feb. 15, 1835; he began the study of medicine with Dr. Ralph Rugg, of Compton, in the Province of Quebec ; entered the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, in the fall of 1859 ; he attended a course of lectures, then returned 990 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: to the town of Cannon, Vt., where he practiced medicine for six years ; he then went to Eaton, Canada, where he remained two years; he returned to Cincinnati in the fall of 1867, and graduated the following spring; he then returned to Eaton, and practiced six montlis ; in October, 1868, at the solicitation of Dr. A. P. Cummings, he came to Prairie du Sac, Wis., and practiced with Dr. Cummings for some time ; he came to Lodi in the summer of 1877. He was married to Miranda J. Haynes ; they have two sons — Wilbur F. and Au.stin M. REV. JO.SEPH BOWMAX, retired Baptist clergyman ; resides in Sec. 4, in the town of Dane, Dane Co. ; though a resident of Dane Co., yet Mr. Bowman has long been identified with the interests of Columbia Co., and especially of Lodi, which has been the field of his labors, for many years, in the ministry; he was born in Leicester, the county seat of Leicestershire, England, in 1816 ; he began his theological studies under Rev. S. W. Wigg and Rev. W. Finn, of his native town ; he began his ministry in England ; came to the United States in May, 1845, and settled in the town of Berry, Dane Co. ; a Baptist church was organized in that town, in 1847 ; Mr. Bowman was called to the pastorate of this church in 1848; he was ordained 1849 ; he continued as Pastor of the church in Berry till about 1852, when he received a call from his Baptist friends of Lodi, to organize a church at that place and become their Pastor ; he accepted this call, and remained the Pastor of the Lodi Baptist Church for about nine years; afterward, for three or four years, was Pastor of Middleton Baptist Church. Mr. Bow- man was married in England, in 1814, to Miss Ann Sharman; she died Jan. 15, 1873; in May, 1874, Mr. Bowman visited his native land, where he was married to Miss Sarah S. Jordan ; returned to his home in September of that year ; he had eight children by his first marriage, only three of whom are living, viz., Mrs. Elizabeth A. Thomas, Mrs. Mary Riddle and Joseph J. ; in 1875, Mr. Bowman became Pastor of the Baptist Church at Mazo Manie, Dane Co.. which charge he held for two and a half years. JOIJ^EPH BROWN, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Lodi ; was born in the State of New Jersey in 1817 ; when he was a child, his parents removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he lived till manhood ; he was engaged in steamboating on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers for about nine years. He went to the State of Illinois, where he was married to Miss Emeline Newburry ; she was born in New Jersey ; her parents died when she was quite young ; she lived a number of years in New York City ; then returned to New Jersey, thence to Illinois, where she was married to Mr. Brown ; after he was married, Mr. Brown removed to Missouri; returned to Illinois, and came to Columbia Co. in May, 1846; lived on Sec. 25, town of Lodi, for two years; settled where they now live in July, 1848; have six children — Cornelius, Richard K.; Maria, now Mrs. John Porter; Edwin; Emma, now Mrs. Milton; Freeman and Sylvester. Farm contains 100 acres. REV. N. E. CHAPIN, Pastor of Baptist Church, Lodi ; was born in Washington Co. N. Y., in 1815 ; in 1833, removed with his parents to Wayne Co.; he attended Florence Manual Institute; began his ministry in Randolph, Cattaraugus Co., in 1837 ; settled in Bradford, McKean Co., Penn.; was ordained in 1839; removed to Belmont, Allegheny Co., in 1840, where he remained three years; thence to Bennington, Wyoming Co., for two years; he came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; settled in Lancaster, Grant Co., where he remained till 1851 ; he settled in Beaver Dam in the spring of 1852 ; in the fall of 1857, went to Darlington, La Fayette Co.; thence to Aztalan, Jefferson Co.; in 1867, settled in Merton, Wauke- sha Co.; thence to Lanark, Carroll Co., 111.; came to Lodi in the spring of 1877. Mr. Chapin was mar- ried to Miss Sara L. Goiny, born at Rushford, Allegany Co., N. Y.; have two children — Mary L. Lindlay and George B. JACOB CHRISliER, blacksmith and machinist, Lodi; was born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., February, 1837 ; his parents removed to Chenango Co.; thence to Madison Co.; they came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of West Point, Columbia Co., in 1856 ; Jacob came to the town of West Point the following year, where he worked at his trade about twelve years ; he settled in Lodi in the spring of 1874. He was married to Mary H. Leigh, born in the state of New York ; tbey have had eight children, five living — Alberta L., Harriet E., Margaret E., Minnie T. and Jesse J.; lost three daughters. WILLIAM CROSS, fiirmer. Sec. 16 -. P. 0. Lodi ; was born in England, March, 1843; he came to this country with his parents in 1848; they lived two years in Racine, Wis.; came to the town of Lodi and settled on the farm where Mr. Cross now lives, in 1850; his father now resides in Walworth Co., Wis. Mr. Cross enlisted in February, 1864, in the 50th W. V. I.; .served till the close of the war. Married Miss Mary Atkinson, born in Wisconsin ; has one child — Thomas F. JOHN COLLINS, harness-maker, Lodi; was born in Wales, January, 1846 ; he learned the trade of a tanner and currier, which business he followed for several years; he came to the United States in the spring of 1866 ; he lived in Albany, Green Co., Wis., for about one year; then went to Madison, where, for several months, he was engaged in driving stage between Madison and Fort Atkinson ; came to TOWN OF LODI. 991 Lodi in October, 1867 ; was engaged in driving stage till October, 1870 ; visited his native land in 1871i returning in the spring of 1872 ; served an apprenticeship to the harness-making business in Lodi I engaged in the business of harness- making in the fall of 1876. He was married to Miss Anstis A- Simons, daughter of Freedom Simons ; tHey have three children — Mattie E., John F. and Richard J. EVERET DAVIS, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Lodi; was born in Massachusetts in 1830 ; he removed with his parents to the eastern part of the State of New York ; he came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1859; he lived in Vienna, Dane Co., for six years; located on his present farm in 1865. He was married to Elizabeth Haggard, daughter of William Haggard. They have three children — Amelia J., Edwin N. and William. Mr. Davis' farm contains 180 acres. WILLIAI!! DUNIjAP, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Lodi; was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, Dec. 6, 1806 ; he came to Dane Co., Wis., in 1846, and settled in the town of Dane, in 18-17, where he lived until 1853, when he came to the tovvn of Lodi, and engaged in the lumber business, at Okee ; in 1858, returned to his farm in Dane Co., which he sold in 1860, and purchased farm in Sec. 22, Lodi; bought farm where he now lives, September, 1865 ; he still owns his farm in Sec. 22. He was married to Phoebe Blachly, born in Ohio March 6, 1807 , they have five children — Eben, Oscar, Sarah, James and William M.; lost one daughter, Melissa. JOHN B. I»WINS[EL.L, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Lodi ; was born in Worcester, Mass., in 1827 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1850, and settled in the village of Lodi ; he established a stage route between Madison and Baraboo, via Lodi, in 1853, which he conducted for one and a half years ; this was the first public conveyance running between Madison and Baraboo ; since that time he has been engaged in farming; he bought his present firm in August, 1856, where he located in 1868. He was married to Maria C. Stanley, daughter of W. D. Stanley, who settled in Vienna, Dane Co., in 1847 ; they have six children — Lizzie L, George W., William S., John L., Mary L. and Bessie Y.; lost one son, Henry, who died July 17, 1879. Mr. Dwinnell was elected to represent the Third District in the Legislature, in the fall of 1874 ;. has been Chairman of the Town Board for two years, and has held other local offices. Is a Republican politically. Farm contains 280 acres. ADDISON EATON, merchant, Lodi; was born in Auburn, Mass., in 1821 ; he went to Ohio in 1844, where he lived three years, when he returned to Massachusetts ; in 1856. he came to Lodi, and engaged in the mercantile trade. He was married to Miss Emily Garfield ; she died February, 1869 ; his present wife was Miss Julia Palmer, daughter of Judge Palmer, of Lodi. Mr. Eaton was Chairman of Town Board from 1872 to 1875 ; has been County Supervisor since 1876, and was elected to the Assembly, in the fall of 1879. JAMES O. EATON, Lodi; was born in Sutton, Mass., in 1818. He came to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1842, and engaged in the mercantile trade. He went to Racine in the fall of 1845, where he also engaged in the mercantile business. He came to Lodi in December, 1848, where he also entered the mercantile business, which he continued till 1860. Mr. Eaton was Postmaster at Lodi, during the administration of Presidents Taylor and Filmore, also during the first administration of President Lincoln ; was assistant U. S. Assessor for about five years. For the last thirteen years, has been engaged as a commer- cial traveler. His first wife was Miss Mary M. Dwinnell, born in Massachusetts; she died in March, 1802. His present wife was Mrs. Judith Fisk. Mr. Eaton has two children by his first wife — Mary E., now Mrs. B. S. Lewis, and Harlow. - The latter was born May 24, 1854; he graduated at the Wisconsin State University in 1878; he is now a student of the University of Leipsic, Germany. Lost his oldests on, Herbert E., born June 3, 1844, died July 17, 1849. HENRY R. EATON, Postmaster, Lodi ; born in Massachusetts June 20, 1832. He first came to Lodi in April, 1853, but returned to Massachusetts in August of that year. He settled in Lodi in February, 1857, and engaged in the shoe manufacturing business; was appointed Postmaster Feb. 18, 1875. His wife was Miss Harriet A. Cadwell, daughter of Edward Cadwell, of Sauk Co. They have one child — Fred A. ; lost their oldest son, Herbert, who was killed by the kick of a horse in 1871 ; aged 7 years. JOHN FOOTE, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Lodi ; was born in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, in 1820. He re- moved to Lee Co , Iowa, in the spring of 1844, thence to Hancock Co., 111., where he taught school during the summer of 1844 ; in the winter of 1844-45, taught a school in Dane Co., 111. ; in the spring of 1845, removed to Dane Co., Wis. ; engaged in farming during that summer, and taught school the following winter. In the 'spring of 1846, he came to Lodi, and entered 80 acres of his present farm in June of that year, where he settled the follo\fing autumn, and where he has since resided. His wife was Miss Elmira Fisher, daughter of Willard Fisher; married October, 1848; wife died Aug. 15, 1868. Mr. Foote has had nine children, five of whom are living — -Laura R., John W., Emily B., Frank F. and Agnes M. 992 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: PETER L. FROLiAND. farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Lodi ; was one of the earliest settlers of the town of Lodi. He was born in Norway in 1802, and came to the United States in 1837 He lived near Ottawa, 111., for nine year.s, where he was engaged in work on a canal. He came to Columbia Co. in 1846, and settled near Columbus, where he lived three years, when he settled where he now lives. Mr. Frohind is unmarried. His farm contains 70 acres. EDWIIV W. CirAKDXER, insurance agent, Lodi ; was born in Panton, Vt., in 1829; he removed to Madison, Wis., in 1853, where he engaged in work at his trade, that of a carpenter and joiner, where he resided till the fall of 1859 ; then engaged in farming in the town of Dane, Dane Co., till the spring of 1867, when he came to Lodi. He was married to Miss Lucina Colburn, niece of Zcrah Colburn, the mathematician ; the latter was a cousin of the author of Colburn's Arithmetic, etc. Mr. Gardner is Justice of the Peace of the village of Lodi ; also Secretary of Lodi Agricultural Society. CirEORGE C OESELL, miller, at Lodi Center MilN, Lodi; was born in the Province of Hanover, Germany, Oct. 17, 1834; he came to the United States in the spring of 1861 ; came to the village of Lodi in the fall of that year, where he was engaged as miller in the Excelsior Mill for thirteen years and five months ; then went to Wonewoc, Juneau Co., where he conducted a mill for one year, then engaged in the grocery business; came to present location in April, 1879. He was married to Mary Kruegcr ; they have three children — Hannah, George L. and George C. WILLIAM GOLDSPOHN, lumber dealer, of the firm of Vanderpool & Goldspohn, Lodi ; born in Germany in 1828 ; he came to the United States in 1849 ; he settled in the town of Rox- bury, Dane Co., Wis., in the fall of that year, where he was engaged in farming ; in the spring of 1869, he came to Lodi; he engaged in selling lumber for Vanderpool & Clark in the fall of 1872; in the fall of 1877, he bought the interest of Mr. Clark ; since that time has been associated with Mr. Vanderpool. He was married to Frederica Kohlmann, born in Prus.sia, Germany ; she came to the township of Spring- field, Dane Co., in 1847 ; the}' have four children — Albert, Mary, Emma and William. CHARLES GOODALL, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Lodi; born in Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1830; his parents, Nathaniel and Fannie Goodall, removed to Ohio, near Cleveland, in 1836, then to Illinois, in the fall of 1840 ; the family came to the town of Lodi June 20, 1851 ; his father still resides where he first settled, Sec. 26 ; when the ftimily came to Lodi, it consisted of parents, two sons and two daughters ; youngest daughter now deceased ; another son, L. K., was born in the town of Lodi. Mr. Goodall was married to Miss Caroline Taller, daughter of John and Laura A. Tuller. Mrs. Goodall taught the first school in the town of West Point; they have two children — William Herbert and Eva C, both of whom are now students in junior class of Wisconsin State University ; Herbert was born in 1857 ; Eva A., March 13, 1860. Mr. Goodall has been Chairman of Town Board two years, and mem- ber of Side Board three years; he resided in Crawford Co. from 1856 till 1861 ; settled on his present farm in 1861. Has 142 acres of land. SAMUEL A. HOLDRIDGE, blacksmith, Lodi ; born in Ithaca, N. Y., in 1847 ; he went to Crawford Co., Wis., in 1854 ; went to Kansas about 1856 ; returned to Wisconsin and came to Lodi in December, 1859; he enlisted in September, 1862, in Co. G, 23d W. V. I.; was at the battles of Arkansas Post, Yazoo Swamp, Grand Gulf, Champion Hills, and in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged up lo the time of his discharge for disability in the fall of 1864 ; he returned to Lodi; was sick for two years ; after his recovery engaged for his uncle in the blacksmith business till 1870 ; when he engaged in business for himself He was married to Miss A. S. Woodley, daughter of John V. Woodley ; has three children — Harry L., Clarence A. and Edith Maud. E. HOWARD 1RWI9f, M. D., Lodi; bom in Mifflin Co., Penn., July 1, 1833; he studied medicine in Pennsylvania, came to Lodi with his father. Dr. George H. Irwin, in June, 1854; he practiced medicine with his father in Lodi till the breaking-out of the rebellion, when his father enlisted as a private in Capt. Mansfield's company, 2d W. V. I.; he was made Hospital Steward, then pro- moted to Assistant Surgeon in the 2d W. V. I.; he was wounded in the first battle of Bull Run, in the charge of the Black Horse Cavalry; he resigned from disability, and died at his home, Lodi, Jan. 31, 186-1. Dr. E. H. Irwin, in August, 186i;, under authority of Gov. Salmon, raised a company which was mustered into the United States service as Co. H, 23d W. V. I., Aug. 30, 1862; he resigned to take position on regimental staff as As.sistant Surgeon, and entered on duty as such Nov. 19, 1862, at Louis- ville, Ivy., under orders of Gen. A. J. Smith, but was not mustered as such till Dec. 19, 1862, at Memphis, Tenn.; he resigned on account of disabillity at Milliken's Bend, La., April 25, 1863. His wife was Miss Sarah Pashley, daughter of Samuel Pashley, of Vienna, Dane Co.; they have had six children, five of whom are living — -Annie E., now Mrs. Tim B. Lewis; Harris J., George H., Samuel P., and William Russell. TOWN OF LODI. 993 ERIK KNUTSEN, merchant, Lodi ; born in Norway in 1834 ; he came to the United now lives in Minnesota ; he resided in Madison for four years, where he was engaged as a clerk ; he came States with his parents in 1851 ; the family settled in Dane Co., Wis., where his father died ; his mother to Lodi and engaged in business in 1857. His wife was Miss Annie P. Brunserg; they have nine chil- dren, one son and eight daughters ; Mr. Knutsen is engaged in general merchandising. JAHES McCLiOUD, merchant, Lodi; born in Gallipolis, Gallia Co., Ohio, Nov. 27, 1822 ; his father died when he was about 3 years of age ; after the death of his father, his mother removed to Vermillion Co., Ind., where she was married, and removed to Joliet, 111., in 1830, and to Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1837 ; in the fall of 1839, he entered into the employment of the American Fur Co., and was engaged iu trading on the frontier till 1844 ; he came to Mineral Point, Wis., in August, 1844 ; he came to the town of Lodi in the fall of 1845. He was married to Catherine E. Bartholomew, daughter of G. M. Bartholomew; they have had five children, four of whom are living — James W., Elizabeth, now Mrs. R. W. Jones, of Iowa Co., Wis.; Joseph B. and George ; their daughter, Clara J., aged 19 years, a stu- dent of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis., and just ready to graduate, was drowned in Lake Buttes des Mortes, on June 10, 1871. Mr. McCloud has been engaged in the mercantile business since 1851 ; he has been very successful in business ; has been in the lumber trade ; is also a large land owner, and has been extensively engaged in farming for many years ; is now engaged quite extensively in stock-raising and fish culture. GILBERT E. lIcKEEBY, M. D., Lodi ; born in 1844 ; his parents removed to Oregon, Dane Co., Wis., when he was 2 years of age, where his father died, and where his mother still resides. The Doctor enlisted in August, 1864, in the 1st W. Heavy Artillery ; served one year ; discharged July,' 1865. He began the study of medicine at Evansville, Wis., with Dr. Smith ; he was a student of the university at Madison for about three years ; in the fall of 1865, he went to Ann Arbor, Mich., and attended a course of lectures at the medical department of the university of Michigan ; in the spring of 1866, he resumed his studies with Dr. Smith ; in 1867, he entered the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, at New York City, where he graduated in March, 1868 ; he began the practice of medicine in Iowa Co., Wis.; came to Lodi in the fall of 1868. His wife was Carrie M. Ansdell, daughter of P. T. S. Ansdeli, an early settler of Sauk Co.; they have two children — Fred E. and Carrie L. JOB MILES, farmer and one of the proprietors of the Lodi Valley Cheese Factory, Lodi ; was born in Lancashire, England, in 1840 ; he came to the United States with his father, William Mills, in 1842 ; they came to New York City, thence to Paterson, N. J., thence to Oswego, and to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1844, where the family lived about ten years, engaged in farming ; thence to Dodge Co. for about two years ; thence to the town of Scott, Columbia Co. Mr. Mills was married, in 1863, to Mary A. Dye, born in the State of New York ; they have five children — Josephine, Mary, Esther, Albert and Elmer. Mr. Mills has a farm of 300 acres ; residence in Sec. 26. R. W. MILLS, Lodi, grain-buyer, firm of Mills & Albiston ; was born in the State of New York in 1843; he is the son of William Mills, and brother of Mr. Job Mills, of Lodi ; he engaged in the business of grain-buying with his brother Job in 1871 ; Mr. Albiston became a member of the firm in May, 1872 ; the firm was then known as Mills Bros. & Albiston ; the firm became Mills & Albiston in 1876. Was married to Margaret A. Wells, daughter of Mr. T. S. Wells ; they have two children — Nettie and Thomas A. ROBERT MOSS, miller, Lodi; born in Sutton, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England, Feb. 22, 1822. Was uianieJ to Sarah Reed, native of the same town ; she died in England. Mr. Moss came to the United States in May, 1854 ; lived in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., a few months ; thence to Fox Lake, Wis., in the fall of 1854 ; thence to Fairwater, Fond du Lac Co.; lived for a short time at several other points in Wisconsin ; came to Lodi in 1864 ; since that time has been engaged as miller for Mr. Andrews. His present wife was Mrs. Charlotte Haley, whose maiden name was Case; she was born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1825. Mr. Moss had five children by his first marriage, two of whom are living — Alfred E. and Charles W. EDWARD NICHOLS, of the firm of Wait & Nichols, hardware dealers, Lodi; was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Jan. 7, 1820, where he resided till July, 1853, when he came to Wiscon.^in ; lived in Janesville till the fall of 1854, when he came to Lodi. He was Town Superintendent of Schools for the years 1856-57 ; has been Town Clerk for several years. He was married to Miss Mary A. Dun- ning, daughter of Samuel S. Dunning, from near Ithaca, N. Y.; they have one son — Charles E. — born March, 1866. CHARLES E. ODELL, furniture dealer, Lodi ; was born in Ohio, April, 1827 ; his father, William Odell, was a native of the State of Vermont, born Feb. 9, 1793 ; he was a volunteer soldier in 994 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the war of 1812 ; be removed from Ohio to Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1837, and to Dane Co. in 1849 ; he settled in the town of West Point, Columbia Co., September, 1855 ; be died August, 1879 ; his wife died in Waukesha Co. in 1847. Mr. Charles E. Odell was engaged in farming in West Point Township for about twelve years, residing on Sec. 27 ; he came to Lodi in October, 1867, and engaged in his present business in February following. He was married to Miss E. F. Burnett, of Ohio ; they have two chil- dren — Edna (now Mrs. George H. Simons), and Edgar. I. H. PAL/HER, Lodi; was born in Binghamton, N. Y., in 1809; his father was a Presby- terian minister, and when a young man was engaged as a missionary among the Indians, and elsewhere in the State of New York ; he preached for several years at Binghamton ; afterward removed to what is now Fulton Co., N. Y.; he died about 1850. Judge Palmer came to Madison from Fulton Co., N. Y., in 1837, where he lived till the spring of 1846, when he came to Lodi and settled on 40 acres of land in Sec. 27, which he had entered the previous February; in March and April of that year he entered more land in this section ; on this land is located the present village of Lodi. He was married in 1836, to Miss Ann Thompson, of Fulton Co., N. Y.; they have had ten children, eight of whom are living — Elizabeth (now Mrs. John Slightam) ; Sarah J. (now Mrs. Edward Andrews) ; Mary; Julia (now Mrs. Addison Eaton) ; Helen ; Clara (now Mrs. C. Clemens) ; Hattie and Herbert; has lost two sons — Henry and Edward. At the organization of Dane Co. Mr. Palmer was appointed Probate Judge ; he was elected to the Legisla- ture in 1842, and served several years. Judge Palmer has always been actively engaged in business, and by industry and economy has accumulated a fine property ; he is a worthy representative of the pioneers of Columbia County. JOSEPH E. PARKE, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. Lodi; was born in Pennsylvania in 1821 ; his parents reniuved to Chenango Co., N. Y., when he was about 3 years of age, where he lived till 1845, when he removed t

, and is a member of the Rio Farmers' Club, of twenty members; he is a Republican in politics, a Baptist in religion, and is Treasurer and Trustee in the church; an ultra Prohibitionist, as was Mr. Stewart, the father of Mrs. Gaskill, who was born Jan. 23, 1809, at Hartland, Niagara Co., N. Y., and was the first white child born in that oouniy. Mr. Stewart's father was in the war of 1812. He married Calista Squires in June, 1833; came here in 1851 ; was a farmer, and an active Temperance man thirty years ; was a liberal, generous, honest man ; for years a Justice of the Peace, and died Nov. 27, 1879, of heart disease ; was a Republican, the father of twelve children ; they all survive him ; two of them were in the Union army ; he was a man of good principles, and respected by all. Mrs. Gaskill was a teacher in New York and Wisconsin from 1852 to 1859. The father of Mr. Gaskill was Captain of the " Monongahela Blues," and was commissioned by Gov. Joseph Ritner, of Pennsylvania, about 1836 ; he w.is a steamboat builder in Pennsylvania and Ohio, and owned a farm and steam saw-mill. C. C. HOLLY, farmer. Sec. 8; 190 acres; P. 0. Rio; born in Greenville, Greene Co., N. Y., in 1829 ; is the son of John and Irene (Palmer) Holly; came here in 1852. Married at home in 1854 ; had four children— Frank, born July 5, 1853; Japhet Hull, born Sept. 8. 1855; Charles Irwin, born Jan. 28, 1863; Jessie H., born March 30, 1876. Republican in politics; attends Baptist Church. Was in Co. K, 22d W. V. I.; was out three years ; is now Justice of the Peace. Mrs. Holly was born Feb. 28, 1834 ; was daughter of Henry and Hannah (Palmer) Blemis ; her father died here December, 1877, aged 74 years, and her mother died in 1865. Mrs. Holly's parents went from New York to Mich- igan in 1844 ; remained there six years and came here ; on the way, at Milwaukee, after taking teams off the boat, her brothers, John and William, aged 24 and IS years, were both drowned in the lake in a strange and unaccountable manner ; the young man Hoisington, who was with them, heard them struggling in the water, and got a lantern on the wharf; and the supposition was, that the pier-tender had something to do with their death, as he soon left the place (as also did a boy who worked for him), asserting that it (the wharf) was haunted, and it was believed he confessed the crime to his wife, but it was never proven ; the pier-tender soon after cut his own throat in a fit of delirium tremens, at Waukesha. STEPHEBf JAMES, farmer. Sec. 23; 220 acres, 140 acres cultivated ; P. 0. Otsego; born Aug. 12, 1813, in Pembrookshire, Wales; son of Daniel and Dinah (Lewis) James, came here in 1839, and went to Erie Co., Penn., and worked at the carpenter trade, thence went to Waterford a short time, and went sailing on the lakes four or five seasons as fireman and engineer ; then went to Racine Rapids, wagon-making, one season ; then made a wagon for himself and bought a yoke of oxen, and loaded uji his wife and their effects, and started to this town ; got here Aug. 15, 1844 ; went on foot and alone to Green Bay, to enter land; struck a hollow Indian trail and old military route; had a compass to steer by. and was gone nine days ; entered south half of Sec. 23, carried on farming ever since (also wagon-making), except two years at Beaver Dam. He was the first Treasurer in the town, and made the first wagon in the town ; at that time, people came from Columbus to get wagons repaired ; he built the first wagon it> his house (where be made a bench), and when they went up-stairs had to put a chair on the work-bench TOWN OF OT^iEGO. 999 nd then climb ; went to Beaver Dam and sold his wagon to procure some grub, as they called it, and umber to build a house ; on his way home, he pulled stakes out of the fences to make spokes for a new wagon; the fence was at a spring where he stopped to drink (it is now the celebrated mineral springs). Mr. James is a Baptist ; Republican, naturalized at Green Bay. Was married April 13, 1843, at Erie, Penn., by Rev. M. Brown (Methodist), to Rachel H., daughter of Thomas and Jemima (Fisk) Henton, (see Cyrus Root) ; wife was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., April 16, 1825 ; their children are Thomas D., • born Feb. 23, 1846, married Emily Henton, now on Sec. 23, and has a daughter Mary, aged 2 years ; Benjamin W., born April 2, 1847, married Miss May Haines, of Lincoln, 111., now lives at Wausaw, Wis. — two children were buried last summer, both boys — -he is a leading lawyer of that place ; Mary J., born March 7, 1850, died April 24, 1869 ; Hannah C, born Jan. 31, 1853, died March 5, 1863 ; Stephen E., born Dec. 7, 1854, married Miss Etta Haskin, of Fall River. LEGRAND liLOY^D, farmer. Sec. 36 ; 80 acres ; P. 0. Otsego ; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Nov. 21, 1828 ; is a son of Washington and Amy ( Hungerford) Lloyd ; came to Chautauqua Co., N. Y., at 6 years of age, and six years after to Springfield, Erie Co., Penn., with parents ; at 20, he came to Westfield, and remained three years; then to Erie Co., Penn., two years ; and in the fall of 1854, to Dodge Co., Wis. On April 3, 1856, was married by Rev. Mr. Smith, at Saybrooke, Ashtabula Co, Ohio, to Miss Ellen, daughter of Asa and Phila (Cass) Anderson ; wife was born June 25, 1834 ; had four children — Watson, born April 23, 1857 ; Anice, born July 10, 1859, wife of James P. Goodman, of Hampden; Burton, born Jan. 29, 1862 ; Minnie, born June 10, 1866. Mr. Lloyd is a Methodist and a Republican ; has been Supervisor two years. District Clerk, President of the Otsego and Springvale Insurance Company, and Secretary of the Hampden Cheese Manufacturing Association; had one brother (Albert), died in Memphis, Tenn., during the rebellion; also, two brothers (Henry and Loammi), in navy and infantry, latter in Indian service. Mrs. Lloyd also had a brother (Charles Anderson"), in army three years. Mrs. Lloyd's father was born Feb. 15. 1804, and is living in Brie Co., Penn., and her mother was born March 2, 1811, and died 1872, at Geneva, Ohio. JF. R. MORRIN, of the firm of Morris & Co., Rio. ; dealers in grain, produce, hides, salt, furs, etc.; was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., Nov. 21, 1845 ; son of Marshal and Sarah ( Hoard) Morris ; came to Wisconsin in 1866, settled at Tomah, and engaged in the lumber trade; then to Arlington, on the " Madison and Portage road," where he engaged in the lumber and grain trade; then went to Texas, with a view to settlement; came back in April, 1878, and went into business here with his brother, C. M. Morris, who is unmarried. They have, in connection with the elevator, a steam " feed mill" ; also an eleva- tor at Doylestown. The father of Mr. Morris was killed at the battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862, being a member of the 15th N. Y. V. I. He had three children — Harry, born Dec. 4, 1874 ; Mabel, born July 3, 1876; Paul Wm., born Dec. 20, 1879. His wife was Elnora Austin, daughter of Wm. Austin ; she was born Sept. 15, 1856, at Hannibal, N. Y., near Syracuse, and married at Portage, Wis., by the Rev. Mr. Ritchie, Feb. 2, 1873. REV. HENRY R. MURPHY was born at Forge Hollow, Oneida Co., N. Y., Sept. 17, 1852 ; he is the son of John and Margaret (Roche) Murphy, who were from the County Wexford, Ire- land, and came to America in 1850. He resided for a short time at Elba, and went from there to St. Francis' Seminary, near Milwaukee, where he remained eight years, when he took charge of the '' Rocky Run Church," in Wyocena, and also of St. Patrick's Church at Doylestown, where he resides; orders conferred June 24, 1877, by Archbishop Henni ; his charge embraces 125 families (about 600 mem- bers), mostly Irish. Father Murphy is, physically and mentally, a man, and a genial, •' liberal-minded " gentleman; is successfully conducting a good work, and is highly esteemed by all alike, regardless of political or religious faith. OLIVER NOBLE, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 0. Rio; 140 acres, 80 cultivated; was born in Steu- ben Co., N. Y.; son of Harvey and Sophia (Ely) Noble, of Herkimer Co., N. Y.; came here in 1850. He was married, April 16, 1850, by Elder Jarvis, at Richfield Springs, Otsego Co., N. Y., to Charlotte Ely (born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., July 25, 1823), daughter of Gad and Lydia (Bradley) Ely, and had eight children — Sylvester E., born Jan. 11, 1851 ; Helen L., born Jan. 14, 1853, died Sept. 3, 1854; Martha A., born Oct. 14. 1855, died Sept. 14, 1857; Frances L., born Dec. 29, 1857, wife of Thomas Batty, at Rio; Lydia M., born July 3, 1859 ; Harriet S., Sept. 23, 1861, died Jan. 11, 1879 ; Elmore N., died at about 5 months of age; Anna A., born Aug. 30, 1867. Mr. Noble was Supervisor, Clerk, Treasurer and Director several years. Gad Ely was a soldier of 1812. OLSON & LARSON, manufacturers of and dealers in boots and shoes, hides, leather, etc., etc., Rio.; they keep a varied assortment in stock, and they do a square business, as their patrons can testify. M. D. Olson was born in Bergen-Stift, Norway ; is the son of Ole Olson and Sygnelde (^Johannes- 1000 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: son) Olson ; was born March 3, 1849 ; came here in April, 1871 ; lived in the town of Leeds three years ; worked for A. Jones three years ; then worked for John Peterson four years, and then bought hioi out ; went into partnership two years ago with Peter Larson, who was born Aug. 10, 1842, at same place, as partner, son of Lars Asb Jiirnson, of Stenehjem, where his father died in 1849; his mother is now at Otsego, Wis., wife of J. Johnson ; he came to America in 1873, and worked for John Peterson until he went into partnership in 1878; married at his birthplace May 23, 1865, to Ingeri Pederson, and had eight children— Martha, born Jan. 8, 1866; Lewis, born Sept. 29, 1867; Peter, born Sept. 30, 1869; Andrew, born Dec. 15, 1871; Edward, born June 26, 1874; Emma, born Oct. 8, 1875; John, born July 20, 1877; Anna Maria, born April 23, 1879. Mr. Larson's wife was born July 12, 1841. Both mem- bers of the firm are Republicans, and members of the Lutheran Church. GEORGK ORMSBEE, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Doylestown ; 160 acres in Sees. 2 and 3 ; born Jan. 15, 1829, in the town of Wiodham, Greene Co., N. Y.; came to Wisconsin twenty-four vears ago, and to this town in 1870. Was married June 6, 1849, at Lexington, N. Y., by Rev. William Gould (Methodist), to Harriet Hosford, daughter of Willis and Lucia ( Osborn) Hosford ; they have had five children — Lafayette W., born Feb. 28, 1850, married to Christina Palmer, now in Smith Co., Kan.; Marion, born Dec. 18, 1851, married Mattie Sage, and living in Smith Co., Kan.; Buel S., born Oct. 4, 1853 — in Smith Co., Kan., unmarried; Brazilla B., born Oct. 4, 1855, died Sept. 12, 1874; Myron H., born Dec. 10, 1857, married to Abigail Parsneau, who was born in Carleton, Kenauwee Co., Wis., March 4, 1862. Mr. Ormsbee has a good farm, and wants to sell it and go West to join his children. Brazilla B. was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun, he having carried it along, as usual, to shoot squirrels while driving the cows from pasture, and left it at the fence while milking, which being done, he attempted to pull it through the fence, when the hammer caught, shooting him in the neck, causing instant death by severing the jugular vein. ROSWELL PAIillER, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Rio; born Jan. 18, 1821, in Lysander, Onondaga Co., N. Y.; son of Oliver S. and Chloe (Palmer) Palmer, who were from Greene Co., N. Y.; came to Wisconsin May 29, 1842, and settled in Lisbon, Waukesha Co., then came here ; was married Sept. 4, 1847, in Waukesha (then Milwaukee) Co., Wis., by Elder Timothy Palmer, his uncle, to Loretta M. Pease, who was born Aug. 8, 1827, daughter of Samuel and Olivia Pease ; her mother was a widow, and married Mr. Phillips; Mrs. Palmer died Oct. 30, 1878. They have had four children — Frances 0., born Oct. 8, 1848, wife of James C. Stewart, of Lowville, and has one child; C. Elmira, born July 15, 1851, died April 23, 1871, wife of C. T. Jobbins ; Clara Nell S., born Dec. 19, 1854, wife of C. T. Job- bins (husband of deceased sister), married June 29, 1873, has three children, viz., George R., born June 22, 1874, Clifford L, born Feb. 21, 1877, Loretta E., born Nov. 17, 1879, now on farm ; James R., bora Sept. 8, 1863, died Nov. 17, 1864. Mr. Palmer has been Supervisor and Chairman, and five years a Jus- tice ; is a member of the Baptist Church, as are also his two daughters, he being Deacon ; he is a Repub- lican in politics, and Anti-Mason ; he owns 120 acres of land. 51. D. PARSWEAIT, farmer. Sec. 24; 100 acres; P. 0. Doylestown; born in Vermont Aug. 22, 1828; son of Gilbert and Mary (Legisa) Parsneau, of Canada; came to Fall River tweuty-seven years ago, and after two years went to Kewaunee, Mich., where he remained twenty years; during the Peshtigo fire he lost most of his effects, and came near losing their lives ; he returned to Fall River, then to Doyles- town two years, and then to this farm. Was married Oct. 4, 1853, in Jefferson Co., N. Y., by Rev. John Thomas, Rev. H. Corbin assisting, to Judith A., daughter of Seneca and Abigail (Brown) Warner, from Aldburg, Vt.; they have had eight children — Alfred W., born July 23, 1854 ; Nelson G., born May 22, 1856 ; Mary A., born June 27,^1858; Harriet J., born July 18, 1860 ; Abigail E., born March 4, 1862, married" to Myron Ormsby, Sec. 3 (see George Ormsby, Springvale) ; George M., born Oct. 16, 1863 ; Nettie Bell, born Aug. 11, 1865; Alpheus S., born Dec. 7, 1869. Mr. Parsneau is a Republican in politics, and a Methodist. He had two brothers, Jehial and William V., and several nephews were in the army. Mr. P.'s father was in the war of 1812, and was in jail in Montreal, sentenced to be hung, when peace was declared, and he was exchanged. Mr. P. had three brothers-in-law in the army. WENDELL A. PULVER, merchant, Otsego ; (16 acres) ; was born Jan. 3, 1827 in Ontario Co., N. Y.; son of John W. and Sarah (Sharpsteen) Pulver, who were born in Dutchess Co., N. Y.; came here in 1847; bought land and commenced farming in 1848: he lived on his farm some eighteen years, and then went into the mercantile line in a general way, which he has followed with more than an average success up to the present time. He was married in Niagara Co., N. Y., to Miss Helen M., daughter of George and Helen E. (MersaroU) Van Vleet. She was born on Jan. 6, 1827, and died of typhoid fever July 3, 1861 ; left two children — Seward F., born Aug. 1, 1-848, married Annie McKay, at Rio, on farm; Alice M., born May 28, 1853, wife of M. Tillotson, Sec. 22, TOWN OF OTSEGO. 1001 Otsego Township. Married the second time, May 4, 1862, by E. Blaisdel, J. P., to Emely, daughter of Abijah and Martha (Bryan) Stevens. She was born Jan. 25, 1839, in Lorain Co., Ohio; her parents being from Litchfield, Conn.; she had four children — ^Charles L., born June 11, 1865 ; M. Dell, born Feb. 14, 1868; Estella, born March 18, 1872, died Jan. 16, 1874; Claud, born Sept. 21, 1873. Mr. Pulver attends the Baptist Church, as there is no other, and is a Republican, and has done his share of office work in town, but is not an aspirant for political honors. JOHN B. PEASE, veterinary surgeon ; P. 0. Otsego ; was born in Columbia Co. Dec. 20, 1853; son of Wm. C. and Angeline ( McNett) Pease, of Somerset, N. Y. He was married, June 25, 1862, to Alice L., daughter of Jotham and Martha (Howarth) Stone; she was born June 29, 1851, in N. Y. They were married by Elder Meredith, at Otsego, and had one child — Birdie E., born April 18, 1865. His paternal grandfather was a Captain in the navy and merchant service, and his maternal grand- father was a Captain in the war of 1812 ; his brother, W. A. Pease, is in Rush Medical College. Mrs. Pease had a brother (Emerson) in the late war and died at Baton Rouge. Mr. Pease has followed his business four years at this place, and has acquired a good practice and a first-class reputation ; he is also agent for all kinds of farm machinery. N. RASMUS, President of the Doylestown Library Association; organized Dec. 20, 1878, with E. C. Stack, President; Mary B. Doyle, Vice President; C. A. Doyle, Secretary; J. S. Morris, Treas- urer and Librarian. Started with twenty-two members; has now twenty-seven, and owns sixty-eight volumes. Present officers — President, N. Rasmus ; Vice President, Mrs. B. Smith ; the others, same as above. Life membership fee, $1, yearly; dues, $1, per year, quarterly. Books purchased of E. Quinn, of Milwaukee, who earned the gratitude of members by his generous treatment of the Associa- tion. C¥RUS ROOT, retired; P. 0. Otsego; was born Sept. 26, 1811, in Onondaga Co., N. Y.; is the son of Cyrus and Esther (Loveland) Root; was married in Ripley, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., by Elder John Savin, to Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Jemima (Fish) Henton, born April 20, 1817, at Venango, Crawford Co., Penn.; they had six children — Clarissa, born March 4, 1838, died an infant; Mary Helen, born July 23, 1840 (widow of John Sickles, and has two daughters, viz., Edith May, 15 years of age, born Aug. 9, 1879, and Jessie C, born in March, 1866); Henry Thomas, born May 24, 1843 (married Jane Mitchell, and has five children, viz., Oliver H., Ralph M., Harry, Alma M., Curry, Henry Root is Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, and Clerk of School District) ; Brastus B., born Dec. 13, 1846, died in 1848 ; Abbey A., born Jan. 7, 1851, died Jan. 17, 1852 ; Charles W., born March 2, 1854, died April 9, 1855. The following was written by Mrs. R. H. James, sister to Mrs. Root, on the death of the three children : The chain of Love that bound us here •Stern Death has three times riven ; Why should we mourn ? Those three bright links But form three ties in Heaven. Mr. Root came to Sec. 24, and bought a claim, when W. B. Dyer was the only man in the town ; farming until 1853, when he opened a store on Sec. 22, followed that business four years, and returned to the farm ; then kept stage house for a time, and was the first Postmaster in town and held it eleven years : was Justice and Treasurer, etc., for several years. Henry was in the 32d Regiment, and trans- ferred to the 16th. Mr. Root's father was a minute-man and Fife Major in 1812, and the father of Mrs. Root was also a soldier at that time. W. B. Dyer kept the first hotel in this place, in a log house. John Boutwell built the first frame hotel, now the Otsego House, kept by Fayette Ashley. Mason Deming started the first blacksmith-shop about 1850. The first Sunday-school was organized in 1852, in the new schoolhouse. When Mr. Dodge first came to Otsego, he thrashed 300 bushels of wheat by driving oxen over it, on the ground, and then fanned it out by hand. MRS. J. W. STEWART, P. O. Rio ; 80 acres ; was born March 16, 1815, at Chemung, Chemung Co., N. Y.; came here May 29, 1852 ; married at Factoryville, Penn., Nov. 20, 1831, to Joseph Stewart, and had twelve children — -Jane A., born April 13, 1834, wife of Wm. H. Gaskill ; James C, born Oct. 11, 1836, married Frances Palmer, and is at Lowville ; Joseph E., born July 16, 1838, married to Salinda Lamphere, now at Fillmore, Minn.; Harrison H., born May 24, 1840, living in Montana; Wm. Humphrey, born May 7, 1842, living at Gordonville, Minn., married to Mary Jane Doran ; Ann Eliza, born June 13, 1844, wife of T. Price, of Springvale; Harley D., born March 30, 1846, married Libbie Learmonth, of Rio; Charlotte M., born April 1, 1848; Stella C, born Feb. 8, 1851 ; Sardius D., born July 20, 1853; Cynthia B., born Aug. 16', 1855; Grant S., born Sept. 8, 1864. Cynthia is a teacher. Harrison was First Sergeant in Co. K, 51st Mo. V. I., and was slightly wounded. Joseph E. was in the 30th Iowa V. I., and at Vicksburg, Mobile, Atlanta, etc. Both were in the army about four years. 1002 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ^ HANS HANSON TONGEN, fanner and merchant; P. 0. Rio; born Nov. 2, 1856, in Saude-Prestfjjeld, Norway ; came to America in 1850. Married, May 18, 1854, by H. A. Preus, at Portaj;e, to Miss Martha Rustad ; had five children — Anna, was born Oct. 22, 1855, now wife of H. 6. Wilson, Sec. 16, has one child; Hans, born Sept. 30, 1857, now lives at Otsego, married Eunice Carney, has one girl ; Pauline, born May 13, 1860, now the wife of John J. Baukuam ; Annie, born Aug. 9, 1862, single, in store at Rio ; Martha, born Aug. 9, 1866, at home Mr. Tongen is a Repub- lican, and a member of the Lutheran Church. He is by trade a mason, which he followed in the old country, and over in this State, until he began mercantile business, six years ago. He has been Super- visor, Chairman and Treasurer. Owns 280 acres of land. TOWN OF WEST POINT. AiriOS F. ABBOTT, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. West Point ; was born in Lemington, Essex Co., Vt., in 1822 ; when about 10 years of age, he removed with his parents, George W. and Lucinda Abbott, to Lyman, Grafton Co., N. H. ; his father was a millwright by trade ; he died in 1852, in the town of Lyman ; when 17 years of age, Mr. Abbott went to Montpelier, Vt., where he learned the trade of a printer, in the office of the Patriot of that city ; this busiues.s he followed for seven years ; a part of this time was engaged in publishing the Coo^ Democrat, of which J. M. Rix was editor; thence in 1846, to Pittsburg, Coos Co., where he engaged in farming; here he also represented three towns of the county in the Legislature of Vermont. He came to Wisconsin in May, 1855, and settled on his present farm. He was married, in 1844, to Miss Emily Elliott, daughter of Daniel and Susan Elliott, born 1822 ; they have three children — Edna A. Bliven, born May 23, 1845 ; Zoe A. Bliven, March 18, 1848, and Noel G., May 14, 1853. Mr. Abbott enlisted Feb. 14, 1865, in 49th W. V. I., Col. Fallows; he was mustered into service Feb. 22, 1865, at Madison ; was transferred from the 49th to the 50th, and appointed First Sergeant of Co. E; he was discharged Oct. 31, 1865, at Sioux City, Iowa. FRANK B. ABBOTT, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Farrs Corners; son of Moses S. Abbott, who was born in the town of Bath, N. H., Oct. 22, 1806; his father, Josiah Abbott, removed to Leming- ton, Vt., when Moses S. was 5 years of age ; he was a soldier of the Revolution ; was an Adjutant in the army, and served five years in the war of independence ; he died in 1837. Moses S. Abbott lived in Vermont till 1828, when he removed to the State of New Hampshire ; he came to Wisconsin in June, 1854, and settled on the farm which his sou, Frank B., now owns, and with whom he resides ; his wife was Sophrona Ladd ; she died in 1872 ; he has had seven children — Sewell W., Madalon M., Adeline D., Azro G., Adalaide A., Amanda M. and Frank B.; the latter was born, on the farm which he now owns, Jan. 22, 1857. He was married, March, 1879, to Mattie, daughter of Mr. J. Atkinson, born in Door Co., Wis., in 1863. Farm contains 54 acres. WILLIAM A. BLACKMAN, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Merrimac, Sauk Co.; was born in Luzerne Co., Penn., in 1842; became to Columbia Co. with his parents in 1858, they settled in the village of Dekorra ; his father, a Methodist clergyman, now resides in Sharon, Walworth Co.; Mr. Black- man enlisted in February, 1862, in thd 18th W. V. I., and serv.;d till the close of the war; was at the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, seijond battle of Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, and in all the campaigns and battles in which his regiment took part ; after the war, he worked at his trade, that of a carpenter and joiner, for several years. He was married to Mary Stanley. His farm contains 120 acres. HUBERT BOEH9IER, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Prairie du Sac; was born in Rhine Pru.ssia, April 30, 1834; hi.s father died in Germany ; he came to this country with his mother and family in 1852; they lived three years in Racine Co., then to Dane Co., where they lived about ten years ; Mr. Boehmer bought his present farm in 18G7. He was married to Sarah Laraberty, from Ger- many ; they have five sons and two daughters — Paul, Mary, Joseph, Hubert, John, Mathias and Lizzie, his farm contains 180 acres. NELSON G. BURLINGAME, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. West Point ; born near Sandusky, Ohio, October, 1829. His parents, James L. and Sophia Burlingame, rem )ved from Chenango Co., N. Y., to Ohio about 1825, but they returned to the State of New York about 1S30 ; Mr. Burlingame came to the town of West Point, from the State of New York, October, 1850 ; after two years, he returned to the State of New York and was married to Miss Helen Weatherby, of Madison Co.; his first settlement in Columbia Co. was in Sees. 14 and 23 ; he bought his present farm in the spring of 1854, where he TOWN OF WEST POINT. 1003 has since resided; has three children — Mrs. Mary Farr, Carrie and Nelson D.; lias lost four children — Cynthia, Leonard, Edgar and Theresa; his farm contains 120 acres. Lery Burlingame, a brother of Nelson G. resides in Se3. 15 ; he was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1833; came to the town of West Point, June, 18.i5 ; he returned in 18.57, and was married to Arlina M. Slocum ; they have three chil- dren — Everet H., Ada May, and Inez E.; lost one child, a twin brother of Inez, named Ira ; 105 acres. ENIAS CARNCROSS, farmer, Sec. 14; P. West Point; was born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., in 1817; when 17 years of age, removed to Oneida Co.. where he lived until 1850, when he came to Columbia Co., and settled on his present farm. He was married to Miss Chloe Salisbury ; born in Oneida Co., N. Y. They have five children — Lysander W., John E., W. Irving, Mary A. Hill and .Martha M. Smith. Mr. Carncross has 220 acres of land ; he has been a member of the Board of Su- pervisors two years. OTHIViEIi €ARR, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Lodi ; was born in the town of Plainfield, Hamp- shire Co., Mass., in 1819. He lived in Massachusetts and the State of New York until 1846, when he came to Wisconsin ; he settled on the line of Green and Rock Cos., where he entered 205 acres of land. He is a mason by trade ; he lived in Janesville twenty-five years, where he worked at his trade ; he settled where he now lives in September, 1878. He was married to Rebecca A. Howe; born in the State of New York. They have had six children, three of whom are living — Oliver, Amanda and Emma. His farm contains 160 acres. WM. B. CHRISLER, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. West Point; was born in Schoharie Co., N.Y., in 1812. He went to Montgomery Co. when a boy, where he lived until he was 24 years of age ; thence to Chenango Co., where he lived about fifteen years ; thence to Madison Co., where he lived five years ; he came to Columbia Co., and settled on the farm where he now lives in the fall of 1856. He was mar- ried to Miss Elizabeth Carncross, sister of Enias Carncross; she was born in Montgomery Co.. N. Y., in 1813. They have eight children— Jacob, Catherine, John W., Armina, Austin, James A., Talcott E.. and Delia D.; lost their first child — Mary M., in infancy. Farm contains 137 acres. CirlDEOBf CEARK, retired farmer and lumber dealer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Okee ; was born in Yates Co., N. Y., October, 1813 ; he removed to Geauga Co., Ohio, when 21 years of age ; he came to Columbia Co. in the spring of 1853, and purchased a part of Lis present farm", where he settled in the spring of 1854; he was engaged in the lumber business for many years, from which he retired in the fall of 1877 ; his form contains 360 acres. His wife was Miss Louisa Odell, daughter of William Odell; she was born May 25, 1814 ; they were married Jan. 12, 1837 ; they have had two children, both deceased — Harrison, born Dec. 25, 1837, died March 21, 1855 ; Perliaett F., born July 4, 1844, died April 12, 1868. WIELIAlfl H. COOK, farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. West Point ; was born in Boston, England, in 1827; much of his life has been passed as a sailor ; he began this business when but a boy; was for several years engaged on vessels plying between England and America ; he came to the United States to reside in 1846 ; went to New Orleans, which he made his home about two years ; he, however, a part of this time, was engaged in the quartermaster's department of the American army, the Mexican war being then in progress ; he afterward went to New York ; thence to Milwaukee in 1851 ; he was then engaged during the season of navigation on the lakes for several years ; in the mean time he had made him a home in Dodge Co., Wis.; he came to Columbia Co. in the fall of 1858, and settled where he now lives. He was married to Marion Madison, formerly of the city of Lincoln, England; they have eight children — Francis A., John M., William, Albert H., Annie, George, Martin J. and Sidney C. Mr. Cook is present Chairman of the Town Board ; he held that position for several years in his early residence in the county ; his farm contains 160 acres. EEANDER S. DREW, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. Farr's Corners; son of Dr. Leander Drew, one of the pioneers of Columbia Co.; Dr. Drew was born in Corinth, Vt., June 13, 1815; he was a student of Hanover and Dartmouth Colleges, graduating from Dartmouth when 23 years of age. He was married to Miss Alraira Shattuck, of Manchester, Vt.; they had two children — Leander S.,born Aug. 23, 1842, and Frank F., born March 9, 1844. Mrs. Drew died when her younger son was born. Dr. Drew came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1846, and located in West Point, near Crystal Lake, purchasing .of the Government 400 acres of land, on which he that season built a log house, which was, probably, the first house built in the town of West Point ; this house is still used as a dwelling ; here Dr. Drew lived alone for two years, engaged in the duties of his profession, among the sparsely settled regions of this part of the territory of Wisconsin ; in the fall of 1848, he went back to Vermont, and returned with his mother, her daughter Emily, and his two children ; the Doctor erected a new house nearer the lake, in 1850 ; this house is now occupied by his eldest son ; here, he was for a number of years engaged in the manufacture of the oil of wormwood ; he continued actively engaged in his business, and in the duties of 1004 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: his profession, though suffering severely, from a nervous difiBculty, during the last years of his life ; he died Oct. 30, 1857 ; his mother is still living at the advanced age of a9 years. Frank F. Drew was married to Miss Emma ShurtlifF; he now owns and occupies half of the orginal homestead; they have two children. Leander S., was married, March 15, ISGlJ, to Miss Harriet Riddle, adopted daughter of Gideon Clark, of Okee ; they have two children — Harry, born April 19, 1868, and Lois A., born Sept. IC, 1872. JONATHAN L. FAKR, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. O. Farr's Corners; was born in the town ot Corinth, Orange Co., N. Y., July 23, 1817, where he lived until the spring of 1841, when he went to Boston, Mass. He was married in Cambridge, Mass., to Sophrona J. Parker, born in Vermont in 1816 ; he resided in Boston until August, 1855 ; he then removed to the city of New York ; he came to Wis- consin in August, 1857, and settled at Prairie du Sac, Sauk Co.; settled on his present fiirm March, 1862, where he has since resided ; has two children — Albert L., born in Boston Oct. 12, 1850, married Mary E. Farr, daughter of Nelson Burlinganic ; Henry 0.. born at Cambridge Sept. 1, 1852. Mr. Farr's farm contains 120 acres ; Albirt, whose farm adjoins his father's has 60 acres. DAVID H. FELLOWS, farmer, Sec. 14 ; 1'. 0. West Point ; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., Feb. 15, 1827, wliere he resided till spring of 1857, when he came to Columbia Co., and settled on his present farm, where he has since resided. He was married to Amanda Gardner, daughter of John and Eliza- beth Gardner, who came to Columbia Co. from Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in the fall of 1856 ; her parents are deceased. Mr. Fellows has five children — Elbert, Frank, Herbert, Sidney and Chester; lost three children in infancy. His farm contains 285 acres. D. P. tritOW, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P.O. Prairie du Sac ; was born in the town of Newbury, Orange Co., Vt., in 1813 ; he came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; he lived on Sauk Prairie, Sauk Co.. from May till November of that year, when ho settled on his present farm, purchasing the land from the Government. He was married to Comfort A. Highlands, born in Vermont; they have four children — (Jeorge, Martha E., Mary A. and Charles F. He has 340 acres of land. His son George lives on Sec. 20 ; he was born in Vermont in 1841. He was married to Libbie Sherman, born in the State of New York ; they have one child, Albert. AMA'SA HATHAWAY, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. O. Prairie du Sac ; was born in the town of Adams, Mass., in 1800; his father removed to Rensselaer Co., N. Y., when he was a child; thence to Jefferson Co., where he lived till 25 years of age ; he learned the trade of a blacksmith ; worked at the trade of a cooper, also, for some time. Mr. Hathaway has been married three times ; his present wife was Marcia Berry ; he was quite an early settler of Wisconsin ; he lived in Buffalo Co. about sixteerv years; thence to Sauk Co ; he settled where he now lives about 1850. His f..rm contains about 140 acres. JACOB HENRY, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Lodi ; was born in Germany in 1826 ; he came to America in 1849 ; he lived in the State of New York about five years; came to Columbia Co., Wis., in 1854, and settled where he now lives. His farm contains 80 acres. He was married to Theresa Tropf, born in Germany ; they have five children — Mary, Emma, Albert, Anna and Isabelle ; Albert became deaf and dumb at the age of 6 years, from scarlet fever ; he was educated at the asylum for the deaf and dumb, at Delavan, Wis. LYMAN HILL, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. West Point; was born at Hyde Park, in what is now Lamoille Co., Vt., in June, 1804. Mr. Hill, though not an early settler of Columbia Co., is one of the pioneers of the State of Wisconsin ; he came to Milwaukee via Whitehall and Erie Canals and the great lakes in the fall of 1836 ; he located in Waukesha Co., on the line of Walworth Co. Mr. Hill possesses an excellent memory, and it is both amusing and instructive to listen to incidents and anecdotes, as re- lated by him, of his early experience in the wilds of Wisconsin. His home, from Milwaukee, was twenty- six miles; in the winter of 1837, being short of provisions — a not uncommon occurrence in those days — he repaired to Milwaukee with a handsled, and returned, after an absence of but forty-eight hours, with flour and groceries suflicient to subsist himself and family for several weeks. Mr. Hill's first wife was Edna Preston ; she was born in Vermont, and died in Waukesha Co. in 1852. His present wife was L. Goldthwait, also born in Vermont. He had five children by his first wife, only one of whom is living — Mrs. Mary Ann Lester. Mr. Hill settled on his present farm in 1868. WM. H. HILL, farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. West Point ; son of Cyrus Hill, who was born io Vermont in 1813; he came to the State of Wisconsin about 1837; he came from Sauk Co. to Columbia Co., and settled where his son now lives, in 1850 ; his first wife, the mother of Wm. H., was Miss Rhoda M. Hill ; she died soon after the birth of her son, Wm. H. His second wife was Betsy Polly, whom he married in the fall of 1849. He has two children by his first marriage — Maria Livermore and Wm. H.;the latter TOWN OF WEST POINT. 1005 was born in 1848. He was married to Mary Carneross, dautiliter of Enias Cariicross ; tliey have two children — Arthur and Harlow H. Lost one child — Cyrus E. Farm contains about 230 acres. The father of Mr. Hill now lives in Jefferson, Greene Co., Iowa. IIERRILL JOHNSON, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Prairie du Sac; was born in the State of Maine Sept. V-^, 1827. His parents removed to Northern New Hampshire when he was an infant, where he lived until 1850, when he came to Columbia Co. His father, Samuel Johnson, came at the same time; he now lives at Wyocena. Mr. Johnson settled on his present farm in 1860. He was married to Hann ih S. Colby ; born in New Hampshire. They have three children — Irving N., Ernest W.and Nellie I. Mr. Johnson's farm contains 80 acres. REV. WARREN N. KINCw, Baptist minister, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Farr's Corners ; born in Windsor Co., Vt., in 1809, where he lived till 19 years of ape, when he went to Boston, Mass., and learned the trade of a cabinet-maker. He was married in 1830 to Cynthia Pcnnock ; he removed to Canada for two years; returned to Chelsea, Vt., where his wife died. He was married, 1833, to Jane Waldo; he began the ministry in Bridgewater, Vt. ; in 1844. enizaged as missionary among the Brotlior- town Indians in Winnebago Co., Wis.; settled in Racine in 1840, where he lived tlirec years; he started for California in June, 1860, but stopped at Niearaugua, whore he labored as mis.sionary among the natives for about one year, returning in 1862 ; has four children by second marriage — Walter M., George W., Cynthia J. and Sarah A. ; the two sons were soldiers in the rebellion ; Walter M. was a member of 3d W. V. I.; George, 23d W. V. I. Mr. King's present wife is hit third, by whom he has one son, Warren ; went to California in 1869 ; remained two years ; settled where he now lives in 1878. J. I. NEWCOIUB, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Farr's Corners ; was born in Vermont, but his parents removed to Manchester, N. H., when he was a child ; they removed to Sank Co., Wis., town of Prairie du Sac, and came to Columbia Co., and settled on preseiit farm in 1861 ; his father, Bethure Newcoinb, lives at the homestead with his son ; his mother, Hannah C, died March 22, 1871. Mr. Newcomb was married to Delia Chrysler, daughter of Wm. B. Chrysler; they have three children — W^m. B., Lizzie C. and Rosella M. Farm contains 160 acres. G. H. OSTRANDER, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. West Pvint; was born in Albany Co., N. Y., in 1808 ; he afterward removed to Montgomery Co. ; thence to Denmark ; he came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1865, and settled where he now lives in the spring of 1866. He married Polly Hurning; born in New York ; thev have five children — Wilson, Wilbert, Mary, Ann and Myron ; lost two children. Farm con- tains ill acres. Enos, aged 6 years, was drowned in the Black Piiver, N. Y., at Brownville. JUI..IITS A. PARR, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Farr's Corners; was born in Franklin Co., N. Y., June 15, 1834 ; he came to Wisconsin with his parents, Wm. H. and Catharine Babcock Parr, in May, 1850 ; his parents settled in the town of Dane Co., where they resided till the death of his father, December, 1857 ; his mother resides in Eau Claire Co. ; Mr. Julius A. Parr purchased of the Government, a farm in the town of Maxwell, Buffalo Co., where he settled in 1861. He enlisted Aug. 7, 1862, in Co. E, 25th W. V. I. ; his regiment went North into Minnesota, after the Indian massacre of 1862 ; went South, March, 1863; participated in seige of Vicksburg, Sherman's Atlantic campaign, where he was wounded on the 9th ■ f August, 1864 ; he came home on leave of absence ; rejoined his regiment Nov. 14, 1864; was promoted to First Sergeant, May, 1863; to Second Lieutenant, August, 1863; to First Lieu- tenant, September, 1864 ; in Sherman's march to the sea, he commanded Co. G, and commanded Co. D from Beaufort to Washington. He was married to Maria Welch, born in Canada East. Has 138 acres of land ; settled on his present farm in the fall of 1867. DAL.TON PECKER, fitrmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Prairie du Sac ; born in Lynn, Mass., Jan. 7, 1810; his ancestors were from Scotland, but came to Americi over two centuries ago; the house in which Mr. Pecker was born, was also the birthplace of his mother, his grandfather and his greatgrand- father. He was married to Sally Bartlett, of Marblehead, Mass.; came to Wisconsin in 1861, and settled where he now lives ; has two children — Abner, who resides on the homestead, and Anna, now Mrs. Chas. H. Knight; has lost three children — ^Mary, Sarah and Frances Gardner. Farm contains 160 acres. SAMUEL SCHRINER, farmer, See. 15; P. 0. West Point; was born in Lycoming Co., Penn., in 1834, where his father still lives; came to Columbia Co. in the spring of 1855; in the fall of 1858, he went to Dane Co. where he lived one year, then returned to Columbia Co., and settled at Okee. He was married to Miss Melinda Woodley, daughter of Mr. John Woodley, who died at Okee Jan. 2, 1860. Mr. Schriner settled on his present farm in the spring of 1866 ; has seven children — Rachel, Samuel, Emma, Mary, Frances, George and John. His farm contains 80 acres. JOHN R. SCOTT, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Okee; son of John L. and Charlotte Scott; his father was born in the State of New York ; his mother is a native of New Jersey ; the family came to lOOti BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Wisconsin from Lycoming Co., Penn.; they reached Milwaukee in June, 1854, where the father died, three days after their arrival ; the remainder of the family, consisting of the mother, John R. and his sister Mary, settled at Okee, town of Lodi, July 22 of that year, where Mary died on the 27th of the same month; Mrs. Scott has since resided at Okee; she bought the farm where her son now lives in October, 1854. He was married in 1866, to Rebecca Morter, daughter of John Morter, of the town of West Point; they have four children — Winfield, Lottie J., John M. and Seth T. Mr. Scott enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. H, 23d W. V. I., he was at the battle of Arkansas Post and the attack on Vicksburg, from December 22, to the night of Jan. 1, 1863; discharged for disability April 3, 1863; re enlisted Aug. 29, 1864, and served till the close of the war. Farm contains 83 acres. JOHN !*HARP, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Prairie du Sac; the eldest 'son of Michael Sharp, who was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1801 ; the family removed from St Lawrence Co. to Illinois, and then to Sauk Co., Wis., in February, 1845 ; in 1847, they settled in the town of West Point ; the parents had eleven children, ten of whom are living. John was born in St. Lawrence Co., in 1824. He was married to Lydia, daughter of Charles Evans, of Prairie du Sac ; they have one child — William Bertie ; he has 1 32 acres of land. IKA ^iMITH, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Lodi ; was born in New Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y., July 4, 1831 ; his parents are Richard and Sarah (Moshier) Smith ; his father was born in 1795 ; his mother, in February, 1797 ; they still reside in Columbia Co., N. Y. Mr. Smith came to Wisconsin with his brother, William E., in May, 1855, and settled where he now lives; in fall of that year, he returned to New York and was married to Lucinda Moore; she died in March, 1876. Mr. Smith has had six children, five of vfhom are living — Isabella, Eli, Sarah A., Theron M. and Nellie ; lost second child — Ida, who died IMay 10, 1876; farm contains 105 acres. WILIilAM B. >>»MITH, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. West Point; was born in Columbia Co., N. Y , in 1847 ; his parents removed to Rennselaer Co. when he was a child ; he came to Columbia Co. with his parents, April, 1865; his father now resides on S;c. 24. Married to Martha M. Carncross, slaughter of Enias Carncross ; they have two children — Maurice and Edith. Mr. Smith has been Town Clerk since April, 1874. WILLI A]!!I E. SMITH, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. West Point; was born in Columbia Co., N. Y., March 2, 1829; in 1855, he came to West Point, and, with his brother, Ira, bought a quarter of a section of land ; his half of this land he still owns ; he returned to the State of New York in the fall of 1859, where he remained two and one-half years, and where he was married to Miss Amelia Snyder; he bought the farm where he now resides in the spring of 1864, where he settled in 1865 ; his present wife was Dolly A. Moore, born in the State of New York. Mr. Smith has one child by first marriage — Emilv v.; also one by present marriaae — Walter E.; he has 220 acres of land. MRS. CATHERINE Ml STOXE, Sec. 14; P. 0. West Point; formerly Mrs. Policy, widow of Mr. Ira Polley ; is a native of the State of New York, born in 1822, where she was married to Mr. Ira Policy, from St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1846, and entered the farm which Mrs. Stone now owns; his family came in 1848, and have resided on the farm since that time. Mr. Polley died in 1862. Mrs. Stone has had seven children, only two of whom are living ; these are her third and fourth children, and were born in West Point — Hiram E., born 1855, and Etta M.; names of children deceased were Royal H., Herbert, John, Ernest and Inez, twins. Mr. Stone is also a native of the State of New York. Mrs. Stone has about 300 acres of land. ISAAC VAN NESS, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Lodi ; was born in Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; son of Peter and Emma Van Ness; came to West Point with his parents in 1851. He was married to Adeline Richmond, daughter of Anson Richmond, who came to the town of West Point in the spring of 1855; he died the following year. Mrs. Richmond resides with her son-in-law, J. M. Pruyn, of Lodi. Mr. Van Ness has three children — Walter P., born June, 1859 ; Ella Edna, March, 1863, and Richmond, October, 1867. Mr. Van Ness works part of the homestead farm; also owns a farm of 61 acres, where he settled in March, 1859. WALTER VAN NESS, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Lodi; son of Peter Van Ness, who was born in the town of Chatham, Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1801 ; when 18 years of age, he went to Wash- ington, D. C; was engaged for about five years as overseer of a company of men employed in preparing timber for the United States Navy; he returned to the State of New York, and was engaged in conduct- ing his father's farm till the death of the latter, which occurred in February, 1833; he resided in the State of New York till the spring of 1851, when he came to Columbia Co., and settled in the town of West Point, where he resided till the spring; of 1869, when he removed to the village of Lodi. He was Djarried to Emma Reed, born in Columbia Co., N. Y., Jan. 11, 1807; they have four children — Isaac, TOWN OF LEEDS. 1007 Walter, Martha and Mary. Mr. Van Ness has been entirely blind since 1878 ; his general health is good for one of his age. Walter was born in Columbia Co., N. Y., April, 1837. He was married to Miss Clara Shurtliff, born in the State of New York ; they have two children — Frank and Leonard. Mr. Van Ness resides on the homestead, where his father settled in 1851. TOWN OF LEEDS. CHARLES L. BROWN, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. Nonh Leeds; was born in Rutland, V't., September, 1826 ; he came to Wisconsin with hi.s parents, Charles and Alvina (Sellick) Brown, June, 1846 ; in July following, his father purchased the farm which hi.s son now owns, buying the claim of Nathan' Stafford, where he resided till his death, Feb. 5, 1850 ; he was born in Connecticut Nov. 3, 1781 ; Mr, Brown's mother was born May 24, 1792, and died Nov. 23, 1851 ; Mr. B. has one brother — Justin J. — • who resides in the town of Leeds, and a half-brother — ^Andrew Brown — living in Rockford, III. Mr. Brown was married in 1852 to Harriet A. Greene, daughter of Abial B. and Fanny J. (Howard) Greene ; they came to Leeds from the State of New York in 1849 ; Mrs. Brown was born in Washington Co., N. Y.; she taught the first summer school in the town of Jjeeds. Mr. B. has two children — Alfred L, born April 4, 1856, and Charles L., born Oct. 23, 1865. Mrs. Brown's father died Aug. 31, 1875 ; her mother still lives on the homestead. OLIVER Ci}. CMILSOX, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. Leeds Center; was born in the town of New Haven, Addison Co., Vt., Dec. 15, 1825 ; when he was about 7 years of age, he removed with his p.irents to Genesee Co., N. Y., where the family lived about three years, when they returned to Vermont; his father died suddenly during the return journey, but the body of the father was deposited in the wagon of the returning family, taken back to Vermont, and buried in his native town ; in the spring of 1844, Mr. Chilson came to Wisconsin ; in June of that year, he came to Columbia Co. and located his present farm, on which the following winter he erected a shanty, near the site of his present dwelling ; Mr. Chilson is, therefore, one of the pioneers of the town of Leeds ; in fact, he is the earliest present resident of the town. He was married to Lydia, M. Howard, born in Vermont; her parents died at the residence of Jlr. Chilson ; they have one son — William 0., born Oct. 30, 1860 ; have lost two children — Henry H., born Oct. 28, 1849, died Aug. 9, 1850 ; Etta, bora March 28, 1857, died April 17, 1859. Mr. Chilson's farm contains 230 acres. GEORGE CHIPiHAN, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Leeds Center; was born in Windham Co., Vt., September, 1828 ; he came to Rock Co., Wis., in 1849 ; he returned to Vermont the following spring, came back to Wisconsin in 1852; purchased a farm in Dane Co. in the spring of 1853, also 80 acres in the town of Leeds ; has been a resident of the town of Leeds since 1854. He was married October, 1860, to Martha A. Saylor, born in Vermont. Mr. Chipman's mother died when he was 2 years old ; his father came to Wisconsin and resided with his son several years prior to his death ? Mrs. Chipman's parents came to Columbia Co. from Vermont in the spring of 1855, and settled in the town of Leeds; they are still living — her father 86 and her mother 78 years of age. Mr. Chipman has two children — William, born May, 1863, and Mabel Inez, born March, 1867. Mr. C.'s farm contains 320 acres. JOSEPH FAEBER, M. D., Sec. 21 ; P. O. Leeds; was born in Austria in 1839. He attended the medical department of the University of Vienna, graduating in 1862 ; he was Surgeon of the navy of Holland, from Feb. 1, 1864, to March, 1866, when he came to the United States. He came to Portage, where he remained till November of that year, when he located where ho now resides, engaged in the practice of his profession. He was married in 1869, to Emily Koch, daughter of G. A. Koch. They fiave two children — Helen and Edward. JESSE W. HELDIN, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 0. De Forest, Dane Co.; was born in Armstrong Co., Penn., in 1818. He removed to Pittsburgh, thence to Steubenville, Ohio, thence to Cleveland ; loft the latter place in the spring of 1832 ; took part in the Black Hawk war ; has been a resident of Wis- consin since 1839 ; he passed several years in the pinery region. In 1847, bought the farm of Wm. Law- rence, which lies partly in Dane Co. and partly in the town of Leeds, on which he has since resided. His present wife was Mary J. Borbridge ; born in Dublin, Ireland. Has one daughter by the first marriage, and two children by the second marriage ;, the names of the latter are William and J. W. Present farm contains SO acres. ALONZO JONES, former and breeder of imported Spanish merino sheep, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Leeds Center; was born in Hubbardton, Rutland Co., Vt., Aug. 13, 1819. He was married Dec. 31, 1008 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1848, to Mar;li,i M. H .w.inl; 1) .rn in \Va5liin;;ton Co., N. Y., in 1829. Mr. Jones came to Wisconsin, in October, 1S47, and purciiased his present farm, where he located in the spring of 1849. He has six children — Josephine, wifuof Jlr. John Lowe; Norman A., Edward H., Fanny C, John H. and Helen M. They lost their third child — Evangeline B. His farm contains 200 acres ; he makes a specialty of breed- ing merino sheep : has a fine flock, a part of which are the pure Hammond, and the balance are descend- ants from the Jarvis and Humphnv importations. G. ADOLPH KLEINERT, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. Norc'i Leeds; is the son of August Kleinert, who was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1809. He came to the United States with his family in 1853, and settled on the farm where he now resides with his son G. A. He has three children; G. Adolph, who now owns the homestead and with whom the parents reside, was born in Prussii in 1840. He was married to Frederica Rennebolin; born in Brunswick, Germany. They have sis children — Adolph, Will- iam, Alfred, Edwin, Otto and Herbert. Farm contains 280 acres. WILI^IASl C. KLEIWEKT, farmer. See. 29 ; P. O. Leeds ; is the .son of Mr. August Klein- ert ; he was born in Prussia in 1838 ; he came to the United States with his parents in 1853. He was married to Miss Louisa Lubi°ns, daughter of Mr. Fred Lubiens, who came to the town of Leeds, from Germany in the spring of 1849 ; Mr. Lubiens was the first German settler of the town of Leeds. Mr. Kleinert has been Chairman of the Town Board for six years, and Town Treasurer for three years. His farm contains 8, farmer. See. 15 ; P. 0. Leeds Center ; was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Feb. 4, 1815; his father afterward settled in the city of Albany; in the spring of .1839, Mr. Packard came to the town of Milton, Hock Co., Wis.; in June of that year, he helped to raise the first house erected in Janesville, Rock Co.; he resided in Rock Co. for about fifteen years ; he came to Columbia Co. and settled in the town of JiCeds in the spring of 1854. He was married to Lydia L. Ives, born in the State of New York Oct. 3, 1829 ; she is the daughter of E. M. and Elizabeth Ives, who came from Cortland Co., N. Y., to Rock Co., AVis., in the spring cf 1845, where they lived about five years, and then settled in Sec. 15, town of Leeds, where they still reside. Mr. and Mrs. Ives have four children — Norman M., born Jan. 4, 1826; Lydia L.; Lucy J., now Mrs. Henry Clark, born March 19, 1832; Eunice, wife of G. Hall, Rio, born July 3, 1838. Mr. Packard has three children— Elizabthe F., now Mrs. M. H. Wright, of Ash- tabula. Ohio; Euirene M.. now Mrs. Anna Boynton, also resides at Ashtabula, and Norman Edward. JAMEJii \\. ROBINSON, fermer, Sec. 1; P. O. Leeds Center; was born in Castleton, Rutland Co., Yt., Oct. 3, 1822, where be resided until June, 1846, when he came to Columbia Co.; his farm now contains 320 acres, 120 of which he purchiwed of the Government, at the time he made his location. His fir,-t wife was Maria Theresa Flagg; she was born in Rutland Co. Aug. 20, 1821, and died Dec. 2, 1855 ; bis present wife was Sarepta Sc ville, born in Ontario Co., N. Y. Mr. Robinson has one son by first marriage, James F., he lives in Kansas; has two children by second marriage— Edward M. and Horton B. In the fall of 1856, Mr. Robinson removed to Columbus and engaged in the produce business; returned to his farm in 1861 ; he is engaged quite extensively in stock-raising. THOMAS SANDERSON, former, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Leeds ; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1827; be came to this country with his parents, Thomas and Francis Sanderson, in September, 1851 ; his parents settled in the town of Randolph, Columbia Co; his father died September, 1878, his mother died in 1853. Mr. Sanderson was married to Mi.ss Margaret Stevenson, daughter of Mrs. Esther Cald- well, of the town of Arlington; they have one child — Ettie. Mr. Sanderson settled in the town of Leeds, in 1862 ; he purchased his present farm in 1865 ; he is one of the largest farmers of the town of Leeds, has G40 acres of land. He was a member of the Assembly for 1871. TOAVX OF NEWPORT. 1009 $><>91ITH J. SCOTT, farmer, Sl-c. 5 ; P. O. Lowville ; was born in Chau'.auqua Co., N. Y., March 26, 1823; he came to Columbia Co. in the fall of I84."j, and made a claim in Sec. 28, town of Lowville, where he lived seven years ; located where he now lives in February, 1852. He was married to Mary Corbet, daughter of Mr. A. Corbet, of Chautauqua Co.; they have five children — Luella B , now Mrs. Ambrose Eynon, resides in Minnesota ; William A., resides in Nebraska ; Elliott C., resides at the homestead ; Helen F. and Escella. Mr. Scott is one of the prominent farmers of the town of Leeds ; his farm contains 525 acres. C. EDWIN WOODFORD, physician and teacher, Sec. 36; P. 0. Keyser; now teaching district school No. 6; born in ODonda;j;a Co., N. Y., in 1838; he came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1860 ; he lived at Viroqua until the fall of 1862, when he returned to the State of New York ; came back in 1867 ; since that time has been a resident of Leeds. He was married to Celestia Castner ; they have three children — Truman, Walter and Edgar. TOWN OF NEWPORT. JOHN L. BAYERliEIN, proprietor of '-Dell Saloon," Kilbourne City; born in Bavaria, 'Germany, in 1850; he came to this country with his parents in 1853; they lived in Schuylkill Co., Pcnn., about three years; thence to Adams Co., Wis., in 1856; he engaged in business in Kilbourn City in 1871 ; his wife is also a native of Germany ; they have three children — Fldward, Charles and Anna. CAPT. J. BEIiL, Kilbourn City; born August, 1837 ; came from St. Clair Co., Mich., to Newport, Wis., in 1856; has resided in Kilbourn City since 1863. Mr. Bell is prominently known as Captain of the Dell Queen, which steamer he built in the fall of 1876, and was the first steamer of any importance that navigated the Dells of the Wisconsin River ; this boat he owned and operated till it •was burned, in June, 1878; the boat was rebuilt, of which he is still in command. He was married to Mary Christie, daughter of Col. James Christie, of Sauk Co.; have two children — Herbert and Ernest, HENRY H. BENNETT, artist, Kilbourn City; was born in 1843; became to Kilbourn dity from the East with his parents in 1857 ; he enlisted in 1861 in the 12th W. V. I., served three years, was at the siege of Vicksbura; and other important campaigns; was wounded at Paducah, Ky., by the accidental discharge of his own gun ; was discharged at the expiration of his term of service, Nov. 5, 1864; he engaged in the photograph business at Kilbourn City in 1865; he now, however, makes a specialty of stereoscopic views, which he began publishing in 1868; the beautiful and romantic scenery ot this part of Wisconsin has afforded him ample opportunity to pursue his favorite study, and the hundreds of beautiful views that he has produced attest his success as an artist. He was married to Frances Douty, whose parents settled in Adams Co., in 1858; has three children — Hattie, Ashley and Nellie. HON. JONATHAN BOWMAN, attorney at law, Kilbourn City ; is among the most prominent of the early settlers and those who gave shape to the future of this section ; he was born at Charlt'ston, Montgomery Co., N. Y., May 16, 1828, and is by profession a lawyer; he first read law in the office of H. & T. Fish, of Fultonville, in his native county, and afterward completed his studies and graduated at the State and National Law School of that State, at Ballston Springs, in 1850; he came to Wisconsin in May, 1851, and settled at Delton, Sauk Co.; soon after his arrival, he opened an office in Delton, and commenced the pra tice of his profession, and was soon enjoying the reputation of being one of the best lawyers of the county; in 1852, he started the village of Newport, of Columbia Co., in company with the late Gen. Joseph Bailey, who achieved notoriety as the builder of a dam across the Red River during the late civil war; in 1853, he moved to Newport, and, in 1862, he again changed his residence to Kilbourn City, where he has since resided. Mr. Bowman has occupied several positions of trust and honor ; in 1860, he was an alternate delegate from this State to the National Republican Convention held in that year in Chicago, which resulted in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President; in November, 1861, he was elected to represent the First District of Columbia Co. in the Assembly ; he was elected State Senator for the Twenty-fifth Senatorial District in 1862, which office he held tor two terms, or four years ; in 1864, he was chosen one of the Presidental Ele ;tors on the Republican ticket, and was Chairman of the Electoral College for that year ; again, in 1874, he was chosen member of the Assembly from the First District of Columbia Co., by a handsome majority, there being only twelve votes cast against him in his own township. Mr. Bowman was also one of the Directors of the 1010 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: C, M. & St. P. R. R. Co., from 1875 tp 1879, inclasive ; in addition, he has been the attorney for nearly all the different corporations which have been formed to utilize the water-power, both at Newport and Kilbourn City ; he was made President of the Bank of Kilbourn soon after its organization in 1867, which position he has held ever since, and still continues in the practice of his profession. In 1856, the subject of this sketch married Miss Hannah J. Davis, of Montgomery Co., N. Y.; he has five children — Ella D., Abram D., Asa, Jennie and Emma. Not among the least of this worthy gentleman's labors is the best young lawyers he has sent forth from his oflBce ; the first who achieved any note was James C. Edson. who studied with Mr. Bowman at Newport ; he commenced the practice of law at Glencoe, Minn., at the same time founding and editing the Gleneoe Rcffister ; he entered the army and returned a Colonel ; he still practices his profession at Gleneoe. The next student was Isaac A. Fancher, who afterward located in Isabella City, Mich., where he still continues in the practice of the law ; he has been elected to both the Assembly and Senate of that State. Then follows Michael Griffin, who enlisted as a private in the 12lh W. V. I., and attained the rank of Captain ; at the close of the war, he entered the office of Mr. Bowman and remained there till his election to the Assembly, in 1875; then commenced the practice of law at Eau Claire, Wis., with Judge Ellis, and was elected to the Senate in 1879. Following Mr. Griffin was Henry P. Barlow, son of ex- Attorney General Barlow, and, at the present time, a promising younu lawyer of Baraboo, Wis. Charles F. Crosby was the next; he first began to practice in Rook Co., Minn.; he was County Judge of this county for a time, and also a member of the Assembly of that State; Mr. Crosby is now practicing law at Wausau, Wis. W. H. Mybrea, the present Postmaster of Kilbourn City, is another of Mr. Bowman's students. About the same time, Thomas J. Connor, son of Thomas Connor, of Kilbourn City, also read law in the same office, and has since located at Jenny, Wis. The success of these various students indicates the excellences of the teacher. JOHN W. BROW]«, cashier of Bank of Kilbourn, Kilbourn City; he is the son of John J. and Esther E. Brown ; his parents removed from the State of New York to Milwaukee in the summer of 1857, and came to Kilbourn City in the fall of that year, and engaged in the mercantile business ; his father was appointed Postmaster during the administration of President Buchanan, which office he held till 1865 ; was also for some time engaged in the photograph business ; his father removed with his family to Minnesota in July, 1865, returning in June, 1866; he removed to Chicago in 1877 ; the other chil- dren of the family are Robert L. C, Clarence T. and Francis R., all of whom reside in Chicago ; John W. has been employed in the Bank of Kilbourn since 1869, was appointed cashier in 1870. JABfET CO.\E, widow of David Cone, Sec. 8; P. 0. Kilbourn City; born in Albany, N. Y., in 1807. Married to David Cone, also born in 1807; after marriage, lived in Steuben Co., three yeais; thence tt) Wyoming Co., and to New Berlin, Wis., in June, 1849; Mr. Cone went to California in April, 1850, returned in October, 1851 ; purchased and settled on the farm now owned by Mrs. Cone, in June, 1852; Mr. Cone died in August, 1877, of cancer in the stomach ; Mrs. Cone had ten children, six of whom are living — Persis, Janet, Elizabeth, Cornelia, Daniel and Alvah ; Alvah is one of the three sons born at the same time; the other two died in infancy ; they were born in August, 1857. Alvah was married to Mary Laffin, born in Columbia Co.; has three children — Harvey, Cora and Hubbard ; Mrs. Cone had five children at two births, Elizabeth being one of twins. The farm contains 160 acres. WILLIA.Tl H. FIXCH, proprietor of Finch House, Kilbourn City; was born in Greene Co., N. Y., in 1840 ; he enli.sted in the fall of 1862, in the 144th N. Y. V. I., served till the close of the war, came West in 1865, and located at Reedsburg, Sauk Co., where, with his brother, he was engaged in the harness business for about seven years; he then purchased the Mansion House at Reedsburg, which he conducted for two years ; he sold his hotel in the spring of 1875, and purchased his present hotel. He was married to Miss Mary L. Dwinnell, daughter of S. A. Dwinneil, of Reedsburg ; they have three daughters— Eva, Es.«ie and Marion. Mr. Finch is successful and popular as a hotel man, and the repu- tation of his house is doinir much toward making the Dells of Wisconsin a popular resort. M. H. HASKINS, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Kilbourn City ; born in Allegany Co., N. Y., in May. 1887; came West with her parents in August 1847 ; lived in Beaver Dam some time; thence to Le Roy, Dodge Co.; thence to Adams Co. He enlisted in the 10th W. V. I., in 1861, served three years. Married Julianiie Woodworth, native of Lower Canada ; located on his present farm March, 1869. FRANK H1LI.I. proprietor of livery stable, Kilbourn City; was born in Ohio in 1838; came to Portage City in the spring of 1857 ; was for some time employed as foreman in surfacing on railroad, between Pardeeville and Portage City ; went to Milwaukee, and was engaged one year on what was then the M. & M. R R.; was engaged for some time in a flouring-mill at Fulton. Rock Co., thence to Pardeeville ; came to Kilbourn City in 1862, where he was engaged in a flouring-mill for about three years ; engaged in the livery business in July, 1864. He was married, in 1863, to Amelia Bunnell, a native of Ithaca, TOWN OF XEAVPORT. 1011 N. Y., whose parents are now residents of Mauston, Wis ; they have two children — George W. and Ida; May. JOH9f HICKEY. Kilboum City; was born in County Clare, Ireland, about 1829 ; he came to the United States in 1856; went to Canada, where he remained one year; then returned to Ireland, but came back to the United States in 1866 ; he was in New Orleans and other parts of Louisiana for a few months; thence to St. Louis, and thence to Kilbourn City Aug. 28, 186G, which he has considered his home since that time. Mr. Hickey has been for twelve years in the employ of the W. W. R. R. Co. STEPHEN HrN., Superintendent of the "Kilbourn Hygienic Institute," Kilbourn City ; was born in Beaver Co., Penn., in September, 1841 ; studied medicine in Philadelphia ; allcnded lectures at the " Hygeo-Therapeutic College," at Florence Heights, N. J.; his wife, formerly Miss Amanda McMaster, born at Jamestown, Penn., Dec. 22, 1845, is associated with him in the superintend- ency of the institute, she having received the same preparation for her profession as her husband ; they became connected with the institute April 5, 1879, and assumed their present position in February, 1880. CJ. M. JflARSHAlilj & SON, founders and machinists, Kilbourn City. Mr. George M. Marshall, Sr., member of this firm, was born in Canada East May 13, 1834, though his father was a native of the United States, and a cousin of the eminent Rufus Choate ; his mother was a native of Scotland. Mr. Marshall was educated at Willistoii Academy, A'^t., having removed with his parents to that Stale in 1842 ; he entered as an apprentice in a foundry and machine shop, at Burlington, Vt., in 1850, and commenced bu.siness as a carriage maker, at Shelbourne Falls, Vt., in 1856 ; came to Wisconsin iu 1>^65, and settled at Big Springs, Adams Co. He served two years as Chairman of his town ; as a mem- ber of Assembly two terms ; he was appointed by Gov. William E. Smith one of the Commissioners under Chapter 273, Laws of 1877, to examine and test such steam or road wagons as may be presented, to compete for the SI 0,000 reward offered the State, for a cheap and practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals, on the farm and road. The subject of this sketch was Chairman of the Commission. Mr. Marshall was married to Julia A. Hoyt, a native cf Vermont; has three children — Frank, Evaline and Ruth ; lost four children in infancy. Frank, who is associated with his father iu business, was born at Shelbourne Falls, Vt., April 12,1856; this firm is building up a fine business in Kilbourn City ; they are engaged in the manufacture of Marshall's patent blacksmith shears, upsets, power corn sheller, improved Jonvil turbine water-wheels. CLARK I>. MUlVCwER, deceased, formerly of the firm of Walker, Munger & Co., Kilbourn City ; was born in Warsaw, Wyoming Co., N. Y., in 1827 ; he came to Kilbourn City in 185G. He was married to Miss Martha Pettibone, of Warsaw. N. Y.; he died Nov. 17, 18 0. Mrs. Munger has one son — Ellis I)., born Oct. 30, 1858 ; has lost three children — Charlotte, Frank and Henrietta. WILLIAM H. MVLREA, attorney and Postmaster, Kilbourn City ; son of Catharine Mylrea, was born in Rochester, N. Y., Jan. 1, 1853; his father came to this country from the Isle of Man in 1840; he returned to his native isle in 1849. He was married and returned to the United States in 1850. Mr. Mylrea's parents came to Kilbourn in 1856, where they still reside. They have three children — William H., Charles I-. and Susan J. William H. was educated at Lawrence University, at Appleton, Wis., which he attended about five years ; he entered the law school of Madison, in January, 1878; was appointed Postmaster at Killbourn City, in March of that year ; prepared himself for the practice of law, in the office of Jonathan Bowman, Esq., of Kilbourn City ; was admitted to the bar, at Portage, Wis., May 13, 1879. ANDFEXI* NELSOIV, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. Kilbourn City; has 250 acres in farm ; born in Norway, October, 1828, came to the United States in August, 1848 ; he lived with Mr. Clark Young, in the town of Leeds, Columbia Co., for about five years ; settled on his present farm in 1854. Was married the same year to Melinda Cone, bcjrn in Genesee Co., N. Y., in May, 1835. Mr. Nelson has been Supervisor several years ; al.so Treasurer of the district several terms. GEORtliE F. i\OBLE, retired; Kilbourn City; was born in Addison Co., Vt., in 1818; ho came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1843, and settled in Walworth Co., where he engaged at his trade, that of a carpenter; he removed to Newport in the spring of 1855 ; he came to Kilbourn City in December of that year ; he worked at his trade until about 1860 ; from that time until 1873, was engaged in the stock and produce business. Mr. Noble was the first Justice of the Peace in Kilbourn City ; has served in that capacity for about twenty years ; has also been Town Treasurer and As.sessor of Township. He was married to Miss Angeline Cornwall ; they have had three children, two of whom are living — TOWN OF NEWPORT. 1013 Andrew E., resides in Iowa, and Frank H., resides in Roseburgh, Oregon. Their daughter, Mrs. Cornelia Maria Sorrenson, died at Portase, December, 1875. CHARLEISi A. NOYES, station and express agent, Kilbourn City; was born in New Hampshire in 1828. He removed to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1847, when he went to Two Rivers and engaged in the lumber business ; came to Kilbourn City in December, 18fi3, He was married to Bessie Ely, born in Saratoga Co., N. Y.; her father, Ambrose Ely, settled in Milwaukee in 1810. Mr. Noyes has two children — Lilly an'i Mary P., now Mrs. Edward Perry, of Kansas City. GEORGE OSWALiD, proprietor of Oswald's Beer Hall, Kilbourn City; was born in Wur- tembcrg, Germany, in 1832 ; came to the United States in the fall of 1865 ; lived in Milwaukee, where he worked at his trade, shoemaking; came to Kilbourn City in February, 1867, where he also worked at his trade until May, 1879, when he engaged in his present business. Ho was married to Louise Gobi; born in Germany. Has four children — Wilhelm, Gustavo, Louise and Clara. WILLIAM H. PEABODY, farmer and proprietor of stone quarry, Kilbourn City; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1812. His father, Eliphalet Peabody, was a soldier in the war of 1812; he died in 1820 of disease contracted while in the army. His mother, with her family, removed to Otsego Co. about 1826. Mr. Peabody's first wife was Miss Sabrina Strong; they were married in 1841 ; Mrs. Pea- body died in 1847. In 1854, he was married to Mrs. Harriet Washburne, formerly Miss Harriet Hun- gerford, born in Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1828 ; they came to Kilbourn City in June, 1857. Mr. Peabody has one son by his former marriage — Durant B., who resides in Paris, 111. Mr. Peabody is an earnest champion of temperance, and a sworn enemy of intemperance, which he has been fighting all his life. His wife is a member of the M. E. Church. HANS PETERSON, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. Kilbourn City; was born in Norway Feb. 15, 1831 ; came to this country with his parents in 1840 ; his father made a claim in Sec. 19 ; his father died in Dane Co. in December, 1876 ; his mother died at the homestead, now owned by a brother of'Mr. Peter- son, George P. Julson, in 1870. Mr. Peterson was married in December, 1856, to Eliza Tufson, native of Norway ; her parents came to Wisconsin in 1844, and to Columbia Co. in 1853. Mr. Peterson owned a farm in Sec. 20 for thirteen years ; purchased his present farm in the fall of 1872 ; has 120 acres. Ha.? seven children - Peter H., Mattie, Mary E., Hans J., Emma C, Augusta L., and Norah H. Members of tlie Lutheran Church. JOHN J. PURCELL, telegraph operator, Kilbourn City; son of Joseph Puroell, native of Ireland, who came from Brooklyn, N. Y., to Milwaukee in 1855, and to Kilbourn City in 1857 ; has one son, John J., and four daughters ; the former was born May 31, 1856. He learned the business of tele- graphing in the office where he is now employed, beginning in January, 1873. WILLIAM A. RAMSAY, hop-dealer, Kilbourn City ; was born in the State of New York inl832 ; he came to Adams Co., Wis., in 1855, where he resided till 1857, when he located at Kilbourn City ; he was engaged in the grain business for several years ; has been engaged in the hop trade since 1859; also owns farm near town, of 75 acres. He was married to Margaret A. Fay, native of Onon- daga Co., N. Y. They have seveu children— Olive C, George A., Minnie A., Lillian A., Wm. A., Ernest E. and Jennie C. RICHARD B. ROSE, proprietor of Farmers' Hotel, Kilbourn City; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1823 ; came to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1841, where he lived till 1849; engaged in the manu- facture of lumber. He removed to Adams in 1849, and engaged in farming; went to California in 1852 and engaged in mining and the lumber trade; returned to Adams Co. in 1857 ; enlisted in 1864, in the 37th W. V. I., and served till the close of the war. From 1872 to 1876, was Superintendent of the County Poor Farm of Adams Co. ; came to Kilbourn City August, 1876; had charge of the Commercial Hotel for one year ; built the Farmers' Hotel in 1877. He was married to Miss Sarah E. Pike, a native of Ohio. They have one son, Harrison, who resides in Kansas. GEORGE SMITH, grain dealer and proprietor of elevator, Kilbourn City ; was born in York- shire, England, in 1818. He came to the United States from London in the llill of 1855. He resided in Milwaukee till the summer of 1857, when he removed to Kilbourn City. He began the grain business in the summer of 1860, which business he has since followed. His wife was Miss Susan Hales, also born in England. CHARLES W. SNIDER, of the firm of" Hansen, Snider & Co.," hardware dealers, Kilbourn City; born in Fulton, Co., 111., in 1850 ; married Miss Minnie Dunker, daughter of Henr,' H. Dunker. They have one child— Harry. His father, J. R. Snider, of Kilbourn City, was born in Clark Co., Ind., in 1822. His parents afterward removed to Yates Co., N. Y. ; thence to Steuben Co.; thence to Fulton Co., Ill, in 1837. Mr. Snider came to Newport in 1850, and engaged in the lumber business ; came to Kilbourn City in 1014 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1868. llis wife was Miss Harriet Kelsy, born in Illinois. They have four children — Nettie, now Mrs. J. G. Wilraar; Charles W., Frank R. and F. B. WILliIAM SNOAD, Justice of the Peace and Police Justice, Kilbourn City. Mr. Snoad is a' shoemaker by trade. He was born in East Kent, England, in 1812. He came to the United States in the fall' of 1882. He lived in Albany, N. Y., till the fall of 1834; then removed to Rochester, where he lived' till 1851. He then came to Wisconsin; lived in Waukesha Co. for some time; thence to Dell Prairie in 1854. He came to Kilbourn City in 1858; was elected Ju.stice of the Peace in 1866, which office he has held most of the time since ; is also, at present, Police Justice. Mrs. Snoad is also a native of England. Has five children — Mrs. Sarah A. Armstrong. Mrs. Eliza J. Armstrong, Harriet E., William George, resides in Texas, Sirs, Victoria A. Blodgett. ALOIVZO B. STEARNS, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. Kilbourn City ; was born in Womstet Co., Mass., April 17, 1824 ; his parents removed to Canada when he was a child ; he returned to Massa- chusetts when 17 years of age, and attended school in Middlesex Co. till he was 21 years of age, after' which he resided in Worcester till 1848, when he came to Wisconsin ; hp lived in Iowa Co. till the follow- ing spring, when he came to Columbia Co., and made a claim of his present farm, which he purchaseci when the land came into market, in the fall of 1853 ; Mr. Stearns has the honor of being the first settler of Newport Township ; his parents came to the State in 1851, and resided with their son ; his mother still lives with him ; his father died Feb. 5, 1877, in his 8Sth year ; his mother was born 1791. Mr. Stearns was married June, 1852, to Antoinette M. Calkins, born in Steuben Co., N. V., in 1832; her parents removed to Illinois about 1836 ; thence to Iowa Co., Wis., in 1843 ; they have had eleven chil- dren, eight of whom are living — Lorenzo D., Levi A., Isabella M., Nettie, Orra R., Lorena, Willie N. and Adelaide; their first child, John W., was killed by the running-away of a team, when 11 years of age ; the others, deceased, died in infancy. Mr. Stearns' farm contains 200 acres. He has served as Asse.ssor, Treasurer and Collector of Newport Township several terms. DR. JOSEPH F. STILLMAN, physician and druggist, Kilbourn City, was born in- Ren.sselaer Co., X. V., Oct. 31, 1831 ; his parents removed to Jeiferson Co. and to Lewis Co., when he was- about 8 years of age ; he pursued the study of medicine and received his diploma from the Medical Board in the fall of 1855 ; he removed to Oxford, Marquette Co., Wis., in the spring of 1856, where he resided till the spring of 1875, when he came to Kilbourn City. He conducts a drug store in connection witlv his medical practice. His wife was Miss Susan S. Pierce, native of the State of New York. He has ftnir children — Elmer A., Flora A., Harvey A. and Ernest J. FRANKLI]^ C. STRAW, farmer ; P. 0. Kilbourn City; was born in Orange County, Vt., in 1832 ; he removed to Adams Co., Wis., September, 1856, and settled in the town of Dell Prairie, whore he resided; engaged in farming till the spring of 1878, when he removed to Kilbourn City; Mr. Straw still owns a large amount of land in Adams Co. ; he is owner of the '' Kilbourn Hygienic Institute." Has built him a fine residence, and made other valuable improvements to the village of Kilbourn City. He was married to Mary A. Waugh, also born in Orange County, Vt. ; they have two children — Cclia and Frank W. PERRY ii. STROliD, attorney at law, Kilbourn City; was born at Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y., Nov. 30, 1834, while his parents were temporarily living at that place, his flither, Charles Stroud, at that time having been engaged in that locality as a contractor with the State for building the canal ; the actual residence of his parents was at Canastota, in Madison Co., N. Y., where they have ever since resided ; Mr. P. G. Stroud was educated at Oneida Conference Seminary, at Cazenovia, N. Y. He went to McHenry Co., 111., in 1854, where he married Miss Helen M. Bi.shop ; he came to Newport, in Sauk Co., Wis., in 1855, and engaged in the mercantile business there with his brother, A. B. Stroud ; in 1857, he returned to Kilbourn City, where he has since resided, and in 1858, he engaged in the practice of law, in which profession he has ever since been and is now engaged ; he has two children, a son and a daughter ; his son, Wni. S. Stroud, is about 23 years of age ; was educated at Lawrence University, at Appleton, Wis., and was admittted to the bar at the May, 1878, term of the Columbia Co. Circuit Court, after a thorough examination by ex-Chief Justice L. S. Dixon, ex-Attorney General A. Scott Sloan and Hon. E. E. Cliapin, since which time he has been in his father's office; the daughter. May D. Stroud, is now pursuing her studies at Lawrence University ; Mr. Stroud has taken an active part in the business and private affairs of the town ; also been active in politics, but has never been an office-seeker; he was a strong Republican until the Greeley campaign, since which time he has acted with the Democrats; in 1876, contrary to his wishes, he was placed in nomination for State Senator on the Democratic ticket; at the election, his own town gave him a majority, while giving a majority for the rest of the Republican ticket, the Republicans carrying the district by about one thousand four hundred majority ; in 1878, the Democrats again placed Mr. TOWN OF LEAVISTON. 1015 Stroud in nomination for the office of District Attorney of Columbia Co. ; he was induced to accept the nomination, though without any expectation of election, the regular Republican majority in the county being from 1,000 to 1,800 ; again his own town gave him a majority, he receiving 193 votes to his oppo- nent's 60, while the Republican majority in the town was 47 ; at the time Mr. Stroud ceased to .act with the Republican party, the town, county, assembly, senatorial and congressional districts, and also t A., Edward and Supan A.; lost one daughter, Mary C. AlVDERS JERTSOIV, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Lewiston ; born in Norway in 1821. Married to Martha S. Jertson ; came to the United States in 1850 ; lived a few months at Pine Lake, Wis., when he came to Columbia Co.; he settled on his present farm about 186ii ; has seven children — Swen, Hans, Nellie, Ann, Amelia, Martha, Sophia. Mr. Jertson and his oldest son, John Jertson, enlisted during the war of the rebellion in the 1st Regiment U. S. Heavy Artillery; John died at the hospital in Alexandria, June, 1865. Mr. Jertson's farm contains 190 acres of land ; his improvements are good. JAMES H. JERTSOX, carpenter and builder. Sec. 22; P. 0. Lewiston ; born in Norway, 1844 ; he came to the United States with his parents, Hans and Aslang Jertson, in 1850 ; his parents soon after came to Columbia Co. and settled on Sec. 22, where th6y now reside ; Mr. Jertson is, by trade, a carpenter and builder. His farm contains 160 acres; his improvements are good. He was married to Clara C. Isaacson, daughter of liars Isaacson ; has four children — Ann M., Herman L., Gi'orge C, and an infant son. E. F. LiE WIS, farmer and manufacturer of knit underwear. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Lewiston ; was born in New London Co., Conn., July 16, 1821 ; he removed wiih his parents to Cortland Co., N. Y., in 1830 ; then to Rock Co., Wis., in 183y, where they resided till their death ; his father died in 1858 ; his mother died in the spring of 1874; in June, 1849, Mr. Lewis came lo Columbia Co., and made a claim of the farm which he now owns. He was married, April 19, 1841, to Miss Betsey L. Barrett, born in Chautau- qua Co., N. Y., March 29, 1819 ; her parents removed to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, when she was a child, then to Rook Co., Wis., in 1888; her father, Stephen Barrett, was a soldier of the war of 1812; was a member of M. B. Tubb's company, New York militia; he died Oct. 24, 1877, aged 86 years ; her mother died March 10, 1879 ; they died at the residence of Mr. Lewis where they had resided since March, 1875 ; Mr. Lewis has had seven children, tiiree of whom are living — Stephen B., Franklin F., and William L.; his oldest son, Judson A., enlisted August, 1862, in Co. C, 23d W. V. I., was made second Corporal of the company, afterward promoted to Sergeant, and was killed in the charge on the enemy's works at Vicks- burg. May 22, 1863, at the age of 19 years and 8 months; Edward B", fifth child, born Dec. 28, 1852, ■died June 4, 1872 ; Charles L., second child, and George W., sixth child, died in infancy. Mr. Lewis, in honor of whom the town was named, made the third settlement in the town of Lewiston, and is the earliest present resident ; he was elected Sheriff in 1856, and has served as Under Sheriff two years ; has held various township offices, and was appointed Deputy Provost Marshal for Columbia Co. in July, 1863, served till the close of the war ; during his long residence in Columbia Co., Mr. Lewis Jjiy his sterling qualities, has maintained the respect and esteem of the people, and is a worthy representative of that pioneer element of our country, which laid the foundation for our present success and prosperity as a State. Stephen B. Lewis, born July 12, 1848, graduated at the State Normal School, Whitewater, Wis., 1875, married Elizabeth Church, of Whitewater. Franklin F. Lewis, born Sept. 28, 1850, married Victorine Rockwell, of Whitewater ; has one child, Mabel. WILIilAM McDonald, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Portage City ; was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1824 ; his parents removed to Jefferson Co., when he was about 8 years of age. Mr. McDonald was married in 1849, to Elizabeth Cannon, a native of England ; they came to Columbia Co. in the spring of 1851, and settled on Sec. 26, Lewiston Township, on the farm now owned by his sons, David and John ; he bought his present farm of Hans Osmundson in 1854, where he settled permanently in 1859; has twelve children — David, John E., Nancy, Samuel, William, Ann, Margaret, Elizabeth, James, Abraham L., Ulysses S. and Julia. Mr. McDonald enlisted in the 1st Heavy Artillery, September, 1864, served till the close of the war; his father, David McDonald, was a native of Inverness, Scotland ; he came lo this country and settled in Columbiana Co., Ohio, about 1811 ; he died in March, 1870; his mother was born in West Virginia ; died November, 1878. His farm contains 484 acres ; his improvements are second to none in the town of Lewiston. CARL PHIEHLER, fiirmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Lewiston; was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1825 ; he came to the United States in 1850 ; came to Lewiston Township and settled on his present farm in 1851. He was married to Wilhelmina Myer; they have five children — August, Carl, Ernst, Gustaf and Lizzie. His farm contains 200 acres. Ho and wife belong to the Lutheran Church. PETER TEKNISOIV, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Lewiston ; born in Norway in 1842; came t . this country with his parents in 1852; his parents settled in Lewiston Township, but now reside in Faribault Co., Minn. Mr. Tennison enlisted in 1861 in the 18th W. V. I.; served till August, 1865 ; he entered the service as a private ; became successively Corporal. Sergeant, Orderly Sergeant and Second Lieutenant, receiving his commission as Lieutenant in the spring of 1865 ; he participated in many of the 1018 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: severest battles of the war ; was at the battle of Shiloh on both days of that desperate struggle ; at the siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth and luka ; was wounded at Jackson, Miss., and taken prisoner Mav 14, 1862; was a prisoner about three months when he was exchanged ; he was also at the battles nf Chattanooga, Altoona Pass, etc.; at the expiration of his term of service, he re-enlisted and served till the close of the war. Mr. Tennison bought his present farm in 1807. He was married to Cornelia C. Olt- son, born in Wisconsin ; has three children — Becca H., Oscar T. and Carl A.; his farm contains 120 acres. AliBERT SHARF, fiirmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Briggsville ; was born in Germany in 1833; came to the United .States in 1851 ; has been a resident of Lewiston Township since that time; he settled on Sec. 27 in 1*^57 ; located on his present farm April, 1877. He was niairied to Lizzie Hilderbrandt ; they have sis children — Sophia, Frederick, Charles, Henry, William and Emma; farm contains 215 acres. C F. SIEVVERT, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Colburn ; was born in Prussia. Germany, in 1825 ; he came to the United States in the fall of 1850 ; settled on his present farm in 1851. He was married in 1854 to Henrietta Hickithier, born in Prussia; they have nine children — Wm. Gustaf, Elizabeth. Charles, Julius, Otto, Ida, Emma and Benjamin ; farm contains about 300 acres. Mr. Siewert served as a soldier in the German army for two and ElTHRlN O. JOXE^J, jfl. D., Cambria; was born July 14, 1850. in the town of Springvale, Columbia Co., Wis.; son of Owen G. and Ann (Roberts) Jones, natives of Carnarvonshire, North Wales. Tiie name of his farm in Wales and Springvale is " Hendref." Richard read medicine with Dr. O. W. Blanehard, of Delavan, Wis., after being in the drug business in Cambria for six years as clerk in the store of his brother Griffith 0. Jones ; was a'so clerk in the store of Dr. G. W. Brigg's in Delavan, for about a year and a half; he then went inti the drug business on his own account in Dodge- ville, Iowa Co., Wis., in company with James Roberts, firm name " Roberts & Jones ;" also practiced there about two years; he then attended Ann Arbor University, Mich , one full term, and went from there to the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and graduated June 19, 1876, and commenced practice at Cambria the July following, where he still continues. Dr. Jones has been awarded prizes by the " Eisteddfod," (a Welsh literary society), for the following poems: " Paul in the presence of Agrippa." " Solomon," ■• Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah." and several other poems; his nom de plume is '• Elewinfard, " which is the Welsh fir "Western Poet." WIIjlilAlI AP JOXES, depot agent, telegraph operator and express agent, Cambria, and a member of the firm of " \Villiams &, Jones," who own the only grist-mill in Cambria; was born in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, June 26, 1833, son of Rev. William J. Jones, who came to America in 1845, and lived in the State of New York, near Utioa, one year : in the fall of 1846 he came to Wiscon- sin, and located on Government land, on what is now the town of Courtland; has 360 acres in his farm, which he has owned thirty-four years, and never had a mortgage on it; he is now living on the farm at the age of 79, and his wife 74, both in good health. William ap Jones remained on the farm with his parents till his marriage, which took place Jan. 31, 1862, in Cambria, to Miss Ann Williams, daughter of Gabriel and Jane Williams, old residents of Cambria; has two children living — John D. and Willie G. ; has lost two (twins'), died in infancy. Afier marriage, he worked one year, buying wheat for John ap Jones, and since that time (for .seventeen years), has been ticket agent at Cambria for the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad Co. Republican, and himself and wife both members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. REV. \VILL.IA:!I J. JOi\E8 (Snowden) farmer and preacher. Sec. 19, P. 0. Cambria; was born Aug. 15, 1801, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, in the parish of Dalyddelen, son of John and Ellen Jones ; worked at farming some when young, was foreman in a quarry for some time and was in the mercantile business twelve years in Wales. He came to America in the fall of 1845, and lived in Rome, N Y., till July, 1846; then came to Wisconsin and settled on the farm he now occupies; he has been in the ministry in the Calvinistic Methodist Church for fifty-five years, and has preached regularly during TOWN OF COUKTLAND. 1029 that time, in addition to his other business; still preaches in Welsh, as he has never learned the English language. He is cmo of the four brothers mentioned in the biography of Elias B. Williams ; has preached in Courtland ever since he settled here, and held meetings in his own house till 1860, when Carmel Church was built on his land. He was married in Wales, Dec. 24, 1827, to Ann Griffith, of Carnarvonshire; have had eight children, of whom three only are now living — William ap (whose biography is given in another place), Ellen, born Jan. 7, 1838 (living with her parents), and Richard D., who was born Jan. 25. 3852, on the homestead where he now lives; was married May 2, 1878, to Kate B. Evar;s, daughter of Rev. Rees Evans of Columbia (see his biography) ; had one child, born March 21, 1879, and died March 3, 1880 (not named). Both members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church ; he is a Republican. Will- iam J. Jones has lost five children : John J., was born Dec. 25, 1828 ; he enlisted at Fulton, 111., in the 46th 111. V. I., and went tut as Colonel of the regiment; was in the service fcur and a half years, and when the war clofjed was a Brigadier General ; he died in Chicago Feb. 13, 1868 ; Ellis Fj. was born Jan. 13, 1831, and died March 11. 1865 ; Jane was born Nov. 28, 1841, and died Sept. 10, 1869 ; Ann wi.s born July 3, 1835 and died March 2, 1855 ; Mary M. was born May 6, 1847, and died in Wales, Aug. 15, 1872 ; all the children were born in Wales, except the two youngest. Mr. Jones has 365 acres of land and is a Republican. His brother John Jones (Tal-y-sarn ) was considered the most eloquent pulpit orator in Wales, and is known wherever the Welsh language is spoken ; another brother, David Jones, (Carnarvon) was also a celebrated preacher, and widely known ; both died in Wales. WILLIAM R. JONES, ftrmer. Sec. 32; P. 0. Randolph; was born Jan. 20, 1844, [n North Wales; son of Robert and Martha Jones, who came to America when he was only 6 years old ; lived two years in Lewis Co., N. Y.; then came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Courtland ; his mother died in September, 1859, and his father is living with him on the farm, which consists of 120 acres of land. Was married Nov. 19, 1872, to Mary Hopkins, who was born in England, daughter of Thomas 0. Hopkins, who now lives in the town of Courtland ; has three children — Thomas 0., Robert M. and William. Is a Republican. JAMES W. KELLY, merchant, Cambria; was born July 24, 1821, in Jeflerson Co., N. Y.; came West in 1854 and lived in Du Page Co., 111., about a year and a half; then came to Wisconsin and settled in Cambria in the spring of 1856 ; the next fall, he bought out the general store of Daniel Post. and has carried on the business most of the time since ; previous to his moving here, he came to Cambria (in 1855), and bought 40 acres of land on Sec. 31, in Randolph, adjoining the village, and platted about 30aoresof it, which isknown as " Kelly s Addition to Cambria." He was appointed Postmaster at Cambria in the fall of 1856, and held the office until the spring of 1863. Was married, Nov. 5, 1844, in Jeff- erson Co , N. Y., to Isabel Jane Welch, who died Nov. 4, 1863, aged 38, leaving six children — Emma Jane, Mary Ameliji, Frances E.. Clark W., Ida B. and Minnie H.; had lost two — Charles J. and Carrie H. Was married second time June 17, 1866, in Dekorra, Wis., to Mrs. Fannie W. Irons, daughter of Luther Calvin Eastman, of Indiana, and widow of Francis W. Irons, who died March 28, 1863, in Dekorra, leaving two children — Violettie and F. C. Irons; have had one child by the second marriase — Maud S., died Jan. 21, 1870, aged 4 years. His store is on south side of Main street, and he keeps a general stock of dry soods, groceries, boots and shoes, crockery, glassware and notions. Is a Republican. NATHANIEL KETCHLM, farmer. Sec. 20 ; born Feb. 18. 1816, in Steuben Co., N. Y.; son of James Ketchum, who removed to Orleans Co., N. Y., when he (Nathaniel) was a boy. He was married, Jan. 1, 1845, to Jane Penney, who was born Jan. 20, 1826, in Westmoreland, England ; came to America with her parents when 5 years of age. Mr. Ketchum came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1851. and settled in the town of Courtland, on the farm he now owns ; has five children, all boys, all voters, and all Republicans; his eldest .son, George, was married to Edith Griffin, Nov. 26, 1874, and has one child living — Roy Elwood, and lost one ; Lena Alfred (the second son) was married Feb. 27, 1877. to Eliza- beth Rust, and has one child — Henry; John (the third .son) was married Nov, 27, 1878, to Lizzie Evans ; Wellington and Orson Phelps, both living with their parents on the homestead, and those married all liv- ing in the town of Courtland. EVON W. LIjOYD, merchant and member of the firm of Thomas & Lloyd, Cambria; was born in Racine, Wis., Jan. 1, 1844 ; son of John E. Lloyd, a native of Merionethshire, North Wales, who came to America in 1841 or 1842, and lived in Racine till 1846 ; then came to Caledonia, Columbia Co., and is now living in Howard Co., Iowa. Mr. Lloyd remained on his father's farm in Caledonia till 1860, then engaged as clerk in the dry-goods house of N. H. Wood & Co., of Portage City, till March, 1865 ; he then went to Fond du Lac, Wis., and clerked for C. J. Pettibone till the last of August, when he returned to Cambria, and, on the 31st of August, 1865, formed a partnership in general merehandisinc, with H. W. Thomas, which business connection he still continues. He was married in November. 1 865, 1030 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in Bangor, La Crosse Co., Wis., to Maggie Thomas, daughter of William W. Thomas, and sister of his partner in business; have three children — John T., Willie W. and E. Omen. Mr. Lloyd has been a member of the Village Board several years, and is a Republican. Both members of the Welsh Calvin- istic Church. JOHN J. LEWIS, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Randolph ; is a native of the State of New York ; son of John and Laura Lewis, natives of Wales, who came to Wisconsin, from New York, when he was an infant ; his father died April 7, 1877 ; his mother is still living in Randolph Village. He was married, March 13, 1878, to Mary E. Thomas, daughter of William E. Thomas, who lives in the town of Ran- dolph. Mr. Lewis lived in Dodge Co., near Watertown, till the summer of 1876, then came to Columbia Co.; has 72 acres of land which he bought in 1878 ; has one child — Walter C., born May 10, 1879. Mrs. Lewis is a member of the Welsh Methodist Church. JOHN LLOYD, farmer. Sec. II ; P. 0. Randolph ; born Dec. 14, 1837, in Wales; son of Evon and Catherine (Jones i Lloyd ; his father died in Wales when he was 8 years old, and a year after, his mother, with her three children, John, Ann and Catherine, came to America and lived in the State of New York, near Utica, till the spring of lS5(i ; then came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Emmctt, Dodge Co., where he made it his home till the fall of 1875, then came to Columbia Co., and bought the farm he now owns in the town of Courtland (lliO acres'l. where he has since resided. Was married, in the fall of 1860, to Catherine Lewis, daughter of John and Laura Lewis, natives of Wales. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the 29th W. V. I., Co. B, and was in the service three years, participating in fifteen or sixteen battles and skirmishes, being all in which his regiment was engaged during that time, except one, when he was prevented by a wound he had received at the battle of Port Gibson ; was mustered out of service at Shreveport, La., and paid off at Madison, Wis.; after his return from the army, he lived on his farm in the town of Clyman, Dodge Co., till 1875; was Supervisor of the Town and member of Assembly in the Legislature of 1875. Republican, and has nine children — Ann, Mary, John, Laura, Ellen, Evan, Esther, GrifBth and Catharine. Mrs. Lloyd is a member of the Methodist Church. WILLIAM LLOYD, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Randolph ; was born May 5, 1848, in Lewis Co., N. Y., son of John and Sarah Lloyd, natives of Wales, who came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1866, and settled on Sec. 2, in the town of Courtland ; now living in the village of Randolph. Dec. 15, 1875, Mr. Lloyd was married to Miss Lizzie Roberts, who was born in New York City, Aug. 8, 1858, daughter of Joshua Roberts, now of Randolph, Wis., and whose biography appears in this work. Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd are members of the Welsh Methodist Church. He has 62 acres of land which he bought in 1876. Republican. RAXSOJI H. MEAD, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Columbia; was born Feb. 14, 1821, in Whitehall, Washington Co., N. Y.; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1846, to see the aountry, and settle up the estate of his brother, Henry Mead, who died in August, 1845, which was the first death in the town of Courtland ; was here a few weeks and then returned to the East : in the fall of 1848, he again came to Wisconsin, and has resided in the town of Courtland ever since, and followed farming most of the time. Feb. 14, 1865. he enlisted in the 46th W. V. I., Co. D, and remained in the service till October of the same year. Was married, Feb. 14, 1850, in the town of Courtland, to Hannah Conklin, who was born Oct. 18, 1828, in the town of Conklin, Broome Co., N. Y., daughter of Samuel Conklin who came to Wisconsin in 1846, and died in 1863, in Courtland. Mr. Mead is a Republican and has been Chairman of the town of Courtland ten or twelve years and has also been Side Supervisor, Treasurer and Justice of the Peace. Has five children — John F., Maggie C, Samuel C, George S. and Mariette, all living at home ; lost one child, Henry, died Dee. 18, 1860, aged 13 months. Mrs. Mean belongs to the M. E. Church. FREDERICK MILLER, dry-goods clerk, Cambria; was born Feb. 26, 1853, in the town of Lean, in Kreiswetzlar, son of Henry Miller, who came to America in about 1855, located in Columbia Co , and went into the butchering business in Portage City. His family came in 1857, and joined him in Portage. He died in 1859, and his family came to Cambria in 1862 ; lived here till fall of 1864 ; then went to Columbus and in the fiill of 1869 came back to Cambria; his mother (now Mrs. Christopher Heinz) is still living in the town of Randolph ; he has lived in Cambria ever since 1869, except one year in New Orleans, in boarding or coffee house. He was married, Oct. 11, 1877, in Randolph to Lizzie Weisel, who was born May 10, 1856, in Plover, Portage Co., Wis., daughter of George Weisel, a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany; who came to America in about 1854, and now lives near Kingston, Green Lake Co., Wis. Mr. Miller is a Republican and has been clerking for Thomas & Lloyd, of Cambria, for the last four and a half years. DAVID D. MORRIS, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Cambria; born July 25. 1825, in Montgomery- shire, North Wales, son of Robert Davis. His mother's maiden name was Jane Morris, daughter of TOWN OF COURTLAND. 1031 Davis Morris, and he was christened David Morris Davis, as shown by the records in the parish of Llan- wddyo, Montgomerj'shire ; he came to America in 1850, and lived near Utica, N. Y., about seven years ; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1857 or 1858, and settled in the town of Courtland, where he now resides. Was married, March 21, I860, in Rome, N. Y., to Jane H. Jones, a daughter of Humphrey Jones, a native of Wales; has five children — John D., Margaret D., Jane D., Robert D. and Thomas D., all living at home ; has 539 acres in his farm and keeps about 200 head of sheep, 60 head of cattle and 9 horses. He is a Republican and is the present Chairman of the town ; was Side Supervisor fur about nine years previous to his election as Chairman ; both members of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church. G. D. MYERS, produce and lumber dealer, of the firm of Myers & Bickelhaupt, Cambria, was born Feb. 26, 1839, in Saratoga Co., N. Y. Was married in Troy, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1860, to Miss M. E. Kettell, daughter of John A. Kettell ; was engaged in farming in Saratoga Co. till the fall of 1858 ; then came to Wisconsin, and lived in Waupun, Dodge Co., eight years ; was engaged in the butchering business two years, and part of the time was buying wheat, in March, 1867, and has been engaged in the same business ever since ; was first a member of the firm of Fairbanks, Stanton & Co., then John ap Jones & Co., Myers & Jones, and now Myers & Bickelhaupt. Has two children — Fred and Daniel. He has been President of the village of Cambria several years, and is now one of the Village Board of Trustees, and in politics a Democrat. RICHARD E. OWENS, farmer and carpenter. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Cambria ; was born about 1821 , in Montgomeryshire, North Wales, son of Richard Owens; .came to America in 1842, and worked at his trade (that of carpenter and joiner) for ten years in the State of New York, in Utica ; in 1852, he came to Wisconsin, and lived a year and a half in Waukesha Co., then came to the town of Courtland, Col- umbia Co., a"d settled on the farm where he now resides. His first wife was Mary Davis, a native of Wales, to whom he was married in Utica, N. Y., and who died Sept. 5, 1857, aged 32 years, leaving four children — Charles R., Edward J., Eliza Ann (or Lizzie A.) and Mary Jane, who is now the wife of R. T. Thomas, of Milwaukee. Charles was accidentally killed by his team running away in July, 1868. He was married the second time July 8, 1871, in Cambria, to Mrs. Ann Jones, widow of Richard Jones, who left one child, Lizzie; she is living with her mother and step-father. By his second marriage he has one child, Richard Charles. Mr. and Mrs. Owens are members of the Presbyterian Church, and he is a Republican. J. liE ROY PARKINSON, photographer, Cambria, was born Jan. 26, 1851, in the town of Kingston, Marquette Co. (now Green Lake), son of Joseph Parkinson (see his biography). His mother died July 4, 1866. and soon after her death he went to live with Judge F. B. Hawes, of Ureen Lake Co., where he remained four years, attending school part of the time ; in 1869, he went to Missouri with Judge Hawes, and sta3'ed two winters and one summer, then came back to Wisconsin in company with the ague with which he had been acquainted for about eight months in Jlissouii ; in 1871, he went into the photograph business in company with T. Cross, of Marquette, continued with him about four months, and then dis.solved partnership, and went to Ripon, Wis., where he was employed as clerk in the dry-goods store of A. N^Anstaed for three or four months; in 1872, he went into the photograph business in Kingston for a short time ; then went to Princeton in same business for a year and a l|alf,then sold out and worked for William Lockwood, of Rijion, in the picture business two years ; in October, 1877, he came to Cambria and opened a gallery in the brick block, where he carried on business till Dec. 15, 1878, then removed to rooms in Williams' Block, where he still continues business. Jan. 1, 1879, he was mar- ried in Hersey, Wis., ti Carrie A. Smith, who was born Aug. 1, 1858, in Fond du Lac Co., Wis. ISAAC PARY, proprietor of the Cambria Hotel, was born in Denbighshire, North Wales, town of Llrlcthar ; son of John Pary, who was a farmer and tried to make an M. D. of his son Isaac, but only succeeded in making a horse doctor. He was married in Wales in May, 1850, to Mary Jane Edwards. dau>;hter of William Edwards; immediately after marriage, he came to America, and lived in Lewis Co., N. Y., between seven and eight years; his first labor there was at mason work, for which he received $11 per month for four months, and took it in store pay; in the fall of 1857, he came to Wisconsin (a cripple from rheumatism), arriving in Cambria the 25th day of December with a wife and three children, and 25 cents in his pocket; he moved into a cabin twelve feet square, and paid out his last 25 cents for an old log for fire wood ; after paying one man for it, another man (and a wealthy one at that time) came along and laid claim to the log, and actually unhitched his team from the wagon and hauled the log away, but was afterward obliged to return it; he then worked at mason work about three years (having learned the trade in the State of New York), and made about $4 per day; since that time he has been engaged in horse doctoring, dealing in stock, butchering, etc., and for the last eight years has kept the Cambria Hotel (in addition to his other business), which he has owned and occupied for the last nineteen years, but not 10:32 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: kept as a hotel till the last eight years. He has held the offices of Marshal, Constable and Supervisor. Has seven children — William H., .Mary Jane, John D., Tillie, Homer, .Minnie and Frankie. He is a Republican in politics. Mrs. Pary died April 9, 1S75. JOSEPH PHIIiLIP.S, farmer, See. 34; P. 0. Randolph; was born June 6, 1821, in Vorksliiri', England, in the parish of Fewston ; son of Joseph Phillips. Was married April 28, 1845, in the Parish of Fewston, to Martha Phillips, daughter of James Phillips. Ho came to America in 1855 ; came direct to Wisconsin ; lived two years in Fountain Prairie, then removed to his present location, where he has since resided. Mrs. Phillips died in Courtland July 17, 1804, leaving four children — Elizabeth (now Mrs. Paul Hanson, of Hall Co., Neb.), Mary Hannah fnow Mrs. Augustus Denman, of Nebraska), Samuel (living with Mr. Denman in Nebraska), and Joseph Alfred Cat home). Was married the second time, Dec. 25, 1806. to Grace Waterworth, who was born Nov. 29, 1841, daughter of Thomas Water- worth, a native of Yorkshire, Enuland ; have three children by the second marriage — Sarah Jane, Andrew and Gracie. Mr. Phillips' mother's name was Mary Dagget, and his grandfather was a '.Welshman, named Jonathan Phillips; his great-grandmother lived to be over 1 00 years old. He is a Democrat, and has been Treasurer of the school district nine years. Has 398 acres of land. JOH9f <|UIXX, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Doylestown ; was born Feb. 16, 1835, in County Wex- ford, Ireland, Parish of Gorey. His father died when he was a child, and his mother married Mathew Shiilock ; they came to America in 1851. He was married in November, 1855, in Utica, N. Y., to Har- riet A. Welter, who was born Sept 12, 183S, in Herkimer Co., N. Y ; came to Wisconsin immediately after marriage, and .settled in Columbia Co.; lived in Lowville throe years, and eleven years in Otsego; in the fall uf 1S09, came to Courtland and bought his present farm ; has eight children living — John, James, Dorothy, Mary, Eliza, Kate, Julia and Ellen; have lost two — Martin died in 1868, aged 4, and one died in 1855, in infancy. Has 93 acres of land, and although a Democrat, has been elected Assessor in a town where the Republicans outnumber the Democrats 7 to 1. JOHN S. RAX^DAIjIj (deceased), one of the first settlers of the town of Courtland; was born May 17, 1799, in (lerman Flats, Herkimer Co., N. Y. His parents came to Orleans Co., N. Y., when he was about 17; his father died soon after; John S., being the youngest child, remained on the farm with his widowed mother. Was married, May 13, 1821, to Almira Fanning, who was born in Che- nango Co., N. Y., Feb. 22, 1804, daughter of Joshua Fanning. Mr. Randall came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1844, and lived in Walworth Co. two years; then came to Columbia Co. and settled in what is now the town of Courtland, in the spring of 1846, and resided in the same town till his death, which occurred July 29, 1878, in the 80th year of his age. He was for years a Deacon in the Baptist Church, of which himself and wife had been consisteiit members for upward of fifty-five years. He was an earnest, conscientious, public-spirited man, and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of his neighbors and as^ociates. Was Republican in politics, and held several town offices. Mrs. Randall survives him, and, although in her 77th year, her mind seems as active, and her memory as good, as ever. Mr. and Mrs. Randall had ten children, three of whom died in childhood, and seven are still living — Allen W., lives in Winona Co , Minn.; Adalinc, is now Mrs. J. W. Peck, of Walworth Co., Wis.; Mary, is now Mrs. Jeremiah Williams, of Carroll Co., Mo.; Harriet R, is now Mrs. R. C. Penney, of Courtland; John Jay, lives in Washington Co., Kan.; Caroline, is now Mrs. Joseph Patton, of Walworth Co., Wis., and Joseph H., who was mar- ried in 1804 to Amanda, daughter of George Bliss, of Fountain Prairie; she died in 1868, leaving one daughter, Mattie A., born Aug. 13, 1800. He was married the second time, March 22, 1871, to Anna E. Conklin, who was born in Ohio City ( now Cleveland), Ohio, Sept. 8, 1842, daughter of Joshua Conk- lin, a native of Herkimer Co., N. Y.; her mother (Rachel) was from Oswego Co., N. Y.; by the second marriage he has three boys. Both members of the Baptist Church. Has 100 acres of land, and is Republican WILLIAM RKES (deceased); he was born in Montgomeryshire, North Wales ; a son of Kichard Rees, who died in Wales at the advanced age of 104 years; Wm. Rees went to Liverpool, Hngland, before his marriage, and worked at carpenter work, which trade he had learned in Wales. He was married, in Liverpool, to Hannah Williams, a native of Flintshire, North Wales. Mr. Rees came to America in 1850, and lived in Utica, N. Y., till the fall of 1856, then went to Dubuque, Iowa, and lived there till the fall of 1861, working at his trade up to this time; he then came to Cambria, and wei-t into the furniture business, in which he continued till his death, June 1, 1878, of heart disease. Mr. and Mrs. Rees had in all four children, of whom two are still living ; one died in infancy in Liverpool, and Richard died in Cambria in 1874, aged about 35 ; Thomas is living in Oshkosh, Wis.; William was born November 30, 1848, in Liverpool, England, and is now in the drug business, and has been about fourteen years in a store on north side Main street. Mrs. Rees is still living with her son William, aged 68 years. TOWX OF COURTLAND. 1033 DAVID RICHARDS, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Randolph; was bcirn Aus. U, 1816, in the town of Radnor, Radnorshire. South Wales ; he is a son of Evan and Elizabeth Richards, who came to America ia 1819, as stated in the biography of Seaman Richards, a brother of David ; he was engagjd in farming and lumbering in Susquehanna Co., Penn., till Christmas, 1854; then started West, and arrived at the house of his brother Evan in Oak Grove, Dodge Co., Wis., Jan. 1, 1855; he soon after came to Columbia Co., and has resided in the town of Courtland ever since. He was married, Dec. 28, 1859, in Beaver Dam, Wis., to Ruth Bentley, who was born Jan. 23, 1826, in Kings Co., Nova Scotia, daughter of D ivid and Abigail Bentley, who came to \Viscnnsin in the spring of 1848 ; Mr. Bentley died in Courtland May 13, 1852, aged 62, and Mrs. Bentley is still living in the village of Cambria, in the 90th year of her age. Mr. Richards has two children living — John Scott, born May 30, 1861, and Martha Ann. born April 21, 1866; Lucy Maud was born Oct. 3, 1862, and died July 28, 1864. Has 80 acres of land, and is a Republican. GRIFFITH RICHARDS, farmer and stock-breeder. Sec. 19; P. 0. Canbria ; was born Nov. 13, 1844, in Racine Co., Wis. ; son of Richard Richards, of Racine, one of the oldest stock-raisers in the State; he is a native of Merionethshire, North Wales, and was a member of Assembly from Racine in 1873. Mr. Richards was married, Jan. 4, 1871, in Courtland, to Laura A. Williams, daughtei of William R. Williams ; she was born July 24, 1850, in Courtland, on the farm now owned by her hus- band ; has one son — William B. Has 264 acres in the farm, which is known as the " Sunnyside Stock Farm ; " the Welsh name of the farm is " Fronhaulog; " he is breeding short-horn cattle, draft and trot- ting horses, Berkshire hogs and Spanish sheep. Is First Vice President of the County Agricultural Society, and was last year Second Vice President. He is a Republican ; is now a member of the County Commissioners, and takes an active part in politics; has held the office of Supervisor. Mrs. Richards is a member of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. JOSEPH li. RICHARDS, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Randolph ; was born Feb. 4, 1845, in Merionethshire, Wal(?s ; came to America in the summer of 1869, and stayed a few weeks on the Hudson River, a few miles below Albany; then came to Columbia Co., Wis., and lived in the tuwn of Courtland till the fall of 1872, when he went to Milwaukee and worked at the carpenter's trade till January, 1874 ; he then returned to Courtland, and, on the 9th of that month (January, 1874), was married to Ann Jane, daughter of William R. and Ann Roberts, of Portage Prairie, Columbia Co., Wis., natives of Wales, and born in the same place as Joseph L. Richards, as were also his father, Edmund Richards, and his m'jther, Ellen Lloyd. Mrs. Richards was born in the town of Clyman, Dodge Co., Wis., March 22, 1849. Mr. Richards spent his early life on a farm, and the last six years before leiving Wales, worked in a slate quarry. Purchased his farm of 120 acres in the fall of 1874, and went on it in the spriug of 1876. Has four children — AVillie E., Ellen Ann, Maggie and Laura. He is a Republican, and both members of the Welsh Methodist Church. THOMAS RICHARDS, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Cambria; born Dec. 13. 1822, in Great Bend. Susquehanna Co., Penn. ; son of Evan and Elizabeth Richards, natives of South Wales, who came to America in 1819, and settled in Great Bend, Penn. He was married, in Great Bend, Sept. 7, 1848, to Catharine M. Smith, who was born Dec. 25, 1829, in Orange Co., N. Y. ; daughter of Samuel and Martha Smith ; immediately after his marriage, Mr. Richards came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Courtland, in which town he has resided ever since; has eight children, all living, and seven of them boys — Theodore S., Edward J.. Maggie Jane (now Mrs. Thomas Bradley, of the town of Courtland), Frank L., George W., Charles J., Thomas L. and Fayette; all the boys are living at home, and all are Republicans who are old enough to vote. Has 100 acres of land, 80 in his home farm and 20 acres in timber. SEAMAN RICHARDS, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Randolph ; one of the pioneers of Colum- bia Co.; was a son of Evan and Elizabeth Richards, natives of South VVales, who came to America in 1819, taking passage on the sailing-vessel Importer, from Livurpool, England — Capt. Lee; when within three days' sail of New York, on the 20th day of July, 1819, a son was born, and the first mate, who was also born on the ocean, named the new arrival Seaman, after himself, and gave his mother a guinea to be invested for his benefit; on landing in New York City, they went to Broome Co., N. Y., and lived about a year with Richard W. Lewis, of the town of Conklin ; they then went to Great Bend, Susquehanna Co., Penn., where Mrs. Richards died when he was about 17 years old. Seaman worked out by the month in that vicinity till June 1, 1839, when he was married to Hannah M. Aekerman, who was burn Sept. 18, 1820, in the town of Franklin, Susquehanna Co., Penn., daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth Aekerman, natives of Westchester Co., N. Y.; after marriage, he worked at farming and lumbering most of the time for several years, but for the past year and a half of his residence there, was employed as foreman on the 1034 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: N. Y. & E. R. R., on the Summit section, east of Deposit ; in the fall of 1848, bavins a severe attack of Western fever, he started with his family for Wisconsin, coming by canal from Binghamton to Buffalo, then by steamer Henry Hudson, from Buffalo to Milwaukee : he came direct to the town of Courtland, and, in the spring of 1849, bought the farm he now own-', and where he has since resided; has 260 acres all under cultivation, with good farm buildings and well stocked; in the fall of 1849, he left his wife at home with their three children and worked in the pinery on the Eau Claire River, in Wisconsin, during the winter, and in the spring, ran the Wisconsin River and down the Mississippi to (jalena. III., where he ■was paid oft', and came home on foot, after being away five months, with $160 in gold in his pocket as the result of his winter's work. Mr. and Mrs. Richards have had ten children, of whom eight are still living — Mortimer F., lives in Worth Co., Iowa; Charles Henry, lives in McLeod Co., Minn.; Julia Jane, is now Mrs. Charles F. Chapman, of the town of Courtland ; Carrie M., now Mrs. Owen F. Jones, of tlu' village of Randolph; Seaman, Jr., living at home with his parents; Susan E., now Mrs. John Seckersoii. of the village of Randolph ; Melissa A., now Mrs. Wm. Tompkins, of the town of Randolph; and Gram 1j.", the youngest son, living with his parents; have lost two — Julia Jane, died Oct. 11, 1843, aged 7 months, and Hannah Elizabeth, died Jan. 11, 1851, aged nearly 2 years. Mr. Richards cast his first vote for Gen. Harrison, and has voted the Republican ticket eversince the party was organized. THOMAS R. ROBERTS(Tunddarmen), farmer. Sec. IS; P.O.Cambria; was born Jan. 9, 1840, in Merionethshire, North Wales; son of Robert Roberts; Thomas R. came to America in the spring of 1865, and lived the first year in Oshkosh, Wis.; then came to Cambria and worked a farm on shares till 1874; then worked on a farm by the year for John ap Jones two years; in the spring of 1876. he bought tl'C farm he now owns (80 acres), for which he paid $3,000. Was married Nov. 20, 1869, in Cambria, to Miss Minnie Davis, daughter of James T. Davis, a native of South Wah's. Mr. Roberts has five children — Annie, Maggie, Robbie, Jennie and John. Both members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. He is a Republican. WILLIAM J. RORERTS, deceased, was born in North Wales in July, 1802 ; son of John Roberts. Was married in Seplcuiber, 1841, to Elizabeth Davis, daughter of William Davis; she was born Feb. 13, 1817, also in North Wales ; came to America in 1855, and lived in Utica, N. Y., one year ; then came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Courtland, where he followed farming till his death, June 3. 1S77. He left one daughter, Maiy, born Dec. 31, 1842, in Wales, and married, Feb. 27, 1863, to GiilBth Gee Jones, and has three children — Ellen, Owen and William. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts lost three children on the passage to America, who died of cholera — Ellen, aged 11, Ann, aged 7, and John, aged 3 — and one in Utica ; William died in infancy. Mrs. Roberts is a member of the Congregational Church, as was her hus- band. Has 40 acres of land, and her daughter, Mrs. Jones, is living with her. HORACE RUST (deceased), one of the first settlers of Courtland, was born Feb. 20. 179S. ill Windsor Co., Vt., town of Rochester. His first wife was Lydia French, to whom he was married in 1821 ; she lived only about two years after her marriage and left one child (a daughter") that survived lur but a short time. He was married the second time in Vermont to Roxana Mills, sister of Dr. J. C. Mill.>. of Walworth Co., who was a member of the First and Second Legislature of Wisconsin, and a State Sen ator in 1858. 5Ir. Rust came to Wisconsin in the fiiU of 1844, located land in what is now the town ol Courtland in September, 1845, and came on it with his family July 4, 1847 ; he resided on this farm till his death, April 7, 1879, being a little over 81 when he died. He was the first Postmaster, one of the first Supervisors, and the second A.ssossor in the- town of Courtland; the first caucus, first town meeting, first election and first school meeting were all held at his house in the fall of 1848 ; his first commission as Postmaster was from Andrew Jackson, and the office at Rochester, Vt.; he was also appointed Postmaster at Cambria in 1863, and held the office four years; was also appointed by Gov. Dewey as one of the Commissioners to lay out a State road from Columbus to Princeton. He was an old-time Jackson Demo- crat, but an earnest Republican ever since the party was organized ; he took an active part in politics up to the time of his death, and the last time he ever went outside his own yard was to attend a caucus. Mr. Rust had in all eleven children, five of whom died in childhood, and one, Harvey H., died in California. April 7, 1876, aged 41 ; there are five still living — Mills lives on a farm adjoining the old homestead, and Henry B. is living on the homestead, and his mother, now in her 74th year, is living with him in good health and, to all appearances, good for another ten years at least. Henry was married, in October, 1850, to Julia Cameron, of Walworth Co., Wis., and has five children living — Frank G., Elizabeth A. i now Mrs. J. A. Ketchum, of the town of Courtland), Harvey H. (now now in Milwaukee, a printer by trade:, Cameron R. and Flora L. He has been Chairman and Assessor, and is now Secretary of the town insur- ance company. In the spring of 1860, he removed to Missouri with his family, enlisted in the Home Guards and was elected First Lieutenant; afterward eulisted under Gov. Gamble's proclamation eallin.' TOWX OF COURTLAND. 1035 for six-months men, and was elected Captain of Co. C, 1st Battalion Mounted Rifles ; was in the service about one year, then returned to Wisconsin and bought the homestead, where he still resides. Charles, the third son of Horace Rust, is now in Rochester, Minn., in the produce business ; Mary P. is now Mrs. Orlando Ralph, of Brookfield, Vt., and Lucelia is now the wife of Geo. C. Griffin, living in Colorado, six- teen miles north of Denver. ORANGE D. SCOFIEIjD, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Randolph ; born Oct. 25, 1827, in Sara- toga Co., N. Y. Was married Dec. 31, 1854, to Margaret McDonald, who was born June 9, 1829, daugh- ter of Alexander McDonald, of Scotch descent. Mr. Scofield came to Wisconsin in 185fi, and settled in the town of Richford, Waushara Co., and engaged in the mercantile business, which he continued in that place about five years; came to Pardeeville, Columbia Co., in the fall of 1861, and carried on the same business till the spring of 18(5(5, then sold out his store and spent one year traveling with his family; in the spring of 1867, he returned to Columbia Co. and bought the farm he now owns in the town of Court- land; has 70 acres only three-quarters of a mile from the village of Randolp'>, which, with the buildings he put up himself, cost about $5,000. Has no children. Mr. Scofield and family are Congregationalists ; Republican. His father, Harry Scofield, was born March 12, 1789, in the town of Stamford, Conn., and died Jan. 10, 1875, at Hadley. Saratoga Co., N. Y. JIYROT^ A, SHAW, JH. D., Cambria; was born in Fairle^^ Orange Co., Vt., March 11, 1837 ; migrated to Wisconsin with his parents when 18 years of age, making a temporary residence in Leon, Monroe Co.; he then entered as an apprentice in the printing office of the Sparta Watchman, com- mencing work on the fourth number of that journal ; in the spring of 1856, he went to work on the first number of the Eau Claire Times; the following year he went to Oneida Co., N. Y., to study medicine with Dr. E. I Baker, where he stayed one year, when Dr. Baker went to Eau Claire Co., Wis., and was soon followed to that place by Mr. Shaw, who continued his studies for a short time; but in 1861, went to Durand, Wis., and commenced the publication of the Home Mirror : the paper, though a success, as far as the paper was concerned, did not prove a very profitable financial venture; after a year's experience in this enterprise, he sold out and retired from journalism ; his health much broken down by hard work, but enlisted soon after in Eau Claire, under the call for hundred-day men, but which order was counter- manded before any of the troops were mustered into service; in 1863, he enlisted from Eau Claire in the 16th W. V. I., Co. C, then commanded by Col. Cassius Fairchild ; he participated in the battle before Atlanta, Kenesaw Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, etc.; voted for Lincoln at Marietta, Ga.. went through on the " march to the sea," and was severely wounded near Savannah ; got his discharge in 1865 ; he then edited the Durand Times one year ; after that, he resumed the study of medicine and took a course of lectures in Rush Medical College in 1868-69, and in 1870, located in Fall River, where he practiced med- icine five years, then removed to Cambria, where he still resides. In 1866, he married Miss Blanche E. Dyer, daughter of Wayne B. and Ursula Dyer, residents of Durand, Wis., formerly early settlers in Columbia Co.; has three children — Paul Francis, Herbert W. and Edgar M. A. Shaw. In religion, lib- eral, and still holds a membership in the Eau Claire Universalist Society. Voted for Horace Greeley in 1862, and has since acted with the Democratic party. His parents, Josiah and Elizabeth Shaw, are now living in retirement in Eau Claire, at an advanced age. HlKirll W.THOMAS, merchant, Cambria; was born Aug. 11, 1836, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales ; came to America with his father, Wm. W., in the spring of 1843, located in Oneida Co., N. Y., and lived there till 1858 ; Hugh W. left home at 18 years of age, and went to Utica, N. Y., where he lived two years, then in the fall of 1857 came to Wisconsin and lived in La Crosse Co. a year and a half, then in Sparta, Monroe Co., about four years, clerking in a dry-goods store; in 1863, he went into the mercantile business in Bangor, Wis., which he followed one year, and then again went to clerking in Portage City, Wis., till 1865; then came to Cambria and formed a partnership with Evan W. Lloyd (firm Thomas & Lloyd) in the mercantile busine.ss, keeping a general stock, where they are still doing a flourishing busine.ss. Was married May 14, 1859, in Bangor, Wis., to Jane P. Mann, daughter of Abram Mann, of Montpelier, Vt.; has two children — Hermie and Laura ; has lost four — Carrie, Allie, Willie and Frankie. Is a Republican, and has been a member of the Village Board several years at different times ; both Presbyterians. PETER THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Randolph; born in Flintshire, North Wales; son of Abel and Ellen Thomas; came to America in 1841 ; lived in Upper Canada till fall of 1843, then returned to Wales and stayed till the spring of 1844, when he again came to Canada and followed farming till 1854 ; then came to Wisconsin and located in the town of Courtland, where he has since resided ; came on the farm he now occupies in August, 1854. Was married in Canada, July 7, 1851, to Ellen Williams, a native of Wales, daughter of Owen Williams; she died July 27, 1879, of pneumonia, aged pp 1036 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 57, leaving two children — Edward and Ezra, both livinfi on the homestead ; lost five children — Owen, Abel and Ellen, all died within a weefs time, of diphtheria, in June, 1863, aged respectively 8, 6, and 2 ; in 1865, another one, Ellen, died, 15 months old, and one died in infancy in 1863. Although having lived in Wisconsin over twenty-five years, Mr. Thomas has never ridden a mile on a railroad since he came here, and has never stayed over night away from his own house but once during that time, then stayed in Portage because it stormed so he could not get home. Is a member of the Congregational Church, and a Republican. ROBERT B. THOMAS, farmer. See. 21 ; P. O. Randolph; was born Sept. 31, 1816, in Addison Co., Vt.; son of Isaac and Arathusa Matilda Thomas. He was married, in Vermont, May 31, 1848, to Julia Elizabeth Wells, who was born June 10, 1822, in Hinesburg, Chittenden Co., Vt. ; daugh- ter of Manton Wells. Mr. Thomas came to Wisconsin first in April, 1854, and bought a farm in the town of Courtland ; he then returned to Vermont for his family ; came on in June of the same year, and has resided on the same farm ever since. Mrs. Thomas died Aug. 29, 1879, of cancer, after an illness of seven months, leaving five children ; Julia Elizabeth, Frances R. (now Mrs. Wm. R. Owen, of Randolph Village), Hannibal H., Isabell I'la and James Eugene, all at home with their father, except the one mar- ried. Mr. Thomas' ancestors came from Wales at ao early day, and his father's uncle, Isaiah Thomas, founded the Boston Spy, a paper which was suppressed by King George III for disloyal sentiments, in 1772; it was afterward removed to Worcester, Mass., and is still published as the Worcester Spy: he also founded the Antiquarian Library of Worcester ; his father's brother John was a Revolutionary sol- dier; he was in the battle of Bunker Hill, and was afterward killed in the service. Mrs. Thomas (whose mother's name was Clarissa Boothe) was a direct descendant of the Earl of Marl, England. Mr. Thomas has been Chairman of the town one year. Supervisor three years, Justice of the Peace, and was Treasurer six years. Has 223 acres of land, and is a Republican ; Mrs. Thomas has been a member of the Meth- odist Church ever since she was 18 years old. WII^LIAjH THOMAS. JR., fiirmer. Sec. 12 ; P. O. Randolph ; born in Anglesea, Wales, Feb. 12, 1847 ; son of William and Elizabeth Thomas, who came to America with their family in 1849, and settled in Waukesha Co., Wis., where they lived till December, 1874, then sold out, came to Columbia Co., and lived in the village of Cambria a few months, and then bought a farm in Courtland, on Sec. 12, where they still reside. William, Jr., was married, March 24, 1870, in Oconomowoc, Wis., to Phebe Gudger, who was born in 1846, in Waukesha Co., Wis. ; daughter of John and Lydia Gudger, natives of England; Mr, Thomas has two children — Willie and Frankie. Has 125 acres of land, worth $5,000. Republican. JESSE P. TOBEY, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Randolph; born July 28, 1821, in Rodman, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; son of Philo and Polly Tobey; came to Wisconsin in 1849, and settled on the farm he now owns and occupies. Was married, Feb. 4, 1847, in Jefierson Co., N. Y,, to Mary Kenfield, who was born June 16, 1821, in Whitingham, Vt. ; daughter of Aseph and Susannah (Streeter) Kenfield; have had three children — Carlton D., born Oct. 1, 1851, married Athalia A. Smith Jan. 1, 1871 ; Louisa Medura, born March 13, 1855, died Sept. 1, 1858, and Milon J., born Sept. 26, 1859, still at home, Mr, Tobey is in his 59th year, and has never been sick a day in his life. Has 130 acres of land, and is Republican in politics; Mrs. Tobey is a member of the M. E. Church. Charles F. Chapman, son of a sister of Mr. Tobey, came to live with him when he was 8 or 9 years old ; remained with him till he was 19, and then enlisted. JOHN TrRNER, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P, 0. Fall River; was born Feb. 16, 1848, in Yorkshire, England ; his father, William T. Turner, came to America in 1849, and entered land in Fountain Prairie, Columbia Co., Wis. ; his family remained in England till the fall of 1852, when they joined him in his Western home; he remained on the same farm, working at mason work part of the time, till 1872, then removed to Columbus, where he now resides ; John remained on his father's farm till he was 21 years old; March 16, 1869, he w:is married to Alice Boxandall, who was born Sept. 12, 1846, in Yorkshire, England ; daughter of Phineas Parkinson Boxandall, who came to America in 1860, and is now liviuir in Fountain Prairie; Mr. and Mrs. Turner have three children — William John, born May 30, 1872 ; Eva- line Jennette, Oct. 17, 1874, and Joseph Parkinson, Nov. 8, 1879. In politics, mixed. GEORGE WILLARD, farmer, Sec. 20; P.O. Cambria; was born Dec. 6, 1811. in Lewis, county of Sussex, England; son of Richard and Sarah Willard ; came to America m 1832, and traveled through a part of Canada to Toronto ; crossed over to Rochester, N. Y., in July, 1833, and set- tled in West Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y. He lived there until 1846, then went to the town of Schodack (same county), and followed farming eight years. In the spring of 1854, he came to Wisconsin, lived in the town of Fox Lake, Dodge Co., and in the spring of 1857, came to the town of Courtland, where TOWN OF COUHTJ.AND. 1037 he has since resided. He learned the tailor's trade in England before he was 20 years old, and worked at it till 1846 — -when he left Sand Lake, N. Y. — and has followed farming since. In addition to his farming, he is now, and has been for tho last twenty-three years, loaning money in Wisconsin for Eastern capitalists. He was married in 1834, to Lydia C. Allendorf, daughter of Henry H. AUendorf, wlio is still living in Nassau, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., at the age of 95, still strong and in good health ; she died, Feb. 24, 1877, aged 68 years 1 month and 24 days, leaving five children — Henry G., lives in Mower Co., Minn.; Cordelia E., now Mrs. Ebenezer Jones, of Dodge Co., Minn.; Sarah Jane; Hiram and George A., living on the homestead (Sarah and George, with their f;»ther). Mr. Willard was married the second time, Oct. 12. 1879, to Mary Jane Severance, daughter of Herman and Sabrina (Durkee) Blodgett, of Vermont. He has 218 acres of land, 20 acres of it at the village of Randolph. Is a Republican, and has been Justice of the Peace two terms in the town of Courtland. His son, Hiram Willard, enlisted Aug. 20, 1864. in the 1st W. H. A., Battery M, and served till discharged at the close of the war. THOMAS WATEKWORTH, former. Sec. 35; P. 0. Randolph; was born in Yorkshire, England, Feb. 2, 1815; son of John Waterwurth. He was married, in Keighley Church, in Yorkshire, in 1837, to Sarah Greenwood, who was born in the same county he was; daughter of Wright Green- wood. Mr. Waterworth was a farmer in England ; came to America in 1855, and settled on the farm he now owns, in Courtlind. He- has ten children living — Mary, Grace, Hannah, Wright, Thomas, Sarah, Susannah, John, William and Jane Elizabeth. He has been Treasurer and Director in the school district, and Pathmaster, and is a Democrat. Has only two children living at home. Has 200 acres of land. DAVID a, WIIiLIAMS, miller, of the firm of Williams & Jones, Cambria; was born Nov. 25, 1841, in Denbighshire. North Wales; came to America with his parents in the spring of 1850; lived in Delafield, Waukesha Co., till the fall of 1851; then came to Cambria and has resided here since. His father, Gabriel \yilliams, has retired from business, and is living in Cambria ; Mr. Williams enlisted Aug. 13, 1862, in the 32d W. V. I., Co. F., and remained in the service till 1865, participating in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged during that time, and went with Sher- man on his famous "march to the sea;" July 8, 1865, he was married, in Dodge Co., Minn., to Emma L. Williams, of Waushara Co., Wis., who died in 1870, leaving one child — Eliza L.; was again married in 1871. on June 21, in i'ortland. Dodge Co., Wis., to Sarah Picket, and has four children by the second marriage — Frank G., George David, Jennie and Floyd Evan. Mr. Williams is a Republican. DANIKL Iv. WILLIAMS ( Glyn), farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Cambria ; born Nov. 29, 1819, in Car- narvonshire, North Wales ; son of Daniel Williams ; came to America in 1846, and settled in the town of Courtland, on the farm he now owns. Was married in 1849, to Elizabeth Jones, daughter of Owen Jones, a native of Anglesea, Wales; have five children — Eliza Ann, Owen J., Jepthah, Mary A., and Daniel, all living at home. Mr. and Mrs. Williams aramembers of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. He is a Republican. ELIAS B. WILLIAMS, deceased, was born In Llangernyn, North Wales, Sept. 26, 1818. His father, John Williams, was a freeholdor, and he remained on the farm with his father till he was 28 years old. In the summer of 1845, he came to America in company with seven other Welshmen — most of them with families — who came direct to Wisconsin, left their families in Milwaukee, and came up to Columbia Co. to '• spy out the promi.-ied land;'' they were pleased with the country, selected their land, built their cabins, and returned to Milwaukee for their families. They were the first Welsh that settled in this part of the county, and their names were as follows: David D. Roberts, John R. Rowlands, Robert Closs, Evan Edw uds, John Edwards, Elias B. Williams, Wm. R, Williams and Robert Lloyd, and they came Sept. 25, 1845. Some of them are still living in the county. They were Calvinistic Methodists, and, as the Sabbath" drew near, before they had any of their cabins built, they improvised a " temple of worship '' by putting up four posts, with poles laid across the tops, and covering the building with brushes and marsh grass : on Sabbath morning, they held a " prayer meeting " and " Bible service " in this, the first church edifice in the town of Courtland. June 13, 1848, Mr. Williams was married to Mary A. Jones, daughter of Richard Jones (Tarrycastell), a native of Dolydclen, North Wales. He was one of four brothers who were all noted for their prominence in the Calvinistic Methodist Church ; he was a Deacon, and his three brothers were ministers; he came to America in the fall of 1845, and settled in Columbia Co., town of Courtland ; he took an active part in organizing and sustaining the church in this county ; he bought a section of land and divided it up among his six children ; he died in Courtland ill 1850, aged 51 years, and his wife died in 1863, aged 59. Mr. and Mrs. Williams were the first Welsh couple married in the town of Courtland, if not in the county ; they were married at her father's home, and the parlor in which the ceremony was performed was about half full of wheat, which had been stored there for want of a better place ; this important event occurred about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and 1038 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: immediately after the ceremony, sie accompanied her husband to his home, and helped about milkins; the cows and taking care of the stock the first night — plunging at once into the stern realities of married life on a farm in a new tountry ; he owned a farm of 370 acres in the town of Counland, on Sec. 8, which he occupied until his death, which occurred April 4, 1876, of pneumonia, after an illness of only four days ; he was 58 years of age at the time of his death, and left no children. Mr. Williams was a prom- inent musician, a thorough teacher and leader of the choir in the Calvinistic Methodist Church at Welsh Prairie and in Cambria for years ; he was also a compo.ser of considerable note, and published several of his pieces, which were well received by the public; the last two years of his life his leisure time was de- voted almost entirely to writing poetry. Mr. and Mrs. Williams spent several years in Europe, being there from 1863 to 1868. Mrs. Williams is now living in Cambria, managing the estate of her late hus- band, which consists of 800 acres of land divided into fine farms. JOHN Lil. WIIjLIAMS, M. D., Cambria; was born in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, July 15, 1826, son of William S. Williams ; his mother's maiden name was Jane Owens. His parents started for America May 24, 1847, and his father died on Lake Michigan, on the way to Wisconsin, July 7, 1847 ; his mother died about a montli after arriving in Springvale. John LI. first read medicine in Llanrwst, North Wales, in the office of Dr. William Hughes ; attended one course of lectures in (jlasgow, Scotland, and received a licenie to practice ; when he was 20 years of age, he commenced practice, in Cambria, in 1847, when it was called Langdon's Mills, and only three persons in the village ; after coming to Wiscon- sin, he attended lectures in Chicago, and is a graduate of Kush Medical ColleL,e. Feb 28, 1854, he was married, in I'ortage City, Wis., to Elizabeth Evans, who was born Jan. 8, 1833, in the same county as her husband, in North Wales, daughter of Robert Evans. Has three children — Jane E., William E. and Mary Ann, all living at home. He was Town Superintendent of Schools several years, under the old system, and Justice of the Peace. After the battle of Pittsburg Landing, the Doctor, with forty-seven others, visited Chicago, to go down and attend the wounded, and in 1864, went to Vick.«burg, and had charge of all the hospitals in the post, for four months. He also taught the first school in Springvale, in a " dug- out," three nights in a wi-ek, in the fall of 1847. OWKX^ WIIiI.ilAMS, carpenter, Cambria; was born Dec. 20, 1836, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, parish of Penmanmawr ; son of Owen Williams ; his mother's maiden name was Margaret Roberts. Came to America in fall of 1856, and lived in Chicago about six mimths ; then, in May, 1857, went to Portage City and lived there almost five months, then, in La Crosse till the spring of 1859, when he went to St. Louis, Mo.; resided there a little over a year, then back to Wisconsin, and lived in Cam- bria, four years. He then went on to a farm, near Lake Emily, in the town of Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis., where he resided fourteen years, still working at his trade, which he had learned in Wales. In June, 1878, he removed to the village of Cambria, where he still resides. Was first married. May 6, 1864, in Fox Lake, to Mary Morris, daughter of Henry Morris, of that place ; she died May 8, 1868, leaving one child, Richard 0. Williams, born June 11, 1865, and now living at home. Was married again in Milwaukee, April 3, 1871, to Ellen Thomas, of Milwaukee, daughter of Richard Roberts and widow of Joseph Thomas, who died, in Randolph, of sunstroke. Mr. Williams owns a farm of 240 acres, in the town of Machford, Green Lake Co., Wis.; one of 156 acres, in Fox Lake, Dodge Co., and twenty acres in the town of Courtland, Columbia Co. — 116 acres in all. Independent in politics. MRtli. PERRY WILLjIAIIS ( widow) ; is a native of North Wales; came to America in 1843 ; lived in New York City till 1SG5, then came to Cambria, and since 1869, has been carrying on her present business ; has a book, stationery and toy store on north side of Main street, in Cambria. Has one daughter, Perrie. Her husband, Morris Williams, died in New York City, in Febru- ary, 1865. Mrs. Williams and daughter are members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. PKTER WIIiLIAMN, Postmaster, Cambria; was born Dec. 17, 1831, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales; he learned the tailor's trade in Wales, and came to America in the spring of 1849: he came to Courtland, where his stepfather, Owen Richards, had located in 1847, and worked two and one- half yt^ars on the farm, when they had to haul wheat to Milwaukee with ox teams, taking ten to twelve days to make the round trip, and were only able to haul about thirty bushels to a load ; in the fall of 1851, he went to Beaver Dam to get employment, and arrived there with only 25 cents in his pocket, and Sat- urday night at that ; he soon engaged to work for Hiram Booth at his trade for $8 per month ; he stayed there about six weeks, then worked in Fox Lake till the next July, at SIO per month ; the next move was to Dodgeville, Wis., to drive team in the lead mines, but, felling to get employment, only stayed eight days, and returned home penniless ; he then worked for his stepfather through harvest without pay, and soon after started for Beaver Dam again without a cent ; he worked on a farm for Judge Green seven weeks at $10 per mouth, then worked for Booth again till March 25, 1853 ; he then came back to Columbia TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 1039 Co., and opened the first tailor-shop in Cambria, and has carried on the business most of the time since, except one year in Beaver Dam and one year in Berlin, eleriiing for Forbes. He was married in Cambria in 185(5, to Ellen Owens ; has two children living — Jennie M,, now Mrs. R. A. Sanderson, of Columbus, and Owen C, at home ; have lost six — Grace Ellen, Clara, Thomas Grant, and three died in infancy. Methodist and Republican ; has been Postmaster at Cambria since Jan. 1, 1879 ; cast his first Presidential vote for John C. Fremont. WIIiLIAM AP WILiLIAMS, pumpmaker, Cambria Village ; was born in November, 1824, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales; son of William Williams, who came to America in 1847, settled in Springvale, Columbia Co., Wis., and died there in 1863, aged 75; Mrs. Williams died in Wales in 1837, aged 55. William ap was married in Wales in 1845, to Margaret Owens, daughter of Owen Pritchard (Beddgelert) of Carnarvonshire; came to America in 1849, two years after his father came, lived in Oneida Co., N. Y., two years, «nd came to Wisconsin in 1851 ; settled in Springvale, rented a farm six years, then bought a farm of 240 acres on Sec. 9, and lived there till the summer of 1867, then sold out and removed to Cambria Village, where he has carried on the business of pumpmaking and drilling wells ever since Sept. 3, 1861 ; his first wife died aged 37, leaving eight children (having previously lost two, one named Gaing and one infant, unnamed) ; of those living— Ann is now Mrs. John Williams, of Empo- ria, Kan.; Catharine is Mrs. James Pritchard, of Oakland, Cal.; William lives in Emporia, Kan.; Gaing is the wife of Thomas James, a molder living in Honululu, Sandwich Islands; Maggie, single, living near Oakland, Cal.; Robert in the Sandwich Islands, on a sugar plantation, and Richard and Rowland at home in Cambria. Mr. Williams was married the second time, June 7, 1867, to Wright, a native of Scot- land, who died in 1874 ; was married the third time, Dec. 25, 1879, to Mrs. Jane James, a native of Wales and widow of E. James, of Columbus. Mr. and Mrs. Williams are members of the Methodist Church, and he is a Republican. When his father, William Williams, arrived in Milwaukee, he was obliged to stop at the hospital at that place, with his son Rowland, who was taken sick on the Lake ; another son, Robert, was taken sick on the road after leaving Milwaukee, and died a few days after they arrived in Cam- bria in July, 1847, aged 25, and was the first one buried in the Cambria cemetery ; Mr. Williams is one of the company engaged in mining for silver in the town of Courtland, just south of Cambria. TOWN OF RANDOLPH. ADA^I BLOCHWITZ, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Cambria; was born June 22, 1834, in Bava- ria; son of Jacob Blochwitz, who came to America in 1839, or 1840, and settled in Westchester Co., N. Y., near Sing Sing; came to Wisconsin in 1850, and is now living in Green Lake Co., aged 79 ; Adam remained with his father till 1852, except about six months in Milwaukee, trying to learn the shoemaker's trade, without success, however, as the business did not agree with him ; in September, 1852, he went to Portage City and engaged as clerk in the dry-goods and grocery business, at which he con- tinued three years ; he then went into partnership with George Rapp in the first bakery established in Portage, but which was run the past year by Rapp, then leased by Hutcher & Ranson for two years, before he bought an interest ; they carried on business together one year, when he bought out the whole concern and continued the business alone till 1862, then sold out to A. F. Greene, and July 25, 1862, came to the town of Randolph, where he now resides. Was married, March 28, 1858, to Willhelmiene Burbach, who died May 4, 1871, aged 33 years 10 months and 13 days, leaving five children — Eliza, Phcebe, Jacob, Margaret and Peter, all living at home ; was married the second time, March 16, 1872, to Sophia Keller, by whom he has two children — ^John C. and Henry A.; she was born May 12, 1837, in Prussia, daughter of Conrad Keller, who came to America in 1868, and now lives on Sec. 17 in Ran- dolph ; Mr. Blochwitz has been Supervisor and Justice of the Peace, and in politics is conservative ; has 147 acres of land. Both members of the Reformed Lutheran Church. FREDERICK BICKELHAUPT, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Randolph Center; born Jan. 21, 1836, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany; son of Peter Bickelhaupt; came to America in 1 842, with his pareqts, and lived in New York City about twenty years ; worked a part of the time in a soda-water factory and some in a window-shade factory; in 1863 came to Wisconsin and lived in Cambria until 1865, then went to Fox Lake and manufactured soda water for two years ; then back to Cambria and kept saloon until 1872 ; he then took a trip through Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico, and returned to Cambria in 1874 ; stayed there until the spring of 1879, then came to the town of Randolph, where he now resides. 1040 15I0GRAFHICAL SKETCHES: VVa* first married in New York City in 1862, to Mar<;aret Shoffer, who died in 1875 aged 37, leaving three children — Fred, Kmma and Peter ; in October. lS7li, he was married to Mrs. John Heidt. whose maiden name wius Beraadina Furing, daughter of Conrad Furing, of Courtland. (See his biography.) Mr. Heidt died in 1874, aged 86, leaving four children^Frank, I'aulina, Joseph and Henry ; had lost three- John M., Mary and Georgie. Mr. Bickelhaupt lost four children by his first wife — William, Charles George and an infant not named ; has one child by the second marriage — Matilda. Mrs. Bickelhaupt is a Catholic, and he is a Democrat. EDWARD J. BREEZE, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Randolph ; was born in Montgomeryshire, North Wales, August ,1831 ; son of Edward Breese, who came to America in the spring of 184(), and settled in the town of Randolph ; he is still living and in god health at the age of 83, Mrs. Breese (mother of Edward J. 1, died in April, 1872, or 1873, aged 66. Mr. Breese has alwiiys followed farming ; was married in the fall of 1867, to Sarah Jones, daughter of John W. Jones, of Randolph;, she died Oct. 1-4, 1874, of apoplexy, aged 35 years and 8 months, leaving two children — John, born July 14, 1868, and E Iward. born May 19, 1873. Mrs. Breese was a member of the Calvinistic Methodist Church; Mr. Beesc is also a member of the same church, and is a Republican. Mr. Breese is a brother of LI. Br.;ese, of Portage. DAVID CARSON, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Cambria; was born Dec. 9, 1823, near Montreal, Canada; son of George and Mary Carson; when about 1 1 years old, David was thrown on his own resources, and commenced the battle of life on his own hook Jan. 10, 1843. He was married in Vermont, to Polly Allen, who was born Nov. 29, 1826, in Goshen, Vt., daughter of Reuben and Polly Allen, natives of Vermont, who came to Wisconsin in 1854. Mr. Carson came from \'ermont to Wisconsin in Septem- ber, 1855, and settled in the town of Randolph, where he has since resided; has four children living — James 11., lives in Grand Meadow: Julius A., at High Forest, Minn.; George and Bell, at home with parents; lost one child — Polly died April 4, 1872, aged 14 years. Mr. Carson is a member of the M. E. Church. He has 270 acres of land, all improved but 80 acres of timber. He is a Republican. JAMES P. CHAPMAN, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 0. Cambria; born March 9, 1836, in Tioga Co., Penn.; came to Wisconsin in 1853, and settled in Plaintield, Waushara Co. Was married in 1856, to Julia Chapman, who died in 1863, leaving three children — Joh'i Earl, Melis.sa and Louisa. Oct. 6, 1865, was married to Mrs. Cornelia Austin, daughter of Stephen A. Cromwell, a native of Montgomery Co., N. Y.; she came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; have one child by the second marriage — Rose H. Mr. Chapman enlisted in 1862, in the 32d W. V. L, Co. C, and was in the service about three years. He i-i paying considerable attention to raising small fruits, and was almost the first one in the county to take any interest in raspberry culture. Mr. Chapman has a great variety of floral plants, and they have purchased the material and are about to build a large conservatory. They are members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, and he is Republican. SAMUEL. CLARK, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Randolph Center; born Aug. 13, 1816, in Go.shen, Addison Co., Vt.; son of William and Betsy Clark. Was married in Goshen May 14, 1850, to Julia House, who was born Feb. 7, 1830, in same place ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, and has lived in the town of Randolph ever since ; lived first summer on Sec. 14, at AUen'.s Corners, in a room 12x16, over a blacksmith-shop, and used a chest for a table until his goods came; lived six years near Cambria; and in spring of 1861, bought the farm he now owns of William Richardson of New York, (being the only farm left on the prairie not fenced and improved); came on the farm with his family in the summer of 1862. ILis five children — Nellie R.. Samuel B., Mary J., William T., and Mattie M., all at home except Samuel B. who is married and lives at Randolph Center. (Sec his biography.) Mr. Clark was Chairman of his town three years, and Side Supervisor one year. Is a Republican, and has 190 acres of land ; 160 acres improved and 30 acres timber. SAMUEL B. CLARK, wagon-maker, Randolph Center; was born July 23, 1854, in Rut- land Co., Vt.; son of Sam Clark of Randolph. (See his biography.) Samuel B. lived with his father on the farm till the spring he was 21, then went to learn the wagon-maker's trade of John Chamberlain, of Ran- dolph Center; worked with him till the fall of 1879, then bought the shop where he learned his trade, and is now in partnership with Archibald Murray, who owns a blacksmith shop at the Center. He was married, Ajiril 9, 1878, to Mary A. Williams, who was born Dec. 5, 1859, in the town of Randolph, daughter of John Williams, a native of Wales. Mr. and Mrs. Clark arc members of the M. E. Church, and he is a Republican. LEVI DEXTER, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 0. Cambria; was born in Massachusetts, town of Stone, May 22, 1809 ; son of John Dexter, who went to Vermont and died there when Levi was only 10 years old. He was married, Nov. 18, 1833, in Vermont, to Phebe Pratt, who died July 12, 1846, aged 30 years, leaving five children — Alman, lives in Grant Co., Wis.; Levi, in Cerro Gordo Co., Iowa; Joseph TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 1041 and Myron, are in Rockwell, Cerro Gordo, in the dry-goods business together; Freelove, the oldest child, is now the widow of Jonas Adams, and lives in Minnesota. Mr. Dexter came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1854, and June 8, 1856, was married in the town of Randolph to Susannah Miller, and has since lived on the farm he now occupies ; had six children by the second marriage ; five of them living — John, Lucy, Phebe, Henry and Annie. Mr. and Mrs. Dexter are Presbyterians and he is a Republican. His son Myron enli^ted in the army during the rebellion and served about a year, toward the close of the war was in the 45th W. V. I., Co. B. LiEVI B. EAGER, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Randolph; was born April 17, 1821, in Derby, Orleans Co., Vt.; son of Luther Eager. Was married in Burke, Caledonia Co., Vt., in 1850, to Ann Ward, who died Aug. 2, 1862, at Fox Lake, Wis., aged 38, leaving one son, Henry L., now living in Mil- waukee, who is a telegraph operator. Mr. Eager came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1851, and set- tled in the town of Fox Lake; lived there till 1866, then went to Randolph Village, and lived there about five years ; in the fall of 1870, he removed to his present location ; has 170 acres of land which he purchased in 1866, and rented till 1870. Was married the second time, March 21, 1863, at Fox Lake, to Calista C. Preston, who was born May 28, 1840, in Goshen, Addison Co., Vt., daughter of Charles Preston; has two children by the second marriage^Mabelle, born Feb. 18, 1867, and Carlos, born Feb. 27, 1871 ; one daughter, Annie, was born Feb. 19, 1865, and died Sept. 1, 1865. Republican. WILLIAM HARRIS, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Randolph Center; was born Feb. 13, 1820, in Monmouthshire, North Wales ; son of John Harris. Was married in Wales, Sept. 15, 1839, to Alice Thompson, daughter of William Thomp.son ; she was born March 15, 1820, in same place; he came to America in 1842, and lived one and one-half years in Monongalia Co., Va.; then went to Maryland and lived three and one-half years in Alleghany Co.; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1847, and settled in the town of Randolph, on Sec. 15, and removed to his present location in 1855 ; has 320 s.cres of land with good buildings ; Sarah (now Mrs. Hugh Williams, of Chicago), John lives in Dexter, Mower Co., Minn., and Martha, now Mrs. James Carson, of Grand Meadow, Mower Co., Minn., and William T., unmarried and living at home ; Mr. Harris worked in a tin factory when a boy, but worked at mining five or six years before he left Wales ; also followed mining in Virginia and Maryland ; after he came to Wisconsin he followed farming except five winters he worked at mining, two winters in Missouri, two in Illinois and one in Kentucky ; on three of his trips to the mines he went on foot to Galena, 111., his wife remaining at home, with her three children, doing her own work and hauling her wood with an ox team ; in the fall of 1861, he made a trip to Wales to visit his parents and was gone about three months ; has had two birthdays on the ocean, in 1822 and 1842, both times on his way to America. Himself and son are Republicans. AMOS A. HARTSON, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Randolph; born Dec. 23, 1819, in Mans- field, Conn.; son of Elijah and Sabrina (Utley ) Hartson ; when 18 years old, his parents removed to Luzerne Co., Penn., town of Scott ; he remained with his parents till he was 21 years old ; at the age of 22, he bought a piece of timber land and commenced clearing it up for a farm. March 29, 1842, he was married, in Luzerne Co., to Artemissa Fellows, who was born Oct. 31, 1819, in Luzerne Co., Penn.; daughter of Benjamin Fellows; she died June 16, 1867. Mr. Hartson came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1849, and the next winter bought the farm he now owns, and where he has resided since the spring of 1850 ; has 193 acres of land ; his second wife, with whom he is now living, was Mrs. Mary Duley, daugh- ter of Michael Roach, to whom he was married in Portage City, Wis., in the fall of 1871 ; has three chil- dren living — Amos E., lives in Butler Co., Iowa; Martha, now Mrs. Ray Beddow, of Minnesota, and Alfred H., living in Minneapolis, Minn.; lost three — Harriet (Mrs. Frank Gale), Mary and Sarah. Mr. Hartson is a Democrat, but votes for the best man. HEIVRY HENSIIi, farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Salemville, Green Lake Co.; was born June 26, 1824, in the city of Marienwerder, West Prussia; son of August Hensil ; came to America in the fall of 1848 ; came direct to Wisconsin and located some land in what is now the town of Randolph ; he then went to Portage City (then called Gougeville), and worked three years at carpenter work, then returned to his farm in Randolph, where he has since resided. He was married, Oct. 22, 1855, to Phebe Hedrig, who was born in the city of Braunfels, Prussia, in the Province of Rhine, and came to America with her parents in 1855 ; daughter of Conrad Hedrig; Mr. Hensil has four children Jiving — Mina, Lottie, Ellie and Sophia, all at home ; has lost one — Frances, died in 1863, only a year old. Mr. Hensil learned the millwright's trade in Prussia, but has followed farming since he came to America, except the three years he lived in Portage ; has held the office of Constable and several school district offices ; in politics a Reformer, and has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity for the last ten years ; himself and wife both members of the Lutheran Church. Mr. Hensil and Charles W. Arch were the first German settlers in 1042 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the town of Randolph, and located their land at the same time; the first nisjht they stayed on their land, they turned a wagon box bottom up, setting a stick under one end to hold it up; they slept on the ground under the box ; during the night, Mr. Arch, in turning over, knocked the stick out and let the box down on the ground, catching them in the trap, where they lay till morning. Next day, they built a cabin, by setting sticks on end in a circle and bringing them together at the top, like an Indian wigwam, and covering it with sods; in this they lived about four weeks. The first winter, snow fell about four feet deep. ELA9I D. HEWITT (deceased) ; was a native of Saratoga Co., N. Y.; son of William Hewit, and was born March 1, 1811:!. Was married, March 29, 1840, to Almeda B. Holcomb, who was born Jan. 14, 1817, in Vermont; daughter of Isaac and Hannah Holcomb, who removed to Saratoga Co. when she was only 5 or 6 years old. Mr. Hewit came to Wisconsin with his family in July, 1846, and lived in Cottage Grove, Dane Co., till the next December, then came to Columbia Co. and located in what is now the town of Randolph, when there were but few families in the town ; in March, 1847, he entered IGO acres in Sec. 34, and built a cabin 10x14 feet, in which they lived about a year, then drew lumber from Milwaukee with ox teams, and built a home in which he spent the remainder of his days. He worked at carpenter work for fourteen or fifteen years after he came to Wisconsin, hiring the work done on his farm; he died March 21, 1869, after an illness of only three days, leaving a widow and nine children — Mary F. (now Mrs. Henry Bradshaw),of Cookston, Polk Co., Minn.; Jerome B., Hannah A. (Mrs. William H. Hughes), died Dec. 3, 1879, leaving one child (HughieE.); Albert E., in Black Hills, Dak.; George W., William W. lives in the town of Randolph ; Cecil A., Henry S. and Allie L.; Cecil A. and Allie L. are living on the homestead with their mother. P. 0. Randolph Center. ELOX HOLiCOMB, farmer. Sec. 34; P. Cambria; born Feb. 17, 1833, in the State of New York ; son of Isaac and Hannah Holcomb, who came to Wisconsin in 1846, and settled in the town of Randolph ; his mother died June 23, 1873, aged 85, and his fether July 8, 1876, aged 88 ; both died on the farm which they settled in 1849, where they lived with their son, Elon, who is still unmarried and occupies the homestead. Has 40 acres of land; attends the M. E. Church and is a Republican. EDWARD J. Hll^GHES, dentist, Randolph ; has been practicing dentistry for the last two years, and still continues to practice in Randolph and vicinity ; he was born Feb. 20, 1846, in Car- narvonshire, North Wales ; son of Thomas Hughes, who came to America in August, 1846, and settled on the farm now occupied by his widow and two sons ; he died June 30, 1879, aged 64, leaving eight children — John, Jane (now Mrs. R. S. Richmond, of Randolph Village), Mary (now Mrs. S. W. Hart- well, of Dexter, Mower Co., Minn.), Edward J. (subject of this sketch ), Sarah ( now Mrs. J. K. Salisbury, of Renville Co., Minn.), Catharine (now Mrs. A. W. Thornhill, of Mower Co., Minn.), Anna (now Mrs. Crippin, resides in the town of Randolph) and Oswald R., on the homestead with his mother, a native of North Wales, and 65 years old; have 160 acres of land. Edward J. was married, Oct. 23, 1876, to Lettie C. Edwards, who died Oct. 14, 1878, leaving one child — William T., born Oct. 12, 1878; she was a daughter of Daniel Edwards, of Doylestown, Columbia Co., Wis., now of McMinnville, Tenn. JOHX W. HrCirHE^i, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Cambria ; born in Denbighshire, North Wales. April 28, 1812 : son of William Hughes. Was married, in Wales in 1840, to Mary Jones, daughter of John Jones ; followed butchering in Wales; came to America in spring of 1857, and lived in Rosendale and Eldorado, Fond du Lac Co., Wis., thirteen years, and, in 1870, came to Columbia Co., to his present location ; has eight children — John, Elizabeth, Sarah, William, Robert, Mary, Ann Margaret and Ezra, four of them, Robert, Mary, Margaret and Ezra, at home ; both members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. He is a Republican ; has 120 acres of land. JOHX K. JOl^ES ( Penllyn ), farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Cambria; was born in Montgomeryshire, North Wales, parish of Cemmaes, June 10, 1822 ; son of Rowland Jones (Gwaliau) ; came to America in 1848 ; stopped in Utica, N. Y., about three months, then went to Pittston Ferry, Penn, where he resided till the spring of 1851 ; he then went to California, and worked at mining till 1854, when he returned East, and was married, in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., by James Griffith, to Sarah Parry, a native of Merionethshire, North Wales ; he then came to Wisconsin, and settled in the town of Randolph, near Cambria, and in the spring of 18(i7, removed to his present location ; has two children — Rowland Henry Jones and David Oliver Jones, both at home. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are members of the Welsh Congre- gational Church ; he has 160 acres of land. Republican. JOHN R. JONES, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Cambria; born Dec. 29, 1825, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales; son of Richard J. Jones, who came to America in the fall of 1845, and entered 240 acres of land in Sees. 4 and 5, in the town of Courtland, Columbia Co., Wis., the same fall ; lived in Columbus till the next spring, and then came on his land with his family, and remained on the same farm till his TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 1043 death, in 1850; his mother's name was Ann Owens. Mr. Jones was first married in May, 1853, to Hannah Elias, who died Jan. 29, 1877, leaving six children — Hannah, now Mrs. David Evans, of Minne- apolis ; Richard, also in Minneapolis ; Hugh lives in Eau Claire Co., Wis.; Evan, in Minneapolis ; Annie and John, at home. His second wife, to whom he was married April 8, 1879, was Mrs. Mary Hughes, daughter of Hugh R. Hughes, and widow of Benjamin R. Hughes, who died Dec. 9, 1873, in Cambria, leaving two children— Hugh R. and Jennie ; both living with parents. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are members of the Welsh Calvinistic Church. He owns 127 acres of land in his farm, and is a Republican. THOMAS F. JONES, former ; Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Randolph ; was born in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, in 1830 ; son of John Thomas, who came to America in 1848, and died within a week after reaching New York, and Mrs. Thomas died about two weeks after her husband ; Thomas F. stayed a few months with a brother, in the northern part of the State of New York ; then lived in TJtica about three years ; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1856 ; lived at Fox Lake five months ; then in and around Cambria till 1866 ; he then bought the farm he now owns, and where he has since resided. Was married in 1865, in Cambria, to Margaret Jones, of Rome, N. Y. ; has no children. Owns 160 acres of land, and is a Republican. Both are members of Calvinistic Methodist Church. ROBERT E. KELLOGG (deceased); was among the first settlers in the town of Ran- dolph ; he was born Feb. 2, 1822, in Sheffield, Mass.; he worked'on his father's farm till he was 21 years old ; then engaged in the mercantile business in the city of Hudson. N. Y., where he remained two years ; then came West, and followed the same business in Racine, Wis., about a year and a half; in the spring of 1847, he came to Columbia Co., and took up 120 acres of Government land in the town of Randolph, on Sec. 26, where he resided and followed farming till his death, which occurred Oct. 27, 1864, of con- sumption. May 2, 1846, he was married, in Racine, to Elizabeth Hoffman, who was born Jan. 11, 1824, in Columbia Co., N.Y., town of Claverick ; she was a daughter of Jacob D. and Maria Hoffman, natives of New York, who emigrated to Wisconsin in 1848, and both died in the town of Randolph — Mrs. Hofi'man, May 12, 1854, and Mr. Hoffman, May 21, 1878 ; Mr. and Mrs. Kellogg have had four children, of whom two are living — Alfred, born Nov. 57, 1847, and Anna, born Nov. 5, 1863; both unmarried, and living on the homestead with their mother; Sylvester was born Jan. 9, 1850, and died Oct. 27, 1853, and Charles, born Feb. 24, 1861, died June 10, 1862. Have 120 acres of land on Sees. 26 and 35. P. 0. Randolph. WM. KING, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Cambria; was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, about 1820 ; came to America in 1840, and to Caledonia, Columbia Co., Wis. in 1843; lived there four years ; then removed to Portage Prairie, town of Scott, on Sec. 23, and lived there till 1857 ; then sold out and went to Portage ; lived two years near Portage ; then came to Cambria, and bought the farm he now owns in Randolph. Was married in 1354, in Marcellon, to Janet Weir, a native of Scotland ; have five chil- dren — Janet, now Mrs. Matthew Kerr, of the town of Scott; Agnes; Wm.; Robert and George; lost one — Marion, died at the age of 13. In the fall of 1852, Wm. King went to California, via Panama; remained there four years ; most of the time in the mines ; was successful, and is now enjoying the fruit of his labors. PHILLIP KITMBA, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Salemville, Green Lake Co.; born April 29, 1821, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany; son of Phillip Kumba; came to America in 1842, and lived in Westchester Co., N. Y., till 1850. Was married in New York City, Nov. 30, 1845, to Phebe Bloch- witz, daughter of Jacob Biochwitz ; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1850, and settled in Green Lake Co. ( then Marquette), town of Manchester (then called Albany) ; removed to Columbia Co., town of Randolph, in about 1858, and has since lived on the farm he now occupies ; has eight children now living — Magdalena, now Mrs. Ferdinand Heidt, of the town of Randolph ; Catharine, now Mrs. Geo. Sackman, also of Randolph ; Peter, married to Catharine Biochwitz, and living on the homestead ; Jacob, married to Eliza Scharf, and lives in Manchester, Green Lake Co., Wis.; Margaret; Phillip; John and Joseph ; last four at home. Mr. Kumba has been Supervisor two years, and Justice of the Peace ; is a Democrat, and belongs to the Catholic (Jhurch. Has 348 acres of land. Mrs. Kumba was born Nov. 21, • 1826, in Bavaria, and is a Presbyterian. JOHN B. LLOYD, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Cambria ; born Aug. 11, 1850, in North Wales- in the parish of Dolyddelen, Carnarvonshire, son of Bleddyn Lloyd ; his mother's maiden name was Ann Owens. His father is a farmer, and is still living in Wales ; he also has one sister and four brothers, al living in Wales. John B. came to America in the spring of 1870, coming direct to Wisconsin, and has since made this his home. He attended school in Cambria, the first two winters. Oct. 11, 1879, he wag married to Miss Jennie Williams, who was born S<.pt. 5, 1852, in the village of Cambria, daughter o Owen and Ellen (Jones) Williams, who were the first settlers in the village of Cambria. Mr. Lloyd 1044 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: bought the farm he now owns in the spring of 1874, and came on to it in November, 1879 ; has 130 acres, worth abi)ut $4,500, and has about $1,000 worth of stock. In politics he is Republican, and both members of the Welsh Methodist Church. GEOK, Theresa M. (now Mrs. E. A Price, of Baraboo); Willie E. and Elmer E., both living with their parents. Mr. Torbert has been in office of some kind most of the time since he has lived in Randolph, having held at one time and another all the different town offices. Mr. and Mrs. Torbert are both members of the M. E. Church, and he has been Superintendent of Sabbath .school for nearly twenty years, and is a Republican. 1»AVID D. WILLIAIVIS (Tan-y-bwlch), former, Sec. 31; P. O. Cambria; was born Dec. 25, ISl'J, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, in the parish of Dolyddelen ; son of William Davis (^of the same place), whose father was David Williams, but himself and brothers all went by the name of Davis. The subject of this sketch chose to take his grandfather's name, and is known as David D. Williams ; he came to America in 185G, and settled in Columbia Co., Wis.; lived one year in the town of Springvale, and since that time in Randolph in his pre-sent location ; was a farmer in Wales, and was married, in November, 1840 (in Wales), to Ann Evans, who was born in Denbighshire, North Wales, May 14, 1818, daughter of Robert Evans and sister of Mrs. LI. Williams and Mrs. John ap. Jones ; have had in all nine children, of whom six are now living— William B. (lives in Berlin, Wis.); Robert E. (at home); David D. (in Fox Lake, Wis.); Mary A. (now Mrs. Thomas Davis, of Minneapolis, Minn.); Griffith D, (lives in Hutchinson Co., Dakota), and Ellen (now Mrs. A. H. Potts, of Fox Lake, Wis.); Anna died in Wales about a year old; Margaret was married to Owen E. Jones, of Cambria, and died Jan. 1, 1876, aged 34 years and 3 months, leaving two children — Charles Lincoln and Frederick W.; John D. Will- iams died Feb. 10, 1879, aged 23 years 5 months and 22 days. Mrs. Williams is a member of the Cal- vinistic Methodist Church. He has 191 acres of land, and is a Republican; has made two trips to Wales since he came to America, and, in 1859, was away nine months, and one in 1867, gone only five weeks. RDIVARI) Ij. WILiIjIAMS, farmer. Sec. 33; P.O. Cambria; was born in Carnarvon- shire, North Wales; sou of Thomas Edwards, but takes his grandfather's name, Edward Williams; came to America in 1846 and settled in the town of Courtland, and has resided there and in the town of Ran- dolph ever since. Was married, in 1855, to Mary Jones, daughter of Owen Jones, of Springvale ; has seven children — Thomas E , Owen J., John T., Margaret E., Elizabeth J., Edward L. and Mary. His first wife died in 1867, aged 35 years. He was married again, in 1869, to Maria Jones, daughter of David R. Morris, of Utica, Winnebago Co., Wis; she is the mother of the youngest child (Mary). Has 310 acres of land with good buildings nicely located ; has been Treasurer of the town, and was Assessor for about ten years in Courtland and two years in Randolph, and is a Rejiublican ; both are members of the Welsh Calvinistic Church. ElilAS R. WILiIilAMS, harness-maker, Cambria; was born in March, 1829, in Merioneth- shire, North Wales; son of Robert Williams, who came to America in 1845, and lived in Racine till the next spring ( 1846); he then .settled in Courtland (then called Portage Prairie), and died in 1853; Elias R. remained in Racine (where he learned his trade), till 1848 ; then went to Louisiana and lived in Bayou Sara about six mouths; then a year and a half in Natchez, Miss., working at his trade; then in 185(1, came back to Wisconsin and stayed on his father's farm till the spring of 1854, then went to Waupun and worked at his trade one summer; then went to Watertown, and in 1845, was married to Ann E. Jones, daughter of Nathaniel Jones, a native of Wales ; soon after marriage, he went into business for himself, and continued there till 1864 ; then came to Cambria and still continues the business; was a member of the first Village Board ever elected in Cambria, and has been President of the village ; is now leader of the choir of tbe Calvinistic Methodist Church, and has about thirty singers, had at one time forty, and it had the reputation of being the best choir in the State ; he also gives instructions in vocal music ; has throe children — John E., Laurie Ann and Sarah Jane. Republican. JIOKKIS WILLIAMS, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Cambria; was born Dec. 2, 1823, in Car- narvons^hire. North Wales ; son of Wm. Morris, whose father's name was Morris Williams ; he came to .\merica in the spring of 1845 ; lived in Northampton Co., Penn., three and a half years; in the full of 1848 came to Wisconsin and setth^d on the farm he now owns. Was married in October, 1845, in Easton, Penn., to Mary Jones, a native of Carnarvonshire, North Wales, daughter of Griffith Jones; she died April 30, 1879, in Randolph, leaving one child, George Washington Williams, born Feb. 22, 1858, now attending school in Milwaukee. Mrs. Williams was a member of the Calvinistic Methodist Church, and Mr. Williams and his son also belong to the same church. Both Republicans. Owners of 240 acres of land. SAJIUEL l\ WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 0. Randolph Center; was born in the Lee, Oneida Co., N. Y., Jan. 19, 1818 ; son of Alexander Williams. Was married in Oneida Co., Jan. 1, 1845, to Mary J. Kingsbury, who was born Oct. 2, 1819, in Hebron Co., Conn.; came to Wisconsin TOWN OF SCOTT. 1049 in June, 1849 ; lived in Kingston, Green Lake Co., till .spring of 1850 ; then removed to Caledonia, Colum- bia Co. where he lived till Januarj', 1852, and from that time till April, 1854, he lived in Ft. Winnebago, there being no garrison there at the time, and the buildings left in charge of Capt. Wra. Weir when he left the fort; he went on a farm three miles away, and lived there till 1863, then in December of that year came to the town of Randolph on Sec. 24, where he resided till ftlafch, 1870, then sold out and removed to his present location. Has 170 acres of land; has four children — Charles S. at home; H. W., who is married and in the hardware business in Waupaca, Wis., a partner of J. E. Wells & Co., of Portage City, Wis.; George H. and Bugenis H. Mr. Williams and sons are Democrats, and Mrs. Williams is a Repub- lican. WIL,L,IAMM. WILLI A:VIS, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Randolph Center; was born Feb. 27, 1832 or 1833, in Carnarvonshire, North Wales ; son of William Morris ; Mr. Williams came to America when 16 years old, and lived a couple of years with his brother Morris Williams, and then made his home in the town of Scott till 1876 ; then removed to his present location. His first wife was Mary Jones, daughter of Robert Jones, of the town of Scott ; she lived only about two years after her marriage, and died in 1861, aged 22 years, leaving no children; he remained single till June 20, 1879, when he was married to Ann Pugh, daughter of H^enry Pugh ; she was born in Utioa, N. Y., March 22, 1843. Both are members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church. He has 175 acres of land. Republican. CHARLES M. WILLIS, JH. D., Randolph ; is the son of Anthony and Sabrina Willis ; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Dec. 7, 1849 ; his father was a cabinet-maker of Massena, St. Lawrence Co., whence he removed to Green Lake Co. and settled on a farm near Ripon, Wis., in the fall of 1871 ; Charles received his early education in the district school of Green Lake Co. after which he attended Ripon College for about four years, teaching part of the time during the winters so as to have money enough to meet his expenses at college through the summer term ; in 1874, he began the study of medi- cine with Dr. Everhard, of Ripon, and attended lectures at Rush Medical College, of Chicago, where he graduated with the Class of 1877 ; he at once began the practice of medicine at Randolph, Dodge Co., where he has now an extensive practice in this and Columbia Cos. ; as a citizen, he is highly respected, and as a physician, he enjoys the confidence of all who know him. In July, 1876, he married Miss Anna L. Harrison, of Ringwood, McHenry Co., 111.; they have one son, Roy. Mrs. W. is a member of the Congregational Church. TOWN OF SCOTT. LOREXZO M. ALDRICH, fiirmer. Sees. 5 and 6 ; P. 0. Bellefountain ; born March 4, 1827, Allegany Co., N. Y. Was married, Aug. 28, in same county, to Miami Specs, who died in Colum- bia Co., Wis., May 14, 1864, leaving six children — Mary Ellen, now Mrs. Edward Lee, of Plainfield, Wis.; Isaac Monroe, lives at Eau Claire, Wis.; Harriet, now Mrs. C. Behm, of the town of Randolph ; Alice Jane, now Mrs. Eugene Chapman, also of Randolph ; Anna and Ida, at home. Was married the second time, July 3, 1865, to Mary Lee, widow of John Lee, who died in the army; has five children by the second marriage — Carrol, Myron and Myra (twins), Frank and Gertrude. Mr. Aldrich came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1850, and located on the farm he now owns and occupies. Is a Democrat, and has 230 acres of land. MARCUS BARDEX, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Pardeeville ; was born Aug. 12, 1822, in Chenango Co., N. Y.; son of Samuel Barden, who removed to Michigan with his family in 1842, and lived in Cass Co., till the fall of 1849; he then came to Wisconsin and settled in Columbia Co., town of Scott, where he died March 23, 1858. Marcus Barden came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1849, and has resided in the town of Scott ever since. He was married first in Michigan, July 5, 1846, to Lora C. Loomis, who died Nov. 5, 1847, aged 18 years and 4 months; was married the second time, in 1854, in the town of Scott, to Miss E. R. Cook, who died April 23, 1858, leaving two children — Virgil (living in Marcellon), and Jacob (living at home). March 23, 1859, he was married to Mrs. Olive Maginnis, who was born Feb. 12, 1S32, in Livingston Co., N. Y., daughter of Daniel Jerome, and widow of Will- iam Maginnis; has three children by the second marriage — Marcus, Jr., Frank and Clarence, all at home. Mr. Barden was Chairman of his town fifteen years in succession, was also Justice of the Peace and Town Clerk, and Town Superintendent of Schools, and was a member of the Legislature in 1860-61 and 1874-75. He is a Republican, and has 494 acres of land, 240 acres of it in the town of Scott, and 254 acres in Marcellon. Mrs. Barden is a member of the Free- Will Baptist Church. 1050 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: DAVID CLARK, farmer, Sec. S ; P. O. Pardeeville ; born Dec. 29. 1819, in Geauga Co., Ohio ; son of Freeman Clark, a native of Massachusetts ; David came to Wisconsin in 1841, and lived in Walworth Co. till the fiill of 1847 ; then came to Columbia Co.; located land in the town of Scot', where he now lives, and came with his family in 184S, He was married, June 27, 1844, to Marietti Barber, daughter of Timothy E. Barber ; have six children — Martha, now .Mrs. S. Dodjre, of Scott ; James K., lives in Boone Co., Neb.; Mary, now Mrs. Jacob Breneman, of Clark Co., Wis.; Ida A., now Mrs. A. Holloway, of Minnesota, near Rochester; Viola and David Eufiene, both at home. Vlr. Clark has been Supervisor of his town, and is a Republican. His first wife died June 20, 1874, aged 49, and he was married again Dec. 30, 1S74. to Mrs. R. A. Horton, widow of Joseph Horton and daughter of Daniel Smith, of Washington Co., Wis.; has 240 acres of land. Mrs. Clark is a member of the M. E. Church. JOHN DODGE, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 0. Cambria; was born Dec. 16, 1816, in Hillsboro Co.. N. H., son of William and Lydia Dodge; came West in 1842; lived six months in Iowa, and three or four months in Rockford, 111.; then came to Wisconsin and lived in Milwaukee, working in a livery-stable ; in October, 1844, he came to Columbia Co., and located on the southeast quirter of Sec. 35, and has resided on it ever since ; he thinks this was the first land located in the town of Scott. Was married, in June, 1859, in Fox Lake, to Mary Bliss, who was born Feb. 25, 1841, in New York City, daughter of John Bliss, who now lives in the town of Springvale ; has twelve children living — Fannie A. and Lydia J., twins; Lydia, now Mrs. William Andrews, of Cambria; Wm. W., John P., Mary Louisa, Samuel C, Rosella, Jacob B., Cora A., Rachel J. and Willard A.; has lost two — Myron F. died at 6 months old, and one infant unnamed ; has 550 acres of land in Springvale and Scott. Democrat. JOH\ D. EVAXS, fitrmer. Sec. 22 ; P. O. Cambria ; was born Aug. 26, 1853, in the town of Courtland ; son of Evan J. Evans, who came to America about 1850, and lived in the town of Court- land about six years, then removed to the town of Scott, Sec. 22, where his wife died Oct. 19, 1876, aged 48, leaving three children — John D. (the subject of this sketch), Mary Jane, who was born Feb. 18, 1858, in the town of Scott, and Lizzie M., who was born Oct. 0, 1868, and died Jan. 13, 1879. John D. and Mary Jane are unmarried and living on the homestead (120 afresj, and their father is in Wales. All three members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church, and John D. and his father are Republicans. Mrs. Evans' maiden name was Jane Davis, and she was born in Wales. MELVIX FULLER, fiirmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Marcellon ; born July 22, 1840, in Greene Co., N. Y.; son of Amos Fuller, who was born and raised in Greene Co., in the Catskill Mountains. Mr. Fuller came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1855, and settled in Beaver Dam, lived there one year, then came to Columbia Co., and has resided in this county ever since ; came to his present location in the fall of 1879. Was married, Sept. 20, 1864, to Mary Payne, who was born in Dec. 9, 1848, in the town of Scott, daughter of George Payne (see his biography in this work); have five children ^Henry, Amos, Alma, George and Frank ; one daughter, Ruth, died Feb. 22, 1872, aired 5 years. April 29, 1861, Mr. Fuller enlisted in the 1st Minn. V. I., Co. A, for three years, and served three years and four days; his regi- ment went out with l,<(10men,and when mustered out had ( nly 104 men left of the original enlistment. Mr. Fuller was in the first battle of Bull Run, and the day after the battle, while •' humping it ' for Wash- ington, to the best of their ability, it occurred to him that it was his 21 st birthday ; he said to his com- rades in misfortune: " Boys, today I am 21 years old. I am a man, and running for dear life." He was never wounded, and never sick a day wliil-^ in the service. In the fall of 1875, Mr. Fuller went to Nevada and worked in a quartz-mill, near Carson, about twenty months, then returned to Wisconsin on his farm, four miles east of Portage, in the town of Ft. Winnebago, where he lived about ten years before he removed to his present location, and still owns a farm there of 236 acres, on Sees. 1 and 36, and 200 acres in town of Scott. In politics. Democrat JOH]y HAIMILTOIV, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Cambria; was born May 7, 1801, in the parish, of Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland; .sun of John and Margaret (Stewart) Hamilton; learned the weaver's trade when young, and worked at it seventeen vears ; commenced when not quite 11 years old, and was foreman in a Paisley shawl manufactory fur about twenty-two years in the same house. Was married, July 8, 1825, to Ann Poison, daughter of John Poison, uf Paisley; came to America in 1849, leaving Glasgow on the 18th of August ; came to Milwaukee, where he fell in with Robert McConojhie, who induced him to come to Columbia Co.; he then located the land he now owns, and where he has since resided. His first wife died July 8, 1833, in Scotland, leaving one child — Elizabeth, now Mrs. Thomas Baillies, of Scott, Sec. 33. Mr. and Mrs. Baillies have seven children living — Ann P. (now Mrs. Henry Sawyer, of Scott), Jane (now Mrs. J. C. Thomas, of Scott), Thomas (married and living in Scott), John (married and lives in Springvale), Maggie. Pulson and Jessie S. — the last three at home. He was married, TOWN OF SCOTT. 1051 the second time, April 13, 1842, just before he started for America, to Margaret Rueside, daughter of James Rueside, a native of Ayrshire, but who resided in Paisley at the time she was born ; her mother's name was Margaret Andrew, daughter of Robert Andrew, a landlord in Paisley ; had no children by the second marriage ; lost one child of the first wife — Margaret, died when only 1 year old. Mrs. Hamilton is now in her 8-lth year. Mr. Hamilton is a Democrat; has held the office of Town Treasurer two years and was Assessor at the same time; has also been Justice of the Peace, and was School Superin- tendent several years ; has 255 acres of land. JAIHEi^ HAMMOND, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. Cambria; was born Oct. 9, 182U, in Stafford- shire, England, son of John Hammond, a potter, who brought up his son to the same business. James Was married in October, 1844, to Martha Floyd, daughter of Henry Floyd. In 1843, an emigration .■■ociety was organized among the potters of Staffordshire, which afterward extended through England and Scotland ; Mr. Hammond was one of a committee of three appointed to visit Ameri. a, and select a loca- tion for those of the society who wished to emigrate ; the other members of the committee were John Sawyer and Hamlet Copeland; they came to America in the spring of 1846, visited Iowa, and then came to Wisconsin, and decided to locate in Columbia Co.; they purchased about 1,700 acres of land in what is now the town of Scott, and commenced making improvements ; each emigrant was to have 20 acres of land, and have a log house built, and 5 acres broken, with the funds of the society ; the next sum- mer, about a dozen families came over and others kept coming for a number of years. Mr. Hammond retained his official position in the society till the spring of 1848, and has resided on the land then located ever since. He now owns 40 acres in Sec. 27. Has six children living — John, living in Watonwan <'o., Minn.; Rachel, married and living in Minnesota; George, in Leadville, Colo.; Mary, now Mrs. Charles Rat- liff, of Minnesota ; Henry and Elijah, in Leadville. Has lost four — James, Anna and Elizabeth, and one child in infancy. In politics, a Democrat. ' BENJAMIN HOPKINS, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Cambria; was born ii Staffordshire, England, May 28. 1806, son of Isaac Hopkins, who died from a wound received while at work in a pottery in 1811, and was buried the day that Benjamin was 5 years old; his mother died in November, 1841, in England. He was married June 21, 1828, to Elizabeth Whitmoro, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Burrett) Whitmore. Mr. Hopkins served an apprenticeship at glass-blowing, at Long Port, England, and at earthenware printing at Wood & Chalener's, in Staffordshire pottery, and then at pawnbroking in the same place ; in 1838, he commenced to do business for himself as a merchant, and failed in 1845, through sickness of himself and family ; in 1 847, he sold the homestead left him by his father, where he was born, and where his eight children were all born ; came to America with the Potter Emigration Society, and settled on the farm where he now resides ; when he first came he hoed corn for a neighbor, and was to have 1 acre of the corn for hoeing 11 acres ; when he came to harvest and market his corn he found he had earned just 6'i cents a day; being discouraged by his failure in business in England, he commenced drinking, and continued his dissipation till 1865, when one night about midnight he was suddenly aroused to a sense of his degradation by a dream or vision; he arose in his half intoxicated condition and went into the cellar where he had a whisky jug, which he called " Black Bet;" he picked up the jug, and address- ing it said, " Black Bet. thou hasi deceived me, and been leading me on to ruin, and now I will banish thee from the lace of the earth, and will never again touch, taste, or handle the accursed poison so long as 1 live, so help me God ;" he then dashed the jug on the cellar bottom, shivering it to atoms, and let mother earth drink the contents ; he has been a strong temperance man ever since, and was the means of organizing a Good Templars lodge in his neighborhood, called Rosedale Lodge, No. 481, and has been Lodge Deputy, and Representative to the Grand Lodge ever since it was instituted ; he is now, at the age of 74, an active temperance worki.T, and member of the Baptist Church at Wyocena. Mrs. Hopkins died; they have five children living — Isaac (lives in the South), Mary Ann (now the widow of Charles Weyener, living on the homestead), Richard (lives in Leeds, Columbia Co.), Hannah (now Mrs. Samuel Smith, of Scott), and John, living in town; have lost throe — Aaron, Benjamin and Elizabeth. ISAAC HOPKINS, farmer. Sec. 28; P. O. Cambria; was born Jan. 31, 1833, in Stafford- shire, England, son of Benjamin Hopkins, who came to America in 1847. (See his biography.) Was mar- riod July 19, 1856, to Dorlisca Connor, who was born May 19, 1832, in Ira, Cayuga Co., N. Y.,' daugh- ter of Josiah and Sally (Fox) Connor, natives of Washington Co., N. Y. Mr. Connor died in Onondaga Co., N. Y., April 17, 1863, aged 68 years 7 months and 12 days; Mrs. Connor died Dec. 6, 1844, aged 45 years 11 months and 24 days. Mr. Hopkins has five children living — Sarah L. (now Mrs. William Ross, of the town of Scott), iieorge Whitmore, Charles Joynson, Hettie Maria and Luelbert ; have lost two — Mary Elizabeth died Nov. 19, 1863, aged 6 years 1 m,onth and 16 days, and an infant son. May 5, 1866. Is a Republican, and has been Justice of the Peace and Town Treasurer. He has 80 acres of land. QQ 1052 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: EVAN JONES, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Cambria; was born March 29, 1826, in Merioneth- shire, Wales, son of John Daniel Jones, who came to America in the spring of 1849 ; came to Columbia Co., Wis., and located in Scott, where he died in 1858. Evan was married, May 21, 1859, to Eliza Will- iams, who was born in the same place he was Nov. 13, 1827 ; they have four children— John D., Susan Jane, Morgan and Jane. Both are members of the Calvinistic Methodist Church ; he is a Republican, and has about 30(t acres of land. UUCirH R. JONES, fiirmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. Cambria; was born March 14, -1836, in Angle- sea, North Wales; son of Richard Jones; came to America in 1857, and settled first in Kane Co., 111.; lived there three years, then came to Wisconsin, and was married, Dec. 29, 1860, to Laura Williams, who was born Feb. 24, 1840, daughter of William W. Williams, from Carnarvonshire, Wales, where she was born. Mr. Jones lived near Cambria four years, then removed to Colorado and lived in Denver three or four months ; then went to Central City and worked at the trade of stonemason, which he had learned of his father in Wales, till the fall of 1869, then returned to Wisconsin and bought the farm he now owns. Has three children — Richard R., Mary Jane and Emma, all at home. Both members of the Welsh Cal- vinistic Methodist Church ; he is a Republican, and has 100 acres of land. Ci}EOR<]}E C. KEITH, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. O. Pardeeville, born April 24, 1830, in Geauga Co., Ohio; his father, Charles Keith, a native of Massachusetts, died in January, 1830, before George was born ; his mother married Joseph Hewitt, and came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1841 ; lived in Wal- worth Co. till 1847, then came to Columbia Co.; now living in Juneau Co. Mr. Keith was married, Oct 16, 1852, in Walworth Co., to Ann Turner, who was born May 20,1832, in New York City; daughter of William Turner, a native of Ensrland, who came to America in 1829, and died Oct. 13, 1876, aged 86; he had been a member of the Masonic Fraternity since April 28, 1826, when he joined Philanthropic Lodge, No. 568, at Leeds, and Mrs. Keith now has in her possession hi diploma, granted by the Duke of Ulster, Grand Master. Mr. Keith lived in the town of Scott three years after his marriage, then went to Marquette Co. and lived in the town of Buffalo till March, 1868; then bought his present farm, and has resided on it since. Has six children — William and Willard (twinsj, George E., Henry, Espa and Mary, all at home. Mrs. Keith is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. Keith was drafted in 1861, and assigned to the 34th W. V. L,Co.A, and was in the service eleven months, and discharged at the expiration of his term ; Nov. 18, 1864, he enlisted in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, Co. G, for one year, and was discharged at the close of the war, June 26, 1865 ; held the office of Corporal. His first child, Marinette, was born Nov. 10, 1863, and died when 10 months old. He is a Republican, and has I'll acres of land. UIL.es LANtJDON, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Marcellon ; born in Geauga Co., Ohio, Feb. 11, 1825 ; son of Martin Langdon, a native of Massachusetts, who removed to Ohio in 1813 or 1814, and from there to Illinois in 1839 ; in May, 1844, Giles Langdon came to Wisconsin in company with his uncle, John Langdon, for whom he worked some time, helping to build a house for him, and one for S. S. Torber ; the one they built for Mr. Langdon was covered with ba.sswood bark ; he took up a claim of 80 acres, where Cambria now stands ; he then went to Dodge Co., and worked awhile putting up hay, then oame back and made a bargain to sell his claim to his cousin Samuel Langdon; then worked in Walworth Co. two months ; then went to Portage and worked for Carpenter and Capt. Low, before there was a house built where Portage now stands ; then, for about three years, he worked in the pinery winters and ran on the river summers; in the summer of 1848, he bought a part of the land he now owns, and has added to it till he has now 180 acres; in the spring of 1853, he started across the Plains for California, fell in with several others on the way to St. Louis, who were bound for the same point, and all together fitted out a team, near Jjeavenworth, Kan., of five yoke of oxen and cows, and arrived in California on the (llh day of September ; remained there till 1862; worked at farming and mining alternately with varied success; would lay up money working by the month at farming, then go to mining and lose it. After he returned to Wisconsin, he was married, in October, 1863, to Mary E. Stancer, daughter of Charles Stancer, a native of England, who came from Onondaga Co., N. Y., to Wisconsin in 1848, settled in the town of Sco t, and died in May, 1870, aged 56 years. Mr. Langdon has lived on his farm ever since he was married ; has seven children— Niley, Jessie, Milo, Frank, Harvey, Dora and Alice, all at home. In politics, Repub- lican. ROBERT IflcCONOCHIE, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. Cambria; was born in Ayrshire, Scot- land, March 7, 1821, in the parish of Dalrymple ; son of Robert McConochie, who emigrated to Canada in 1831 or 1832 ; located in the township of Pickering, Canada West, and followed farming till his death. Robert, Jr., remained on his father's farm till April 28, 1847, then came to Wisconsin in company with George Lang and James Allison, young men about his own age, to look at the country and visit his two brothers, Samuel and John, who came to Wisconsin two years before, and located in the town of Scott, TOWN or SCOTT. 1053 Culumbia Co., and kept what was known as the " Blue Tavern;" soon after his arrival, he located 80 acres of the form on which he now lives, and loaned money to Allison to locate another 80 near his ; Lang returned to Canada, and never came back ; Mr. McConoehie broke 10 acres on his 80, and bought another 80 adjoining his, of John Dodge, for which he paid $3 per acre; he also located another 120 near by; he then returned to Canada and worked through harvest, coming back to Wisconsin in Septem- ber, 1817 ; he boarded with his brothers about two years and worked his own land ; has resided in the town of Scott ever since, but made several visits to Canada during the time. Feb. 8, 1856, he was married in Portage City to Marijaret Robinson, a native of Ayrshire, Scotland. She was born March 21, 1832, daughter of Robert Robinson, who now lives in Canada ; Mr. McConoehie has six children — Elizabeth (now Mrs. Stewart Pasley, of Oiitario, Canada), M.irgaret, John, Marian, William and Hugh; lost one, Robert' — was born Oct. 11, 13tl2, and died when 4 years and 2 weeks old. He has 600 acres of land, in three farms ; once sold the home farm for $.i0 per acre, and traveled through Iowa, Illinois, Kansas and Canada, and, being unable to suit himself, returned to Wisconsin, bought back his old farm at $10 per acre more than he got for it, and since that has been satisfied with his first love ; he raises grain principally, but keeps some stock ; has been successful in business ; is now 59 years old ; has never had a lawsuit. Is a Democrat, but not a politician, preferring to devote his time and energies to his own per- sonal affiiirs, and never accepting office except in the school district, when he considered it his duty ; has been Clerk of District No. 3 for the last ten years. Both members of the Presbyterian Church. JAIIEIS MACKI\, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Pardeeville ; born Oct. 9, 1827, in Syracuse, N. Y.; son of Eugene Mackin, who died in Syracuse when James was 7 years old; his mother then married John Smith, and they came to Wisconsin in 1855 or 1856, and settled in Columbia Co.; he died in 1879. James was married in 1862 to Rebecca Jerome, daughter of Daniel Jerome, of Marcellon ; has two chil- dren — Frances Winona and Ella Susan. Republican ; and owns 80 acres of land. V. W. ^tllLLEK, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Cambria; born March 23, 1831, in Steuben Co., N. Y.; son of VVm. D. Miller; c.ime to Wisconsin in the spring after he was 21 years old, landing in Milwaukee on the 1st day of June, 1852, with two cents in his pocket; he settled at that time in the town of Scott, whore he has resided ever since. Was married in Steuben Co., N. Y., when he was 18 years old, to Ema'ine Egbert, who died Dec. 19, 1874, aged 48, leaving three children — Jainey (now Mrs. George Whitman, of Barron Co., Wis.), bora March 19, 1853 ; Alfred and Elbert (twins), born May 31, 1858, and living at home. Mrs. Miller was a member of the M. E. Church. He has 720 acres of land. In politics, Independent. C. J. ]lHUIiL.EXCUP, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Marcellon ; he was born in Hohenhaslach, Gheramt Vaihingen Koningreich, Wurtemburg, Germany, Sept. 14, 1829 ; came to America in 1848, and settled in Huntington Co., [nd. ; lived there two years, then went to Ohio and lived in Preble Co. three years, then back to Indi.ma ; went to work in Wabash Co., and, Oct. 25, 1825, was married, in Columbia City, Ind., to Cynthia Ann Wells, who was born March 23, 1836, in Marion Co., Ind. ; daughter of Hugh Wells, a native of Ohio. After his marriage, he lived in Whitley Co. eight years, then came to Wisconsin, and located July 17, 1867, on the farm he now occupies. He has ten children living — Emma A., Ellen B. (now .Mrs. Margaret Thomas, of Scott), Nancy E., Dillie H., L. V. D. May, Tolalind Viola (twins), Alzoa A., Ida L. and Otto W. ; lost one child — Hugh W., died Sept. 28, 1864, aged 1 year and 5 months. Both are members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Republican, and has a farm of 140 acres. WlIiLIAifl OWEN^, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Cambria; he was born June 4, 1822, in Anirlesea. Wales; son of Robert Owen; he worked in a slate quarry in Wales; came to America in 1846, and located in the town of Scott, Columbia Co., and has resided in the town ever since. He was ■married, Sept. 1, 1848, in the town of Scott, to Margaret Hughes, of Randolph; he thinks he was the first one married in the town of Scott, and this was the third marriage recorded in Columbia Co. ; Mrs. Owen died Sept. 3, 1866, leaving five children — William (lives in Dakota), Maggie (is now Mrs. Richard Williams, of Dodge Co., Wis.), Ellen (lives in Cambria), Robert and Richard (at home) ; had lost three — Evan died at the age of 3 months; Mary Ann died in her 17th year, and Hugh in his 12th year, both in February, 1866: was married the second time, June 29, 1859, to Mrs. Hannah Edmunds, of Milwau- kee; dau.'hter of John Roberts, from Anglesea, Wales, where she was born in September, 1821. Both are members of the Welsh Presbyterian Church. He has 320 acres of land, and is a Republican. GEORGE PAYIVE, farmer. See. 19; P. 0. Marcellon; he was born Dec. 4, 1818, in Madi- .son Co., [II.; son of Christopher Payne, a native of Somerset Co., Penn., born in 1786; he lived in Ohio, Ld'ana, Illinois and Wisconsin while they were Territories; he came to Geneva Lake in February, 1836; had land deeded at the first land sale in Wisconsin ; he died Feb. 18, 1872, in his 85th year. George Payne remained at home till he was 22 years old. He was married, at Duck Lake, Walworth 1054 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Co., June 2, 1842, to Arvilla Langdon, who was born July 15, 1825, in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio; daughter of Sylvanus Laugdou, who came to Wisconsin from Ohio in the fall of 1835, and settled in Walworth Co.; he died May 1, 18G3, at about 61. Mr. Payne remained in Walworth Co. about four years after his marriage, and in August, 1846, came to Columbia Co., and located on the farm he now owns and occu- pies. Has had three children, two of whom are living — Elizabeth ( is now Mrs. Stephen Woodard, of the town of JlarccUon) and Mary ( now Mrs. Melvin Fuller, of Scott) ; his son William was born May 4, 1845; enlisted Jan. 5, 1864, in the 2d W. V. C, Co. K, and was killed April 21, 1864, in a skirmish with the rebels near Red Bone, Miss. Mr. Payne is a Democrat, and has held the office of Side Super- visor, and is now one of the Directors in the town insurance company of Randolph and Scott. His sister, Mrs. Abigail Utter, was killed by the Indians on her way to Oregon in 1860 or 1861, in what was known as the Salmon Falls massacre. Mr. Payne has 382 acres in his farm. He drove team to break the first furrow ever turned where Ruckford and Uelvidere now stand in Illinois. CHAUNCY V. ROBl!}KTS, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Bellefountain ; was bom in the town of Springwater, Livingston Co., N. Y., March 21, 1831 ; son of William Roberts, who came to Wiscon- sin in 1845, and settled in Walworth Co.; lived there two years, and then came to Columbia Co. and set- tled in the town of Scott, on the farm now owned by Chauncy F.; he died about 1863, aged 76. Mr. Roberts was married, April 30, 1853, to Alma S. Barber, who was born June 5, 1836, in Genesee Co., N. Y., town of Byron, daughter of Hugh Barber, who came to Wisconsin in 1844, and settled in Wal- worth Co., and died in Packwaukee, Mar(|uelte Co., about 1860; her mother died Oct. 17, 1854, aged 52. Mr. Roberts' mother died in August, 1864, aged 75. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts have two children — Mary (now Mrs. John Jarvis, living near Portage) and Mark W. (single and living at home, and now holds the office of Town Clerk). Mr. Roberts has been Supervisor and Assessor two or three years each; himself and son are Republicans. Mrs. Roberts and Mark W. are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church. Mr. Roberts has 233'. acres of land in two farms. FREKMAN Jfl. KOSS, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Cambria; was born Aug. 27, 1828, in Yates Co., N. Y.; son of Morris and Mary Ross; came to Wisconsin in 1838, and settled in Walworth Co., at Geneva, and lived there till 1855. He was married, the first time, on Jan. 15, 1850, to Phoebe Herrick, a native of Yates Co., N. Y.; daugliter of Jacob Herrick ; she died Nov. 6, 1853, aged 23 years, leaving two children — Eunice A., born July 6, 1851, and is now Mrs. J. W. Gorsuch, of the town of Scott ; Mary Alice, born July 26, 1853, and died March 2, 1854. He was married the second time Nov. 14, 1854, to Mary Louisa Powell, who was born Feb. 3, 1824, in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., town of Sheridan; have four children by the second marriage — William H., born Feb. 6, 1857, and now lives on Sec. 17 in the town of Scott ; George A., was born July 25, 1858 ; Ella L., born May 21, 1862; the last two are living with their parents. Mr. Ross is a Republican, and held the office of Town Clerk from 1857 to 1868 — eleven years; then Chairman two years, and since that has been Town Clerk five years; was a member of the Legislature of 1868-69. Mr. and Mrs. Ross and children all belong to the M. E. Church ; has 360 acres of laud, 40 acres of it timber, 120 acres under the plow, and the balance meadow and pasture. JAMRS A. STKBBINS, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. Marcellon; was born Feb. 24, 1823, in Homer, Cortland Co., N. Y.; son of James Stebbins, a native of Massachusetts ; his mother's maiden name was Eunice Field. Mr. Stebbins commenced working at the carpenter and joiner's trade when 18 years old, and followed it till he was 25 ; worked at Cortland Village some time and in Syracuse, N. Y., one year. In the fall of 1845, he started West " to grow up with the country; " worked at Racine, Wis., about three weeks ; then went about twenty-five miles west of Racine, and stayed till the spring of 1846, when he came to Columbia Co., and located on Sec. 32, in the town of Scott, where he has since resided. At that time there wore only three dwellings between Fos Lake and Portage. He worked at his trade, after locating his laud, until the fall of 1849 ; then went to Massachusetts, and spent the winter, and, March 5, 1850, was married in Massachusetts to Mary B. Sherman, daughter of Benjamin Sherman; she was born Aug. 11, 1823, in Brimfield, Hampden Co., Mass. Soon after marriage, came and seitled on his farm, having built a house some time before. Have no children of their own, but adopted two boys and one girl. Both are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Republican, and has been Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace. Has 200 acres of land. WILLI AjU STKBBIIVN, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Marcellon ; was born Sept. 29, 1826, in Homer, Cortland Co., N. Y.; son of James and Eunice (Field) Stebbins; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1850, and bought the land he now owns, and has resided on it ever since, except two years in Pardee- ville ( 1870 and 1871). He was married, April 16, 1854, to Sabrina Beach, who was born Oct. 10, 1829, in Luzerne, Warren Co. N. Y., daughter of Nathan Beach, now living in California. They have two TOWN OF SCOTT. 1055 children — Joseph Wayland, born Feb. 12, 1S55 (married to Katie Elizabeth Bezer, of the town of Scott, and living in Davidson Co., Dakota; P. 0. Alexander, Hanson Co.), and Nellie Eunice, born Dec. 3, 1864, and living at home. Mr. Stebbins is a Republican, and has been Supervisor one term. He has 130 acres of land. HENRY SL.Iiy(;;ER, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Cambria; was born in Lancashire, Eng., Feb. 14, 1844; son of Andrew Slinger, who came to America in the spring of 1849 and settled in Springvale, Columbia Co., Wis., where he died, Nov. 19, 1849. His mother is still living on Sec. 4 in Springvale, at the age of 67. They .came into the county with a family of eight children and lived in a board shanty, 12x16, till fall, when they built a good frame house. They bought a cookstove soon after they came, but not knowing how to use it, set it one side, and did their cooking through the summer in the open air, over a fireplace, made between two stumps. Mr. Slinger was married Oct. 10, 1S63, to Rachel Smith, who was born July 2, 1841, in Staffordshire, Eng., daughter of William Smith, who came to America in the fall of 1848, and died March 1, 1851 : have two children — Andrew R., born Jan. 8, 1869, and Tempest Hurry, born May 26, 1879. He is a Republican, and has been As.sessor two years, and is now elected for the third term. Has 155 acres of land. THEODORE THOMAS, farmer. Sec 34; P.O.Cambria; was born in Ottawa, Canada, Dec. 4, 1825, son of Solomon Thomas, a native of Woodstock, Vt., who came from Canada to Wisconsin in 1843, and settled in Walworth Co., and died March 20, 1854; Theodore came to Columbia Co. in the fall of 1845, and bought 120 acres of land, on Sec. 34, in the town of Scott, which was the second piece of land bought on the road between Portage City and two and a half miles this side of Fox Lake. He then returned to Walworth Co. and remained there the spring of 1848, then come back to Scott and broke 10 acres for himself and 87 acres for his neighbors; he then returned to Walworth Co. for the winter, and in the spring of 1849 came up and broke another 10 acres for himself and about 60 or 65 acres for others, running a breaking team with Robert McConochie. In the fall, he .went back to Walworth Co., and Sept. 7, 1849, was married to Elizabeth Connor, a native of Cayuga Co., N. Y., town of Ira; she was born June 18, 1827 ; daughter of Josiah Connor. The following spring he came on his farm (having built a house the fall previous) and has lived on it ever since ; has four children living — Maynard (on the home- stead) ; J. C. (on Sec. 35 in Scott) ; Mary E. (now Mrs. Thomas Baillies of Scott, on south line of Sec. 34) ; and Lillie (at home) ; he was four days making the trip from Walworth Co. to Columbia Co., with an ox team, and $5 in his pocket, for a journey of seventy-five miles, got here and paid -$1.50 for two bushels of potatoes ; 50 cents for three pecks of oats, and had money left. Has been Supervisor two or three terms, and is a Republican with strong Greenback tendencies. He has 151 acres of land. JONATHAN N. TRIPP (deceased) was born Jan. 17, 1820, in the town of Windsor, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, son of Thomas Tripp, a native of the State of New York. Was married in Bristol, Trumbull Co , Ohio, June 12, 1844, to Mary L. Parish, who was born Feb. 4, 1817, in Orleans Co., Vt.; daughter of John Parish, who removed to Ohio in 1834 and died in 1845. Mr. Tripp lived in Trumbull Co., Ohio, and worked at wagon-making, (lo which trade he had been apprenticed when 17 years old) till June, 1853, then came with his family to Wisconsin and located on the farm now occupied by his widow, on Sec. 29, in the town of Scott, where he resided till his death, Dec. 30, 1867, of consumption, with which he had been alBicted for several years ; he had been able to work, however, till the last two years of his life. He left four children — Julia, Cornelia E. (now Mrs. Charles Richards of Packwaukee, Wis), Charles Parish and Ida Adelle ; all at home except the one married ; Charles is a carpenter aud joiner and follows that business, Julia is a dressmaker, and Ida a teacher. Mr. Tripp was a Republican, and once held the oflSce of Justice of the Peace. He left a farm of 120 acres, which now has good buildings and is occupied by the family ; P. 0. Marcellon. JOSEPH W. TURNER, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. O. Pardeeville ; born May 6, 1849, in Wal- worth Co., Wis.; son of John Turner (now of Portage City). Joseph W. was married Dec. 31, 1874, to Lida Elwood, who was born Aug. 28, 1854, in Fairwater, Fond du Lac Co., Wis.; daughter of John Elwood. a native of the State of New York, now living in Markesan, Wis. Mr. Turner remained with his father till ho was 21 years old, then worked for his father four years, for 40 acres of land, and bought 60 acres more the fall before his marriage; has two children — Edith, born Jan, 3, 1876, and Robert, born April 29, 1877. He is a Republican and has 100 acres of land. JOSEPH TURNER, farmer. Sees. 4,5 and 8 ; P.O. Pardeeville ; born March 24, 1819, in Yorkshire, Eng., town of Leeds; son of William Turner, who came to America in 1829, and died Oct. 13, 1876. (See biography of George C. Kietb.) Mr. Turner was married in 1837, to Mary Ann Brier, who died Aug. 20, 1875, leaving five children — Josephine, Henrietta, Frances Amelia, Viola and John Grant; Josephine is now Mrs. C. 0. Hubbell, of Lanesboro, Minn.; Henrietta lives with her sister in 1056 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Minnesota; Frances Amelia is now Mis. D. J. Albee, of La Crnsse ; Mr. Albce is a conductor on tlie Cliit-ago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad ; Viola is Mr.*. John Keefe. of Waujiun ; John G lives at home. Was married the second time, Oct. 1, 1879, to Mrs. Mary Clark, widow of Almon Chirk. Her maiden name was Sawyer, and she was a native of England ; she had four children by )iit first liusband — Adelbert, Alvah, Nettie and Martha. In the fall of 1878, he wont to the southern part of Minnesota and spent the winter there, and again the next fall and spent the winter; he has 940 acres of land ; is a Republican. TOWN OF CALEDONIA. %VII^L.IA]!II BLACK, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Alloa; born May 9, 1830, in Argylcshire, Scotland ; son of James Black, who came to America in 18l55 and settled in Caledonia, Sec. 10, and died Nov. 18, 1875, in the 80th year of his a^e ; Mrs. Black, whose maiden name was Janet Conk, is still liv- ing in Caledonia at the age of 82. William was married in Scotland. May 4, 1854, to Catharine White, who was born July 15, 1833, in Renfrewshire, Scotland; daughter of Peter White, who died in Scotland when she was only 5 years old ; her mother, whose maiden name was Jessie McN'air. died in 1854, also in Scotland. Mr. Black followed the life of a sailor on the '' briny deep " from April, 1848, till June, 1856, then came to Wisconsin and settled in Caledonia, where he has since resided, though he has sailed on the lakes several seasons- since ; has eleven children — James W., Jessie, Sarah Catharine, Minerva, Isabella, Flora, Mary, William C, Maggie, Katie and Violet Ann. Has held the offices of Chairman of the town. Assessor and Town Clerk, and was Justice of the Peace several terms ; he is a Democrat ; owns 170 acres of land ; none of the children are married. JOHN DOHiJLiAS, blacksmith, Sec. 3; P. 0. Alloa; came to Wisconsin in 1868 from the village of Crosshouse, Ayrshire, Scotland, where he was born Aug. 18, 1846 ; son of William Douglas, also a blacksmith, of whom John learned the trade; he was born, lived all his life and died in the village of Crosshouse. John was married, July 18, 1869, in Caledonia, to Mary Hoyt, daughter of John Hoyt; she was born in Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotland, March 25, 1838. Mr Douglas has three children — Will- iam, born June 5, 1870 ; John, born March, 1875, and Anne, born Nov. 14, 1878. He is a Republican, and owns his shop and residence with six-tenths of an acre of land. Both are members of the Baptist Church. JOHN GRAVES, farmer, Sec. 18; P. O. Merrimack, Sauk Co.; born in 1817 in Hunting- tonshire, England ; son of William Graves ; came to America in the fall of 1841 and lived near Rahway, N. J., about three years. He was married there, in 1844, to Margaret Fitzgerald, who was a native of County Watcrlord, Ireland, daughter of Patrick Fitzgerald. Immediately after his marriage, he went to Canada, and lived in the county of Oxford till the s])ring of 1856; then came to Wisconsin and settled on the farm he now occupies in Caledonia. Has four children — Thomas, Sarah, William P. and Maggie. Mr. Graves is a Democrat in politics, and all the family are members of the Catholic Church. He owns 226 acres of land. HKBfRY HAMIIiTON, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Alloa; was born April 23, 1829, in County Down, Ireland; son of George Hamilton; he came to America in 1851, arriving in New York on the 11th day of June; lived in Dunkirk awhile, then went back to New York City, and from there to Con- necticut, where he was married in Stamford, in 1856, to Elizabeth Egan, a native of Kings Co., Ireland. Hi) came to Wisconsin in 1858, and has lived in the town of Caledonia ever since; has eight children — Mary Elizabeth, Margaret, Ellen, Sarah Jane, Isabell, James Henry, Lucy and Theresa, all at home; has been Supervisor three years, and School Director and Treasurer; he is a Democrat, and has 200 acres of land, 160 acns in his farm and 40 acres of timber. ALIjKIV J0H\S0N, farmer, Sees. 25 and 36; P. 0. Portage ; came to Wisconsin in July, 1841, from Galena, 111., and made a claim in Caledonia (same land be now owns) in the spring of 1842 ; then went into the pinery at Grand Rapids^ and remained till the spring of 1 843 ; he then returned to Caledonia, built a cabin on his land, and lived there till the fall of 1853, when he rented his farm, and bought property in Dekorra, where he resided till November, 1800; then returned to his farm, and has lived there since ; about the time he went to Dekorra, he purchased a quarter-section of pine land in Juneau Co., and followed lumbering in winters, till he returned to the farm ; he was born in Ontario, Canada, Nov. 9, 1820; son of Kufus Johnson; went from there to Illinois in 1837; drove stage about fourteen months from Joliet to Ottawa, Spriugfield and Chicago ; then followed steamboating on the TOWN OF CALEDONIA. 1057 Mississippi about four months. Was married, Nov. 27, 1843, in Dekorra, to Mary Chalfant, and were the first couple married in that town; she was born May 11, 1826, ia Hif^hland Co., Ohio; daughter of Aaron and Sarah Chalfant. Mr. Johnson has eisjhc children living — Mary Virginia, Alice, Ann Eliza, Charles, Jlmma, William, James and Lewis; lost three — Edward, Henry and Edwin. He is a Democrat, and has 240 acres of land. Mrs. Johnson's brother, Ansalem Chalfant, was born in Dekorra, Oct. 26, 1842, and was the first white child born in that town, and was also the first death in the town, being drowned June 11, 1845. EVAN E. JONES, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Portage ; born Oct. 17, 1818, in Merionethshire, North Wales; son of Edward Jones, who came to America in 1842, and settled in Oneida Co., N. Y., where he died a few years after, and two years after the death of his wife. ' Mr. Jones was married in 1847, in Utiea, N. Y., to Margaret Roberts, who was born in Montgomeryshire, Wales, May 7, 1818; daughter of Thomas Roberts, who died in Wales. Mr. Jones came to Wisconsin in July, 1849, and has lived in Caledonia ever since ; his wife died Jan. 19, 1879, about 60 years of age; she was the mother of seven children, only two of whom were living at the time of her death — Margaret, born June 16, 1850, now Mrs. Richard , Owen, of Caledonia, and Thomas E., born Sept. 16, 1858, who is married to Lizzie Jones, daughter of David Jones, and living in the homestead with his father; Catharine was born Aug. 3, 1848, and died Dec. 31, 1869; Mary, born June 25, 1852, died Nov. 18, 1862; Ellen, born June 16, 1854, died Dec. 20, 1862; Edward, born Aug. 30, 1856, died Dec. 13, 1862, and Evan, born Aug. 2, 1864, died Jan. 14, 1866 ; the last four of diphtheria. Mr. Jones is a Deacon in the Calvinist Church, of which he is a member, and a member of the Bible Society of New York ; is a Republican, and has 185 acres of land in his farm. His father was a Deacon in the same church to which he belongs upward of twenty years. ROBERT H. JONEN, farmer, Sec. 16; P.O. Portage; was born Dec. 27, 1830, in Merion- ethshire, North Wales; son of Hugh Jones; came to America in 1851 ; lived in Rock Co., near Janes- ville, two years; then in the village of Union, same county, about two years, and in December, 1855, came to Caledonia, where he has since resided. Was married, Aug. 26, 1860, to Catharine, daughter of Robert Ellis, who came from Wales to New York, and from there to Columbia Co., Wis., where he remained till his death ; she was born in July, 1842, near Utica, N. Y. Mr. Jones has nine children- Hugh, David, Mary Jane, John, Robert, Winnie, Maria, Catharine and Ruth ; all at home. Is a Repub- lican, and has 378 acres of land in his farm. Both members of the M. E. Church of Portage. JOHN LOCKHART, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Alloa; born June 22, 1828, in Ayrshire, Scot- land, parish of Tarbolton ; son of Samuel Lockhart. Was married in Scotland in 1850, to Agnes Gray, who was born in the same shire, parish of Kirkeswald, daughter of William Gray ; came to America in 1855, landing in New York on the 1st day of June; resided there till September, 1856, then came to Wisconsin, and has since lived in the town of Caledonia. Was two years Supervisor, during the war, in 1863 and 1864, and has held several minor ofiBces. The nine children are as follows : Samuel S., of Portage, William, John, James, Janet, Andrew, Robert, Maggie and Thomas — all unmarried but Samuel S. ; have lost but one — Maggie, died March 9, 1862, aged 9 months. Republican and Presbyterian. Has 259 acres of land. CHARLES McLEISH, farmer, Sec. 20 : P. 0. Merrimack, Sauk Co., Wis.; was born Dec. 8, 1832, in Perthshire, Scotland ; son of William McLeish, who came to America in 1851 and died in 1854, in Wisconsin ; Charles arrived in Wisconsin in June, 1851, and stayed till the spring of 1852 ; then went to New York, and worked in the town of York, Livingston Co., till the fall of 1855 ; then came back to Wisconsin and bought 160 acres of land in Sec. 21, and has since lived in this town. Was married, March 9, 1859, in Portage, to Margaret Roberts, who was born Dec. 2, 1842, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, daughter of David Roberts, who came to America in 1857, and died Jan. 22, 1876 ; Mr. McLeish has nine children — Jennie, Maggie, Willie, Mary, David, Charles, Alexander, John and Isabella — all at home. Ha.s been Chairman of the town, and was School Superintendent under the old system. Democrat; and has 595 acres of land all in Sees. 20 and 21, except one 40 of timber in Sauk Co. DAVID MARSHALL, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. Alloa; born Dec. 5, 1841, in Lanarkshire, Scotland ; son of John Marshall, who came to America in 1850, settled in Caledonia, and died Nov. 2, 1864; the family came over in 1851, and David has lived in Caledonia ever since he was 10 years old. Was married, Nov. 21, 1862, to Isabel Tennant, who was born Aug. 9, 1842, in Canada, daughter of Robert Tennant, a native of Roxburyshire, Scotland. Mr. Marshall has six children living — Mary, John D., Robert, William, David and Janet, all at home. Attends the Presbyterian Church, but is not a mem- ber ; Republican ; has 162 acres of land. Mr. Tennant came to Wisconsin in 1846 or 1847, and settled in Caledonia, on what was known as the "Indian farm;" he died Aug. 22, 1879, in Missouri, where he had 1058 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: removed in 1868 or 1869; Mrs. Tenaant is still living in Missouri, and Mrs. Marshall lives in Cale- donia. C. F. MOHR, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Portage; born Dec. 31, 1846, near Hesse-Cassel, Ger- many; son of William Mohr, who came to America in 1853, lived in Buffalo, N. Y., four years, and in 1857 came to Wisconsin, settled in Caledonia, and died July 6, 1874, aged 67 ; Mrs. Mohr is still living on the homestead. Mr. Mohr was married, June 30, 1873, to Mary Eikey, a native of Sauk Co., born June 11, 1851, daughter of William Eikey, one of the first settlers of Sauk Co. Mr. Mohr has two children— Musa A.,' born May 22, 1874, and Maud, born Oct. 26, 1876. Was Town Clerk in 1877 and 1878, and is the present Chairman of the town and Justice of the Peace. Is a Republican, and a member of the M. K. Church. Has a 120-acre farm and a store in Portage, which he owns in partnership with his two brothers, Charles and August. DAVID OWEX, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 0. Portage City ; born May 13, 1828, in Merioneth- shire, North Wales ; son of John Owen, who came to America in the spring of 1846, settled in Caledonia in September of the same year, and died in 1865, aged 42. David came to Caledonia with his father, and has resided in the town ever since. He was married Dec. 25, 1850, to Jane Roberts, daughter of Hugh Roberts, who came to Caledonia in 1847 ; she was born in 1832, in Oneida Co., N. Y. Mr. Owen has seven children — John A. (living on Sec. 17, Caledonia), Winnie, Roger, Maggie, Sarah, Owen and Anna; Roger and Winnie live in Howard Co., Iowa, where Mr. Owen has a 240 acre farm ; lost three children died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Owens are members of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church ; he is a Republican, and has held the offices of Supervisor, Treasurer, Assessor, Justice of the Peace, and several minor offices, and represented his district in the Assembly in 1877 ; has 480 acres of land in his home farm, and a 240 acre farm in Iowa. When his father came to Caledonia, he moved from Racine with ox teams ; had a covered wagon and lived in that till they had time to build a house. JOHX OWEN, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Portage ; was born in August, 1836, in Merionethshire, North Wales; son of John Owen (see biography of William Owen, of Caledonia) ; came to America with his father in 1846, and has lived in the town of Caledonia ever since. He was married, May^ 29, 1863, in Caledonia, to Ellen Lloyd, who was born in Merionethshire, Wales, May 29, 1836, daughter of John Lloyd, who came to America in 1842, lived in Racine till 1848, then came to Caledonia, where Mrs. Lloyd died a few months after their arrival; Mr. Lloyd is still living in Howard Co., Iowa; Mrs. Owen is a .sister of E. W. Lloyd, of Cambria. Mr. Owen has four children — Jennie, Edward C, John L. and Catherine Ellen, all at home. He is a Republican ; has 400 acres of land in his farm ; has for years been a Deacon and Trustee in the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church, of which himself and families are members. JOHN A. OWEN, farmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Portage;' was born in November, 1852, in the town of Caledonia, on the farm he now owns; son of David Owen of the same town. (See his biography.) He was married, March 22, 1876, to Mary Ann Jones, who was born May 31, 1854, in Sauk Co., Wis., daughter of Thomas and Ann Jones, natives of South Wales, who came to America in 1847, and now live in Sauk Co. They have three children — Ellen Ann., born Dec. 22, 1876; David, born July 26,1878; Jane, born March 3, 1880. Mr. and Mrs. Owen are members of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church, and he is a Republican ; has 167 acres of land. JOHN T. OWENS, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Portage; was born April 30, 1827, in Merioneth- shire, North Wales ; son of Thomas Owens, who came to America when John T. was only 4 or 5 years old; lived in Herkimer Co., N. Y., till 1857 ; then came to Wisconsin and died in Caledonia in 1863, aged 62. Mr. Owens' first wife was Mary Ann Parish, and his second was Ida R. Cappler, who died Feb. 20, 1878, leaving two children — Friend Augustus, born May 3, 1872; and, Jemima J., born Sept. 1, 1873. Mr. Owen came from Herkimer Co., N. Y., to Caledonia in 1860, and has made his home in that town ever since, except two years that he was railroading in Minnesota ; while living in New York State, he followed farming, butchering, and dealing in stock. In politics, he is Republican. Has 160 acres of land. ROBERT OWEN, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. Portage; was born in Merionethshire, North Wales, May 13, 1803; came to America in 1841 ; lived in Racine Co. nine years, and in 1850 removed to Columbia Co., and settled in his present location. He was married in Wales, in 1829, to Jane Evans, who was born in the same shire March 25, 1806, daughter of Rees Evans. They have had nine children, of whom only four are living — Ellen, is the wife of Thomas Jones, of Sauk Co., Wis.; Margaret, is Mrs. Hugh Williams, of Caledonia ; Jane, is now Mrs. Thomas Morris, of Caledonia. The only son, Evan R. Owen, was born March 3, 1848, in Racine, Wis., and was married May 4, 1874, to Kate Humphrey, who was bom Sept. 16, 1852, in York Co., Penn., daughter of John Humphrey, a native of Merionethshire, TOWN OF CALEDONIA. 1059 Wales, who came to America in 1849, and settled in York Co., Penn., where he is still livino; ; her mother, whose niiiden name was Jane Morris, died when Kate was only 3 years old, and when 4 years old she was brought to Caledonia, where she lived with her grandfather, Morgan Morris. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Owen are members of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church, and he and his son Evan R. are Republi- cans, and have 200 acres of land. WILLIA^I OWEN, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Portage ; was born in the village of Llanelltyd, Merionethshire, North Wales, Sept. 10, 182.5; son of John and Margaret Owen, who came to America in 1846, and settled in Caledonia in September of that year, being the first Welsh settler in the town ; he died in 1865, aged 42 years. Wm. Owen made his home with his parents till he was 27 years old, then, Jan. 1, 1853, was married to Margaret, daughter of John and Laura Jones, who came to America in 1851, and settled in Randolph, Columbia Co., Wis.; she was born Feb. 24, 1829, in Bronyfoel, Parish of Llangelynin, Merionethshire, North Wales. Mr. and Mrs. Owen have ten children — John Gwylym, Edwena Esellt and Edwyn Caradoy (twins), Aneurin, Wm. Salsbury, David G-aronwy, Owen Jones, Meirion Rhydderch, Liura Maggie and Edward Grerat. Mr. Owen was the first School Superintendent in the town, and has been Justice of the Peace; was elected Register of Deeds in 1852 for 1853 and 1854, and re-elected in 1854 for 1855 and 1856, and was a member of Assembly in the Legislature of 1865 ; was appointed to take the census in four towns in 1870, and has the appointment again for the same bus- iness in 1880. The first six years aft^r his marriage, he lived in Portage, and, in the fall of 1858, removed to Cambria, where he was engaged in buying wheat in compiny with John ap Jones, also deal- ing in lumber at the same time, and was d^pit agent at Cambria about four years. In 1867, he removed to the town of Randolph and went to farming on Sec. 10 ; sold out in 1873, and removed to his present location. He is a Republican in politics, aad has 637 acres of land in his farm. Both are members nf the Calvinistic Methodist Church. JOHN PATE (deceased) was one of the oldest residents of Caledonia, and of the pioneers who buffeted the hardships of a new country, when a man had to sacrifice all the comforts of civilization in order to start a home iu the Far West. Mr. Pate was born Feb. 17, 1802, at Brown Castle, Parish of Cul- bride, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Was married to Agnes Stewart, April 25, 1837, and emigrated to America in the spring of 1842, sailing from Glasgow on the 26th of April in the ship Perthshire, Capt. Simpson, being seven weeks making the voyage across the Atlantic to the United States. He went to Albany by steamboat, thence by canal to Buffalo, then by steamboat again to Chicago, and from there to Columbia Co., Wis., by team ; he settled oo unsurveyed land in what was then Dekorra, Portage Co., Territory of Wisconsin, now Sec. 30, town of Caledonia, Columbia Co., Wis. Roads and bridges were then unknown in this region ; the nearest grist-mill was ten miles west of Madison, and their nearest market was Mil- waukee. When the town of Caledonia was organized from Dekorra, Mr. Pate was its first Chairman ; was Supervisor in 1852 ; was afterward Assessor and Town Clerk, and also held several minor ofiBces. On his farm of 200 acres in Sees. 30. 31 and 36, he resided from 1845 till his death, which occurred Dec. 19, 1879, of cancer in the face. He had been a member of the Presbyterian Church from his youth up ; was a great lover of music, and composed several pieces, one of whicti entitled " Caledonia," is frequently sung in the Presbyterian Church in Caledonia. He left five children — John S., Marian, Robert, Samuel J. and William. Samuel J. Pate was born April 22, 1850, in Caledonia, on Sec. 30, and was married, Feb. 8, 1875, to Elizabeth Pearson, who was born Nov. 4, 1856, in Carlisle, England, daughter of George Pearson, who came to America in the spring of 1871, and lives in Caledonia; has two children — Mary Elizabeth, born Nov. 18, 1876, and John George, born Nov. 9, 1878. Mr. Pate is a Republican, and is the present Town Treasurer, which office he has held two years ; has been District Treasurer five years ; is a Presbyterian, and has 140 acres of land. ' MOSES PAQUETTE, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Portage; was born March 4, 1828, at the old trading-post, about one-quarter mile from Ft. Winnebago ; he is the only surviving son of Pierre, or Peter Paquette, who was employed by the American Fur Company at Ft. Winnebago in trading with the Indians, and also in the transportation of their Mackinaw boats between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers at the " portage," and who was shot and killed in 1 836 by an Indian named Mazomanie, which event has already become a matter of history. After the death of his father, Moses was taken to the Catholic Mis- sion School on the Yellow River, and afterward to the mission on Turkey River, Iowa, where he remained till the fall of 1845, and was then sent to Lebanon, Tenn., where he remained in school two years ; he then came back to Wisconsin, was employed in the store of the American Fur Co. at Prairie du Chien about a year, and then returned to Columbia Co., and lived about a year with his mother near Portage ; he then worked another year for the American Fur Co., this time at Long Prairie, Minn.; he was then engaged one season in assisting H. M. Rice in removing the Indians from Wisconsin to Long Prairie, 1060 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Minn., then traded with the Indians till 1857. He then came back to Columbia Co., and, in 1858, was married to Madaline Brisbois, who wa.s born in 1835 in Prairie du Chien. Since his marriage, he has followed farming in Caledonia on the farm he now occupies. His mother died in 1804, aged about 70 years, leavinji a quarter-section of land in Sees. 27 and 28, which was divided between him and his only surviving .sister, Mrs. Thomas Prescott. Mr. Paquette has seven children — Domitille, St. Clair, Solomon J., Peter, Daniel, Mary Ann and Moses. Has 80 acres of land. Republican in politics, and a member of the Catholic Church. REV. TlIOMA^i PHILililPS, deceased; was born in Glamorganshire, South Wales, July 17, 1802; sun of William and Jijaiia Phillips. Was married in Wales in 1839, to Miss Gwenllian Thomas (who was born in the same county as Mr Pliillips ), daughter of Howelis and Margaret Thomas; came to America in 1846; first preached in Danville, Penn., and then in Pottsville ; and in 1851, removed to Wisconsin and settled in Caledonia, where he continued in the ministry until his death, Dec. 11, 1871 ; he was a self-made man, zealous and energetic in his work, and at the time of his death had been in the min- istry of Welsh Methodist Church upward of forty years ; he had accumulated quite a library, and had some very ancient works ; among them, was a large Bible, printed in old English, which was in use in Wales when Bibles were so scarce that only one could be afforded to each parish, and this one was hung by a chain so it could be used by all, but not removed from the church. He left six children— Howell, (living in Lake Crystal, Minn.) ; David (living in Milwaukee) ; George (living in Hudson, Wis.) ; Will- iam, Thomas and Mary (living on the homestead with their mother). Have 120 acres of land; P. 0. Portage. Mr. and Mrs. Phillips buried five children — Mary in Wales ; William and David in Pennsyl- vania, and Joseph and John in Wisconsin. THOMAS PRESCOTT, farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. Portage; born in Canada Oct. 13, 1834; came to Marathon Co., Wis., in May, 1856 ; lived there until January, 18G2 ; then came to Columbia Co., and has lived in Caledonia since. Was married, Nov. 25, 1866, to Mrs. Theresa Brisbois, widow of Mitch- ell J. Brisbois; she was born May 5, 1826, at the old trading-post, opposite of, and about a quarter of a mile from Ft. Winnebago ; she is the only surviving daughter of Peter Pauquette, a native of St. Louis, (see biography of Moses Pauquette, of Caledonia). Mrs. Prescott is a grand- daughter of Joseph Criee, who died at her house the 1st of February, 1867, supposed to be in 141st year of his age at the time of his death ; he had lived in the Pauquette family the last sixty years of his life, and from his statements and the best information they could get, his age as given is supposed to be correct. Mrs. Prescott had six children by the first husband ( Mr. Brisbois), four of whom are now living — Peter Pauquette Brisbois, Julia Josephine, Theodore O'Neely Brisbois and Abraham Lincoln Brisbois; Solomon Edwin died in 1851, aged 18 months, and Pauline Theresa died in 1857, aged 8 months; she has three children by the second mar- riage- — Mary L., Lewis Pauquette and Emma Theresa. Mrs. Prescott says her father seemed to have a presentiment that he was not going to die a natural death, and told his family that in case he should be killed (as he expected he should be sooner or later), he wished to have H. L. Dansman appointed as the guardian of his children; this was done in accordance with his wishes; soon after her father's death she was taken by the " i'ellow River " Mission School, in Iowa, where she stayed some time; then worked for a family named McDowell in Iowa, about two years, not knowing that she had any property, and suppos- ing herself to be a subject of charity while at the school ; she was found in this situation by Henry Rice, of Minnesota, who knew her family and reported ; she was then sent to school three years in St. Louis, when she returned to Wisconsin, and has lived in this State since ; she says that her father, at his death, left thirteen sections of land, and that the heirs have received but little benefit from it as yet ; she was brought up a Catholic, and Mr. Prescott an Episcopalian. He is a Republican, and they have 120 acres of land. ROBERT PlIGH, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Portage ; born March 28, 1832, in Merionethshire, North Wales; .son of Hugh Pugh ; came to America in the spring of 1852 ; lived in Oneida Co., N. Y., about four years ; in the spring of 1856, came to Wisconsin ; he lived in Cambria two years, and in the spring of 1858, came to the town of Caledonia, where he has since resided; he learned the carpenter trade in Oneida Co., N. Y., and has followed that business since, in addition to his farming. Was married in Utica, N. Y.. Feb. 26, 1855, to Mary Lloyd, who was a native of Montgomeryshire, Wales, daughter of Watkin Lloyd ; has eight children living — Watkin, Hugh, Ellis, Ann, John, Ida, Ellen and Jane; one son, David died in 1875, 2^. years old. Republican, and has 320 acres of land in his farm. Mrs. Pugh is a member of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church. REV. THOMAS J. RICE, ministor of the First Welsh Church of Caledonia; farm of 80 acres in Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Portage ; was born March 4, 1833, in Cardiganshire, South Wales; son of Rode- rick Rice, who came to America in 1846, and now lives on the farm on which he then settled, seven miles TOWN OF CALEDONIA. 1061 •west of Waukesha, Wis.; Mr. Eice was educated at Carroll College in Waukesha, and entered the ministry before he was 20 years old, but was not ordained till 1869 ; was first stationed at Waukesha, and preached in tliat vicinity about seven or eight years ; in 1859, he went to Milwaukee and engaged in the mercantile business, in which he continued till 1865, preaching every Sabbath during the time; then removed to Portage and carried on the same business, still preaching nearly every Sabbath at that place and vicinity ; he left Portage and bought a, farm near Bangor, La Crosse Co., on which he lived till July 5 of that year, when his house was struck by lightning and totally destroyed, with all its contents, includ- ing his library, clothing, etc., the family barely escaping with their lives; Mr. Rice was struck on the shoulder, burning a place the size of a man's hand ; the fluid passed down his right limb clear to his foot ; they were carried out of the house in an insensible state, by a friend who happened to be staying with them over night, who was not injured ; after being burned out he lived one year with his father, at Wau- kesha; then returned to Bangor Village, and remained till March, 1873 ; then removed to Columbia Co., and has been connected with the First Welsh Church of that place ever since. Was married, Feb. 12, 1862, in Caledonia, to Anna Owen, daughter of John Owen (see biography of William Owen ) ; .she was born in Merionethshire, North Wales, Sept. 25, 1832 ; they have five children living, all boys— Edward Owen, GriflBth Roderick, John Hugh, George T. and William James ; lost one— David, died March 28, 1873, 7 months old. In politics, Mr. Rice acts with the Republican party. JOHN S. KICHMOXD, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 0. Alloa; was born June 10, 1813, in Ayrshire, Scotland; son of James Richmond, who died in Scotland; came to Canada in 1830, and was appointed District Judge when only 19 years old ; was afterward engaged in the Canada rebellion ; was at the battle of Prescott and was taken, and tried several times for treason, but managed to escape the penalty ; after the rebellion, he went to the State oi New York, and lived two years at Alexander Bay ; then in Water- town two years ; then traveled five or six years, lecturing on phrenology ; in 1842, he rt;turned to Scotland, ■where he remained till 1844, then came to America agam, and lived two years at Eagle Prairie, in Wau- kesha Co., thirty miles west of Milwaukee; spent the time there jhunting, lecturing and working a little, bein'.; in poor health ; in the summer of 1847, he came to Caledonia, entered a quarter-section of land on Sec. 9, and Dec. 1 of that year moved in with his family ; in 1851, while he was at work in the pinery, his house was burned ; he rebuilt, and has lived on the same premises ever since. His first wife, to whom he was married in 1829, was Jane Wallace, a descendant of Sir William Wallace; she died in 1839, leav- ing four children— Sarah, William, Henry and Mary— all living in the State of New York, except Williain, who lives in Illinois; his second wife was Mary Young, of Paisley, Scotland, to whom he was married in 1843; she died June 11, 1869, in Caledonia, leaving'four children— Mary (now Mrs. John Wilson, of Dekorra), Emily (now Mrs. William Muir, living on the Indian farm, in Caledonia), Lucy ( now Mrs. Rung, of Chippewa Falls) ; Loveuie was the first wife of Mr. Rung, and died iu 1877 ; his third wife, to whom he was married May 1, 1872, was Miss Urrle Fuller, of Dekorra, by whom he has three children-— John, Nettie and Jessie. He is Republican; has been Chairman of the town several years, and Justice of the Peace. He lost about $10,000 in money and lands by the Canada rebellion ; has now 120 acres in his farm. HUGH ROBERTS, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Portage; born Feb. 7, 1838, in Oneida Co., N. Y.; son of Hugh Roberts, who came to America in 1830 and settled in New York ; came to Wisconsin June 7, 1847 ; lived in Caledonia till 1870, then removed to Howard Co., Iowa, and died there in 18(39. Mr. Roberts was married, Nov. 10, 1858, to Margaret Jones, daughter of John Jones, who came to America in 1842, lived a few years in New York, two years in Racine, Wis , and came to Columbia Co. in 1848, and settled in Caledonia. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts have sis children — John, Winnie, William, Sarah, Edward and David ; have lost three — Roger, Hugh and one unnamed. Is a Republican , and has been Supervisor two terms. Has 690 acres of land on his farm. Are both members of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church. His brother, William Roberts, enlisted in August, 1861, in Co. C, 23d W. V. I., and died in May, 18(i3, near Vicksburg. THOMAS ROBERTSON, Jr., farmer, Sec. 36; p. 0. Alloa; was born in Renfrew- shire, Scotland, in 1839 ; son of Thomas Robertson, Sr.; came to America with the family in 1842, and has resided in Caledonia ever since, except from the fall of 1871 to the fall of 1872 in Faribault Co., Minn. Was married, June 3, 1868. to Janet Dunlop, who was born in Scotland and came to America with her parents while yet a mere child ; she was born near Paisley, Aug. 26, 1849. Mr. Robertson has six children — Thomas Davis, William James, Jane Alice, Janet Mary, Robert Dunlop and John McCulloch — all at home. He is a Republican, and has been Town Treasurer one year; was brought up a Presbyterian, but is not a member of the church. Has 4472 acres of land in Caledonia, and a 160-acre farm in Faribault Co., Minn. Thomas Robertson, Sr. (deceased), better known in Columbia Co. as " Daddy Robertson," was born 1062 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in December, 1800, in Renfrewshire, Scotland, parish of Neilston, and his wife was born in the same par- ish, in August, 1800 ; her maiden name was Janet Robertson, dauj^hter of Robert Robertson, and they were married in 1823; he came to America in 1840, and with his son-in-law, Alex. McDonald, now of Portage, were the first settlers in what is now the town of Caledonia ; he made a claim on unsurveyed land, in what was then the town of Dekorra, Portage Co., Territory of Wisconsin (now Sec. 32, Caledonia) ; this was in the summer of 1840 ; he did some breaking and built a house, and in 1842 his family came from Scotland to join him in his new home; they sailed from Glasgow in the ship Perthshire, Capt. Simpson, April 26, in company with the families of James Wilson and John Pate, being seven weeks on the voyage to New York ; Mr. Pate went to Chicago to meet them, and when he returned to Caledonia, found the prairie fire had swept away his homf , so his own family, and those of Mr. Wilson and Mr. Pate, making in all twenly- one persons, lived in a " dug-out," which he had made for a sort of home till he could build again ; the other families left, and he lived in the "dug-out" all winter, and it was called "the castle;" the next spring he built on Sec. 32, and lived there till 1851, when they were again deprived of a home by the prairie fire, which made a clean sweep of all his buildings ; he then built on Sec. 36, where he resided till his death, in November, 1872, his wife having died in April, 1870. He was a leading politician of the Repub- lican faith, and held the oflBce of Justice of the Peace, and was several years Chairman of the town. Him- self and wife were life-long members of the Presbyterian Church. He left seven children — James, Robert, Janet. Margaret, Thomas, Elizabeth and George — all born in Scotland, except the last two. He left 500 acres of land. JOHBf ROWIjEY, Sr. (deceased) : was a native of Connecticut, and his parents removed to Chautauqua Co., N. Y., when he was a boy. He was married, in Chautauqua Co., Oct. 28, 1824, to Sophia Kllithorp, who was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Deo. 11, 1807; daughter of Henry Ellithorp. Mr. Rowley followed farming in Chautauqua Co. till 1838, then removed to Caldwell Co., Mo , wherf he lived one year; then three years in Kane'Co., 111., and five years in Hancock Co., same State; in July, 1847, he came to Wisconsin, and settled in Caledonia, on Sec. 26, where he resided till his death, March 4, 1874, in his 75th year; he left a widow and the following children : Celestina (now Mrs. Harvey Mar- ble), of Arizona ; Asa, living in Freeborn Co., Minn.; Sophia (now Mrs. B. Johnson), of Caledonia ; John, Emily (now Mrs. Harley T. Hoskin), of Sauk Co.; Henry and George W., living in California. John was married. May 7, 1879, to Martha Farnsworth. and is living on the homestead, as is Mrs. Rowley and Henry, who is unmarried. Have 200 acres of land between them. P. 0. Alloa. John and his wife belong to the Free Methodist Church, and he and Henry are Republicans. WILLiIA^I M. SHAXKS, farmer and Postmaster at Alloa ; was born Sept. 17, 1827, iu Lanarkshire, Scotland, parish of Shotts : son of David Shanks, who died when William was only 5 years old. Mrs. Shanks then married John Marshall, who came to America in 1850, leaving his family in Scot- land till 1851; he settled in Caledonia, and died in November, 1864. Mr. Shanks has lived in Caledonia since 1851, except about six months in Summit Co., Ohio, in 1852. Was married, Nov. 28, 1856, to Agnes Robb, who was born Nov. 16, 1829, in Stirlingshire, Scotland, parish of St. Ninians, daughter of Ralph Robb, who died when she was 3 years old ; her mother then married Duncan Stewart, who came to America with his family in 1852; lived awhile in New York, then in Ohio, and came to Caledonia in the spring of 1856 ; he Wiis the first Postmaster at Alloa, and kept the oflBce till his death, Sept. 15, 1876; Mrs. Stewart died Nov. 30, 1870. Mr. Shanks has eight children^David John, Jessie R., John S., Maggie, Agnes Lincoln, Christianna, Mary and Sarah Maud. He held the office of Supervisor two years, and is the present Postmaster at Alloa, which office he has held since November, 1876 ; both mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church ; he is a Republican, and has 240 acres of land. WIIiLIAiV NHA:KKS, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 0. Alloa; born Oct. 26, 1838, in Renfrewshire, Scotland ; son of William Shanks, who came to America in the summer of 1846, settled in Caledonia, on Sec. 3, and died there in December, 1855. William, Jr., was married, Feb. 18, 1873, to Elizabeth Robert- son, who was born Aug. 19, 1843. and was the first white child born in the town of Caledonia ; daughter of Thomiis Robert.son, Sr. ( " Daddy " Robertson " |. [See biography of Thomas Robertson, Jr., of Cale- donia]. Mr. and Mrs. Shanks have only one child — Jennie Louise, born May 23, 1874. He is a Repub- lican, and has 187^ acres of land. When his father came to Caledonia, he made the trip from Milwaukee with an ox team, taking about three weeks for the journey, Mrs. Shanks walking nearly half the way, aud carrying her daughter fsabella, then 2 years old, on her back, being afraid to ride over the rough roads with a heavy load ; the first summer they were afflicted with the ague, there being fifteen down with it at one time at the house of James Wilson. They built a log house in the fall, b>it did not get it finished before winter set in, and lived without windows the first winter ; lived on salt beef, corn bread and tea, without any change ; the snow fell at one time about three feet deep on a level, and they went six weeka TOWN OF CALEDONIA. 1063 at a time without seeing a person outside their own family ; Mr. Shanks was taken down with rheumatism during the winter, and the first five acres they got cleared Mrs. Shanks did the grubbing and the boy Will- iam (then 8 years old), hoed it up with an old Scotch hoe. JOHN G. STAUDENMAYER, farmer, Sec. 8, 9 and 17; P. 0. Alloa; born April 21, 1826, in Wurtemberg, Germany; son of John Leonard Staudenmayer ; came to America, in the summer ol' 1853 and located in Caledonia, on Sec. 10, and has resided in that town ever since. Was married May 29, 1855, in Caledonia, to Margaret Naser, from his native place in Germany ; has .seven children living — Theresa ( now the wife of Jacob Joss, who is manufacturing Swiss cheese at Woodland, Dodge Co.. Wis.) ; George, Sophia, John, William, Edward and Mary, all at home, except the oldest ; lost one boy, William, who died at 11 months of age. He held the office of Chairman of his town, five years in succession. Town Clerk, eight years in succession. Supervisor, one year, Justjce of the Peace, five years, and is at present holding that ofiice. In politics, Independent, was formerly a Democrat, but for the last five or six years nat acted with the Republican party. Has 350 acres of land in his farm. JAjflES STEWART, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Alloa; born May 16, 1822, in Perthshire, Scotland; son of Alexander Stewart, who came to America in 1852; lived in Wyoming Co., N. Y., till the fall of 1856, then came to Wisconsin and settled in Caledonia, where he died in the fall of 1872. Mrs. Stewart died in April, 1863. Mr. Stewart was married Jan. 5, 1871, to Elizabeth King, who was born on the same farm as Mr. Stewart, in 1840. Mr. Stewart has three children — Ellen, James and Margaret. Has been Supervisor one year; Republican and member of the Presbyterian Church. Has 193J acres of land. GEORGE STliEMPFIG, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. Alloa; was born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, March 26, 1817. Was married in Germany, in 18-48, to Barbara Naserin ; came to America in 1852 and settled in Caledonia, where he has since resided; was a farmer in Germany and has followed the same business since coming to America. Has five children living — George, born July 28, 1852; Jacob, April 4, 1855; Maggie, Nov. 30, 1857 ; John, July 14, 1860, and Mary, born Jan. 21, 1867 ; have lost three, Maggie and Barbara died in Germany, and Jacob in America. Mr. and Mrs. Stuempfig are mem- bers of the " Evangelical Association." He is a Democrat and has 177 acres of land. JOHN TOWERS, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Merrimack, Sauk Co., Wis.; born March 17, 1827, in Stirlingshire, Scotland, son of Walter Towers. Was married in Scotland, March 22, 1850, to Marion Shanks, who was born July 1, 1830, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, daughter of David Shanks. (See biography of William M. Shanks. ) Mr. Towers came to America in the spring of 1850, his wife remaining in Scot- land till 1852. He worked in Columbia Co. till May, 1852, then went to Ohio and remained till the next fall, when he returned to Wisconsin to meet his wife ; he returned to Ohio the same fall, and lived there till the spring of 1855, then came back to Wisconsin and bought land in Caledonia, where he has since resided. Has six children— Walter, James, Sarah, Maggie, John and Robert; all at home, except the oldest son, Walter, who is married and lives in the same town. Mr. Towers is a Republican and has held the office of Assessor several years, and also that of School Director, which office he now holds. Has 320 acres of land in his farm and 40 acres of timber near it. Mrs. Towers is a member of the Presby- terian Church. THOMAS WALKER, Sr., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Portage ; born in London, England, March 27, 1806 ; son of William George and Bennett Walker ; when 13 years old, he apprenticed to learn the making of " britannia metal" goods ; paid 100 guineas, and worked five years to learn the trade ; after that he worked at making tinfoil, five years in London ; in 1836, went to Canada, where he worked at farming three or four years ; then returned to London and worked five years more at tinfoil making ; in 1845, he came again to America; lived in Boston a few months; then in Rochester, N. Y., about two years, manufacturing britannia metal goods ; he then went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he got the fever and ague, which he says, •' shook all the Johnny Bull out of him and made a Yankee of him ;" from Cleveland he came to Wisconsin and settled in his present location, in May, 1851, where he has since resided and followed farming. Was married in London, in the Parish of St. Mary's, March 14, 1836, to Rebecca Hurley, who was born Dec. 18, 1813, in London, where she lived within a quarter of a mile of her future husband, and never made his acquaintance until she was 20 years old ; have eight children living — Eliza, Ellen, Rebecca, Henry, Richard, Thomas, John and Sarah ; have buried four^Thomas, William, George and Ann. Is a Republican, and has held the office of Supervisor. Has 80 acres of land in his farm. ROBERT WHITELAW, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Alloa; was born March 26, 1819, in Ayrshire, Scotland ; son of James VVhitelaw. Was married in Scotland, Feb. 5, 1847, to Isabella Reid, daughter of William Reid ; she was born July 8, 1823, in Lanarkshire, Scotland ; came to America in 1848, and settled in Caledonia, where he has since resided. Has ten children living — Jane, Isabella, 1064 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: James and William (twins), Mary, Susan, Robert, Julia, Asnes and John ; Margaret died in 1864, at the age of 16; William is attending college at Ann Arbor, Mich., and James at Beloit College; Jane and Susan are teaching, and Isabella at Ann Arbor, Mich. Mr. Whitelaw has been Chairman of the town the last two years, and President of the Caledonia Farmers' Fire Insurance Company, ever since it was organ- ized, which is about six yeisrs. Republican, and has 175 acres of land. Were members of the Congrega- tional Church in Scotland, but have never joined here. HUGH T. WILL.IA.IK, farmer, Sees. 18 and 19 ; P. 0. Portage; born in Anglesea, South Wales, in 1840 ; son of David Williams, who died in Wales in 1863. Mr. Williams cime to America in 1858; settled in Caledonia, and has resided in the same town ever since. He enlisted in August, 1862, in the 23d W. V. I., Co. C, and was in the service three years; was wounded May 23, 1803, at the battle of Vicksburg, while on board a monitor boat, by a piece of shell, which disabled him for some time ; he was afterward transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps; was stationed in Milwaukee from November, 1864, until .March, 1865 ; from that time until the next July, was at Mudison, Wis., and then went to Indiana, where he remained until discharged ; was employed a good deal of the time while stationed iu Indiana, in escorting prisoners from one point to another. Was married, March 17, 1866, to Margaret Owens, who was born in Wales in 1841 ; daughter of Robert Owens, who came to America in 1841, and is now living in Caledonia. Mr. Williams has seven children — David, Robert, Sarah, Evan, Ellen, John and Thomas, Republican, and has 135 acres of land. TOWN OF FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE. EDWARD BARXETT, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0. Doylestown ; 118 acres, 70 acres cultivated; 40 years of age ; born in Ireland ; son of William and Julia Griffin Barnett ; been in America twenty- five years. Married at Elba, Dodge Co., Wis., by Father Edward McGurke, to Bridget Conners, who was born in 1847, daughter of John and Ann Johnson Conners ; had six children, first one died very youns; — • William, born May 10, 1868; John, April 13, 1870; Julia Ann, Aug. 7, 1872; Mary, May 24, 1875, died May 24, 1877, of diphtheria; Katie, Jan. 15, 1878. Mr. Barnett is a Democrat and member of Father Murphy's Church ; was drafted into the army; paid commutation money and remained at home ; parents of Mrs. Barnett are still living at Elba. WILL.IAM BARXETT, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. Doylestown; 220 acres, 200 cultivated; born in county of Waterford, Ireland ; son of William and Julia Griffin Barnett; came to America thirtj- years ago; about 41) years of age (family record was lost); been in this county twenty-five years. Mar- ried, Jan. 10, 1859, at Beaver Dam, to Ann Kane, daughter of Michael and Margaret (Kane ) Kane ; had no children ; has adopted three, one girl and two boys, to whom he is uncle and guardian. Democrat and Catholic; rather liberal; parents .still living in this town ; parents of wife dead. SAMFORD L. BATCHELDER, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Fall River; born Sept. 20, 1822, at Stafford, Genesee Co., N. Y., son of Hillard and Nancy Stiles Batchelder ; settled in this town October, 1866. Married, November, 1849, at Stafford, by Elder'Weeks, to Dolly, daughter of Elias Watson ; had three children — Cara M., wife of Wyman Fisk, has four girls, Maudie, Lottie, Annie and Helen ; Edgir Willis, single, at Springfield, III., telegraph operator on Wabash R. R; Frink C, operator in general office of C M. & St. P. R. R. Democratic in principle; was in Co. B, 7th W. V. I. until JMarch 23, 1862, resigned and came home; was Fir.st Lieutenant; then organized Co. K, and in August, 1862, went into 32d W. V. I ; was at Memphis on provost duty a year, then with Sherman to Meridian, February, 1863; thence to Cairo, Paducah, Ky., and Decatur, Ala.; about one year guarding bridges and supplies; then to Chattanooga, Atlanta and Savannah, and to gi'and review at Washington, May, 1865; was elected Justice of the Peace just as he was starting for United States service. ElilHH A A. DEAN, farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. O. Doylestown ; 80 acres ; born March 7, 1835, in town of Vernon, Oneida Co., N. Y.; son of Ezra and Mary A. Yule Dean; his father was from Massachu- setts, and his mother from New York ; came to Elba, Dodge Co., 1855 ; farming five years ; then to this town. Married Dec. 26, 1859, by Elder F. S. Brown, in this town, to Josephine, dauirhter of Joseph Millick, of Baden-Baden, where she was born March 18, 1838; has three children — Hattie Viola, born Feb. 11, 1861 ; Charles Stimner, July 11, 1867 ; Carrie Jcsephine, Deo. 27, 1869. Liberal Republican, and attends the Methodist Church ; has been five years a magistrate, and was member of Co. B, 7th W, V. I., enlisted June, 1861, in State service, and sworn into United States service, September after; last two years of time served at Fifth Corps headquarters and was present when R. E. Lee sent in flag of TOWN OF FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE. 1065 jtruce ; discharged July, 1865. Mr. Dean's mother lives at Columbus, and is the wife of A. L. Hath- away ; parents of Mrs. Dean are both dead. WILLIAM J. EVAIVS, farmer, Sees. 20 and 21 ; P. 0. Fall River; 120 acre.s, 70 culti- vated; born Deo. 15, 1820, at Shropshire, England; son of Jonadab and Margaret (Jonesj Evans; came to Waterbury in 1844, and in the fall of 1845, to Fond du Lac, on Sec. 30 in Byron, and to this farm in 1874. Married, April 18, 1852, at Byron, by Elder Benjamin Harrington, to Delia Simons, who was born Sept. 29, 1828, daughter of Orville and Emeline (Welch) Simons ; had six children — Margaret Emeline, born March 5, 1853, and wife of Joseph North, in town of Trenton, Dodge Co., and has four children; William Benjamin, born Sept. 24, 1854; John Orville, born March 4, 1858; Robert Deloss, born July 23, 1864; Clara Delia, born Aug. 2, 1866; one son died young, no name; Mr. Evans was several years Director of School District, and two years Magistrate; Republican, and himself and wife members of Methodist Church thirty-five years. Only brother of Mrs. Evans, Delos Simons, was in 1st W. C, and now living in Idaho, as also her father; Mr. Evans' father died in Iowa; his mother in Byron, of cancer ; has one brother living in Iowa, one in Fond du Lac ; two sisters in Byron and one in Fox Lake. O. W. FIELD, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Fall River; 280 acres, 170 acres cultivated; born in Onondaga Co., N. Y.; son of Stephen and Charlotte (Berry) Fields; went to Michigan, Kalamazoo Co., at the age of 5 years, with parents, remained there sixteen years and then came here. Married in this town, October, 1863, to Maria N. Smith, daughter of Lewis and Sylvina (_Webb) Smith ; had .six children —Mary E., born Sept. 26, 1864 ; Maud E., born April 6, 1866 ; George S., born Dec. 8, 1868 ; Oliver West, born Feb. 20, 1871 ; Edwin P., born April 25, 1873 ; Lewis G., born Sept. 10, 1877. Mr. Fields is a Republican ; seven years Supervisor, one year Chairman and fourteen years Treasurer of his School District ; his father was in Springfield armory during war of 1812. WILLI Alfl E. FIELD, farmer by trade and doctor by profession ; P. O. Fall River ; born March 4, 1825, in town and county of Onondaga, N. Y.; son of Stephen and Charlotte (Berry) Field ; immigrated in 1832 to Kalamazoo Co., Mich., where he lived sixteen years; settled herein 1848. Mar- ried at Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo Co., Nov. 27, 1841, by Rev. William Taylor (Baptist), to Josephine, daughter of Abram I. and Sarah (Bishop) Shaver, of New York and Pennsylvania; wife born in 1831, June 23, at Prairie Ronde; had five children — Sarah and Eliza, twins, born Jan. 17, 1851 ( Eliza wife of John Pearson, a broker and capitalist at Ripon, Wis.); Jerome E., born Feb. 16, 1852; Mary E., born Sept. 5, 1854, died Aug. 2, 1876, of consumption ; William H., born March 10, 1857, clerking fur Pear- son. Republican in politics; Universalist in religion ; has held office of Supervisor, Constable and Com- missioner of highway ; parents of Mr. Field broke the first ground, and sowed the first grain in Kalamazoo Co., Mich. (1828), and a sister of Mr. Field, Celista, now on old homestead, wife of T. B. Hicks, was the first white child born in that county ; when a child, she used to play with the Indians, and one day, Sam- uel Houston, of Texas, saw her and supposed they had stolen her; he went in and told them (Mrs. Field) he saw the prettiest child he ever saw in the Indian camp, and wanted to go and recapture it ; they soon brought her home and all had a good laugh at the expense of the old General ; in April, after the twins were born, they were living in a shanty about 16x18 feet and had the babies in a box tied to the rafters, so as to make a swing cradle, and during the night a hurricane took the roof, rafters, babies and all lOO feet into a grove ; one struck on the ground and the other in a tree, where she was still hanging when found, with a small limb of the tree sticking in her head; a brother of Mr. Field, John S., and two brothers of Mrs. Field, were in the army, one of the latter died of the measles, and the other was wounded in the shoulder ; her father was in the Black Hawk war with her uncle, William A. Bishop ; the grand- mother of Mrs. Field died at Green Lake, Wis., June 11, 1878, aged 99 years 11 months and 15 days, and five years previous to her death, there were at her table at one time, representatives of five generations. Mr. Field is a successful cancer doctor, having practiced a long time and never lost a case ; he does not advertise, but has a large number of testimonials as to efficiency; he doctors on the "no cure, no pay" plan, and always gets his pay ; he studied under Judge Bazil Harrison, a cousin uf William Henry Harrison, who was believed to be the most learned and successful doctor (of cancer) in the United States; he died at the age of 103 years and 6 months at Prairie Ronde, Mich., Aug. 30, 1874. JAMES HATTON, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Fall River; 300 acres, all fenced; born at Brad- ford, England, July 19, 1830; son of Joseph and Mary (Robertshaw) Hatton ; settled here in August, thirty years ago. Married, April 3, 1867, at Coui-tlani, by Rev. William Lithrop, to Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Sarah (Greenwood) Waterworth ; Mrs. Hatton was born in Yorkshire, England, Oct. 10, 1844; had five children— Mary Jane, born March 9, 1868; Sarah Elizabeth, born March 12, 1870; Joseph, born March 8, 1873; Grace Annise, born April 19, 1875, died March 9, 1879; Nettie Rebecci, born April 1, 1878. 1066 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: NHELDEN E. HE WIIVS, farmer, Sec 29; P. 0. Fall River ; born in Massachusetts in, 1834; son of Elijah and Sabia A. (Wooster) Hewins ; went to Lorain Co., Ohio, with parents at 18 months of age, where he lived 10 years; then to Byron, Fond du Lac Co., Wis., and, at 14 years of age, came to this town. Married, Jan. 15, 1856, at Byron, by Elder Harrington, to AJolia A., daughter of Chestes and Olive (Ingals) Thomas; wife born March 13, 1839; had four children — Frank K., born Oct. 0, 1850 ; Wilbur F., Dec, 21, 1863 ; Mjrtie A., March 4, 1871 ; Homer E., Dec. 5, 1872. Republican in politics; Baptist in religion. Has a well-cultivated farm of 216 acres. His brother, George W., wa.s in Go. E, 3d W. V. I., and had his arm shot off at the shoulder-joint at the battle of Beverly's Ford ; be came home, and, while boarding with Mr. McCoy, in the Lower Town in the city of Fond du Lac, Wis., was accidentally burned to death on the night of Sept. 8, 1878, the house being totally destroyed with its contents; all the inmates escaped except Hewins, and he, being disabled, perished in the flames; strong suspicion.s of foul play were generally entertained at that time ( he having lately drawn his pension), but the case was never fully investigated. Hi.s brother, Edwin M., wa.s in the 2d Kan. V. C.; was wounded, now lives in Chautau(|ua Co., Kan. Edwin M. and Eliza Shepard, now the wife of Mr. Sweet, were, about July, 1847, lost in the woods in Fond du Lac Co., and remained three dajs with nothing to eat, except the few berries they could find ; they were discovered only six miles from home, nearly famished. The father of Mr. Hewins kept the Crescent House at Appleton three years, and went to California April 5, 1853; returned March 11, five years later, and died at Pickett's Station three days after, being uncon- sciou.s, as reported, from the effect of apoplexy ; it was strongly suspected, however, that his death was the result of other causes, as he was in po.ssession of considerable money when he left. JOHN HICKS, hotel-keeper. Fall River; born Nov. 27, 1817, at Dresden, Seneca Co., N. Y.; son of Asa and Mercy (Robbins) Hicks; settled in this town in 1847, and followed farming twelve years; then came to the village, and, five years ago, purchased the Fall River House, where he devotes his time and talent to the entertaining of his numerous friends and the public; the e.stimation in which, his house is held by the public is ample evidence that he is a square man and knows how to keep a hotel. He was married, March 1(1, 1840, in Kalamazoo Co., Mich., 1840, by William Taylor, to Eliza Field (see Wm. E. Field); had four children ; none now living ; has one adopted daughtt-r, 15 years of age. Was in Co. R, 11th W. V. I.; was out from October, 1861, to Feb. 27, 1863,; was discharged for dis- ability. He was one of the first Constables in the town, and occupied the position for many years; was Supervisor, etc. He voted for the constiiutiun of Michigan in 1835, and of Wisconsin also. His son, Asa Dallas, enlisted and died at Milwaukee in the United States Hopital. COL. MARTIN C. HOBART, farmer; P. 0. Fall River; was born in Niagara Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; when about a year old, he, with his parents, John S. and Enice Hobart, removed to Addison Co., Vt., where they resided on a farm till 1852; emigrating thence to Wisconsin, he located on a farm in the town of Fountain Prairie, Columbia Co. Mr. Hobart received a common-school education. He enlisted as private in Company B, 7th VV. V, I., at Fall River in 1861, under Col. Van Dore ; was elected Orderly Serireant at the organiza'ion of the company; was commissioned First Lieutenant in June, 1862, and, Aug. 28 following, was commissioned Captain of his company; he was taken prisoner at the battle of the Wilderness in May, 1864, and, while he was held as a prisoner, he was commissioned Major and Lieutenant Colonel of his regiment; he was paroled Feb. 22, 1865, exchanged in April following, and rejoined his regiment at Blacks and Whites Station, Va., and remained with it till mustered out at Jeffer- sonville, Ind., July 2, 1865. Returning then to his home in Fountain Prairie, he has since devoted his time to agriculture and stock-raising; he now (jwns a farm of 120 acres in Fountain Prairie and 20 acres on Sec. 3, town of Columbus. He was married, in 1866, to Miss Sarah A., daughter of Wayne B. Dyrc, of Pepin Co., Wis.; their children are Frances M., Mary V. and Burr E. JAMES H. HOYT, farnur. Sec. 19; P. O. Fall River; born in Ithaca, N. Y., March 6, 1841 ; son of Peter B. and Glorane (Malhews) Hoyt; came here at 4 years of age with p^irents ; at Columbus some time; then six years in Hampden ; then here. Married, Dec. 22, 1864, by Elder Fish (Baptist), at Fox Lake, to Julia, daughter of John and Clarrissa (Lackey) Bliss; Mrs. H. was born at Owego, N. Y., April 23, 1845 ; had one daughter who died at 3 weeks of age; has two living — Harvey, born Jan. 21, 1869; Myrta Idella, Oct. 2, 1872. Mr. Hoyt's parents were born in New York; wife's father died July 16, 1873, of consumption, aged 71 years : her mother is living with her, at the age of 82 years — a smart, active, jileasant lady (apparently about 65). Mr. Hoyt is Republican; attends Meth- odist and Baptist Churches (Ids wife is a Baptist) ; Clerk of district. His father started the first black- sinithshop in the t jwnship cif Columbus; set anvil undor a tree and than built a shed over it; when he came here, there were only three log houses and an unfisished grist-mill at the village of Columbus. Owns 80 acres. TOWN OF FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE. 1067 AUGUST FRRDI!VA\D KIBTZKE, farmer, Sec. 17 ; p. 0. Fall River; born Aug. 29, 184t>; son of William and Amelia (Kunn) Kietzke ; came to America in 1874. Married, Nov. 5, 1875, to Albertina Johanna, daughter of Fred and Louisa (Gariie) Gann ; Mra. Kietzke was born Nov. 5, 1852 ; had one child — Louisa, born April 28, 1877. Was member of Co. 8, 2l8t Regiment, under Frederick William, in Gernianj-, Owns 140 acres. SAMUEL LASHIEK, wagon-maker and mechanic; P. 0. Fall River; born at Union, Broome Co., N. Y., April 22, ISll); son of Aaron and Mary (Roe) Lashier (from Germany and Con- necticut); settled in town of Columbus June 12, 1846 ; farming four years; was one of the first Super- visors in the town of Columbus, and has held all the ofiBces in town at different times since; was eight years Treasurer, and several years Supervisor. Married, April 22, forty-eight years ago (then 22 years of age), at Union, N. Y., by Rev. Oliver Hill, to Mary A., daughter of John and Mary (Peck) Durfee ; had five children — Harvey F., now in Todd Co., Minn., where he has been County Auditor for eight years (he married a widow (formerly Kate Barr\), and has five children — Fred, Ida, Walter, Sam and Clara); Ellen L., wife of Walter Slawso.i, whi owns a job printing office in St. Louis, Mo.; Angeline E., wife of W. H. Proctor, has six cliildrcn— Nettie, John, Willie, Walter, Clara and Freddie; Nettie, the eldest, died at 17 years of age; Mary S., wife of John E. Stittman, died March 31, 1879, left five chil- dren — Eddie, John, Arthur, Mary, Martha (died at Orange City, Fla.) ; George S., single, in store at Fall River, where he keeps a uencral stock of groceries, etc. THEOnORE AUGUST CHARLES MILLER, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Fall River; born July 25, 1849, in Germany ; son of Charles and Rosina (Shultze) Miller; came here eleven years ago. Married, Jan. 16, 1873, to Minnie Hine, daughter of Michael and Anna (Pralap) Hine ; three children— Emma Louisa, born Dee. 31, 1876; Theodore William, Feb. 14, 1877; Elizabeth Mary, Oct. 10, 1878. Owns 100 acres. WILLIAM C. IVASHOLD, former. Sec. 9; P. 0. Fall River; born in Schoharie Co., N. Y., in 1818; son of William and GertruJe Nashold ; came to Wisconsin May 3 — twenty-three years ago. Was married, Oct. 19, 1846, in Albany Co., N. Y., by Rev. Mr. Leffler, to Eva, daughter of Philip and Mary (Sigsbie) Christler, born Oct. 16, 1822. They have had thirteen children — one, Sarah M.,died twenty years ago ; Demosthenes D., 37 years of age Feb. 28, 1880, married Sarah Waterworth, living at Otsego, has one child. Myrtle ; Jerome R., 35 years of age Feb. 2, 1880, married Clara Tyng, and lives on Sec 8 ; Egbert D , 33 years old June 14, 1880, married Malvina Linderman, lives at Solomon City, Idaho, and has two children ; Martha E., 31 years of age July 25, 1880, wife of Asbury Kellogg, of Moore Co., Iowa, has one child ; William Mason, 29 years of age Dec. 2, 1879 ; Orpha G., 28 years old July 11, 1879, wife of John J. Keeley, of Columbus ; OrsivilleH., 26 years old May 15, 1880, wife of John F. Rockwell, of Minnesota, has one child ; Emma J., 24 years old July 20, 1880, wife of William J. Doherty, of Rio, has two children ; George W., 22 years old May 2, 1880 ; Charles D., 20 years old May 2, 1880 ; Ida J., 18 years old Sept. 11, 1879 ; Homer C, 17 years old Feb. 20, 1880. Egbert was Corporal in Co. D, 53d W. V. I., and is Sheriff in Idaho, where he also has two hundred miles of mail route, by contract ; also succeeded in getting a military post established at Fort Lemhi (two companies), after repeated attempts had failed; Keeley I son-in-law) is a teacher; four of the brothers constitute a band, of which George W. is the leader, and they play all over the State. Mr. Nashold was a Lutheran and a Republican, as are the whole family ; was a teacher thirty-two terms ; he was killed by the accidental discharge of his gun, at Cambria, Sept. 4, 1864, he having taken it along to shoot ducks, on his way to mill with his son, Jerome, holding it with one hand and driving with the other ; the dog jumped into the wagon and so discharged it, the charge entering at his throat and lodging in the brain. He owned 40 acres of land. HEXRY NEWl^HAM. telegraph, station and express agent; P. 0. Fall River; born at Summit, Waukesha Co., Wis,, April 25, 1844 ;• son of James and Eliza (Prior) Newnham, of Bexhill, Chathiini, Sussex Co., England ; came to this town in 1875 ; was night operator fifteen months at (Lowell) Reesville. Enlisted, Sept. 1, 1864, in Co. C, 43d W. V. I.; was discharged Aug. 5, 1865, on general order, although at the time he was in hospital at Prairie Du Chien, with lung fever. Mr. Newnfam's father was ten years a sailor, and five or six years of that time was a signal man in the English navy; he is still liviiii;- at Oeonomowoc, AVis, GEORGE IVOLLER, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Doylestown ; born in 1821, at Wurtemberg; came here in 1847. Was married at Milwaukee, Wis., to Julia Frey ; they have four children — Fred G., born Oct, 1, 1856 ; Charles, born March 3, 1858; Sophia, born March 3, 1860; Julia Louisa, born Feb 3, 1864; Fred has been three years in the office of the Columbus Democrat, and has just quit to work on the farm for a holiday. Mr. NoUer sent to the Province of Alsace, France, for seed wheat BB 1068 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: three years ago, and from one (|iuirt raised three bushels, the next year forty-five bushels, and last year sold two hundred and fifty bushels at 84 per bushel (a bushel weighed sixty-four pounds). Mr. Noller owns 120 acres of land. WILLI AJI H. PROCTOK, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 0. Fall River; was born in Windsor Co., Vt., in 1827 ; his father, Capt. Asa Proctor, was also a native of Wind.sor Co., and obtained his title by being Captain of a State militia company there in his younger days ; his mother, Lorena Proctor, was boru at Mount Holly, Rutland Co., Vt.; Mr. Proctor is the second of a family of five children, one of whom died in Vermont in infancy; two were born in the West; in 1836, his father, with his wife and two chil- dren, emigrated to Michigan, and located on a farm in Kalaiuazoo Co.; eight years later, they removed to the town of Fountain Prairie, Columbia ( then Portage) Co., and located on a farm on Sec. 30, where his father died in 1848, his mother in 1855; his father. Col. J. Drake and James C. Carr, were the first inspectors of the first election of the Columbus Precinct of Portage Co., in the fall of 1845 ; William H., our present subject, made his home with his parents till their death, and now lives on a portion of the homestead; he owns 1(50 acres in Sees. 19 and 30. He has been a member of the Town Boarji, and Chairman of the same for four terms. He was married in 1857, to Miss Angeline E.. daughter of Samuel and Mary Lashier : a native of Broome Co., N. Y., born in 1838, and emigrated to Columbia Co., Wis., with her parents, in 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Proctor have sjven children — Ellen L., John S., Willie R., Mary E., Walter A., Clara M. and Alfred H. THOMAS M. ROBERTS, miller, Fall River; born May 24, 1S58, at Oshkosh, Wis.; son of David A. and Anna (Morgan) Rol)irts ; was clerking three years and milling three years; employed by E. Evans. FRAIVKLIN RUSSELL, farmer; P. 0. Fall River; was born in the town of Windsor, in Windsor Co., Vt., Aug. 28, 1805 ; son of John and Elizabeth (Hartwell) Russell, of Massachusetts ; settled in Dodge Co. in 1855. made a farm and ran it about thirteen years, then came to Fall River. He was married in the town of Stowe. Washington Co., Vt., by Daniel Moody, Esq., July 6, 1828, to Sylvia, daughter of Samuel and Betsey (Bigf)rd) Parcher; they have had twelve children — two died young, and ten are living, as follows : Cordelia M.. wife of F. H. Coon, of Fall River, who has twochddren — Ada, wife of Charles Taylor, an 1 Nina, wife of Arthur Haughton, of Dodge Co., Wis.; Susan J., wife of David Ash, of Dakota, who has six children — Adelaide, Edward, Clarence, Lily, Burt and Dora (Adelaide is the wife of Charles Wells, of St. Lawrence, N. Y.; Edward's wife was a Martin, and Lily is the wife of W. H. Blanchard ) ; A. H., married Mary A Brayton, of Portage, and has three children — May, Jay and Inez; R. P., mar- ried Delia Gilson, now at Wrightstown, Wis., and has six children — -Betsey, Ella, Wilbur and Willard (twins), Minnie and Rena ; Z. B., married Nov. 20, 181)5, at Fox Lake, to Lizzie Simpson, formerly from Ohio, they have two children, Julia and Mattie (Z. B. is a Republican and a Methodist ; was several years Treasurer of the town ; lost a leg at South Mountain, and is drawing a pension ; runs a cigar factory and restaurant, and also keeps a stock of groceries, flour, etc.; the parents of Mrs. Z. B. Rus.sell were R. C. and Matilda (Culver) Simpson, he being a native of New York and she of Pennsylvania ; Mrs. Matilda Simpson died at Wyocena in April, 1873, aged 66 years, and R. C. Simpson is living, at the age of 77, with his daughter, .Mrs. Z. B. Russell, at Fall River; Mrs. Z. B. Russell was 37 years old Dec. 25,1879, and has three brothers and two sisters living; one of them (Henry) was in the army ; Mr. Simpson came here in 1849) ; Betsy A., wife of E. F. Russell, of Dakota, has one child, Sylvia (she (Betsey) was the widow of (iilman Eno, by whom she had two children, Reuel and Derell) ; Philura, wife of Charles Thomp- son, of Dakota, she has two children, Jennie and Irving ; Franklin, married in Minnesota, and has one girl, Cora; Ezra W., is single, and runs a barber shop and notion store at Ashland, Wis.; Priscilla A., died Sept. 8, 1864, aged 16 years. Mr. Russell has seven great-grandchildren — two in Adelaide's family, in New York, and one in Edward's family, at the same place* Ada Taylor has one ; Nina Haughton has one; Betsey has one ; R. P.'s daughter, Ella Bradley, has one. Mr. R. had four sons and three sons-in-law in the army ; some of his bro'hers were in the war of 1812 ; Mrs. R.'s father was a captain in the war of 1812, and her brother a soldier ; she had four brothers and five sisters. Mr. Russell was a seventh son, a Republican, a Methodist, and a radical total abstinence man, but never signed a pledge ; he used tobacco five years, and then quit both smoking and chewing. JAMES RAIVDALL, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Fall River; born in Stafford, Genesee Co., N. Y., July 17, 1844. [See Spencer Randall.] Married in Stafford by Rev. Ambrose Burlington, to Mary, daughter of Frank and Lucy ( Deming) Cash ; had one son, died five years ago at 3 years of age ; he came to this place in 1862, and has been farming ever since; he owns 40 acres and works homestead of 200 acres. Is a Republican ; Baptist in religion ; prominent temperance and Temple of Honor man. TOWN OF FOUNTAIN PRAIRIE. 1069 SPENCER RANDALL, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Fall River; born iq Stafford, Genesee Co., N. Y., March 31, 1837 ; son of Israel and Celia (Watson) Randall, of Vermont ; came to this town Oct. )iS, 1860. Married, June 25, 1862, at Stafford by Rev. Aaron Parker, to Jane E. Kellogg, who was born in October, 1836, daughter of Russell and Harriet ( Miller) Kellogg ; had five children — Fred- die E., died in fijll of 1864; Charles, Hobart, Orrin W., all at home. Mr. Randall is a Republican ; attends the Baptist Church, and is at present Chairman of the Town Board (brother of James Randall) also a temperance man ; owns 80 acres. BENJAJHIIV A. SAGE, blacksmith. Fall River; born Jan. 17, 1834, in Rutland, Vt.; son of Benjamin and Margaret (Bassford) Sage; settled at Fall River in spring of 1844 ; followed farming about twelve years, and then worked at this trade until, nine years ago, he purchased the shop he now owns, where he runs a general wagon and blacksmith repair-shop. Married, Jan. 1, 1859, by Rev. Rosen- cranz, of Columbus, to Mary L., daughter of Jonathan and Sally A. (Gale) Chase, of New Hampshire had eleven children — Mary, died young; Frances A., born Feb. 4, 1860 ; Elmer E., born Oct. 29, 1861 Benjamin A., born March 7, 1864; George G., born Dec. 28, 1865; William E., bore Nov. 19, 18G7 Susan M., born Feb. 4, 1870 ; Edgar, twin to one that died, born Aug. 20, 1872; Herbert, born Oct 21, 1S73; Mary L., born Oct. 11, 1875; Claude, born Aug. 18, 1879. Mr. Sage is a Democrat Baptist, and ultra temperance man ; was United States blacksmith in the army until he had smallpox and was discharged (he was stationed at Memphis, Tenn.) ; was several years Town Clerk, and from 1868 to present time Di-trict Clerk, and for nine years a Justice of the Peace, in a Republican town ; we are indebted to Mr. Sage for assistance rendered while engaged on this work. ANTHONY SNOWI>EN, fiirmer. Sec. 17 ; P. O. Columbus; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1830 ; son of Anthony and Betsey (Atchison) Snowden ; came here in 1847 ; had three brothers and three sisters, all dead but Thomas, who is now in England, raising cattle, sheep, butter, etc.; lived with Mr. Pearson and Whitfield until he built a house two years later, traded at Columbus where there was a mill, tavern, .store and one house ; only four of those living at Columbus at that time are now living ; never married ; 160 acres, 100 cultivated. WILLIAM SUGDEN, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Fall River; born Nov. 28, 1824, at Lidget, Yorkshire, England; son of Abraham and Ann (Riley) Sugden ; came from birthplace April 28, 1858, landed May 12, and got to Wisconsin May 19 ; twenty years on Sec. 36 in Courtlaud, then here. Mar- ried at Yorkshire in 1846, by Rev. Mr. Smith, to Ann Appleyard ; had two children, both died in England. Married second time at same place, to Susanna, daughter of Joseph and Sally Bancroft ; had five children, all dead but one, John, who is now at Edgar, Clay Co., Neb , and married to Emily Dann, of Cuurtland. Married third tiine Jan. 26, 1866, by Rev. J. T. Woodhead at Fond du Lac, to Hannah, daughter of Peter and Henrietta Wright ; had one child, which died youu; William Charles (railroading in Iowa); John J., Michael, Edward, Thomis, George and Mary Agnes (the last five at home). Mr. Waters came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1856, and settled on the farm he now owns, and TOWN OF WINNEBAGO. 1081 has occupied it ever since. In politics, Independent, and a member of the Catholic Church. Has 120 acres of land. FREDERICK YALE, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Wyocena; born July 24, 1824, in Augusta, Oneida Co., N. Y.; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1849, and settled on the farm he now occupies. W-As married, July 4, 1855, in Kingston, Green Lake Co., M^is., to Catharine S. Dey, who died Aug. 13, 1879, aged 44, leaving two children — Kent, who lives in Dakota, and Freddie, at home. Was married the second time, Feb. 24, 1880. to Hannah, daughter of Geo. VV. Willard, a native of Vermont, who died in Springvale March 23, 1878. Mrs. Yale is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. Yale started the first lumber-yard in Pardeeville, when the railroad was first completed to that place, and was a member of the first agricultural society in the county. Has a farm of 440 acres ; is a Democrat, and one of the heaviest taxpayers in the town of Wyocena. In 1877, he found a piece of native copper on his farm, which weighed 120 pounds. TOWN OF WINNEBAGO. GEORl^E BAIN, farmer, Sec. 15 , P. 0. Portage City ; born March 9, 1845, at Koslin, Scotland, six miles from Edinburgh ; son of George and Margaret (Longmuirj Bain, who came to America in 1850 (with the old Potter Society) ; settled in Moundville, Marquette Co., Wis.; Mr. Bain died Feb. 3, 1880, aged 77 years ; Mrs. Bain is still living, at the age of 70 ; George spent his early life on his father's /arm, and was married, June 25, 1874, to Eliza Ann, daughter of Thomas and Fanny (Bonell) Moss, natives of Crewe, England, who came to America in 1849, and, in the fall of that year, settled in Mar- quette Co., Wis.; Mr. Moss enlisted, in October, 1864, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, Co. I, and remained in the service till the close of the war ; he died Aug. 5, 1865, of chronic diarrhoea, contracted in the army; Mrs. Miss is still living in Marquette Co., aged 50 years. Mrs. Bain was born Dec. 19, 1851, in Moundville, Marquette Co., Wis.; she is an Episcopalian, and Mr. Bain a Presbyterian; he came to Columbia Co. in 1871, and bought his farm in March of that year ; fr im that time till he was married, he worked on the farm summers (" keeping bach.") and spending his winters in Marquette Co., in his old home. He is a Republican; has been Supervisor of the town, and has 120 acres of land. Mr. and Mrs. Bain have one little daughter — Fannie Margaret, born Sept. 10, 1876, a " Centennial rosebud." CHARL.E!$ BAKER, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. Portage City; was born June 14, 1823, in Somersetshire, England ; when 3 years old, his father, William Baker, died. He remained in England until 1839, then came to America ; lived in Canada about six years; then returned to England and lived there about about a year, during which time he was married, June 7, 1847, to Priscilla Stubbins, and in August following, came to America; came to Wisconsin April 15, 1848, and lived in Kenosha (then Southport) until the next May; then he came to Columbia Co., located the land he now owns in Fort Winnebago, and then returned for his family ; came on the June following, and has resided in the town and on the same farm ever since. His first wife died in September, 1862, aged 55 ; he was then married the second time, Jan. 21, 1863, to Clarissa Halloway, who was born Feb. 22, 1841, and died Dec. 14, 1867 ; was married to the third wife March 12, 1868, with whom he is now living ; her maiden name was Lura Hall, daughter of Daniel Hall, and a widow of Jessie Howe, who died in August, 1875. Mr. Baker has seven children living, five by the first wife and two by the second — Edmund S., Charles Wm., Priscilla Ruth, George W., Robert Ralph, Andrew Johnson and Joanna Emery ; lost three children — Albert J., Henry E. and Caroline E. Mr. Baker joined the Odd Fellows in Canada in ] 845, and he is the oldest Odd Fellow and the oldest settler in the town of Fort Winnebago. His oldest son, Edmund S., was born Oct. 27, 1848, and was the first white child born in the town outside of the garrison of the fort. Mr. Baker has been Chairman, Assessor, Treasurer, and Justice of the Peace several terms, and he iias 500 acres of land in his farm. WIlililAM CIjARK, retired, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. O. Portage City ; was born in Saratoga Co.,N. Y.,at Ballston Spa, June 13. 1797. He learned the tanner's trade when young, and worked at it till 17 years old; then enlLsted in the army during the war of 1812, under Col. David Rogers; was in the service about four months; then he returned home, and soon after went to Otsego Co., N. Y., where he was married, Jan. 20, 1820, to Nancy Campbell, who died in 1833, aged 40. He was married again in March, 1835, to Polly Standish, who died in October, 1862, aged 63. He was married the third time, April 5, 1863, in Fort Winnebago, to Damaris Murray, who died Feb. 15, 1873. Soon after his first marriage. Mr. Clark went to Cortland Co., N. Y., and lived in the town of Willett until 1851 ; then came to Wis- consin, and lived in Marcellon till 1861 ; then he sold out and removed to his present location. Mr. 1082 BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Clark has seven children living, the first four by his first wife — Eliza (now Mrs. Henry Mowers, of Big Sprinj;, Adams Co., Wis. ), George C, William (also in Big Spring), and Henrietta (now the widnw of Rev. Almon Rounds, a Baptist minister, lately deceased J ; the children of his second wife were John W. and R. D. (who is practicing medicine in Plymouth Co., Iowa), and Catharine Laura (who died when H years old). John W. Clark was born July 6, 1838, in Cortland Co., N. Y., town of Willett, and was married, Sept. 1, 1865, to Ella E. Keeder, who was born April 20, 1840 ; they have five children — Judith A., \Vm. Arthur, Wesley Eugene, Laura Evaline and Alfred, all at home. He enlisted Jan, 30, 1862, in the 16th U. S. I., Co. A., 2d Battery, and was in the service three years, participated in eii;ht ■ battles, and skirmishes too numerous to mention. He is a Republican, and lives on the old homestead of 120 acres, and his father lives with him. JAIMEN CLITHERO, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Portage; was born in July, 1812, in Lanca- shire, England, son of Henry Clithero. He was married in England in May, 1835, to Mary, daughter of Richard Chiphendle ; she was born in Lancashire in 1808; Mr. Clithero came to America in 18411, and settled in Furt Winnebago, on the farm he now occupies, and where he has since resided ; has five chil- dren living — Jane (now Mrs. John Turner, of Portage City), Henry (lives in Lowville), James (lives in Kansas), Thomas i^lives at Geneva Lake, Wis.), and George (lives at Be Pere. Wis.) ; have lost two — Alice married David Wiseman, of Indiana, and died in February, 1876, aged 42, and Elizabeth married William Elliott, of Moundville, Marquette Co., Wis., and died Nov. 9, 1878, aged 40. Mr. Clithero is a Republican in politics, and has been Supervisor, and was School District Treasurer three times in succes- sion ; has also been Postmaster most of the time since he lived in the town ; both are members ot the Episcopal Church, and he has 173 acres of land ; he is still carrying on his farm, and Mrs. Clithero, although nearly 72 years of age, does all of her housework, and takes care of the milk of seven cows, and not a gray hair in her head. JOH\ B. COOK, farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Portage ; was born in the town and county of Schoharie, N. Y., son of Richard and Lanina ( Butler) Cook, natives of Connecticut. He was first married in Schoharie Co. in 1836 to Anna Maria Zea, a cousin of Gen. Banck of that Stale ; she died in 18311, leaving no children. He was again married in the same county in 1840 to Sarah Ann Anthony, with whi,m he is still living. Mr. Cook learned the carpenter's trade while a boy, commencing at the age of 16, and worked at it over fifty years; came to Wisconsin in 1841, and lived in Walworth Co. till the fall of 1850, then removed to his present location in Columbia Co.; has five children^Kneeland B., Elbert F., Anna Maria, Scth C. and Clara E., the first three teachers. Kneeland was in the army a few months durinj; the last part of the war in the 52d W. V. I., Co. B. Mr. Cook is a Democrat, and has 100 acres of land, and himself and wife are Universalists. ABRADl DATES (deceased) was a native of Cayuga Co., N. Y., and was married in that county in 18 — to Polly C. Henry, who was born in the same county in 18 — , daughter of Levi Henry. Mr. Dates was a miller in his younger days, but after his marriage he went to farming ; came to Wiscon- sin in 1845, landing in Racine on the 18th day of May, lived in that county seven years; came to Col- umbia Co. in the spring of 1852, and settled in Fort Winnebago on Sec. 1, where he resided till his death Oct. 23, 1875, in the 60th year of his age ; in January, 1863, he purchased what was known as French's mill in Sec. 1, and ran that in addition to his farming while he lived. During his residence in Columbia Co.,, he was called upon to fill many oflnces of public trust, and always discharged his duties with marked fidelity ; in all the relations of lifa, both public and private, he maintained an unsullied reputation, and his name will be held in cherished remembrance by all old settlers; he left a widow and four children — Levi H., William W. and George D., his only daughter, Mary A , born May 18, 1843, was married Jan. 12, 1868, to Kneeland B. Cook, who was born Oct. 30, 1841, lives on Sec. 24, and has 140 acres of land, and two children — Caroline L., born June 12, 1869, and Jay B., born Nov. 6, 1878. Mr. Cook was tha oldest .son of John B. Cook, of Fort Winnebago. MRS. POLLY BATES (widow), Sec. 1 ; P. O. Portage City; was the wife of Abram Bates, one of the old settlers of Fort Winnebago. [See his biography.] She was born Dec. 17, 1821, in Cay- uga Co., N. Y., daughter of Levi and Arela (Bowkerj Henry, both natives of Cayuga Co.; Mr. Henry was a farmer and spent his whole life in his native county ; he was born March 22, 1800, and died Oct 1 1, 1860. Mrs. Henry is still living at the age of 75. Mrs. Dates and her son George, who is unmarried, are living on the homestead, which consists of a 100-acre farm, and the grist-mill known as Dates' Mill; which was built in 1857, by the Chapman brothers, on the site of the old saw-mill known as French's mill, built in 1847 ; have 3 acres of land with the mill, and also 40 acres in Marcellon. CALVIN EASTMAN, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. Portage City; born in Chittenlen Co., Vl., Dec. 27, 1827 ; when he was 5 years old, his father, Calvin Eastman, removed with his family to Cayuga Co., N. Y., town of Brutus ; lived there three years ; then five years in JeflFerson Co., N. Y., and, in 1844, came to TOWN OF WINNEBAGO. 1083 "Wisconsin and lived in Kenosha Co. till the spring of 1850 ; then came to Columbia Co. and settled on Sec. 10, in the town of Fort Winnebago, where he resided till his death, May 8, 1871, aged 71. His mother, whose maiden name was Ardela Grain, is still living on the old homestead, at the age of 77, and still able to weave four yards a day, beside doing her housework and taking care of the milk of two cows ; she has been a member of the M. E. Church over sixty years, and Mr. Eastman was a member the last forty years of his life, and his house was a " minister's home," without regard to the denomination to which they belonged. Calvin, Jr., was married in November, 1853, to Charlotte V. Baldwin, who was born Sept. 27, 1820, in Genesee Co., N. Y., daughter of Asa Btldwin, who came to Wisconsin in 1847, and to Fort Winnebago in the fall of 1849 ; she taught the first organized school in what was then District No. 1, in Portage, and taught nine terms in the same sahool. Mr. and Mrs. Eastman have but one child, Hiram C, Feb. 22, 1858 ; he had one sister, Laura, who married A. T. Spicer; he died May 14, 185S, and she died April 12, 1874, leaving one daughter, Carrie Ardella, who is living with her grandmother. Mr. Eastman is a Republican, and has 220 acres of land in his farm. May 26, 1850, the first Sabbath after the arrival of his parents in Columbia Co., they held the first religious services, and organized the first Sabbath school in the town at the log house of Avery T. Spicer, their son-in-law. JAMES M. FORREST, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Portage City; born June 13, 1812, in Merrimack Co., N. H. Has been married four times ; his first wife was Almira T. Ames, who died in 1847, after a married life of seven years, leaving three children — Adaline E. (now Mrs. Joseph E. Wells, of Portage City) and G. A. Forrest, who is now a lawyer in Manitowoc; Susan was married to James Oviat, and died in March, 1876. His second wife was Laura F. Waters, who died after three years of married life, leaving no children. The third wife was Matilda Abbott, who lived four years after marriage, and died without issue. His fourth wife, with whom he is now living, was Susan H. Sargent, who was born Sept. 24, 1828, in Stratford, Belknap Co., N. H., daughter of Challis Sargent. Mr. Forrest came to Wisconsin in 1850, and settled on the farm he now owns. Has been Chairman of the town and School Superintendent. Is Republican. Has 217 acres of land. Both are members of the M. E. Church, D. ai. (jrALLiOWAY, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Port Hope ; was born June 28, 1828, in Fifeshire, Scotland; son of George and Jane (Miller) Galloway; came to America in the spring of 1851 ; came direct to Wisconsin ; lived in Waupun the first summer, and the next fall located land in the town of Buf- falo, Marquette Co.; remained there three years, and in the fall of 1854 returned to Scotland and remained one year; in the fall of 1855 came again to America, bringing with him his parents and five sisters fhe being the only son) ; his mother died in December, 1876, aged 87 years, and his father is still living in Marquette Co., at the age of 79. Mr. Galloway was married, Dec. 9, 1856, to Sarah Muir, who was born Feb. 19, 1836, in Dunbar, Scotland, in the shire of East Lothian, daughter of Daniel and Anna (Gilrie) Muir, who came to America in 1849 and settled in Buffalo, Marquette Co., Wis., and are living there still. Mr. Galloway has three children living — Anna G.,^J. Cecelia and S. V. Gracie — all at home ; his only son, George E., was accidentally drowned in the Fox River while bathing, June 8, 1879, on his 19th birthday. In politics, Mr. Galloway is Republican, and himself and wife are members of the Baptist Church. He has 173 acres of land. JAUES UtAMBLiE, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 0. Portage City; born in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1816; son of David and Margaret Gamble, both of whom died in Ireland; they had one son in America at the time of their death, and soon after a daughter, who was married to Isaac Cochran, came over with her huseband, bringing James, who was then about 122 years old, with them; they settled in the State of Maine, where James was married when he was 21, to Margaret Donnel, who died Sept. 29, 1877, in Fort Winnebago, aged about 60 ; soon after his marriage, he went to Providence, R. I.; lived there twelve and a half years ; then, in 1853, came to Wisconsin and located on his present farm. Has eight children living — Mary, David, Eliza, James, John, Robert, William and Nellie ; lost two, one died in infancy, and Peter died at the age of 17 ; his youngest daughter, Nellie, lives at home, and keeps house for her father. He is not a member of any church. Has about 200 acres of land. JAMES HUME, Sr. (retired); Sec. 3; P. 0. Post Hope; born Feb. 17, 1811, in Linlith- gowshire, Scotland, Parish of Bathgate ; son of James and Janet Hume. Was married the first time in his native place, in February, 1831, to Ann Walker, who died Sept. 14, 1875; he was married again, Sept. 14, 1876, to Alvira Perkins, who was born Oct. 20, 1823, in Newtown, N. H., daughter of Samuel Eastman, and widow of Wyatt Perkins, who died in the army in 1865, was in Co. I, 37th W. V. I.; Mr. Hume has four children living — James, Robert; Janet, now Mrs. Edward Bennett, of Butler Co., Iowa, and Margaret, now Mrs. John Ellis, of Marquette Co., Wis.; Mrs. Hume has three children by the first husband — Charles E., Frank, and Mary, now Mrs. George Cuff of Marcellon. Mr. Hume is a Republican ; has been Supervisor three terms, and is a Presbyterian ; Mrs. Hume is a Methodist ; he has 105-acre farm ss 1084 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in Buffalo, Marfjuette Co., and 2* acres with his residence on Sec. 31, in Fort Winnebago ; Mr. Perkins came to Wisconsin in 1847, and lived in Dane Co. ten years, then in Richland Co., five or six years, then came to ColuraKia Co., and lived two years in Dekorra, and she lived after that in Marquette Co. till her marriage with Mr. Hume ; Mr. Hume came to America in 1850. A. Z. JIALTBY, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Portage City; born March 5, 1833, in Cayuga Co., N. Y. Was married in Cortland Co. N. Y., at Cincinnatus, in 1852, to Lois Rogers, who died in June, 1857, leaving three children — Herman, Belle and Ada; Herman died in 1872, aged 19 ; Belle is now Mrs. E. S. Baker, of Portage City, and Ada lives at home and is unmarried. Mr. Maltby was mar- ried the second time in Tompkins Co., N. Y., in 1857, to Deborah Bangs, who was born Feb. 27, 1825, in that county ; came West in 1867, and settled in his present location ; has three children by the second marriage — Elisha, Mary and George ; lost one child, Adolphus, died in 1S6G, at the age of 6 months. In politics, Republican, and is the present Asse.s.«or of the town; has 85 acres of land ; Mr.s. Maltby is mem- ber of the M. E. Church ; he learned the cabinet-maker's trade when young, commencing it at the age of 14, and followed that business till he came to Wisconsin. AAROi\ SAXDFORD (deceased), was born Aug. 21, 1832, in Oneida Co., N. Y., in the town of Dalton ; son of Aaron and Sarah Sandford ; came to Wisconsin in 1850 and located in the town of Ft. Winnebago. Was married June 2, 185'j, to Sarah L. Eastman, daughter of Calvin Eastman, Sr., whose biography is given in connection with that of his son, Calvin, Jr.; she was born Aug. 11, 1833, in Poultney, Vt. Mr. Sandford enlisted in iMarch, 1863, in the 3d W. V. C, Co. B, and died on the 23d of the next August, at Little Rock, Ark.; he left two children — Calvin Irving, born April 7, 1861, and Charles Gilbert, Sept. 20, 1862. Mrs. Sandford and the two boys are living on the homestead; own 30 acres of land ; P. 0. Portage City. Mrs. Sandford is guardian for Miss Carrie A. Spicer, daughter of Avery T. and Laura C. f Eastman) Spicer. RUSSKL SPICEK, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Portage City; born Nov. 6, 1814, Otsego Co. N., Yc; son of Shubol and Sally (Coates) Spicer; when 6 years old, his parents removed to Allegany Co. N. Y., where he spent his early life, and was married there, July 12, 1S40, to Christiana Wright, who died Dec. 16, 1859, aged 39 years ; was married again, Feb. 6, 1861, to Catharine Collins, who was born March 26, 1820, in Tyrone, North of Ireland, and came to America with her parents when 2^ years old. Mr. Spicer came to Wiscon.«in in September, 1849, and settled on the farm he now owns, and has resided there ever since ; has eight children — Amos, lives in Monroe Co., Wis.; Elizabeth, now Mrs. Ross Gamble, of Nebraska; Christiana, now Mrs. John W. Chase, also of Nebraska; Tacey, at home; Wm. S. in Nebraska ; Mary A., Joseph R. and Clinton R. at home, the last two by the second wife. lie is a Republican, and has 160 acres of land. Both are members of the Baptist Church. JOHN SWKANEY (deceased), was a native of County Derry, Ireland, and his wife was a native of the same county; came to America in 1842; lived temporarily in Clinton Co., N. Y., near Plattsburg ; also in St. John's, Canada East, and New Hampshire, near Concord ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1849, and about the 1st of the nest September settled on Sec. 26, in the town of Fort Winnebago', where he resided until his death, Dec. 3, 1874, aged 82 ; leaving eight children — Lawrence (now in Texas); John i in Pittsburgh, Penn.) ; Charles (in Fort Winnebago) ; Isabella C, James A. and Michael A., are all living on the homestead, which con.sists of 600 acres of land ; their mother, at the age of 70, is living with them ; the youngest daughter, Mary J., is a member of the Dominican Order, and known in the order as " Sister Mary Philip," living in Galena, 111., at present. Had lost one son before his death — Barnard J., who died May 26, 1S65, in his 20th year; Andrew, died March 20, 1873, aged 44. For the last few years of his life, he had been studying with a view of entering the priesthood of the Catholic Church, and had nearly completed his studies, having attended St. Francis' Seminary, in Milwaukee, Wis., Seminary of the Holy Angels, at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and spent .'ome time at East St. Louis, Mo. Are members of Catholic Church, and Democrats. P. O. Portage City. JONATHAN WHITNEY, farmer, Sec. 3, and Postmaster at Port Hope; was born July 29, 1820, in Windsor Co., Vt.; came to Wisconsin in 1844 ; taught school two winters, making his home in Milwaukee, and being engaged in buying wheat during the summer and fall of each year. In May. 1846, he bought some land in Machford, Green Lake Co., then went East and stayed till September, when he returned to Wisconsin and settled on his land ; lived there two years, and, in September, 1848, came to Columbia Co., and settled in his present location. He was married. May 7, 1848, to Ellen R. Rood, who was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., March 7, 1829 ; has seven children — Ellen M., Mary L., Guy, Cooper, Clara L., Hattie E. and George M., all at home except the first two; Ellen is Mrs. F. Bloom, of Fort Winnebago, and Mary L. is Airs. Charles E.Perkins, of Colby. Marathon Co., Wis. ; has lost three children : Almeron W. was in the 37th W. V. I., Co. A, and was killed in the three-days battle before Petersburg, Ya., June 18, 1864, aged 16; Culver died in 1854, at the age of 10 months, and one died in infancy. TOWN OF LOWVILLE. 1085 Mr. Whitney is a surveyor, and was engaged in that business from 1850 till 1863 ; was afterward County Surveyor two years ; was Chairman two terms, 1850 and 1851 ; was Justice of the Peace two years, and has 96 acres of land ; is a Republican, and has been Postmaster ever since 1849, except three years of the time. ALFRED \HLLCOX, ftirmer. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Portage City; was born in Somersetshire, England, June 24, 1812. Was married in England, May 23, 1840, to Ann, daughter of William and Sarah A. Savage, born in the same county he was ; he was hired as a farmer ; came to America in 1855, and settled on the farm he now owns ; first bought 120 acres with only 8 acres cleared ; had heavy timber, but has kept adding to it till he now owns 532 acres, 150 acres of it under improvement, and has good farm buildings ; 160 acres of his land is in Sec. 8, in Maroellon, adjoining the farm of William Goodman, where they are mining for silver ; has the west half of the east half of section ; has three children — John Alfred, Albert and Sarah Ann, the last two at home. Mr. Willcox is a Republican, and has been Supervisor and Justice of the Peace ; both members of the Baptist Church. J. B. WOOD, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 0. Portage City ; born Dec. 20, 1831, in Windsor Co., Vt.; came to Wisconsin in 1854, and settled in Marcellon Village, where he followed teaching three years. Was married, June 14, 1855, to Almeda C. Kincaid, who was born in Berks Co., Penn., Feb. 14, 1832 ; daughter of Usebius Kincaid, who came to Wisconsin in 1851. Mr. Wood was Town Clerk in I860, and Town Superintendent in 1861, being the last one in the town to hold that office ; was also Town Clerk in 1862 and 1865, and has been Justice of the Peace the last two years. Is a Republican ; has 120 acres of land; was enrolling and drilling officer in his town from the beginning of the war in 1861, till 1864; his first wife died March 9, 1874, leaving two children — Emma Eugenia, born Nov. 26, 1857, and Edna Lillian, born Aug. 25, 1861. Was married again, March 13, 1878, to Margaret C. Davis, who was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, March 19, 1833, daughter of William Denny, and widow of John N. Davis, of Port- age City. TOWN OF LOWVILLE. ELrBRIDGE CURTIS, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0. Poynette ; born Nov. 2, 1826, in the town of Maine, Broome Co., N. Y., son of John C. Curtis; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1849, and settled in the town of Lowville, the next winter, where he made his home with his brother. Was married, in 1857, to Mary E. Bennett, who was born in 1841, in Chemung Co., N: Y.; has seven children living- Irene (now Mrs. Harrison Cutsworth, of the town of Pacific), Alma, John C, Tinie, Lewis B., Harry and Edgar, all at home except ihe one married ; lost one daughter, Sarah, 15 months old. He is a Republican, and has been Supervisor and Assessor, and has been Pathmaster for the last twenty years ; has 180 acres of land. F. C. CURTIS, farmer; P. 0. Rocky Run; was born Sept. 3, 1819, in the town of Stock- bridge, Berkshire Co., Mass.; his father's name was Harvey Curtis, who was a descendant of Miles Standish, of the Mayflower Pilgrims, of the seventh remove from that somewhat distinguished personage ; his mother's name was Fannie Warner, of Canaan, N. Y. His father removed to Canaan, N. Y., when he was 4 years old. At the age of 7 years, the subject of this sketch went to live with his grandfather, Lupton Warner, who was a farmer, where he remained until he was 15, attending school winters and working upon the farm the rest of the year. He was then apprenticed to F. B. Walbridge, of Pittsfield, Mass., to learn the saddlery and harness trade. At the end of about two years, his employer removed to Ohio, and he was left upon his own resources ; he hid made such good use of his time that he was master of his trade, or at least a pretty good workman. His compensation was $35 a year and board, with some opportunity for overwork when trade was good. He was very industrious, and, when not otherwise occu- pied, studied his books. These spare hours and the winter's school were all the opportunity he had for acquiring an education. When his employer left Pittsfield, he gave him his time ; he was to have remained with him until he was 21 ; he then went to Hudson, N. Y., and engaged work with Conklin Terry for six months ; this was extended for one year longer, which carried him over the depressed times of 1837 In the spring of 1838, trade was still dull, and he found his old employer, Walbridge, was at Cleveland, Ohio; he went there and worked for him about six months, and should have remained longer, but the fever and ague greatly impaired his health, and he returned to Canaan, where he worked at his trade until the flxU of 1839, when he went out to Columbia, S. C, upon a contract with Levi Hanley, in whose employ he remained near eight years. During those eight years, he spent three summers at the North to recuperate his health. Although his business was of a mechanical nature, he never lost sight of the farm, and was known or considered as an agriculturist, and was often consulted by planters. J. S. Preston used often to con- sult him, and made him a very lucrative ofi'er to go on to his Louisiana sugar plantation as manager, and 1086 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: many other flatterin<; offers were miidehim to induce him to settle permanently at the South, all of which he declined, mainly for the reasons that he thought the slavery question was bound to make trouble, and he had become tired of the competition in trade. He left South Carolina in the spring of 1847, and Canaan July 3 of that year for Wisconsin, designing to purchase land and improve it with his own labor. He went to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he purchased a horse, which he rode to his present home, arriving here July 28. He was acquainted with Jacob Low, with whom he had had correspondence, and came to his house, where a hearty welcome awaited him. At that time, there were considerable many settlers who had settled upon and claimed the land, but had not purchased it from the Government, holding under a higher law. Mr. C. purchased the land upon which he now resides and has resided since ; he erected a house, and expended all the funds he had with him ; expecting a remittance from New York to enable him to return East, but, not arriving, he started for Milwaukee, with only 35 cents in his pocket; put up the first night with Mr. Alfred Toplotf, of Fountain Prairie, who made him welcome, and walked the bal- ance of the distance in two days. At Milwaukee he shipped for Buffalo as an employe at $14 per month; received $2 and borrowed $5 from an acquaintance, and thus he was supplied with funds for the balance of his journey, and arrived in Columbia Co., N. Y., the latter part of September. He was married at Canaan Four Corners, Columbia Co., N. Y., Oct. 18, 1847, t) Miss Elizabeth Lea, daughter of George Lea and Ellen Hallanbeck, of Richmond, Mass., who was born at Athens, Greene Co., N. Y., April 7, 1828 ; they left for Wisconsin on the same day, and arrived at Milwaukee Nov. 1, after a very boisterous passage around the lakes of eleven days. Their children are Mary Anna, now Mrs. 0. D. Orvis, of San Francisco, Cal.; Emma, now Mrs. A. H. Carman, of Morgan Park, Cook Co., III.; Ella C. Curtis and Lizzie, residing at home; George L., who died Dec. 20, 18G0. Mr. Curtis is a Democrat; has been Chairman of Lowville quite a number of times, and was nominated for the Assembly in 1853 ; in 185(5, he was nominated for State Senator, twice for Sheriff and again for Senator in 1868. He was elected Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors in 1856 and 1857, when the members of the bo:ird were strongly in the majority, and were opposed to him politically. Mr. Curtis' business has been mainly farming ; has taken an active part in the Columbia County Agricultural Society, and was one of the gentlemen who helped to establish it in 1851 ; was President of it for four years, and has been one of its Executive Board ever since ; has attended every executive meeting and fair of said society, which has been held yearly since its organizition. His farm consists of 270 acres; his buildings are mainly of stone, made in a substantial manner, which have the appearance of lasting as long as they are well roofed. JOHN CURTIS, farmer; P. 0. Poynette; born in the town of Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y., July 19, 1830, son of Harvey Curtis. He was married Sept. 14, 1854, in Berkshire Co., Mass., to Sta- tira Davis, who was born June 26, 1834, in the same county in which she was married ; Mr. Curtis resided in his native county till the spring of 1864 ; then came to Wisconsin and located in the town of Lowville, where he still lives, and has 140 acres of land ; has two children — Anna, born Feb. 16, 1855, and Edith, born Sept. 23, 1867. In politics, a Democrat. PETER DRAKE, farmer. Sees. 8 and 17 ; P. 0. Rocky Run ; was born in the town of Rox- bury, Morris Co., N. J., July 10, 1818, son of Peter D. and Charity (Wilkerso'n) Drake ; came to Wis- consin in September, 1S48, and located on the farm he now owns ; he first built a cabin of poles, in which he " kept bach " about six years ; then built his present residence ; his parents afterward came to Wiscon- sin and resided awhile in the town of Lowville, and his mother died at his home. He was married in the town of Pacific to Martha A. Porter, daughter of Amasa Porter; she was born Nov. 3, 18^8, in Catta- raugus Co., N. Y.; they have four children— Earl W., born Sept. 1, 1867 ; Carl A., born Nov. 10, 1868 ; Mark L., born Oct. 3, 1870, and Kitty May, born Jan. 14, 1878 ; lost an infant son Jan. 14, 1875. He has 447 acres of land, and is a Republican every time. SAMUEL, DUNN, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Rocky Run ; born in 1821 in County Tyrone, Ire- land, son of Samuel and Lattia (Campbell) Dunn ; came to America in 1840, and in December of that year he settled in Portage, and has lived in Columbia Co. ever since, except about one and a half years he spent in the pinery. He was married Nov. 20, 1856, to Sarah Campbell, daughter of Robert Campbell, who was a native of County Tyrone, Ireland ; they have three children — Samuel C, born July 28, 1860 ; Mary L., born Sept. 25, 1865, and Sarah, born Nov. 25, 1872. He has 480 acres of land. He is a Democrat and has held the office of Chairman about seven years, and Town Clerk eighteen or twenty years. In 1855, he made a visit to the old country, leaving home in November and returning in April, 1856 ; he visited his parents in Ireland, who were both living at that time. He now holds the office of Town Clerk. WARREN (GILBERT, farmer, residence on Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Rio; was born June 22, 1827, in Herkimer Co., N. Y. ; son of Erastus and Nancy Gilbert. When he was only 3 years old, his father was accidentally killed by a fall in his barn. After the death of his father, he went to live with his TOWN OF LOWVILLE. 1087 grandmother, where he lived till he was 14 years old, then went out to work by the month, and continued at that till 1848, making his home with his grandmother during that time, and taking her advice in all his business operations. Having saved up about 8500 from his earnings, he concluded (still taking his grand- mother's advice), to come West and "grow up with the country." With that end iu view, he came to Wisconsin in 1848, bought 60 acres of his present farm, for which he paid $250, then pre-empted 160 acres more, which cost him S200, and settled down to business. In 1849, he married Miss Mary Widrich, of the State of New York, by whom he has five children — George Henry (living in Lowville), Albert (in Minnesota), James W. (at home), Charles L., (in Iowa), and Eugene. Mr. Gilbert is one of the largest farmers in Columbia Co., having in his home farm 2,500 acres of land, all in a body, all improved, and 300 acres more, near enough so he works it all together. He also has about 2,300 acre* in Freeborn Co., Minn., with about 1,400 acr;s under the plow, and 1,200 acres in Martin Co., Minn., 800 acres of which are under the plow. He considers his real estate alone worth upward of $100,000; sold $10,000 worth of produce in one year during the war, from his home farm, his wool amounting to $3,300 of it ; sold $3,000 worth of timothy seed in 1839, but which was a part of three years' crops. Keeps twenty-five horses, about sixty head of cattle and 400 head of sheep. He has never followed any other business but farming, and never had a dollar given him by friend or foe. His motio has always been to " never go in debt," and always " live within your means." He gives his personal attention to all the details of his business, and keeps a diary, in which he records all his business transactions. He finds but little time to devote to politics, but is of the Democratic persuasion. JOHN B. HAIiPIX, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Rocky Run; born May 10, 1832, in County Meath, Ireland ; son of Bartholomew and Mary M. Halpin ; came to America in 1851 ; lived about a year in Onondaga Co.. N. Y., then came to Wisconsin, and lived in the town of Pacific till 1860, since which time he has been in his present location. He was married in 1857, in Portage, to Marcella Timmons, daughter of Phillip Timmons. Has ten children — Mary, Catherine, Lucy, Marcella, Charlotte, Nellie, Ambrose, Bartholomew, John and Philip, all at home. All members of the Catholic Church. He is a Democrat and has 120 acres of land. OLIVER CUMMISTGS HOWE (deceased) was among the first settlers of the town of Lowville, and one of the most prominent men in the town; he was a native of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. Y., and was born Dec. 18, 1813; his father's name was Jacob Howe, and his mother's maiden name was Azuba Sprout; in early life, he was engaged in the mercantile business in his native town, and afterward carried on the same business in South St. Paul street, Rochester, N. Y.; failing in business there, he con- eluded to seek his fortune among strangers, in a strange land ; he accordingly left that State, and came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1846, landing at Sheboygan, from which place he made his way on foot to Columbia Co., arriving in what is now the town of Lowville, with only $0 in his pocket ; he at once located some land on Sec. 36, and commenced breaking; the next fall, he built a cabin in which himself and brother, James N. Howe, who joined him about that time, resided, and kept house by tlieiuselves till the death of Ja nes, which occurred in July, 1845, being struck by lightning and instantly killed while going from his own home to one of his neighbors ; his father (who had been living with them two or three years) died the next April, leaving him entirely alone. His first wife, Lydia Tobias, to whom he was married in 1841, having died about a year after marriage, before he left Attica. March 31, 1857, he was married to his second wife, Juliette Barber, who was born April 6, 1826, in Greene Co., N. Y., town of Durham, daughter of John and Clarrissa (Virgil) Curtis, and widow of Brazilla Barber, who died in New York in 1854 ; her mother, Mrs. Curtis, is still living with her in Lowville, at the age of 94. Mr. Howe left two daughters — Jeanette C, who is now Mrs. Elliott Scott, of the town of Leeds, and Julia F., who is living on the homestead with her mother. His death occurred April 21, 1879, of apo- plexy. In addition to his farming, Mr. Howe practiced law, the last twenty-five years of his life, having been admitted to the bar April 13, 1854 ; he figured conspicuously in politics in the early history of the State, and represented his district in the Assembly three successive terms, being in the Legislature of 1856-57, during the celebrated " Barstow administration." He made a public profession of religion and joined the Congregational Church of Leeds in 1863, but afterward severed his connection with this church and joined at Rio, where he held at different times the offices of Deacon, Clerk and Trustee, and contributed about $1,100 toward building the Congregational Church at that place; he left an estate of about 1,000 acres improved land, which i-i occupied by his widow and daughter, Julia V. ; P. 0. Rio. JESSIE F. HAND, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Rocky Run ; was born in New Lebanon, Colum- bia Co., N. Y., on the 24th day of March, 1816; went to Akron, Summit Co., Ohio, in 1840. Was married to Mary Wheeler on the 8th of November, 1841 ; removed to Lyons, Walworth Co., Wis., in 1845 ■ thence to Lowville, Columbia Co., on to the quarter section of land he now lives on, purchased from the Government in 1846 in 1849 ; in politics was a Whig until the organization of the Republican party • 1088 BIOGRAPHICAL .SKETCHES: since that time has been a Republican ; was a member of the Methodist Church about twenty years, and for the last twenty-seven years has been a member of the Episcopal Church ; was the first Town Clerk of Lowville ; elected a Justice of the Peace at the same time, and now holding that oflBce for the third or fourth time ; was three years Town Superintendent of Schools ; was Chairman of Supervisors often ; two years was Enrolling Officer in 1861 ; was Postmaster of Rocky Run Post Office nearly twenty-six years; was elected Member of the Assembly in 1864, and voted in favor of the ratification of the Thirteenth Amend- ment of the Constitution of the United States, abolishing slavery. His oldest son, George, died at Ander- sonville, Ga., January, 186.5 ; the names of the others are Antoinette, Martha, Willis, Harper, Mary Alice, Isabel! and Edwin Wheeler, all living in Wisconsin but Martha. F. L.. HKNRY, farmer. Sec. 3-1; P. 0. Lowville; born Sept. 22, 1823, in Lewis Co., N. Y., town of Martinsburg ; son of William and Anna Henry, who were among the first settlers in that town ; Mr. Henry came to Wisconsin in May, 1846, located a part of his present farm in October of that year, but made his home in La Grange, Walworth Co., for about two years. Was married there, April 2, 1848, to Eliza W., daughter of Elisha Cronk ; she was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., July 22, 1825 ; immediately after marriage he came to live on his farm, and has been there ever since; has three children — Margaret A. (now Mrs. Wm. H. Evarts, of Lowville); Florence Louisa and Frederick William; he lost two at home. Mr. Henry is a Republican, and has been Town Clerk and Town Superintendent several terms ; he has a receipt for the tax of 1847, which he thinks was one of the tax receipts issued in the town ; him.self and wife both belong to the Presbyterian Church, and he has been a member twenty-two years ; has 270 acres of land in his farm, with first-class farm buildings ; keeps 400 head of sheep and thirty head of cattle. SII.AS \\. HERRIXj °" '?„J^^^- "® "'"* marned to Rose B. Hastie, daughter of Archibald Hastie ; they have thi^ediildren— Ellen, Edna and Horace. Farm contains 217 acres, where he settled in November, 1S65. ,. y**^*^fAIi ijr. ROBINSOBf, harness-maker, Poynette; was born in Milwaukee in 1845- his father was born in the State of New York ; his mother was a native of England ; his father died in Milwaukee in 1848 ; his mother, with her family, removed to Waukesha Co., abo^ut 1854 ; thence to Sauk Co.,and to Columbia Co., in 1861. Mr. Robinson began his apprenticeship to the trade of harness-maker 1092 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: at Pardeeville, with Noah Benedict in 1863, but enlisted February, 1864, in the 36th W. V. I., and served until the close of the war; he participated in the battle* of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Hatch's Run, and in all the battles which his regiment took part in ; after his enlistment at the close of the war, he returned to Pardeeville, and resumed his apprenticeship ; he located in Poynette, September, 1867. He was married to Miss W. M. Dusenburry ; they have one child — Hattie E.; lost one child. DR. E. FRED RUSSELL, merchant, Poynette ; born in 1834, in Eaton, Canada East ; his parents removed to Addison, Vt., when he was 4 years of age, where he lived until he was 18 years of age ; he was then engaged on the Rutland & Burlington R. R., for about two years ; he came to Colum- bia Co. in 1854, on a visit to his parents, who had preceded him to Wisconsin ; he then went to Madison, where he was engaged as book-keeper and ticket agent for one year; in the spring of 1856, he went to McGregor, Iowa, where he was engaged in the commission and forwarding business until August, 1857 ; he then returned to Columbia Co., and engaged in the study of medicine with Dr. L. A. Squires, of Lodi ; attended a course of lectures at Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1859, and graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1861 ; he settled in Poynette in June of that year, and engaged in the practice of medicine, until 1870, when, on account of failing health, he discontinued the practice of his profession. Dr. Russell opened the pioneer drug store in Poynette in 1857 ; sold his interest therein in 1869, and engaged in the general merchandise business, which he has followed since that time. He was married to Estella L. Waldron, formerly from Vermont; they have one son — Harry L., born March, 1866. ISAAC C. SARtrEXT, Postmaster, Poynette ; was born in Saratoga, N. Y., in 1821 ; he came to Dane Co., Wis., in 1851 ; he removed to the town of Leeds, Columbia Co., in the spring of 1851, and engaged in farming on Sec. 16 ; he came to Poynette in the fall of 1862, purchased a farm adjoining the village of Poynette, which he sold in 1877 ; has been Postmaster since 1871 ; Mr. Sargent is a painter by trade, which business he followed for many years. His first wife was Eliza J. Dodge, born in New Hampshire. His present wife was Mrs. Isabella C. Rice, daughter of Adam Van Slyck, native of New York. Mr. Sargent has four children by first marriage — Abba J. (now Mrs. Joseph Townsend), Julia B. (now Mrs. R. R. Lloyd), Charles W. and Arthur. jflATHIAS SCOFIELD, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 0. Poynette; was born in Walworth Co.. Wis., in 1847 ; he is the son of Sands R. Scofield ; he located where he now lives in the spring of 1874- He was married to Mary E. Rhoades ; they have four children — Joshua B., Mary A. Orpha D. and Eugene R. Mr. Scofield has 60 acres of land. He was elected Town Treasurer in the spring of 1879. SANDS L. SCOFIELD, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Poynette; was born in Westchester Co.. N. Y., in 1835. His parents. Sands R. and Mahala Scofield, removed to Racine Co., Wis., in 1844, and to Columbia Co. May, 1850 ; his parents settled on the farm where he now lives, where his father died, April, 1859 ; his mother died in 1867. He was married to Vesta L. Packard, whose parents came to Columbia Co. in the fall of 1849; they have five children — Ida, Vesta, Lewis, Sanford J. and Ella L. Mr. Scofield enlisted Sept. 1, 1864, in 42d W. V. I.; served till close of the war. He has been Town Clerk for five years. His farm contains 135 acres. LUCIUS A. SQUIRE, physician and druggist, Poynette ; was born in New Haven, Addisoc Co., Vt., April 8, 1825; his father was also a physician, and native of Vermont. Dr. Squire was a stu dent of Prof. W. Goldsmith, of Castleton, Vt.; he graduated at Castleton Medical College in the fivU of 1851; he practiced medicine at Clarendon Springs, Vt., for two years; in 1854. he came West, ani formed a copartnership with Dr. R. K. Bell, of Token Creek, Dane Co., Wis., where he remained one yea-; he then located at Leeds Center, Columbia Co., where he remained till 1876, when he came to Poynetta. He was married in the spring of 1856, to Miss Louisa J. Howard, also born in Addison Co., Vt.; one son, Mally, born June, 1866. Dr. S((uire belongs to that cla.ss of men generally known as self-made men, and has not only attained to considerable eminence in his profession, but has also been one of the foremost in entir- prises of public interest ; he was Town Superintendent of Schools for the town of Leeds for several yea's ; was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for several terms ; started the first store in Leeds in 1856 ; secured the post ofiice at Leeds Center and was the first Postmaster, being appointed in 1857 ; he bought '.he farm known as the John C. Baker farm, at Leeds Center, in 1863; this farm contains 160 acres, anc is one of the best improved farms in the county. EDWIJV F. TILLOTSON, proprietor of " American House," Poynette; is the son of Stephen Tillotson, of the to'^n of Dekorra. He was born in Erie Co., Ohio, in 1849. His parents came to Columbia Co. in the fall of 1850, and settled in Sec. 13, town of Dekorra, where ho now lives. Mr. Tillotson was married to Anna Ellis, born in England in 1854. They have two children — Louisi and Sarah ; lost their first child — a daughter. TOWN OF PACIFIC. 1093 E. B. THOMAS, carpenter and builder, Poynette ; was born in Canada East in 1829; his parents were natives of New Hampshire ; they removed to the State of New York when he was 7 years of age; he came to Columbia Co. in 1857, and settled in Arlington ; Mr. Thomas located in Poynette in 1868. He was married to Miss Jane E. Philips, of New York State; they have five children — Cora, John, Mina, Roy and Ely. Mr. Thomas was engaged in farming while a resident of the town of Arling- ton, but is by trade a carpenter and builder, and has erected many of the best buildings in Poynette and elsewhere. JAMES TOMLINSON, farmer. Sec. 36, P. O. Poynette ; was born in Yorkshire, England, in May, 1831. His father's family emigrated to this country in the fall of 1842 ; they lived in Jefferson Co., N. Y., for two years ; then removed to Canada, where they lived five years ; they came to Columbia Co. in 1849. His father settled where his son James now lives; he afierward removed to Poynette, where he at one time owned most of the land now occupied by that village. He died in August, 1874. Mr. Tom- linson's mother died in February of the same year. He was married to Emma C. Bowles, born in Jeffer- son Co., N. Y. ; has five children — E. K., James S., Arthur B., Minnie and Alberta. " Farm contains 110 acres. JOHN WIIiSOBf, farmer and stock-dealer, Poynette ; is a son of one of the early settlers of Columbia Co. His father was Mr. Robert Wilson, who came to Columbia Co. from Scotland in 1849, and settled in Sec. "34, town of Dekorra, where he lived about seven years: he then removed to the town of Buffalo, Marquette Co., where he lived about seven years ; then returned to Columbia Co., and settled in Arlington Township, where died about 1873. His mother still lives in the town of Arlington. John was born in Scotland in 1845 ; he has been a resident of Columbia Co. since his parents returned from Mar- quette Co. He was married to Louisa Calkins, daughter of H. Calkins, of the town of Arlington. Has four children — -Nellie, Vine, Edith and Robert. He owns a farm in the town of Leeds, of 133 acres ; is engaged in farming and stock-raising. PARKER YOUNGS, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Poynette ; was born in the State of New York in 1843 ; his father removed to Walworth Co., Wis., in the fall of 1 845, and to Columbia Co. in the spring of 1846; he now resides in Arlington Township. Mr. Youngs was married to Orvilla Wheeler, whose parents came to Columbia Co. when she was a child ; her father died in February, 1871, in the town of Leeds ; her mother resides at Poynette. Mr. Youngs has four children — Morris, Davis, Harry and Jennie ; his farm contains 80 acres. TOWN OF PACIFIC. WnLLlAM BATES, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. Portage City; born July 25, 1820. in Preble Co., Ohio ; son of John and Ann Bates, who removed to Rush Co., Ind., when he was about 4 or 5 years old. He was married July 24, 1845, in Carroll Co., Ind., to Elizabeth McKinney, who died Nov. 11. 1859, aged 32 years, leaving four children — Minerva Jane (now Mrs. Benjamin Fish, of Dekorra) ; Sarah Emily (now Mrs. Charles Rhodes, of Dekorra) ; Zachary Taylor, married Miss B. A. Kane (lives in Green Bay) ; and Charles Sumner (in Minnesota). Mr. Bates was married the second time April 2, 1861, in Caledonia, to Agnes Davidson, who was born in Galloway, Scotland, Oct. 29, 1832, daughter of John Duff, and widow of James Davidson, who died Aug. 17, 1856, on the ocean, off the Cape De Verde Islands, at the age of 24, leaving one son, James, who is now living in Pipestone Co., Minn. Mr. Bates by the second marriage has six children — Jane Ann, Mary Agnes, Ada Elizabeth, Margaret Luella, Rosella May and William Henry, all at home. Mr. Bates is a Republican, and has been Supervisor and Treasurer of the town of Pacific. Both are members of the Universalist Parish of Wyocena. He has 140 acres of land. JHOSES BUMP, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P.O.Pacific; born Jan. 24, 1811, in Rutland, Vt.; his father, Edward Bump, removed to Western New York, and settled in Cattaraugus Co., where Moses was married, Jan. 1, 1834, in Yorkshire, to Phebe Daggett, who was born in 1814. Mr. Bump came to Wis- consin in August, 1850, and settled in Dodge Co., town of Lowell, and in March. 1852, removed to his present location. Have had eight children, five of them still living — Maria ( now Mrs. Erastus Porter, of Pacific), Emeliue (now Mrs. George Farbush, of Omro, Wis.); Jerusha (now Mrs. Riley Weeks, of Geneseo, N. Y.) ; Mianda (now Mrs. 0. Dow) ; Am., lives in Pacific and Lincoln at home ; Charles died at 3 years of age, in 1856, and Cyrus enlisted in the 36th W. V. I., Co. I; was taken prisoner at the battle before Petersburg, first confined in Libby prison, then taken to Andersonville, and finally to Salis- bury, N. C.; he died on the way home after the war closed, but his place of burial is unknown. Mr. 1094 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Bump is a Republican and has been Supervisor several torms ; has 160 acres of land. He is a firm believer in what he calls the Spiritual Church of Christ, or what is known as Spiritualism. Claims to be living in the millenium and that the millenium comes to every man whenever his spirit is in harmony with the spirit of Christ. STEPHBtf CALVERLEY, Jr., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Portage City; born May 4, 1850, in the town of Pacific, and was the first white child born in the town ; son of Stephen Calverley, Sr. (See his biography.) He was married, Nov. 4. 1870, to Maggie Dickinson, who was born Oct. 30, 1850, in the town of Wyocena, daughter of James Dickinson, a native of Dumfrees Co., Scotland, who came to Wyocena in 1848, enlisted in the 10th W. V. I., Co. D, in 1861, and was killed in action, at the battle of Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1861. Mr. and Mrs. Calverley have three children — Ann, born July 31, 1870; Sarah, Aug. 10, 1871, and Stephen, Dec. 16,1878; lost one daughter, Jennie, born April 11, 1874. He has a farm of 307 acres, and is a Republican. B. F. FI^OWER, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Portage City ; born Aug. 2, 1819, in Franklin Co., Mas.s, ; his parents removed to Ontario Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; his father, Phineas Flower, died in that county in the fall of lS56,at the age of 75, and Mrs. Flower in January, 1^63, aged 83. B. F. was married in the town of Phelps, OntarioCo.,Oct. 12, 1841,to Sarah J. Kanouse, who was born Feb.l, 1821 ; daughter of John C. and Sarah Kanvuse ; her father died in 1849 and her mother in 1862. Mr. Flower came to Wisconsin in October, 1855, settled in the town of Pacific, and has resided in the town ever since ; has two children — Winfield Scott, born July 2, 1852, and James Franklin, Feb. 9, 1855. He is married to Adella A. Por- ter, and lives in the town of Wyocena; has also an adopted daughter, Clara Bell, born April 15, 1866; has lost three children ; two died in infancy in New York, and Chester B., who was born July 23, 1842, enlisted in August, 1862, in the 23d W. V. I., Co. C, and died Feb. 16, 1863, at Young's Point, La., soon after the battle of Arkansas Post, in which he was engaged. Mr. Flower is a Republican of the strongest type, and has held the oflice of Chairman, Supervisor, Treasurer and Assessor. Has 260 acres of land. HENRY JEXNIN<]}$$, fiirmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Wyocena ; was born Dec. 1, 1816, in Brad- ford, Yorkshire, England ; youngest son of Caleb and Elizabeth (Mitchell) Jennings ; when 8 years of age, he went to work in a worsted factory, in which he continued till he was 25, being an overseer at the time he quit. In 1842, he came to America, landing in New Orleans, in the month of March ; came direct to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Raymond (then Yorkville), Racine Co., where he was married, on the 6th day of January, 1846, to Rebecca Bisbee, who was born Jan. 22, 1827, in the village of Perry- ville, Vermilion Co., Ind.; lived in Racine Co. till November, 1849, then came to Columbia Co. and set- tled in the town of Pacific, on the farm he now owns, having bought the land in 1848. In politics, a Republican ; he has been Chairman, Supervisor and Treasurer, and has been elected to all the other town oflSces, but never qualified ; has a farm of 500 acres ; has no children of his own, but has brought up three adopted children — Robert, Edith and Ellen ; Robert is married to Miss Ora Calkins, and lives on the hnmc farm ; Edith is the wife of Clark Bartholomew, of Lodi, Wis., and Ellen is still at home. Darius E. Bisbee (father of Mrs. Jennings), was a native of Massachusetts ; came from Ohio to Racine Co.. Wis., in 1843, and from there to Wyocena in 1847 ; built the Bisbee grist-mill twomiles east of Wyocena Village in 1853-54, and died in 1856, aged 57 ; he left two sons and five daughters — James died in Fillmore Co., Minn., in 1866, and Albert lives in Pueblo, Colo.; two of the daughters, Mary Jane and Margaret, live in Larned, Kan., Elizabeth S. at Colorado Springs; the youngest daughter, Amanda, died in JIarch, 1878, in Pueblo, Colo. Mrs. Bisbee was born in Preble Co., Ohio, and died in Rushford, Minn., in 1873, aged 73 years. DANIEL MARSTON, farmer, Sec. ; 13 P. 0. Pardeeville ; born Feb. 17, 1833, in Rock- ingham Co., N. H.; son of John H. and Mary (Thompson) Marston ; came to Wisconsin in 1852, and stayed in Pardeeville about a year. Was married, Jan. 17, 1854, to Elizabeth, daughter of Jeremiah Blaisdell, who came from New Hampshire in 1852, and still lives in the town of Wyocena ; she was born Sejit. 26, 1832, in the same county as her husband, in New Hampshire. In 1855, he came on the farm he now occupies, stayed a short time, then spent mostof his time away till thelasttwelve years, which has been spent on the farm by his family, though he has been away some of the time himself. He is a miller by trade, and ran the Wyocena mill three years. Fort Winnebago mill three years, and was in Iowa one year, and has also worked in Beaver Dam, Poynette and Delton, Wis. Has sis children — John, Charles Annie, Juniatta and Dwight and May (twins) ; none of them home but the two youngest. Is a Republican, and has been Town Superintendent, Town Clerk and Assessor. Has 340 acres of land. J. L. PORTER, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Pacific ; born Sept. 14, 1828, in Seneca Co., N. Y. ; son of Amasa and Eliza Porter, who removed to Erie Co., N. Y., in 1830. Mr. Porter was married, in TOWN OF PACIFIC. 1095 Erie Co., Nov. 1, 1819, to Artemesha Bates, who died in November, 1850, leaving one son — De Witt D., born July 21, 1850, and now lives in Portage City; May 12, 1851, he married Ann Boies, who was born Oct. 1, 1827, in Erie Co., N. i'., daughter of Warren Boies. Came to Wisconsin in 1856, and settled on the farm he now occupies. Has three children by the second marriage — Arthur A., born July 15, 1857 ; Leslie L., June 20, 1859, and Frank D., Oct. 31, 1862 ; the last three are at home. Mr. Porter is a Republican ; has held various town ofiBces, and was a member of Assembly in the Legislature of 1873. Has 400 acres of land. EDWARD SMITH, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 0. Portage City; born July 15, 1799, in Otsego Co., N. Y., town of Butternuts ; son of Griffin and Sophia Smith ; when 22 years of age, he went to Putnam Co., N. Y., and worked three years at farming, then at butchering till 1830, then went to Orange Co., N. Y., and followed the same business (butchering) at West Point till 1864 ; was under contract for Government supplies most of the time while there; came to Wisconsin in 1864, and .settled in the town of Pacific, in his present location. He was married, in 1838, to Rachel Rundell, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., who was born in April, 1810, and died Jan. 23, 1880; has three children — Richard is a railroad engineer, and lives in La Crosse, Wis.; Eliphalet is an express messenger, and lives in Milwaukee, and Lewis lives at home. Mr. Smith is a Democrat, and has been Chairman four terms, Town Clerk, Asses- sor and Treasurer. Has 160 acres of land. GRIFFIN S.1IITH (deceased); was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Jan. 15, 1808; he went to West Point, Orange Co., N. Y., soon after he attained his majority, and obtained a situation as steward in the cadet mess hall at that place; he afterward went in company with his brother Edward in the butcher- ing business, which he continued about fifteen years. His wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Bull, died Oct. 23, 1845, leaving three children. He came to Wisconsin in 1856, and settled on Sec. 27, in the town of Pacific, where he resided till his death, Sept. 14, 1877. His oldest son, Abner G., lives in Schuyler Co., N. Y. ; Edward E. and Mary are unmarried, and occupy the homestead of 200 acres ; P. O. Portage City. Mr. Smith never remarried, but his sister Sarah kept house for him after his wife's death ; she came West with him, and is still living on the homestead with Edward and Mary. REV. JOSEPH F. WARREX. farmer and M. E. minister. Sec. 15; P.O. Portage City; is a native of Franklin Co., Mass., and was born July 10, 1829; when he was 6 years of age, his parents removed to Allegany Co., N. Y., where he spent his early life on his father's farm till 18 years old, then took charge of a saw-mill his father built just previous to that, and, in addition to his other business, worked at carpenter and millwright work while living in that State. He was married Aug. 26, 1857, in Allegany Co., to Mary Jane, youngest daughter of Rev. Daniel Woods, who was in the minis- try in the M. E. Church for over thirty years ; she was born July 5, 1833, and was the youngest of eleven children. Mr. Warren came to Wisconsin in 1864, and settled in his present location. He joined the M. E. Church in 1856, and the next year received license as a local preacher; he has sustained that relation to the church ever since, working on his farm during the week and preaching every Sabbath. Has three children — Eva, born Oct. 6, 1862, and Jason and Nathan (twins), Dec. 1, 1865; has also an adopted son, Frank Corwin, born July 25, 1859. Has 260 acres of land, and in politics acts with the Republicanparty. -^: PASSENQERS BOUND FOR CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEBRASKA, ^I^TX) THE TEieieiTORIES^°'^^^^^' Should, if they would consult their interest, buy their tickets via the Chicago & North -Western Railway This is the LE^IDliTO- ^-A.ILTX7-^a.-y of the TF"_2i7^2^ ^iV7:> JSfORTHWJilST. S,390 MILES OK ROAD. Chicago, Council Bluffs & California Line. Chicago, Sioux City & Yankton Line. Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque & La Crosse Line. Chicago, Freeport & Dubuque Line. Chicago, Green Bay & Marquette Line Chicago, La Crosse & Winona Line. Chicago, Minnesota & Dakota Line. Chicago, St, Paul & Minneapolis Line. Chicago, Milwaukee & Lake Superior Line These Lines enable the "CHICAGO 4 NORTH.wrSTrijW" . i. ., . connections, the FAIt WEST. ^" WESTERN to reach all principal points in the WEST, NORTHWEST and through its II S "^ir "o^/::dt'fhV^;:sr:'„JS^™'ti^^^ •" !?^ ,'™"'" --o ee,ec.« .his aa hi, route. ' ' WESTERN BAILW.VY shall remain the LEADING Railway of To GREAT WEST '^ determined that the CHICAGO & NOBTH- ii TU Passengers should ask for and he certain their Tickets have a Coupon which reads over the CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RY." All Ticket Agents will be glad to sell them via this Line. any NO TRANSFER at ST. PAUL yiatScHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RY Paasenger, procuring tickets to points heyond ST. PAUL should use GREAT CARE to see that they read over the Chicago & North-western Railway, -OR THE — Chicago, St. Pawl & Minneapolis Line. And not over a route having a SIMILAR NAME, as this is «^THE ONLY ROUTE YOU CAN TAKE TO AVOID A CHANGE OF DEPOT AT ST. PAUL. 2,?^.^',P"f.,?''^'^^No. 415 Broadway. BO.>T0N UFFIC1.>-X„.6 State .'ilr.et. V\\\-^vl\'7-,l\<^^,>^Ii.'^-rx'''''- '^'''"' ■""• J-'^kson Street*, pluil l-umc 11^.^,,^ OFFlCES-l:! Nicollet House, and St. '^^'li^^'i-^-'l'-'^'^Tj^'''^*",?*-"- f'"" Street, under Sherman ;„!?•' ■■; ';"""'*"■'■>''; li'nz:e street Depot, corner West Kinzie ^.e S?rSei "'"'• '"' =^""' »«?<". 'o™" Wells and Kii" '^''■'^'.wf'.?^Y^''?-^"^'Sff OFFICES-Corner Broadway and WeJt't K ••, "^"T •^'^ifi': Depot; and Chicag,. .t North *\e(.tern Railway Depot OMAH.V TICKET OFFICES-Cnion Pacific Depot, and 1324 Far- nani Street, corner 14th, •^.^i'"., «nu io« rar SAX FRANCISCO OFFICE-2 New Montgomery Street. ^"''^r^a. ^'^^^^^^' OFFICES-449 Strand, and 3 Adelaide Lb'i'v / 4 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Hi: 11.1 III III I I I nil II, I I ; I I II llllJ II 014 754 953 2 •