^"-^^^ <^^ civ t V '*c«o'' ^^^ V . • • o- C ••-■'^.^-•- v.<»^ A> <<» ^-f „ . , •7- A^ •o> ' ;)<^||^'^ '^ "V ./ s.. *^' .0^ '(?; y-^^. -o -rf^^'-.O^' %.''>W.. :• .f-^ •*, V -^ - ' ■ ^- <^ * . ' O,^ -^^0^ • o S 4 V ^ J ,0 O .0" -^^0^ A ^ -^^0^ ^oV' 4 o ^ol sj--^^ ^0, '^0 >0! .c -^^ ^o .0- i^ ' ESIDENT 6ARFIELD EARLY LIFE, WAR RECORD, PUBLIC SPEECHES. MAXIMS, INAUGURAL ADDRESS, ASSASSINATION, fOUCHma IHCIDENTS OP HIS Sufferings, Death and Burial, JijZC, 'Etc., Etc. CHICAGO: Rhodes & McClure, Puhi.ishers, 1881. GEN. JAMEtS A. GARFIELD. IIRS. JA^^IES A. GARFIELD. GEN. GARFIELD'S ForiMER RESIDENCE AT IIIRAM, OHIO. MARY. JAMES. HARRY. IRWIN. ABRAM GENERAL GARFIELD'S CHILDREN. GEN. GARFIELD FROM THE LOG CABIN TO THE WHITE HOUSE, d-fi Including His Early History, War Record, Public Speeches, Nomination, Inauguration, Assassin- ation, Death and Burial. A EDITED BY Compiler of "Moody's Auecilotes," "Moody's Child Stories," " Edison and His Inventions." " Lincoln's Stories." " Mistakes of Ingersoll," " Stories and Sketches of (ien. Grant," "Entertaining Anecdotes," " Replies to Ingersoll on Thomas Paine," " Stories anil Sketches of Chicago," Etc., Etc., Etc. CHICAGO: }'' RHODES & McCLURE, PUBLISHERS. 1881. % .hMl^ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1881, by J. B. incOlure &c R. S. Rhodes, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at WashiQirton. A new interest now attaches to every incident, and story, and everything that entered into and made up the great life of the immortal Garfield. This volume presents, in] an exceedingly interesting manner, all the essential points in the life of the martyred President, including that seem- ingly saddest of all events, his assassination, over which, it is said, three hundred millions of people mourned. Near the close of the volume will be found the final funeral service on the great " Memorial Day," an event unparralleled in the history of man. J. B. McCLURE. Cbicago, Oct. lo, 1881. Page. Anecdote of Gen. Garfield at Murfreesboro, Illustrating a Noble Trait of His Character 130 Anecdote of Garfield's Early Life — His Greatness Antici- pated by a "Woman in Connection with a Laughable In- cident 33 An Interesting Reminiscence— Garfield and Arthur both ^?chool Teachers in the Same Eoom at Xorth Pownal, Vermont 33 An Interesting Story in Connection with the Sick-room- Gen. Garfield as a Reader 41 An Interesting Reminiscence of Garfield's Youth— A Letter He Wrote Twenty-three Years Ago that Helped to Make a College President, and that President Xow Reads It to His Students 119 A Pen Picture of Garfield 34 A Splendid Record — Summary of Garfield's Labors— Tlie Rewards of Industry 49 A Trying Ordeal — In the Hands of the Doctors— Melting Down ;ui "Ague Cake" with Calomel!— How the Cruci- ble (Young Garfield) Endured It— He is Saved by a Kind ^lother 2/ Arthur's Letter of Acceptance 163 X. CONTENTS. Boyhood of Gen, Garfield— The Farmer Boy on the Tow- path— A Tough Time— Good Health and Indomitahle Energy Triumphant IS o Chester A. Arthur— Sketch of His Life 150 Col. Garfield's First Great Battle— He Defeats Humphrey Marshall and Wins a Brigadier-Generalship 58 Comparative Statement of Ballots 93 Closing Scenes in Garfield's War Kecord— Why He Left the Army 66 ID Dignity of American Citizenship — Garfield's Speech in Wash- ington, June 16, 18S0 ., 132 Dying Words of Gen. Garfield's Father— He Leaves His Four Children in Care of His Wife 115 Enthusiasm on Fire — Making the Xomination of Gen. Gar- field Unanimous at the Chicago Republican Conven- tion — Speeches of Messrs. Conkling, Logan, Beaver, Hale, Pleasants, and Harrison 98 First Vote for Garfield in the Chicago Convention— The Man Wlao Gave It Voted for Zachary Taylor and Abraham Lincoln Under Like Circumstances 107' Full Details of Garfield's Poittid Gap Expedition— Strategy and Victory— Battle of Pittsburg Landing, etc 59 CONTENTS. a- Carfickl at College— He Graduates with High Honors— His PtTsuiiul Appfarance at This Period that of a Xewly liuportod Dutclimau 27 Garfiehl a Jloine — His Residence in Mentor— His Family and His Mother 42 Garfield in War— How He Volunteered to Put Down tlie Rebellion, and was Promoted— Interesting Incidents on the Field of Battle 53 Garfield 2s omination Joke Ill Garfield on the Dcinocracy- Extract from One of His Old Speeches— His "Walk in the Democratic Graveyard 73 Gai-field "Photographed" by "Gath"— A Remarkably In- teresting Pen Picture of the Great Man— His Physical, Social, Moral, and Intellectual Powers 4r. Garfield's Celebrated Speech at the Andersonville Reunion Held at Toledo, Ohio, Oct. 3, 1879- How the General Looks " Without Gloves ! " 78 Garfii'ld's Extra Session Speech — Turning on the Light 128 Garfield's First Ride on the Cars— First Yisit to Columbus- First School, Etc.— Interesting Reminiscences 126 Garfield's Great Speech at Columbus, Acknowledging His Election as United States Senator 83 Garfield's Life in Hiram Sketched by President Hinsdale, of Ilirani College— An Interesting History IIG Garfit'ld's School Days— He Attends a High School— Takes His Frying-pan Along— The Old, Old Story of What Grit Will Do 25 Garfield's Si)eech at the Wisconsin Republican Reunion- Outlining the Condition of the Country '. 76 Hen. Garfield as a Wood-Chopper— He Contracts to Put Ip Twenty-fivo Cords— His A'isit to Cleveland Harbor, and Laughable Interview with " The Captain 19 Gen. Garfield's Letter of Acceptance 142 CONTENTS. Gen. Garfield En Koute for Home After His Nomination lor President— From Illinois to Ohio— Incidents and Wel- comes by the Way i'»- Gen. Garfield is Called to the Halls of Congress from tlic Fields of War- How it was Done— Early Experience of the Farmer Boy on the Floor kyH'. i==r^ HOME LIFE 17 WAR RECORD 53 SPEECHES ..-•.... 69 GARFIELD'S J^OMmATION" 91 MISCELLANEOUS - - - - 113 ASSASSINATION, DEATH AND BURIAL * - - - 166 "The man "svlio ^\;ultL' to serve his country mnst put himself in the line ot its leading thought, and that is the restoration ot" husiiiess, trade, commerce, industry, sound political economy, hard money, and the lionest payment of all obligations, and the man who can add any- thing in the direction of accomplishing any of these ])ur])0ses is a public benefactor." — {Garfield in Coiujre^s^ Dec. 10, 1818.) xvi. STORIES AND SKETCHES -OF- Greneral Grarfieici, HOME LIFE. Boyhood of Gen. Garfield— The Farmer Boy— On the Tow-path— A Tough Time— Good Health and Indomitable Energy Triumphant. General James Abram Garfield, tlie farmer boy, canal boatman, carpenter, school teacher, college professor, preacher, soldier, congressman, the popular candidate of the Republican j^arty for Presidential honors, was born in the township of Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, fifteen miles from Cleveland, on the 19th of ^November, 1831. His father, Abraham Garfield, was born in Otsego County, New York, and was of a family that had resided in Massachusetts for several generations. His mother, Eliza Ballou, niece of the Eev. Hosea Ballon, the noted Universalist clergyman, was born in Cheshire County, New Hampshire. The General is, therefore, of New England stock. James Abram was the youngest of four children. The father died in 1833, leaving the family dependent upon a 17 ' 2 18 .STORIES AND SKETCHES OF OARFIELD. Biimll tiirm and the exertions of tlie iiinther. There was nothing about the elder Garfield to di.stinguish liini from the other j)lodding fanners of the rather sterile township of Orange. Is'o one could discern any qualities in liim, which, tmnsniitted to the next generation, might help t<> make a st^itesinaii. unless it was industry; hut his wife, who is still living at an advanced age, was always fond of reading wlun she could get leisure from her hard household duties, and w!is a thoroughly capable woman, of strong will, stern j)rincij)les, and more than average force of character. ^ Of tlie children, no one besides James has made the slightest mark in the world. The older brother is a farmer in Michigan, and the two sisters are farmers' wives. The General had a tough time of it when a boy. lie toil(>d hard on the fann early and late in summer, and worked at the carpenter's bench in winter. The best of it was he liked work. There was not a lazy hair on his head- He had an absorbing ambition to get an education, and the oidy road o])ened to this end seemed that of manual labor. Ready money was hard to get in those days. The Ohio Canal ran not far from where he lived, and, finding that the boatmen got their pay in cash, and earned l>ctter wjiges than he could at farming or carpentry, lie hired out as a driver on the tow-path, and .soon got up to the dignity of holding the helm of a boat. Then he determined to ship as a sailor on the lakes, but an attack of fever aiul ague interfered with his ])lans. He was ill three nutnths, and when he recovered he niE.S AM) i^KETCIIE^ OF GARFIELD. widiT raii^^e upon the "ocean blue." The work of wood- chopping wius vigon)Usly prosecuted, and time flew with grent nipidity. lie felt that the pay lor wood-chopping was hardly suffi- cient for a stiirt, and so he hired out to a Mr. Treat, during the liaying and harvesting season, but he still dreamed on. When this job w;is finished he went home to his mother and announced liis intentions. She knew well that it was useless to oppose him, now that he had really set his heart upon it, and so, in the midst of prayer and God-blessings> he departed. lie visited the harbor in Cleveland. Here he found a single vessel about to depart for a trip up the lakes. In all his dreams he had never seen a Captain except as a sort of mixture of angel and dashing military ofhcer in blue coat and brass buttons. He went on board this vessel and in- quired for tlie Captain. lie was told, with a smile, by one of the men, that the Captain would come up from the hold in a few minutes. He had not long to wait. Presently a drunken wretch, brutal in every feature, came up, swearing at every step. " There is the Captain," said one of the men. The country lad stepped forward and modestly asked if a hand \v;is wanted. Turning upon the youth, the brute poured a volley of, j)ent-ujj curses and oaths, and made no other answer. The poor awkward boy was for a moment amazed, and then, turning away, walked about to recover himself He was by no means cured of his longing for the sea; he had too strong a will for that, and this had taken too strong a hold upon him. lievolving the matter in liis miad, he came to the conclusion that he had failed because he lacked some initiatory jirocess. As the lake was to the ocean, so sliuuld the e^mal be to the lake; he would apply at the canal and 'j-aiii .'•iimc trainiiiLf there. HOME LIFE. 21 Young Garfield Tries the Canal— Thirteen Duckings on the First Trip, and one Fight— The First Victory. Notwithstanding his poor success with "the Captain," young Garfield determined to persevere, and tlie very first canal-boat he visited wanted a driver, and he got the place. The General avers that, by actual count, he fell into the canal thirteen times on the first trip. Knowing nothing of the art of .swimming, he came very near drowning. He worked faithfully and well, however, and at the end of his first round trip he was promoted from driver to bowsman. On his first trip to Beaver, in this new ca])acity, he had his first fight. He was standing on the deck, with the setting pole against his shoulder. Some feet away stood Dave, a great, good-natured boatman, and a firm friend of the young General. The boat gave a lurch, the pole slipped from the youth's shoulder, and flew in the direction of Dave. "Look out, Dave!" called Garfield; but the pole was there first, and struck Dave a severe blow in the ribs. Garfield expressed his sorrow, but it was of no use. Dave turned upon the luckless boy %vitli curses, and threatened to thrash him. Garfield knew he was innocent even of carelessness. The threat of a flogging i\\m\ a heavy man of 35 roused the hot Garfield blood. Dave rushed upon him with his head down, like an enraged bull. As he came on, Garfield sprang one side and dealt him a powerful blow just back of and under the left ear. Da^•e went to the bottom of the boat with his head between two beams, and his now heated foe went after him, seized him by the throat, and lifted the same clenched hand for another blow. "Pound the blamed fool to death, Jim," called the appreciative Captain. "Tfhehaint no more sense to get mad at accidents he orto die; " and, as the youth hesitated, "Wliv don't von strike? Blnme mo, if I'll interfere." 22 sT'iiilh's AXI> sKKTrilKS OF GARFIELD. He coiiKl not; tin- man wa.- down, helpless in his power. Dave expressed vcgvvX at his rage. (iartield gave liini his hand, and they were hetter friends than ever. The victorv giive tlie young man much prestige among the canal men. The idea that a hoy c<»uld thrash Dave was something that the roughs could not understand. Off the Tow-Path. Why Young Garfield Abandoned the Canal.— A Provi- dential Escape that Set Him to Thinking and Sent Him Home. The General savs that two causes were instrumental in causiuij him tinally to abandon the canal. One was his mother, and the other was the ague cake in his side. He had worked but a short time when he began to feel the ague in his system, and iinally it assumed a very seri- ous form. His many falls into the water, and the thorough wetting which followed increased his disease, and tinally one especi- ally heavy fall led him to reason quite fully over the mat- ter. It was night, and in the darkness he grasped for something to draw himself out of the water. As luck would havr it he chanced to reach thedragrope of the boat. Hand over hand he grasped the ro])e, and finally he drew himself up. He thought of his mother, and how lie had left her with the intention <»f going upon the lake, and how she A'\\\ Ix'lieved he was there. The next day's warm sun drit'd iiis clothes, but he was sicker than ever with the chills, and he detcrmineur money is now all gone, hut your brother Thomas ".nd 1 will he al)le to raise $17 for you to start to school on, an 1 you can perhaps get along, after that is gone, upon your own resources." IIo took the advice and the money, — the only fund ever contributed by others to him either in fitting or passing through college. — and went to The Geauga, a seminary at Chester. In speaking of this longing for the sea, the General said, half re<;retfullv: " But even now, at times, the old feeling, (the longing for the sea) comes back," and, walking across the room, he turned, with a flashing eye: "I tell you I would rather now command a fleet in a great naval battle than to do anything else on this earth. The sight of a ship often fills me with a strong fascination, and when upon the water, and my fellow-landsmen are in the agonies of sea-sickness, I am as tranquil as when walking the land in the serenest weather." And so the mother conquered. When a thirst for knowledge M'as once engendered in the ''youth, the mother Bto(»d in no danger of losing him. l>ut during all those years of education, there were obstacles of great magnitude to be overcome, poverty tt> be stniggled against, and victoriea to be won. HOME LIFE. 25 Garfield's School Days-He Attends a High School Takes His Frying-pan Along-The Old Old Story of What Grit Will Do. Up to the time of young Garfield's canal experience he seemed to have cherished, little ambition for anything beyond the prospects ottered by the laborious life he had entered. But it happened that one of the winter schools was taught by a promising young man named Samuel Bates. He had attended a high school in an adjacent township, known as the " Geauga Seminary," and with the proselyting spirit common to young men in the back- woods, who were beginning to taste the pleasures of edu- cation, he was very anxious to take back several new students with him. Garfield listened to Mr. Bates, and was tempted. He had iiitended to become a sailor on the lakes, but he was yet too ill to carry out this plan, and so he finally resolved to attend the high school one term, and postpone sailing till the next fall. That resolution made a scholar, a Major General, a Senator-elect, and a Presidential candidate out of him, instead of a sailor before the m ast on a Lake Erie schooner. The boy never dreamed of what the man would be. Early in March, 1849, young Garfield reached Chester (the site of the Geauga Seminary) in company with his cousin and another young man from his village. They car- ried with them frying-pans and dishes as well as their few school books. They rented a room in an old, unpainted frame house near the academy, and went to work. Garfield bought the second Algebra he had ever seen, and began to study it. English Grammar, Natural Philosophy, and Arithmetic were the list of his studies. His mother had scraped together a little sum of money to aid him at the start, which she gave him with her blessing when he left his humble home. After that he 26 STt/JilES A2fD SKETCH EH OF iiARFIELD. never had a dollai- in hi.- lile that he (liulpit. His HOME LIFE. :il ambition, if lie Iiad iiiiy outride of the school, l;iy ii\ the directioji of law and ])oIitic's. Oen. Garfield's Marriage— A Happy Home— What the General says of his Wife. During his ])rofessorshij) at Ilinini, Uartield married Miss Jjucivtia Kudoiph, daughter of a fanner in the iieigliborliood, whose acquaintance he had made while at the academy, where she was also a })n])il. She was a quiet, thoughtful girl, of singularly sweet and refined disj)osition, fond of study and reading, possessing a warm heart and a mind with the capacity of steady growth. The nuirriage was a love affair on both sides, and has been a thoroughly hajqiy one. Much ot Gen, Garfield's subsequent success in life may be attributed to the never- failing sympathy and intellectual companionship of his wife and the stimulus of a loving home circle. The young couple bought a neat little cottage fronting on the college campus, and began their wedded life poor and in debt, but with brave hearts. Speaking ot his wife recently, Mr. Gai-field said: I have been wonderfully blessed in the discretion of my wife. She is one of the coolest and best-balanced women I ever saw. She is unstampedable. Tliere has not been one solitary instance of my public career where I suffered in the smallest degree lor any remark she ever made. It would have been perfectly natural for a woman often to say something that could be misinterpreted ; but without any design, and with the intelligence and coolness of her character, she lias never made the slightest mistake that I ever heard of. With the competition that lias been against me, many times such discretion has been a real blessing. She has borne him a large family of children, two of whom — the eklest boys— are now ])reparing for college. Their home since their marriage has been in Hiram until three or four years ago. when they removed to ^Mentor, Lake County, where their residence now is. .s-i STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. Inenasing Fame of the College President— His Election to the State Senate and What He Did. Tlie College President began to di-aw attention tiirongh wider circles than those which he had been a center as a tCiiciier, and his oratorical powers had brought him promi- nently before the public. As President of the institute, it was natural that he should secure a prominent position among educated men, and his reputation grew very rapidly until, in 1859, the people of his county thought him a proper man to represent them in the State Senate. He was elected by a large majority, and took an influential part in legislation and debate. It is generally supposed that General Garfield was once a clergyman. This is not strictly true; he frequently appeared in the pulpit of the Disciples Church, in accord- ance with the liberal usages of that denomination, but never entertained any idea of becoming a minister, nor did he ever take holy orders. Since his entrance into politics as a member of the Legislature he has not performed any ministerial duties, but has turned his attention more to the practice of law. "When the war broke out General Garfield was a leading member of the Ohio State Senate, and was the foremost of a small band of Republicans who thought it impolitic to adopt the constitutional amendments which had been sent by Congress to the States forbidding forever legislation on the subject of slavery. He took the lead in revising an old statute about treason, and when what was known as the " million war bill " came up, he was the most conspicuous of its advocates. A, HOME LIFE. as Anecdote of Garfield's Early Life— His Greatness Anticipated by a Woman in Connection with a Laughable Incident. A reminiscence of Gen. Giirtiekl's earlier manhood is found in the recital given by one Capt. Stiles, the pres- ent Sheriff of Ashtabnla county, Ohio. In 1850, Capt. Sliles relates that Garfield taught the district school of Stiles' district, and " boarded around." Like many other school-masters of the pioneer days, Garfield's wardrobe was scanty, consisting of but one suit of jean. One day the school-master was so unfortunate as to rend his pantaloons across the knee in an unseemly degree. He pinned up the rend as best he could, and went to the home- stead of the Stiles' where he was then boarding. Good Mrs. Stiles cheerfully said to the unfortunate pedagogue:. "Oh, w^ell, James, never mind; you go to bed early and I will put a nice patch under that tear, and darn it all up so nice that it will last all winter, and when you get to be United States Seiiator nobody will ask you what kind of clothes you wore when you were keeping school." Last winter when Gen. Garfield was elected Senator from the State of Ohio Mrs. Stiles, who is still a hale old lady, sent her congratulations to him and reminded him of the torn pantaloons ; and for her kindly congratulations she re- ceived a most touching reply from the newly-elected Senator, assuring her that the incident was fresh in his memory. &n Interesting Beminiscence— Garfield and Arthur Both School Teachers ia the Same Boom at North Fownal, Vt. North Pownal, Bennington, Co., Vt., formerly known as Whipple's Corners, is situated in the southwestern corner of the State, and by the usually travelled road one passes in an hour's ride from New York through the 3 34 STOlilEci AND SKETCHES OF OARFIELD. corner of Vermont by way of North Pownal into the State of Massachusotts. In 1851 Chester A. Artliur, fresh from Union College, camG to North Pownal, and for one summer taught the \!llai'e school. About two years later James A, Gariield. then a young student at Williams College, several miles distant, in order to obtain the necessary means to defray his expenses while pursuing his studies, came also to North Pownal and established a writing-school in the room for- merly occupied by Mr. Arthur, and taught classes in pen- manship during the long winter evenings. Thus, from a common starting-point in early life, after the lapse of more than a (piarter ot n century, after years of manly toil, these distinguished mv\\ are brought into r close relationship before the nation ami before the civilized world. ' A Pen Picture of Garfield. In person (ien. Garfield is six feet high, broad-shouldered and strongly built. He has an unusually large head, that seems to be three-fourths forehead, light-brown hair and beard, large, light-blue eyes, a prominent nose, and full cheeks, lie dresses plainly, is fond of broad-brimmed slouch hats and stout boots, eats heartily, cares nothing for luxurious living, is thoroughly tem]^crate in all respects save in that of brain-work, and devoted to his wife and children and very fond of his country home. Among men he is genial, ap])roachable, companionable, and a remarkably entertaining talker. HOME LIFE. :-.5 A Pen Picture of Gen. Garfield's Wife— A Model Woman. Mrs. Garfield is a lady of medium lieii;ht, and of slight but well-knit form. She lias small features, with a some- what prominent forehead, and her hhiek hair, crimped in front and done up in a modest coil, is sli-htly tinged with gray. A pair of ])lack eyes, and a mouth about whicli there plays a sweetly bewitching smile, are the most attrac- tive features of a thoroughly ex])ressive face. In dress she is quite as plain as tlie present mistress of the White House, whom she resembles in several respects. Her man- ners are graceful and winning in the extreme. Though she is noted for lier modest, retiring M'ays and her thorough domesticity more than for any other distinguishing char- acteristic, her educational accomplishments are many and varied. In ail the public life of her distinguished compan- ion she has been Ids constant helpmeet and adviser. She is a quick observer, an intelligent listener, but undemon- strative in the extreme. When the General was at Chick- amagua, and everybody at Hiram was painfully anxious to get the latest news from the field of l»attle, she sat quiet and patient in what is now Professor Hinsdale's cosy library, and was able to control the iimiost emotions that swayed her breast. How she received the news of the General's nomination at Chicago will probably never be fully known, but everybody liere is sure that she was as undemonstrative as when waiting for news fj-om Chickamaugua. 80 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. Preeident Hinsdale's Stories and Tribute to Gen. Garfield, the Man Who wa« in Hiram Colle;je Before Him— The Canal and Wood-Chopping Incidents— How He Idade Success Possible, and Why He Succeeded. President B. A. Hinsdale, of Hiram College, on the day of Gurtield's election to the United States Senate, made the following announcement to the students' in the chapel: " To-day a man will be elected to the United States Senate in Columbus who, when a boy, was once the bell- ringer in this school and afterward its President. Feeling tliis, we ought, in some way, to recognize this step in his history. I will to-morrow morning call your attention to Bome of the more notable and worthy features of Gen. Gar- field's history and character." The address which President Hinsdale delivered on the occasion is as follows: YoDNo Ladies and Gentlemen: I am not going to at- tempt, a formal address on the life and character of Gen. Garfield. There is now no call for such an attempt, and I have made no adequate preparations for such a task. My object is far humbler: simply to hold up to your minds some points in his history, and some features in his char- acter that young men and women may study with interest ajid profit. I shall begin by destroying histoiy, or what is commonly held to be history. The- popularly accepted account of Gen. Gai-fiekFs history and character is largely fabulous. AVe are not to suppose that the ages of myth and legend arc gone; under proper conditions such growths spring up now; and I know of no man in public life around whom they have sprung up more rankly than annind the subject of my remarks. No doubt you have seen some of the stories concerning him and his family that appear ever and anon in the news- HOME LIFE. «t papers; that his mother chopped cordwood ; that she fought wolves with lire to keep them IVoiii devouring her cliildren, her distinguished son being one of the group; that the cir- cumstances of the family were the most pinching; that Garfield himself could not read at the age of 21; that he was i^eculiarly i-eckless iu liis early life; that, when he had become a man, ho went down from the jnilpit to thrash a bully who inteiTUj)tt'(l him in his s(>rmon on the patience of Job. These stories, and others like them, arc all false and all harmful. They fail of accomplishing the very purpose for which they M'ere professedly told — the stimulation of youth. To make the lives of the great distorted and monstrous is not to make them fruitful as lessons. If a life be anomalous and outlandish, it is, for that reason, the poorer example. It is all in the wrong direc- tion. It makes the impression that, in human history, there is no cause and no effect; no antecedent and no eon- sequent; that everything is capricious and fitful; and sug- gests that the best thing to do is to abandon one's self to the currents of life, trusting that some beneficent gulf stream will seize you and bear you to some happy shore. No, young people, do not heed such instruction as this. Tlie best lives for them to study are those that are natui*al and symmetricfd; those in which the relation between cause and effect is so close and apparent that the dullest can see it; and that preach in the plaiiuist terms the sermon on the text: " "Whatever a man soweth that shall he also reap.'' Irregular and abnornud lives will do for '"studies," but healthy, normal, harmonious lives should be chosen for example. And Gen. Garfield's life from the first has been eminently healthy, normal, and well-proportioned. He was born in the woods of Orange, Cuyahoga County, in 1831. His father died when the son was a year and a 38 srolUK.S AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. halt' f>l(l. Alirain (rariield's circmnstances were those of his nei<^hb<>r.s. Measured by our standard they were all ]HM)r; they lived on small farms, tor which they, had gone in debt, hoping to clear and pay for them by their toil, (iarficld dying, left his wife and four young children in the condition that any one of his neighbors would have done in like circumstances — ]>oor. Tlie family life before had l)ecn close and hard encjugh; now it became closer and liardcr. (irandma (iarlicld, a.- some of us familiarly call her, was a woman of unusual energy, faith, and courage. She said the children should not be separated, but kept them together; and that the home should be maintained, as when it-« lieud was living. The battle was a liard one, and >he won it. All honor to her, but let us not make her I'idiculous by inventing impossible stories. To external appearance, young (iurfieldV life did not differ matei-ially from tlie lives of the neighbors' boys. lie chopjxxi wood, and so did they; he mowed, and so did they; he carried l)utter to the stoi-e in ;i little pail, and ^o did they. Other families that had ru>t lost their heads naturally shot ahead of the Garfields in })roperty; but such difierences counted tar less then than they do now. The traits of his maturer ciiaracter appeai'ed early; studi- ousness, truthfulni'ss, generosity of nature, and mental iKJwer. So f;ir was he from being reckless, that he was almost serious, reverent and tluuightful. So far was he i'rom being umible to read at 21 that he was a teacher in the district schools before he was 18. He was the farthest removed from being a pugilist, tho\igh he had great physical strength and courage, cool- ness of mind, was left-handed withal, and was both able and dis))osed to defend himself and all his rights, and did no afiion. HOMK LIFE. DO His three months' service on tlie canal has been the source of numerous fables and morals. The morals are as false as the fables, and more misleading. All I have to Bay about it is: James A. Garfield has not risen to tlio position of a United States Senator because he "ran on a canal." Nor is it because he chopped more wood than the neighbors' boys. Many a man has run longer on the canal, and chopped more wood, and never became a Senator. Gen. Garfield once rang the school bell when a student here. That did not make him the man he is. Convince rae that it did, and I will hang up a bell in every tree in tlie c;impus, and set you all to ringing. Thomas Corwin, when a boy, drove a wagon, and became the head of the Treasury; Thomas Ewing boiled salt, and became a Senator; Henry Clay rode a horse to mill from the "Slashes," and he became the great commoner of the West. But it was not the wagon, the salt, and horse that made these men great. These are interesting facts in the lives of these illus- triousmen; they show that, in our country, it has been, and still is possible for young men of ability, energy, and determined purpose to rise above a lowly condition, and win places of usefulness and honor. Poverty may be a good school; straightened circumstances may develop power and character; but the principal conditions of Buccess are in the man, and not in his surroundings. Garfield is the man he is because nature gave him a noble endowment of fsunilties that he has nobly handled. We must look witliin, and not without, for the secret of destiny. The thing to look at in a man's life are his aspirations, his energy, his courage, his strength of will, and not the wood he may have chopped, or the salt he may bave boiled. How a man works, and not what he does, is the test of worth. 40 STORTES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. His success (lid not lie in his technical scholarship, or hia ability as a drill-inaster. Teachers are plenty who much Rurpass him in these particulars. He had great ability to grasp a subject; t()(»rgani/,e a body of intellectual materials; t(i auuiss tacts and work out strikirig generalizations; and, therefore, he excelled in rhetorical exposition. An old pupil who has often heard him on the stump, once told me, "the General succeeds best when talking to the people just as he did to his class." lie inijiarted to his pupils large- ness of view, enthusiasm, and called out of them unbounded devotion to himself. This devotion was not owing to any ])lan or trick, but to the qualities of the nu\n. Mr. H. M. James of the Cleve- land schools, an old Iliram scholar, speaking of the old Hiram days bef )re (tarfield went to college, once wrot« me: "There beiran to irrow ui) in me an admiration and love for to' Garfield that has never abated, and the like of which I have never known. A bow of recognition, or a simple word from him, was to me an inspiration." Probably all were not equally susceptible, but all the boya who were long under his charge (save, perha])s, a few " sticks ") would speak in the same strain. He had great power to energize young men. Gen. Garfield has carried the same qualities into public life. He has comnumded success. His ability, knowledge, mastery of questions, generosity of nature, devotion to the public good, and honesty of purpose, have done the work. He has ne\'er had a ]iolitical "machine." He has never forgotten the daj of small things. He has never made j^crsonid enemies. It is difficult to see how a ]>olitieal triumph co\dd ho more coni])lete or more gratifying than his el'-ctlon to the- Senate. No "bargains" no "slate," no "gnrcerj-" at Columbus, lie did not even go to the ("aj^ital City. 8>ich things are inspiring to tho^c w1k» think pivlitics in a l)road HOME LIFE. 41 way. lie is i\ man of positive convictions, freely uttered. Politically he may be called a " inaii-ot-war; "' and yet few men, or none, begrudge him his triuni})h. J)eni(){!rats vied with Republicans the other day in Washington in snowing him under with congratulations; some of them were as anxious for his election as any Republican could be. It is is said he will go to the Senate without an enemy on either side ot the chamber. These things are honorable to all parties. They show that manhood is more than party. The Senator is honored, Ohio is honored, and so is the school in Hiram, with which he was connected so many years. The whole story abounds in interest, and I hope I have so told it as to bring out some of its best points, and to give you stimulus and cheer. &I1 Interesting Story in Connection witli the Sick room— General Garfield as a Reaaer. The methods of stlidy which Cien. Crarfield adopted in early life have never been abandoned. There arc few public men who have any spare time for books; Gen. Garfield is one of the few. He always reads. He believes in the principle that change is rest, and, to relieve himself from the tedium of Congressional b-usiness, he resorts to literature. It is said that nearly all great orators have been fine talkers. Gen. Garfield is a remarkable conversationalist. His pri- vate talk, when the harness of politics has been laid aside, is brilliant and fascinating. He seems never to forget any- thing; and in quiet moments, when friends are by him, it is pleasant to hear him tell of the old days, and 'to dream of the future. He IS so full of pleasant anecdote So rich, so gay, so poignant is his wit- Time vanishes before him as he speaks. And ruddy morning through the lattice peeps Ere night seems well begun. 42 UTORIEiS AND 8KETCIIJ£iS OF GARFIELD Sotru' years ago Gen. GarlieUl sulieivd from a temporary disordir, and was compelled to submit to a ])ainlul surgical operation. lie lay here lor six weeks in this tropical sun, recovering Irotn the eti'ects ot that '>peration. The town was dead. It \\;is vaeatioii time. Not one member of either Ilou.- Nl-.KJIlHOliS, AND FuiKNDS OP Many Ykaus: It has always given me pleasure to come back here and look upon these faces. It has always given me new courage and new fi-iends, for it lias brought bjick a large share of that richness which belongs to those things out of wliich come the joys of life. "While sitting here this afternoon, watching your (hoba I HOME LIFE. 45 and listening to the very interesting address wliicli has just been delivered, it has occurred to me that the least thing you have, that all men have enough of, is perlia])s the thing il)at you care for the least, and that is your leisure — the leisure you have to think; the leisure you have to be let alone; the leisure you have to throw the plummet into your mind, and sound the depth and dive for things below; the leisure you have to walk about the towers yourself, and find how strong they are or how weak they are, to determine what needs building up; how to work, and how to know all that shall make you the final beings you are to be. Oh, these hours of building! " If the Superior Being of the universe would look down upon the world to find the most interesting object, it would be the unfinished, unformed character of the young man or young woman. Those behind me have probably in the main settled this question. Those who have passed into middle manhood and middle womanhood are about what we ehall always be, and there is but little left of interest, as their characters are all developed. " But to your young and your yet unformed natures, no man knows the possibilities that lie before you in your hearts and intellects; and, while you are working out the possibilities with that splendid leisure that you need, you are to be most envied. 1 congratulate you on your leisure. I commend you to treat it as your gold, as your wealth, as your treasure, out of which you can draw all possible treas- ures that can be laid down when you have your natures unfolded and developed in the possibilities of the future. " Tliis place is too full of memories for me to trust my- self to speak upon, and I will not. But I draw again to- day, as I have tor a quarter of a century, life, evidence ot strength, confidence, and aiFection from the people who gather iu this place. I thank you for the permission to see you and meet you and greet you as I have done to-day." 46 STORIES AND r.iCETCHES OF GARFIELD. Garfield " Photog^raphed " by "Gath"— A Remarkably Interestinp Pea- Picture of the Great Man-His Physical, Social, Moral, and Intellectual Powers. The following exceedingly interesting description of Gen. Garfield was written by the celebrated "Gath" soon after Garlield's nomination as President: Tiie writer has known Gen. Garfield pretty well for thirteen years. lie is a large, well-fed, hale, ruddy, brown- bearded man, weighing about 220 pounds, with Ohio Ger- man colors, blue eyes, military face, erect figure and shoul- ders, large back and thighs, and broad chest, and evidently bred in the country on a farm. His large mouth is full of strong teeth, his nose, chin, and brows are strongly pro- nounced. A large brain, with room for play of thought and long application, rises high al)ove his clear, discerning, enjoying eyes. He sometimes suggests a country Samson, — strong beyond his knowledge, but unguarded as a school- boy. lie pays little attention to the afiectation by which some men manage public opinion, and has one kind of behavior for all callers, which is the most natural behavior at hand. Strangers would think him a little cold, and mentally shy. On ac(p;aintance he is seen to be hearty above every thing, loving the life around him, his family, his friends, liis State and country. Loving sympathetic and achieving pex)ple, and with a large unprofessing sense of the brotherhood of workers in the fields of progress, it was the feeling of sym- pathy and the desire to impart which took him for chief; while as to the pulpit, or on the verge of it, full of all that he saw and aerjuired, he panted to give it forth, after it had passed through the alembic of his mind. Endowed with a warm temperament, copious expression, large, wide-seeing faculties, and superabundant health, ho could study all night and teach or lectui-e all day, and it HOME TJFE. 47 was a providence that his neighbors discovered he was too much of a man to coi.ceal in tlie pulpit, wlicro his docility and reverence had almost taken him. They sent liim to the State Legislature, where he was when the war broke out, and he immediately went to the field, where his courage and painstaking parts, and love of open air occuj)ation, and perfect freedom from self-assertion, made him the delight of Rosecrans and George 11. Thomas successively. He would go about any work they iisked of him, was unselfish and enthusiastic, and had steady, temperate habits, and his larffe brain and his reverence made evervthinif novel to him. There is an entire absence of non-balance or wdrldliness in his nature. He is never indifferent, never vindictive. A base action or ingratitude or cruelty may make him sad, but does not provoke retaliation, nor alter that faith in men or Providence which is a part of his sound stomach and athletic head. Garfield is simple as a child; to the ser- pent's wisdom he is a stranger. Having no use nor apti- tude with the weapons of coarser natures, he often avoids mere disputes, does not go to public resorts where men are familiar or vulgar, and the walk from his home in Wash- ington to the Capitol, and an occasional dinner out, com- prise liis life. The word public servant especially applies to him. He has been the drudge of his State constituents, the public, the public societies, the moral societies, and of his party and country since 1863. Aptitude for public debate and public affairs are associated with a military nature in him. He is on a broad scale a schoolmaster of the range of Glad- stone, of Agassiz, of Gallatin. With as lion-^st a heart as ever beat above the competitors of sordid ambition, Gen. Garfield has yet so little of the worldly wise in him that he is poor, and yet has been accused of dishonesty. He has no capacity for investment, nor the rapid solution 4S ^ STORIEii AND ^SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. ot wealth, nor jtrofound respect for the penny in and out of ponml, and still is neither careless, improvident, nor dependent. The great consuming passion to ecpial richer people, and live finely, and extend Ids social power is as foreii'ii to him as schemino: or cheatins had become practically disabled, because of a heavy rainstorm that flooded the mountain gorges, and made so strong a current in the rivers that Garfield's sup])lies were unable to reach him. The troops were almost out of rations, and the mountain- ous country was incapable of supporting them. Garfield went by land U) the base of his supplies, and ordered a steamer to take on a cargo and move up to the relief ot his troop.<5. The Captain declared it was impossible; finally, Garfield ordered the Captain and his crew on board, stationed sentinels in the pilot-house, and, having gained a load, started up stream. The water in the usually shallow river was sixty feet dee]i, and the tree tops along the banks were submerged. The little vessel trembled from steni to stern at every motion of the engines; the waters whirled her about iis if sh(! wei-e a skiff, and the utmost s]>eed that .steam could give her was three miles an hour. When night fell, the Captain of the boat begged ])ermission to tie uj). To attempt ascending the flood in the dark he declared was WAR RECORD. 6S madness. But Col. Garfield kept liis place at the wheel. Finally, in one of the sudden Lends of the river, they drove, with a full head of steam, into the bank. Every effort to \iiick her off Mas in vain. Mattocks were procured, and excavations were made around the imbedded bow. Still Blie stuck. Garfield at last ordered a boat to be lowered to take a line across to the opposite bank. The crew protested against venturing out in the flood. The Colonel leaped into the boat and steered it over. A windlass of rails was hastily made, and with a long line the vessel was warped off, and once more was afloat. It was Saturday when they left Sandy Creek. All through that day and night, Sunday and Sunday night, the boat pushed her way against the current, Garfield leaving the wheel but eight hours of the whole time. At nine o'clock Monday they reached camp, and Garfield could Bcaxcely escape being borne to headquarters on the Bboulders of the men. During the months of January, Februai-y and March there were numerous encounters with mountain guerrillas, tut the Union arms finally prevailed, and the hands of marauders w-ere driven from the State. Just on the border, however, at the rough pass across the mountains known as Pound Gap, Humphrey Marshall still held a post of observation, with a force of about 5 00 men. On the 14th of March, Garfield started with 500 infantry and a couple of 'hundred cavalry against this detachment. The distance was forty miles. The roads were at their worst, but by evening of the next day he had reached the mountain two miles north of the gap. Kext morning the cavalry were deployed up the gap road, while the infantry were led along an unfrequented path on the side of the mountain. A heavy snowstorm also helped to mask the movement. While the enemy 66 STOarES AXD SKETCHES OF OARFIELD. were watcliiiii,' the cavalry, Gai-field liad led the infantry to within a quarter of a mile of their camp. Then an attack was ordered, the enemy taken by surprise, and a few volleys Bent them in confusion down the side of the mountain into Virj^inia. (Considerable quantities of stores were captured. That night the victorious troops rested in the comfoi-tablo log huts built by the enemy, and the next morning burned them down. Six days afterward, the command was ordered to Louisville. These operations had been conducted with such energy and skill as to receive the special commenda- tion of the Government, and Col. Garfield was given a commission as Brigadier General. The discomfiture of Humphrey Marshall was a source of special chagrin to the rebel symj>athizers of Kentucky, and Garfield took rank in the popular estimation among the most promising of the volunteer Generals. On his return to Louisville after the campaign, he found the army ol the Ohio already beyond Nashville, on its way to Gen. Grant's aid at Pittsburg Landing. He hastened after it, and assunied command of the Twentieth Brigade. He reached the field on Pittsburg Landing about one o'clock on the second day of the battle, and participated in the closing scenes. When Gen. Buell sought to prepare a new campaign, he assigned Gen. Gai-field to the task of rebuilding the bridges and railroad from Corinth to Decatur. After performing the duty with great skill and energy, he found himself reduced by fever and ague, which he had contracted in the days of his tow-path service on the OJiio Canal, and went home on sick leave. ~^ Soon after he received orders to j^rocecd to Cumberland Gaj) and relieve Gen. George W. Morgan of his command ; but he was too ill to leave his bed, and another officer was Bcnt to the service. ' WAR RECORD. 67 As soon as his health would permit, he was ordered to Washin<2^ton, where he was placed u])()n court-martial U)v the noted trial ot Fitz John Porter. Gen. Garfield was one of the clearest and foremost in the conviction ot Porter's guilt, and had the bill to restore Porter ever been brought up in the House of Representa- tives, he would have made a determined opposition to its passage ; but Gen. Logan finished the shameful scheme in the Senate, and Gen. Garfield never had an o])portunity to deli*^er a speech wliich he had prepared with great thoroughness and care. After the trial of Fitz John Porter, he was appointed Chief of Staff to Gen. Posecrans, and from the day of his appointment became the intimate associate and confidential adviser of his chief. Garfield's influence had become so important in shaping campaigns that he was always con- sulted, and during the successful campaigns that followed Chickamauga he took an active part. Gen. Garfield's military career did not subject him to trials of a large scale. lie approved himself a good inde- pendent commander in the small operations in Sandy Valley. His campaign there opened our series of successes in the West. As a Chief ©f Staff he was unrivalled. There, as else- where, he was ready to accept the gravest responsibilities in following his convictions. The bent of his mind was judicial, and his judgment of military matters good. His record will stand for him a monument of courage, and his conduct at Chickamauga will never be forgotten hj a nation of brave men. 58 STOliJEii AND .SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. Col. Garfield's First Great Battle- He Defeats Humphrey Marshall and Wins a Brigadier-Generalship. On the ITtli of Decfiuber, 1801, Garfield left Camp Chase, Ohio, with his regiment (Forty-second Ohio) mider orders for tlie Bi,i( Sandy Valley region in Eastern Ken- tucky. U]ion arriving in Louisville lie was invited l)y Gen. Hueli to arrange his own campaign, and he accordingly pre- ])ared a plan, which was submitted to and approved by the commanding General. The next day he started for his field of operations with a command consisting of four regiments of infantry and about two hundred cavalry. The Big Sandy was reached and folloAved up for some sixty miles throucfh a rouii-h, mountainous region, his force driving the outposts of Gen. Iluin])lirey Marshall before them for a considerable distance. On the 7th of January, 1862, he drove the enemy's cav- alry from Paintsvilie, after a severe skirmi.^li, killing and wounding twenty-five of them. At a strong point, three miles above Paintsvilie, Marshall had prepared to make a stand, with 4,500 infantry, 700 cavalry, and two batteries ot six guns eacli; but, his cavalry being driven in, his courage faili'd, and he hastily evacuated hjs works and retreated up the river. The ra|>id marching thus far had much exhausted Gen. Garfield's forces; still, he resolved to pursue, and, selecting 1,100 of his best troo])s, he continued on to Prestonburg, a distance of fifteen miles. There he found the Rebels strongly posted on the crest of a hill, at once attacked them, and maintained the battle during five hours, the enemy's caiuioii nieanwhile playing briskly. Although nntst of (Jarfield's troops were now under fire for the first time, their daring valor swept all before them. The Rebels were driven from every position, and, aflter de- WAR RECORD. 69 utroying their stores, wagons, and camp equipage, tliey retreated in disorder to Pound Gap, in the Cumberland iloontains. This was the iirst brilliant achievement of the War in the West, and a most complete and humiliating defeat to the Rebels, their loss in killed and wounded amounting to two Inmdred and tifty, in addition to forty taken prisoners, while the Union loss was but thirty-two, aJl told. It is said that at the time of this battle, Gen. Garfield had in his possession a letter written a short time before by Humplirey Marshall to his wife, but intercepted by Gen. Buell and sent to Gen. Garfield, in which Marshall stated that he had five thousand effective men in his command. This letter General Garfield refrained from showing to his officers and men until after the battle. His commission as Brigadier dated from the battle of Prestonburg. Full details of Garfield's Pound-Gap Expedition— Strategy and Victory— Battle of Pittsburg Landing, Etc. About the middle of March he made his famous Pound- Gap expedition, for a proper understanding of which a few words descriptive of the locality will be necessary. Pound- Gap is a zig-zag opening through the Cumberland Moun- tains into Virginia, leading into a tract of fertile meadow- land lying between the base of the mountains and a st ream called Pound Fork, which bends around the opening of the gap, at some little distance from it, forming what is called "the Pound." These names originated in this wise: This mountain locality was for a long time the home of certain predatory Indians, from which they would make periodical forays into Virginia for plunder, and to which they would retreat as rapidly as they came, carrying with them the stolen cattle, which they would pasture in the meadow-land 60 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. just mentioned. Hence, among the settlers it became known as "The Pound," and from it the gap and stream took their names. After liis defeat at Prestonburg, as has been stated, Humphrey Marsliall retreated with his scattered forces tlirough the gap into Virginia. A foroo of 5U0 rebels was left to guard the pass against any sudden incursion of Gen. Garfield's force, who, to make assurance doubly sure, had built direetly across the gaj) a formidable l)reast\vork, completely blocking up the way, and behind wliich 500 men could resist the attack of as many thousand. Behind these works, and on the southwestern slope of the mountains, they had erected commodious cabins for winter quarters, where they spent their time in ease and comfort, occasionally — by way of variety, and in imitation of their Indian predecessors — descending from their stronghold into Kentucky, greatly to the damtige of the stock-yards and livdei-s of the well-to-do fanners of that vicinity, and to the \ '. .!iL of their wives and children. Gen. Garfield determined to dislodge them from their position, and so ])ut an end to their maurauding expe- ditions. He accordingly set out with a sufficient foi-ce, and after two days' forced march reached the base of the mountains a short distance above the gajx Of the strength of the rebels and their position he had been well informed by the spies he had sent out, who liad penetrated to their very camp in the absence of the usual pickets, which were never thrown out by them, so secui-e did they feel in their mountain fortress. It "would have been madness to enter the gap and attack them in front, and the General did not propose or attempt it. Halting at the foot of the mountains f )r the night, he sent his cavalry early the next morning to the mouth of the gap to menace the rebels and draw them from behind their defences. This they did, arriving at a given time and threatening an attiick. The rebels jumped WAR RECORD. 61 at tie bait and at once came out to meet them, our men rapif Uy retreating, and tlie rebels following until the latter werf) Bome distance in front of their breastworks instead of behind them. Meantime, Gen. Garfield, with his infantry, had scaled the mountain-side, in the face of e blipding snow-storm, and, marching along a narrow ridge on the summit, had reached the enemy's camp in the rear of his fortifications. A vigorous attack was now made, resulting in the complete route of the rebels, *many of whom were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, and the remainder dispersed through the mountains. The General ncT reassembled his forces, and spen a comfortable night in the enemy's quarters, faring sumptuously on the viands there found. The next morning the cabins, sixty in number, were burned, the breastworks destroyed, and the General set out on his return to Piketon, which he reac;:.'d the following night, having been absent four days, and having marched in that time about one hundred miles over a broken country. On his return he received orders from Gen. Buell, at jS'ashville, to report to him in person. Arriving at that place, he found that Buell had already begun his march towards Pittsburg Landing, and pushed on after him. Overtaking the army, he was placed in command of the Twelfth Brigade, and, with his connnand, participated in the second day's fight at Shiloh. lie was present through all the operations in front of Corinth, and, after the evacua- tion of that place, rebuilt, with his brigade, the bridges on the Mem])his & Charleston Railroad, and erected fortifica- tions at Stevenson. Throughout the months of July and August he was prostrated by 6e\ere sickness, and, conse- quently, was not in the retreat to Kentucky or the battles fought in that State. During his illness he was assigned to the command of the forces at Cumberland Gap, but 61' bTOIUES AND .'KETCHES OF QARFIELD. could not assume it. Upon his recovery, he was ordered to Wiishin^ton, and detailed as a member of the Fitz John Porter court martial, vhich occupied forty-five days, and in which his gnat abilities as a lawyer and a soldier were called forth and freely recognized. AVlien the court adjourned he was ordered to report to Gen. Rosecrans, and by liim was placed in the responsible position of Chief of Staff, though at firtreet, and after a terrillc struggle drove him back. The dead and wounded lay in heaps where these two columns met, but the army of Gen. Thomas was saved. As night closed in around the heroic Army of the Cumberland, Gens. Garfield and Granger, on foot and enveloped in smoke, directed the loading and pointing of a battery of jSTapoleon guns, whose flash, as they thundered after the retreating column of the assailants, was the last light that shone upon the battlefield of Chickamauga. This ride of Garfield's was one of the gallantest acts of the war, and so recognized at the time by the Government and ])coj)le. It earned Garfield the lasting friendship and regard of Gen. Tliomas and all associated with him, and gave him a name as a brave soldier which no malicious Bcribhler can now- take away. A corres])ondent on the field, W. S. Furay, under date of S^-pteiiibcr 21, 18t before the storm broke, the brave and high-souled Garfield was perceived making his way to the headcpiarters of (ien. Thomfis. Tie had come to be present at the final contest, and in order to do so had ridden all the way from Cliattanooga, passing through a fiery ordeal upon the road. His horse was shot under him, and his orderly was killed WAR liECOIiD. C5 by his side. Still lie liad come tlirou^di, he scarce knew how, and here he was to insi)ire fresh courage into the liearts of the brave soldiers, who were liolding the enemy at bay, to bring them words of greeting from Gen. Rose- erans, and to inform them that the latter was reorganizing the scattered troops, and, as fast as possible, would hurry them forward to their relief. Just upon the side of the hill, to the left, and in rear of the still smoking ruins of the house, was gathered a group whose names are destined to be historical — Thomas, Whitaker, Granger, Garfield, Steedman, Wood. Calmly they watched the progress of the tempest, speculated upon its duration and strength, and devised methods to break its fury. The future analyst will delight to dwell upon the characteristics and achievements of each member of this group, and even the historian of the present, hastening to the completion of his task, is constrained to pause a moment only to repeat their names — Whitaker, Garfield, Granger, Thomas, Steedman, Wood. The fight around the hill now raged with terror inex- perienced before, even upon this terrible day. Our soldiers were formed in two lines, and as each marched up to the crest and fired a deadly volley at the deadly foe, it fell back a little ways, the men lay down upon the ground to load their guns, and the second line advanced to take their place! They, too, in their turn retired, and then the lines kept marching back and forth, and deliver- ing their withering volleys, till the very brain grew dizzy as it watched them. And all the time not a man wavered. Every motion was executed with as much precision as though the troops were on a holiday parade, notwith- standing the flower of the rebel army were swarming around the foot of the hill, and a score of cannon were thundering from three sides upon it. 6 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. 06 But our troops are no longer satisfied M'ith the defensive. Gen. Tuivhin, at the head of his brigade charged into the rel>el. lines, and cut his "way out again, bringing with him 300 prisoners. Other portions of this brave band followed Turchin's example, until the legions of the enemy were fairly driven back to the ground they occuj)ied previous to coniniencing the fight. Thus did 1:^,000 or 15,000 men, animated by heroic impulses, and inspired by worthy leaders, save from destruction the Army of the Cum!)er- land. Let the Nation honor them as they deserve. Among those killed at this battle were: Gen. W. U. Lytle; Col. Grose, commanding a brigade in Palmer's division; Col. Baldwin, commanding a brigade in Johnson's division; Major Wall, of Gen. Davis' staif; Capt. Russell, A. A. G. on Gen. Granger's staff; Col. II. C. Heg, com- manding brigade in Gen. Davis' division; Capt. Tinker, of tlie Sixth Ohio, and Capt. Parshall, of the Thirty-fiflh Ohio. Cloiing Scenes in Oarfleld's War Eecord — Why He Left the Army. In 1862, while still an officer in the army, he was elected a Representative in Congress from Ohio, from the old Gid. dings district. About the same time lie was sent to Wash- ington as the bearer of dispatches. He there learned for the first time of his ])romotion to a Major-Gencralshi]) of volunteers " for gallant and meritorious conduct at the bat- tk' of Chickamauga.'' lie might have retained this posi- tion in the army; and the military ca])acity he had dis- played, the high favor in which he was held by the Gov- ernment, and the certainty of his assignment to important commands, seemed to aufjur a brilliant future. He was a WAR RECORD. 67 poor nuiii, too, and the Major-General's salary was more than double that of the Congressman. But, on nuitnre re- flection, he decided that the circumstances under which the people had elected him to Congress in a measure compelled him to obey their wishes. He was furthermore urged to enter Congress by the officers of the army, who looked to him lor aid in procuring such military legislation as the country needed and the army required. Under the belief that the path of usefulness to the country lay in the direc- tion in which his constituents had pointed, Gen. Garfield sacrificed what seemed to be his personal interests, ai^d, on the 5th of December, 1863, resigned his commis^v*-. ^H^ nearly three years' service, to enter Congress. GEN. GARFIELD'S RESIDENCE IN WASHINGTON. SPEECHES. Oen. Oarfield is Called to the Halls of Confess from the Fields of War— How it was Done— Early Experience of the Farmer Boy on the Floor. The Congressional District in whicli Garlield lived was the one long made famous by Joshua K. Giddings. The old anti-slavery champion grew careless of the arts of poli- tics toward the end of his career, and came to look upon a nomination and a re-election as a matter of course. His over-confidence was taken advantage of in 1858 by an ambitious lawyer named Hutch ins to carry a conven- tion against him. The triends of Giddings never forgave Hutchins, and cast about for a means of defcatiiiir him. The old man himself was comfortal)ly C|uartere(l in his Con- sulate at Montreal, and did not care to make a fiirht to sret back to Congress. So his 8U])porters made use of the pop- ularity of Gen. Garfield and noniinated liim when he was in the field without asking his consent. This was iii 1862. When he heard of the nomination Garfield reflected that it would be fifteen months before the Congress would meet to which he would be elected, and believing, as did ev^ery- one else, that the war could not possibly last a year longer, concluded to accept. I have often heard him, says a friend, express regret that he did not helj) fight the war through, and say that he never would have left the army to go to 69 7o slfHH/CS A\/> sK 1:1 (11 EH OF GARFIELD. ('ougivss had lie toroset'ii that the struggle would continue h»'Y<»nd the yeur IS*;;*,. He continued his military service uj> to the time Ct)ngress met. He was elected to succeed Joshua R Giddings, who had served for twenty years as the representative from the dis- trict composed of the large and prosperous counties in Northeastern Ohio. lie resigned from the army under the belief that the path of usefulness to his country lay in the direction of C'ongress rather than tlie military service. He sacrificed what seemed to be his personal interest, and resigning his commission he entered the Thirty-eiglith (Vjngress. Before taking liis seat lie M'as promoted to Major General of volunteers. On entering Congress, in December, 1863, Gen. Garfield was placed upon the Committee on Military Affairs with Schenck and Farnsworth, who were also fresh from the field. He took an active part in the debates of the House, and Won a recosrnition which few new members succeed in gaining. He was not populai- among his fellow members during his first term. They thought him something of a pedant because he sometimes showed his scholarship in his speeches, and they were jealons of his prominence. His solid attainments and able social quai.ties enabled him to overcome this prejudice during his second term, and he be- <-aine on terms of close friendship with the best men in lioth Houses. His committee service during his second term was on the Ways and Means, which was quite to his taste, for it gave him an op])ortunity to pnjsecute the studies in finance and |Ktlitical economy which he had always felt a fondness for. He was a hard worker and a great reader in those days, going lionie with his arms full of books from the Congres- sional Library, and sitting up late of nights to read them. SPEECHES. 11 It ^7as then that he laid the foundations of the convictions on the subject of National Finance, which he has since held to firmly amid all the storms of political a<^itation. lie was renominated in 1864, without opposition, but in 1806 Mr. llutchins, whom he had supplanted, made an effort to de- feat him. llutchins canvassed the district thorou^hlv, but the convention nominated Garfield by acclamation. He has had no opposition since by his own party. In 1872 the Liberals and Democrats united to beat him, but his majority was larger than ever. In 1874 the Green- backers and Democrats combined and put up a popular soldier against him, but they made no impression on the result. The Ashtabula district, as it is generally called, is the most faithful to its representatives of any in the North. It has had but four members in half a century. Seventeen Years a Member of Congress— Garfield's Great Work in tbe Halls of Legislation— A Triumphant Leader. In the Fortieth Congress Gen. GarficiQ was Chairman of the Committee on Military Aflairs. In the Forty-first he was given the Chairmanship of Banking and Currency, which he liked much better, because it was in the line of his financial studies. His next promotion was to the Chair- manship of the Appropriations Committee, which he held until the Democrats came into power in the House in 1875. His chief work on that committee was a steady and judi- cious reduction of the expenses of the Government. In all the political struggles in Congress he has borne a lead- ing part, his clear, vigorous, and moderate style of argu- •ment making him one of the most effective debaters in •eitlier House. When James G. Blaine went to the Senate in 1877 the 12 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. mantle of Republican leadershij) was by common consient |il:icod upon (Tartield, and he has worn it ever since. liecently (ien. (iartield was eku-ted to the Senate to the seat vacated by Alk^n (i. Thui-iuan on tlie 4th of March, 1881. He received tlie unanimous vt)te of the Republican- caucus, an honor never given to any man of any party in the State of Ohio. Since his election he has been tlie re- cipient of many complimentary manifestations in Washing- ton and in Ohio. As a leader in the House he is more cautious and less dashing than Blaine, and his judicial turn of mind makes him too prone to look for two sides of a question for him to be an efficient partisan. When the issue fairly touches his convictions, however, he becomes thoroughly aroused and strikes tremendous blows. Blaine's tactics were to continually harrass the enemy by sharp-shooting surprises and picket firing. Garfield waits for an opportunity to deliver a pitched battle, and his generalship is shown to best advantaije when the fiijht is a fair one and wafj^ed on grounds where each party thinks itself strongest. Then liis solid shot of argument are exceedingly effective. On the stump Garfield is one of the very best orators in the Kepublican party. lie has a good voice, an air of evident sincerity, great clearness and vigor of statement, and a way of knitting his arguments together so as to make a speech deepen its impression on the mind of the hearer until the climax is reached. Of his industry and studious habits a great deal might be said, but a single illustration will have to suffice here. Once during the busiest part of a very busy session at Washington, says a friend, " I found him in his library behind a big barricade of books. This was no unusual sight, but when I glanced at the volumes I saw tliat they were all different editions of lIor;u'(\ or books relating to that poet." SPEECHES. 73 " I tind I Mill overworked, and need recreation," said the General. " Now, my theory is that the hest way to rest the mind is not to let it be idle, hut to put it at soniethin«^ quite out- side the ordinary line of its employment. So I am resting by learning all the Congressional Library can show about Horace and the various editions and translations of his poems." Through the contests of the Fortieth Congress with the President he was firmly on the radical side. His health was seriously impaired by his laborious discharge of public duties, and at the close of the summer session, by the advice of his physician, he sailed for Europe. Since his first election Gen. Garfield has served consecu- tively in Congress, and has been the leader on the Republi- can side for the last five years; his speeches are among the most eftective ever delivered by any man in any parliamen- tary body, and, while as a leader lie has not been considered sufficiently aggressive, his advice has always been carefully heeded, and has been effectual in holding back the more radical of the Republicans. Oarfield on the Democracy— Extract from one of his Old Speeches— His Walk in the Democratic Graveyard. The following is an extract from a speech delivered by Gen Garfield, August 4th, 1870, in the National House of Representatives: Mr. Chairman: It is now time to inquire as to the fitness of this Democratic party to take control of our great nation and its vast and important interest for the next four years. I put the question to the gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. Lamar), what has the Democratic party done to merit that great trust? He tries to show in what respects it would 74 STORFES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. not be dangerous. 1 iisk him to sliow in wlmt it would be safe^ 1 atiirni, ;iiul I believe 1 do not misrepresent the great Democratic party, that in the last sixteen years they have not advanced one great national idea that is not to-day exploded and as dead as Julius Ciesar. And if any Dniiiiciat liciv will rise and name a great national doctrine ills party has advanced, within that time, that is now alive and believed in, 1 will yield to him. {^A pause.) In default of an answer, I will attempt to prove my negative. What were the great central doctrines of the Democratic party in the Presidential struggle of 1860? The followers ot Breckenridge said slavery had a right to go wherever the Constitution goes. Do you believe that to-day? And is there a man on this continent that holds that doctrine to-day? Not one. That doctrine is dead and buried. Tlie other wing ot the Democracy held that slavery might be established in the Territories if the people wanted it. Does anybody hold that doctrine to-day? Dead, absolutely dead! Come down to 1804. Your party, under the lead of Tilden and Vallandigham, declared the experiment of war to save the Union was a failure. Do you believe that doctrine to-day? That doctrine was shot to death by the guns of Farragut at Mobile, and driven, in a tempest of tire, from the valley of the Shenandoah by Sheridan, less than a month after its birth at Chicago. (\)me down to 1808. You declared the constitutional amendments revolutionary and void. Does any man on this flo(»r say so to-day? If so. let him rise and declare it. Do you l»i'lievc in the doctrine of the Rroadhead letter arty, organized a (juarter ot a century ago, was m:ieing shot or made prisoner is almost out of plaoo in such an assemblage as this. SPEECHES^. 79 While I have listened to you this evening I have re- membered the words of the parallel for atrocity ill the civilized world." Voice—" That's so." Gen. (iarlield — " It was never heard of in any land ginc« tlie dark a^es closed upon the earth. "NVliile history lives men have memories. AVo can forsfive and forget all other thin Ikj came down this aisle, with all the 84 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. look of af^oiiy and anxiety in his face, informing us that the guns had opened u|)un Sumter. 1 remember that one week after that time, on motion of a leading Democratic Senator, who (K'cupit'd a seat not far from that position (pointing to the Democratic side of the Chamber), tliat we surrendered this Chamber to several companies of soldiers, who had come t(j Cohimbus to tender their services to the imperiled GovernniL-nt. They slept on its carpets and on these sofas, and (piartered for two or three nights in this Chamber while waiting for other quarters outside of the Capitol. All the early scenes of the War are associated with this place in my mind. Here were the musterings — here was the center, the nerve center, of anxiety and agony. Here over 80,000 Ohio citizens tendered their services in the course of three weeks to the imperiled nation. Here, where we had been lighting our political battles with sharp and severe partisanship, there disappeared, almost as if by magic, all party lines; and from l)(jth sides of the Chamber men went out to take their places on the Held of battle. I can see now, as I look out over tlie various seats, where sat men who afterward became distinguished in the service in high rank, and nobly served their constituency and hon- ored themselves. We now come to this pjlace, while so many are gone; but wo meet here to-night with the war so far back in the dis- tance that it is an almost half-forgotten memory. We meet here to-night with a nation redeemed. We meet here to-night under the flag we fought for. AVe meet with a glorious, a great and growing Republic, made greater and more glorious by the sacrifices throngli which the country luuj ]>assed. And coming here as I do to-night brings the two ends of twenty years together, with all the visions of the terrible and sk i':r< u /: .s oi'^ (ia rfiej. d. distinction <»t' ])urty, I recognize this tribute and (;om})li- iiiciit ]t;iid to me to-night. Whatever my own course may Ik! in tlie future, a huge share of the insi)iration of my future j)ublic life will he drawn from this occasion and these surroundings, and I shall feel anew the sense of ob- ligation tliat I feel to the State ot Ohio. Let me venture to point a single sentence;! in regard to that work. During the twenty years that I have been in ])ublic life, almost eighteen of it in the (Congress of the United States, I have tried to do one thing. Whether I was mistaken or other- wise, it has been the plan of my life to follow my conviction at whatever personal cost to myself. I have represented for many years a district in Congress; whose approbation I greatly desiivd; but though it may seem, perhaps, a little egotistical to say it, I yet desired still more the approbation of one person, and his name was Gai-iield. He is the oidy man that I am compelled to sleep with, and eat with, and live with, and die with; and if I could not have his approbation I should have bad compan- ionship. And in this larger constituency which has called me to represent them now, I can only do what is true to my best self, applying the same rule. And if I sh(juld be so unfortunate as to lose the conii- donce of this larger constituency, I must do what every other fair-minded man has to do — carry his political life in his hand and would take the consequences. But I must follow what seems to me to be the only safe rule of my life; and with that view of the cose, and with that much personal reference, I leave that subject. Thanking you again, fellow-citizens, members of the General Assembly, Republicans as well as Democrats — all, party men !ls I am — thanking you both for what you have done and for this cordial and manly greeting, I bid you good-night. SPEECHES. 87 Cfen. Garfield en the Floor of the Great Chicago Convention-Full Text of His Eloquent Speech Nominating John Sherman For President- Delivered June 5, 1880. It was after full fifteen minutes of applause for a pre- ceeding candidate, in an assembly of 15,000 souls, that Gen. Garfield arose and calmly addressed the Convention at Chicago as follows: "Mr. President: I have witnessed the extraordinary scenes of this Convention with deep solicitude. No emo- tion touches my heart more quickly than a sentiment in Iioncjr of a great and noble character. But as I sat on these seats and witnessed these demonstrations, it seemed to me you were a human ocean in a tempest. I have seen the sea lashed into fury and tossed into a spray, and its grandeur moves the soul of the dullest man. But I remember that it is not the billows, but the calm level of the sea from which all heights and depths are measured. When the storm has passed and the hour of calm settles on the ocean, when sunshine bathes its smooth surface, then the astronomer and surveyer takes the level from which lie measures all terrestrial heights and depths. Gentlemen ©f the Convention, your present temper may not mark the healthful pulse of the people. "AVhen our enthusiasm has passed, when the emotions of this hour have subsided, we shall find the calm level of public opinion, below the storm, from which the thoughts of a mighty people are to be measured, and by which their final action will be determined. Not here, in this brilliant circle, where 15,000 men and women are assembled, is the destiny of the Republic to be decreed; not here, where I Bee the enthusiastic faces of 756 delegates waitingr to cast their votes into the urn and determine- the choice of their party; but b}^ 5,000,000 Republican firesides, where the tlioughtful fathers, with wives and children about them, 68 i^TORIE^ AND SKETCH Eti OF OARFIELD. with the cmIiii thoui^^lits insjjiivd by love of liome ami love of country, with the liistorv of the past, the hopes of tiic future, and the knowledge of the great men who have adorned and bles.sed oar Nation in days gone by, — there God prepares the verdict that shall determine the wisdom of our work to-night. Xot in Chicago, in the heat of June, but in the sober quiet that comes between now and November, in the silence of deliberate judgment, will this great (juestion be settled. Let us aid them to-night. "liut now, gentlemen of the Convention, what do we want? Bear with me a moment. Hear me for this cause, and, for a moment, be silent that you may hear. Twenty- five years ago this Republic was wearing a tri])le chain of bondage. Long familiarity with the trathc in the body and souls of men had paralyzed the consciences of a majority of our ])eoi)le. The baleful doctrine of State sovereignty had shocked and weakened the noblest and most beneficent powers (.)f the National Government, and the grasping power of slavery was seizing the virgin Terri- tories of the West and dragging them into the den of eternal ])ondage. At that crisis the Republican ]>arty was born. It drew its first inspiration from the fire of liberty which God has lighted in every man's heart, and wliich all tlie powers of ignorance and tyranny can never wholly extinguish. The Republican party came to deliver and Bave the Republic. It entered the arena when the beleaguered and assailed Territories were struggling for freedom, and drew around them the sacred circle of liberty, which the demon of slavery has never dared to cross. It made them free forever. "Strengthened by its victory on the frontier, the young party, under the leadership (if that great man, who, on this spot, twenty years ago, was made its hvider, entered the National Capital and assumed the high duties of the CJov- SPEECHES. w> eminent. The liglit wliieli shone iVoia its banner stars in their courses figlit for us in the future. The census trward, pre- pares to meet the labor and the dangers to come. We want one who will act in no s])irit of unkindness toward those we lately met in battle. The Re])ublican party offers to our brethren of the South the olive brancli of peace, and wishes them to return to brothei'hood, on this sn[)reme condition that it shall be admitted, forever and forever more, that, in the war for the Fni(»n, we wei'e right and they were wrong. [Cheers.] On that supreme conditi«ui we meet them as brethren, and no other. We ask them to share with us the blessings and honors of this great Republic. "Now, gentlemen, not to weary you, I am about to pre- SPEECHES. 'J I sent a name for your consideration — the name of a man who was the comrade, and associate, and friend of nearly all tliose noble dead whose faces look down upon us from these walls to-night [cheers]; a man who l)egan his career of pub- lic service twenty-iive years ago, whose first duty was cour- ageously done in the days of peril on the plains of Kansas, when the first red drops of that bloody shower beg-an to fall which finally swelled into the deluge of war. lie bravely stood by young Kansas then, and, returning to his duty in the National Legislature, through all subsec^uent time his pathway has been marked by labors performed in every de- partment of legislation. You ask for his monuments. I point you to twenty-five years of the national statutes. Not one great beneficent Btatute has been placed on our statute books with- out his intelligent and powerful aid. He aided these men to formulate the laws that raised our great armies and carried us through the ^^'ar. His hand was seen in the workmanship of those statutes tiiat restored and brought back the unity and nuirried calm of the States. His hand was in all that great legislation that created the war currency, and in a greater work that redeemed the promises of the government, and made the currency equal to gold. And when, at last called from the halls of legislation into a high executive ofiice, he displayed that experience, intelligence, firmness, and poise of character which has carried us through a stormy period of three years. With one-half the public press crying 'Crucify him!' and a hostile Congress seeking to prevent success — in all this he remained unmoved until victory crowned him. The gi'eat fiscal affairs of the notion and the great business interests of the country he has guarded and pre- •erved, while executing the law ot resumption, and w STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. clFcetiiii; its object, withuut :i jar, and against tlie false propliccies of one-half of the press and all the Democracy of this Continent, lie has shown himself able to meet with cahnness the great emergencies of the government tor twenty live years. He has trodden the perilous bights of public duty, and against all the shafts of malice has borne his breast unharmed. lie lias stood in the blaze of " tliat fierce light that beats against the throne," but its fiercest ray h;is found no flaw in liis armor, no stain on his shield. 1 do not present him as a l>etter Republican, or as a better man than thousands of others we honor, but I pre- sent him for your deliberate consideration. I nominate John Sherman, of Ohio. THE NOMINATION. Comparative Statement of Ballots. The number of ballots cast at Chicago is by no means unprecedented. In 1852 General Scott was nominated on theiifty-third, and General Pierce on the forty-ninfli ballot. The ill-omened Charleston Convention in 18(^0 c<'ist lit'ty- Beven ineliectual ballots, and went to pieces without nomi- nating anybody. No Republican Convention, liowever, has ever cast ss many ballots as were recorded at Chicago. Freemontwas nominated on the first ballot, Lincoln on the third for his first term and on the first for his second tenn, ^Exposition Building, in wliich was held thp National Republican Convention of 188a] Grant on the first for each term, Greeley on the sixth, and Hayes on the seventh. The first National Convention ever held in the United States nominated Henry Clay in 1831. William Wirt, Mr. Van Buren, General Harrison and Mr. Clay were subsequently nominated on the first ballot. Mr. Polk required nine, General Cass four, James Buchanan seventeen, and Horatio Seymour twenty-two ballots. At the Chicago Convention Gen. Garfield received 399 votes on the thirty-sixth ballot. Up to the thirty-fourth, his highest number was two. The following tables show tlie essential points connected with Garfield's nomination: u STORIES AND SKEICHES OF GARFIELD. The Bi:eak to Garfield — TniRTY-FOURTn Ballot. States and Teuiii- _; TORIES. Alabuinii Arkansu-s Ciilif'oniui Colorado Connecticut Dela\v;ire Florida Georgia Illinois Intliana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Kebraska Nevada New Ilaiupshire.. . New Jersey New York North C;irolina... . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island .... South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Arizona Dakota Dist rictof Columbia. Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyonung It) 12 8 24 4 20 8 7 4 1 8 29 50 G 11 17 13 16 1 12 3 G 9 10 20 22 "g 1 4 It 21 G 4 G (5 10 14 18 6 Total ni2 21 2 14 34 10 16 275 107 11 4 29 18 THE NOMINATION 9a TriiKTY-FiFTii Ballot. States and Ter- ritories. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware. Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland jSlassaclui setts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. . New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina — Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia — Wisconsin Arizona Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Montana New Nexico Utah Washington Wyoming Totals. IG 12 8 8 24 1 4 20 8 7 4 1 1 8 29 50 6 36 11 17 13 It) 1 313 257 1_> 9 10 2 22 6 1 4 14 3 21 G 4 6 G 10 14 18 9 6 20 8 1 4 1 21 2 2 13 34 27 10 16 99 11 23 60 90 STOliI£ii AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. TinnTY-srxTn axd Last Bat.lot— Garfield Nominated. States and TEKr.iTOKiKs. A!abuin:i Arkansiis Califuiiiia Ooloiailu (/oniiecLicut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kaii.s;is. Keiitiutky Louisiana Maine ^laryland Mass^ c O m "E u ei (-« C3 li-i tn .-3 o <4-l -t-> w 1 ;504 ;3{)5 284 282 03 94 30 31 34 32 10 10 1 2 3 ;w.j 282 93 31 32 10 1 1 4 30.") 281 05 31 32 10 1 5 805 805 281 280 281 95 95 94 31 31 31 32 32 32 10 10 10 1 2 2 6 7 8 80() 308 305 284 282 282 91 90 92 32 82 33 31 31 31 10 10 10 1 2 1 1 9 10 n 305 281 93 32 31 10 2 1 1-2 304 305 305 283 285 285 92 89 89 33 33 35 31 31 31 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 13 14 15 ;!09 281 88 30 31 10 16 300 303 305 283 284 283 88 90 91 3(i 30 35 31 31 31 10 10 10 1 17 18 19 305 308 305 279 270 270 90 93 90 32 35 35 31 31 31 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 20 1 21 1 22 305 304 305 275 275 270 97 97 93 35 3() 35 31 31 31 10 10 10 1 2 2 1 23 24 25 302 303 281 280 94 93 35 30 31 31 10 10 2 2 26 27 300 307 277 279 278 93 91 116 30 35 35 31 31 12 10 10 7 2 2 2 29 305 300 308 279 270 120 118 33 37 11 11 4 3 2 1 31 32 300 300 312 313 270 276 275 257 117 110 107 99 44 44 30 23 11 11 11 11 8 4 4 3 1 1 n 5C 38 35 36 306 42 3 5 sm ' » fngratulate the Itepublican party upon the good- natured and the well-tempered rivalry which has distin- guished this animated contest. Well, gentlemen, I would speak louder, but having sat under the cool wind of these windows, I feel myself unable to. I v.as in the act to say, Mr. Chairman, that I trust that the zeal, the fervor, and now the unanimity seen in the Convention will be trans- planted to the field of the conflict, and that all of us who have borne a part against each other will find ourselves with equal zeal bearing the banner, and with equal ze^l car- rying the lance of the Republican party into the ranks of the enemy. SENATOR LOGAN, OF ILLINOIS. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention — We are to be congratulated that we have arrived at a conclu- sion in reference to presenting the name of a candidate to become the standard-bearer of the Republiciin party for President of the United States. In union and harmony there is strengtli. Whatever may liave trans])ir(Kl in this Convention that may have momentiirily marred the foel- THE NOMINATION. 09 ings of any one here, I hope that in our conclusion it will pass from our minds. I, sir, with the fciends of, I think, one of the grandest men that ever graced tlie face of the earth [a])phiuse] stood ever here to light a friendly battle in favor of his nomination. But, sir, the Convention has chosen another leader. The men who stood by Grant's banners will be seen in the front of this contest on every field. We will go forward, sir, not with tied hands, not with sealed lips, not with bridled tongues, but to speak the truth in favor of the grandest party that has ever been or- ganized in this country, to maintain its principles, main- tain its j)ower, and to preserve its ascendancy. And sir, with the leader you have selected, my judgment is victory will perch upon our banners. I, sir, as one of the repre- sentatives from the State of Illinois, second the nomination of James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and 1 hope it may be made unanimous. GEN. BEAVEK, OF PENNSYLVANIA. The State of Pennsylvania ha\'ing had the honor of first naming in this Convention the gentleman who has been nominated as the standard-bearer of the Republican party in the approaching national contest, I rise, sir, to second the motion which has been made to make that nomination unanimous, and to assure this Convention and the people of this country that Pennsylvania is heartily in accord with this nomination; that slie gives her full concurrence to it, and that this country may expect from her the best major- ity that has been given for a Presidential candidate in many years. MR. HALE, OF MAINE. Mk. President: In returning heartfelt thanks to the men in this convention who have aided us in the fijrht that we have made for the Senator from Maine, and speaking, as I know that I do, for them here, I say this most heartily: 100 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. "We have not gotten the man that we came to nominate, but we have got a man in whom we liave the greatest and most perfect contidence. [Cheers.] The nominee of this convention is no new or untried man, and in that respect no dark liorse. When he came here representing his State in the front of that delegation, and was seen here, every man knew him ^before that, and because of our faith in him, and because we were in that emergency gUid to help make him the candidate of the Republicans for President of the United States, because of these things I stand here to pledge the Blaine forces of this convention to earnest eiibrt from now ^mtil the ides of November, that shall make Jaa. A. Garfield the next President of the United States. MR. W. H. PLEASANTS, OF VIRGINIA. Mr. Chairman: As New York, Illinois, and Maine, along with Pennsylvania, have spoken, I stand here probably occupying a peculiar (but most rightly so) posi- tion to that of the majority of the people of this conven- tion. I came here, sir, from Virginia, instructed by the State Convention to vote for that peculiar and most dis- tinguished man, the most renowned in the world, Ulysses S. Grant, and 1 have proved it sincere here; I have been Btanding upon this floor, and upon all occasions casting my vote to the last for that man. But, sir, as the con- ventit)n has thought best to nominate James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President of the Unithd States, it may not be that we can promise you Virginia, but we can promise you this, as humble men, and as men who have on all occasions shown their devotion to the Ilepublican principles of the country; men who, as Virginia Ivo]»ublicans, on one occ'4ision, gave the electoral vote of Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant; and while a division exists in the Republican party of that State, we hope in November next to return your THE NOMINATION. 101 nominee. Although it was said that we had all tp receive and nothing to give, we now receive James A. Garfield, and will endeavor to give him Virginia. I, for one — and I speak for this delegation, and for every Republican in the State — second the nomination of James A. Gai-field, and the motion to make the vote unanimous. BEN HARRISON, OF INDIANA. I am not in very good voice to address the convention. Indiana has been a little noisy within the last hour, and, though the Chairman of this delegation, I forgot myself 60 much as to abuse my voice. I should not have detained the convention to add any word to what has been said in a spirit of such commendable harmony over this nomination, if it had not been for the over partiality of my friends from Kentucky, with whom we have had a good deal of pleasant intercourse. They insist, sirs, as I am the only defeated candidate for the Presidency on the floor of this convention, having received one vote from some misguided friend from Pennsylvania, who, unfortunately for me, didn't have staying qualities, and dropped out on the next ballot. I want to say to the Ohio delegation that they may carry to their distinguished citizen who has received the nomination at the hands of this convention my encouraging support. 1 bear him no malice at all. But, Mr. Chairman, I will defei- my speeches until the cam- paign is hot, and then, on every stump in Indiana, and wherever else my voice can help on this great Pepublican cause to victory I hope to be found. 102 STo/ilKs A.\l> sK/':TCHES OF GARFIELD. Gen. Oarfleld En Route for Home After His Nomination for Presiaent- From Illinois to Ohio Incidents and Welcomes by the Way. Tlie first eiiioti/Ttis of .surprise being past, General Gar- field lx)re the fresh penalties of greatness with equanimity and ai)parently with some sense of enjoyment. From the moment liis nomination became assured, he was made the recijnont of huch exuberant and spontaneous honors as loyal crowds in this republic delight to bestow upon their favor- ites. The niusio of brass bands announced his fir^t appear- ance in the office (jf the hotel in Chicagt), as he came from his room, clad for his journey to his Ohio home. A band untl hundreds of people accomanied him to the depot, where a great civtwd had gathered to wish him God-speed to his home, and hence through the campaign to the White House. When he arrived at the depot, there was great •theering and waving of hats. General Garfield came to Cleveland in a special car, ac- companied by a number of intimate personal friends, among whom were Gov. Chai-les Foster, of Ohio; S. T. Everett, President of the Second National Bank of Cleve- land; Gen. Jame- T^arnett, an old militarj' friend of Gen. Garfit'ld. he ha\ ing been Chief of Artillery in the armies of Ilosecrans and Thonuis; Col, D G. Swaini, Judge Advocate of the United States Army, formerly Adjutant of the 42d Ohio Volunteers (Garfield's regiment); Lieutenant-Colonel L. A. Sheldon, Mayor W. II. Williams, and Capt. Charles E. Henry, all of whom were also officers of Garfield's regi- ment; I. F. Mack, of the Ohio Register^ Sandusky; N^. B. Sherwin, J. W. Tyler, and Major Eggleston, of Cleveland, were also with Gen. Garfield. Once out of the din of Chicago, (jen. G.artield and his friends lighted their cigars aiul passed the hours in conning over the stirriui; events of the i)ast week readinjr conjjratu- Ifttory dispatcher, and in a casual way discussing the j)oliti- THE NOMINATION. KXi cal ontlook. Gen. Gai-fiekl gave brief expression to hia gratificiition at the touching incidents of the last twenty- foUr hoin-s wliich had brought out so many evidences of the nnivei"sal appreciation in wliich his public services are held, and mentioned feelingly the handsome compliment paid him by the House of Representatives in Washington. (tOv. Foster alluded jokingly to the popular impression that he may be Gen. Garfield's successor in Senatorial hon- ors, saying that he was already filling Garfield's shoes, hav- ing had his own stolen at the hotel in Chicago, and been tjompelled to accept the loan of a pair of these needful arti- cles from the General. At Laporte, Ind., the first stopping place of any conse- quence, many hundreds of people, with a brass band, had collected to salute Gen. Garfield as he passed. Gov. Foster made a brief speech introducing Gen. Garfield, when there were deafening cheers from the multitude. Col. Sheldon followed, briefly telling the story of Chicago. At South feerid the scene was repeated, but with a larger crowd, and 'of course louder cheering. All along the route, at the hamlets through which the train passed without stopping, and even at farm houses, people gathered and gazed and 'cheered in one continued outburst. Indiana's welcome. At Elkhart, Ind., where the train made a stop for din- ner, a brass band led the way along the railroad platform 'to the dining room, and after dinner it headed the column ijti its return to the cars. At Goshen hundreds of people were waiting with a gun mounted on a log, the first dis- charge from which dismounted the piece; but the crowd made up in enthusiasm for this mishap. At Ligonier the ceremonial of introduction was some- What varied, Gen. Garfield getting ahead and introducing ^bV. Charlie Foster to the crowd of an unnamed water sta- 104 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF QARFIEFD. tion, where :i dozen nicii uiid boys — ap])areiitly the wholo male popidation — had <^at!iere(l. Several of the latter climbed aboard the oar, iiu|iiiriii<2^ for the coining niaiL Gen. Garlield was pointed out, and l)owed. " Hallo! " shouted the delighted spokesman of tlie assem- blage, as the train moved away, "We'll sup])oi"t you." At Kendallville the ladies of the village were largely rep-- resented in the greeting crowd, several of them bearing bouquets for presentation to the man they had assembled to honor. At AVaterloo and Butler, the last two stopping places in Indiana, the scenes enacted at the stations pi-evi- ously passed were repeated. All along the lines crowds had been growing larger proportionately to the size of the towns, and the salutations were enthusiastic. IN OHIO. Crossintr the line into Ohio, at Edijerton the i^reetinjrs, of course, suffered no diminution in point of numbers or enthusiasm, but fewer opportunities were offered for giving expression to the public feeling than in Indiana. Every- where the people, it was re])orted, were wild with enthusi- asm. At Bryan an affecting incident occurred. Mr. William Letcher, an old geiitleman, a cousin of Gen. Gartield, be- tween whom and himself e.xist ties of tendei* friendship, came on the car, prepared with a brief little speech of con- gratulation, lie was so overcome with emotion, however, that he could only ejaculate, " Cousin James," and burst into tears. A friend r^'called the fact that Mr. Letcher had held Gen. Garfield when a baby in his arms at the funeral of his lather. rOXGKATUr.ATIONS. The following are a lew of the hundreds of congratula- tory telegrams received by Gen. Garfield dui-ing the day: Prof. Sim(;m Newcombe. thi' astroiiouKT at Washington^ THE NOMINATION. 105 "Thousand congratulations on the success of the office in finding the man." J. B. Uinsniore, Captain of "The Garfield Guards, Sut- ton, Kebniska: " "Gen. Garfield's Guards were organized to-night, with forty-eight members. Great enthusiasm; torchlight procession and ratification meeting." William R. Johnson and 000 others, Ann Arbor, Mich.: " The students of the University of Michigan send congrat- ulations." A. S. Stratton, Mayor .of Madison, Lake county (Gen, Garfield's own county), Ohio: "Madison sends greetings; immense enthusiasm; cannon, bonfires, speeches, and cheers." Frederick AV". Pitkin, Chairman, and K. G. Cooper, Sec- retary, Denver, Col.: "At an enthusiastic ratification meet- ing of the Republicans of Denver, held this evening, the following resolution was unanimously adopted: ^''Resolved, By the Republicans of Denver in mass meet- ing assembled, that we heartily endorse the nomination of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur, and we pledge the State of Colorado for the Chicago nominations with 6,000 majority." Thomas H. Wilson, member of the General Assembly, Young-stown, Ohio: " youno:sto wn abhize. Your friends have been hoping for just such a result, although appi-eci- ating the delicacy of your situation. The party has hon- ored and saved itself." Eli H. Murray, an old friend of Gen. Garfield's, now Govei-nor of Utah: "Telegrams assure me that I was right in naming you President. God bless you." 106 STORIEt^ AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. Garfield's Informal Acceptanc« of the Nomination— His Sense of the Be- sponsibility. Near niidiULrlit, in Cliicatro, June 9th, ISSO, the Com- mittee apj)()inted by Senator Hoar to wait on Generals Garfield and Arthur and notify them of tlieir nomination, found them in the club room of the Grand Pacific Hotel, and Senator Hoar, as Chairman, made an appropriate speech. Gen. Gai-field replied : Mr. Chairman and Gkntlemen : 1 assure you that the information you have officially given to me brings the sense of very grave responsibility, and especially so in view of the fact that I was a member of your body, a fact that could not have existed with propriety had I had the slightest expectation that my name would be connected with t^e nomination for the office, I have felt with you gteat solicitude concerning the situation of our party during the struggle; but, believing that you are correct in assuring me that substantial unity ha> been reached in the con- clusion, it gives me a gratification far greater thaft 'any personal pleasure your announcement can bring. I accept the trust committed to my hands. As to the work of our party, and as to the character of the ca'mpaign to be entered upon, I will take an early occasion to reply more fully than I can proi)erly do to-night. I thank you for the assurances of confidence and esteem you ha\e presented t(j me, and hope we shall see our fatnre as promising as are indications to-night. Senator Hoar, in the same manner, presented the nomination to General Arthur, who accepted it in k brief and inlbrmal way. THE NOMINATION. 107 Hov tlu) News of Garfield's Nomination was Received at Hiram College -Ringing the Old Bell. When the news was received at Hiram College, where Garfield had been a school boy, Professor and President, the College bell, which Garfield used to ring for his tuition, was wildly rung, and the people Ciiine running from every part of tlie little town built around the College Square, to gather under the old bell to clasp hands and shout their joy. Everybody who went to school with Garfield; every pnpil who remembers him as a rigid disciplinarian, but as tlie first and strongest on the ball ground, where he spent many hours with his scholars; every soldier who went to the wai- in the old Forty-Second, and all the j^eople of this little town, who have lived here in the same houses thirty years, when as a youth he came among them, all and each loved Garfield ; and as there were many representatives of each class, we can imagine the character of the occasion. Pirst Vote for Garfield in the Chicago Convention-The Man Who Gave it Voted for Zachary Taylor and Abraham Lincoln Under Like Circumstances. A prominent gentleman who, in speaking of the incidents of the Chicago Convention, which nominatea Gen. Gar- field, said that the Pennsylvanian who cast the first and only vote which Gen, Garfield received for several ballots Was Caleb N. Taylor, a delegate from the Bucks District. This gentleman says that while in Chicago he met Mr. Taylor, who was well known to him, he having been a Rep- resentative in Congress for several terms, and a person who, 'idiough a Quaker, always took a great interest in public 'afi^rs, but was exceedingly deaf Mr. Taylor accosted this gentleman in one of the corri- lOS STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. dors of the Palmer House and remarked that he expected to cast the first vote for the man who would be notninated, He declined to mention his name, but added that if he watched his vote he would discover who this gentleman was. Mr. Tajlor then mentioned several instances in his ex- perience, lie stated that, in 1848, his constituents sent him to Ilarrisburg with instructions to vote as thej had directed, but against this verdict he had cfist his vote for Zachary Taylor, and for some time his was the only vote he received, and Taylor was subsequently nominated. In 18G0 he was again seiit to the National Convention at Chicago, with instructions how he should vote. lie again disregarded these instructions and cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln, who was nominated. Mr. Taylor, in the late Chicago Convention, as already stated, cast his first vote for Garfield, who was also nominated. What Promineiit Foreign-Born Citizens Say of the Convention-They Deolaxs it Positively American. The following opinions of intelligent foreign -bom citizens, respecting the Republican Convention at Cnicago, which nominated Gen. Garfield for President, are exceed- ingly interesting, and to the point: OPINION OF EX-LIEUT. -GOV. MU1,I,ER. Whoever has studied the hist<»ry of the ancients, and by its aid and lights has formed an idea of the imposing mag- nificence of the peoples' mass-meetings as they were held in the classic times of (Treece and the IJonum Empire for the purpose of listening to lectures, political and other matter-of-State discussions, witnessing public plays or gliifliatorial c(»n iiu' then is the same wliicli he made upon everybod_y then and al'tei-. 1 cannot describe liim better than to read u ])assai;e from my liistory of the Delphic Society. Gar- Held, I should say, was then a member of the Philomathian Society, and delivered before it that winter a course of lectures on history. But here is the passage : *"An old Hiram student, in a private letter, speaks of the- Philoniathians as ' wonderful men,' mentions those he thought 'master spirits,' and adds: 'Then began to grow up in me an udjuiratiun and love for (larfield that has never abated, and the like of which I have never known. A bow of recognition or a Bingle word from him was to me an inspiration. The exact Iiarallel or my own experiences, Garfield, you have taught mo more than any other man, living or dead; and when I recall these early days, when I remember that James and I were not the last of the boys, proud as I am of your record as a soldier and a statesman, I cress their feeling in contemplating Garfield as their old instructor, adviser and frieiul. Since 1856 my relations w ith liiin have been as close and confidential as they could be with any man. and much closer and more confidential than they have l)een with any other man. 1 think that it would be imj)Ossible for me to know anvbodv bcttci- than 1 know him, and 1 I MISCELLANEOUti, 119 know tliat lie possesses all the great elements of character in an extraordinary degree. " His interest in humanity has always been as broad as humanity itself, while his lively interest in youTig men and women, especially if they were struggling in uar)-ow cir- ('iimstfmces to obtain an education, is a characteristic knuwn as widely over the world as the footsteps of Hi ram buys and girls have wandered. '*The help that he furnished hundreds in the way of suggestions, teaching, encouragement, inspiration, and stimulus, was most valuable. I have repeatedly said that, as regards myself, I am more indebted to him for all that I am and for what I have done in the intellectual tield than to any other man that ever lived. " His power over students was not so much tiiat of a drill-master or disciplinarian as tliat of one wlio was able to inspire and energize young people by his own intellectual and moral force." An Interesting Reminiscence of Garfield's Youth— A Letter He Wrote 23 Years ago that Helped to Make a College President, and that President Now Reads it to His Students. President Hinsdale said, at the recent Commencement at Iliram (College (June, 1880), that in the fall of 1856 he left the Eclectic Institute, now Iliram College, in distress of mind growing out of his own life-questions. He had passed his 19th birthday, and the question of the future weighed heavily upon his mind. That winter he taught district-school. He had already won a friend in Mr. Gar- field, then 25 years old, and just out of Williams College. Garfield was then teaching in Iliram as Professor of Ancient Languages, in his distress of mind Hinsdale wrote Gar- field a letter, in which he fully opened up his mind. In' laO i^TORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. reply he received a letter, which gave him great help, that illustrated some of the points in the morning's lecture. This letter, Avhioh he had religiously preserved, might give help to some of the young men before him. Besides, there was peculiar propriety in his reading it, on account of what had taken j)lace the day hefore in the City of Chicago. He then i)roceedod to read from the original — yellow with age, and worn with repeated foldings and unfoldings — the fol- lowing beautiful letter: "lIiuAM, Jan. 15, 1^157. — Mv Dear Brother Bukke: I was made glad a few days since by the receipt of your lettei-. It was a very acceptable Xew Year's present, and I take great pleasure in responding. You have given a vivid picture of a community in which intelligence and morality have been neglected, and I am glad you are disseminating the light. Certainly men must have some knowledge in order to do right. God lirst said, 'Let there be light;' afterward he said, ' It is very good! ' " I am glad to hear of your success in teaching, but I approach with much more interest the consideration ot the question you have proposed. Brother mine, it is not a question to be discussed in the spirit of debate, but to be thought over and ])rayed over as a question 'out of which are the issues of life.' You will agree with me that every one must decide and direct his own course in life, and the only service fi"iends can aftbrd is to give us the data from wliich we mu.-t draw our own conclusion and decide our course. Allow me, then, to sit beside you and look over the field of lite and see what are its aspects. " 1 am not one of those who advise everyone to under- take the work of a liberal education. Indeed, I believe that in two-thirds of the cases such advice would be unwise. The great body of the people will be, and ought to be (intelligent), farmers and mechanics; and in many respects MISCELLANEOUS. l»l they pass the most iiidepeiideut and liappy liven. But God has endowed some of His children with desires and capa- bilities for a more extended tield of labor and influence, and so every life should be shaped according to ' what the man hath.' Now, in reference to yciurselt, I kfww you have capabilities for occupj'ing positions of high and important trust in the scenes of active life, and I am sure you will not call it flattery in me nor egotism in yourself to say so. TelJ me, Burke, do you not feel a spirit stirring within you that longs to A'fiow, to do, and to dare / to hold con- verse with the great world of thought, and hold before you some high and noble object to which the vigor of your mind and the strength of your ai-m may be given? Do you not have longings like these, which you breathe to no one, and which you feel must be heeded, or you will pass through life unsatisfied and regretful? I am sure you have them, and they will forever cling i-ound your heart till you obey their mandate. They are the voices of that nature, which God has given you, and which, when obeyed, will bless you and your fellow-men. '' Now, all this might be true, and yet it might be your duty not to follow that course. If your duty to your father or your mother demands that you take another, I shall rejoice to see you take that other course. The path of duty is where we all ought to walk, be that where it may. But I sincerely hope that you will not, without an earnest struggle, give up a course of liberal study. Suppose you could not begin your study again till after your majority, — it will not be too late then, but you will gain in many respects. You will have more maturity of mind to appre- ciate whatever yon may study. You may say you will be too old to begin the cource. But how could 3'ou better spend the earlier days of life? We should not measure life by the days and moments we pass on earth. 122 STORIES AND SKETCHES OP GARFIELD. " 'The life is measured by the soul's advance— The enlargement of its powers— the expanded field Where it ranges, till it burns and glows With heavenly joy, with high and heavenly hope.' " It need be no discouragement that you will be obliged to heM' your own way and pay your own charges. You can go to school two terms of every year, and pay your own way. " I know this, for I did so when teachers' wages were much lower than they are now. It is a great truth that ' Where there is a will, there is a way.' It may be that by- and-by your father would assist you. It may be that even now he could let you commence on your resources, so that you could begin immediately. Of this you know, and I do not. I need not tell you how glad I should be to assist you in your work; but, if you cannot come to Iliram while I am here, I shall still hope to hear that you are deter- mined to go on as soon as the time will permit. Will you not write me your thoughts on this whole subject, and tell me your prospects? We are having a very good time in the school this winter. Give my love to lioldon and Louisa, and believe me always your friend and brother. '' J. A. Garfiell, "P. S. — Miss Booth and Mr. Rhodes send their love to you. Henry James was here and made me a good visit a few davs ago. He and I liave talked of : to see you • this winter, I tear we cannot do it. How far is it from here? Burke, M'as it prophetic that my last word to you ended on the picture of the Capitol of Congress? -J. A. G." The letter was written on Congress note ])a])er, and the sheet was entirely tilled, so that the last few words were written crosswise; and, as is said l>y the (ieueral, his last wonl came across the littU; j>ieture at the upper left-hand MISCELLANEOUIS. 123- corner of the sheet. Wlietlier the General means to ask in regard to the prophetic significance in his own case, or that ot Hinsdale, is not known; but it certainly came true in Jiis own case. Gen. Garfield's Speech Before the Hiram College ReunioQ Association—Th? Commencement Day of 1660 Long to be Bemembered. On this ha2:)py occasion, President Hinsdale introduced Gen. Garfield as follows: It is with a good deal of satisfac- tion and pride that I now introduce to you one into whose face most all of you have looked hundreds of times, a fellow student with some of you, and a co-worker in the institu- tion with others, a teacher of a larger number, a man who lor years has been near and dear to us, and whose presence here to-day has lifted what otherwise would have been a comparatively humble though a very pleasant and enjoyable occasion to tlie rank and dignity of a national matter — Gen.. Garfield. Gen. Garfield arose and said : Ladies and Gentlemen: I said that there were two chapters in the history of this Institute. You luive heard the one relating to the founders. They were all ]>ioneers of tliis Western Reserve, or nearly all ; they were all men of knowledge and great force of character; nearly all not men of means, but they ])lanted this little institution. In 1850 it was a cornfield, with a solid, plain brick building in the centre of it, and that was all. Almost all the rest has been done by the institution itself. That is the second chapter. Without a dollar of endowment, without a powerful friend an^^where, but with a coi*ps of teachers wdio were told to go on to the ground and see what they could make out 124 iSTORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. ot it, to find their own j);iy out of the little tuition that they could receive. They invited students of their own spirit to come on the ground and see what they could make out of it, and the response has been that many have come, and the cliiet part of tlie respondents I see in the faces around and before me to-day. It was a simple question of sinking: or swimminf; for themselves. And I know that we are all inclined to be a little clannish over our own. "We have, perliaps, a right to be, but I do not know of any place, I do not know of any institution that has accom- plished more with so little means as has this school on Hiram Hill. I know of no place where the doctrine of self-help has a fuller development, by necessity as well as finally by choice, as here on this hill. The doctrine of self-help and of force has the chief place among these men and wonien aronnd here. As I said a great many years ago about that, the act of Hiram was to throw its young men and wonien overboard and let them try it for themselves, and all those men able to get ashore got ashore, and I tliink we have few cases of drowning anywhere. Now, I look over these faces and 1 mark the several geological changes remarked by Mr. Atwater so well in his address; but in the few cases of change of geological fact there is, I find, no fossils. Some are dead and glorified in our memories, but those who are not are alive — I think all. The teachers and the studens of this school built it uj) in every sense. They made the cornfield into Hiram Campus. Those fine groves you see across the road they planted. I well remember the day when they turned out into the woods to find beautiful ma])les, and brought them in; when they raised a little purse to purchase evergreen; Wlien each young man, for himself one. and j)erha])S a second for some young lady, if he was in love, planted two MISCELLANEOUS. 125 trees on the campus and then named tlieni after himself. There are several liere to-day who remember Bolen, Bolen planted there a tree, and Bolen has planted a tree that has a lustre — Bolen was shot through the heart at Winchester. There are niany here that can go and lind the tree that you have named after yourself. They are great, strong trees to-day, and your names, like your trees, are, I hope, growing still. T believe outside of or beyond the physical features of the place, that there was a stronger pressure of work to the square inch in the boilers that run this establishment than any other that I know of, and, as has been so well said, that has told all the while with these young men and W(jmen. The struggle, w^herever the uncouth and un- tutored farmer boys — a farmer, of course — that came here to try themselves and find what kind of people they were. They came here to go on a voyage of discovery. Your discovery was yourselves, in many cases. I hope the discovery was a fortune, and the friendships then formed racticed by army officers in the field, toward subordinates .nt least, I give you this little story : MISCELLANEOUS. 181 One night, very late, tne ooys being rolled in their blankets on the hall floor asleep, and I at my po4, sitting in a chair at the Commanding General's door, awaiting ■orders to be taken to their destination by my then sleeping comrades; the light but a tallow candle stuck in a sardine box; I, with chair tilted against the wall, had fallen asleep ■too, when Gen. Garlield, the new Chief of Staif, emerged from the headc^uarter-room quickly. Kot noticing my extended limbs, he tripped over them and dropped to hands and knees on the floor. As he was no light weight, even then the fall was not easy. Afl'righted, I jumped to my feet, stood at attention, and, ■as the General arose, saluted, expecting nothing else tlian to be cuffed, and probably kicked, too, from one end of the hall to the other. But, to my astonishment, he kindly and •quietly said: " Excuse me, Sergeant." I not only excused him, but, with all our little command, to whom the inci dent was told, revered him. "The First Garfield Club— Organized by the Studenta at Williamstown, Mass Every ballot at the Chicago Convention was announced immediately to a large and expectant crowd at Williams ■College (Gen. Gai-field is a graduate of Williams College) 4is fast as received. Wlien the news came that a son of Williams College was nominated, the crowd went wild. Tlie students, headed by a man carrying the American flaff, marched to the President's house, where Dr. Chad- bourn made a speech. A mass meeting was then held by the students in Alumni Hall, and a grand ratification meeting was appointed. A brass band was engaged, together with prominent speakers of Berksliire County. A Garfield Club was organized also, and a grand procession planned, all before 2 : 30 p. m. The College took a holiday in honor of the nomination, and has the honor oi organizing the first Garfield Club in the country. i:;2 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. Dignity of American Citizenship-Garfleld's Eloquent Speech in Washinfrton After His Nomination, Delivered June 16th, 1880. Fellow-Citizens: While I liave looked upon this great array, I believe I have gotten a new idea of the majesty of the American people. When I reflect that wherever "you find the sovereign power, every reverent heart on earth bows before it, and when I remember that here, for a hundred years, we have denied the sovereignty of any man, and in place of it we have asserted the sovereignty of all in place of one, I see before so vast a concourse that it is easy for me to imagine that the rest of the American people are gathered here to-night; and, if they were all here, every man would stand uncovered and in unsandaled feet in the presence of the majesty of the only sovereign power in this Government under Almighty God ; and, therefore, to this great audience I pay the respectful homage that in part belongs to the sovereignty of the people. I thank you for this great and glorious demonstration. I Am not for one moment mislpd into believing that it refers to so poor a thing as any one of our number. I know it means your reverence to your Government, your reverence for its laws, your reverence for its institutions, and your complimeTit to one who is placed for a moment in relations to you of peculiar importance. For all these reasons I thank you. I cannot at this time utter a word on the subject of general politics. I would not mar the cordiality of this welcome, to M'hich to some extent all are gathered, by any rcfer-encc except to the present moment and its significance. Ihit I wish to say that a large ])ortion of this assemblage to-niirht are mv comrades in the late war for the Union. For them I can speak with entire ])ro])nety, and can say that these very streets heard the measured tread of your MISCELLANEOUS. 188 disciplined feet years ago, when tlie imperiled Republic needed your liaiids and your hearts to save it, and you came back with 3n)ur numbers decimated, but those you left behind were immortal and glorified heroes forever, and those you brouglit l)ack came carrying under tattered ban- ners and in bronzed hands the ark of the covenant of youx Republic in safety out of the bloody baptism of the war, and you brought it in safety to be saved forever by your valor and the wisdom of your brethren who were at home, tmd by this you were again added to the civil army of the Republic. 1 greet you, comrades and fellow-soldiers, and the great body of distinguished citizens who are gathered here to-night, wh(j are the strong stay and support of business, ot prosperity, of peace, of civic order, and the glory of the Republic, and I thank you for your welcome to-night. It was said in a welcome to one who came to England to be a part of her glory, and all the nation spoke when it said: Normans, and Saxons, and Danes are we, But all of us Danes in our welcome of thee. And we say to-night of all the nations, of all the people, soldiers and civilians, there is one name that welds us all into one. It is the name of an American under the Union and under the glory of the flag that leads us to victory and to peace. " The Member from New York." Gen. Garfield in his school days used to take the part of "the member from New York" in the miniature House of Con-irress which his elocution class had formed itself into. lie is said to have enjoyed this exceedingly, and his orator/ excelled that of all the others. 184 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF QARFIEFD. The Canal Story as Told by the Man Who Employed Young Garfield to Driye> on the Tow Path. The gentleman who employed young Garfield to drive on the " Tow path " is still living, and resides in Jersey City.. His name is Jonathan Myers. He gives the following full account of "Jim Garfield's" canal labors: " He was a driver for me on the Ohio Canal. I have; watched his career ever since he left me, and have felt very- much interested in him, and gratified to see what he has. achieved. The first time he ran for the Legislature of Ohio he wa& in my district, and I voted for him. After that I moved East, and that is the only time I ever voted for him. When he left me he did not 'boat' any more. It is a mistake about his ever having been a steersman. He was not large enough for a steersman. When he waa in my employ he was not more than 13 years of age. 1 remember when he applied to me for a job on mj boat. He was a stout, healthy boy, and his frank, open cxjuntenance impressed me so much that I at once employed him. He was always full of fun, and exceedingly good natured. I never saw him mad. He was with me about three months. He was always very attentive to his business. He was also a great boy to read. If he was not busy he was always reading. I scarcely ever saw him idle. One day, as we- were going up the canal, he came to me and said he would like to get a place where he could work and attend school. I knew of a doctor by the name of Kobinson who lived near me, who was in need of a boy to attend his horse and do chores about his place. I told " Jim " he had better go np and see the Doctor, and if he had not got a boy he had better get the place. I disliked to part with him, but I saw he was too intelligent a lad to be di'iving a canal-boat. MISCELLANEOUS. 185 He went up, and the Doctor ' froze ' to liim at once. The Doctor was what you might call a minister, lie was a Campbellite, and a very good man indeed. During the first winter "Jim" was with the Doctor he got converted, and after he got converted they " froze " to him tighter than ever. "VVlien spring came, " Jim " wanted to get some work to enable him to buy some clothes, and he spoke to the Doctor about it. The Doctor told him he must not leave school — that he must go through now. " Jim " said : " Doctor, but I haven't got any money." The Doctor told him that was all right — that he would stand behind him. I remember that he was a very poor boy, and that I was very favorably impressed with him. These canal boys were generally a shiftless lot of fellows, and it was hard work to get a good boy. Our boats were different then from what they are now. We used to have tlicm fitted up nicely to carry passengers as well as freight. My wife used to be on the boat with me, and she thought a good deal of " Jim." The great difiiculty we had with the drivers on our boats was that they would lie, but if you got anything from "Jim" you could always rely on it, I never cauglit him in a lie while he was witli me. He was getting $10 a month and his board, and that was considered very big wages. He was born in Orange, Cuyahoga County, O. Ho came to me as any other boy to hire out. The Turning Point in Gariieli's Life, and How It Happened. The following anecdote concerning Garfield's early life shows a critical period of the boy's experience: Garfield was then a green, awkward boy of 10, and was 186 STOlilES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. revolving in lii.s mind the feasibility of taking a course of liberal stud\'. He knew that Dr. Robinson was in town, and had seen him at his mother's house, and had confidence in his judgment. He called around, therefore, at the President's house, and asked for Dr. Robinson. The Doctor was at his dinner, but soon finished, and came out to see what his young friend wanted. " I want to see 3'ou alone," said Garfield. ""WJio are you?" asked the gruff but kind-hearted Doctor. " My name is James Garfield, from Solon," replied the latter. "Oh! I know your mother, and knew you when you were a babe in arms; but you had outgrown my knowledge. I am glad to see you." The young man led the way toward a secluded spot on the south side of Hiram Hill; and, as they proceeded, the Doctor took a good look at his companion. He was a young man quite shabbily dressed, with coarse satinet pantaloons, which were far outgroNvn, and did not reach more than half-way down his cowhide boot-tops. His vest ts. Should thes«; eflorts fail, it will be the duty of Congress to mitigate the evils already felt, and prevent their increase by such restrictions as, without violence or injustice, will place upon a sure foundation the pteace of our communities, and the freedom and dignitv of labor. THE CIVIL SERVICE. Tlie appointment of citizens to the various executive and judicial of^ces of the Government is perhaps the most diffi- cult of all the duties which the Constitution has imposed upon the Executive. The Constitution wisely demands that Congress shall co-operate with the executive depart- ments in placing the civil service on a better basis. Ex- perience has proved that with our frequent changes of administration, no system of reform can be made effective and permanent without the aid of legislation. Appoint- ments to the military and naval service are so regulated by law and custom as to leave but little ground of complaint. It may not be Mnsc to make similar regulations by law for the civil service; but, without invadi^ng the authority or necessary discretion of the Executive, Congress should de- vise a method that will determine the tenure of office and greatly reduce the uncertainty which makes that service so uncertain and unsatisfactory. Without depriving any offi- cer of his rights as a citizen, the Government should require him to discharge all his official duties with iiitellio-enee efficiency and faithfulness. To select wiselv from ou? vast population those who are best fitted for the niany offices to be filled, requires an acquaintance far beyond the rano-e of any one man. The Executive should therefore seel^and 143 STORIES AND SKETCHES OF GARFIELD. receive tlie iiitunnatiuii and assistance of tliose whose kiuiwiedge of the ooininunities in which the duties are to be pcrfoi-nied best qnalifies them to aid them in making the wisest choice. THE PLATFORM. The doctrines announced hy the Chicago convention are not the temporary devices of a party to attract votes and carry an election; they are deliberate convictions resulting from a careful study of the spirit of our institutions, the events of our history, and the best impulses of our people. In my judgment, these principles should control the legis- lation and administration of the Government. In any event, 'they will guide my conduct until experience points a better way. If elected, it will be my purpose to enforce strict obedience to the Constitution and the laws, and to promote, as best I may, the interest and honor of the whole country, relying for support upon the wisdom of Congress, the intelligence of the ])eople, and the lavor of God, With great respect, I am, very truly yours, James A. Garfield. To the Hon. George F. Hoar, Chairman of Committee. .1. CHESTER A. ARTHUR. A Sketch of the Life of the Bepublican Candidate for Vioe-President. Chester Allan Arthur is a native of Vermont, having .been bom at Fairtield, Franklin County, October 15th, 11830. He was the oldest son of the liev. William A.rthur, D. D., a Baptist clergyman, and his mother's maiden name was Malvina Stone. His father was a native of the north of Ireland, and a graduate of the College of Belfast. He was a noted scholar and author of several books on philology. The subject of this sketch was fitted for college mainly under his father's instructions, but also studied at Green- wich, Washington County, iS". Y. He entered Union College, and graduated therefrom at the age of eighteen with high honors. He began the study of law soon after leaving college, in the olKce of the Hon. E. D. Culver, a fonner member of Congress from Pennsylvania., who was prominent in the anti-slavery struggles of thirty years ago. C4en. Arthur was udmitti'd to the Bar in 1853, and began practice in iS'ew York. Ajb a young man he early took great interest in political 150 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY. 151 matters, uiul ])ore an active part in the Free-Soil agitation, lie waa a delegate from King's County (Brooklyn) to tlie first Eepnblican State Convention held in New York, and gained considerable reputation from his connection with the litigation growing out of slavery and the rights of colored citizens. lie was attorney in the celebrated Lemon slave case, in which William M. Evarts acted as counsel, with Charles CVConor as op[)osing counsel for the slaveholder, Jonathan Ijcmon, of Virginia, who, on his way to Texas, brought slaves with him into New York. This case, involving f-ome of the most important principles of personal liberties :ind tlie comities of the States, was in the courts for many yeais, and was finally decided by the Court of Appeals agsiinst the slaveholder. Gen. Arthur prepared all the papers in the case and sued out the writ of habeas corpus by which the case got into court. He was also attorney in the ca^e involving the right of the black man to ride in the eai's, in which he was also successful in the Court of las t resort. He continued in the practice of his profession with good 8Ti«ces8 until the breaking out of the war. During Gov. Morgan's administration he was for the first two years of the war Inspector and Quartermaster-General of New York. In this position he displayed remarkable organiz- ing capacity in placing the New York troops in the field, and gained a high reputation as an oflicer. Upon Seymour's election as Governor, Gen. Arthur re- turned to his practice, in which he continued until his ap- pointment as Collector of tlie port of New York, in Novem- ber, 1871. This appointment came to him unsolicited, and was an entire surprise. He discharged the duties of the place with signal ability, and to the entire acceptance of the commercial public. Business men of all parties peti- 152 CHESTER A. ARTHUR. tioiied for liis retention in office, and he was reappointed in 1875, liolding the poBition nntil his rcnioval by President Ilajes under circmnstances uith which the pnblic is familiar. He is a portly, middle-aged gentleman, with gray liaira and pleasant features, social and amiable, fond of a good dinner, and at home is agreeable company; quite frequently seen on public occasions in Kew York, and very active, but never obtrusive; altogether a public-spirited citizen and typical New York business man; rather slow of speech, but good in substance, and is one of Gen. Grant's intimate friends and admirers. Mr. Arthur is now engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. He has two childi-en — a son of 14 and a daughter of 8 years of age. He had the misfortune to lose his devoted wife last January, whose death was sudden and unexpected. Mrs. Arthur was a daughter of the late Capt. Herndon, of the United States Navy, the intrepid explorer of the river Amazon, who was lost at sea -while in connnandof the steamship Central America on her trip between Havana and New York in 1857. MFSCELLANEOUS. 153 Gen. Arthur's Letter of Acceptance. Gen Arthur forwarded to Senator Hoar, Chahnian of the Committee, the following letter of acceptance: Dear Sir: I accept the position assigned me by the great party whose action you announce. This acceptance implies an approval of the principles declared by the Con- vention, but recent usage permits me to add some expres- sion of my own views. The right and duty to secure honesty and order in popular elections is a matter so vital that it must stand in the front. The authority of the Na- tional Government to preserve from fraud and force elec- tions, at which its own officers are chosen, is a chief point on which the two parties are plainly and intensely opposed. Acts of Congress for ten years have in New York and else- where done much to curb the violence and wrong to which the ballot and count have been again and again subjected, sometimes despoiling great cities, sometimes stifling the voice of a whole State, often placing not only in Congress, but on the Bench and in Legislatures, numbers of men never chosen by the people. The Democratic party, since gaining possession of the two Houses of Congress, has made these laws the object of bit- ter, ceaseless assault, and despite all resistance has hedged them with restrictions cunningly contrived to baffle and paralyze them. This aggressive majority boldly attempted to extort from the Executive his approval of various enact- ments destructive of these election laws by revolutionary threats that a constitutional exercise of the veto ])Ower would be punished by withholding appropriations necessarj-^ to carry on the Government, and these threats were actually carried out by refusing needed appropriations and by forc^ ing an extra session of Congress, lasting for months and. resulting in concessions to this usurping demand, which are 154 CHESTER A. ARTHUR. likely in many States to subject the majijrity to the lawless will of a minority. Ominous signs of a public disapproval alone subdued this arrogant power into a sullen surrender for the time being of a part of its demands. The Republican j^arty has strongly approved the stem refusal of its repi-esentatives to suffer the overthrow of statutes believed to be salutary and just. It has always insisted, and now insists, that the Government of the United States of America is empowered and in duty bound to effectually ])i-otect the elections denoted by the Constitu- tion as National, More than this, the Republican party holds as the cardinal point in its creed that the Govern- ment should by every means known to the Constitution protect all American citizent everywhere in the full enjoy- ment of their civil and political rights. As a great part of its work of reconstruction, the Republican party gave the ballot to the emancipated slave as his right and defense. A large increase in the number of members of Congress and of the Electoral College from former slave-holding States was the immediate result. The history of recent years abounds in evidence that in many ways and in many places, especially where their number has been great enough to endanger Democratic control, the very men by whose citizenship this increase of representation was effected have been deban-ed and robbed of their voice and their vote. It is true that no State statute or Constitution in so many words denies or abridges the exercise of their jwlitical rights, but bodies employed to bar their way arc no less effectual. It is a suggestive and startling thought that the increased power derived from the enfranchisement of a race now denied its share in governing the country, wielded by those who lately sought the overthrow of the Government, is now tile .sole reliance to defeat the party which ivj)ivsented the \ MISCELLANEOUS. 156 sovereignty and nationality of the American people in the greatest crisis of our history. Republicans cherish none of the resentments wliich may have animated them during the actual conflict of arms. They long for a full and real reconciliation between the sections which were needlessly and lamentably at strife. They sincerely offer the hand of good will, but they ask in return a pledge of good faith. They deeply feel that the party whose career is so illustrious in great and patriotic achievements will not fulfill its des- tiiiy until peace and prosperity are established in all the land, nor until liberty of thought, conscience, and action, and equality of opportunity shall not be merely cold for- malities of the statute, but living birthrights which the humble may confidently claim, and the powerful dare not deny. CIVIL SERVICE. The resolution referring to the public service seems to me deserving of approval. Surely no man should be the incumbent of an office the duties of which he is for a cause unfit to perform, who is lacking in ability, fidelity, or in- tegrity, which a proper administration of such office de- mands. This sentiment would doubtless meet with general acquiescence, but opinion has been widely divided upon the wisdom and practicability of various reformatory schemes which have been suggested, and of certain proposed regu- lations governing appointments to public office. The effi- ciency of such regulations has been distrusted mainly be- cause they have seemed to exalt mere educational and abstract tests above general business capacity and even special fitness for the particular work in hand. It seems to me that the rules which should be applied to the man. agement of pul)lic seraice may b9 properly conformed in the main to such as regulate the coiidnet of successful pri- vate buisness. Original appoiutments sLould Ic based 156 CHESTER A. ARIHUR. upon ascertained fitness. The tenure of office should be stable. Positions of responsibility should, so far as practi- cable, be filled by the promotion of worthy and efficient officers. Tlie investigation of all complaints, and the pun- ishment of all official misconduct, should be prompt and thorough. These views, which I have long held, repeatedly declared, and uniformly applied when called upon to act. I find em- bodied in the resolution, which of course I ap])rove. I will add that by the acceptance of public office, whether high or low, one does not, in my judgement, escape any of his re-, sponsibility as a citizen or lose or impair any of his rights as a citizen, and that he should enjoy absolute liberty to think, and speak, and act in political matters according to his owTi will and conscience, provided only that he honora- bly, faithfully, and fully oischarges all his official duties. FINANCE. The resumption of specie-payments — one of the fruits of Kepublican policy — has brought a return of abundant pros- perity and the settlement of many distracting questions. The restoration of sound money, the large reduction of our public debt and the burden of interest, the high advance- ment of the public credit — all attest the ability and courage of the Re])ubliean party to deal with such financial prob- lems as may hereafter demand solution. Our paper cur rency is now as good as gold, and silver is performing its legitimate function for the purpose of change. The prin- ciples which should govern the relations of these elements of the currency are simple and clear. There must be no deteriorated coin, no de]M-c'ciatcd ])aper, and every dollar, whether of metal or ])a])er, should stand the test of the world's standard. POPULAR EDUCATION. Th(! value of popular education can hardly be overstated. MISCELLANEOUS. 16T Although its interests must of necessity be chiefly confided to vohmtary eflfort and individual action of the several States, they should be encouraged so far as tlie Constitution permits by the generous co-operation of the JS^ational Gov- ernment. The interests of a whole country demand that the advantages ot our common-school system should be brought within the reach of every citizen, and that no rev- enues of the Nation or the State should be devoted to the support of sectarian schools. TARIFF AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, Such changes should be made in the present tariff and system of taxation as will relieve any overburdened industry or class, and enable our manufacturers and artisans to com- pete successfully with those of other lands. The Government should aid works of internal improve- ment, national in their character, and should promote tlie development of our water-courses and harbors wherever the general interests of commerce require. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. Four years ago, as now, the nation stood at the threshold OS a Presidential election, and the Republican party, in soliciting a continuance of its ascendency, founded its hope of success, not upon its promises, but upon its history. Its subsequent course has been sucli as to strengthen the claims which it then made to the confidence and support of the country. On the other hand, considerations more urgent than have ever before existed forbid the accession of its op- ponents to power. Their success, if success attend them, must chiefly come from the united support of that section which sought the forcible destruction of the Union, and which, according to all the teachings of our past history, will demand ascendency in the councils of the party to whose triumph it will have made by far the largest con- tribution. 168 CHESTER A. ARTHUR. Tlicre is tlic gravest reason for the apprehension that ex- orbiant chiims upon the public Treasury, by no meaaa limited t® tlie liundreds of millions already covered by billa introduced in Congress within the past four years, would be successfully urged if the Democratic party should succeed in supplementing its present control of the National lieg- islature by electing the Executive also. There is danger in intrusting the whole law-making power of the Government to a party which has in almost every Southern Sttite repudiated obligations quite as sacred as those to which the faith of the Nation now stands pletlged. I do not doubt that success awaits the Reptiblican party, and that its triumph will assure a just, economical, and patriotic administration. I am, respectfully, y(Mir olxxiient servant, C. A. Arthur. To the Hon. George F. Hoar, President of the Republi- can National Convention. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENTJAMES A.GARFIELD. President Garfield delivered the following inaugural addrsss at Washington, D. C, March 4th, 1881: Fellow Citizkn: We stand to-tlay upon an eminence which overloolis a hundred years of National life— a century crowded with perils, but crowded with the triumphs of liberty and love. Before continuing the onward march, let us pause on this height for a moment to strengthen our faith and renew our hope by a glance at the pathway along which our people have traveled. It is now three days more than a hundred years since the adop- tion of the first written Constitution and perpetual union. The new Republic was then beset with danger on every hand. It had not conquered a place in the family of Nations. The decisive battle of the War for Independence— whose centennial anniver- sary will soon be gratefully celebrated at Yorktown— had not yet been fought. The Colonists were struggling not only against the armies of Great Britain, but against the settled opinion of man- kind ; for the world did not believe that the supreme authority of the Government could be safely intrusted to the guardianship of the people themselves. We can not overestimate the fervent love or the intelligent courage, having the common sense with which our fathers made the ^reat experiment of self-government. When they found, after a short time, that a confederacy of States was too weak to meet the necessities of the glorious and expanding llepublic, they boldly set it aside, and in its stead established a National Union, founded directly upon the will of the people, endowed with future powers of self-preservation and with ample authority for the accomplishment of its great objects. Under this Constitution the ,boundaries of freedom enlarged, the foundations of order and peace have been strengthened, and growth in all the better ele- ments of national life has vindicated the wisdom of the founders, and given new hope to their descendants. Under this Constitu- tion our people long ago made themselves safe against danger 100 INAUGURAL ADDRESS from without, and secured for their mariners and flag equality of rigiils on all the seas. Under liiis Constitution twenty-live State- houses liave been added to the Union, with Constitutions and hiws framed and enforced by their own citizens to secure the manifold blessings of local and self-government. (The jurisdic- tions of this Constituti.Mi now covers an area fifty times greater than tiiat of the original thirteen States, and a population twenty times greater than that of 1780. Tiie trial of tiiat Constitution came at last under the tremen- dous pressure of civil war. "We ourselves are witnesses that the Union emerged from the blood and fire of that conflict purified and made stronger for all beneficent purposes of good government And now, at the close of this first century of growth, with the inspirations of its history in their hearts, our people have lately reviewed the condition of the nation, passed judgment upon the conduct and opinions of political parties, and have registered their will concerning the future administration of the Govern- nicnt. To interpret and to execute that will in accordance with the Constitution is the paramount duty of the Executive. Even from this lirief review it is manifest that the nation is resolutely facing to the front, resolving to employ its best energies in devel- opin*,' the great possibilities of the future sacredly preserving whatever has been gained to liberty and good government during the centui-y. Our people are determined to leave behind them all those bitter controversies concerning things which have been irrevocably settled, further discussion of which can only stir up strife and delay the onward march. The supremacy of the nation and its laws should be no longer a subject of debate. That discussion, which for half a century tlireaicned the existence of the Union, was closed at last in the high court of war, by a decree from which there is no appeal; that th" <'oiislitution, and tiie laws made in pursuance thereof, shall continue to be the supreme law of the land, binding alike on the States and the people. Tiiis decree does not disturb the autonomy of the States, nor interfere with any of their necessary rules of local self-government; but it does lix and establish the permanent sujiremacy of the Union. The will of the nation, speaking with the voice of battle and through the amended Constitution, has fulfilled the great promise of 177(), by proclaiming: "Liberty thiDU-'hout th(! land, to all the inhabitants thereof." TIh- elevation of the npf^ro race from slavery to the full rights of citizenshii) is the most important political change we have known since the adoption of the Constitution of 1770. No OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. 161 thonfxhtfnl ni.in can fail to api>reciate its beiicncial effect upon our people, it lias freed us from llie perpetual clanger of war and dissolulion. It lias added imuiensely to the moral and industrial forces of our people. It has liberated the master as well as the slave from n relation which wronged and enfeebled both. It has surrendered to their own guardianship the manhood of more than live million people, and bus opened to each one of them a career of freetloin and usefulness. It has given new inspiration to the power of self-help in both races, by making labor more honorable to the one and more necessary to the other. The inlluence of this force will grow greater and bear richer fruit with coming years. No doubt the great change has caused serious disturbance to our Southern community. This is to be deplored; but those who resisted the change should remember that in our institutions there was no middle ground for the i.egro between slavery and equal citizenship. There can be no permanent disfranchised pe.is.intry in the United States. Freedom can never yield its full" ness of blessing so long as the law or its administration places the smallest obstacle in the \ athway of any virtuous citizenship. The emancipated race has already made remarkable progress. With unquestionable devolion to the Union, with a patience and gentle- ness not born of fear, they have " followed the light as God gave them to see the light." They are rapidly laying the material foundations of self-support, widening the circle of intelligence, and beginning to enjoy the blessings that gather around the homes of the industrious poor. They deserve the generous en- couragement of all good men. So far as my authority can law- fully extend, they shall enjoy the full and equal protection of the Constitution and laws. The free enjoyment of equal suffrage is still in question, and a frank statement of the issue may aid its solution. It is alleged that in many communities negro citizens are practically denied the freedom of the ballot. In so far as the truth of this allegation is admitted, it is answered that in many places honest local gov- ernment is impossible if a mass of uneducated negroes are allowed to vote. These are grave allegations. So far as the latter is true, it is no palliation that can be offered for opposing freedom of the ballot. Bad local government is certainly a great evil, which ought to be prevented ; but to violate the freedom and sanctity of suffrage is more than an evil— it is a crime which, if persisted in, will destroy the Government itself. Suicide is not a remedy. If in other lands it be high treason to compass the death of a King, it should be counted no less a crime here to strangle our sovereign power and stille its voice. 11 102 INAUGURAL ADDRESS It has been said that unsettled questions liave no pity for the refMJse of nations. It sliould be said, with the utmost emphasis, that this iiuestion of suffrage will never give repose or safety to the States or to tlie nation until each, within its own jurisdiction, makes and keeps the ballot free and pure by the strong sanctions of law. But the danger which arises from ignorance in the voter can not be denied. It covers a field far wider than that of negro suffrage, and the present condition of that race. It is a danger that lurks and hides in the sources and fountain of power in any State. We have no standard by which to measure the disaster that may be brought upon us by ignorance and vice in citizens, when joined to corruption and fraud in the suffrage. The votere of the Union, who make and unmake Constitutions, and upon whose will hangs tlie destiny of our Governments, can transmit their supreme authority to no successor save the coming genera- tion of voters, who are the sole heirs of sovereign power. If that generation comes to its inheritance blinded by ignorance and cor- rupted by vice, the fall of the Republic will be certain and reme- diless. The census has already sounded the alarm in appalling figures, which mark how dangerously high the tide of illiteracy has arisen among our voteis and their children. To the South the question is of supreme importance; but the responsibility for the existence of slavery does not rest ui)on the South alone. The nation itself is responsible for the extension of suffrage, and is under sijecial obligations to aid in removing the illiteracy which it has added to the voting population. For North and South alike there is but one remedy: All the constitutional powers of the nation and of the States, and all the volunteer forces of the people should be summoned to meet this danger by tlie saving in- fluence of universal education. It is the high privilege and the sacred duty of those now living to educate their successors, and fit them by intelligence and virtue for the inheritance which awaits them. In tiiis beneticent work sections and races should be for- gotten, and partisanship should be unknown. Let our people find a new meaning in the Divine Oracle which' declares that "A little cijild shall lead them," for our little children will soon con- trol the destinies of the Republic. My countrymen, we do not now differ in our judgment con- cerning the controversies of the past generations, and fifty years hence our children will not be divided in their opinions concern- ing our controversies. They will surely bless their fathers and their fathers' God that the L'nion was preserved, that slavery OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD 108 was overthrown, and that both races were made equal before the law. We may hasten or \v»' may retard, but we can not jirevent the final reconciliation. Is it not possible for us now to make a truce with them by anticipating and accepting its inevitable verdict? Enterprises of the higliest importance to our moral and material well-being invite us, and offer ample powers. Let all our people, leaving behind them the battle fields of dead issues, move forward, and in the strength of liberty and restored Union win the grandest victories of peace. The prosperity which now prevails is without parallel in our history. Fruitful seasons have done much to secure it, but they have not done all. The preservation of the public credit and the resumption of specie payments, so successfully obtained by the Administration of my predecessors, has enabled our people to secure the blessings which the seasons brought. By the experi- ence of conuneroial Nations in all ages it has been found that gold and silver afforded the only safe foundation for a monetary system. Confusion has recently been created by variations in the relative value of the two metals; but I confidently believe that arrangements can be made between the leading commercial Nations which will secure the general use of both metals. Con- gress should provide that the compulsory coinage of silver, now required by law, may not disturb our monetary system by driving eitiier metal out of circulation. If possible, such adjustment should be made that the purchasing power of every coined dollar will be exactly equal to its debt-paying power in all the markets of the world. The chief duty of tlie National Government in con- nection with the currency of the country is to coin and to declare its value. Grave doubts have been entertained whether Congress is au- thorized by the Constitution to make any form of iniper money legal tender. The present issue of United States notes has been sus- tained by the necessities of war; butsuch paper should depend for its value and currency upon its convenience in use and its j)ro*mpt redemption in coin at the will of the holder, and not upon its compulsory circulation. These notes are not money, but promises to pay money. If the holders demand it, the promises sliould be kept. The refunding of the National debt at a lower rate of in- terest should be acconijilished without compellingthe withdrawal of National Bank notes, and thus disturbing the business of the country. I venture to refer to the position I have occupied on the finance question during a long service in Congress, and to say that time and experience have strengthened tin* o])ini()ns 1 have so IM INAUGURAL ADDRESS often expressed on these subjects. The finances of the Govem- me:it shall suffer no detriment which it may be possible for my Aduiitiistratioii to prevent. The interests of agriculture deserve more attention from the Gov( rnuient than tliey have yet received. The farms of the Uniti'd States afford homes and employment for more than one- half of our people, and furnish much the largest part of all our exports. As tiie Government lights our coasts for the protection of mariners and the benefit of commerce, so it should give to the tillers of the soil the liglits of practical science and experience. Our manufacturers are rapidly making us industrially independ- ent, and are opening to capital and labor new and profitable fields of employment. This steady and healthy growth should still be maintained. Our facilities for transportation should be promoted by the continued improvement of our harbors and great water- ways, and by the increase of our tonnage on the ocean. The development of the world's commerce has led to urgent de- mands for shortening the great sea voyage around Cape Horn by constructing ship canals or railroads across the isthmus which unites the two continents. Various plans to this end have been suggested, and will need consideration ; but none of them have been sufHciently matured to warrant the United States in extending pecuniary aid. The subject is one which will imme- diately engage the attention of the Gover.anent, with a view to thorough protection to American interests. AVe will urgeino nar- row policy, nor seek peculiar or exclusive privileges in any com- mercial route; but, in the language of my predecessors, I believe It to be " the right and duty of the United States to assert and maintain such supervision and authority over any inter-oceanic canal acro.ss the isthmus that connects North and South America as will i)rotect our National interests." The Constitution guarantees absolute religious freedom. Con- gress is prohibited from making any laws respecting the estab- lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The Territories of the United Slates are subject to the direct legisla- tive authority of Congress, and hence the General Government is responsible for any violation of the Constitution in any of them. It is, therefore, a reproach to the Government that in the most populous of the Territories the Constitutional guarantee is not enjoyed by the people, and the authority of Congress is set at naught. The Mormon Church not only offends the moral sense of mankind by sanctioning polygamy, but prevents the administra- tion of justice througli the ordiiuiry instruinentalitiea of law. In OF PRESIDENT QARFIELD. 1« my judgment, it is tho duty of Congress, while respecting to the uttermost the conscientious convictions and religious scruples of every citizen, to proliibit within its jurisdiction all criminal prac- tices, espe-^ally of that class which destroy the family lelatioD and endanger social order. Nor can any ecclesiastical organiza- tion be safely permitted to usurp in the smallest degree the func- tions and powers of the National Government. The Civil Service can never be placed on a satisfactory basis until it is regulated by law for the good of the service itself, for the protection of those who are intrusted with the appointing power against the waste of time and the obstruction of public business caused by the inordinate pressure for place, and for the protection of incumbents against intrigue and wrong. I shall at the'proper time ask Congress to fix the tenure of minor offices of the several executive departments, and prescribe the grounds upon which removals shall be made during the terms for which incumbents have been appointed. Finally, acting always within the authority and the limitations of the Constitution, invading neither the rights of the States nor the reserved rights of the people, it will be the purpose of my Administration to maintain authority, and in all places within its jurisdiction to enforce obedience to all laws of the Union and in the interests of the people; to demand rigid economy in all expenditures of the Government, and to require honest and faith- ful service of all executive officers— remembering that offices were created, not for the benefit of the incumbents or their supporters, but for the service of the Government. And now, fellow-citizens. I am about to assume the great trust which you have committed to my hands. I appeal to you for that earnest and thoughtful support which makes this Government, in fact, as it is in law. a Government of the people. 1 shall greatly rely u))on the wisciom and patriotism of Congress, and of those who may share with me the responsibilities and duties of the Administration; and upon our efforts to promote the welfare of this great people and their Government, I reverently invoke the support and blessings of Almighty God. Iti6 AJSaAiitilNATIOH ASSASSINATION -OF- PRESIDENT GARFIELD- Full Particulars of the Terrible Event. It was on Saturday morning, July 2, 1881, at 9:28, in the Baltimore & Potomac depot at Washington, D. C, that occurred the tragic attempt to assassinate President Gartiield. It was the President's intention that morning to have started for Long Branch, where he expected to meet Mrs. Garfield and spend a season of pleasant recrea- tion. The day opened with refreshing breezes, and it is said the President was never more happy; but alas! ere its 8un had set, the whole nation and civilized world were Btricken with unspeakable sadness at what was believed to be the momentary death of one of God's noblest of men,. James A. Garfield. An eye witness of the terrible tragedy says: "I was coming down Pennsylvania avenue when I saw a carriage coming up the avenue, the horses running so fast that I thought they were running away. Just as the carriage arrived in front of me a man put his head out of the win- dow and said, ' Faster, faster, faster, damn it!' Alter hear- ing this remark T thought there was something wrong, and ran after the carriage. AVhen it reached the depot a man jumped out and entered the ladies' room. He had not been there more than tliree minutes when the President arrived, •tepped out of his carriage, and also entered the ladies* OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. 167 room. The President, after passing through the door, was jnst turning the corner of a seat when the assassin, who was standing on the left of the door, tired. The hall struck the President in the back. The President fell forward. I ran into the depot, and just then the man fired again while the President was falling. The moment the Presi- dent fell a policeman, who had been standing at the depot door keeping the way clear for the President and his party, grabbed the assassin by the neck, and, as he pulled him out ^. of the depot, another policeman came to his assistance]^ t^M*^ Just after firing the shot the assassin exclaimed, 'I've killed Garfield! Arthur is President. I am a stalwart!'" The first person to reach the President after he had fal- len upon the floor, was Mrs. Sarah B. White, a lady in charge of the ladies' waiting room, who saw him enter and saw the would be assassin raise his hand and fire. She raised up the head of the stricken man and he was soon placed upon a mattress and borne to an upper room of the depot building. Gen. Garfield, as he lay upon his mattress in the upper room, is said by those who were about him to have been brave and cheerful. His first impulse was to have his wife informed, and he dictated a dispatch to Col. liockwell, in wliich he informed her that he had been wounded, ho-..' seriously no one could tell; that he desired her to come immediately. He was conscious and sent his love. At the same time another dispatch was sent to Maj. Swaim, Judge Advocate-General, who had charge of Mrs. Garfield, in- forming him of the nature of the shooting, and directed him to keep the information from Mrs. Garfield. While this was being done, the carriage of one of the Cabinet officers who was present was driven with great speed to the office of Dr. Bliss, on F street, who, with his instrument- case, was hastily driven to the depot, and was the first of 168 ASSASSINATION the physicians to arrive. He instantly pronounced the Wound ix dangerous one, but not necessarily fatal. Aftei*t wards he said it was a wound of exceedingly severe char- acter, and all the physicians concurred with him. Garlield manfully and cheerfully talked with his friends, among whom was Col. Hubert Ingersoll, to whom he cordially ex- tended his hand and said, " I am glad you came." It was then found, upon examination, that both shots fired by the assassin had taken effect. The tirst was well aimed. It had entered the back, just above the kidney, and had perforated the liver. The second shot was tired while the President was falling, and went under the left arm, barely grazing the skin. It was evidently Guitean's purpose to shoot Garfield sev- eral times, for in the confession which he left sealed, h© says that he shot the President several times. The surgeons, of whom a dozen had arrived, agreed that the President should be taken to the White House as speedily as possible before his strength should fail. Gen- Sherman, who had also come, had already provided an am- bulai;ce, and Secretary of War Robert Lincoln, with re- markable sagacity, had ordered a company of troops fVom the arsenal to help preserve order. A large squad of mounted police had been summoned. They cleared the way for the ambulance, riding up the avenue at a furious gallop. The ambulance containing the President was driven at great speed, to avoid a possible crowd. It en- tered the AVhite House grounds at the lower gate, the President reclining upon the mattress. As he was lifted out he saw, at a window, his private secretary and a num- ber of friends Mdio were at the White House looking out, who had already been notified by tele])hone i'vorn the depot, of the attempted assassination. The President, raising hia bead from his improvised litter, waived his hand in greet- OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. IGO itifi: to those who were so anxiously watching his arrival. H'e showed, even in this suprenje moment, the same tender consideration for those around him which has always char- acterized his private and public career. He was imme- diately brought into the house by the lower entrance, and carried to the room occupied by the President, in the south- west corner of the second floor; there his clothes, which were veiy much soiled with blood, were removed, and he was placed upon his bed. Those who saw him say that the trace of the bullet was very plainly visible in a murder- ous looking liole above the hip. Preparations were immediately taken to preserve quiet and order. The large lorce of police cleared the White House grounds and barred the gates. A company of artil- lerymen arrived, and were ordered to camp in the ground, and to guard them. The gates were closed to carriages, and no persons were allowed to enter the grounds of the Executive Mansion without passes from the private secre- tary of the President, which were granted to every person having any reason except that of idle curiosity to be there. Every member of the Cabinet followed the President to the White House, and the ladies of the Cabinet officers per- formed the tender womanly offices, in the absence of the wife who was approaching the National Capital with all the speed that steam can give. Officials of all grades and prominent persons in the city assembled in the White House ante-room, some of them being even permitted to enter the President's chamber. It was thought that the wound might be probed immediately after the President had been brought back to the White House, but this was not deemed safe. There were many indications of internal hemorrhage. The temperature increased rapidly and the pulse was greatly quickened. Soon after the return from the depot there was great hope that the bullet might not prove no ASSASSINATION tVitjil, but wlieii it was discovered that the physicians de- clined to make a searcli for it, and postponed any further examination until 3 p. m., it became apparent that the Pres- ident was too weak to submit to the operation, and theliopes of recovery rested first in the location of the bnllet and next in a strong constitution. Meanwhile everything was done to relieve the sutferer His head was clear and he was very comfortable, complaining of nothing except of pain and twitching in his feet, which the surgeons said was not a good symptom. Soon after he had been placed upon the bed Mr. Blaine came in. lie had stopped in the ante-room long enough to write in his own hand dispatches to Minister Lowell at Lon- don, and to the principal diplomatic representatives abroad, stating that the President had been shot. "• I never saw,' said Postmaster-General James afterwards, "a man of such extraordinary nerve as Mr Blaine. He stood beside the President when he was shot, and he was the only man in all that depot-building who was not almost paralyzed with terror. He stood calm and collected in the midst of that surging, panic-stricken crowd, and gave his orders as coolly as if he had been commanding a battle, and he was within a few inches of the assassin's bullet himself." " I never thought of myself at all at the time," said Mr. Blaine after- wai-ds. " 1 only thought of our poor, dear President." AVhen Blaine entered the President'schamber, the President hardly turned. Throughout the entire day he always tried to turn whenever a triend entered the room, and extended liis hand to him. The Secretary of State approached the bed- side of the i-a])idly sinking man, when the President placed his arm about him. as nearly as he could, and said: "Howl love you!" It was not until then that Blaine, the strong man broke down. The eyes that had refused to fill during the intense excitement of the preceding hour were suffused with tears, and the voice was choked when the great man OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. 171 fltricken down embraced him and said: "How I love you!" "It was a moment" said Mr. Blaine, "that I never shall forget in all my life." The Secretary of State soon retired, for he did not wish to excite the wounded man by an exhibi- tion of emotion. Tlie afternoon was spent in the White House in an agony of suspense. The entire Cabinet remained there all the time. The physicians were in constant consultation. There were some hypodermic injections, after which it was noticed that the President vomited, a circumstance said to be ex- plained by the fact, subsequently discovered, that the ball had perforated his liver. For nourishment he was given champagne and ice. The President talked all the evening as much as they would allow him to talk. Mrs. Secretary Blaine, Mrs* Attorney-General MacVeagh, Mrs. Postmaster-General James, and Mrs. Secretary of War Lincoln, were in constant attendance, and the Cabinet officers occasionally went in to see the President. To one of the ladies of the Cabinet the President said: "What do you suppose he wanted to shoot me for?" , She answered that it was charitable to suppose he was a crazy and disappointed office-seeker. The President said, quoting " Penzance " and cheerfully smiling, " I expect that he supposed that ' it was aglorious thing to be a pirate King.' " The President told Col. Rockwell, soon after the shoot- ing, that he feared that the shot was fatal, and that he was prepared for the worst. During the afternoon he referred very seldom to his condition. His greatest anxiety was to see his wife. As often as every fifteen minutes he would turn to his attendants and ask how soon they expected her to arrive. Bulletins from the rapidly-approaching train were received at least every half hour. The tracks had 172 ASSASSINATION been cleared', a:j(l the oijerutors at every station along the road had been instructed to telegrapli directly to the White House operator at Washington tlie progress ot the train. Wlieu it was learned that Mrs. Garfield could not, at best, arrive before 7 o'clock, and to do that it would be necessarj' to cover the distance between there and Philadelphia in tliree hours, the President was disappointed. The momenta seemed to hang heavily with him after 5 o'clock p. m., aa at that hour, he h;id learned definitely that the physicians did nut think that he had much chance to recover. The President, at his own earnest re<|uest, was informed of this, fact by Dr. Bliss. The President said: " I am not afraid to die. I want to know what you think of my condition. Tell me the worst." Tiie doctor replied that his condition was very serious, but he had some chances of life, but that he would do well to prepare for the worst. One of the ladies of the Cabinet afterwards cheerfully said to the President, " We expect to pull you through, Mr. President." Gen. Garfield answered, "And 1 am going to try to help you pull me through." He never lost his spirits, not even when the doctor informed him that he, perhaps, had not many hours to live. He said: "Then God's will be done; 1 am content;" but from the moment that he learned that he might not liv(\ his thoughts turned more anxiously to the arrival of his wife. During the afternoon the Cabinet officers seriously di/ir cussed the situation. It was noticeable that their thoughta were turned chiefly to the sufferer, and very little to the political results which might follow from the death of the President. Mr. Kirkwood sat silently much of the time, smoking in the ante-room. He was very calm and sad. Secretary OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD. 173 Blaine did not leave the room except to take a lunch, and he conversed freely about the occurrence, and paid an elo- <}Tient tribute to the great qualities of his chief. lie was very cahn. His greatest regret seemed to be for the fam- ily of the President and for the country. Postmaster-Gen- eral James was especially affected. He was frequently heard to say, " God save the poor country !" Robert Lincoln, painfully reminded of the tragic death of his own lather, in the same position, said, in the Cabinet Council chamber, while sitting beneath that statue of his father which looked down upon him, to a colleague in the ^Cabinet and some friends: "It is a curious fact that the 'President has lately talked a great deal about my father. At a dinner the other day, to which a number of us were invited, his conversation was full of story-telling. He nar- rated, among other things, his experiences at the time of the assassination in New York, and said he strolled out of his room and almost unconsciously attended the meeting which was called in Wall street, and made that remarkable '«peech which had such an effect in quieting the mob." Mrs. GarfieM's meeting with her husband on her arrival from Long Branch, is described as an affecting scene. Attorney-General MacVeagh and Mrs. James went to the door to meet her as the carriage drove up at the south entrance. " How is he? " she said, as she placed her hands in those of Mrs. James. " We think he is greatly improved," said the Attorney- ' General. Mrs. Garfield walked quickly up the stairs along which her husband had been borne, faint and bleeding, and she ■Was directed to the room where he was lying. The door ■was thrown open and she entered. The President opened ^8 eyes and saw who it was. Mrs. Garfield knelt by the 174 COL. R'CKWELrJS STORT side of the l)ed and threw her arms around him. " It is all riirht now," slie exchiinied, ''I am here/' The President niurmnred an almost inaudible expression of h>ve and returned lier emhrace as best lie could. The eingle witness of tlic meeting was moved to tears, but Mrs. Gai^field's beariiii^'was such as to inspire confidence in those around her. She refused to entertain the idea that her husband might die. "How does she bear it?" asked the President to Mrs. James when Mrs. Garfield liad left the room. "Nobly. She is full of courage," was Mrs. James' reply. " Thank God for that," said the President, " I would rather die than be the cause of bringing on a relapse of her illness." At this time the President was at the most critical state since the shooting. The physicians had abandoned all hope of his living more than two or three hours at the most. The pulse was mounting higher and higher. There were signs of internal hemorrhage and the temperature of the body constantly increasing. Tlie members of the Cabi- net were sending dispatches to different points announcing the speedy dissolution of the President. Within the short space of half an hour, however, nature asserted herself, and the work of improvement began. Col. Rockwell's Story of the Attempted Assassination. Col. A. F. Kockwell, the Private Secretary of Gen. Gar. field and intimate friend of the President, gives the follow- ing account of the attempted assassination: "The boys, James aiui Harry (sons of the President), started off in the President's carriage to pick up Dr. Hawks, their tu|or, who was stopping on F street. The President had arranged the night before for Secretary OF THE ASSASSINATION. , 178 Blaine to call at the mansion lO jj^o to the depot with him. The Secretary came round in his own carriage. Mine was in reserve and followed just behind the Secretary's. [ had several pieces of ba. 3.) p III 7. oo a iii^j io.ro a III 12. y) p m icc. loi. 9 lOI. 100.5 lOI. 101.9 98.9 99.7 100. 101. 99.2 104. 101.3 99-4 loi. 01.9 00. •05.3 101.9 98.2 99.8 102.8 99.6 22 100.8 24 102.4 ^ 98. 5 100.6 22 101.6 24 99.8 99-5 90 94 ,. 98 101. 98. s 98.5 100.4 98S 98.4 98.4 X00.3 98.4 ILO.7 rA5 9').» 9«.4 '/>■ (• 'A 4 99. 9 98.4 101. I If^. 4 Au^st >T- H - Z 2 '' Time s P ? 7.00 p m iiR 101.7 2.') 8. 15 a m 98 98.4 I'd 12.00 a m 118 99.8 M 7.00 p m 104 99.2 ■:j 8.30 a m 96 98.4 7.00 p in 24 8.30 a ni 102 98.4 7.00 p in 104 100.7 Zi 8.00 a m 98.4 7.00 p m 96 98. s JO 8. 00 a m 92 984 7.00 p ra 94 100.5 20 8.30 a m 92 98.4 7.00 p m 9« 106. 20 8 30 a m 92 98.4 7.00 p in 94 100.2 JU 8. 30 a m 94 98.4 18 7.00 p 111 94 99- JU 8.30 a m 94 q3.4 18 7.00 p m 94 99. b JO 8.30 a m 94 98.4 7.00 p ni 94 JOO. JO 8.30 a m 90 98.4 7.00 p in 102 98.4 '9 8. 30 a m 90 98.4 7.00 p in 100.2 19 8. 30 a ni 88 98.4 18 7.00 p m 102 100.4 H 30 a ni 92 98.4 7.00 p m 102 '9 8.30 a m 96 98.7 18 7.00 p ni 104 J01.2 Jtj 8. 30 a m 94 98.7 7.00 p ni I0^ IOI.9 »9 8.30 a m 98 99.8 lU 7.00 P m 106 I0I.9 ■9 8. 30 a in 94 98.5 •9 7. CO p in kV- lOI. 19 8. 30 a 111 100 98 6 '9 7.3c p m K* 101.2 19 8. 30 a ni l« 98.6 ■9 7.30 P ni lOt 101.2 '9 8. 30 a ni 104 100.8 '9 6.30 P m 104 100.7 '9 8. 30 a III l iH 8.30 a m !>>'' n;io. 2 10 6. 30 P ni 130 99.0 '9 8.30 a III 98.6 IH 6 30 P 111 lao 98.9 18 8.30 a ni IK oS. 1 l5 6 30 P m 112 98. 6 iH 8. 30 a ni 104 ■A 8 IH 6.30 P 111 lU lOO. 8. 30 a ni ifx 98.4 '9 !'>. 30 P m li< IClO. 18 8.30 II- m ; 6.30 p m 112 99.8 8. 30 a in I0« 99.1 6.30 p m 99-9 8.30 a m I20 98.4' 6. 30 p m 114 79-9 5 8.30 a m 100 98.4 6.30 p m 110 99-7 : 8. 30 a m loo 98.5 6.30 p m 110 100. s 8.30 p m 112 98.5 6.30 p m 109 99-5 8.30 11 ni 100 98.4 6. 30 p in 109 98.6 8.30 a m 100 98.4 6.30 p in 99-4 8. 30 a m loo 98.4 6. 30 p ni 104 99.2 8. 30 a m 104 98.6 6. 30 p m 102 q8.6 8.30 a m lu8 98.4 6.30 p lU 110 99. 8.30 a m 102 99-5 6. 30 p m ict! 99.8 8. 30 a m lit 99.8 6. 30 p ni 1-4 101.6 9.00 a ni 106 98.4 6.00 p III lOl. &30 a ni 104 98.7 5.00 p m 100 99-1 8.30 a m loo 98.S 6.00 p m 100 98.0 8. 30 a m 104 99-4 6.00 p in 100 98.7 8.30 a in 104 98.8 6.00 p ra 110 100. 9.00 a m 100 98.4 12.00 III K* 99.2 5.30 P ni 100 9S 6 8.30 a in 09.4 5-30 p m 98.4 Q..30 a ni 100 98.4 b, 30 p III 112 99.2 8. 30 a in IM 98.4 5.30 p m I..4 92.2 ». 3.1 a 111 104 98 6 5. 30 u "> 8. 30 *in 104 98.6 luO 99. 8 S. 30 p 111 102 98. 8 *) a m Il'2 98 .6 9. e^) a III III' I'.I.O 5. .1" p "' 11^ 98.4 8.00 a m U<) 98.8 12.30 p m 104 98.2 THB RUN TO LONG BRANCH, 181 The Bun to Long Branch. Private Secretary Brown makes, in substance, the fol- lowing statement of tlie trip from Washington to the El- beron : Upon leaving the executive mansion the President seemed to enjoy the scenery and looked around inquiringly. He noticed several employes standing in front of the man- sion and waved his hand to them, at the same time smiling as if it were very gratifying to him to leave the scene of his long illness. All the way to the depot he was a very anx- ious observer of everytliing, and this he was not prevented doing. Upon arrival at Sixth street and Pennsylvania avenue the patient was 'removed from the express wagon and placed on a spring mattress which had been prepared for his reception. The President experienced little or no disturbance in be- ing transferred from the vehicle to the car, and his pulse, although slightly accelerated, reaching about 115, iell to about 106 before the train started, and shortly after fell to 104, and again to 102. The first stop of the train was made at Patapsco, at which point the parotid gland was dressed. The pessengers on the special train besides th . President were: Mrs. Garfield and Miss Mollie; C. O. Eockwell, the President's brother-in-law; Col. A. F. Eockwell, wife and daughter; Gen. D. G. Swaim, Secretary Brown, Col. H. C. Corbin and Warren S. Young, assistant to Secretary Brown. The surgeons in charge, namely, D. W. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, Kobert Reyburn and D. Hayes Agnew; nurses, Drs. S. S. Boynton and Edson; domestics, 18J THE RUN TO LONG BRANCH. Dane, Sprigg, Mary White, and Eliza Cutter; T. N. Ely, Buperintendeut of motive power of the Pennsylvania rail- way, in charge of the train; Charles Watts, assistant in charge of the train ; James T. Elder, chief inspector of air brakes; George Albright, inspector of air-brakes; J. P. Syster, carpenter; E. M. Berrell, porter of President Rob- erts' car, porter; Andrew James, assistant porter, and J. Sharp, assistant trainmaster of the Baltimore and Potomac railroad; William Page, engineer; E. Grinnell, fireman; J. Mason, fireman ; G. K. Dean and James Kelly, brake- men on the Baltimore and Potomac. Extract of beef was administered at 10:10 a. m. A stop of four minutes occurred at Lamokin for fuel,t. e only time coal was taken in on the trip. At 10:30 a stop of five minutes was made at Gray's Ferry for water. Be- tween Philadelphia and Monmouth Junction the special train made several miles at the rate of seventy miles per hour. Bay View was reached at 8:05, and a brief stop was made to enable the surgeons to make a dressing of the wound. It was found to have suflered no derangement by travel. The dressing was soon accomplished, and the train, after leaving Ba.y View, was run at the rate of fifty miles an hour. The track in this locality is very straight, and in excellent condition, and, though the speed was at times greater than fifty miles an hour, the vibration of the Presi- dent's bed was no more than it would have been had the train been moving at twenty milcB per hour. The attend- ing surgeons felt very much gratified with the manner in which the removal was conducted, and were generally of opinion that, with the exception of being slightly fatigued, the President would endure the journey exceedingly well. A gentleman who was on board the President's train said that when Philadelphia was passed Mrs, Garfield came into TEE RUN TO LONG BRANCH. 183 the car. Tlie President was lying in a half doze, but seemed to recognize her presence, and immediately opened his eyes and said: "Well, Crete, this is quite a journey." "Do you feel any bad effects of the ride," she asked kindly. " Not a bit. This is many times better than the confine- ment of that horrible room in the "White House." Before that, and while passing through Chester, he no- ticed from the elevation on which he lay, and which enabled him to look out through the window, a large crowd at the depot. It was, in fact, the only place where there was a crowd on the line of route. lie was very much interested; in fact, his interest partook of the nature of excitement.. Dr. Bliss stepped forward and dropped the curtain of the window. "Put it up," said Mr. Garfield, pettishly. "I want to see the people." At this time the train was running at the rate of fifty- five miles an hour. There are a number of switches here, and the only jolt that had been felt was experienced as the train daehed over the rails of the freight-yard at the uorth Bide of "Washington. He placed his hand on his stomach and said: " It feels qualmish." The doctors were afraid that a recurrence of the vomitings which boded such disastrous results, was about to come. He was given a considerable quantity of stimulant, and,, under its influence, he fell asleep and rode fourteen miles in fourteen minutes, without waking. When he opened his eyes he said : " Where are we ? — half way ?" Col. Rockwell, who was beside him, said : " Yes, more than half way," and he replied : 184 THE RUN TO LONG BRANCH. ''Well, this is the most interesting day I have had since I was shot." At Gray's Ferry, three miles south of Philadelphia, the journals on the President's car had become so heated that it was necessary to repack them. When the train started agnin they were not to stop until they reached Freehold, sixty miles nearer the point of destination. Once, when traveling at the rate of sixty miles an hour, Dr. Bliss said to him : " Mr. President, if the movement affects you in any way, we will reduce the speed." " No," he answered, " let her go." / Afterward Dr. Bliss remarked that we would stop and give him his bath. " No," said the President, " to get to the end of this trip is more important now than the bath." The President was given food regularly every two hours during the journey, but he had no enema given him. Ilis food consisted of from two to four ounces of beef extract «ach timer. A track 3,500 feet long had been laid from the regular station to the front door of the cottage where he was to stop. Although the sun was broiling hot and Long Branch has seldom experienced such sultriness, the long line of roads was lined with carriages, and with men and women on foot, of all ages and from every class in society, each bent on showing reverence to the President. It was known that he would not be seen, and the mere sight of a moving train would have drawn none of them, but it was a spontaneous movement on the part of all witliin reach to stand quietly and in a respectful attitude while the Nation's suflerer passed. The track had been laid not only to the grounds, but through them and close up to the porch where he was to be received. THE ENGINEERS STORY, 186 Shortly after one o'clock the train was seen coming slowly round the curve out from the apple orchard througli which the branch track passes. When within two hundred feet of the cottage the train stopped. The last car, containing Mrs. Garfield, her daughter Mollieand Mrs. and Miss JRock- well, was uncoupled and pushed by the railroad laborers a little beyond the cottage. Then the President's car was de- tached, and a hundred citizens sprang forward and sur- rounded it. It was moved gently, and stopped right before the ocean-side entrance to the cottage at 1 :31 p. m., having occupied almost exactly six hours in its trip from "Washing- ton. First several utensils were taken out by attendants. At last all was ready, and the President was carefully lifted from the car on a stretcher, which was carried by the sur- geons into the cottage beneath canvas awnings which ran out from the entrance to the car and concealed the sight from the crowd, which soon began to disperse. The Engineer's Story. "William Page was the man who brought the President through safely from "Washington to Long Branch. He was a most striking figure on the train as it pushed up in front of the Elberon. His long beard was floating in the wind, which was blowing in from the sea, and his swarthy face was covered with dirt and cinders. He stood erect and firm, and with an air of conscious pride in every feature, that showed he was conscious of a duty well performed. "Did she behave well to-day on the trip?" was asked. " Behave? "Well I should say so. She seemed to feel all 180 THE ENGINEER'S STORT. that was required of her. "WTien, on ordinary occasions, I take Ler over the road she starts off with a jerk like, and raising herself, and goes galloping down, puffing and snort- ing, but this morning she glided away as gentle as a lady'fr mare, and even when I put her to her best, and she went on at the rate of a mile in fifty-three seconds, she seemed to hold her breath." As he said this he leaned out of the cab and looked at his engine as kindly as a rider would his fav- orite horse. " Then you limited the speed to forty-five miles an hour, which was intended?" '' Oh, no ! that you see, would only have been three- fourths of a mile to a minute, and a good deal of the way we made more than a mile a minute." " Did the doctors and the President know you were going at that speed ?" " They did not the first time I let her go ; and I'll tell you," he said, after a moment's hesitation, " how I came to do it. We left Washington at 6:37 this morning. We ran down to Patapsco, thirty-seven miles out, at a limited rate. There we stopped three minutes. This stop, like all the other stops made on the way up, were to change crews, to water, and allow the physicians to attend on the President. I saw one of the attendants, I guess it was Col. Kockwell, coming down the platform, and I called out to him, ' How is the President?' Tou see though I was not sure who he was, I felt kind of safe in calling him Colonel. ' He is doing finely. Page,' came back the answer. ' Does he feel the motion?' ' Not at all. Wh}-, you are going as smoothly as a carriage over an asphalt pavement.' " Was it then you began to think of running a little faster?" "Well, yes; but as Bay view, our next stopping place, was only eight miles further, I did not try until we started THE ENGINEER'S STORY. . 187 from Bayview to Perryville, seventy-eight miles out from "Washington. They sent word that the President had been doing better and better as the distance from the White Ilonse was increased, so I thought I would water the engines, and, if she went smoothly, try one mile a little faster. Lamokin, the next halt, was forty-six miles further on. The engine behaved beautifully, and was halfway be- tween Bayview and Lamokin. I went on with the trial, and went one mile in fifty-three seconds. 1 did not feel a jolt or jar as she went tearing down the track, but I knew then that if the President had a mind he might get the sea-breeze sooner. We stopped seven minutes at Lamokin, I called out to one of the attendants: ' Did you notice any extra motion when we were going faster?' " ' Why, no,' was the reply, %'ere we traveling faster than forty-five miles an hour?' " ' Yes, sir,' says I, ' we went one mile in fifty-three seconds.' " ' Well,' says he, ' I did not notice it, and I am sure the President did not. I will go and ask.' " Pretty soon I saw him coming down the platform. " ' Whip her up, Page, whip her up,' he called out. The President did not feel any extra motion. They were all delighted to hear that we were getting along faster, and the President said: 'Tell him to go ahead. I want to get there.' " ' Does he continue to improve?' I asked. " ' Yes, He said a short time ago : ' I feel as if I were on the road to recovery.' " " After these stops," was asked, " you went pretty much at the speed you thought best, according to your knowledge of the road?" " Pretty much as I thought best, and the engine behaved well right through to Elberon — yes sir, right straight 188 THE LAST DATS BULLETINS. through. She ran more smoothly than she is running now, and I warrant you'er not being mucli shaken at this mo- moment." '^ I suppose after this she will be the most famous engine on the road?" " Yes, sir, and she ought to be. I guess she has earned a National reputation to-day." The Last Day's Bulletins. The following bnlletin8<^ere issued during the day on which the President died. The last one, it will be noticed, was sent at 10:10 p. m. At 10:35, the great and good man was dead. Elberon, N. J., Sept. 19, 9 A. M.— The condition of the Presi- dent this morning continues unfavorable. Shortly after the issue of the evening bulletin he had a chill lasting fifteen minutes. The febrile rise following continued until 12 midnight, during which time his pulse ranged from 112 to 180. The sweating that followed was quite profuse. The congh, which was quite trouble- some during the chill, gave him but little annoyance the remainder of the night. This morning at 8 o'clock his temperature is 98.8, pulse. 106 andfefblc; respiration, 22. At 8:30 another chill came on, on account of which the dressing was temporarily postponed. A bulletin will be issued at 12 :30 P. M. D. W. Bliss, D. Hayes Agnew. 12:30 P. M.— Tlie chill from which the President was sulTering at tlie time the morning bulletin was issued lasted about fifteen minutes, and was followed by febrile rise of temperature and sweating. lie has slept much of tlie time, but his general condi- tion has not materially changed since. Temperulure, 9S.2; pulse, 104; respiration. 20. D. \V. Bliss. D. Hayes Agxew. 2 P. M.— Dr. Uoynton says the President is perceptibly weaker THE DEATH-BED SCENE. ISe than yesterday. There was considerable mental disturbance last night, and there has been more or less delirium to-day. There is nothing encouraging to report so far this afternoon. He takes his nourishment and stimulents as usual. 6 P. M,— Though the gravity of the President's condition con- tinues, there has been no aggravation of the symptoms since the noon bulletin was issued. lie has slept most of the time, cough- ing but little and with more ease. The sputa remains unchanged. A sufficient amount of nourishment has been taken and retained. Temperature, 98.4; pulse, 102; respiration, 18. 6:40 P. M.— In an interview a few minutes ago, Attorney-General MacVeagh said therewereno new grounds for hope, and the Pres- ident coul^ not last long in his present weak condition. He is weaker now than at any time, and the Attorney-General has the- greatest apprehensions. The mind of the President has been per- fectly clear all day. There is no reason now to believe he will have another chill. The Attorney-General says he understands every precaution has been taken during the day to prevent recur- rence of the rigors. At 6 :30 Miss MolUe Garfield was walking on the lawn with several ladies. 7 :25 P..M.— Dr. Agnew said he does not feel much encouraged by the evening bulletin. The case is still criticaL THE LAST WHILE ALIVE. 10:10 P. M.— The President thus far has passed a comfortable night. He is now sleeping with pulse at 120 and no indicationa of another chill. The Death-Bed Scene. The death-bed scene of the President was a peculiarly sad and impressive one. As soon as the doctors felt there was no longer hope, the members of the family assembled. Dr. Bliss stood at the head of the bed with his hand on the pulse of the patient, and consulted in low whispers with Dr. Agnew. The Private Secretary stood on the 190 THE DEATH-BED SCENE. ' opposite Bide of the bed, with Mrs. Gariield at the bedside, she at times leaning on his arm. Miss Lulii liockwell and Miss Mollie Gartield came into the room at the time the President lost consciousness. Afterward they went into the hall, the door of which remained open, and waited there. What conversation was had was conducted in whis- pers. Those about the bed occasionally went into the cor- ners of the room and spoke to each other. The solemnity of the occasion fully impressed itself upon them. There was no sound heard except the gasping for breath of the sufferer, whose changing color gave indications of the near approach of the end. LAST WORDS. After B.e had repeated " It hurts," he passed into a state of unconsciousness, breathing heavily at times, and then giv- ing a slight indication that breath vias still in his body. The only treatment that was given was hypodermic injec- tions of brandy by Dr. Agnew, assisted by Dr. Boynton. Occasionally they spoke with Dr. Bliss in quiet whispers. The President suffered no pain after the time lie placed his hand upon his heart. He passed away almost quietly. The time between life and death was not marked by any physical exhibition or any word. There was absolutely no scene. The intervals between the gaspings became longer, and presently there was no sound. Everyone present knew death had come quickly, without pain. When it became evident that he was dead, Mrs. Rockwell placed her arm around Mrs. Garfield and led her quietly from the room. She uttered no word. One by one the spectators left the scene, the doctors only remaining in the room, and the windows were closed- I THE AUTOPSY. 181 AROUND THE DEATH-BED. The following persons were present when the President breathed his last : Drs. Bliss and Agnew, Mrs. Garfield and her daughter Mollie, Col. Rockwell, O. C. Rockwell, Gen. Swaira, Dr. Boynton, Private Secretary J. Stanley Brown, Mrs. and Miss Rockwell, Executive Secretary "Warren Young, H. L. Atchison, Jolin Ricker, S. Lancaster and Daniel Spriggs, attendants — the last named colored. Mrs. Garfield sat in her chair shaking convulsively, and with the tears pouring down her cheeks, but uttering no sound. After a while she arose, and, taking hold of her dead husband's arm, smoothed it up and down. Poor little Mollie threw herself upon her father's shoulder on the other side of the bed, and sobbed as if her heart would break. Everybody else was weeping. At midnight Mrs. Garfield was asked if she would like to have anything done, and whether she desired to have the body taken to AYash- ington. She replied that she could not decide until she became more composed. The Autopsy. It was 3 o'clock when the special train which had gone to Sea Girt to meet the physicians summoned from "Wash- ington to attend the autopsy arrived at Elberon. The surgeons, Drs. Reyburn, Barnes, "Woodward, and Lamb were driven at once to the hotel, and, after a short consul- tation with the other doctors, it was decided to proceed with the autopsy at once, as the sun was already declining in the "West, and it was desirable to perform the work 192 THE AUTOPSY. during the daylight. The physicians, therefore, proceeded at once to their work. At 4 o'clock the body was laid out for the examination. There were present Drs. Agnew, Bliss, Barnes, Reyburn, Woodward, and Lamb. The ex- amination proved a slow and dangerous one, the poisonous condition of the flesh, notwithstanding being carefully prepared for the work, rendering it exceedingly dangerous to handle. It was fourteen minutes to 8 o'clock before the physicians concluded their work. They then came out to lunch, and returned to prepare their report. THE OFTIOLAX REPORT. Elbekon, N. J., Sept. 20.— The following official bul- letin was prepared at 11 o'clock to-night by the surgeons who have been in attendance upon the late President: By previous arrangement the post mortem examination of the body of President GarQeld was made this afternoon in the pres- ence and with the assistance of Drs. Hamilton, Agnew, Bliss, Barnes, AVoodward, Reyburn, Andrew H. Smith, of Elberon, and Acting Assistant Surgeon D. S. Lamb, of the Army Medical Museum, Washington. • The operation was performed by Dr. Lamb. It was found that the ball, after fracturing the right eleventh rib, had passed through the spinal column in front of the spinal canal, fracturing the body of the first lumbar vertebrae, driving a number of small fragments of bone into the adjacent soft parts, and lodging just below the pancreas, about two inches and a half to the left of the spine and behind the peritoneum, where it had become completely encysted. The immediate cause of death was secondary hemorrhage from one of the mesenteric arteries adjoining the track of the ball, the blood rupturing the peritoneum, and nearly a pint of blood es- caping into the abdominal cavity. This hemorrhage is believed to have been the cause of the severe pain in the lower part of the chest, complained of just before death. An abscess cavity, six inches by four in dimen- sions, was found in the vicinity of the gall bladder, between the liver and the transverse colon, which were strongly inter-adherent. THE MOTHER AND HER DEAD 80N. 198 It (lid not involve the substance of tlie liver, and no communica- liun was found between it and tlie wound. A long sui)i)iiialing channel extended from the external wound between the loin muscles and the riuht kidney almost to the right groin. This channel, now kn )wn to be due to the burrowing of pus from the wound, vva3 supposed, durii.g life, to have been the track of the ball. Un examination of tlie organs of the chest, evidences of severe bronchitis were found on both sides, with broncho-pneumonia of the lower portions of the right lung, though of much less extent of the left. The lungs contained no abscesses and the heart no clots. The liver was enlarged and fatty, but free from abscesses; nor were any found in one other organ, except the left kidney, which con- tained near its surface a small abscess about one-third of an inch in diameter. In reviewing the history of the case in connection with the autopsy, it is quite evident that the different suppu- rating surfaces, and especially the fractured spongy tissue of the vertebra, furnish sufRcient explanation of the septic condition which existed. D. AV. Bliss, J. K. Bakxes, J. J. Woodward, KoBT. Reybukn, Fkank 11. Hamilton, D. IIayh:s Agnew. Ani>i;ew II. tJMiTU, 1). !S. Lamb. The Mother and Her Dead Son. Mother Garfield, wlio was at Solon, Ohio, with her dangh- ter Mrs. Larrabee, watched anxiously for the 6 o'clock bul- letin Monday evening, feeling, if it was favorable, that she might hope on. AVorn out by anxious days and sleeplesa nights, her strength became so exhausted that the adminis- tration of stimulants was found necessary. Though hoping against hope, she could not realize that her son was in im- 13 104 THE MOTHER AND HER DEAD SON. mediate danger. " He will live," she said but yesterdaj. " God makes so few men like him that lie v(l\\ not take them away when they are living lives of usefulness. There are 80 many who are of no use to any one who live on that 1 cannot believe God will take my James away when he is much needed." Shortly after eight o'clock Tuesday morning Mrs. Gar- field arose, and after dressing, spent some time reading her Bible, as customary. Then she went into the dining-room where her breakfast was being prepared. Refreshed by a night of rest, she was more cheerful than for several days. Mr. Larrabee, unable to conceal his emotion, left the room in tears. Mother Garfield walked about, looking out of the windows. Finally she turned to her daughter, saying : " la there any news yet this morning, Mary ?" Mrs. Larra- bee's heart failed. She could not blast the hope expressed in that voice and exliibited in that dear old face. " Eat your breakfast, mother, it is ready now," she said. " But I want to hear from James first," said the loving mother. ■ The telegram that was soon to bring grief and anguish to her hopeful heart lay on the shelf, and seeing it she took it, and was about to read, saying, "Here it is now, I must read it before I eat." Her grand-daughter, Ellen Larrabee, fearing that so sud- den a shock would be fatal, took the dispatch from her hand, and said, " I will read it to you grandma. Are you pre- pared for bad news ?" " Why, no," said grandma, " I am not prepared for bad news, and there isn't any bad news this morning, is tliere ?" " Yes, grandma." "Oh, Nelly, he is not — he cannot be dead ?" "Grandma, his spirit passed away last night." " Oh, it cannot bo; it must not be. I cannot have it so. THE MOTHER AND HER DEAD SON. IM My James, my James dead ! I cannot believe you. I^et me see the dispatch." The dispatch read as tbllowB: " Elbeeon, N. J., Sept 19. ** Mrs. Eliza Garfield : •' James died this evening at 10:68. He calmly breathed his lift away. •• D. G. Swaim." She took and read it, dropped the message on the floor, and fell backward into the chair, moaning and wringing her hands, and bitter tears coursing down her cheeks. For some time she gave way to uncontrollable grief, but at length subdued her feelings in a measure. Mother Garfield then said: " To-morrow I will be eighty years old, but I will not see the beginning of another year; James is gone, and I shall not be long after him." After that she succeeded in somewhat controllins- lier emotions until the arrival of James Palmer, husband of a grand-daughter now dead, a daughter of Mrs. Larrabee. When he entered she again burst into tears, and between Bobs repeated, over and over, in her anguish: " He is gone; he is gone. O. T cannot have it so." When the morning papei- arrived, although advised by her daughter not to read it. she insisted on it, and eagerly scanned the dispatches for awhile, and then, throwing it down, exclaimed, " 1 cannot read any more." Then she went to her room and laid down, but soon arose and requested a grand-daughter to i-ead to her further, listening with blinded eyes and a breaking heart, making noble efibrt to restrain her emotions. During the afternoon somebody remarked to her that it seemed very still to-day. "Still ?" responded she. *' Yes, but it is the stillness of death." Mr. Larrabee, the President's brother-in-law, said he had known James A. Garfield since he was three years old, and 196 IN TUB FRANCKLYN COTTAGE. a(lc, hut fitly. It happens that no manifestations of violent grief disturb the last scene in the burial of this pure and gentle man. The carriage, which carries on one seat, side by side, the mother and the wife of the President, and on the front seat three of his boys, Harry, Jimmie, and the little Abram, is drawn up on the carpet of flowers at the very door of the vault. Ilarry and Jimmie, the two older boys, get out and stand upon either side of the carriage doorway, with faces that are so white as to startle those who look upon them. They remain motionless as they watch the coflin of their father carried to its resting-place. Mrs. Garfield takes the vacant scat, and side by side the face of the grand old mother and the brave wife are seen in the open doOi-way of the carriage. As the military escort lifts the coffin from the car the band play "Nearer My God to Thee.*' They watch with strained eyes the passage of the body to the tomb and until it is lost to sight within, when Mi'S. Gar- field drops her veil and sinks back u])on her seat, but the old mother still watches at the window, and her beautiful but calm, sweet face, is a picture there which the people watch in loving, sympathetic interest until the benediction is pronounced. After the body is laid upon its bower of roses, the pall- bearers range themselves upon each side of the raised en- trance to the vault. Behind them upon the right Mr, Blaine stands, with a few Senators and others who were in the near carriages. In front of this line Swaim, Rockwell, and Corbin stand, nearest Marshal Henry, who is one of the pall-bearers. Harry and Jimmie leave their mother's car- riage and remain near theifi. On the other side, behind the 202 SERVICES AT THE VAULT [N CLEVELAND. 'opposite line of pull-bearer>*, Hinsdale, Errett, and Jones are seen, while on the lower ground to the right C. O Rockwell and wife, Mrs. Garfield's sister, and Dr. Boynton take position. The rest of the relatives and friends remain in their carriages under the drizzling rain. From one of them, near Mrs. Garfield, the calm, restful face of her father, Uncle Zeb Rudolph, can be seen. The ceremonies which followed were of the briefest kind. It is a subject of congratulation among all that the last mo- ments at the cemetery were so quiet and full of gentle silence. It was not to Mrs. Garfield the burial of her husband. Sometime she will bui-y him, when he shall be taken from the vault, and unattended by pomp or the presence of the curious multitude, and laid in his last resting place. She only saw him laid upon a bed of flowers, to stop a little longer before he is laid on the high hill near by that she has chosen for the long rest. J. H. Robinson, as President of the day, opened the ex- ercises by introducing the Rev, J, H. Jones, Chaplain of the Forty- second Regiment O. Y. Infantry, which General Garfield commanded, as follows: "The Rev. J. H.Jones, the Chaplain of the Forty-second Regiment, who Went out with General Garfield, will ofter some remarks." Mr. Jones said: THE chaplain's ADDRESS. Our illustrious friend has completed his journey's end, a journey that we must all soon make, and that in the near future; yet, when I see the grand surroundings of this oc- casion I am led to enquire was this man the son of an emperor, of the king that wore a crown, for in the history of this great country there has been nothing like this seen by the people, and perhaps no other country. Yet I thought, perhaps, speaking after the manner of men, that SERVICES AT THE VAULT IN CLEVELAND. 203 he was a prince, and this was ottered in a manner after royalty. He was not, my friends. It is not an ottering of a king, it is not as we are taught an ottering to earthly kings and emperors. Though he was a prince and a freeman, the great commoner of the United States, only a few miles from where we stand, less than fifty years ago, he was born in the primeval forests of this State and in tliis county, and all he asks of you now is a peaceful grave in the bosom of the land that gave him birth. I cannot speak to you of his wonderful life and his work. Time forbids and history will take care of that, and your children's children will read of this emotion when we have passed away from this earth, but let me say when I was permitted with these honorable men to go to Pittsburg as a committee to receive his mortal remains, I saw from that city to Cleveland hundreds and thousands of people, and many of them in tears, and this reflection came to me, that there was a dearth over the lands. The soil for 500 miles was moistened witli tears, as we passed from the city of Washington to Cleveland. Then I asked myself the mean- ing of all this, for I saw the workingmeii come out of the rolling-mills, with dust and smoke all over their faces, their heads uncovered, with the tears rolling down their brawny cheeks. With bated breath I asked: What is the meaning of all this? because it casts down a workinginan. He was a workingraan himself, for he has been a worker from his birth almost. He has fought his way through life at every step, and the workingman he took by the hand, and there was sympathy and brotherhood between them. I saw, in small cottages as well as in splei'did mansions, drapings on the shutters, and may have been the only vail which the poor woman had, and with tears in her eyes she saw us pass. I 204 SERVICES AT THE VAULT IN CLEVELAND. asked. Why, what interest has this poor woman in this man? She liad read that he was born in a cabin, and that when he got old enougli to work in the beech woods he helped to support his widowed mother. Tlien I saw the processions and the colleges pour out. The local professions attended, and there were civic societiea and military all concentrated here, and he has touched them all in his passage thus far through life, and you feel that he is a brother. lie is, therefore, a brother to you in all these regards, but when a man dies his work usually fol- lows him. When we sent General Garfield to the Capitol at Washington he weighed 210 pounds. He had a soul that loved his race; a splendid intellect that almost bent the largest form to bear it. You bring him back to us a mere handful of some eiijhty pounds, mostly of bones, in that casket. Now, I ask you why is this? I do not stop to talk about the man that did the deed. " Vengeance is mine, saith the Almighty God; T will repay." He sees the terrors of a scaffold before him, probably, and the eternal disgrace that falls to the murderer and the assassin, and he is going down to the judgment of God and the frowns of the world. But where is James A. Garfield that we lent to you seven months ago? Many of you were there at the time of his inauguration, and witnessed the grandest pageant that ever passed in front of the Capitol, and the grandest that was ever had in the iVation was had on that occasion, and now comes that unwelcome but splendid exhibition that will be read of all over the world with regret. For Secre- tary Blaine, in a business-like manner, to-day made out that there were at least oOO,000,000 of people of the world mourninsr the death of President Garfield and offerinor us sympathy. Hut where is ho? Here is all that is left of him, tlic grand, the bright, and brilliant man. Now that SERVICES AT THE VAULT IN CLEVELAND. 205 Bonl tnat lOved, that mind that thought, and has impressed itself upon tlie world, must come back, for if thoughts live will that precious thought cease to be dead. In reason he epeaks and in example lives. His thoughts and mighty deeds still flourish in structure. We shall get him back, fellow citizens. In conversation with the one nearest and dearest to him, she said, when she thought of his relations as a husband and as a son and as a statesman, having reached the highest pinnacle to which man can be elevated by the free suffrage of our 50,000,000 people, there was no promotion tor her beloved but for God to call him home. He has received that promotion. He believed in the immortality, not only of the soul, but of the body and that the grave will give up the dead. He must live, and, my friends, that was the hope that sustained him. I was with him in the war, and the enemy never saw his back. He was fortunate in that every contest he was on the victorious side, but the grandest fight he ever made was in the last eighty days of his existence, fought not be- cause he himself personally expected to live, but the doc- tors told him to hope. He loved his wife and children, and he hoped. " I am not afraid to die, but I will try," said he, " to live," and then he was not conquered even except by simple exhaus- tion. It seems to me that no good man by the name of Abraham can be the President of the United States and can be long out of Abraham's bosom, for both of them have been called, and early, too, to the paradise of God, and his epirit looks down upon us to-day, and he is in the society of "Washington and Lincoln and the immortal hosts of pat- riots that stood for their country. Let me say, in conclusion, there was a man in ancient Biblical history that killed more in his death than he did 206 SERVICES AT THE VAULT IN CLEVELAND. in his life, and I believe that to be true with James Abram Garfield, I doubt whether there is a page that equals this in sympathy and love, not only in this country, but all over the world. Have you ever read anything like this. You, brethren, here of the South, I greet you to-day, and you brethren of the North, East, and West. Come, let us lay all our bitterness up in the coffin of the dead man. Let him carry them with him to the grave in silence, till the anorels disturb the slumbers. Let us love each other more, our country better. May God bless you and the dear fam- ily, and, as they constitute a great family on earth, I hope they will constitute a great family in the kingdom of God, and where I hope to meet you all in the end. At tlie close of Jones' address the venerable Dr. RobiBu son announced that the hymn which was General Garfield's favorite, '' Ho, Reapers of Life's Harvest," would be sung, and, as the melody of the grand old song rings and echoes among the forests and hills, it falls upon the ears of all. gakfield's favorite hymn. Ho, reapers of life's liarvest, Why stand with rusted blade Until the night draws round thee And the day begins to fade? Why stand yeidle waiting For reapers more to come? The golden morn is passing, Why sit ye idle, dumb? Thrust in your sharpened sickle And gather in the grain; The night is fast approaching And noon will come again. The Master calls for reapers. And shall he call in vain? Shall sheaves lie there ungathered And waste upon the plain? SERVICES AT THE VAULT IN CLEVELAND. 207 Mount up the heights of wisdom And crush each error low ; Keep back no words of knowledge That human hearts should know. Be faithful to thy mission In service of thy Lord. And then a golden chaplet Shall be thy just reward. Once during Chaplain Jones' address, and in the midst of his masterly review of the march of the dead from the lo^ cabin to the Presidency, the face of Mrs. Garfield appeared at the window by the side of the mother of Garfield, and both looked, with calm, clear eyes, upon the speaker as he told the story of their hero's achievements. The Latin Ode from Horace was then sung as follows, by the United German Society: Integer vitae scelerisque purus Non eget Mauris juculis neque area. Nee venenatis gravida.sagittis, Fusee, pharetra, Sive per Syrtes iter aestuosas, Sive facturus per inhospitalem Caucasum, vel quae loca fabulosus Lambit Hydaspes. Namque me silva lupus in Sabina, Dum meum canto Lalagen et ultra Terminum curis vagor expeditis, Fugit inermem: Quale portentum neque militaris Daunias latis alit aesculetis, I Nee Jubae tellus generat, leonum Arida nutrix. Pone me pigris ubi nulle campis Arbor aestiva recreatur aura, Quod latus mundi nubulae malusque Jupiter urget. Pone sub curru niniium propinqui Solis, in terra domibus negata; Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, Dulce loquentem. 208 SERVICES AT THE VAULT IN CLEVELAND. Tlie followiiif^ is a literal translation of the ode: The mail of ui)riglit life and pure from wickedness, O Fuscus has no need of the Aloorish javelins or bow, or quiver loaded with poisoned darts. Whether he is about to make his journey through the sultry Syrtes or the inhospitable Caucasus, or those places which Ilydaspes, celebrated in story, washes. For lately, as I was singinf? my Lalage, and wandered beyond my usual bounds, devoid of care, a wolf in the Sabine wood tied from me, though 1 was unarmed ; such a monster as neither the warlike Apulia nourishes in its extensive woods, nor the land of Juba, the dry nurse of lions, produces. Place me in those barren plains, where no tree is refreshed by the genial air; at that part of the world which clouds and an inclement atmosphere infest. Place me under the chariot of the too-neighboring sun, in the land deprived of habita- tion, there will I love my sweetly-smiling, sweetly-speaking Lala$):e. Mr. Robinson then announced the late President's hymn, " Ho, Reapers of Life's Harvest," which the German vocal societies of Cleveland sang with marked effect. The exercises closed with the benediction by President Hinsdale, of Hiram College, who was introduced by Dr. Robinson, as follows: " Friends and Fellow-Citizens: From the heart-broken friends of the deceased, I tender you their thanks. Mr. Hinsdale, will you dismiss?" Mr. Hinsdale said: " Oh, God, the sole experience of this day teaches us the truth of what Thou hast told us in Thy word. The grave is the last of the world and the end of life. Earth to earth, dust to dust, ashes to ashes. But we love the doc- trine of the immortality of the soul, and in the power of the endless life therefrom. Oh God, our Father, we look to Thee now for the greatest blessing. We pray that the fellowship and salvation of the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior, and the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, the Con? forter, may be with all \vho have been in to-day's assembly. Amen." The tinal dirge is sung, and friends and relatives standing THE END. 209 by move nearer to the sepulchre. Blaine steps nervously to the very door of the vault, and his white face is pitiful evidence of the agony of that moment, while he looks for the last time U|jon even the casket which contains the, remains of him who was both friend and chief. Mrs. Garfield does not look from the carriage; perhaps she finds comfort there in thoughts of the quieter, more secluded Lour, when she, instead of the Nation, shall bnry the man 80 beloved. At rest at last — the hymn is done, the melody is hushed, the doors of the vault are noiselessly closed. President Burke Hinsdale reaches out his hands in final invocation for Divine support and pity, and it is the end. The End. J. G. HOLLAND. A wasp flew out upon our fairest son And stung him to the quick with poisoned shaft; The while he chatted carelessly and laughed, And knew not of the fateful raiscliief done. And so this life, amid our love begun. Envenomed by the insect's hellish craft, Was drunk by death in one long, feverish draughty And he was lost— our gracious, priceless onel Oh, mystery of blind, remorseless fate! Oh, cruel and of a most causeless hate! That life so mean should murder life so great! What is there left to us who think and feel. Who have no remedy and no appeal. But damn the wasp and crush him under heel? 210 THE WORLD WTDE SYMPATHY. The World Wide Sympathy. It may be safely said that the death of rresidcnt Garfield called forth a greater expression of sympathy from the great rulers and nations of the earth, from eminent persons, and from the various fraternities and associations of men, than the death of any other man. And this is not only an evidence ot the great worth of the man, but also an evidence of a progressive civilization. It is estimated that over 300,000,000 persons mourned the death of James A. Gar- field. The following are a few of the dispatches of a)ndo- lence- QUEEN VICTORIA TO MRS. GARFIELD. Words cannot exi)ress the deep sympathy I feel with you. May God support and comfort you, as He alone can. The Queen, Balmoral. The Queen also cabled at once to the British Minister to have a floral tribute prepared and presented in her name. It was soon received at the Capitol and placed at the head ot the bier of the President. It was very 'arge, and was an ex- quisite specimen of the florist's art. It was composed of white roses, smilax, and stephanotis. It was accompanied by a mourniTig card bearing the following inscription: '• Queen Victoria, to the memory of the late President Garfield — an expression of her sorrow and sympathy with Mrs. Garfield and the American Nation. Sept. 22, 1881.'' GEN. GRANT. New Vork, Sept. \9.— Wayne MacVeagh^ Long Branch: Please convey to the bereaved family of the President my heart- felt sympathy and sorrow for them in tiieir deep adliction. A nation will mourn with them for the loss of tlie Ciiief Magistrate so recently called to preside over its destiny. I will return to Long IJranch in the morning to tender my services, if they can bo Tiade useful. ■ U. ». Grant. AFFECTING INCIDENTS. 211 Affecting Incidents. " I AVANT TO SHE MYSELF." After a rigor had passed the President fell asleep, and although his pulse was still beating about 120, yet hia temperature had not decreased more than a tenth of a degree or so below the normal point. He awoke in about twenty minutes and said to I))-. J>liss, " Doctor, I feel very comfortable, but I also feel dread- fully weak. I wish you would give me the hand-glass and let me look at myself.'" Gen. Swaim said, "Oh no, don't do that. General. See if you cannot get some slee])." " I want to see myself," the President replied. Mrs. Garfield then gave him the hand-glass. He held it in a position which enabled him to see his face. Mrs. Garfield, Dr. Bliss, Dr. Agnew, Gen. Swaim and Dr. Boyn- ton stood around the bed, saying not a word, but looking at the President. He studied the reflection of his own features. At length he wearily let the glass fall upon the counterpane, and with a sigh, said to Mrs. Garfield: " Crete, I do not see how it is that a man who looks as well as I do should be so dreadfully weak." "little mollie fell over like a loo." , In a moment or two he asked for his daughter Mollie. They told him that she would come to see him later in the day. He said, however, that he wanted to see her at once. Thereupon Don Rockwell went to the beach, where Miss Mollie was sitting with Miss Rockwell, and told her that her father wanted to see her. When the child went into ns AFFECTING INCIDENTS. the room she kissed her father and told him that she was glad to see that he was looking so )T)uch better. He said, "You think I do look better, Mollie ?" Siie said, "I do, papa," and then she took a chair and sat near the foot of the bed. A moment or two after Dr. Bo3'nton noticed that she was Bwajiiig in the chair. He stepped up to her, but before he could reach her she had fallen over in a dead faint In falling, her face struck against the bed ])ost, and when they raised her from the floor she was not only unconscious, but also bleeding from the contusion she had received. They carried her out where she could get the fresh breeze from the ocean, and after restoratives were applied she speedily recovered. The room was close, the windows were closed, and Miss Mollie had not been very well, and all these causes combined with anxiety, induced the fainting fit. The President, they thought, had not noticed what had happened to his petted child, for he seemed to have t^;iiik into the stupor which has characterized his condition much of the time. But when Dr. Boynton came back into the room he was astonished to hear the President say: *' Poor little Mollie; she fell over like a log. What's the matter ? " They assured the President that the fainting fit was caused by the closeness of the room, and that she was quite restored. He again sank into a stupor, or sleep, which lasted until the noon examination. This stupor was not healthy sleep. The President frequently muttered and rolled and tossed his head upon the pillow. GARFIELD'S BIRTHPLACE AND EARLY LIFE. 21S Garfield's Birthplace— How It Looked on the Great Day of the Funeral— Interesting Incidents in Garfield's Early Life. I Written by one of Garfield's most Intimate Friends, at Orange, Ohlo.1 Here, at the birth-place of Garfield, what memories sweep over ns when we recall the scenes of his birth and boyhood! On the place where stood the log hut in which he iirst saw the light is a pole floating a flag at halt-mast. The old log house is gone, the frame house that succeeded it is gone, and now all that marks the spot where James A. Garfield was born, fifty years ago, is a whitewood pole rising from the green fields. All around are the groves and fields in which the farmer's boy began that noble history which is ended so abruptly, so cruelly. Here he was born, here he worked in the field by day and studied by night, here stood the log school house where he first attended school. It is gone now, and a brick one stands in its place, but it will never be forgotten, for " Gar- field went there first to school." THE FEIEND OF HIS BOYHOOD. Next to the field in which the national colors now sadly wave is the farm of Mr. Henry Boynton, Garfield's cousin, and a brother ot Dr. Boynton. He was more than a cousin. While their mothers were sisters and their fathers half- brothers, there was another tie that bound them more close- ly than the bonds of kinship. Amos Boynton was all to Garfield that a father could be after the death of his father, when James was but over a year of age. Heniy Boynton and James A. Garfield were all to each other that brothers could be. 214 ' GARFIELD'S BIRTHPLACE AND EARLY LIFE. Mr. Buyntun was found at his home in the afternoon, and althougli much affected by the tragic death of the loved com]mnion of his boyhood, seemed to be pleased to relate incidents of his early life. Mr. Boynton said: James and I were constant compan- ions from the time that he was old enough to talk, down to the time that he went into active political life. I kn'ow, perhaps, more of his boyhood and early manhood than any person. In our boyhood we were said •to bear a striking resemblance to each other. HIS EAKLY LIFE. James was always noted from his earliest childhood for his desire to be the leader in whatever he undertook. At school he was never satisfied to have another boy ahead of him, but would strain every nerve to overtake and pass one who seemed to have the advantage of him, and always suc- ceeded in doing so. He always managed to be the leader, in every circle, whether it was social, intellectual or moral. He first w^ent to school at the little log school house which stood where you now see yonder brick school building. He then worked mornings and nights and attended school through the day. One little incident I never shall forget. There was a spelling match in the little log school house in wliich James, who was thirteen years old, took part. The teacher told her scholars that if any whispered she would send them home. The lad standing next to James became •onfused, and to help him, James told him how to spell his word. The teacher saw this and said: " James, you know the rule. You must go home." James picked uj) his cap and left. In a very few second* be returned and took his place in the class. GARFIELD'S BIRTHPLACE AND EARLY LIFE. 215 "Why, how is this, James? I told you to go home," said the teaclier. " I know it, and went home," said James. BEGINNING AS A FARM HAND. When fourteen years old he began working as a farm laborer for Mr. Daniel Morse, who lived near here. While working here, he one evening remained in the sitting room to listen to the conversation of a young gentleman who had called on Miss Morse. Miss Morse, observing him, told him it was time for servants to go to bed. This galled his aensitive feelings, and the next day he left there, telling me that some day he would show them that he was not to be looked down upon. ON THE OANAL. He now went to work on the canal, with Captain Letcher for a master. Soon after starting at this work he whipped the burly Irishman, Murphy, as you have heard many times, I suppose. An incident occurred one night which showed kia innate love of justice. One night when approaching a lock he was called on by the captain to help light the crew of another boat, which had reached the lock at nearly the same time, for the first use of it. "Who has the right to it?" asked James, as he prepared for action. " Well, I guess they have, but we can lick them and get ii,'' said the captain. James drew on his coat again, and said: " No, sir; I won't help if it justly belongs to them." He staid on the canal but a short time, as he suffered a severe attack of fever and ague, which obliged him to re- tam home. All winter he staid at home, shaking with 216 ASSASSINATION RECORD OF RULERS. ague chills, but studying all the time. Between his chills he would ijoover to the school house and recite, and at the end of the term stood at the head of the class. In the spring he intended to return to the canal, but by the argu- ments and advice of Mr. Bates, his teacher, was persuaded to give up this idea and attend school. Assassinacion Record of Rulers for the Last Thirty Years. The following is a list of attempts upon the lives of rul- ers since 1848: 1848— Nov. 26— The life of the Duke of Modena waa attempted. 1849 — June 21 — The Crown Prince of Prussia was at- tacked at Minden. 1850 — June 28 — Robert Pate, an ex-Lieutenant in the army, attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria. 1851 — May 22 — Sefeloque, a workman, shot at Frederick William IV., King of Prussia, and broke his arm. 1852— Sept. 24 — An infernal machine was found at Mar- seilles, with which it had been intended to destroy Napo- leon HI. 1853 — Feb. 18 — The Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria was grievously wounded in the head while walking on the ramparts at Vienna, l)y a Hungarian tailor named L'bzens. 1853 — April If! — An attempt on the life ol Victor Em- manuel was reported to the Italian Chamber. 1853 — July 5 — An attempt was made to kill Nai.oleon III. as he was entering the Opera Comique. 1854— March 20— Ferdinand Charles III., Du>c of Parma, was killed by an unknown man, who stabbed him in the abdomen. 1855 — April 28 — Napoleon III. was fired at iv **he FOR THE LAST THIRTY YE A 11^. 217 Champs Elysees by Giovunni Pianeri. ^ 1855 — April 28 — llaymond Fuentes was arrested in the act ofiiring on Isabella, Queen of Spain. 1856— Dec. 8— Agesilas Milano, a soldier, stabbed Fer- dinand III. of Naples with his bayonet. 1857_Ang. T— Napoleon 111. again. Barcoletti, Gib- aldi, and Grillo were sentenced to death for coining from London to assassinate him. 1858— Jan. 14— Napoleon 111. for the fifth time. Orsini and liis as^^ociates threw fnlminating bombs at him as he was on his way to the opera. 1861 — July 14 — King William of Prussia was for the first time shot at, by Oscar Becker, a student of Baden- Baden. Becker fired twice at him, but missed him. 1861 — Dec. 18— A student named Dossios fired a pistol at queen Amalia of Greece (Princess of Oldenburg) at Athens. 1863 — Dec. 24. — Four more conspirators from London against the life of Napoleon III. were arrested at Paris. 1865 — April 14 — President Lincoln was shot by J. Wilkes Booth. 1866 — April 6 — A liussian named Kavarasofi"'attempted Czar Alexander's life at St. Petersburg. He was foiled by a peasant, who was ennobled for the deed. 1867— The Czar's life was again attempted during the great Exposition, at a review in the Bois de Boulogne, at Paris. 1867 — June 19 — Maximilian shot. 1868— June 10 — Prince Michael of Servia was killed by the brothers Radwarowitch. 1871 — The lite of Amadeus, then newly king of Spain, was attempted. 1872 — August — Col. Gutieriez assassinated President Balla, of the Republic of Peru. 218 ASSAHSINATIGN RECORD OF RULERS 1873 — Jan. 1 President Morales, of Bolivia, was assafi- sinated 1875- August — President Garcia Maeno, of Ecuador, was assussiuHtt'd. 1877 — June — President Gill, of Paraguay, was assassin- ated by Comuiander Molas. 1878 — May 11 — The Erajjeror William, of Germany, was shot at again, this time by Emile Henri Max Hoedel, alias Lehmann, the Socialist. Lehman fired three shots at the Emperor, who was returning from a drive with the Grand Duchess of Baden, but missed him, 1878— June 2 — Emperor William shot at by Dr. Nobil- ing, while out riding, fie received about thirty small shots in the neck and face. 1878 — April 14 — Attempted assasination of the Czar at 8t. Petersburg, by one Solojew. He was executed May 9. 1870 — Dec. 1 — ^The assassination of the Czar attempted by a mine under a train near Moscow. 1879 — Dec. 30 — The King of Spain was shot at while driving with the Queen. 1880 — Feb. 17 — Attempt to kill the Royal family of Rus- sia by blowing up the Winter Palace. Eight soldiers killed and forty-five wounded. 1881— March 14— The Czar killed by a bomb. 1881— July 2— President Garfield shot by C.J. Guiteau, an eccentric lawyer of doubtful sanity, who is said to have been born at Freeport, 111., and who was licensed at the bar in Chicago. ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. The attempted assassination of Gen. Garfield naturally recalls the assassination of President Lincoln, and will go down to posterity allied to that terrible event. The par- ticulars of that dreadful tragedy are as follows: It was on the evening of Friday, April 14, ISGo, that President and Mrs. Lincohi, with Miss Mary Harris and Maj. llalhbun, of Albany, son-in-law of .Senator Harris, visited Ford's Theatre, at Washington, for the purpose of witnessing "The American Cousin," which was running at the theatre. The fact that this distinguished party was to be present at the performance had been duly announced in all the local papers, and the tlieatre was denselycrowded. The Presidential party occupied a box on the second tier. The scene was a brilliant one, and all went merry with the audience and actors alike until the close of the third act, when the shari> report of a pistol was heard, and an instant after- ward a man was seen to spring from the President's box to the stage, where, striking a tragic attitude and brandishing a long dag- ger in his ri.uht hand, he cried out, "Sic semper tyrannis!" and then, amid the bewilderment of the audience, rushed through the opposite side of the stage and nuide his escape from the rear of the tlieutre. The screams of :Mrs. Lincoln told the audience but too plainly that the President had been shot. All present rose to their feet, and the excitement was of the wildest possible descrip- tion. A rush was made to the President's box, where, on a hasty examination being made, it was found he was shot through the head. The President Avas quickly removed to a private house opposite the theatre, where, on further examination, his wound was pronounced to be mortal. This tragic occurrence, of course, immediately put a stop to the performance, and the theatre was closed as quickly as possible. The assassin in his hurried flighty dropped his hat and a spur on the stage. The hat was identified as belonging to J. Wilkes Booth, a prominent actor, and the spur was recognized as one ()l)tained by him at a stable on that day. One or two of the actors and members of the orchestra declared. 219 220 ASSASSINATION OF that the assassin was no other than Wilkes Booth, and the evi- dence aluiosL niouientaiily accuniuhuing lixed hiui beyond doubt as the author of tlie bloody tragedy. Almost before the audience had left the theatre it was known that the assasin, after he got out, made his escape on horseback. SECRETAUY SEWARD'S ESCAPE. The news of the hideous tragedy spread like wild-fire, and the greatest excitement prevailed throughout the city, dense throngs of peoi)le congregating in the locality of the house where Presi- dent Lincoln was lying. AVhile the general excitement w;ia at its lieight, it became known that an attempt had been made to assas- sinate Mr. JSeward, Secretary of State. At about 10 o'clock a maa called at the Secretary's house, stating that he had been sent by the family physician with a prescription for the Secretary, who was sick, at tlie same time staling that he must see him person- ally, as he was iustruuted to give particular directions con- cerning the medicine. He pushed his way past the servant, who had told him Secretary Seward could not be seen, and rushed up stairs to Mr. Seward's room, where he was met by the Secretary's son, Mr. Fred. Seward, who said he would take charge of the med- icine. The man dealt him a heavy blow, and rushing past him into Secretary Sewiu'd's room, sprang upon the Secretary as he lay in bed and stabbed him several times in the neck and breast. Miy. Seward, another of tlie Secretary's sons, rushed to his father's as- sistance, and got badly cut in a tussle with trie rufllan, who after a hard struggle managed to escape from the house, and mounting the horse he had left at the door, galloped off, shouting out, "Sic semper tijrannis." Surgeon General Barnes was immediately sent for, and i)ronounced the Secretary's and Maj. Seward's wounds not fatal, but the injuries which the desperado had indicted on Fred- erick SewartI and the servant of the house were considered more serious. AVhen it was known that Secretary Seward was not dan- gerously wounded, the geiu'ral anxiety was centered on President Lincoln, and while the scene in the streets was one of the wildest excitement and confusion, within tlie cliamber wliere President Lincoln was lying all was sadness and stillness. Several nuMubera of the cabinet had hastened to his side. Medical and snrgical aid were ol)tained, and everything was done to relieve the suffering President. It was soon ascertained, however, that it was impos- sible for him to survive, the only question being how long he would linger. All through the weary hours of the night and early morning tlie President lay hnconscious, as he had been ever since PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 221 his assassination. He was watched by several faithful friends, in addition to near relatives. At his bedside were the Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Postmaster General, and the Attorney General, Senator Sumner, Gen. Farns- worth. Gen. Todd, cousin of Mrs. Lincoln ; Maj. Hay, M. B. Field, Gen. Halleck, Maj. Gen. Meigs, the llev. Dr. Gurley, Gen. Oglesby, of Illinois, and Drs. E. N. Abbott, K K. Stone, C. D. Hatch, Neal, Hall, and Lieberman. MRS. LINCOLN'S GRIEF. In the adjoining room were Mrs. Lincoln, her son, Capt. Robert Lincoln, Miss Harris, Rufus S. Andrews, and two lady friends of Mrs. Lincoln. Mrs. Lincoln was under great excitement and agony, exclaiming again and again : " Why did he not shoot me instead of my husband V" She was constantly going back and forth to the bed- side of the President, crying out in the greatest agony : *' How can it be so?" The scene was heartrending in the extreme, and all were greatly overcome. Mrs. Lincoln took her leave of her hus- band about twenty minutes before his death. When she was told he had breathed his last she exclaimed: "Oh! Why did you not tell me he was dying ?" The surgeons and members of the Cabinet, Senator Sumner, Capt. Robert Lincoln, Gen. Todd, Mr. Field, and Mr. Andrews were standing at his bedside when he died. The surgeons were sitting on the foot of the bed, holding the President's hands and with watches observing the slow declension of the pulse, and such was the stillness for some minutes that the ticking of the watches could be heard in the room. At twenty-two minutes past 7 a. m. on April 15. the looked for but dreaded end came, and as he drew his last breath the llev. Dr. Gurley offered up a prayer for the deceased's heart-broken family and the mourning country. The President died without a struggle, passing silently and calmly away, having been in a state of utter unconsciousness from the time he was shot till his death. All present in the silent death chamber felt the awful solemnity of the occasion, and the scene was heartrending and touching. Mrs. Lincoln, shortly after her husband's death, was driven, with her son Robert, to the AVhite House, where, but the evening before, she left for the last time with her honored husband, who was never again to enter that home alive. Long before the President expired the authorities were per- fectly satisfied as to who committed the terrible deeds, aud the city and military authoi'ities commenced the investigation, and while the Cabinet and other ministers were watching over tha 222 AS^JSSWATJON OF President every effort was made to capture the murderers. Cour iers mounted on deet hoises rushed to and fro, and the sound of the lioofs of horses was lieard in all directions. The city and military authorities worked with energy and vigilance, and the tidings at last came tliat one of the liorses had been captured, nearly exhausted, at tlie outskirts of the city, and that its bridle WHS covered with blood. The animal was identified as the horne ridden by the assassin from Seward's residence. This gave a good deal of hope that tlie author of the horrible crime might be cap- tured. THK EI rr.CT OF THK PKESIDEKT's DEATH. The news of the President's deiith fell like a pall over the city, and before long every house was draped in mourning. It seemed that all were engaged in the sad tribute to the departed. The Department buildings were tastefully draped, the War Depari^- ment being literally covered. The pillars and the entire front were richly festooned with black. The hotels, private residences, and places of business were also appropriately dressed. In short, a mantle of gloom was thrown over the entire National Capital Flags from the Departments and throughout the city lloated at half-mast, and nearly all private and public business w;is sus- pended. The grief felt was widespread, and the deepest gloom and sadness prevailed on all sides. The President's corpse wa« removed to the White House before noon, and a dense crowd accompanied the remains. After an autopsy had been made on the corpse it was embalmed and placed in a handsome mahoganj coflSn, on which was a silver plate bearing the inscription: : ABRAHAM LINCOLN, : : Sixteenth President of the United States. : \ Born February 12, 1809. \ : Died April 15. ISGo. : In the evening City Councils, clergy, and others held meetings to oilicially express regret at the President's death. Although nothing was talked of during the day but the atrocious iissassinar tion and attempted assassination made by Secession sympathizers and desperadoes, there was no disturbance of any kind, and by nigiit time the streets were quiet and the excitement gradually subsiding. In the nu-antime every effort was being made to cap- ture the assassins. Every road leading out of Washington was strongly picketed, and every avenue of escape thoroughly PIiE81J)ENT LINCOLN. 223 guarded, and stoamboats about to start down tlio Potomac were stopped. A rumor jirevailed that Wilkes IJootli liad been cap- tured, and this helped tokeep the indignation of ilu; prophi as fierce as ever, ;vnd to keep up the excitement, though the rumor turned out to be without founthition. THE NOKTII IN MOURNING. Sunday, the Ifith. was a solemn and mournful day in Washing- ton.as also in every city in the States. The churches were crowded, and not a sermon was preached but the tragic occurrence was touchingly alluded to. During the day it was learned that all members of the Seward family were recovering from their in- juries, and general satisfaction was expressed that Secretary Sew- ard had not fallen a victim to tlie assassin's blow. The interior of the White House all day presented a scene of overwhelming sad- ness. The body of the Chief Magistrate of the Nation was temporarily laid out in one of the upper rooms of the house. The body was dressed in the suit of plain black worn by him on the occasion of his last inauguration, while on his pillow and over the breast were scattered affectionate offerings in the shape of white flowers and green leaves. During the evening it was made known that the funeral services would take place Wednesday, the 19th, and that the President's body would be interred at Springfield, 111. On Monday the person who assaulted Secretary Seward was arrested as he was about to enter the house of Mrs. Surratt in the little village of Unionto^vn. An intense excitement prevailed when it was learned that detectives were on Booth's tracks. Several persons supposed to be concerned in these murderous out- rages were placed under arrest. On Monday the body of the mur- dered President lay in state in the coffin, which was placed on a grand catafalque erected in the East Room of the White House. The room was heavily draped in mourning and a guard of honor surrounded the coffin. The populace by thousands gathered at the White House and there viewed the body. The trains dur- ing the night and morning rought hundreds of distinguished visitors to the city from all portions of the North. All the streets leading to the White House were throngeil with people from early morn till late at night wending their Avay to the spot where rested the sarcophagus in which was conlhied the cold and motionless form of him who but a few days since had hold of the helm of the ship of State. The universality of the mourning was remarkable. Old and young, rich and poor, all sexes, grades and colors, united in paying their homage to the great and illustrious dead, and one 224 ASSASSINATION OF of the most toiichingsights was that of the wounded soldiers from the liospilals, who came tu have a long, last look at the face of the late President and honored Counnander-in-Chief. THE rUNEKAL SEUVICES. On Wednesday morning a funeral service was held at the White House, at which were present a large nunil)er of clergymen repre- senting various sections of the country. The heads of Bureaus, the Sanitary and Christian Commissfons, the Governors, Assistant Secretaries, Congressmen, ollicers of the Supreme Court, the Diplo- matic Corps, the Juilges of the local Courts, the pall-bearer3» ladies of the Government oflicials, the chief mourners. President Johnson and Cabinet, the members of the family, and the ushers. The wiiole scene presented in the room was one of solemnity, and a single feeling ajtpeared manifest among all, and that was grief. The services were conducted by the Rev. Dr. Hall, of the Episcopal Cliurch. in the city, and the funeral oration was delivered by the Rev. Dr. Gurley, pastor of the Presby- terian Church in the city, which Mr. Lincoln and his family were in the habit of attending. At the close of these services the the funeral cortege started for the Capital, Every window, housetop, balcony, and every inch of sidewalk on either side was densely crowded with a living throng to witness the procession. The beat of the funeral drum sounded upon the street, and the cortege marched with solemn tread and arms reversed. The pro- cession consisted of a large military escort, including a body of dismounted otiicers of the army and navy and marine corps. Fol- lowing these came the civic authorities, and after them the fun- eral car, drawn by six gray horses. A long line of sad and weep- ing relatives of the deceased followed in carriages. Next came President Johnson, accompanied by 'Mr. Preston King, of New Yoik, with a strong cavalry guard on either side. Ihe rest of the procession consisted of the Cabinet and diplomatic corps. Judges of the Supreme Court, and clerks of the Departments, and was closed by l,r>()0 well-dressed negroes of various organizations. The procession was one hour and a half passing a given point; it con- tained 18,000 persons, and was witnessed by "at least 150,000 peojjle. After the body had been phiced in the Capitol, the Rev. Dr. Gurley read the burial service, at the close of which the out- side procession slowly disjjerscd. The body of the late President lay in slate in the Capitol all that day and through the night, attended by,a guard of honor and viewed by an immense number of citizens. PREStDBNT Lll^COLI^. 226 Ear'y on Frida}' moniinp:, tlie 21st, the bod}' was carried to the depot of the Baltimore & Ohio Railway, and the distinguished party that was to accoini)any the remains to Springlieltl, 111., left on their sad errand by the half-past 7 a. m. train. The route was as follows, and the arrangements were all carried out to perfec- tion, there being no delays on the journey : From AVashington to Baltimore, Baltimore to Ilarrisburg, llarrisburg to Philadelphia, Philadelphia to New i'ork. New York to Albany, Albany to liuf- falo, Bufifalo to Cleveland, Cleveland to Columbus, Columbus to Indianapolis, Indianapolis to Chicago, Chicago to Springfield. All the towns along the route were draped in mourning, and at the cities above mentioned, where the funeral train stopped, the cofRn was removed from the funeral car and borne in solemn and majestic procession through the streets to the principal public building in each city, where suitable ceremonies were performed, and the sad procession in each city witnessed by thousands of cit- izens and visitors from neighboring towns. The funeral train reached Springfield, 111., on the 4th of May, on which day the body of the deceased President was interred in the Oak llidge Cemetery amid much funeral pomp and ceremony. THE ASSASSINS ARRESTED. It was some days after the assassination of President Lincoln before the indignation of the public was somewhat calmed at learning of the arrests of those implicated in the assassination of the Preiident and in the assaults on the Seward family. A reward of $.">0,000 was offered for the arrest of Booth, 825,000 for the arrest of Atzerot, and a like sum for that of D. C. Harrold, the latter two being known to be specially implicated in the assassi- nation and the attempted assassination. Lewis Payne was ar- rested April 15 at AVashington, at the house of Mrs. Surratt. Oa being taken before the servant at Mr. Seward's house he was im- mediately recognized as the person who attempted to assassinate Secretary Seward. With him were arrested Mrs. Surratt and oth- ers in the same house. Atzerot was arrested on April 20 near Middlebury. Montgomery Co., Md. On April 25th J. Wilkes Booth was overtaken by a party sent out by Col. L. C. Baker, special detective of the War Department. Booth and Harrold had been traced together across theKappahunnocklliver at Mathias Point, Md.,and were found on Tuesday evening, April 25, in a barn about three miles from Port Royal. The barn was surrounded, and, although Harrold was willing to give himself up, Bootu refused to surrender. Finally the barn was fired. Harrold then gave 226 GARFIELD'S MAZIM8. himself up. but Booth jn-opared to defend himself. Lieut. Doch- erty, couimaiidiiig the party, oi'di-ied iSerj^t. Cuibett to fire, which he did through one of tlie crevices and shot Booth through the head. Upon being shot Booth exclaimed, "It is all up now; I'm gone!" lie was found to be woundec^ in the head, and died about two hours after he was shot. The other important arrests made were Dr. Mudd.at whose house Booth was known to have stoppei. when in Maryland; Edward Spangler, of Ford's Theatre; Michael O'Laughlin. and Samuel Arnold. These, with Atzerot, Ilarrold, and :Mrs. Surratt, were arraigned on Saturday, May lo, and after a lengthy trial, Harrold, Payne, Atzerot. and JSIrs. Surratt were sen- tenced to be executed, and were hanged on July 7 at Washington. Garfield's Maxims. —I WOULD rather be beaten in liight than succeed in Wrong. — I FEEL a piofounder reverence for a Boy than for a man. I never meet; a ragged Boy in the street without feeling tiiat I may owe him a salute, for 1 know not what possibilities may be but- toned up under his coat. — PiiESENT Evils always seem greater than those that never come. — Ll'CK is an ignis-fatuus. You may follow it to Ewin, but never to Success. —A POUND of Pluck is worth a ton of Luck. — Foi: the noblest man that lives there still remains a Conflict' —The principles of Ethics have not changed by the lapse of years. — Growth is better than Permanence, and permanent growth is better than all. —It is no honor or proht merely to appear in the arena. The Wreath is for those who contend. — After the battle of Arms comes the battle of History. — There is a fellowship among the Virtui'S by which one great, generous passion stimulates another. —The privilege of being a Young Man is a great privilege, and the privilege of growing uj) to be an independent Man in middle life is a greater. — Xo Man can make a speech alone. It is the great liuman powei tiiat strikes up from a thousand minds that acts upon hiuj and makes the speech. — We hold reunions, not for the Dead, for there is nothing in all tho earth that you antl I can do for the Dead. They arc patit GARFIELD'S MAXIMS. 227 our help find past our pniipo. Wprnii .nrld to thrni no glory, we can give to them no inm (utiilily. 'Jl.cydonot need iis. but for- ever and forever more we need tlitm— (i^jjt-tc/i of Utveta. Atiy.S, 1880. — XoTiiiNO is more nncertain than the result of any one throw; few things more certain than the result of many tiiruws. —If the power to do hard work is nut Talent, it is the hest pos- sible substitute for it. — OccASiox mav be the bugle-call that summons an army to battle, but the blast of a bugle can never make Soldiers or win Victories. -Things don't turn up in this World until somebody turns them up. —We cannot study Nature profoundly without bringing our-, selves into communion with the bpirit of Art, which prevades and tills the Universe. —If there be one thing upon this Earth tliat maiddnd love and admire better tlian another.it is a brave Man— it -is a man wlio dares to look the Devil in the face and tell him he is a Devil. —It is one of the precious mysteries of Sorrow that it finds solace in unsellish Thought. — Tkue akt is but the anti-type of Nature— the embodim.ent of discovered Beauty in utility. —Every character is the joint product of Nature and Nur- ture. , _IIe was one of the few great Eulers whose wisdom increased with his power, and whose spirit grew gentler and tenderer as hiS Triumphs were multiplied.— CmrioviOJi Abraham Lincoln. —The Problems to be solved in the study of human life and character are these: Given the Character of a Man ami the con- ditions of life around him, A\ hat will be his Career? Or. given liis Character and Career, of what kind were his Surroundings? The relation of these three factors to each other is severely logicah From them is deduced all genuine History. Character is the chief element, for it is both a Result and a Cause— a result of In- fluence and a cause of Kesults. — PoM'EPv exhibits itself under two distinct forms— Strengthand Porce— each poi-se?sing jieculijir qualities and each jierftn-t in its own spliere. " Stiength is typified by the Oak, the Pock, the Mountain. Foice embodies itself in the Cataract, the Tempest, the Thunderbolt. -The possession of great Powers no doubt carries with it a contempt for mere external Show. —To a voimg IMan who has in himself the magnificent possibili- ties of liie it is nut fitting that he should be permanently ccun- 828 GARFIELI/S MAXIMS. mniided ; he should be a Commander. You must not continue to he the employed . You must be an employer! You must be pro- moled Irom llie ranks to a command. There is something, young .Man, whicli you can command— go and lind it and command it. Do not, I beseech you, be content to enter upon any Business which does not require and compel constant intellectual Growth. — In order to have any success in life, or any worthy success, you must resolve to carry into your work a fullness of Knowl- edge—not merely a Sufficiency, but more than a Sufficiency. —Be fit for more than the Thing you are now doing. —If you are not too large for the Place you are too small for it. — Young Men talk of trusting to the Spur of the Occasion. That trust is vain. Occasions cannot make Spurs. If you ex- pect to wear Spurs you must win them. If you wish to use them you must buckle them to your own heels before you go into the Fight. — The Student should study himself, his relation to Society, to Nature and Art— and above all, in all, and through all tiiese, he should stiuly the relations of Himself, Society, Nature and Art to God the Author of them all. —Great Ideas travel slowly and for a time noiselessly, as the gods whose Feet were shod with wool. — The world's history is a Divine Poem of which the history of eveiy Nation is a canto and every Man a word. Its strains have been pealing along down the centuries, and though there have been mingled the discords of warring, cannon and dying men, yet to the Christian, Philosopher and Historian— the humble listener- -there has been a divine melody running through the song which speaks of hope and halcyon days to come. — TiiTJTH is so related and correlated that no department of her realm is wliolly isolated. —Liberty can be safe only when suffrage is illuminated by education. —The scientific spirit has cast out the Demons and presented us with Nature, clothed in her right mind and living under the reign of law. It has given us for the sorceries of tiie Alcliemist, the beautiful laws of cliemistry ; tor the dreams of the Astrol- oger, the sublime truths of astronomy; for the wild visions of Cosmogony, the monumental records of geology, for the anarchy of Diabolism, the laws of God. -The American peoi)le have done much for the Locomotive, and the Locomotive lias done much for them. — I i.ovE to believe that no heroic sacrifice is ever lost, that the cliaracters of men are moulded and inspired by what their fathers havedouc; tiiiit, treasurecl up in American souls are all the un- conscious infiut-nces of the great deeds of the Anglo-Saxon race, from Ajj'incourL to Bunker HilL ■w "o^ ^.^ yJf^^ ^^^ .^^ -.• ^^ "'^^ ->^V^V\^ •» "^ * ,* » • • , '\ ,-^^ . rr^- x^ t. ^iis'O^ ■0' .•',, C^^^ ^°-^<^. \i!-« "^^^.^ '* -'^'* ^^ V **^-'" .^^ -^^ -* oVo' .0 ^ V^ ^<- aV^ <^'^^ ,y^ ■^, '^^, I f^^ ^'■■'^ ^%. ^..^ /^'*m'^ V.9^ / 5|. 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