~ I. .0 ,^ c " O _j ^ C • '^ ■0^ ,■ .-1°^. V • o. ■A\^ < i?A. V .0 '.^ ,^ ■:i -^^ o o '^. •v^' ^^^ V iOSr-'T^fV,, O - ^- O * e, . o ' ^0 O v^^ - * • o '^. ^"° .>^° ... "^^. "^ .\^ ^>t. <5 5i' -> -^ ^■-£J A <'. ^^ ,^ :-^^9^.r. ^^^ A^ .\^^ <• .-.•..* .V ^. ". .. A- -^ O K O ^ <5> ,0 . ' \ '^y^^K^ >. A^ c^^ ^'i%f/h>. u .^< kV ,0 ^^^ -; ^ V. ■y '<■' *>*. o ^°-^^, ^. .^ /}})% "^.A >^ ,A '^^ 'V r. -y ■ A -{K'^ < , s • • , 1: >' --v. ^. o V .-.^^r 0^ ' l7. '-?> >-'r^^ , ^ ^l-rr^fT^-^" ,o- , ^^l^^-" .i^% ^ °-i^^j^.' ^ .^^ ..'. A ^^^-V. ■'\ ' , :* vT « A- ■ t - ,, J - O 'o . 'j^ * ^^ A ' o^ o .^ Ci ^ '^O ^° "-^^ ir g ^-^ ■-^ o^ 9 ■ a 4 c, -X', •<^> Anti-Abolition Tracts. — No. 2. FREE NEGKOLSM; OR, llESULTS OF EMANCIPATION IN THE North and the West Iiiclia Islands. STATISTICS OF THE DECAY OF COMMERCE —IDLENESS OF THE NEGRO— HIS RETURN TO SAV AGEISM, AND THE EFFECT OF EMANCIPATION UrON THE FARMING, MECHANICAL AND LABORING CLASSES. SECOND EDITION, E,EVISED AND ENLAEGED. NEW YORK: VAN EVRIE, HO ETON & CO.", No. 162 Nassau Street, 1863.. ^%^' ANTI-ABOLITION TRACTS. For twenty-five or tliirty years, the Aholitionists have deluged (he country with innumerable books, pamphlets, and tracts inculcating thtir false and pernicious doctrines. Little or nothing has ever been done in the same way towards coun- teracting their influence. TJiou^ands now feel tliai such pubUcatiuns are indis- pensably necessary. In order to supply what it is believed is a wide-felt want, the undersigned have ddermined to issue a series of ''Anti-Abolition Tracts,'^ embracing a concise discussion of current j)oliiical issues, in such a cheap and popular form, and at such a merely nominal price for large quantities, as ought to secure for them a very extensive circulation. Two numbers of these Tracts have already been issued. No. 1 gives a critical analysis of the real causes of our pii'esent deplorable diffi'^ulties, and shows hoiu, and how only, the Union can be restored. No. 2 is a brief history of the Results of Emancipation, showing its wretched and miserable failure, ani thai Negro Freedom is simply a tax upon White Labor. The facts in relation to the real condition of the Freed Negroes in ITayti, Jamaica, etc., have been carefuUy svppresscd by the Abolition papers, but they ought to be laid before the public at once, so that the evils which now afflict Mexico, Hayti, and all countries where the Negro-equalizing doctrines have been tried, may be averted from our country forever. No. 1— ABOLITION AND SECESSION: or Cause and Effect, together with the Kaniedy for our i^cctional Troubles. By a Unionist. No. 2.— FKEE NEGROISM : or Eesults of Emancip.ation in the North and the "West India I.slancis; with Statistics of tlie Decay of Commerce, Idleness of the Negro, his Return to Savagism, and the Effect of Emancipation u])on the Farming, Mechanical, and Laboring Classes. TERKS : Single copies $0 06 Twenty copies , 1 00 One hundred copies 4 00 AU orders under 100, at the rates named, will be sent by mail, post 2'>aid. All orders for 100 or over will be sent by express, or as may be directed by the party ordering, at his own expense. Very liberal discount made where a titovrsand copies or over are ordered at one time. Address \A?i ETRIE, I10RT0:V & CO., Publishers, No. 162 Nassau St.,' N. T. Tim Publishers earnestly request all in whose hands these Tracts may fall, if they think tliey will do good, to aid in circulating them. We have taken the liberty to send specimen copies to many parsons, for tJieir perusal, hoping that they will assist in this important work. We would also esteem it a favor if they will have the goodness to state the terms on which they are published, for the convenience of others who may feel inclined to order copies for sale or gratuitous distribution. EMANCIPATION AND ITS RESULTS. INTRODUCTORY. Gigantic efforts are now beiug made to convince the people ol" the North that the overthrow of tlie pre- sent rehitions of the bhick and white races in the South, or what is mistak- ingly called "the Abolition of Slavery," would be a great benefit to all con- cerned — a benefit to the white race, t(* the negro race, and a grand step in the progress of civilization and (JLristianity. Now the simple truth is the exact opposite of this. To overthrow the present relation of the races is to injure both the white man and the negro, and to inflict a deadly blow upon the cause of humanity, civ- ilization, and Christianity. We only need to approach this subject in a spirit of candid inquiry, and to bring it to the touchstone of pact. It is proposed to show in the followhig pages — J^rst. The eflfects of emancipation in the Northern States in the increase of crime, pauperism, and vice among the freed negroes ; Second. Its results in the West-In- dia Islands, where it has ruined pro- duction, destroyed commerce, and where the negro is fast relapsing into his original African savagism ; Third. The effect of Free Negro- ism upon the commerce, wealth, and business of the world, and especially upon the white laboring and producing classes, in producing a scarcity of tropical productions, and a consequent increase of price, thus allowing Negiv) Idleness to tax White Labor. The inherent right or wrong of any measure may be fairly dctei-inined by its effect. That which produces crime, pauperism, immorality, poverty, and misery cau not in the nature of things be right. Theories vanish before the stern arbiter of facts, and to that un- erring tribunal we appeal. PART I. FREE NEGROISM IN THE NORTH. Soon after the close of the Revolu- tionary War, a few individuals, most- ly Quakers, commenced efforts for the emancipation of negroes then held as so-called slaves in all the States, ex- cept Massachusetts and Pennsylvania It was a purely philanthropic move- ment, and had no more connection with politics than have the various missionary societies now in existence for diffusing Christianity in Burmab or China. Several States Avere induc- ed to follow the example of Massachu- setts and Pennsylvania, namely, Con- necticut, Rhode Island, New-Hamp shire, Vei-mont, New- York, and New- Jersey. In New-Jersey and New- York emancipation was gradual, and though provided for in the former State in 1784, and in the latter in 1799, "slavery" did not entirely dis appear until 1820, '27. Here emanci- pation ceased, and did it ever occur to any one to inquire why, all of a sud- den, this should be so ? If it were a benefit to take from the negro the care and guidance of white men, why did not all the rest of the States follow the example ? This question is better answered by the detail of a few facts. 71 It was not -without grave apprehen- sions as to the result tliat emancipa- tion had been inaugurateil, and it was only nine years after Peinisylvania had ^iet the example in 1780, that Ben- jamin Franklin issued an Appeal for aid to his society " to form a plan for the promotion of industry, intelligence, and morality among the free blacks." How far Franklin's benevolent scheme had fallen short of his anticipations, may be judged of from the fact that forty -seven years after Pennsylvania had passed her act of emancipation, 07ie third of the convicts in her peni- tentiaries were negroes or mulattoes ! Some of the other States were even in a worse condition, one half of the convicts in the penitentiary of New- Jersey being freed negroes. But Mas- sachusetts was almost as badly off, as appears from the report of the " Bos- ton Prison Discipline Society." This benevolent Association includ- ed among its niembers. Rev. Francis Wayland, Rev. Austin Edwards, Rev. Leonard Woods, Rev. William Jenks, Rev. B. B. Wisner, Rev. Edward Beecher, Lewis Tappan, Esq., John Tappan, Esq., lion. John Bliss, and Hon, Samuel M. Hopkins. In_ the First Annual Report of the Society, dated June 2d, 1826, they enter into an investigation " of the progress of crime, with the causes of it," from whicli we make the following extract : " Degraded Character of the Coi-ORED Population. — The first cause, existing in society, of the fre- quency and increase of crime is the degraded character of the colored pop- ulation. The f icts, whi(;h are gather- ed from the Penitentiaries, to show how great a proportion of the convicts are colored, even in those States where the colored population is small, show most strikingly the connection be- tween ignorance and vice." The Report proceeds to sustain its assertions by statistics, which prove, that in Massachusetts, where the free colored people constituted one seventi/- fiiurth i)ait of the population, they sujjjjlied one aixth ]>art of the convicts in her Penitentiary; that in New- York, where the free colored people constituted one tldrty fifth part of the population, they supplied more than one fourth part of the convicts ; that in Connecticut and Pennsylvania, where the colored people constituted one thirtyfourth part of the popula- tion, they sujiplied more than one third part of the convicts ; and that in New- Jersey, where the colored people con- stituted one thirteenth part of the pop- ulation, they supplied more than one third \rAYi of the c;onvicts. In the second annual report of the Society, dated June 1st, 1827, the sul)ject is again alluded to, and tables are given, showing more fully the de- graded ciiaracter of the fix'cd negro population. " The returns from the several prisons," says the report, " show that the white convicts are re- maining nearly the same, or are di- minishing, while the colored convicts are increasing. At the same time the white population is increasing in the Northern States much faster than the colored population." The follow- ing table is taken from the report : Whole number of Coloiei Prnpot- Coiivicts. Convicts. tion. In Massachusetts,. 313 60 1 to 6 In New- York,.... 381 101 1 to 4 In New-Jcrsey,. . 67 33 1 to 2 Were not these facts and statistics powerful arguments for arresting emancipation ? The other States, seeing its evil effects, took the alarm. Some of them passed laws ])rohibiting the freed negroes from coming within them, and it began to be declared that it was much easier and less expensive to manage " slaves " than free blacks. So gi-eat was the reaction which the disastrous e.vperiment of eman- cipation produced, that some of the States passed laws prohibiting emancipation, unless upon condition that the freed negi'oes be removed Irom the country. Thus the Coloniza- tion Society arose. It was argued that if the negro could not rise to any res))ectable condition here, it might be owing to the prejuilice against his color and the social outlawry visited u])on him. To place him, therefore, in a ])osition wliere none of these in- fluences could attect him, it was pro- 12 posed to colonize all who were freed, and, for many years, neolition of " .slav- ery," tliis number Avould have been in- creased to 14,000 — and this, too, in a territory less than ten miles square ! Here, then, we see the comparatively small territory comprising tlie States of Maryland, Delaware, aiwi the Dis- trict of Columbia, with no less than 115,000 fi-ee negroes! Set free all their " slave " negro population, which previous to the emancipation in the District of Columbia mnst have been about 100,000, and there would be 215,000 free negroes on 13,000 square miles, or one negro to every 2^ white persons ! No people can stand such an incubus of black laziness, vice, and crime as this state of affairs would produce, to say nothing of degrading the white population to a level with the negro. It will not be, it can not be a long time before the cry, " Abo- lition of free negroism," will be raised in Maryland and Delaware, unless the people are deprived of all right of self-government. If allowed to go on, free negroism will yet produce a social convulsion in those States and else- where, to which even civil war, with all its horrors, will be but a faint par- allel. Robespierre and Brissot, in 1791, tried the "impartial freedom" of Sumner and Greeley, in St. Domin- go, and Alison has vividly painted the result. Speaking of the Ilaytien tragedy, he says : " That negroes inarched toith spiked infants Ofi their spears, instead of colors ; then sawed asunder the male priso?iers, and vio- lated the females on the dead bodies of their husbands.''' The mind of white persons can scarcely conceive of such infernal atrocities, and yet they are conunon to negroes, when perverted into what is called freedom. From all that has been presented, then, it is easy to see that the present condition of the freed negroes of the North is of the most degraded char acter, and after fifty years of freedom, they are worse instead of better off. They are engaged in no productive employments ; they furnish a large proportion of our criminals; they fill our alms-houses ; and hence are a constant tax upon white labor. If their number according to the })opu- lation were as great as it was when JVIassachusetts and Pennsylvania were complaining of the burden they cast 4 upon them, our people would not stand the incubus it would be upon their labor and industry. The free negroes of the North do not now, owing to the immigration and the im- mense white population, form an ap- preciable element of society. If they did, our people would demand a rem- edy, even to a return of these negroes to the care and protection of persons who would guarantee that they should not become public burdens. Society scarcely appreciates the burden of one negro living upon the industry of 100 whites, as in Massachusetts, but when free negroes become as numerous as in Maryland, where there is one to every five whites, they become an intolera- ble weight, and must irretrievably drag down any State that submits to it. The crimes and indolence of these people are not, however, so much to be charged to their account as to the whites, who, with sufficient intelligence to know and comprehend this race, and their duties toward it, shut their eyes fi-om mere party spirit, to abso- lute facts, and keep on neglecting and pel secuting it under the name of phi- larthropy. The elFort to make the negro live out the life or manifest the capabilities of the white man, is like trying to force the woman to live the life of a man, or a child to exhibit the capabilities of the adult, or an ox to perform the duties of a horse ! Each one of God's creatures has his specific organization and his specific life, and it is just as reasonable to expect a white man to be an angel as it is to expect a negro to be a white man ; that is, to act as a white man, to think as a white man, or to work as a white man. Hence it is, as we have shown, that crime, disease, and death mark the career of Free Negroism. It de- stroys the negro, drags down white men, burdens them with taxes, and must inevitably end, where the num- ber of the two races approximate, in social convulsions and a horrible and revolting war of races. PART II. FREE NEGROISM ELSEWHERE. Having taken \ brief glance at free negroism among ourselves, we will now take a general survey of it else- where. Freeing the negro in temper ate latitudes, where the number was limited, was a matter of no moment in its effect upon the interest of com- merce or civilization. White labor, better adapted to those regions, rush- ed in to supply its place, and if no emancipation had occurred, the result would have been even more healthy, for the negro labor, rendered unprofit- able, would have been sent southward, where it would have been productive- ly employed in raising articles to be exchanged for the skilled hibor of more northern latitudes. In order, therefore, to see the really disastrous effects of free negroism, we must turn our attention to that vast tropical ter- ritory which has been cursed Avith this miserable delusion. IMany people, perhaps, have no idea of the vast terri- tory, Avhich now lies an uncultivated waste, solely from the effects of remov- ing the negro from the control of the superior race. The entire continent of North and South-America, from the Rio Grande on the North to Brazil on the South, is to-day, little more than a desert waste. But this is not all. Those beautiful and fertile islands — the West-Indies — Avith the exception of Cuba and Porto Rico, are in the same condition. Let us see how much land is thus lying unproductive and neglected. The number of square miles in the territory to which we have alluded, is as follows : Square miles. Mexico, 82'.t,916 Central America, 155,770 Venezuela,. 426,712 New-Grauada, 521,948 Ecuador, 287,638 British Guiana, 96,000 Dutch Guiana, 59,765 French Guiana, 22,500 AVest-India Islands, 150,000 Total, 2,550,249 The United States and Territories comprise an area of 2,946,100 square miles, so that here is an extent of ter- ritory nearly equal to the entii"e length and breadth of our country, which, with here and there an exception, lies 8 an unproductive waste. If the curse of God had lesled upon it, and, like the Cities of the Phain, it had been covered with a bituminous hike, its condition would not be materially dif- ferent. But, instead of thai, the Cre- ator made it ori,tj:inally the most glo- rious land the sun ever shone upon. Perpetual summer reigns, and the fer- tility of the soil is as exhanstless as the sea. Tlie variety and extent of its productions are almost unbound- ed, but, as God said before he inade Adam,''Lo! there is no one to till the ground." The negro freed, basks in idleness, mid only ])erforms just suffi- cient labor to keep life in liis body. The earth, however, is so rich in spon- taneous productions, that the labor which necessity requires, is compara- tively none ; and hence the negro in- dulges his constitutional complaint of laziness to its full extent. It would require more space than we have at our disposal to give a review of the decrepitude and decay of the vast ex- tent of territory from the Rio Grande to the Amazon. But a brief extract from Prof. Iloltou's work on Neio- Granada* will give an indication of it. Speaking of the Valley of the Cauca, in that country, he says : "What more could nature do for this people, or what has she withhold- 'en from them ? AVhat production of any zone would be unattainable by patient industry, if they knew of such a virtue? But their valley seems to be enriched with the greatest fertility and the finest climate ii\ the world, only to show the luiraculous jyrwer of idleness and unthrift to keep land poor. Here the family have sometimes omit- ted their dinner, just because there vkis nothing to eat in the house ! Maize, cocoa, and rice, when out of season, can hardly be had for love or money ; so this valley, a very Eden by nature, is filled with hanger and poxi'^rty P Now there are over 2,000,000 of square miles essentially in the same position — the inhabitants, degraded in * New-Granada : Twenty Months in the An- des. By Isaac F. llolton, M.A. Uarper & Brothers. morals, lazy in habits, and worthless in every respect. The improvements under the Spaniards are gone to decay and ruin, while the mongrel popula- tion do nothing except insult the name oi "God and Liberty" by indulging in pronuncianientos and revolutions! THE WEST-INDIA ISLANDS. From these Islands, where emanci- pation was inaugurated as an example for us to follow, we propose to draw our principal illustratioiTs of the failure of free negroism. This is the more important, because the abolitionists still endeavor to cling to the delusion that it has been a success. The West- India Islands comprise, it is estimated, in all about 150,000 square miles, or an extent of territory as large as the States of Georgia, Alabama, and Mis- sissippi. Some of the smaller islands are uninhabited, but those inhabited, and more or less under cultivation, have an area, as stated in Colton's Atlas, of 96,000 square miles. Cuba takes oft" 42,000 square miles, leaving 54,000 in Ilayti and the British and French Islands. When emancipation took place in Jamaica, in 1834, it was loudly heralded that free labor in the West-Indies would soon render "slav- ery" entirely unprofitable in the United States. Mr. Birney encouraged his followers with this hope, and William Lloyd Garrison even made the confi- dent prediction that the " American slave system must inevitably perish from starvation." George Thompson, the English Abolitionist, who came over to this country about that time to fan the fiiime of anti-Southern agi- tation, declared that " soon ;ill slave labor cotton would be repudiated by the English maimiacturers." The la- bor of free negroes was to acconq)lish all this, for it was presumed that fi'ee- dom would give an impetus to produc- tion, and that the enterjirise and in- dustry of the freed black men would soon far outstrip the resourc^es of those countries where "the unprofitable and expensive system of slave labor " was still adhered to. The millennium was thus, in 183;}, but just a step ahead of the Abolitionists.' They had almost VG 9 clutched the El Dorado of negro per- fection. But alas! for their confident anticipations and positive predictions. In six years the answer came, and it was as follows : In 1 800 the West- Indies exported 17,000,000 lbs. of cot- ton and the United States 17,789,803 lbs. They wore thus at this time al)0ut equally prodllcfi^'>e. In 1840 the West- Indies exported only 866,157 lbs. of cotton, while the United States export- ed' 743,941,061 ll>s. ! Instead, there- fore, of the " American system dying of starvation," ns Garrison predicted, or of the British spinners refusing to use " slave " grown cotton, England went right on manufacturing " slave" grown cotton, while her "philanthro- pists," to keep up the delusion, began to talk about raising cotton in Africa, by free-negro labor there, and they have kept on talking about it, and all the while using the productions of "slave" labor. But, in order to give the reader a fuller and more complete view of the terrible blow the indus- trial resources of the world have re- ceived by emancipation in the West- India Islands, we propose to take up a few of the more important Islands, and notice their decline with some minuteness. As it was the first to try " impartial freedom," we commence with HAYTI. This island is divided into two parts — the western portion being Hayti proper, and the eastern forming the Dominican Republic. It is next in size to Cuba, and is regarded as the most fertile of the Antilles. The en- tire island is 406 miles in length by a maximum width of 163. The number of square miles is 27,690, of which 10,091 are comprised in the Haytien or negro Republic, and the balance in the Dominican. It is very difficult to arrive at the exact population of Hay- ti, as no definite statistics exist, but it is variously estimated at from 550,000 to 650,000. The climate, natural pro- ductions and fertility of its soil are not surpassed by any other portion of the known world. Gold, silver, platina, mercury, copper, iron, tin, sulphur, rock-salt, jasper, marble, etc., etc., are found among its mineral productions. The gold-mines have long since Ijcen abandoned, as has ev^ry einplovment requiring lalmrious industry. The eli- niate is warm, but on aceount of the sea-breezes, generally agreeable and pleasant, even duriiig the summer heats. Vegetation is of the richest and most luxuriant kind. " It is extremely difficult," says a traveler, " to convey to one unac- quainted with the richness and variety of the island scenery of the tropics, a correct impression of its gorgeous beauty. Islands rising from a crystal sea, clothed with a vegetation of sur- passing luxuriance and splendor, and of every A'aiiety, from the tall and graceful palm, the stately and spread- ing mahogany, to the bright flowers that seem to have stolen "their tints from the glowing sun above them. Birds, with colors as varied and gor- geous as the hues of the rainbow, flit amid the dark green foliage ol"the for- ests, and flamingoes, with their scarlet plumage, flash along the shore. Fish of the same varied hues glide through waters so clear that for fathoms below the surface they can be distinctly seen. Turn the eye where it will, on sea or land, some bright color flashes before it. Nature is here a queen indeed, and dressed for a gala day. " In the island of St. Domingo, the rich beauty of the tropics is combined with some of the finest mountain scen- ery in the world. The broad, fertile lagoons, covered with groves of orange, citron, and coffee, with here and there a delicate column of smoke indicating the locality of some invisible dwelling ; groves of mangroves, rising apparently from the midst of the waters, but in- dicating the presence of d.angerous .shallows, gradually become visible. No rough promontory, as upon our northern shores, meets the eye ; every angle is delicately rounded, every fea- ture of the scenery undulating and graceful." To this surpassing beauty is added almost all the natural productions that can be conceived. The mountains are covered with forests of pine, maliog- 77 10 any, fust'c, satin-wood, lignnm vitne, and other cabinet woods. All the usual tropical productions grow spon- taneously in great abundance, includ- ing plautains, bananas, yams, maize, millet, oranges, pine-apples, melons, grapes, etc. The staples of cultiva- tion are coffee, cocoa, sugar, indigo, cotton, and tobacco. Surely, such a country as this has been peculiarly blessed by the Creator, and it seems nothiug less than a crime against na- ture to allow its exhaustless resources to remain undeveloped. But what is its history ? In 1790 Ilayti was in a high state of prosperity. At that time it supplied half of Europe with sugar. It was a French colony, and contained a popu- lation which numbered about 500,000, of which 38,360 were whites, and 28,- 370 free negroes, mostly mulattoes. The remainder were negro " slaves." The period of which we speak was the era of the great French Revolution, when doctrines of " liberty, equality, and fraternity" had full sway in France. The colonists or white people of Hay- ti entered with great fervor into the support of these doctrines, but they intended them to apply to white men, and white men only. But this did not suit the pleasure of the "Mountain Department " of the French Assem- bly. That demanded "impartial free- dom," and "impartial freedom" it was. In 1793 the freedom of the blacks in Hayti was decreed, and the grand ex- periment of "impartial freedom" com- menced. The result of that experi- ment is now, after seventy years' trial, before the world. If the negro has any capacity for self-government, any of the inherent, natural abilities or energies of the white man, surely he ought to have shown them during this time. With a country whose natural resources and fertility are beyond ques- tion, and with a climate exactly suited to the physical peculiarities of the race, surely there should have been no such word as fail. The island had been brought to a high state of culti- vation, and to an exalted commercial prospeiity V)y the French planters. It "was turned over to its new masters like a garden ready cultivated, and all they had to do was to keep it a& it was, and go on in the career of pros- perity which had been so successfully inaugurated. But what are the facts ? A few statistics will show, more vir- idly than words, how fearfully the is- land has retrograded^ and how falla- cious are all the hopes which have been indulged in, as to the industry of negroes, when left to themselves. In 1790 the value of the exports of Hayti were $27,828,000, the principal productions being as follows : Sugar, lbs., 163,405,220 Coffee," 68,151,180 Cotton, " 6,286,126 Indigo," 930,016 In 1826, about thirty years after emancipation, the figures stood thus : Sugar, lbs., : 32,864 Coffee, " -. 32,189,784 Cotton, " 620,972 ludigo, " none. Xow there is no sugar at all export- ed, while coffee and logwood have be- come the principal items of export. The former is gathered wild from the mountains, or from the old abandoned French plantations, while all that is required in order to get the latter is to cut down the tree, which grows spontaneously, and take it to market. It is, therefore, seen that all cultivation is abandoned, and only those articles are now. exported which require no labor to produce them. In 1849, the latest date of which we have any re- liable statistics, and sixty years after emancipation, the exports of the ar- ticles we have named were as follows : Sugar, lbs., ' none. Coffee, " 30,608,343 Cotton, " 544,516 Indigo, " none. It is impossible to state, with ac- curacy, what the present value of the exports of Ilayti amount - to. JNIr. Sumner, in a recent speech in the Sen- ate, placed them at $2,673,000. This, we apprehend, is just about double the real value. A recent traveler, Mr- Underbill, says he could find no statis- tics in Hayti as to her commerce, and Mr. Sumner's figures are, doubtless, mere guess-work. But grant what Mr. 11 Sumner says, and wlmt a doUMul ])ic- ture of commercial ruin it juvseiits ! In 1V90, the exports of Ilayti amount- ed to $27,828,000, and now, according; even to abolition testitnoiiy, tliey foot up only $2,683,000 ! Conimeiit'is un- necessary. The statistics we have quoted are taken from the U. S. Commercial lie- lations,^^ Vol. I. p]). 561-2, officially reportejd to Congress, and i)ublished by order of that body. But all these figures are fully corroborated by every candid and impartial traveler. A for- eign resident at the capital of Hayti, under a recent date, writes : " This country has made, since its emancipation, no progress whatever. The population partially live upon the produce of the grown wild coffee plan- tations, remnants of tht' French do- m.inion. Properly speaking, planta- tions after the model of the English in Jamaica or the Spanish in Cuba, do not exist here. Hayti is the most beautiful and the most fertile of the Antilles. It has more mountains than Cuba, and more space than Jamaica. Nowhere tlie coffee-tree could better thrive than here, as it es])eci:illy likes a mountainous soil. But the indolence of the negro has brought the once splen- did plantations to decay. They now gather coffee only from the grown wild trees. The cultivation of the sugar- cane has entirely disappeared, and the island that once supplied the one half of Europe with sugar now supplies its own wants from Jamaica and the United States." In order to show the present condi- tion of Hayti more fully, we quote from a work just published in Lon- don, entitled The West-Indies — their Moral and Social Condition. The author, Mr. E. B. Underhill, was sent out by the Baptist Missionary Society of London, and is an aboli- tionist of the deepest dye. While finding all the excuses lie can for the decay of the island, he is forced to own the truth. He describes his jour- ney to Port au Prince as follows : " "We passed by many or through many abandoned plantations, the buildings in ruin, the sugar-mills de- cayed, and the iron pans strewing the roadside, cracked and, broken. But for the law that forlnds, on pain of contiscatiou, the expijrt oi" all metals, they Avould long ago have i)een sold to foreign merchants. ''Only once in this long ridi' did we conie u])on a mill in usu ; it was giind- ing cant's, hi oi-der to manufacture the syrup fi-oin which t<(f(i is made, a kind of infeiM("n- \-\\\\\, the intoxicating ii\ not one. All is decay and desolation,. The i)astures are de- serted, and the pi'ickly ])e:ir covers the land once laugliing with the bright hues of the sugar-cane. '■'■ The hydraulic works, erected at vast expense for irrigation, have crum- bled to dust. The plot/} is an it n known implement of culture, although so em- inently adapted to the great plains and deej) soil of Hayti. ''A country so capable of producing for ex])ort, and therefore for the en- richment of its people — besides sugar, and coffee, cotton, tobacco, the cacao bean, spices, every tro])ical fruit, and many' of the fruits of Eurt^)e — lies un- cultiiiated, "unoccupied, and desolate. Its rich mines are neither explored nor worked ; and its beautiful Avoods rot in the soil where they grow. A little logwood is exported, but ebony, mahogany, and the finest building timber rarely fall before the wood- man's ax, and then only for local use. The present inhabitants despise all servile labor, and are, for the most part, content with the spontaneous 2)roductions of the soil and foreM.'" The degraded, barbarous condition of the negroes of Hayti is well illus- trated in a description given by Mr. Underhill, of what is known as " the 79 12 religion of Vaudonx, or serpent-wor- ship." It is a native African super- stition, and proves, beyond all ques- tion, the rapid retain of the Hayti netrroes to the original savagisni of their African ancestors. Mr. U. gives a full description of the ceremonies of this heathenish rite, as described to liini by one of the resident mission- aries, which we regret we liave not space to give entire. The perform- ances are preceded by the following- barbaric chorus ! " Eh ! eh ! Bomba, hea ! hen ! Canga bafia te Caiiga moui'ne de le Canga de ki li Canga li." The objf^ct worshiped is a small green snake^ and the custom is a purely African heathenism. The ne- gro always has a predisposition to it, but it is repressed when he is under white control. Of late years it has been revived extensively in Hayti. " The Vaudoux," says Mr. Under- bill, " meet in a retired spot, designat- ed at a previous meeting. On enter- ing they take off their shoes, and bind about their bodies handkercliiefs, in which a red color predominates. The king is known by the scarlet band around his head, worn like a crown, and a scarf of the same color distin- guishes the queen. The object of adoration, the serpent, is placed on a stand. It is then worshiped ; after which the box is placed on the ground, the queen mounts upon it, is seized with violent tremblings, and gives ut- terance to oracles in response to the prayers of the worshipers. A dance closes the ceremony. The king puts his hand on the serpent's box ; a tre- mor seizes him, which is communicat- ed to the cii'cle. A delirious whirl or dance ensues, hightened by the free use of tafia. The weakest fall, as if dead, upon the spot. The bacchanalian revelers, always dancing and turning about, are borne away into a place near at hand, where sometimes, under the triple exciitement oi ^promiscuous intercourse, drunkenness and darkness, scenes are enacted, enough to make the impassible gods of Africa itself gnash their teeth with, horror." What a disgusting picture of sav agism and heathenism does not this present ! And yet, there are people who try to ]ialm off upon the world the idea that negroes can remain civ- ilized when left to themselves. This same missionary, Mr. Webley, writ- ing to the Lono like ■\vorkee just imi little moment.' " This is a graphic description of the negro character, where the climate gives him a chance to show out his real nature. The same author says that " one half of the sugar-estates, and more than one half of the coffee- plantations have gone back into a state of bush." The idea of working for pay never entered in black nature. As long ago as Mungo Park traveled in Africa, he discovered that " paid servants, per- sons of free condition, voluntarily working for pay, are unknoiou here." No traveler in Afi'ica, down to Dr. 83 16 Livingskone, has reversed that judg- ment. In Lewis's West-Indies, written 11 years before emancipation, it is re- marked : " As to free bhicks, they are unfortunately hizy and improvident ; most of them half-starved, and only anxious to live from hand to mouth. Even those who profess to be tailors, carpenters, or coopers are, for the most part, careless, drunken and dis- sipated, and never take pains suffi- cient to attain to any dexterity in their trades ! As for a. free negro hiring himself out for plantation la- bory no instance of such a thing was ever known in Jamaica^'' Earl Grey said, in the House of Lords, on June 10th, 1852, " that it was established by statistical facts that the negroes were idle^ and falling hack in civilization ; that, relieved from the coercion to which they were formerly subjected, and a couple of days' labor giving them enough food for a fortnight, the climate rendering clothing and fuel not necessary to life, they had no earthly motive to give a greater amount of service than for mere sub- sistence." Sir H. Light and Gov. Barkley have both shown, also, that the majority of the free negroes of the West-Indies are living in idleness, and the French colonies, according to a work from M. Vacherot, published a few years ago at Paris, demonstrate the same ruinous result under their emancipation act. Captain Hamilton, on his examina- tion as a witness, before a select com- mittee of Parliament, stated that " Ja- maica^ without any exaggeration^ had become a desertP In 1850 Mr. John Bigelow, then one of the editors of the New-York Evening Post^ paid a visit to Jamaica, and wrote a book thereon. As the testimony of an anti-slavery man his statements are given. Mr. Bigelow says that the land of that island is as prolific as any in the world. It can be bought for $5 to $10 per acre, and five acres confer the right of voting and eligibility to public offices. Plant- ers offi^r $1.50 per day for labor; 16 days' labor will enable a negro to buy land enough to make him a voter, and the market of Kingston ofters a great demand for vegetables at all times. These facts, said Mr. Bigelow, place independence within the reach of every black. But what are the re- sults ? There has been no increase in voters in 20 years. Lands run wild. Kingston gets its vegetables from the United States. But we will accumulate proof — pile it up, if needed. Mr, Robert Baird, who is an enthusiastic advocate of " the glorious Act of British Emanci- pation," on visiting the West-Indies for his health, could not fail to be struck with the desolate appearance there. " That the West-Indians," says Mr. Baird, " are always grumbling, is an observation often heard, and, no doubt, it is A^ery true that they are so. But let any one who thinks that the extent and clamor of the complaint exceeds the magnitude of the distress which has called it forth, go to the West-In- dies and judge for himself. Let him see with his own eyes the neglected AND ABANDONED ESTATES THE UN- CULTIVATED FIELDS, FAST HURRYING BACK INTO A STATE OF NATURE, WITH ALL THE SPEED OF TROPICAL LUXURI- ANCE THE DISMANTLED AND SILENT MACHINERY, THE CRUMBLING WALLS, AND DESERTED MANSIONS, WHICH ARE FAMILIAR SIGHTS IN MOST OF THE British West-Indian Colonies. Let him then transport himself to the Spanish Islands of Porto Rico and Cuba, and witness the life and activity which in these slave colonies prevail. Let him observe for himself the ac- tivity of the slaves — the improvements daily making in the cultivation of the fields, and in the processes carried on at the Ingenois or sugar-mills — and the general^ indescribable air of thriv- ing and prosperity ichich surround the whole — and then let him come back to England and say, if he honestly can, that the British West-Indian planters and jiroprietors are grnm- blers, who complain without adequate cause." 81 17 Ex-Governor Wood, of Ohio, who paid a visit to Jamaica in 1853, and who is no friend to " slavery," says : " Since the blacks have been liber- ated, they have become indolent, inso- lent, degraded and dishonest. They are a rude, beastly set of vagabonds, lying naked nbout the streets, as filthy as the Hottentots, and I believe worse. On getting to the wharf of Kingston, the tirst thing the blacks of both sexe-fi, perfectly naked, come swarming about the boat, and would dive for small pieces of coin that were thrown by the passengers. On entering the city the stranger is annoyed to death by black beggars at every step, and you must often show him your pistol or an uplifted cane to rid yourself of their importunities." Sewell, in his work on the Ordeal of Free Labor, in which he defends emancipation, and pleads for still more extended privileges to the blacks, says of Kingston : " There is not a house in decent re- pair ; not a wharf in good order ; no pavement, no sidewalk, no drainages, and scanty water ; no light. There is nothing like work done. Wreck and ruin, destitution and neglect. The inhabitants, taken e7i masse, are steep- ed to the eyelids in immorality. The population shows unnatural decrease. Illegitimacy exceeds legitimacy. No- thing is replaced that time destroys. If a brick tumbles from a house to the street, it remains there. If a spout is loosened by the wind, it hangs by a thread till it falls ; if fur- niture is accidentally broken, the idea of having it mended is not entertain- ed. A God-forsaken place, without life or energy, old, dilapidated, sickly, filthy, cast away from the anchorage of sound morality, of reason and of common-sense. Yet this wretched hulk is the capital of an island the most fertile in the world. It is bless- ed with a climate the most glorious ; it lies rotting in the shadow of mount- ains that can be cultivated from sum- mit to base with every product of tropic and temperate region. It is the mistress of a harbor wherein a 2 thousand liin :'f-battle ships can ride safely at anclici." We might till a volume with such quotations, showing the steady decline of the Island. I'lut it is well to note the moral condition of the negro. The American Missioimri/ Assoeiatio7i is the strongest kind of Abolition testi- mony in regard to the moral condition of the negroes. The American Mis- sionary, a nionthly ])a))er, and organ of the Association, for July, 1855, has the following quotation from the let- ters of one of the missionaries : " A man here may he a drunkard, a liar, a Sabbath-hreaker, a profane man, a fornicator, an adulterer, and such like — and be known to be such — and go to chapel and hold up his head there, and feel no disgrace from these things, because they are so commo7i as to create a public sentiment in his lavor. He may go to the communion- table, and cherish a hope of heaven, and not have his hope disturbed. I might tell of persons, guilty of some, if not all of these things, ministering in holy things." The Report of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for 1853, p. IVO, says of the negroes : " Their moral condition is very far from being what it ought to be. It is excf edingly dark and distressing. X/i- centiousness prevails to a most alarm- ing extent among the people. . . . The almost universal prevalence of in- temperance is another prolific source of the moral darkness and degradation of the people. The great mass among all classes of the inhabitants, from the governor in his palace to the peasant in his hut — from the bishop in his gown to the beggar in his rags — are all slaves to their cups.'''' So much for " freedom " elevating the blacks. It is complained that the marriage relation is not always re- garded where " slavery" exists, but it would seem, from this statement, that " slavery" had done more for the mor- al improvement of the negro, in this respect, than he was at all disposed to do for himself. Mr. Underbill indorses the stories 85 18 " of the crowds of bastard children " in the Ishmd, and says it is " too true." " Outside the nonconformist commu- nities," he says, " neglect of marriage « almost universal. One clergyman informed me that of seventeen infants brought to his church for baptism, _/?/*- teen, at least, would be of illegitimate origin." In fact, from all the aihnis- sions made, it does not appear that there is any more marriage in Jamai- ca tha»i in Africa. The churches, Mr. Underliill allows, are less attended than formerly, and there is evidently little of the religious training of the whites left among the people. The negro, however, has all the advantages of " impartial freedom," and " the highest offices of the state are open to colored men. They are found," says Mr. U., " in the Assembly, in the executive, on the bench and at the bar. AK cchiis mix freely. This would be the paradf -e for Seward, Phillips and Greeley. Mr. Underbill estimates the annual loss of wages to the people, from the decay of estates and i)]anta- tions, can not be less than £300,000, or nearly 81,500,000 ! Negroes who "work at all can not be prevailed upon to do so, generally, more than four days in the week, and rarely five: J\[r. U. also states that it has been offi- cially ascertained that ttoo thirds of the persons employed on sugar-estates are loonien and children. Yet, not- withstanding all these facts, tlie anti- slaveryite still adheres to his favorite hobby. He has excuses and palliatives for his friend, the negro. True, Ja- maica is ruined, but still emancipation is a success. The seasons are poor, the estates were mortgaged, the plant- ers have not treated the blacks kind- ly, and they have bought patches of ground of thrni own ratlior than labor for others. Su«;h are some of the ex- cuses of the friends of Sambo. But '.he facts still stand out in bold relief, despite the assertion of " negro mis- sionaries," Avho are interested in keep- ing up the d(-lusi()ii. The /ae^s they do admit. They can not deny or controvert them. This is all we ask — we need none of their excuses. In order to relieve themselves of the I odium of having ruined the fairest Is- land of the Antilles, they will natural, ly look for reasons not chargeable to them. Rpt figures do not lie. The exports of Jamaica have been gradu- ally decreasing ever since " slavery" in the Island was interfered with, un- til they have dwindled down to insig- nificance, and, as the London Times says, " there is no blinking the truth — the negroes will not work for wa- ges," and hence the tropics are going back to jungle and bush, while white men are taxed double the price they ought to be for all tropical products. THE OTHER ISLANDS. The careful survey we have taken of the condition of Jamaica, derived both from official statistics and the evidences of anti-slavery men, render it almost unnecessary to notice the re- maining islands, where emancipation has been carried out. The story of Jamaica is the story of all. We will, hpwever, briefly notice the condition of Trinidad and Barbadoes, for these islands are often held up by the discom- fited Abolitionists as an evidence of the success of emancipation. Again we will take their own evidence to vanquish them. Trinidad contains 2020 square miles. Her soil is as fer. tile as any of the islands, and if pro- duction has somewhat increased with- in the past few yeai-s, it is owing en- tirely to the Coolie slave-trade. As illustrating the terrible ordeal through which Trinidad has passed, we quote from Mr. Underhill. He says : "Three years after emancipation, in 1841, the condition of the island was most deplorable ; the laborers had, for the most part, abandoned the estates, and taken possession of plots of va- cant land, especially hi the vicinity of the towns, without purchase or lawful right. Vagrancy had become an alarming habit of great numbers ; every attempt to take a census of the population was baffled by the frequent migrations which took place. Crimi- nals easily evaded justice by abscond- ing to places where they were un- known, or by hiding themselves in the 86 19 dense forests, which in all parts edged so closely on the cleared lands. Drunk- enness increased to an enormous de- gree, assisted by planters who freely supplied rum to the laborers, to induce them to remain as cultivators on their estates. High wages were obtained, only to be squandered in amusement, revelry, and dissipation ; at the same time, these high wages induced a di- minished cultivation of food, and a corresponding increase in price, and in the import of provisions from the neighboring islands and continent. The laborers steadily refused to enter into any contracts which should oblige them to remain in the service of a master ; this would too much have resembled the state of slavery from which they had but just emerged. It was with reference to this state of things that Lord Harris Avrote in 1848 : 'Liberty has been given to a heterogeneous mass of individuals, who can only comprehend license ; a partition in the rights and privileges and duties of civilized society has been granted to them ; they are only capable of enjoying its vices.' " With the help of Vagrant Acts and other legislative enactments, somewhat like order was established ; and the introduction of Coolie labor has ena- bled Trinidad to recover from the state of poverty into which it has been plunged. The island, however, has been compelled to burden itself with a debt of $725,000 on account of the expenses of the Coolie slave-trade, which is disguised under the name of apprenticeship. According to Lord Harris, one fourth of the entire negro population of Trinidad, in 1850, were living in idleness. Estates were wholly aban- doned, and poverty stalked abroad. The Coolie labor arrested this down- ward tendency. Between 1847 and 1856, 47,739 Coolies were introduced into the West-Lidia possessions of Great Britain, the greater portion go- ing to Trinidad and Guiana. These 47,739 protests against the idleness of the negro have about doubled the pro- duction of sugar in Trinidad — raising it from 20,000 to 40,000 hogsheads. But no thanks to the negro for this, It is none of his doings. Mr. Under- hill declares that not one fourth of the persons em])loyed on the estates are negroes. Hence this increase in the sugar production of Trinidad is no evidence of the benefit of emancipa- tion, but just the reverse. The case of l^arbadoes is still more emphatic, though the Abolitionists are never tired of referring to that island as the proof positive of the success of " free negro labor." Now, what is Barbadoes ? Well, it is a small island, about large enough for -a good-sized water-melon patch. It is about 21 miles long by 14 wide, and contains 100,000 acres of land, all told. It has 150,000 inhabitants, and is more thick- ly settled than China. There is not an acre of wild or unimproved land ; not room, as TroUope says, " for a pic- nic." This land is monopolized by the Avhites ; and, under a rigid system of vagrant laws, the black is compelled toVork. If an idle negro is seen, he is set to work, at wages, or else com- pelled to DRAG A BALL AND CHAIN OU the highways. Mr. Trollope says • " When emancipation came, there was no squatting ground for the poor Bar- badian. He had still to Avork and make sugar — work quite as hard as he had done while yet a slave. He had to do that or to starve. Consequent- ly, labor has been abundant in this island only." Now, how this " cap- sizes " all "the stuiF the anti-slaveryites tell us about Barbadoes ! Not long since there appeared in the Independ- ent, of this city, an article glorifying emancipation as it had aftected Barba- does. Gov. Hinks, of that island, pub- lished a letter in proof of it, and in it occurs this remarkable admission : " In Barbadoes, I have explaineJ already that wages have ranged from 10(7. to Is. per task, and that rate pre- vails generally. In addition to these wao-es, a small allotment of land is usually given, but on a most uncertain tenure. The laborer may be ejected AT ANY TIME ON A FEW DAYS' NOTfCE, and he is subjected to penalties for NOT AVORKING ON THE ESTATE." There is the alternati\e to the negro, 8" 20 " work or starve." Does any one sup- pose that the negroes of Barbadoes would work any better than tlie ne- groes oC Jamaica, if there were j)lenty of unoc(;ui)ied hmd in that ishmd, as there is in Jamaica, on whicli they could squat? If the negroes of Barba- does are as enterprising as the Aboli- tionists Avould have us believe, why do they not emigrate to Jamaica, where labor is in such demand, much higher than in Barbadoes, and where land is plenty ? The truth is easily told. The negro never emigrates vol- untarily any where. He works when compelled to, and riots in idleness wherever he has a chance to show out his nature. It is doubtful, however, whether the production of sugar in Barbadoes is any larger now than it was nearly 200 years ago. It was one of the first islands in which the Span- iards cultivated sugar, and in 1676 the sugar-trade of Barbadoes required 400 vessels, of 150 tons each.* The pro- duction of sugar in 1852 was 48,000 hogsheads. In 1836, the tonnage of its shipping was 62,000, about the same as in 1676. It is, therefore, quite evident that there has not been a ma- terial change in Barbadoes for many years. The negroes have simply ex- changed masters, and are probal)ly now in a worse condition than under the old system. We have thus traced, with some mi- nute;iess, the present condition of four CONTRAST OF " SLAVE " NEGRO LABOR AND " FREE " NEGRO LABOR EXPORTS FROM THE WEST-INDIE& of the principal West-India Islands. Ilayti, where the negro has been left mainly to himself, we have seen, has gone back to its original, imcultivated wilderness, and the inhabitants are sunk into the Savagism of their -(Vfkicax axces^tors. Tliey are rap- idly losing even all conceptions of civ- ilization, and, as soon as the mulattoes die out, the process will be complete. Abolitionism will have reared an Afri- can heathenism on this continent as the culmination of their bastard phi- lanthropy. Civilization, and all the wants of civilization, are utterly ignor- ed by the negroes of Hayti. The cot- ton, sugar, coifee, indigo, etc., which they ought to supply to the world, are left uncultivated. Jamaica, the principal British West- India island, though the white popu- lation tiiere has struggled against it, presents essentially the same features. Every where are desolation and ruin. These beautiful and feitile islands, per- fect " gems of the sea," are turned over to savagism, and ruined upon the false and visionary idea that ne- groes are white. men ! To present at a glance the effects of Free Negroism in the West-India Islands, and to sum up the whole sub- ject in a brief space, it is only neces- sary to exainine the following table, showino- thfi deficit in production un- der '' tree negro labor : " "slave" negro labor. Years. lbs. Sugar. British West-ladies, 1807 636,025,^43 Ha>ti, 1790 163,318,810 Total, 809,344,453 "free" negro labor. Y'Mrs. Ib.r()duce con- sequently exported was 8316,220,610. We propose to classify the amount furnished exclusively by the fi-ee States, the amount furnished by both the free and '' slave " States, (which it is im- possible to separate and designate the respective amount furnished by each,) and the amount furnished exclusively by the " slave " States. FREE STATES EXCLCSITELT. Fisheries, $4,156,480 Coal, 731,817 Ii^e, 183,134 Total free States, $5,071,431 FREE AND SLAVE STATES. Products of the forest, §11,756,060 Products of agriculture, 2n,206 265 Vegetable food, 25,656|494 Manufactures, 36, 154,644 Manufactured articles, 2,397,031 Kaw produce, 1 ,355^805 Total free and slave States,. . $96,826,299 SLAVE STATES EXCLUSIVELY. Cotton, _. $191,806,555 Tobacco, ' 15,906,547 Rosin and turpentine, 3,734,527 Rice, 2,566^390 Tar and pitch, 151,095 Brown sugar, 103,244 Molasses, 44,562 Hemp, 8,951 Total slave States, $214,322,880 RECAPITULATION. Free States exclusively, $5,071,431 Free and slave States, 96,826,299 iSlave States exclusively, 214,322,880 Total, ; $316,220,610 If any one will analyze the articles embraced in tlie amount, 61)6,826,299, belonging alike to the North and the South, he can not fail to come to the conclusion tjiat at least one third is justly the product of negro labor. The result, then, stands as follows: Exports of Southern States, $246,598,813 Exports of Northern " 69,622,297 Total, $310,220,610 Calling the population of the North, in round numbers, twenty millions, and the po])ulation of the' South ten millions, we have the signiiicant fact that while the exports of the North amount to only $3.45 per head, those of the South amount to $24.65 !* It is not intended by this statement to deny that the North has vast indus- ti-y, but Avhite men, in a temperate or cold Lititude, conmme neai-ly all the products of their own labor, and hence it is, that in all ages, every nation which has acquired M'calth and jjower, obtained them from tropical regions where the inferior races, in their nor- mal relation to the superior race, pro- duced them. It is thus self-evident that nearly all the wealth of our coun- \try is dei-ived from negro servitude, for wealth is the surplus of production over consumption. The North has but little over — the South a great deal. It is the tropical regions which must be relied upon for this surplus wealth. When Spain held all her tropical possessions on this Continent, it is estimated that her net income from them was not less than |!50,000,- 000 annually, and she was the mistress of the world. When she lost them, her greatness and Avealth declined, and she soon sunk to a third or fourth- rate i)ower. Of late years she has been impi-oving, aiid if she do not commit the folly of overthrowing the natui-al relation of the races, she will rapidly advance in ])ower, wealth, and j)rosperity. There is one other view of this question, which is very important, * To this statement it may be objected that the Korth sends a vast quantity of produce and manufactured articles to the South, but it should be renicmljered that the South also sends a vast quantity of hn- jiroduce North. Our consump- tion of cotton is about $55,000,000; of sugar, $25,(100,000; besides naval stores, rice, tobac- co, etc., which do not enter into our calculation of Southern exports, any more than the North- ern articles sent South enter into the exports of the Nortli. Our calculation is based upon the foreign exports, as these only represent the sur- plus wealth of the country. 90 23 which, in fact, furnish the revenue of a country, and not tiie imports, for the hitttu' are but the representative of the former, without which they couhl not exist. Taking the liistory of our goveiMiment for forty years, this view of the case ])resents some most astounding results, which are condensed with much labor in the fol- low ino- table : and is worthy the careful attention of every person who desires to be well informed upon the caw-sfsof the great- ness, grandeur and prosperity of his country. It is fiequently asserted, by thoughtless peo])le, who have never investigated this subject, that the North has supported the South, paid the expenses of the government, etc. Now, all imports are based upon exports, and hence it is the eocports RETURNS FROM THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT AT WASHINGTON, SHOWING THE VALUE OP THB EXPORTS AND IMPORTS FOR FORTY YEARS, FROM 1821 TO 1861, WITH THE CUSTOMS PAID DURING THE SAME TIME TO THE UNITED STATES. Gross value of exports, from 1821 to 1861, $6,556,401,272 " " imports, " " 5,501, 23S,157 Customs duties on imports, paid in the U. S. Treasury, 1,1 91,874,443 TOTAL UNITED STATES EXPORTS FOR FOHTT YEARS. Cotton, $2,674,834,991 Tobacco, 424,118,067 Kice, 87,854,511 Naval stores, 110,981,296 $3,198,850,965. Food, 1,006,951^,335 . Gold, 458,688,615. Crude articles, manufactures, etc, 892,010,457. $5,556,401,272. ESiPORTS FROM THE SOUTH EXCLUSIVELY, FOR FORTY TEARS. Cotton, $2,574,834,091 Tobacco, 425,1 18,067 Rice 87,854,511 Naval stores 110,981,296. One third of food, 335,650,411 . 40 per cent, gold,* 183,588,615. $3,718,026,991 Amount of duty from the North, • • • Amount of Duty, . $689,141,805 216,682,773 95,349,955 190,699,910 .$1,191,874,443 Amount of Duty, pai^ by the South. . . $689,141,805 72,227,591 38,139,982 $799,508,378 392,365,065 Diflference, It will thus be seen that Southern products have contributed to the sup- port of the government nearly $800,- 000,000, while Northern products have contributed less than half that sum ! Can there be any doubt, therefore, in the mind of any candid and sensible * Some people, without reflecting, may sup- pose that this estimate, giving the South one third of the gold production for forty years, is too high; but they should recollect that the estimate is made for forty years, and we have had gold from California for only ten or twelve years. Previous to that time we depended en- tirely upon the mines of Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland for our gdld. These mines have been very productive, the Dorn mine in South-Carolina bringing to the U. S. Mint, at Chaflotte, $220,000 to $225,- 000 annually. $407,244,313 person, that this country owes its un- paralleled prosperity to negro labor? We do not mean to say that this dif- ference arises from any inferiority of Northern or superiority of Southern men, but solely from that tinwersal law of nature^ that the cultivation of the tropics^ carried on by the enforced labor of the inferior races^ produces a large snrplus over consumjytion, while lohite men in temperate latitudes consume nearly all they produce. De- stroy this cultivation, and you destroy Northern commerce, labor, mechctnics, manufactures, etc., etc., and reduce white men to poverty and privation. The comparative value of free ne- gro labor and " slave " negro labor is 91 24 also forcibly illustrated in the progress of our own country, when compared with tlioso places where the negro has been deprived of the guidance of the white man. It is often the habit of Abolition writers to compare the value of "free" and "slave" labor, in order to show the vast superiority of the former over the latter. But they are always very careful to have the com- parison to occur between white labor and negro labor. They never dare to make a comparison between negro " free" labor and negro "slave" la- bor. As white men are superior to negroes, their labor ought to be supe- rior to theirs, and in all latitudes where white labor is available, it is more vrijiiable, because more intelli- gent. Tliere is no sense, therefore, in comparing Ohio with Alabama, simply because there are no grounds for a comparison. The white man could not do the work of the negro in Ala- bama, nor could the negro do the work of the intelligent farmer in Ohio. The real question is, are the Southern States in a better condition than the free negro countries? This is the cor- rect test as to the success of free ne- groism. It is only necessary, in order to answer this question, to show the constant and steady increase of the great staple of cotton — a product that has done more for the comfort and happiness of the great toiling masses than any and all other productions of modern times : Years. Total Bales. 1800 35,000 1824 509,158 1830 870,415 1835 1,254,328 1840 2,177,532 1845 2,H94,503 18.50 2,706,700 1851 2,356,257 1852 3,nl5,029 1853 3,262,882 1854 2,930,027 1855 2,847,339 1856 3,527,841 1857 2,93^,519 1858 3,113,902 1859 3,851,481 1860 4,300,000 Export Value. 15,726,000 21,947,401 29,671,883 64,961,302 63,870,303 51,739,043 71,984.616 112,315,317 87,965,732 109,456,404 93,596,220 88,143,844 128,382,351 131,575,^59 131,386,661 161,434,923 184,400,000 What a grand and noble picture does not this present! Yet in 1817, the production of cotton in the West- Indies and the United States was just about the same! and Wm. Lloyd Gar- rison, Geo. Thompson and Dr. Chan ning, at the time of the West-India emancipation, predicted that free ne- gro labor would soon drive all "slave" grown cotton out of the market ! These architects of ruin, however, shut their eyes to the desolation they have achieved, and now, with the ma- lignity of demons, desire to bring the calamities upon ovir own hitherto pros- perous and happy country, which have marked the progress of the free- negro delusion in other places. The territory cursed by free negro- ism in the West-Indies, however, is but a small portion of the space now blighted in the same manner. We have given no statistics of the condi- tion of all that vast territory, com- prising the fairest and most beautiful portion of our continent, extending from the Rio Grande almost to the Amazon. When it was under its Spanish conq^ieroi'S, this territory, al- most as large as the whole United States, was largely productive. Its capabilities, however, were never de- veloped to any thing like their full extent, yet such cultivation as was commenced has been almost Avholly abandoned. The country may be tru- ly described as a desert, with only here and there an oasis, where a rude kind of cultivation produces just enough to let the world know that it is not an entire waste. Brazil, on the south, is the first spot where com- merce and trade exist to any great extent, and there the negro has not hkex freed. We are thus able to count up, with perfect ease, the only ])laces where tropical i)roduction is now carried on on this Continent — Cuba, Porto Rico, our own Gulf States and Brazil ! Just four comj)aratively small green s]>ots amid tlie wild and uncuhivated yet fertile and glorious tropical regions of the western hemi- sphere ! 92 25 PART m. THE EFFECT OF EMANCIPATION UPON TRADE, COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, AND WHITE LABOR. No nation or people, from the days of imperial l>abylon, has ever been ^eat in wealth or power which did not possess the trade of the tropical regions of a continent. The wealth of the East -Indies made England Avhat she is. With the riclies which poured into her coffers, from 1750, after she expelled the Dutch from India, she was enabled to crush Xa- poleon, and raise herself to that power in the world which was for- merly swayed by Rome. The rise and fall of imperial greatness in Asia and Europe has been determined by the ]j()ssession of the trade of the East-Indies, where the enforced labor of two hundred millions of natives has formed an ever-flow"ing stream of wealth. The Creator has intended our own tropical regions to be productive. They were not made " to waste their sweetness on the desert air." How are they to be made productive ? That is the jiractical question of the hour. The negro has been brought here from Africa, where he had been a wild, untutored savage for centu- ries, just what he must and will be forever, (so far as we are able to judge by all the facts before us,) when lie is separated from the white man. This negro has been made avail- able for just the work to be done. The white men of this continent need and must have cotton, sugar, coffee, indigo, and spices. Without these, civilization is put back five hundred years. True, we might again drag along as our ancestors did, the rich only being able to afford good clothing. The poor might man- ufacture their own by spinning, and carding, and weaving. Sugar, coffee, etc., might be again unknown luxu- ries. The farmer might have little or no market for his grains ; but this would not satisfy us. These articles must be liad, and they can not b« had without the enforced labor of the negro. Already white men have been, and are to-day, seriously taxed on account of emancipation of this negro. Take the two items of sugar and coffee alone. If we estimate the decline in the production of sugar and coffee by the reduction that has taken place in Jamaica and other places, it is fair to calculate that, were all the negroes, now lolling in the sun, eating yams and laughing at white men, set to work, we should have at least three TIMES the amount of both articles now produced. Such a production would decrease the price at least one half, thus furnishing the Avliite men of this country with their groceries at fifty per cent less than present prices. Let us look at this subject a little more closely. The "grocery bill" of the people of the United ' States is computed* annually at $86,928,000. Our imports of coffee, sugar, tobacco, and molasses, for 1853, amounted in value to 638,479,000, of which the negro "slaves" of Cuba and Brazil supplied 134,451,000. The balance of these four articles that we need, 848,449,000, is the product of our own "slave" States. The "grocery bill" of the people of the "United States, therefore, stands indebted as follows : To Xegro "Slave" labor $82,900,000 To all other sources 4,028,000 A great many well-meaning people no doubt sincerely believe that it would be good policy to emancipate the negroes engaged in producing this 882,000,000 worth of groceries fo\- the North. If it were done, the result is apparent. All kinds of grocerie> would rise in price to such an extent that no one but perhaps the wealthy classes could afford to use them. The negro, if freed in the tropical regions, ceases to produce ; and all know that the less of an article produced, the higher the price, aiil of course the greater the tax upon tiie consumer. Every negro, therefore, lazily squat- ting in the West-Indies, and, as the London Times says, " sniggering at * Professor David Christy, in Cotton is Kitiff. 93 26 Buckra," takes something from tlie pocket of every coiisumer of sugar, coffee, and molasses. The cost of tropical j)roductions is now fifty per cent above what it ought to be. Cof- fee ought to be liad for about the tax now upon it, and sugar in proportion. We are paying nearly ninety mil- lions of dollars annually for our gro- ceries — FORTY MILLIONS of it at least ought to be saved, and would be, if every negro were fulfilling the Heaven- decreed ordinance of labor. But the tax of emancipation upon the North is not fully seen in the in- creased price of coffee, sugar, tobacco, etc. Every negro freed in the tropics becomes at once a non-consumer of Northern products. When at work on tlie plantation, he eats bacon and, bread, and is furnished with plenty of good, coarse clothing, shoes, hats, etc. When freed, as we have shown, he eats yams and plantains mainly, and consumes little or nothing of North- ern ])roductions. The farmer and mechanic, therefore, are taxed by his idleness in two ways — First, by an increase in the price of coffee, sugar, etc. ; and secondly, by a decrease in the DEMAND for their own produc- tions. It was not until the extension of "slavery" occuri-ed in Alabama, IVHssissippi and Louisiana, that the Western farmer began to get any tiling like remunerative prices for Ins grain. And it is a singular fact that, the column of black labor on tlie Gulf, and of white labor above the 36th parallel of latitude, have kept right along pari passu. The one is the handmaid of the other. Carry out emanci|)ali(m on the Gulf, and you destroy the farmer in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. It would Ik* of little use to remove the block- ade of the Mississippi if the negro is to be freed. Sectional agitators have educated the Northern mind to believe that there is an antagonism between Ashat tlicy call " free and slave labor," tliat is, l>etween white labor and negro labor. Now, the real truth is that there never was a more perfect harmony in the world than that existinres- sure, they allege that the se])aration of master and servant must be effected without regard to consequences of this sort. The price paid by England to sep- arate the master and servant in Ja- maica loas the boast of the whole English press, as a vast sacrifice to the cause of African civilization. Not so 11010. There has been a larger gen- eralization ; new elements have come into the argument ; the discnssian has ranged over the relations of an un- limited poi)ulation to a limited surface of a food-iirowing earth ; and th.e London Times has more than inti- mated that Exeter Hall had led the British Parliament into a social blun- der in regard to Jamaica. But the English press is now nearly unanimous in the conclusion that the only good done to the Africans in Janiaica and St. Domingo has been to deliver them from labor, and consequently from ap- pe.irinix in the commerce of the world. And, to lurn the sharp edge of this conclusion, some of tlie Englisii social jjliiliisophers ask : " What business is it of the whites, that the blacks in America shall do one thing or an- other, or nothing ?" If mere exemption from moderate labor is the sum of all the "ood to the emancipated, in return for the Africanization of the tropical regions of America — and this concession is claimed from the whites in cold cli- mates of the United States — then we must look deeper into the relation of the two races north of the Gulf of Mexico, and our reformers must not be surprised if we ultimately, in be- half of a common humanity, put a stop to the Afi'icanization on the south side of the Gulf The two races had wants wdiich could be better supplied in America than in Europe or Africa. The whites foresaw their future ; but the blacks could not, because they know no past ; and therefore the whites constrained the blacks to come. Tlie whites took the cold climate, and placed the blacks in the warm, just as they had been* at home. The whites left feudal masters, in a small country, and gained large free- holds in a great comitry. TIjo blacks left little and gained much. The blacks gained a full sup- ply of the wants of themselves and their families, with freedom from caie about an employer, a sick-day, a sick family, a birth or a funeral. Never before had they fancied such a condi- tion of life. The blacks left the same cannibal tribes, the same fetishes and witches, and the saine wars, vvhich Du Chal-^ In found in Africa fi\e years ago, Vihere the chief of the last tribe he reached, in the inteiior, sent him, as a complimentary breakfast, a little boy to be roasted. Amei-ica is the Par;> disc of the blacks. Would they leave it ? The Colonizati(ni Society asked them. Ml'. Lincoln asked them. Did they go ? Political em.ancipation may constrain a few ; military neces- sity may drive more ; but the millions will be bui'ied where they were born, in the suimy South. The blacks never have regretted that their race was brought to America. THK PROBLEM TO BK SOT.VEO. But the blacks weie ])laced in America as cooperating ])nrtners ol the whites. They grow large, and 96 29 strong, and healthful, and long-lived on the food and clothing produced for tlicm. Their cooperation is the es- sence of our prosperity : they must not spoil it. We are as essential to each other as boys on tlie opposite ends of an up-and-down plank. They have the warm end of the plank, and we the cold. The cold constrains us to work hard to provide for a long winter ; and nothing but changin '^ „*' 0" ,\^ ... ^-^^ "'-' / V *^-^ ^y -^. ■^■^ '^M-' \'/ -•>^^/'^'"= ** ** 0^ A^ .^^ -> .^ -^ - • ^C, vP = O .^-. •5^ ^-^ ^-^ \\. ,,-^' r. ^^^^^ O 'o , , " A A V „ ~y* ' » « s .0 O 'o . t * A lO' "-> ^^ ^ov^ o V ■" - •'^ V^^^\<^' \: (> '^o<^ ?c r^l"^ ^0-^^, .0-7*, 0- % A ^''v .-/^ o V ^ '^X .^' t ^^Qf%:r .-^^ ^^ .^ ^^ ^ym^. ^WM/ -'^ -^ v^ ,^^ % > 0"' f> 1 40. -^0^ .^ ■a? ^ V- O. C)^ . « • o . ■^; -?.^ %iN .-J.^ (A -7" '=^> ■J^ , o " e . ■A Q^ /: ^ DOBBS BROS. _ > tIBIIAIIV BINOINO .^^,.. V'<; ^?^ .0 » * * o, r.MAR -76 ' ; -^o^ %: .o•^^ > ^4 o,. ^A FLA. '^ . 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