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' Warwick's 
 Keystone Commonwealth 
 
 A Review of the History of the CJreat State nf Peiinsyhania, 
 
 and a Brief Retord of the Growth of its 
 
 Chief City, Philadelphia 
 
 CHARLKS F. WARWICK 
 
 I-", X - \ I A Y O R OF THE C I T ^ OF P H r L A D E L P H I A 
 
 And Author of the following Works; 
 
 MiKAiiK.AU AM) TriK Fke.ncii 1 !r:vi)i,r'Hi)N, Dankin ami iiik Frknch Revoi r [ion, Koresi'ikrki 
 
 AM> nil-: Khi:n( II l!i vdi.ri lo\. \af'(ii i-.n\ ami iiih Kmi hi \\\v. 
 
 Fki,N( II l;i;\ (11 niiix. 
 
 PHll.ADKI.PHIA, PKNNS^IA \\l A 
 
(orvRK.iiT. \'M'6 
 
 KLLA K. WAliWK K. Adniiiii^tratrix 
 I'HiLALiEi I'lii A, Pennsylvania 
 
 FEB 19 1914 
 
 ■g)CI,A:!«2G10 j^ 
 
(X)N'i KNTS. 
 
 CiiAi'i i;k I. 
 Conditiiiiis in luirup^- in ilic Scvfiilfenth ('(.■ntiirv 8 
 
 C'll AITl-.K II. 
 
 Dulcii and Swi-dt's, Arrival ni luit^li^li I :; 
 
 Cii\i'ii:i; III. 
 I'enii Secures Cliarter of lVtni<\h:inia 24 
 
 (11 Al'lKR l\'. 
 
 ^k'nllonite^. Tnnkers an(l Schwrnkfelders 47 
 
 ClIAl'TlvK \'. 
 
 Volunteer l-'irc System. Market Place 58 
 
 L'li MM 1.1; \ 1. 
 Contention Re the r>i)unilar\ Line nt l'einis\ Ivaiiia 64 
 
 C'll VI'TI N \'li. 
 I'enn'- Will. HenjaTiiin |-ranklin jy 
 
 111 M'IKK \ I I 1. 
 l-'rencli an<l Indian Wars yi 
 
 C'li.M'i i:.K l.\. 
 I\a]iid I )evt'liiiinient nl ilu' l'it\ g8 
 
 rilAi'i|-.k .\. 
 State I louse and ll^ Hell 107 
 
 (liAI'll'.K .\l. 
 
 I'aiiiiins Stani]! Aci of I7'>5 i 14 
 
 L'w \i'ri:K Xl I. 
 I'assage nf the Declaration nf Independi-nce 126 
 
 C'll Al'TKU .\ I I I. 
 
 rhiladelplha .\la<le Seat <>i .Vali'Mial ( i'nt'rinnent I^l 
 
 I M \i'i i:ii .\ I \ . 
 Indian Insnrrection 130 
 
 ('ii\rii:u ,\\'. 
 Removal of N'ational C'apital i(>5 
 
 3 
 
CONTENTS.— Continued. 
 
 p.^GE. 
 Cn\i-n;K W I. 
 War .if iSi J 179 
 
 ClIAPIKU .\\ II. 
 TIk' r.cncli and tlic I'.ar 192 
 
 CllAI'TKl; Will. 
 
 Theatres ami Street Sceiie.s 199 
 
 C'liAi'Ti-.i; .\1X. 
 Music, Medicine and .\rt 21 r 
 
 I'll \iti:k .\.\'. 
 IntrLidiictic m ni Railroads 219 
 
 Cii.\i'ri:i< .\.\ 1, 
 Election (if .Vndrcw jacksnn 229 
 
 C'll AI'TKN XXll. 
 Philadelphia. A Literary Centre 241 
 
 en M'TI'R XXll I. 
 Slavery and l\ace Rints 240 
 
 CllAIMI'.K XX 1\. 
 
 .\ct of Consolidation 256 
 
 C 1 1 .\ ri ICK XX\'. 
 Agitation of Slasei'y (jueslion 2()(^ 
 
 l'ii\ni;K XX \ 1. 
 ( )penini^ of the t'i\-il War 2".^ 
 
 Cm \vr\M XX\ 11. 
 Development after the W ar 2X3 
 
 Cii \iTi:i; XX\ 111. 
 Peace Jnliilee Celehratioii 291 
 
 C 11. \ I' IKK XXIX. 
 .Manufacluriiii; and l''diicalional lnterest> 2Q5 
 
 r.ionraphy 2i)i)-42i) 
 
 In Menioriani 430 
 
 Index to History 4,V'i 
 
 Index to r.iographic> 438 
 
11 \i;i.i-> ]■. \\ \K\\ i( K 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Tins is licit a liistiiry (if dee]) rcsearcli. M\ ])li\>ioal roii.litiDii 
 lia^ liccn ^lU'li that ilnriii;^" its C(iiii|n i^it ii m I h:[\c \>cv\\ cnii 
 tiiU'cl til ni\ riiiiiii. imlccd imicli uf llic time tn iiu linl. ami 
 conseinK-iitU ha\c been imalik- to \isit tlic lilirarios and iitliiT 
 in>til utii Ills, til ik'Kc in and di;^ up uri^inal matter, and tn fcad and 
 slndx iiri.i;iiial letters. maiinsrri|it s and di iriiinent s. 
 
 Mv work has nut lie(.'n Imrilened with schedules and slatisties, lor 
 ni\" |iiir|iiise has lieeii tu .L;i\e tu the readef a liistnrx uf principal e\ei;ts. 
 and tu take him as it were, iiitu the \ei'\- atiiiusphere uf the times de- 
 scriheil. drawiiiL; pen purtraits uf ]iruminent men and ]iictiires uf past 
 incidents, shuwini^ the xueatiuns uf the peu|ile. tlieir amiiseiiiont s. their 
 habits, ciistiiiiis. attire. e\er\ ila\ street scenes and inaimer uf liviiiL;. and 
 at the same time shuwint; the i^radiial L;ruwtli and de\ e]u|)nieiit uf the 
 citN' and stati- and huw tlie\ lia\e been allected b\- natiuiial cunditiuiis. 
 
 In accumplisliiiiL; this task 1 lia\e iiseil a mass uf material which I 
 lia\e culleeled frum time tu lime in years i^une by; I lia\e alsu drawn 
 extensively fmm nuti's. ])ri\ate letters ami inemiiramia and ha\e cun- 
 suite. 1 such works as: 'riiuinas Pnnid's llistury uf I'ennsyh ania ; Wat- 
 son's Annals: 'l"hum|)sun W'esteutl's llistury of Philadelphia: lolin Kns- 
 sell Nonn.Li's ['liiladelphia : The Makin.L; of rennsylvaiiia. ami the Penn 
 sylvaiiia Colony and C"ommoiiw ealtli liy Sydney ( ieori:;e l'"isher: Dr. 
 Ellis P. Oberholtzer's Historv of I'hiladelphia : Peiin's Letters in the 
 
W \R\\ ICK S KEN'SrOXI''. I i IM M (l\ WKALTII. 
 
 [•".Nf iiiiiL; ISiilloliii ; and the main sketches i>n ilu- Iii^titi'x nf our citv ami 
 state from the pens of lion. Samuel W . Penn \paeker and Hon. Hamp- 
 ton L. (arson. 
 
 The readei' will not hiid a profouml work. InU I trust that it will 
 be of interest. The disaihanta^es nniler which the hook has heen 
 written must ser\ e as a ])artial excuse foi- my lailnre to more faithfulK 
 co\ ei- the suhject. 
 
 Cll.VS. F. \\".\R\ATrK. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 POLITICAL A.Vn RELIGUH'S l( I N 1 HTic ).\S OF l".l kl lI'K I.N rllM .SKVENTEliN'l' II AN'I) 
 
 er;iite-lnth cextuuies. 
 
 PENNSYLX'AXIA. oiic <.t the orii;inal thirlc-en stales, is the Keystone of 
 the Federal Arch, ller position and power give to her tiiis distiiigiiish- 
 ing designation. With .\'e\\ \'ork and New England lying on one hand, 
 and the Southern states (jn the other, she .separates them, Inu at the 
 same time serves as a bond to unite them in a fraternal union. She was founded 
 b\ an enlightened statesman, and peopled by lil)eral settlers, who, escaping from 
 religious tyranny, brought with them to ihe new land a spirit of freednni anil 
 toleration. Keeping her treaties faithfully with the Indians, her people were 
 never compelled to carr\ firearms (ju their \\a\ to church or to the meeting hou--e. 
 as were the Pilgrims of .\ew luigland. to repel the attacks of savages, ller in- 
 liabitants were imbued with the s|3irit of liberty and pi.ilitical eipialit\- which ni.ide 
 them more liberal in disposition than the Puritans. They too were without ih.ise 
 aristocratic features th.at characterized the cavaliers of the South. 
 
 It was fortunate for .America, for her future growth and development, that 
 the settlements were made at a time when the political and religious tyranny .-ind 
 the oppression of the old world sent ont emigrants wdio sought liberty and an 
 opportunity to worship ( Jod acc(jrding to the dictates of their own consciences. 
 Although they brought with them in many instances a spirit of bigotry and intol- 
 erance it is remarkable in view of what they had suffered how liberal they were 
 under all the circumstances. It was fortunate too that the [iolitical and religious 
 conditions of Europe forced them to emigrate, for they came not with the pnr- 
 jiose of adventurers who were simi)l\ to explore and e.xplmt a new land, but, 
 with the intention of settlers who were determined to establish perm;nu'nt 
 homes. 
 
 To cite, for example, the case <i\ the Pilgrims. They landed on I'lyniouth 
 rock in 1620. in December of that \ear. The weather \\a> unusuallv severe, and 
 they suffered great hardships, so that when Spring arrived half of the colony 
 were in their graves. When the ".M.-i} llow er," however, returned to h'.ngland in 
 May of l6ji. not one of the I'ilgrinr^ sailed with her. They had come to stay. 
 Thev were willing to suffer the discomforts and ])rivations of a new land rather 
 than subject themselves again to the tyranny and |)ersccution from which thev 
 had escaped. 
 
 The settlers that came to Xorth .Vmerica were brave and resolute men, 
 with the courage of their conviction>. They adhered to their faith in spite of 
 persecution: in fact. ])ersecution only intensified their loyalty and devotion. They 
 were imbued with the spirit of martyrs and they were willing to face the terrors 
 of an unknown deep and the jierils of a savage and an unex|)lored country in 
 order that thev might secure liberty of conscience. 
 
 The Piu-it.ans in Xew lMigl;ind, the f)uakers in i'ennsvl\;inia, the t'atholics 
 
lo Warwick's kevstonk commonwealth. 
 
 in Maryland, the Cavaliers in \'ir,c;inia. and the Huguenots in the Carolinas were 
 mighty architects of a mighty empire. 
 
 The first English settlement planted in North America, was that of X'irginia, 
 at Jamestown, in I (107. The Dutch settled in New York in i()i4, then came the 
 settlement of Massachusetts by the I'uritans at Plymouth in i()-'o. New Hamp- 
 shire and .Maine were settled in 1623, New jersey in iii_'4, Delaware in if>-7, 
 Connecticut in 1633, Marylaml in if>34. Khoile Island in 103(1, North Carolina 
 about 1(140, and South Carolina about idjo. Pennsylvania wa^ permanently 
 settled bv the (Juakers in I(i8j and ( )gelthorpe planted his blngiisb colony in 
 Georgia in 1733. 
 
 These settlements were made mainly by the luiglish together with an admix- 
 ture of (iermans and Scotch Irish. New Jersey was settled by the Dulch, Swedes 
 an<l Pnglish. and Delaware liy the Swedes alone. 
 
 In order to understand the causes that induced the emigration of these people 
 it is necessarv to consider the political and religious condition of Rurope in those 
 davs. Thv seventeenth century was one in which the absolutism of kmgs ob- 
 tained full swa\- and wdiich was characterized by religious intolerance, bigotry 
 and superstition. The glory and the power of the English connnonwealth had 
 ended with the death of Cromwell and the Restoration under Charles II. had 
 returned the Stuarts to the throne, who revived in its full strength the doctrine 
 of the divine right of kings. The imritauism and austerity of Cromwell-- rule were 
 immediately succeeded 1j\ a licentiousness that lea]>ed over all boumls and men 
 under the influence of the reaction threw tiff not only the profession but every 
 semblance of virtue and piety. Alnrality was reviled and ridiculed as cant ami 
 In-pocrisw I\evelr\ and dnmkenness s|)read throughout the kingdom and men 
 held Continued orgies while drinking the health of the king. The "Merry AIku- 
 arch" himself set the example for the free and riotous living that pre\-ailed among 
 the people. 
 
 (shark's II. was succeeded liy James II.. who after a vain effort to establish. 
 the Roman Catholic Church in England was compelled to abdicate and in turn 
 was succeeded b\- William and Marv who effected what is known in hist(ir\- as the 
 •■(;ioriou> Revolution of l()S8." 
 
 Erance. under the reign of Eouis NIW. was the leading anil mosi inlluenlial 
 state on the continent of l-"urope. In the king centered all the power .-(ml dignity 
 of the state. There were no constitutional barriers between him and the peniile. 
 His declaration that he was the State, was not .'i mere idle boast, but an absohite 
 truth. "The go\'erinnent of Louis is a great fact," sa_\'s (iuizot, "a powerful and 
 brilliant f.act, but it was built upon sand." He was despotic, bigoted and intoler- 
 ant, ignored the rights of man and by his extravagance and the ])riisecution of 
 useless w.ars hurrieil the natii.m into bankruptcy. His reign was signalized by 
 the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a liberal act pas.sed under Henry l\'. that 
 had given to the Huguenots reliej_f from persecution. 
 
 S])ain, under the rule of Philip II. had grown to vast dimensions but her 
 power suddenly dwindled and the sceptre ]),assed from her grasp. It was her 
 proud boast in the days of her glory that the sun never set upon her pos.sessions. 
 Macaulev, in commenting upon the importance and extent of Spain, says: "That 
 the empire of Phili|) II. was undoubte<lly one of the most powerful and splendid 
 
\v.\k\vick"s keystone commonwealth. 
 
 that ever existed in the world. In Europe he ruled Spain, I'ortut^al, the Nether- 
 lands on both sides of the Rhine, Franche Comte, Rouissillon. the Milanese and 
 the two Sicilies ; Tuscany, Parma and the other smaller slates of Italy were as 
 completely dependent upon him as the Nizam and the Rajah of IJerar now are on 
 the East India Company. In Asia the King of Spain was Master of the Philip- 
 pines, and all of those rich settlements which the Portuguese had made on the 
 coast of Malabar and Coramandel, in the Peninsula of Malacca, in the Spice 
 islands of the Eastern Archipelago. In America his dominion extended on each 
 side of the equator into the temperate zone. It is no exaggeration to say that 
 during several years his power over Europe was greater than even that of Na- 
 poleon." Put this vast and mighty empire soon crumbled and fell into decay 
 and in the seventeenth century her influence in Eun>])ean politics in a great 
 measure had departed. The Spaniards made no settlements in the new world 
 to escape persecution. When they came they were actuated by other motives. 
 
 The Spanish soldiers and, adventurers of that period were undoubtedly brave 
 and daring explorers but cruel and inhuman masters. To be sure they carried the 
 cross in one hand but they wielded the sword in the other and ignored the influ- 
 ence of the former by the cruel and desperate use of the latter. The greed of 
 the Spaniards in America for gold, deadened every sentiment of humanity. There 
 was no desert too broad to cross, no mountain too high to climb, no river too 
 swift to ford, no wilderness too deep to penetrate in their desperate hunt for 
 wealth. They were lost to every impulse of human sympathy in their treatment 
 of the poor natives. They scourged and drove them under the lash and sword to 
 dig and delve in the mines in search of the precious metals. The only purpose of 
 the Spanish adventurer at that period was to discover a fountain of perennial 
 vouth or a mine of perpetual wealth. 
 
 Bartollomeo Las Casas, an earnest and a most devout Spanish priest who 
 undertook to carry the Christian faith into these benighted regions, soon began 
 to protest against the savage treatment of the natives at the hands of his fellow 
 countrymen. In his account of the Spaniards in the Island of Cuba he relates 
 that a certain Cacique named Hatbuey had unfortunately fallen into their hands 
 and was burned alive. While in the midst of flames, fastened to a stake, he wa^ 
 promised eternal life if he would believe. "Hatbuey reflecting on the matter as 
 much as the place and condition in which lie was would ])erniit, asked the tnar 
 that instructed him. whether the gate of heaven was open to the Spaniards, and 
 being answered that such of them as were good men might hope for entrance 
 there, the Cacique without any further deliberation told him he had no mind to 
 go to heaven for fear of meeting so cruel and wicked a company as they were. 
 but would rather go to hell where he might be delivered from the troublesome 
 .sight of such kind of people." This is the testimony of a dev.ut and an earnest 
 priest who. making every sacrifice, carried to these simple peojile in the new 
 land the Gospel and the cross of Christ. It was fortunate that Spain <lid not 
 obtain a dominating or permanent influence in the settlement of the North 
 .American provinces. To be sure she early founded the town of St. .\ugustine, 
 but Florida became in time but a nest of pirates, robbers, desperadoes, outlaws, 
 wandering Indians and runaway negroes. Phiiting their forces they made con- 
 stant forays and massacred the planters of Georgia, burned their buildings and 
 
12 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 destro3'cd their crops. Then fleehig to the thickets, morasses and swamps of 
 Florida they were safe from attack. Tliese outraijes continued for years and 
 were beyond the control of the Spanish authorities and at last. Spain, to relieve 
 herself of the burden sold the ])rovince in 1819 to the L'nited States tor the sum 
 of $5,000,0LK>. 
 
 Germany had passed through the horrors of the Thirty Years' War, a relig- 
 iiius strife that involved all luu-o|)e in a relentless and desperate fury. "The 
 whole land," savs Carlyle, "had been tortureil, torn to pieces, wrecked and 
 brayed as in a mortar." Prussia was Inu a spot on the map and without inllu- 
 ence until tlie (ireat I'rederick lifted her to a co-mmanding position. 
 
 The Dutch Re])ublic "powerful by its waters, its union and despair" after 
 passing through the terrors of Alva's rule and the cruel persecution of the in- 
 iquitous Inipiisition, attained great prominence and political importance and 
 became the most powerful maritime nation in the world, holding the position of 
 mistress of the seas for a centurv, which iMigland does to-day. Sweden under 
 the wise reign of Gustavus Adolphus and the able administration of Count I ).\en- 
 stiern, rose to the height of her power. Portugal \irtually was without iniluence 
 and ltal\- was divided into fragments, lier thrones occupied by foreign princes. 
 
 Purope had emerged slowly from the stu])or and darkness of the Middle 
 .\ges. The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the I5tli century, dis- 
 perseil the learned men. of the Kast. and thus was re\-ived in Western luirope 
 the literature and culture of lireece and ivouie. The printing press too aided in 
 the dissemination of learning by the multiplication of Ijooks. The religious 
 Reformation preached by Wickliffe was in turn toUowed by that of John Huss. 
 Then came Martin Luther, who appeared one hundred >ears after the latter, 
 and whose famous ninety-five propositions aimed at indulgences and at what he 
 called the errors of the Roman Catholic Lburcli. L'nder the influence of these con- 
 ditions a revolution was created in the thinights of men, and their minds, released 
 from a long captivit\, deman<led the reason of things and would not accept as a 
 verity mere dogma and doctrine. Sects sprang up in every direction, like mush- 
 rooms over night, ami man\ of them were so evanescent that they passed away 
 witboiu histor\ even recording their names. So numerous were the followers 
 of these doctrines, that thev all but tlireatened the disintegration of the Roman 
 Church, and at once that great institution, in order to create a reaction and to 
 stem the tide, began a system of persecution, and although it lessened the number 
 of heretics, even exterminating them in some localities, it could not prevent the 
 growth of heresies, the whole Christian world was thrown into strife and con- 
 tention, and the ]irecepts <d' the gentle Teacher of Xazareth were ignored and 
 forgotten by his followers. It was an age of intolerance; men's minds wi-re 
 blinded by bigotrv and superstition the twin daughter of ignorance, but the 
 spirit of intolerance was not confined to one sect nor to one state, it conirolled 
 all classes of Christians. For example, imd.er the provisions of the edict of 
 1^50 against heretics enacted at the instance of I'liilip 11.. no citizen was allowed 
 "to print, cojiv, conceal, sell, l)uy or give any book or writing made by Luther, 
 Calvin. Zwingli, or any other heretic or to hold or attend any meeting where 
 heretics teach." The punishment ]>rescril)ed for any violatiiiu of this act was 
 death 1)\ sword, bv fire or bv burial alive. -\ like ]nmisbment was inflicteil 
 
WARWICK s KI•:^■s•^()^•E com moxwkai.tii. 13 
 
 upon those who wmilil dare ti> liuli^c, ^hcUer. riitertaiii, nurse, feed iir clothe a 
 suspected lieretic. In answer to this inhuman e<hct a hiw was |)assed in the 
 reign of Ehzahelh which pnnided llial "if an\- lu-retic shall cunvert a I'l'n- 
 testant to the Roman Calholit- fhurch the\ shall hith suffer death for liii^h 
 treason." These acts will show more than auylhinn cKe tlie spirit that ]>re- 
 vailed, a spirit that conijielled the persecnted to seek a refuse in the new wuidd. 
 
 These acts were not exceptional in character, the statute hooks a; that 
 age were crowileil with like enactments. The Anglican :md (aUinist were ;is 
 intolerant as the i\omanist. .\fler Calvin had escaped from m.artyrdom .and 
 found refuge in ( lene\-a lie sent Ser\etus to the stake. The Church of I'.nglaml 
 pursued the I'urit.an and the (Juaker with the same rancor that the l'"rench C'ath- 
 olics did the 1 luguenols or the .Sjianiard did the Dnlch Protestant. Coercion in- 
 stead of ])ersuasi(in was the nuans adopted to convince the mimls of men. 'idle 
 stake, the gibhet, the r.ick and the thumh screw were the implements used to en 
 force obedience and to reclaim heretics. 
 
 It seems strange in the light of present ci\ilization ih.it it was evt-r con- 
 sidered jiossible to change an opinion of the mind h\ the tortu)'e of the bod\ : 
 terror mav regulate the conduct hut camioi control the consciences of men. 
 Spinoza in ceimmenting upon this matter says: ".Men are so m.ule as to reseni 
 nothing more impatiently than to be treated as crinhnal on accoiuU of the 
 opinions which the\ deem true and charged as guilt\- for wh.al simpK- wakes 
 their affection to ( iod and men. Hence, la\^ s about opinions are aimed not at 
 the base but at the noble, and tend not to ri-str,iin the evil-nhnded, but ratlu-r 
 to irritate the good and cannot be enfeirced wit'.^out great peril to the nowrn- 
 ment. * * * What evil can be imagined greater for a .'"slate than that 
 
 honorable men. because they have thoughts of their own ;uid cannot act a lie, 
 are sent as culprits into c.xilc! Wdiat more baneful than that men for no guill 
 or wrongdoing but for the generous largeness of their minds should be taken 
 for enemies and U'd off to death and that the torture bed, the (error of the bad. 
 should become, ti> the signal shame nf authorit\, the finest stage for Ihe public 
 spectacle of eudurama' and \irtue." Then- is uolhiui;. str.ange to sa\, th.at 
 creates so I)itter a contention as religious discussion, and \et there are no ipies- 
 tions that should be so calml\ cousi(K're<l ,as those relating to relig- 
 ious belief. ICven political diffeiaiices do not create so great an .ani- 
 mosity or so dee]i a hatred. .\ pronounced p.artisan in politics is mild in his 
 opposition as compared with a bigot in religion, .\ftei' all, niiu- times out of 
 ten. religious belief is but a matter of early educitiou ;uid training, .and :i 
 bigot in one faith would be just as intolerant as if he h.id been born and edu- 
 cated under another creed. \\'li\ should difference of o])inion between men on 
 a dogma or a doctrine induce one man to persecute his fellow' The st.ake and 
 the rack have no logic that can convince the mind, no argument thai can iiersnade 
 the reason. Torture of the bod\ may effect a \erb,al recantation but ne\-er change 
 a heart. .\s Penn wisely observed. "If men would once consider one anotlier 
 reasonably they would either reconcile their differences or .n.iinlain them more 
 amicably." 
 
 The early settlers in -\nicrica were men who were actuated b\ principles 
 as dear to them as their life's blood, and men so coiitrolle.l are willing to 
 
14 WARWICK S KEVSTCJXE COM ^[0N WEALTH. 
 
 suffer without uiurnuir the privations that must be undergone in the settlement 
 of new lands in a new world. America lighted the torch that became a beacon 
 to the oppressed of all nations and provided an asylum where all men could 
 worship God according to their own fashion and without fear of molestation. 
 To be sure there were some acts of intolerance passed by the Legislature in the 
 early days of the province of Pennsylvania, but never was there a decree or a 
 statute that in any way interfered with freedom of worship. 
 
 If the conditions, such as we have described, had to exist it was fortunate 
 for America that the settlements were made at a time when the political and 
 religious tvrann\' and oppression of the old world sent out emigrants who 
 sought libertv and an opportunity to worship (jod according to the dictates of 
 their own consicences. Had it not been for the oppression of the old world, the 
 new world, doubtless, would nc>t have Ijcen peopled so soon nor with the classes 
 of immigrants that came. If there had not been oppression, these men, per- 
 haps, would not have left their old homes and the associations so dear to them 
 for a new land that at first was not inviting, whose shores were bleak, whose 
 forests were dense and whose inhabitants were savage. It was because of the 
 conditi()ns that prevailed in Europe that .\merica secured her freedom ; other- 
 wise, the country might have been settled by mere adventurers, bent only upon 
 the exploitation of the resources of a new land. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Tin-: UUTCM AND THE SWliUliS— AKK IV Al . i.K THK ENCLISII. 
 
 TIIF earliest settlers of Pennsylvania were the Untch. who, in the yeai" 
 ,6,^ loeate.l on the shores of the Delaware. Here the> renianied 
 for 'a' period of fifteen years, when the Swedes established thein- 
 .elve. ni Pennsylvania and were in possession for seventeen years. 
 The Dnteh at the end of this time reenn,p,ered the country and retaine.l eontrol 
 untd the English, under the Duke of York, established dominion, an-l it was so 
 held until the advent of Penn and the Quakers in lOSj. 
 
 Henrv Hudson, an Englishman by birth, a hard) an.l venturesoiue sailor, 
 w^as originallv in the employment of the Museovy Company, a Russian eorpora- 
 tion organized for the purpose of extending eommeree and of hndmg a nr>rth- 
 western passage to India. .\s early as 1607 Hudson started out with the inten- 
 tion of reaching the north pole, hut met with adverse winds w nch greatly im- 
 peded his course, and as he sailed north, iee .so blocked his way that l^-^was com- 
 pelled to return to Europe, which country he reached in September. Still m the 
 employment of the Muscovy Company he made another attempt and sought to 
 find a' northwestern passage to India, but was again frustrated in his plans by 
 the presence of great quantities of floating ice along the northern coa.sts ot 
 Europe He made close observations and his expeditions specially fitted him 
 for the work he was vet to accomplish. After severing his connection with the 
 Muscovv Company, he was employed by the Dutch West India Company u> 
 explore 'the new land for the purpose of advancing the commercial interests o 
 the corporation. By this time his reputation as a daring explorer had spread all 
 over Europe. He sailed fmm Amsterdam, in Holland, early in .\pnl o 1609. 
 in a vessel of eighty tons burden, called the -Halve-Maan" ( Half Moon.) Ihe 
 crew consisted of 'sixteen or eighteen Dutch and English sailors. The vessel 
 was about the size of one of our ordinary two-masted coasting schooners. It 
 was remarkable what long and .langerous voyages were taken l)y the seamen ot 
 those da^■s in their explorations. They ventured out on comparatively unknown 
 seas and in their small barks faced with intrepidity the perils ot the deep. 
 Their ships were mere pigmies as compared with the great ocean steamers that 
 plough the seas to-day. Without steam, and driven alone by the wmds, they 
 encountered storm after storm in their lengthy voyages, for m eomnig from 
 the old world to the new the shortest voya.ge occupied the space of about tuo 
 ntonths. while mishaps and adverse winds would greatly prolong Uie time. 
 For instance, the Pilgrims left Plymouth in the snnuuer of tOjo and did not 
 reach the Xew l-ngland coast until December of the same year. I bev were 
 on the sea for a period of nearlv five months. Today, experienced and coiir- 
 a-eous sailors wnnUl har<llv think of taking such chances as were taken by 
 the earlv explorers. The largest boats of these intrepid navigators were mere 
 shallops'as compared with the I.usitania and the Olympic of our times, and too it 
 
i6 wakwick's ke\'siuxe commoxwealth. 
 
 nuist he bnnic in niiiul tliat the sailors of those days were suspicious and were 
 in h(>url\- ih'ead of being devoured by monsters. 
 
 ( )nce more Hudson sailed toward the north but again was hindered by the 
 ice and at once directed his course for North America. He reached the coast 
 of Maine in July and instead of making a landing sailed as far south as \'ir- 
 ginia, evidently in the neighborhood of Chincoteague, then pointing his prow 
 to the north, he cruised along the coast until he reached the Delaware bay, then 
 following the course of the bay he came to the mouth of the Delaware River. 
 At this point he passed close to the Breakw-ater. and this is as near to Philadel- 
 ]>hia, if we are to judge from his log book, as he ever got. Poinding the water 
 too shallow for his vessel's draught, he put out to sea, sailed along the Jersey 
 coast and at last, on September third, dropped anchor in what is now known as 
 Sandy Hiook. It was upon these discoveries and explorations of Henrv Hudson 
 that the Dutch laid claim to the land lying on both sides of the Delaware River. 
 He seems not to have gi\'en any name to the great bay he discovered, nor had it 
 any until I^ord Thomas; Delawar gave it the designation which it has ever 
 since retained. This was about a _\'ear after the explorations of Hudson. The 
 Dutch, under the direction of Captain Hendrickscn, about this time constructed 
 a vessel at .Manhattan Island and christened it "I )nru->t" <jr "Restless." It w-as 
 built at New York, after a large vessel which had brought Captain Hendricksen 
 and his crew from luirope had been wrecked. It was aliout 45 feet in length 
 and was of light draft, which enabled him easily to pass over the shoals which 
 had so greath interfered with Hudson's course. After he had reached the 
 entrance of the Delaware River, the Captain sailed as far north as the mouth 
 of the Schuylkill. This was in i(ii6. and for the tirst time a white man saw the 
 site which was to be covered in time h\' the city of Philadelphia. 
 
 Another Dutch navigator, named Cornelius Jacobsen Aley or .Ma.\'. fol- 
 linved in the wake of Captain Hendricksen, and effected the first Dutch settle- 
 ment on the Delaware River in the }ear of 1^123. At the entrance i>f the Dela- 
 ware Bay he discovered a ca|)e which he called after himself and which still 
 retains its name. Sailing up the Delaware, he named the stream the South 
 river, to distinguish it from the North river which i^ known to-dav as the 
 Hudson. The earliest Dutch settlement on the Delaware was Fort Nassau, 
 located at Gloucester point on the Jersey side of the river opposite the present 
 site of Philadelphia. In 1630, the Dutch abandoned this settlement and retired 
 to Fort Casimir, located in the neighborhood of what is now known in the 
 state of Delaware as New Castle. The Dutch set up their fort in the ver\- 
 midst of the Swedes' tract, with the intention, no doulit, of cutting their set- 
 tlement in half. The Swedes resented this intrusion, and four years afterwards 
 made a sall\- and caiitured the fortress on Trinit\- Sunday. The Dutch, how- 
 ever, afterwards re-tc)ok it and called it New Amstel which name it retained 
 until the advent of the English gave it its present designation of New Castle. 
 Hiendricksen subsequently returned to Europe and came out with a part\' of 
 Dutch settlers who located themselves temporarily on the shores of the North 
 river, and at last jiermanentl}' on the Jersey side i:>f the Delaware river near 
 what today is the city of Trenton. Here he built a fort to command the ap- 
 proaches to the upper river. In order to increase the settlements and to effect 
 
WAKWHKS KK\SlnXlC CO M MO\ WEALllI . 1/ 
 
 their permanent estahlishnieiit. the \\\'st India Company offereil indiicenu-nts 
 to its members to promote its enterprise. .\ny lUemher of the company who 
 would take out tifty settlers within a period of live _\ears and establish a colony 
 would be ,L;iven a strip of land sixteen miles in length if he settled (.)n one side 
 of the river, or eight miles if he settled on both sides. 'I'hese concessions of 
 land extended far into the interior almost with. jnt limitation. The man who 
 accepted this offer was endowed with the title of "ratnxm" (ir '"{'atrini," and 
 wa.s allowed to retain certain pri\ileges from the tenants after \\v had made 
 concessions of land, lie was entitled to a certain percentage of the farm pro- 
 ducts, as well as a fair (piantit_\- of beaver skins, which anim.als at that time were 
 found in great (piantities in the streams of that localit\. lie wa-- a M>it ol baron 
 and the land was his manor. The said 'T'atroon" li.ad tn pay the expenses of 
 the emigrants' i)assage from Holland, he had to stock the farm with horses, 
 cattle and all necessar\ im]ilements of agriculture, which were to be rented ti> 
 the occupant of the soil at a fair valuation. lie was also compelled, under 
 the gift, to pnivide a school-ni;ister and a minister of the gospel. ( )n tlie iptlier 
 hand, in considerati(.)n of the conveyance of land, the settler wa-- bMuiid by 
 agreement to cultivate the I'atnni's soil for a period of ten \ears and nut to 
 abandon his estate without permission of the proprietor. He was further to 
 give to the Patron the first opiiortunity U> buy any grain or ivlher produce 
 which he had for sale. He was also to bring all his disputes into the I'atron's 
 court, where the Patron himself presided as a judge. He could not fish nor 
 hunt, nor disturb the game on the Patron's estate. His grain ha<l to be ground 
 at the Patron's mill, and he was not allowed to weave any cloth, and was com- 
 pelled t(.> Iniy that which was imported from Holland. He had some little con- 
 trol over his propertv iri the wa\ of providing for his heir or succes.sor. l)ut if 
 he died without making ;i will, all his estate reverted to the l^atron. It may be 
 said in this cotuiection. howe\'er. that the |>atroons were not given any land 
 under this systeiu in Pennsylvania; it was confined to Xew .Xetherlands .and to 
 Xew Jerse}'. 
 
 .\ljout this time. David Pi-tersim de N'ries. a Hoorn skipper, sent out a 
 ]):irt\- of emigrants to settle in the neighlxirhood (nf what is t'lda)' known as 
 Lewes, Delaware. It was called Zwanendael. or "The X'alley ol the Sw.aus." 
 and the settlement was established fdr tlu' purpose of cai)turing whales, which 
 at this time were found in great numbt'rs in the Delaware bay. When the 
 settlement was established, a rude coal of arms was set n]i. claiming the laml in 
 the name of the Dutch sovereign. An Indian, however, having been bold 
 enough to tear it down and n-e the material for his own pnrjioses without ,any 
 intention oi ignoring or insulting the sovereignty it represented, was captured 
 and executed, which cruel act so exasperated the savages in that locality that 
 they stealthilv attackeil tlu' settlement and utterly destroyed it, leaving not ;i 
 man to tell the tale. When de \'ries arrived with additional emigrants he was 
 surprist'd to find hardly a vestige left of the original settlement. 
 
 .\fter the Dutch came the Swedes, and they took possession of the western 
 shores of the Delaware and founded the town of L'])land. afterwards called 
 Chester. Tlu-y touched the present limits of the city of Philadelphia with their 
 northern settlements. .About thi> time (iustavus .Adolphus. of .'Sweden, who 
 
IS W AKWICK S KKVSTOXE COM M OX WEALTI 1 . 
 
 had promised assistance and had given his countenance to these exploring expe- 
 ditions, became engaged in the Thirty ^'ears' War. and in i(>^2 was killed at 
 the battle of Lutzen. The carrying out nf his American [irojects was left to 
 the care of his little daughter, Christina, wh(p received the assistance and advice 
 of the great Swedish minister, (Jxenstiern. I'eter Alinuit, who had been for 
 several \ears employed by the Dulch West India Company, having been dis- 
 missed from their service, was at once engaged by the Swedes. Two vessels, 
 the "Kalmarnyckel" and "A'ogelgrip" under his command, set sail for America 
 anil in tlie Spring of 1638 they reached the South (jr Delaware river cai^es, 
 and proceeding up the river landed at a place called the "Kocks," which toda\' 
 is in the neighborhood of Wilmington. Here a fort was built, called Christina, 
 for the purpose of guarding the river and Ijy force expelling all intruders. 'Idle 
 advent of the Swedes aroused the activities of the Dutch and they protested 
 against the building of tlie fort by their fellow countryman, Minuit, l.iut he dili- 
 .gentlv proceeded with his work, contemptuously disregarding their every in- 
 junction. After com|)lcting the fort arid making preparations for the rule of 
 the colouv during his absence, he sailed for Europe but was subse(|uently 
 drowned in a troiiical storm while on a voyage in the East. lie was suc- 
 ceeded as (jovernor bv Peter Ilollamler, a native b(irn Dutchman. ?sIore col- 
 onists arrived with cattle and farming implements and the .Swedes set about 
 tilling the soil. The Dutch, in fact, were trad,ers and the Swedes were farmers. 
 The latter did not imdertake to clear the earth of its forests, but located in the 
 lowlands where they turned their cattle loose to pasture on the swamps and 
 meadows, where tliev grew fat and sleek on the succulent and nutritious grasses 
 that grew upon a virgin soil. The land they cultivated was rich and with their 
 farming implements it was not difficult to raise criips of all kinds. The\', too, 
 made .great quantities of wine, beer and brandv out of the wild berries that 
 grew- in abundance. Corn and sassafras were also utilized, in fact, everything 
 that would ferment, was turned into liquor, liesides these licjme products used 
 for the purprise of distillation they imported numerous casks of Madeira. In- 
 dians brought in pelts of bear, as well as wild turkeys for meat and quail and 
 small game were had for the asking. 
 
 John Printz, one of the most distinguished of the .Swedish tjovernors, 
 arrived in this coimtry in 1O42. He is described as having been a jolly good 
 fellow, a generous entertainer, an agreeable companion and a doughty drinker. 
 This valiant trencherman weighed in the nei.ghtorhood of four hundred pounds, 
 and took three drinks at everv meal, and it must be borne in mind in this con- 
 nection that the Swedes had four meals a da\-. One can only imagine what 
 must have been the size of the tankard for so robust a drinker. His cellar 
 was well stored with wines of the richest vintages, of foreign importation. 
 He did not confine himself alone to wines of home manufacture. His larder 
 was filled with game of all kinds, which was found in great abundance in that 
 localitv, while the rivers teemed with fish. His table furnished the best the 
 country could atif<-.rd, which was, in truth, of no mean quality. He entertained 
 lavishly and lived like a nabob. He is said at one time to have been a lieuten- 
 ant-colonel in the German army, Init for some reason or other had been deprived 
 of his rank and was subsequently restored to higher honors. He had the repu- 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTOXE COM MON WEAI.TH. I9 
 
 tation (if heing a man of coiisiilLTalilc cducalidii and aliilil_v. Tie built a fort 
 of hemlock logs at Tinicum, hut a few miles hrlow tlic city of Philadelphia, 
 which he called I'^ort ( lottenherg. lie also constructed on Tiiiicmn Island, a 
 mansion of considerable size and of itniiosing ai:)iX'arance, put out a gai-ilen 
 and planted an orchard. His mansion was given the prond titU- of "'I'rintz's 
 Hall." lie ruled the Swedes with .sternness, but protected their interests, ad- 
 vanced their prosperity and ke|)t the Dutch at b.'i\. 
 
 Tinicuni is an island in the Delawiire river beli.iw Darby on the western 
 shore. There were two islands of this name, designated respecti\t-ly Uig and 
 Little Tinicum. The latter, which within a few years past has been removed 
 for th.e purpose of dee|)ening and widening the channel of the river. la\ out 
 in the middle of the stream, liig Tinicum is on the western shore and is sej.)- 
 arated from the mainland by Darb\^ creek. The CVtrintbian and 1 'biladelphia 
 yacht clubs, no doubt, stand to-day on the very ground once covered by I'rintz's 
 mansion, and it was a great resort until within a few \ears past for s|)ortsi7ien. 
 who found at certain seasons of the >ear not onl\- fair duck shooting, Init in the 
 early antunni. rail and reed l)irds in great abundance. There are mau\- men not 
 far past middle life today who can recall with pleasure the amusements that 
 were enjoyed at Tinicum. The little inn of "HiH" Aliller furnished in the spring- 
 planked shad fresh from the river, while the earl\ vegetables from his garden 
 such as onions, leeks, peas and new potatoes made a meal that would tickle the 
 palate of a gourmet. Tinicum, until comparatively recent times, was a great 
 sporting locality. Many a time the author has brought to bag teal, mallards, 
 black ducks and s[)rig tails in sntificient (puantities to satisfv any reasonaljle 
 sportsman, while on a full tide in the autumn be has shot rail and reed birds 
 in great numbers, but today there is hardh' a feather to be fomid on these 
 shores where game, even in the time of the memor\- of men living, was in 
 aljundancc. In I'rintz's day one can imagine wdiat a great resort for game the 
 island must have been, and the ( lovernor himself being a soldier and accustomed 
 to arms, no doubt indulged in the sports of the field and stream to his heart's 
 content. 
 
 The Swedes in their settlement, occupied the whole of Delaware, wdiich was 
 called tlie territories, and they came as far north as W'icaco, subsequently one of 
 the outlying districts of Philadelphia. The great em|)loyment of the Swedes, 
 like that of the Dutch, had been the trapping of beavers, and simie idea ma\- be 
 had of the immense trade they carried on in furs when it is stated that the 
 first year of their arrival they exported thirt\ thousand skins and it is said 
 this exportation had been far exceeded in the years when the land was occupied 
 by the Dutch. The Xevv Englanders looked upon this trade with a covetous eye, 
 even attempted to engage in it and sent a vessel up the river to examine into 
 conditions, but the Swedes opened fire upon the intruder and she was compelled 
 to return to Boston. The Swedes asserting their dominion over the Delaware 
 river, aroused the resentment of the Dutch who sent messengers to remonstrate 
 with Printz and to demand from him an explanation for his conduct, but Printz 
 .seized these ambassadors without liesitation and threw them into irons. .Sub- 
 sequently he brought his guns to bear on a Dutch trading vessel and threatened 
 the captain with the destruction of his ship and the confiscation of his cargo 
 
20 WARWICK S KEYSTOM-: COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 if he (lid not at once withdraw. I'eter Stuyvesant, Director General at New 
 Amsterdam, was a bold and resolute Dutch soldier whose spirit would not 
 brook such conduct, and he at once made a visit to the Swedish locality and 
 against the remonstrance and the protests of Printz, constructed a fort near 
 Christian Ham on the west bank of the river. This was called Fort Casimir. 
 and although there was mudn threatening on the part of both the Swedes and 
 the Dutch the\- fortunately did not at that time conie to blow's. In 1653, things 
 having worn on without any decided change. I'rintz made arrangements to sail 
 for home, and left in charge of the little colon\ John Papegoja, his son-in-law, 
 who was in control until the arrival in the following \ear of the new (lON'ernor, 
 
 'I'liK Old Sweuks" t'lirRcii, 1S2S. 
 
 John Claudia Risingh. When the latter reached Fort Casimir he demanded the 
 surren<ler of the Dutch. Two guns were fired, a l)od\- of men eftected a land- 
 ing, and the Dutch garrison being few in number were taken prisoners, where- 
 upon Risingh changed the name of the fort to b'ort Trinity and strengthened it 
 in every ]iossilile wa\'. This was too much for ,Stuy\'esant ami the Dutch West 
 India Company, and an order was forthwith given to invade the territory and 
 bring the Swedes to terms. The Dutch, with a goodl\- body of men numbering 
 six lumdred, fully armed, came up the river and demanded the surrentler of 
 the fort. The Swedes without dela\, in the presence of so superior a force, 
 laid down their arms. The Dutch then advanced upon I'ort Christina, where 
 Governor Risingh resided and without delay he hauled down his flag and made 
 a complete surrender. The Dutch then proceeded on their voyage of conquest 
 
WARWICK S KK-i'S'lOXE COMMONWEALTH. 21 
 
 up tliu river to Tiniciiin, dcstrox cl l^irl ( ii)tti-n1)cri;- and then \i>ilc<l llu- Ikhul- 
 of I'rintz, enjoyed to the lull the wines in the eellar, ihe Ljanie ni liie lariK r, the 
 fruits in the orchard and to make the viete>ry coni[)lete raided l'a]ie.i;'oia's chidden 
 yard. Some of the Swedes Inirried out of the settlement and found refuse in 
 Maryland, and others who wmdd not take the oath of allegiance to the I )utoh 
 were put in irons and transported to Xew Amsterdam. After this the Swedes 
 and Dutch conimin.i;led and there was hut little troul)le hct\sten llu-in. .\lan\ 
 of them settled in Upland, now l'he>ter, and still many went furtluT ni the 
 direction ..f Philadelphia, the .iL^rcat city that was to he. Wherever they settled 
 the\- still tilled the soil, cultixated tlieir crops and de\'ole<l themsehes to ai^ri- 
 culture, and that |)ortion of our cii\- that is known as the "Xeek" hecanie a ricli 
 vegetable tract, which reputation it !ia> maintained even t(j the present ila\. 
 Old Swedes' Church, known as ( ilori.a Dei, was erected hy the Sweiles ;uid 
 still stands at Second and I'hristian streets. It suhse(|uentl\- passed out of 
 the hands of the .Swedes into the possession of the Episcopalians who have since 
 retained it. 
 
 During all the period we have described, the Dutch and the .Swedes were 
 acting as if ni:> other nation had a title or an interest in the land, but a stronger 
 power than either of them was diligently at work. When the Stuarts were 
 restored to the throne. L'h;irles 11., convened to his brother James. I )nke of 
 York, all Xew England. Xew \'ork and .Xew Jersey. The Duke at once, under 
 royal commission, fitted out a lleet an<l >ailed across the seas, appeared sud- 
 denly in the Xorth river, forced the surrender of the fort at .Xew Amslerdani 
 on September [>. \(>('4. and without further ado changed the name of Xew 
 Amsterdam ti> that of Xew N'ork. A portion of the e-\|)edition then sailed into 
 the Delaware river after their coni|uest of Xew Xetherlaiuls, o])ened lire on 
 Fort Casimir, and after a short skiriuish in which three Dutchnu-n were killed 
 and ten or a dozen wounded, all resistance ceaseil. The soldiers who were 
 taken prisoners, together with a number of tlie ccjmmon people, were sold into 
 slavery in Virginia. 
 
 The settlements in the .X(jrlh and South rivers, tliat is, the llndson :md 
 the Delaware, were now under I'jiglish control. The Dutch sent one more 
 expedition to .\merica before relin(ptishing all their rights, and .Xew .Xetiier- 
 lands was recaptured, but shortly afterwards peace was signed between Ihe 
 two countries and the luiglish resumed their control, 'bhe first vessel s.iiling 
 under a national flag to pass the river site al Philadelphia was the ".Shield." an 
 English ship sailing from I lull, which reaclu'd lUirlington in lOjK. It is said 
 that one of the [jassengers made llu' remark, while passing the site where I'liila- 
 delphia was soon to be locateil. thai "this is a fine place for a town." 
 
 The Duke of ^'ork sold .Xew Jersi-y, which was connuouU known as the 
 Jerseys, east and west, t<j I.cjnl lleikley and .sir ( leorge Carteret. English and 
 Scotch immigrants poured in ai once, .\iuong these were a nuiuber of Friends 
 or Quakers who saw that the land was ritdi and hcallhfnl and a safe resort for 
 their brethren in Europe who were being perseculed. 
 
 The following extract from a letter written by .Mahlon Stacv in i(>8o. de- 
 scribing the land in Xew Jersey which lay in close proximitv to Pennsylvania 
 is virtually also a description of the latter province and was written to induce 
 
■22 WAKWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 emigration. It is a glowing account of a land all but flowing with milk and 
 honey : 
 
 * * * * "But now a word or two of those strange reports you have 
 of us. and our country: I affirm the}- are nut true, and fear they were spoke 
 from a spirit of envy. It is a country that pnidnceth all things for the sup- 
 port and sustenance of man, in a plentiful manner; if it were nut so, 1 slKiuld 
 be ashamed of what 1 have before written: but 1 can stand, having truth on my 
 side, against and before the face of all gainsayers and evil spies. I have traveled 
 through most of the places that are settled, and some that are nut ; and in ever\- 
 place I find the country very apt to answer the expectation oi the diligent. I 
 have seen orchards laden with fruit to admiration : their very limbs torn to 
 pieces with the weight, and most delicious to the taste, and lovely to behold. I 
 have seen an apple-tree, from a pippin kernel, yield a barrel (if ciu-ious cyder: 
 and peaches in such plenty, that some people took their carts a peach-gathering; 
 I could not but smile at the conceit of it: they are very delicate fruit, and hang 
 almost like our onions, that are tied on ropes. I have seen and known, this 
 summer, forty bushels of bold wdieat of one bushel sown: and many mure such 
 instaiices I could bring, which would be tuu tedious here to mention. We have, 
 from the time called May until Michaelmas, great store of ver\ good wild 
 fruits: as strawberries, cranlierries and hurtleberrie-- : which are like unr bil- 
 berries in liiii^lainl. but far sweeter: they are very whulesome fruits. The cran- 
 berries, nnicli like cherries, for culor and bigness; which nia>' lie kept till fruit 
 come again: an excellent sauce is made uf tk.em for venison, turkeys, and other 
 great fowl; and they are better tu make tarts than either gooseberries or cherries; 
 we have them brought to uur huuses b\' the India lis, in great plenty. My 
 l)rother Robert had as manv cherries, this year, as wnulil have loaded several 
 carts. It is niv judgment, by what I have observed, that fruit trees, in this 
 countr\-, destrov themselves by the very weight of their fruit. 
 
 ".\s fur venison and fowls, we have great plenty: we ]ia\e lirought home 
 to uur houses, bv the Indians, seven or eight fat bucks in a da\ : and sometimes 
 put In as )n;in\-, having no occasion for them: and h>h, in iheir season \-ery 
 plenteous. Mv cousin Rcirll and I, with sume uf my men, went last third 
 month into the river to catch herrings: for, at that time, they came in great 
 shoales into the shallows; we had neither rod nor net: liut. .after the iiuliaii 
 fashion, made a round pinfold, about two yards over, and a ioot high, but left 
 a gap for the fish to go in at. and made a bush to ki\- in the gap, to keep the 
 fish in; and when that was done, we took two long birches, and tied their tops 
 together, and w'ent about a stones-cast aliout our said pinfold: then bawling 
 these birch-bough> down the stream, where we drove thousands before us; but 
 so many got into our trap as it would hold ; and then we began to bawl them on 
 shore, as fast as three or four of us could, by two or three at a time; and. 
 after this manner, in half an hour, we could have filled a three bushel sack of as 
 good large herrings as ever I saw. And as to beef and pork, here is great 
 plentv of it. and cheap: and also good sheep. The common grass of this country 
 feeds beef verv fat. I have killed two this year; and therefore T have rea.son to 
 know it: besides. I have seen, this Fall in Burlin^i^ton. killed eight or nine fat 
 oxen and cows on a market dav. and all very fat. .\nd though I speak of her- 
 
WAKWUKS KEVSTOXIC COMMONWEALTH. 23 
 
 rings only, lest any should think \vc have little other sorts, \vc have .i,'reat plenty 
 of most sorts of fish, thai rxri' 1 ^a\v in liiii^laud: besides several other sorts 
 that are not known there: as, ruek^, cat-fish, shads, slu-eiis-hi-ads, stiir^x-i jus ; 
 and fowls plenty; as, diieks. i^c'cse, turkeys, plieasaut>, parlridj^es ; and many 
 other sorts, that 1 eaiuiot renieiuher, a)iil would be too tedious to uicnlinn. 
 
 "Indeed the cnuutry, t.akc it as a wiUk-ruess, is a brave cnuntry. tlmui^li 110 
 place will please all. Hut snine will be read\- to say, — lie writer of conveni- 
 ences, but not of inconveniences. — lii answer to these. I honestly cleclare there 
 is some barren land, as, I siipjiose, there i> in most place■^ of the world; and 
 more woods than some wduld li;i\e upon their lan(K ; neither will the country 
 pro(hlce corn withc)Ut labor, nor cattle be s'ot without soiiiethiuL; In buy them, 
 nor bread with idleness; else it woidd be a brave country indeed; and 1 (|iiestic)n 
 not, but all then would <;-ive it ;i L;ood word. I"or m\ pari. 1 like it so well. 
 I ne\er had the least thought of returuini,'- to /;»<,'/<;;((/. except on acccHint of 
 trade. 
 
 "M.MILO.X Sl.MV." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 WILLIAM I'ENN. THE QUAKERS. (iEORGE FOIX, FOUNDER (JF THE SECT. QUAKERS 
 PERSIiCUTED BV THE AULHURniES. CONVERSION' OF PEXN. PENN" ARRESTED. 
 PUBLISHED A DEFENSE OF HIS POSITION. PERSECUTED IW HIS FATHER, 
 .\DMIRAL PENN. DE.\TII OF .U).MIRAL PE.NN. PENN UNDERT.VKES .\ MISSION. 
 .MARRIES CULIELMA SPRIXGETT. PERSECUTION OF QUAKERS KM MASSACHU- 
 SETTS. PENN SECURES TRACT OF LAND KNOW.V .\S PENNSYLVANIA IN P.\Y- 
 .MENT OF DEIIT DUE TO HIS FATHER DV THE CROWN. CH.VRTER FOR PENNSVL- 
 \-ANIA (;R.\N1ED IIV THE KING. PENN ARRIVES IN PEN NSVLVANI.V. TREATY 
 WITH THE INDIANS. THROWN IN J.VIL. NEW GOVERNMENT FOR PENNSVL- 
 \-.VNIA. LU'HU THE LIFE OF THE GENTLE.MAN. EST.VBLISHED A COUNTRY 
 .M.\NSlON IN BUCKS COUNTY, C.VLLED PENNSBURY. OFFERED INDL'CE.MENTS 
 TO SETTLERS. LF.TTER WRITTEN BY PENN TO THE COMMITTEE OF FREE 
 S(_>CIETY OF iRAUKKS Ol' THE PRllVINCE OF PEN XSYLVA N L\. RESIDI.VG IN 
 LONIXIN. 
 
 Wir.LI.VM PEX\ was born in the city of r.nndon, in 1644. His 
 niotlKT was a Dntcli woniaiL wrll bred but witlimit an\- particular 
 strcn,i;th or larilliancy (if character. His father. Sir W'iUiaiii I'enn, 
 was an Admiral in the English na\'y. and although he had served 
 the government in the days of the Commonwealth, this did not preclude him 
 from enjoying the esteem, favor and companionship of Charles H. and his 
 brother, the Duke of York, who sulisequently Ijecanie James H. I'enn the 
 \ounger was surrounded in his early hi^me life l.iy the most refilling conditions 
 and associations, and he was trained or educated for the career of a knight or 
 cavalier. Notwithstanding the aristocratic and worldly surroundings of his 
 earlv vears, lie evinced an unusual religious fervor and was impressed Ijy the 
 spirit of reform that prevailed in those times. When a mere ho_\-, about eleven 
 \'ears (_if age, according to his own admission, he was suddenly surprised with 
 an inward comfort and, as he himself described it, "an external glory seemed 
 to permeate the room" which ex|)erience led him to adopt a life of severe piety. 
 In England at that time the minds of men were in a state of feverish agitation, 
 inflamed with religious fervor and they were controlled by an integrity of pur- 
 pose that ma\' l)e defined as fanaticism, a fanaticism that induced them not 
 nnl\ to brave persecution but to defy it. 
 
 'idle Quakers appeared in the north of England in the year 1644, and were 
 at first characterized by a wild enthusiasm and an eNtra\agance of expression, 
 thus differing from their successors in the same faith, who, with a meek and 
 gentle disposition, were mild and complacent in their manners. 
 
 George Fox, founder of the sect, the son of a poor English weaver, was 
 suddenly impressed with the belief that he was imbued with the spirit of a 
 divine mission, and he went abroad carrying the glad tiding> to his fellow men. 
 He wandered from town to town and addressed large congregations of people 
 
 24 
 
KlC\S'rO.\K COM MDNW i:.\i.i 11. 
 
 :vi-n 111 
 
 in the open air. He held piihlic nieetinss in the streets, hywa}^ and 
 the fields. .\lth(.n,L;h his fnllnwers were at tirst very tew. the sect i^rew rapidly 
 and as it increased in nunihers, exerted a cnn>ideral>le intlnence. Tluy estab- 
 lished a propaganda, carried their faith anion- the poorer classes and evinced 
 the spirit of the earl\ inartvrs. i'ersecution only increased tluir devotion and 
 loyalty. I'ox. althoii.i;h an illiterate man. was a forcible siieaker. lie wa.s 
 tall and impressive in aiipearance and possessed of an earnestness that per- 
 suaded and convinced the minds of men. lie was n<it in any sense < d' the word 
 what mav be termed a hiiished ..rator. but he drove home with force in simple 
 and homely phrase, the trntlis he ]n-ofe-se(l while vast audiences huns; breathless 
 on his words, lie is recognized as the fonnder of the sect, althonsh the lieliefs 
 he tatit,dn lon.n- antedated hi> preaching. Alolinos. a Spanish priest in the Roman 
 Catholic chnrch. had held almost the same views; he went abroad preachino- his 
 doctrines, came to Rome, invaded the \'atican and almost converted the Pope. 
 His belief was called "Pietism" and he conteiuled that the (piiet meditation and 
 contemplation of the mind directed npon one subject would bring the communi- 
 cant within actual correspondence with the living ( iod, and after this serious 
 and solier contemplation and communication the mind would be filled with an 
 inner light which would illumine and direct the way. L'luler this teaching the 
 dogmas and sacraments ni the church were ignored and her authority was nec- 
 ess'arily diminished. This falling away from the original faith aroused the o|)po- 
 sition of the Jesuits, and that remarkalile body of men immediately put forth 
 stupendous efforts to counteract the influence of this Individualism. Persecu- 
 tion was the weapon used to create a reaction and after a severe conflict the 
 new "Ism" was plucked out of the church root and branch and thousands of itb 
 followers exterminated. 
 
 The Quakers or "Tremblers" a> they were called in derision by their oppo- 
 nents, refused to pay tithes to the state or to the chnrch. they would take no 
 oath,- in the courts, basing their conduct in this matter ui>on the biblical precept. 
 "Thon -halt not swear"; they wore their hats in the presence of all men. refused 
 to uncover even when they stood before the king, and acknowledged only one 
 God to whom they would make obeisance. They were plain and simple in 
 speech, ignored titles of every kind, a<ldressed each other as "Thee" and "Thou" 
 and called every per.son by his or her first name, or "Friend So and So." Wil- 
 liam I'enn had not up to this time, however, become a member of the Society 
 of h'riends, but he was much impressed by their teachings, and to remove this 
 impression he was sent Ijy his father to Oxford where he became a student in 
 Christ Church college. He was about sixteen years of age at this time and two 
 years after his admission was expelled from the institution, "(dad." he said, 
 "to be relea.sed from an existence in the midst of that hellish darkness and de- 
 bauchery." The father of William Pcnn, proud and aristocratic as he was. and 
 a faithful devotee of the established church, looked witii no kindliness, as we 
 may readilv supiwse, n])on the religious inclinations of his son. The Quakers 
 found no favor in the eyes of the authorities and they were harassed and an- 
 noyed in every i>ossible way. They were bound over to keep the peace, heavy 
 bail was imposed upon them and in failure to secure it they were thrown into 
 vile prisons atuong the lowest and most debased classes of society; they were 
 
26 WAKWICKS KEVSTOXE COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 dc-sijoiled of their homes and their propert_v was seized and destroyed. The 
 early Ouakers, that is to say most of them, were of the ignorant, common 
 people, and Admiral Penn was greatly exasperated because his son showed a 
 desire to consort with what the irate father termed, the rabble ; but the religious 
 faith in the son could not by persuasion nor harsh treatment be shaken. The 
 boy was beaten and thrown out of doors, he was sent to the continent in care 
 of a tutor to see if travel and study would not curb his enthusiasm, but he 
 seems to have returned without change of heart. One day, at Cork, while 
 attending a meeting of Friends he heard a seriuon on the text : "There is a 
 faith which overcomes the world, and there is a faith which is overcome h\ the 
 world." So impressed was he by the words of the preacher that it seems to 
 have been the turning point in his life, for in this period he virtually accepted 
 the religious views of the sect. Shortly after this, while in attendance again 
 upon a meeting in the town of Cork, the authorities made a raid upon the con- 
 gregation and young Penn was arrested, but liis influential positii.m soon se- 
 cured him a release, and at once he returned to London wliere his father did 
 everything in his power to induce him to abandon his belief. William Penn, 
 however, would not surrender his views and finally made up iiis mind to become 
 openly a member of the sect. His conversion was a great acquisition to the 
 faith because of his high character, his education and his social position. Not 
 only did he advocate his views in voice but he brought also his pen into requi- 
 sition in defense of the position he had assumed. In 1688 he publised a work 
 called "The Sandy Foundation Shaken." For this publication, he was sent 
 summarily to the Tower, but the dungeon could not shake his resolution. "AIv 
 prison shall be my grave before I shall budge a jot," was his defiant declara- 
 tion. While in this dungeon he wrote a book entitled "No Cross No Crown," 
 a book that holds its place in religious literature even to this day and which 
 ex-President Eliot of Harvard deems worthy to be named in his five foot shelf 
 librarv of world famous books. We cannot at this time fully estimate the influ- 
 ence of such a man upon the society. He was not given to violent ranting, 
 nor to enthusiastic speech without thought, but to reasonable, quiet and persua- 
 sive discussion. His very spirit of fortitude created admiration in the hearts of 
 his worldly friends, although they scoffed at his religious views, and because 
 of the great sacrifices he made in accepting this faith, he convinced even his 
 enemies of his absolute sincerity. All this time he enjoyed the favor of the King, 
 and even the Duke of York upon one occasion personally interceded for his re- 
 lease from the Tower. In 1670, while preaching in the public streets he was 
 arrested and thrown into jail. When brought before the Court for a hearing 
 he refused to remove his hat. A heavy fine was imposed ujx)n him for his con- 
 tumacy, which he refused absolutely to pay. His father, however, hearing of 
 his incarceration, paid the fine and once more had him released. It was about 
 this time that his father died. Within six months after the Admiral's death, 
 Penn was again arrested and committed to prison. Such a faith as this, such 
 resolution and integrity of purpose could not be changed or swerved a jot by 
 the infliction of corporal punishment. It was his spirit and fortitude of soul 
 that arose above all chastisement and refused to be controlled by terror. He 
 now went through the country, preaching and exhorting the people, and in 1672 
 
WARWICK S KEVSIO.VE COM Ml).\ W EAI.T 1 1 . 2/ 
 
 married a Ouakt-ress, Guliclnia Sprinsctt. a woman conu-ly in apiu-araiicc ami 
 of superior mental accomplislmu'nls. His having entered into mairimnny may 
 have been an inducement to him to cease otTemling the law and lo avoid s|)end- 
 ing much of his time in pri.^m and he at once set ahont making arrangements 
 to provide an asyhnn fi)r his persecuted friends and followers. 
 
 Alreadv many (Juakers, to avoid persecution, had emigrated to tin- Xew 
 World, many of them settling in the Jerseys. Their fir>t apiiearancc' in Ma>>a- 
 chusetts was in i'>5() when two luale and si.\ female (juaki'rs arrived Iroin 
 Rhode Island. They were looked upon witli fear and apprehension h\ the 
 settlers ami bv their conduct ])rovoke(l the greatest dislikr and hatred, i'cnal 
 enactments were made to ki'cp them in subjection. .\ number of Ouakers hav- 
 ing arrived, they were summarily arrested by the authorities and carefully ex- 
 aiuined for the purpose of discovering, if possible, any s\iiii)t(]ms or signs of 
 witchcraft, but no traces of this kind having been found they were returned to 
 the colonies whence they came. ■J'his harsh treatment, however, <li<l no| deter 
 others from enterhig the province, and they took every opportunity to expound 
 their doctrines even in defiance of the authorities. Swarms of Ouakers, as time 
 ran on. descended upon the colon\, irritated the officials and seemed to welcome 
 persecution in onler that they might be able to show their ])ower of enduring 
 crueltv. Thev were most fanatical in their <loctrines and in their conduct. One 
 Quaker, named Fouluird. claimed that the inner light hail directed him to sac- 
 rifice his only son as did .\hraham of old. The boy. however, not being .is 
 .strong in the faith as his father, ami being unwilling to lose his life under such 
 conditions, slirieked for help and was fortunately rescued liy outsiders. The 
 Quakers also Jiad the irritating custom of interrupting divine service in meetmg 
 houses and churclies. Indeed. <ine man entered a meeting house and with a 
 bottle in each hand, broke them by striking them together, exclaiming ,it the 
 same time to the startled and enraged congregation: "Thus will the Lord in 
 time break you in pieces." l'"eniale preachers were not more consiiierate than 
 the males. One woman, her face begrimed with soot and ashes, interru])led .-i 
 service by .■mnouncing in ;i loud voice that her face represented ;i pictorial illus- 
 tration of the black pox whicii Heaven was [o send as a judgment on all carnal 
 worshippers, that is those who would not obey the inner spirit and were not 
 illumined bv the inner light. .Another wnnKin entered stark n.aked into ,i cburcli 
 when the congregation were at prayer, and exclaimed that she exemplilied their 
 naked spirituality by the indecent exposnre of her body. Conduct so wild and 
 fanatical brought down uiX)n the sect tlie condemnation of all those who dilteied 
 with theni. These ranters were merely wild enthusiasts whose minds had 
 been overturned by the religious fervor of tlie times. It does seem almost im- 
 possible that these fanatics coidd have been the early di.sciples of a sect so sim- 
 ple, so meek, so gentle and so complacent as tlie (juakers of other times and 
 places. 
 
 In 1658, a law was passed in .Massachusetts, providing for the |)unishment 
 by fleatli upon all Quakers returning from banishment. 'Ihe law wa'^ at first 
 opposed, but finally adopted bv the narrow majority of a sin;^lr vote. i''.\cry- 
 thing was done bv the autliorties to induce the prisoners, after their trials, to 
 withdraw from the colony with the jiromise tliat tliey would not again return. 
 
28 
 
 WARWICK S KE'lSTUXK COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 but the prisoners were obdurate. They contendeil tliat they liad Ijeen called 
 by the inner spirit and the\ refused to abandon a field which, in their opinion, 
 needed so nuich relii,''ioiis cultivation. L'nder the barljarous enactment above 
 cited four Quakers, three men and diie woman, were put tri death at lioston. 
 It does not appear that these prisoners had otTended the community b\ \iolent 
 conduct or frenzied preaching', but the\ were executed sim|)ly because they had 
 
 t/rimi//L 
 
 returned from banishment. In a number of instances offending' Quakers were 
 fastened to the tail ends of carts and lashed naked through the town. 
 
 In order to escape persecution at home and abroatl. William I'enn decided 
 to secure, if possible, a tract of land in the new world where the followers of his 
 sect could establish a settlement. W'illiani Penn's father bad a claim against the 
 English governmoit for back pay and for luoney loaned the crown. The 
 chances for the pa\nient of this money in coin of the realm did not seem to be 
 very likely in view of the financial condition of the Kingdom, so Penn in order 
 to efifect a settlement, suggested to Cbarle- II. and the Duke of York that they 
 
Warwick's kicvsto.nk cum.nkix wkai.tii. 29 
 
 give him in full payment, a tract of mK-xi.l,.re<l land in the Xcw World running- 
 west of the Delaware river and covering an area of about forty-five thousand 
 square miles. In return I'enn and his hen-s were to send to the castle of Wind- 
 sor two beaver skins annually an.l one-fifth of all the gold and silver that 
 might be found m the locality. Charles looked with favor on the proposition 
 and the charter for the new government was signed at Westminster on March 
 4, 1681. The King, to show distinction to the new proprietor christened the 
 land Pennsvlvania but I'enn objected to this name, claiming it would look like 
 vanity on his part to give to the territory such a designation, and for a tmie 
 insisted that the province should be called Xew Wales, there being already a 
 New England, a Xew Xetherlands, a Xew Sweden and a New Jersey. After 
 some persuasion the King induced i'enn to accept hi. views and the state 
 ever afterwards became known as Pennsylvania or "I'enn's Woods. I'enn, ni 
 writing to a friend, Robert Turner, of I)nl)lin, m relation to this matter said: 
 ••After many waitings, watchings, solicitations and disputes in council this day 
 my countrv'was confirmed to me under the great seal of England. 
 It' is a clear and just thing that my God has given it to me. through many diffi- 
 culties will I believe, bless it and make it the seed of a nation." At this time 
 Pennsvlvania was a vast wilderness reaching down to the water's edge, and 
 even after the settlement of Philadelphia was established and a clearing of the 
 forest had been made, great trees left growing on the banks of the stream, 
 shadowed the vessels that lav anchored close to the shore, an,l for years after 
 the citv was laid out. large stumps in the middle of the highways interfered with 
 travel.' Wild beasts and red men wandered at will through the woods. Game 
 of all kinds was most abundant. Great flocks of ducks, geese and swan in 
 their fli.ghts often darkened the sun. The marshes, lowlan.ls and meadows 
 were full of snipe, woodcock, rail, reed and shore birds, while on the uplands, 
 wild turkeys, ruffed grouse and covies of quail were found in abundance. It 
 gave no indications of becoming the site of a great city. I'enn at once inaugur- 
 ated a svstem to induce emigration and advertised for settlers not only in luig- 
 land, but also on the continent, especially in Holland and (iermany. As an in- 
 ducement he offered five thousand acres in Pennsylvania for one hundred 
 pounds in cash and a rent of one shilling annually thereafter for each one hun- 
 dred acres. If the settler was not able to buy the land he might rent two 
 hundred acres or less at one shilling per acre per annum. 
 
 Penn, with a goodly company and on a little ship of three hundred tons 
 burden, named the "Weicome," left Deal at the close of August. idSj. There 
 were about one hundred passengers on board and the voya.ge had not proceeded 
 far when smallpox, the dreadful pest of that age, broke out among the passen- 
 gers and about one-third of those on board died before reaching their destina- 
 tion and were cast into the sea. The .ship at last, however, arrived inside the 
 Delaware capes, October 24, 1682. and sailing up the river reached Xew Castle 
 on the twenty-seventh of the month. Two days after this it arrived at L'pland. 
 where Penn's cousin, Markham. whom he had sent acro.ss the water in advance 
 to serve as deputy until his arrival, awaited him. It is said that I'enn left his 
 vessel Iving at anchor at Upland, which is now Chester, and proceeded up the 
 river in' a barge until ]v reached Dock Creek. Here was located a tavern called 
 
30 Warwick's kkvstoxe co.m.mon wealth. 
 
 the "IJliie Anchor" which at that time was cnn(hictcd by Captain Wilhani Dare. 
 It was a brick building, si.xteen by thirty-six feet long, situated on what is now 
 called iM-ont street, about one hundred and fifty feet ni>rth of Di.ck Creek. .\ 
 wooden wharf ran out into the river at tiie rear of the Inn and it is here that 
 Penn is supposed to have come ashore and for the first time to put foot upon 
 the site of his future city. Up to this time in his life. Penn ha.l been a man of 
 leisure, but now he was to become the founder of a great settlement and the 
 governor of a people. He had devoted himself to religious discussion and con- 
 templation and up to this period had received no training that speciallv fitted 
 hi)ii f(ir the work he was about to undertake. "However, it is not one inch 
 beyond the truth to assert," says the Honorable Hampton L. Carson in his 
 interesting paper on the "Greatness of Pennsylvania," "that William Penn out- 
 ranked clearly, intellectualh- and philosophically, the founders oi the remain- 
 ing Thirteen Original States, and this is without attempting to disparage or 
 underrate the faith or the services of others." All the associations of Penn's early 
 home life were refining. He cultivated the friendship of men distinguished in 
 politics and letters. He had enjoyed the friendsliip of John .Milton. Algernon 
 Sidney and John Locke, an association which must iiave been of itself a liberal 
 education. He was. as already seen, a student fur a time at a C()llege at ' )x- 
 ford, and he took a course of law at Lincoln's Lm. Penn, however, was not 
 what might be called a "bookish" man, but a philosopher, a practical statesman 
 and politician. In his framework of government fijr Pennsylvania, he sa\s that 
 "Any government is free to tlie people under it no matter what its form; 
 where the ruler> and the people are a party to those laws, and m(.ire or less 
 than this is tyranny, oligarchy and confusion." He further quaintly states in 
 the same paper: "Covernments, like clocks, go with the motion which men give 
 to them, wherefore it is more important that men be good than the government 
 be good, for if government lie bad and men be good they will mend it. but if 
 government be g(_)(_id .-nid men i)e bad t'liey will war]) and spoil it to their turn." 
 It is fortunate for the future welfare of the >tate that such a man was called 
 upon to take hokl of the helm and guide it at the lieginning of its course. Lib- 
 eral in principle, tiderant in spirit, he l.iegan to treat with the lndian> upon a 
 fair and equal basis and under an oak tree in the district of Shackamaxon. a 
 treat}' was made so fair and equitable in its pn>\'isions that it has held for al! 
 time the friendship of the Indians. It was this treaty that called forth the ad- 
 miration of \'oliaire, \\h.> declared that it was the onl\- one which, while never 
 reduced to writing, had never lieon broken. I'enn at once imdertook to pre- 
 pare a code of laws for his commonwealth and unlike all other codes of that 
 period, it provided that the penalty of death should be indicted onlv in two 
 cases, that of treason and that of nun-der in the first degree. This shows how 
 far in atlvance of the spirit of the age were the thoughts, views and liberalitv 
 of this great man, for at that time no less than three himdred oft'ences were 
 pimishable in Lngland by death, while ijther methods of punishment were not 
 only severe but degrading. It was not only the higher class of felonies that 
 were punished by the death penalty but also many offenses comparativelv trifling 
 in character. Among these may be named stealing a falcon, concealing a hawk, 
 hunting in a forest or park bv night or with painted faces, conjuration of the 
 
WAKWU k's KICVSTOXE COM M I >\ WKAI.T 1 1 . 3' 
 
 evil spirits, the practicL- ..I" wiidicraft <.r snrccry, Imniing stacks of cnrn. coun- 
 terfeiting lottery tickets, rclurnin- ironi transportation, smuggling, burning down 
 turnpike gates, robbing a rabbit uarrcn, stealing tish out of any river or p.md, 
 damaging \\'estminster liridge, stealing sheep or cattle and many other nusde- 
 meanors of like degree too numerous to mention. In the stocks and the pill-.ry 
 men were placed for the slightest oilencc. against the law and so disgraced were 
 the culprits by measures s, , cruel that their snbse(|nent reform in the locality 
 where the punishment was inllicted was all but imiwssible. Malicious boys and 
 men with eggs, vegetables or even stones pelted the poor, miserable offenders 
 who were thus subjected to public insult and revilement. In all these matters 
 Penn endeavored to introduce reforms. The jails in luigland at this time were 
 vile, loathsome dungeons, crowded with criminals of the lowest order who were 
 herded together like wild beasts. Men who-^e only offence had Ijeen that they 
 had failed to pav a debt were thmwu mto a cell with prisoners accused of the 
 vilest crimes. Jailers were cruel and heartless, hardened by the scenes they 
 daily witnessed,\vhile criminals had no hope and gave no promise of reforma- 
 tion. Even after the terms of the prisoners had expired they were kept in con- 
 finement until they secured money sufficient to pay for their expenses during 
 their incarceration, and often a poor wretch without any means was miable 
 even after the lapse of months of time to secure his release. The reforms mtro- 
 duced and effected by Penn in his new province showed how careful and 
 broadminded he was as a statesman and an ..rganizer of government and h..u 
 closely he must have observed the condition^ in his native land. He even went 
 so far as to guarantee to every criminal the right of defence. He armed citi- 
 zens with the'ballot and with care he guarded its purity, lie made land subject 
 to the payment of debts, and abolished the law of primogeniture. He also pro- 
 vided for the recording of titles to land. In fact, his whole system was bene- 
 ficial, reformative and progressive. He was tolerant and in the matter of 
 religion declared that "No man will be molested in their (sic) religious per- 
 suasion or be compelled to frerpient or maintain any religous worship or min- 
 istry contrary to his mind but shall follow and freely enjoy his Christian lib- 
 erty in all respects without molestation or interruption." This was indeed a 
 new doctrine that pushed forward the hands of the clock. 
 
 The government of Pennsylvania was to consist oi a (invernor and a 
 Provincial Council composed of the free men of the Province, and a legislative 
 body designated as the General Assembly, "By wIkhii all laws shall be iii.ide. 
 officers chosen and iniblic affairs transacted." The free men .if tlie province^ 
 were to meet and choose from among themselves seventy-two persons to act as a 
 Provincial Council. One third of the memliers were to be chosen for three years; 
 one third for two years and one third for one year, and annuallx thereafter the free 
 men were to choose twenty-four persons to serve three years in place ol those 
 whose term had expired. It was the function of the Governor and the Provincial 
 Council to prepare and projio.se to the (ieneral .\ssembly all bills wliich they 
 should at any time think fit to be passed into laws. 
 
 William Penn was an enthusiast in religion, but rea.sonable ;ind liberal in 
 all his views. When he arrived in this country he was in the very vignr oi 
 vouth, being but thirty-eight years of age, but he had had a varied and tumul- 
 
32 
 
 UAKWUk's keystone com MOXW'EALTII. 
 
 tuuiis expenencf. For the .sake of his conscience lie ha,I suffere.I exile from 
 his father's roof and imprisonment in' the vilest dens. Init fortunately his con- 
 finements had not weakened or enervated him plnsicallv n(,r had th'ey broken 
 his liberal and tolerant si.irit and better than all his persecutions and sufferino-s 
 had not made him vindictive. Penn, about this time in his life must have 
 been graceful of carria-e and agreeable and polite in manner. His dress was 
 plam without any ostentation, but it did n.,t attract attention because of its 
 exceptional features. There was nothing i„ it. when compared with the pre- 
 vailing taste of the times that would have caused comment or special remark. 
 Mis coat was without any ornaments ,,r decorations, although no <loubt. he was 
 entitled t<. wear the medals won by his father in the service of his country. 
 J'enn wore botli buckles and wigs, in fact, he bought four of the latter adcrn- 
 ments m one \ear at the cost of £4 ai>iece. Me was most particular in having 
 
 TV NVITII IFU: IMIIA.NS Al Sir ACKA M AXO.N , .JCMC 23. 1(kS3. 
 
 his hat in g.,od condition and it was frequentlv in the hands of the hatter to 
 he ironed and pressed into shape. In speaking of dress upon one occasion he 
 said: "Choose them by thine own eyes not another's. The more plain an<i sim- 
 ple they are the better, neither unshapely nor fantasticallv ; fnr use and <lecencv 
 and not for pride." 
 
 "Costly thy habit as thy i)ur.se niav bin 
 But not expressed in fancy ; rich not gaudy ; 
 For the apparel oft proclaims the man." 
 
 The great painting of I'.enjamin West, depicting his treaty with the Indians, 
 
wakwuk's Ki;Nsin.\i-: com .monwhaliii. 33 
 
 shows Penn in a Quaker L;'arl) and as a tat man well advanced in \ears, hut 
 this was all in the ima.uinatinn ,if the |>ainter. for West never saw I'enn, and a 
 distinct dress was not wurn h\- the (Juakers until many years after the death 
 of the great proprietor. Xo d<iuht, the painting representing Pemi as a young 
 man and as a cavalier, in a i-nat i>i mail and with his hair falling to his shoulders 
 gives, so far as the feature^ <>{ I'enn are concerned, a hetter idea <if the great 
 founder. Dean Swift whn was a keen oliserver, declared that I'enn "talked 
 very agreeably and with great spirit." He i^ also said to have lieen facetion> 
 in conversation and greatly enjoyed a sally of wit. Ik- had traveleil exten- 
 sively in Europe and wdiile in Russia had an audience with I'eter the (Ireat. 
 In fact he seems to have impressed all with whom he came in contact, whether 
 king, philosopher, poet or peasant. I'enn lived the life of a well bred luiglish 
 gentleman. His tahle was always well spread and well served in keeping with 
 the home of a man of his position. His cellars were stocked with the hest \intage 
 of Canarv, Claret. Sack and Madeira, and his sideboard, as was custoniar\- in those 
 days, always held its decanter ready for the .social glass. It is said, ton, that he 
 was a judge of a good horse. On his first voyage to his province he brought 
 over two mares and a white stallion and on his second visit a colt named 
 "Tamerlane"' by the celebrated (;o(lol|)hin Parb from one of the best strains of 
 racing horses in England. (.>f pure .\rab blood. Unfortunately, there were no 
 good roads in the province upnn which he could test the speed nf liis blooded 
 stock. 
 
 When Penn arrived in his province, many of the inbaliitants lived in caves 
 or holes dug in the hi.^h embankment which faced the Delaware river. The 
 first house erected within what today is known as the city of 1 'hiladelphia, w;is 
 built bv George ( iuest in I'.udd's Row, near Powell's Diick. 1 Ktc for inau\ 
 years he kept a tavern called the "I'.lue .\nchor." It was not finished at the 
 time of the proprietor's arrival, but it was here as we have alread) said, that 
 Penn landed when he for the first time visited the site of the future city. 
 John Key is said to have been the first child born of English parents in Philadel- 
 phia. He was born in a cave and saw the light of day before the erection of any 
 building. He lived to an advanced age and was always known among the in- 
 habitants as the first born. He considered it (phte a distinction, and although 
 in his later life he lived at Kennett, in Chester County, he made fre(pient trips 
 afoot to the city. William Penn. in recognition of his distinction, presented him 
 with a lot of ground. 
 
 Penn's town house stood on a ]>iece of high ground between I'ront .md 
 Second streets and below Market street. It was of brick, two stories in height. 
 with an unobstructed view of the river. It was known as the T.etitia house, it 
 being named after his ilaughter: and in 1S83 to save the historic relic from de 
 Struction, it was removed to l";iirmount Park, where it stands toflay in close 
 proximit\ to (liraril .\venue I'.ridge. I'enn also began the construction of a 
 great country mansion at a place in Pucks comity, known as Pemisbnr\'. It 
 was al)out twenty miles north of Philadelphia on the Delaware and .about foiu' 
 miles north of the town of Bristol. Here he intended to keep open house and 
 live in the stvle that comported with his dignity as Governor of the Province. 
 He had made nnich progress in the construction of the buildings and otU houses, 
 
34 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM irON WEALTH . 
 
 and was employed in this work when lie was unexpectedly called back to Lon- 
 don. The mansion had its stables, brew and bake houses, as well as the garden, 
 vineries and orchards. The house itself was wainscoted with English oak while 
 the tables and chairs were made of the same wood. The curtains at the windows 
 were of damask and striped linen and the couches were adorned with plush 
 and satin cushioris. The table service was of plain but massive silver, the china 
 was delicate and the table cloths and napkins were of linen damask. In the 
 wagon house was a large coach which, however, was seldom used and there 
 were several sedan chairs and a calash for the female portion of the family and 
 also side saddles and pillions to be u^ed when the ladies preferred g<iing horse 
 
 l'i::\^'S IlllCSE, AI.Sl) LALLLIJ LKIIIIA (.miAi.h, \VA^ KkIAIKLp in LkUTIA ( ciLKl. nu: 1-"I1!ST 
 
 1'rick House ix Phu.adexphia. Now Standing i.n Faihmou.nt Park. 
 
 hack. The road between his country seat and the city was so rough that rid- 
 ing in a vehicle over it was uncomfortable and even dangerous, and when he 
 came to the city he sometimes rode in the saddle, but. as a rule, he took the 
 river route in a barge rowed by six oarsmen. 
 
 All this time the city was assuming a business air. Houses were going up 
 in every direction, manv of them being composed of bricks, fi_ir clay had been 
 discovered close tr> the city which was of a very fine quality for l)uilding pur- 
 poses. The harlior was filled with sailing craft and there was much water 
 transportation. The principal landings for boats were the Ulue .\nchor Inn 
 and the Penn^pot House, the former at the mouth of Dock Creek, ami the 
 latter at the foot of \'ine street. Grocery, butcher, dry goods and bake shops 
 were opened, while a rope walk, tanneries, cooper, wheelwright and blacksmith 
 
W AkW UK S KliVSIU.Nli COM .\U>N WEALT 1 1 . 35 
 
 shops WL-ru ostablisliLMl, and tlicrc were about seven taverns in the eil\ where 
 good, wholesome meals were served at sixpence. These pubHc houses luul been 
 licensed by the ( iovernor, anil any proprietor or publican who charged more 
 than a certain amounl tor a meal was subject to a penalt)-. The tra\eler on 
 foot could obtain lodging fur jd. a night, while a horseman was lodged for 
 nothing, provided he paid 6d. for his horse's keep and fodder. Cows, pigs and 
 goats ran at large in the streets, and fences had to be erected to save the gar- 
 dens, as also the grain and corn fields from destruction. .Municipal regnlaliniis, 
 however, were simn ;id()|)ted, and among other things it was prnvided that pigs 
 must have rings in their snouts to prevent them from digging and rooting up 
 the garden and pasture lands. 
 
 Schools were established and meeting houses for puljlic worship wi-re pro- 
 vided. Such were the humljle beginnings of our great city. ( )[ course, the 
 enterprise was watched with great interest Ijy the friends of I'eun in luirope 
 and the following letter written by Penn in his quaint style to the (.'ominittce of 
 the Free Society of Traders uf the I'roxince of I'ennsxlvania residing in Lmi- 
 don, gives a full and most interesting description of the products and tlie re- 
 sources of the province together with some interesting facts in relatinn ti> the 
 aborigines. Every line of it is wiirth reading : 
 
 ■'Mv Ki.xD Friexds: 
 
 '"The kindness of yours, by the ship Thoiiuis and .liiii. doth much oblige 
 me; for, by it I perceive the interest, you take in my health anil reputation, and 
 the prosi:)erous beginning of this prnxince: which, you are so kind as tn think. 
 may much depend upon them. In return of which 1 have sent yon a lung letter. 
 and yet containing as brief account of myself, and the affairs of this pnivince, 
 as I have been able to make. 
 
 'Tn the first place, I take notice of the news, nou sent me; wherein I find, 
 some per.sons have had so little wit. and sd luncli malice, as tci report ni\ death; 
 and, to mend the matter, dead a Jesuit too. One might have reasonabh hopi-d. 
 that this distance, like death, would have been a protection against siiite and 
 envy; and, indeed, absence, being a kind of death, ought alike to secure the 
 name of the absent, as the dead; l)ecause they are e(|ually unable, as such, to 
 det'end themselves; but they, that intend mischief, do not use to follow gooil 
 rules to effect it. However to the great sorrow and shame of the inventr)rs, I 
 am still alive, and no Jrsuit: and I thank ( iod. very wi-11. And. without inius- 
 tice to the authors of this, I may venture to infer, lliat ihey that wilfulK and 
 falsely report, would have been glad had it been so. I'.nt 1 perceive maiiv 
 frivolous and idle stories have been invented since niv departure from Mngland 
 which, perhaps, at this time, .are no more ali\e than 1 am dead. 
 
 "iUit, if I have been unkindly used, by some I left behind nie. 1 founil love 
 and respect enon.gh, where 1 came: an universal kind welcome. e\er\- sort in 
 their way. For, here are some of several nations, as well as di\ers judgiuents: 
 nor were the natives wanting in thi^; for their kin,gs, queens and great men. both 
 visited and |>resenled me; to whoiu I made suitable retiu'ns. iS:c. 
 
 "I'or the province, ilie gt'ueral condition of it. take as followelh : 
 I. "The country itself, its soil. air. water, seasons and ])rodnce, both natural 
 
 and artificial, is ikjI ti> be despised. The land coutaini'th di\ers sorts of earth. 
 
-^f) Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 as, sand, vcllow and black, poor and rich ; also gravel, both loamy and dusty, 
 and, in some places, a fast fat earth : like our best vales, in England; especially 
 by inland brooks and rivers: God, in his wisdom, having ordered it so, that 
 the advantages of the country are divided; the back lands being generally three 
 to one richer than those that lie by navigable rivers. We have much of another 
 soil : and that is a black hazel-mould, upon a stony, or rocky bottom. 
 
 II. "The air is sweet and clear, the Hieavens serene, like the south parts 
 of France, rarelv overcast : and, as the woods come, by numbers of people, to 
 be more cleared, that itself will refine. 
 
 III. "The waters are generally good: for the rivers and brooks have mostly 
 gravel and stonv bottoms : and in number, hardly credible. We have also min- 
 eral waters, that operate in the same manner with Barnct and A orth Hall, not 
 two miles from Philadelphia. 
 
 I\'. "For the seasons of the year, having, by (iod's goodness, now lived 
 
 over the coldest and hottest, that the ulilest liver in the province can remember, 
 I can say something to an Eni;lisli understanding. 
 
 "First, of the fall; for then 1 came in: I fnund it. from the 24th of October, 
 to the beginning of December, as we have it usually, in Eni^iiand. in September, 
 or rather like an Eni^lish mild spring. I'rom December to the beginning of the 
 month called March, we had sharp, fmsty weather: not foul, thick, black 
 weather, as our north east winds liriug with them, in Eui:;land: but a sky as 
 clear as in summer, and the air dry, cold piercing and hungry: yet I remember 
 ncit that 1 wore more cloaths, than in E,n_i;land. The reason of this cold is 
 given, from the great lakes, that are fed l)y the fountains of Canada. The Win- 
 ter Ijefore was as mild, scarce any ice at all, wdiilc this, for a few days, froze up 
 our great river Delaware. From that month, to the month called June, we en- 
 jtjyed a sweet .Spring: no gusts but gentle flowers, and a fine sky. Yet, this 1 
 observed, that the winds here, as there, are more inconstant. Spring and Fall, 
 upon that turn of nature, than in Summer, or Winter. From thence to this 
 present month. ( .\ugust ) which endeth the Summer, (commonly speaking) we 
 have had extraordinary heats yet mitigated sometimes by cool breezes. The wind 
 that ruleth the Summer season, is the south wind : but si>ring, fall and winter, 
 it is rare to want the north-western seven days together. .\nil whatever mists, 
 fogs, or vapours, foul the Heavens by easterly or southerly winds, in two 
 hours time, are blown away: the one is followed by the other: a remedy that 
 seems ti> have a peculiar providence in it, to the inhabitants: the multitude of 
 trees, vet standing being liable to retain mists and vapours : and yet not one 
 quarter so thick as I expected. 
 
 V. "The natural produce of the country, of vegetables, is trees, fruits, 
 
 plants, flowers. The trees of mo^t note, are the black walnut, cedar, cypress, 
 chestnut, pojjlar, gum-wood, hickory, sassafras, ash, beech and oak of divers 
 sorts, as red, white and black: Spanish, chestnut, and swamp, the most durable 
 of all. Of all which there is plenty, for the use of man. 
 
 "The fruity that I find in the woods, are the white an.l black mulberry, 
 chestnut, walnut, plums, strawberries, cranberries, hurtleberries. and grapes of 
 divers S()rts. The great red grape (now rijie ) called b.\- ignorance, the fox-grape. 
 because of the relish it hath with un,skilful palate^ is in itself an extraordmar/ 
 
WAkw 11 K s Kl■•.^•S'|•()^■|■; commoxw kalth. 37 
 
 grape: and by art. (l>ulitK'ss, nia\- he fulti\alc(l to an (.-xcolk'nl wine, if imt s(i 
 sweet, yet little inferior to the I'yoiitiniac. .as it is not nnich nnlike in taste, rud- 
 diness set aside: which, in such lliint^s, ;is well ;is ni;nil<ind. dittc-rs the case nuieh. 
 There is a white kiiul of Muskaihi. and ;i little black ,L;ra|)e, like the cluster 
 grape of Eii^lmid, not \et so ripe ;is the other: but thee tell me. when ripe, 
 sweeter, and that the\' only w.uit skillful riiicri>iis. to make good usi' of them. 
 I intend to \enture on it with nu I'lciiclunait thi■^ season, who shews some 
 knowledge in those thing-. Here are also peaclK'> very good, and in ,L;reat 
 quantities: not an Indi.in plant;ition without them; but whether naturallv here 
 at first. 1 know not. llowe\er one ma\ ha\e them, by bushels, for little: they 
 make a pleasant drink: and I tliink. not inferior to ;my peach you have in 
 England, except the true S cwiir^ton. It is disput;d)le with me. whether it be 
 best to fall to fining the fruits of the countr\. especi:ill\' the grape, by the care 
 and skill of art. or send for foreign stems and -ets. already good :uid approved. 
 It seems most reasonable to Ix-lieve. that not oiih- a thing growcth best, where it 
 naturally grows, but will hardb be e(|ualled h\ ;moiher species of the s;une 
 kind, that doth not naturally grow there. Hut. to solve the doul)t, 1 intend, if 
 ( iod gi\-e me life, to tr\ both, and hope the consecptences will be, as good wine, 
 as any European coinitries. of the same latitude, do yield. 
 
 \'I. "The artificial produce of the country is wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, 
 
 beans, scjuashes, pumpkins, water-melons, musk-melons, and ;dl herbs :ind ro(jt^. 
 that our gardens in Eni^iand usually bring forth. 
 
 \'II. "Of living creatures: fish, fowl, and the bea-ts of the woods: here are 
 
 divers sorts, some for fooil and profit, and some for profit only: l-'or fexid, as 
 well as profit, the elk. as big as a small ox: deer bigger than ours: beaver, rac- 
 coon, rabbits, S(piirrels : and some eat x'oung Ijear. and connnend it. ( )f fowl 
 of the land, there is the lurke\ (forty ;uid fifty |)oun(U weight) which i> very 
 great: pheasants, heath-birds, pigeons and ]iartridges. in abimd;mce. ( )f the 
 water, the swan, goose, white and grey: brands, ducks, teal. :ilso the sniijc and 
 curloe, ;md that in great numbers: l)ut the duck and teal excel: not so good 
 have I e\er eat in other countries. ( )f fish, there is the sturgeon, herring, rock, 
 shad, cats-head, sheep-head, eel, smelt, pearch, roach : and in inland ri\'ers, 
 trout, some say, salmon, above the falls. ( )f slu'll-fish. we have oysters. cr;d)s, 
 coccles, conchs and muscles: some oysters six inches long: and one sort o! 
 cocclcs as big as stewing oysters: they m:ike a rich broth. Tlu' cre.itiu'es \i)r 
 profit only, by skin or fur, and that are natural to these |)arts, are the wild-cat. 
 panther, otter, wolf, fox, fisher, minx, musk-r;il : ;nid of the water, the whale, 
 for oil: of wdiich we have good store: and two companies of whalers: whose 
 boats are built, will soon begin their work: which bath the appearance of a 
 considerable improvement: to sav nothing of oiir reasonabU- hopes of good 
 Cod, in the bay. 
 
 VIU. "We liave no want of horses: ;md some are verv good, and shai)ely 
 
 enough ; two .ships have been freighted to Rarhadoes with horses and pipe- 
 staves, since my coming in. Mere is also plenty of cow-cattle, and some sheep: 
 the peoj>le plow mostly with oxen. 
 
 IX. "There are divers plants, that not only the Indians tell us. bin we have 
 
 had occasion to prove, by swellings, burnings, cuts, ..Src. that the\- are of great 
 
38 Warwick's keystoxe commonwealth. 
 
 virtue, suddenly curing tlie patient; and, for smell, I have observed several, es- 
 pecially one, the wild myrtle ; the other I know not what to call, but are most 
 fragrant. 
 
 X. "The woods are adorned with lovely flowers, fur color, greatness, fig- 
 ure and variety. I have seen the gardens of London best stored with that sort 
 of beauty, but think they may be improved by our woods : I have sent a few to a 
 person of quality this year, for a trial. 
 
 "Thus nuich of the country: next, of the natives, or aborigines. 
 XL "The )iatizYs, I shall consider, in their persons, language, manners, re- 
 
 ligion and government with my sense of their original. For their persons, they 
 are generally tall, straight, well-built, and of singular proportion ; they tread 
 strong and clever: and mostly walk with a lofty chin. Of complexion, lilack, 
 but bv design ; as the Gypsies, in England. They grease themselves with 
 bear's fat clarified; and using no defense against sun. (ir weather, their skins 
 must needs be swarthy. Their eye is little and black, not unlike a straight looked 
 Jezi'. The thick lip, and flat nose, so frequent with the East Indians and 
 blaeks. are not comniDn to them : For I have seen as comely Europeans like 
 faces among them, of both, as on your side of the sea; and truly an Italian 
 complexion hath not much more of the white ; and the noses of several of them 
 have as nnich of the Roman. 
 
 XIL "Their language is lofty, yet narrow ; but. like the Hebrew, in signifi- 
 cation, full ; like short-hand, in writing, one wcjrd serveth in the place of three, 
 and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the hearer : imperfect in their 
 tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. 
 I have made it my business to understand it. that I luight not want an Liter- 
 preter. on any c>ccasion ; and I must say. that I know not a language spoken, in 
 Europe, that hath words of more sweetness, or greatness, in accent and em- 
 phasis, than theirs; for instance, Oetocockon, Raucocas. Orieton. Shak. Marian, 
 Poquesien : all of which are names of places ; and have grandeur in them. Of 
 words of sweetness, An)ia. is mother; fsslniits. a brother; Xeteap. friend; Us- 
 qucorct, very good; Pane, bread; Metsa. eat; Matta. no; Hatta. to have; Payo, 
 to come; Scpasscn. Passijon. the names of places; Tannine. .S'eeane. .Menaiise. 
 Secatereiis. are the names of persons; if one asks them for anything they have 
 not. they will answer. Matta ne liatta: which to translate, is, not I have: instead 
 of I have not. 
 
 XIII. "( >f their customs and manners, there is much to Ije ^aid ; I will 
 
 begin with children; so soon as they are burn, they wash them in water; and 
 while verv \(inng. and in cold weather to chuse. they phmge them in the 
 rivers, to harden and embolden them. Having wrapped them in a clout, they 
 lav them on a straight, thin board, a little more than the length and breadth of 
 the child, and swaddle it fast, upon the board, to make it straight; wherefore all 
 Indians have flat heads; an<l thus thev carry them at their backs. The chil- 
 dren will go, very young, at nine months conmionly, they wear only a small 
 clout round their waste, till they are big; if boys, they go a fishing, till ripe for 
 the woods; which is about fifteen; then they hunt; and after having given some 
 proofs of their manhood, bv a good return of skins, they may marry ; else it is 
 a shame to think of a wife. The .girls stay with their mothers, and help to hoe 
 
uakw'kk's ke\-sto\e co.mmo.wvkaltii. 39 
 
 the ground, plant corn, anil carry burdens ; and they do well to use them to 
 that young, which they must tlo when they are old; for the wives are the true 
 servants of the husbands ; otherwise the men are very affectionate to them. 
 
 XIV. "When the young women are fit for marriage, they wear something 
 upon their heads, for an advertisement, but st), as their faces are hardly to be 
 seen, but when they please. The age, they marry at. if women, is about thir- 
 teen, and fourteen: if men seventeen and eighteen; they are rarely eld(.T. 
 
 XV. "Their houses are mats, or barks of trees, set on poles, in the fashion 
 of an Eii^i^Iish barn; Init (.>ut of the power of the winds; for they are hardly 
 higher than a man ; they lie on reeds, or grass. In travel they lodge in the 
 woods, about a great fire, with the mantle oi dussils, they wear by day, wrapt 
 about them, and a few boughs stuck arnund them. 
 
 X\T. "Their diet is maize, or Indian corn, diverse ways prepared ; some- 
 
 times roasted in the ashes; sometimes l)caten and boiled with water; which they 
 call ho)iime; they also make cakes, not unpleasant to eat. They have likewise 
 several sorts of beans and pease, that are good nourishment ; and the woods and 
 rivers are their larder. 
 
 XVII. "If an Jlnropcan comes to see them, or calls for lodging at their 
 house, or zcii^wain, they give him the be>t place, and first cut. If they come to 
 visit us, thev salute us with an I tali: which is as much as to say. Good be to you, 
 and set them down : which is mostly on the ground, close to their heels, their 
 legs upright ; it may be they speak not a word, but observe all passages. 1 f you 
 give them anything to eat. or drink, well ; for they will not ask ; and be it little, 
 or much, if it be with kindness, they are well pleased, else they go away sullen, 
 but .say nothing. 
 
 XVIII. "Thev are great concealers "f their own resentments; brought to it. 
 I believe, by the revenge, that hath been practiced among them. In cither of 
 these they are not exceeded by the Italians. A tragical instance fell out since I 
 came into the country ; a king's daughter, thinking herself slighted by her hus- 
 band, in sufifering another woman to lie down between them, rose up. went 
 out, plucked a root out of the ground, and ate it; upon which she immediately 
 died: and, for which last week, he made an offering to her kindred, for atone- 
 ment, and liberty of marriage : as two others did to the kindred of their wives, 
 that died a natural death. For. till widowers have done so. they must not 
 marry again. Some of the young women are said to take undue liberty before 
 marriage, for a portion ; but when marrii-d. chaste. \\'hen with child they 
 know their husbands no more, till delivered; and during their month, they touch 
 no meat, thev eat but with a stick, lest they should defile it: nnr do their hus- 
 bands frequent them, till that time be expired. 
 
 XIX. "I'.ut. in liberality tbe\- excel: nothing is too .good for their friend: 
 give tliem a fine gun, coat, or other thing, it may pass twenty hands before it 
 sticks: light of heart, strong affections, but .'ioon spent. The most merry crea- 
 tures that live, feast and dance perpetually; they never have much, nor want 
 much: wealth circulateth like the l)lo<id: all parts partake: and though none 
 shall want what another hath, yet e.xact oliservers of property. Some kings 
 have fold, others presented me with several parcels of land: the pay. or pres- 
 ents I made them, were not hoarded liy the particular owners, but the neighboring 
 
40 W AkWKK S KE\ST().\1-: <:< IM M ON \Vi;.\LT 1 1 . 
 
 king's, and their clans beiii.iL;" present, when the .ijofuls were brong'ht out, the 
 parties, chiefly concerned, consulteil what, and to whom they should give them. To 
 every king then, by the hands iif a person for that work appointeil, is a pr(j- 
 portion sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravity, that is admirable. 
 Then that king subdivideth it. in like manner, among his dependents, thev hardly 
 leaving themselves an e(|ual share with one of their subjects: and be it on such 
 occasions as festivals, or at th.eir common meals, the kings distribute, and to 
 themselves last. They care fiir little; because they want but little; and the 
 reason is. a little contents them. In this they are sufficiently revenged on us; 
 if thev are ignorant of our pleasures, they are also free frc;)m our pains. They 
 are not disquieted with liills of lading and exchange, nor preiilexed with chan- 
 cery suits, and exchequer reckonings. We sweat and toil to li\e, their pleasure 
 feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing and fowling; and this table is spread 
 evervwhere. They eat twice a da\, morning and evening; their seats and table 
 are the ground. Since the lutropcaiis came into these parts, they are grown 
 great lovers of stniiii:: liqiiurs. rum especiall\- ; and for it exchanged the richest 
 of their skins and furs. If they are heated with li(|uors, they are restless till 
 thev have enough ti:i sleep; that is their crw some more, and I will i^o to sleep: 
 but, when <lrunk, one of the m(:ist wretched spectacles in the world! 
 
 XX. "In sickness, impatient to l)e cureil ; and for it, give any thing, especi- 
 alh' for their children; to whom the\ are extremely natural. The\' drink, at 
 those times, a teraii, or decoction of some roots in spring water; and, if they 
 eat anv tfesli, it must be of the female of any creature. If they die, they bury 
 them with their a|)parel, be they man or woman; and the nearest of their kin 
 fling in something precious with them, as a token oi their love: Their mourning 
 is blacking of their faces; which thev continue for a year. Tliey are choice of 
 the graves of their dead; for, lest they should be lost l>y time, and fall to com- 
 mon use, thev |)ick off the grass, that grows upon them, and heap up the fallen 
 earth, with great care and exactness. 
 
 XXI. "These jmor people are under a dark night in things relating to 
 relii^ioii. to be sure the tradition of it: yet they believe a (/'<)(/ ;md iiiiniorfality. 
 without the hel|) of metaplnsics : for, they say. There is a Creat /v'(//.t; tliat made 
 them, zeho dieells in a ij;lorioiis eoiintry. to the soiithwartl of them: ami tliaf 
 the souls of the i^ood sliall .i,'() tiiitlier. :eliere they sliall //'r'c a.^vw;;. Their rcor- 
 sliip consists of twi> parts, saerifiee anil eaiitieo. Their sacrifice is their first fruits; 
 their first and fatest buck thev kill, goeth tci the fire; where he is all burnt, with a 
 mournful ditty n\ him, that ])erformeth the ceremony; but with such marvellous 
 fervenc\', and labour of l)ody, that he will, even, sweat to a foam. The other 
 part is their eaiitieo. performe<l b\- roun<l dances, sometimes words, sometimes 
 songs, then shouts; two being in the middle, that begin; and, by singing and 
 drumming on a board, direct a chorus. Their |)i:istures, in the dance, are very 
 antick and differing, but all keep measure. This is done with eipial earnest- 
 ness and labour, but great ap])earance of joy. In the fall, when the corn coineth 
 in, the\- begin to feast one another. There have been two great festivals al- 
 ready; to which all come, that will. I was at <ine myself; their entertainment 
 was a great seat bv a spring, under some shady trees, and twenty bucks, with 
 hot cakes of new corn, both wheat and beans; which they make u[) in a scpiare 
 
WAIiWICKS KEYSroNK COM M ( ]\ W IIALT 1 1 . 4I 
 
 form, in tliu k-avcs of tlir stem, and hake tliem in llie aslies : and after tliat they 
 fall te> dance. lUit tlu-y thai t^d ninst carrv a small ])resenl, in their money: it 
 may he six ])ence ; which is made (if the hi me ni a t'lsh : the hkuk is, with them, 
 as ,;;"('/(/.• the white, sHi'rr; the_v call it \^\iiiipiiiii. 
 
 XXII. "Their ^overmnent is In- Kint^s; which they call Suiluiimi: and 
 
 those h_\' succession, hnt always of ihe mother's side. l'"or instance, the chiMren 
 of him, who is now K'int;, will not succeed, hut his hrother h\' the mother, or 
 the children of his sister, whose .sons (and after them the children of her daugh- 
 ters) will reiL;ii : for no woman inherits. The reason. the\ render for this wa\- 
 of descent, is, that their issue may not he sptirioiis. 
 
 XXIU. "livery kins;- hath his conncil : and that consists of all the old and 
 
 wise men of his nation: which, perha]).--, is two hundred people. Xothint;- of 
 moment is undertaken, he it war, jieacc, sellinj;- ot land, or trat'llck, without ad- 
 vising" with them: and, which is more, with the vonm; men too. It is admirahle 
 to consider how [lowerful the Kings are, and yet how they nio\e h\ the hreath 
 of theii" people. I have hail ticcasion to he in council witli them, upon treaties 
 for land, and to adjust the terms of trade. Their order is thus: The l^ing' >its 
 in the middle of an half nioou, and hath his council, the old and wise, on each 
 hand: hehind them, or at a little distance, sit the youngfer fry. in the same figure. 
 Having considted and resolved their hnsiness, the King onlered one of them to 
 speak to me: he steiod up, came to nie, and, in the name of his King, saluted 
 me; then took me by the hand, and told me, 'He was ordered by his King to 
 speak to me: and that now it was not he. l.iut the King, that spoke; because what 
 he should say was the King's mind.' — He first prayed me, 'To excuse them 
 that they had not complied with me, the last time, he feared there might be some 
 fault in the Interpreter, being neither Indian nor F.n^lish : besides, it was the 
 Indian custom, to deliberate, and take uj) ninch time in C(>uncil, before thev 
 resolve: and that, if the young peoiile. and owners of the land had been as ready 
 as he. 1 had not met with so much delay.' — Having thus introduced his matter, 
 he fell to the bounds of the land, they bad agreed to dispose of, and the j)rice; 
 which now is little and dear; that which would have bought twent\ miles, not 
 buying two now. During the time, that this ])erson spoke, not a m.an of them 
 was (observed to whisper or smile, the old, grave; the yoimg, reverent, in their 
 deportment. They speak little, but fervently, auil with elegance. 1 have never 
 seen more natural sagacity, considering them without the help ( 1 was going 
 to say, the spoil) of tradition: and he will de-erve the name of wise, that 
 outwits them, in any treaty, about a thing, they miderstand. When the pur- 
 chase was agreed, great promise passed between us 'of kindness and good 
 neighbourhood, and that the Indians and lini^lisli must live in lo\e as long as 
 the sun gave light': Which done, another made a speech to the Indians, in the 
 name of all the Sacluunakcrs, or Kings; first, to tell them wh;il wa^ done: next, 
 to charge and command them, 'To love the Christians, and p.articularly live in 
 peace with me, and the ])eople under mv government: that man\ ( loveruors 
 had been in the river: hnt that no Governor hail come himself to live ;nid stav 
 here before; and having now such an one, tb.at had treated them well, they 
 should never do bin), or his. any wrong.' — At every sentence of which they 
 shouted, and said, Anicn. in their wav. 
 
42 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MO.X WEALTH. 
 
 XXI\'. "The justice they have is pecuniary: In case of any wrong, or evil 
 
 fact, be it murder itself, they atone by feasts, and presents of their zcanipiiiii ; 
 which is proportioned to the quality of the offence, or person injured, or of the 
 sex thev arc of. For in case they kill a woman, they pay double: and the reason 
 the\- render is. 'That she breedeth children: which men camiiit dn.' Jt is rare 
 that thev fall out. if sober: and, if drunl<. they forgive it. saying. 'It was the 
 drink, and not the man. that aliused them.' 
 
 XX\'. "We have agreeil, that, in all differences between us. six of each 
 
 side shall end the matter. Do not abuse them, but let them have justice, and you 
 win tliem. The worst is, that they are the worse for the Christians : who 
 have propagated their vices, and yielded them tradition for ill. and not for good 
 things. I'.ut as low an elib as these people are at, and as inglorious as their 
 own condition looks, the Christians have not outlived tlicir si:^ht. with all their 
 pretensions to an higher manifestation. What g(jod, then, might not a good 
 people graft, where there is so distinct a knowledge left between good and 
 evil? 1 beseech ( iod to incline the hearts (if all that come into these jiarts, to 
 outlive the knowledge of the natives, by a fixt obedience to their greater knowd- 
 edge of the will of (iod: for it were miserable, indeed, for us to fall under the 
 just censure eif the poor Indian con-.cience, while we make profession of things 
 so far transcending. 
 
 XX\M. "I'or their original. I am ready to believe them oi the Jc.cisli race; 
 
 I mean, of the llock of the ten tnhes : and that, for the following reasons: h'irst, 
 the\' were to go to a 'land not [^lanfed. nor kno':en' : which, to be sure, .Isia and 
 .-Ifrica were, if nc;)t liiirope: and he. that intendcti that extraordinary ]udi.;ment 
 upon them, might make the passage not uneasy to them, as it is not impossible 
 in itself, from the eastermost parts of .Isia, to the westermost of .lineriea. In 
 the next place: I fiml them of the like countenance, and their children of so 
 liveh resemblance, that a man would do himself in Dnke's place, or Berry 
 street, in London, when he seeth them. Hut this is not all: the\' agree in 
 rites: the\ reckon b>' moons: they oft'er their first [mils: they have a kind of 
 feast of tabernacles : they are said tri lay their altar u])on t:eelz-e stones: their 
 nionrniiiL: a year: customs of zeonicn, with many other things, that do not now 
 occur. 
 
 ".^o uuich for the natiies: next, the old planters will b^- cmsidered in this 
 relation, before 1 come to our crilonv, and the concerns of it. 
 XX\'II. "The first planters, in these parts, were the Ihitch: and soon after 
 
 them, the Sieedes and Finns. The 1 hitch applied themseh'cs to iraiiick : the 
 S\eedes ;md Finns to linshandrw There w ei"e -ome disputes Ijetween them, 
 some years: the Ihilch looking upon them, as intruilers u])on their pm-chase and 
 possession: which was tinalh ended in the surrenilir, made liy .fohn Rizeini;. 
 the Swedisli ( iovcrnor, to Peter Sfiiyi'CS'int. (iovernor for the states of Holland. 
 anno lO:,^. 
 
 XX\ 111. "The Dutch inhabit mostly those parts of the province, that lie 
 
 upon, or ne;ir the hay: and the .'>\^edes. the freshes of the river Delazeare. 
 There is no need of giving any description of them; who are better known there 
 than here: but the\' are plain, strong, indirstrious people: yet have made no 
 great prog)-e^s, in cultiu'e, or propagation, of fniil trees: as. if thev desired to 
 
WAKWIlKS KllSSIIIM-; ( (l M M () \ W I-:ALI 11 . 43 
 
 have cnoni,di, tlian |ilrnl\, nr irattick. Iliil. I prc-iiiiK-. the Jinliaiis niadc thcni 
 the more careless, h\ Inrnishiiii^ them with the mean> nl profit, to Ti //, skins 
 ami furs, for rum, ami such slrout;- li(|Uiirs. They kindly received nie, as well 
 as the liir^lish, who were few, before the |)eoiil<.'. e.ineerned with me, came amoin;- 
 them. I must needs commend their respect tn authority, and kind hehavior to 
 the Eui^lish: they dn not dei^eiieratc from the old friend>hii), hetween hnth 
 king;doms. As they are peo|)le proper and strouL;- nf lind\. sn the\ have hue 
 children, and almost every house full; rare to tliid one without three or four 
 boys, and as main ^irls; some, six, se\en and eii;ht sons. .\nil 1 nui>l d.) them 
 that rii^ht ; 1 see few \(inui; men more sober and laborious. 
 
 X.XIX. "The Ihttch have a meetiu';- place, for religious worship, at Xnv- 
 
 castlc : and the Si^cdcs. three; one at t'hrisliiiu. one at Tcnccitin : and one at 
 IVicoco. within half a mile of this town. 
 
 XXX. "'There rests that 1 speak of the conditions we are m, and what set- 
 tlement we have made; in which 1 will be as >hort as I can; for 1 fear, and ncit 
 without reason, that I have tried your patience with this Inwj^ story. The ctnin- 
 tr\ lietli. l>ouiided on the east. l)y the river and bay of Dclai^'uic. and caslrni sea ; 
 it bath the advanta.^e of many creeks, or rivers rather, that run into the main 
 ri\er. or bav ; some navig-able for great ships, some. fr)r small craft. Those of 
 iiKiSt eminencv are. ('Iiristiiia, Brainlyzriiu'. Skilf'ot. and Sciilkil : any one of 
 which have room to lay up the royal iia\\- of lin^lainl: there being from four 
 to eight fathom of water. 
 
 XXXI. "The le>ser creeks, or rivers, yet coinenieiit for sloops and ketches 
 of g-Qod burden, are !.(':■. is. M L's[^ili(>ii. C'rihir. Porcr. i'riiiibrooL-. /■'rTrrshaiii 
 and f/"ro/X(\f, lielow ; an<l Chiilirstcr. (.'luster. Toaioh-iiy. I'aiiiiiiaf^i-iL'a. Port- 
 (liifssiii. Xcsliiniciu/.: an<l I'ntiihiiry, in the freshes; main lesser, that admit 
 boats and shallops. ( >ur jieople are mostly settled u|)on the upper rivers; which 
 are pU-asant and sweet, and geiieralh hounded with good kind; The planted 
 part of the province and territories is cast iiiln six counties, Phdadrlphia. Biick- 
 iitghaiii. Clifstrr, .\ cie-ctistlr. Kent and Susses: containing about four tlioin 
 sand souls. Tw(] genera! assemblies ha\e been held, and with such concord and 
 dis])atcli. that tlie\- sat but three weeks; and. at least sevent\ laws were passed 
 without one dissent, in am material thing. Ihit of this, more hereafter, being 
 \et raw and new. in oiir .gear. However. T cannot lorget tlu'ir singular respect 
 to me. in this infancy of things; who. by their own private e\])eiises. so earl\- 
 considered mine, for the public, as tf) present me with an impost, uiion certain 
 good.s ini])i)rted and i-xported. Which after ni\ acknowledgement of their af- 
 fection. 1 did as freely remit to the |)ro\-ince, and the traders to it. .\nd I'or the 
 well government of the said counties, courts of justice are established in every 
 county, with proper officers, as justices. sheritTs. clerks, constaliles. \c.. which 
 courts are held every two months. P.iit. to prevent law suits, there are three 
 praee luakers chosen by every county court, in the nature of common arbitrators. 
 to hear and end differences betwixt man and man. -\nd s|)ring .-md fall there 
 is an orphans' court, in each county to iiis]iect and regulatt' the ahairs of or- 
 phans and zeidows. 
 
 XXXII. "Philadclphhi. the expectation of tlio-e. that are concerned in this 
 province, is. at last, laid out. to the great content of those here, that are an_\- 
 
44 ■ WARWICK'S KEYSTONE CCIM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 wa\s interested therein. The situation is a necl< of land, and heth between two 
 navijjable rivers, Dclaicarc and Sciilkill: whereliy it hatli two fronts upon the 
 water, each a mile; and two from river to ri\er. Delaware is a j^lorious river; 
 hut the 'SciilL'ill. being- an hundred miles looatable above the falls, and its course 
 //()(•//( cast, towards the fountain of Susquehanna (that tends to the heart of the 
 province, and both sides our own) it is like to be a great part of the settlement 
 of this age. 1 sav little of the town itself, because a platform will be sh(_iwn 
 \ou In niv agent; in which those who are purchasers of me, will trnd their 
 )ianies and interests. I'.ut this I will say, for the g(jod providence of (lod, that, 
 of all the many places, I have seen in the world. I remember not one lietter 
 seateil ; so that it seems to me to ha\e been appointed f(jr a town, w hether we 
 regard the ri\-ers, or the conveniency of the coves, docks, springs, and loftiness 
 and soundness of the land, and the air, held by the people of these parts to be 
 very good. It is advanced, within lesr than a yeai', to about four score houses 
 and cottages, such as thev are; where lUercliants and handicrafts are following 
 tlieir vocations, as fast as the\ can; while the countr\' men are close at their 
 farms, some of them got a little w niter C'jrn in the greimul last season ; and 
 the generalit\' have had an handsome summer-crop, and are preparing for their 
 winter ciirn. 'I"lie\- reaped their barley, this \ear, in the month called May: the 
 wheat in the month folLjwing ; so that there is time, in these parts, for another 
 crop of diverse things, Ijefore the winter season. \\'e are daily in hopes of ship- 
 ping, to aild to our number; for, blessed be ( iod, here is both room and accom- 
 modati'in for them: The stories of our necessity being either the fear ..if our 
 friends, or the scare-crows of our enemies; b'or the greatest hardship, we have 
 sulTered, hath been salt meat: which !i\- fowl, in winter, and tish, in summer, 
 together with some poultry, lamb, mutton, veal, and plenty of venison, the 
 best part of t'.'e year, hath been made very passable. 1 bless (iod, I am fully 
 satisfied with the country and entertainment I got in it: b'or I find that particular 
 content, which hath always attended me. wliere (lod. in his providence, hath 
 made it nn pkice and service to reside, ^"on cannot imagine my station can be, 
 at present, free of more than ordinar\- business; and. as such. I may say, 
 it is a troublesome work. lUit tlie method, things are putting in, will facili- 
 tate the charge, and give an easier motion to the a Iministration of affairs. 
 However, as it is some men's dut>" to plow, souk- to sow, some to water, and 
 some to reap; so it is the wisdom, as well as the d.uty. of a man, to }ield to the 
 mind of I'rtividence, and chearfully. as well ;is carefully, embrace and follow 
 the guidance c>f it. 
 
 XXXIIl. "iMir \onr particular cijiicern. ] might entirely refer yi.)U to the 
 
 letters of the President of the society; but this I will venture to say, your pro- 
 \incial settlements, both within and without the town for situation and soil, are 
 witboiU exceinion. ^'our citv lot is a whole street, and one side of a street, from 
 river to river, containing near one liun:'red acres, not easily \'alued ; which is 
 besides your four hundred acres, in the city liberties, part of your twenty thou- 
 s;inil acres in the country. Your tannery hath such plenty of bark, the saw mill, 
 for timber, and the place of the ;j,iass house, are so conveniently posted for 
 water carri:ige. tlu' cit\- lot. for a (/i>(7,-. and the :eha!ery. for a sound and fruit- 
 ful bank, and the town Lezees. by it, to help your ]K'ople, that, by Ciod's blessing. 
 
WAKWUKS KI-:\SI(].\K CO.M M UN W i.Al. Til. 43 
 
 the affairs ul' the sociel} will nalurally !;rii\v in ihcir rc])inalii ni ami prolii. I 
 am sure, 1 have nut Uinicd iiu back u]ii)ii any ulTer. that IcmK-il in its pros- 
 pcritv: and thiai^h I am ill at prdjccts. I lia\T snmetimi-s put in I'nr a --hare 
 with her i.itticers. tn ciauitenance and aiKanci' her interest. N'^n are alri'adx in- 
 formed what is ht t'nr yon further to do: \vhat>oe\er teutls to the promotion 
 of wine, and to the manufacture of linen, in these parts, I cannot hut w i>h you 
 to promote: and the I'rciuli ])eo])K' are most likely, in both respects, to answer 
 that design. 'J'o that end I would .advise you to >end for some thons.inds of 
 plants out of pyaiicc. with some able I'iiirniiis. and peoj)!e of the otlu-r voca- 
 tion: lUit becau,-.e, 1 1)elie\'e, you lia\e lu'eu tiitert.iined with this, and some other 
 jirotitable snlijects by youi- I'resident, 1 >hall ;idd no more, bnl to assure yon. 
 that I am heartily inclined to advance \ou.r iu>t interest, and that yoii will 
 always find me 
 
 "\'our kind cordial friend, 
 
 -WIUdAM I'R.VX. 
 
 ••rhiladelphia. the I'lth, of tlie Mxlh month, calleil An.i^nst, K'S.v" 
 
 \\'ithin two _\ears of the arrival of \\ illiam I'enn, the infant city contained 
 three htmdred houses, .and the [)opnlation was estimated to be .about twent\-li\e 
 hundred. It was not hi-- original jmrpose to return to hai^laud at the expira- 
 tion of this time. l)nt matters had arisen whicli commamled his [lersonal pres- 
 ence. Lord llaUiuDre had set up a claim which encroached u])i>u the tei-ritory 
 of I'enn and he was leavini;' no stone unturned to urLj'e his dem;mds. (le had 
 many influential friends, and in every wax he endeavored to enlist them in his 
 cause. Penn. however, was alert and beniui with ardc)r the iirotectiou oi hi^ own 
 interests. It was not his ])tn-pose to rini.ain Ioul;^ absent from the coloux. and 
 at this time he left with ;;reat reluctance, lie had been a wise. |iro\ident and 
 fcind ruler, had won the friendship ni the Indian^ and tlie regard and respecl of 
 all clas.scs of men who came nniler his rule. I'astorius claims th;it "he was 
 loved and praised by all men. Kven the old. vicious inhabitrmts recognized 
 that thev had never seen such a wise ruler.'" It was not to be sn])iii)sed that the 
 community had nian\ id' the class referred to liy Mr. I'astoritis, but he had 
 such an utter hatred for the 1 hitch and .'^wedes that he chissed Iheni un !er this 
 general distinction, reiin embarked on a ki-lcli called the " i'"ndea\'oi-," and left 
 liis government in the hands of a Council, w hosi- I'resident was 'rhom;L'~ 1 .loyd. 
 Well pleased with his work, and looking with pride upon the cil\- that he h;id 
 so well established, he sent to his friends the following farewell letti'r: 
 
 "De.\r Frif.xds: 
 
 ".My love and my life is to you and with you and no water could (|iienc!i 
 it nor distance wear it out, mn- bring it to an end. I have been with you. cared 
 over you and served _\cin witli iinfeigued love and yon arc beU.Jved .if me :md 
 dear to me beyond utterance. I bless yon in the name and power of the Lord 
 and may God bless you with his richness, peace and plenty all the laud o\er. 
 (.), that you wrudd eye him in all. through ali and aljove all the works of \our 
 hands and let it be vour lirst care how- you may glorify ( lod in yotn- undertak- 
 ing: for to a blessed end are you brought hither and if you see and keep but in 
 
46 Warwick's kevstu.ne commonwealth. 
 
 the signs of that Providence your coming, staying and improving will be sancti- 
 fied, but if any forget God and call not upon His Xame in truth he will pour 
 out his plagues upon them and they shall know who it is that judgeth the chil- 
 dren 111 men. 
 
 "I )h. now you are come to a quiet land. Provoke not the Lord to trouble 
 it and now libert_\- and authority are with you and in your hands. Let the gov- 
 ernment lie upon his shoulders, in all your spirits that \riu ma\- rule for him 
 under whom the princes of this world will one day esteem it their honor to 
 govern and >erve in their places. I cannot hut say, when these things come 
 mightily upon my mind as the Apostle did of cild, what manner of persons ought 
 we 111 be in all (iodl}' ccjnversation, truly the name and h(jni ir rif the Lord are 
 deeply ci incerned in yon. as to the discbarge nf ydurselves in your present situa- 
 tinns, many e} es lieing U])rin }nu ; and remember, that as we have lieen belied 
 about disdwning the true religion, so too. all govern to behold us exemplar\' and 
 christian in the use of that and not rmly stop inur enemies lint minister cunvic- 
 tion [o man}' iin that accnunt prejudiced. ( ), that you ma\' see and know that 
 service and dn it for the Lonl in this xour da\. 
 
 "-\nd though Philadelphia, the virgin settlement df this province, na\- be- 
 f(ire thiiu wert born, what love, what care, what service, and what travail has 
 there been to bring thee forth and preserve thee from >nch as wtiuld abuse and 
 defile thee ! ( ), that thou mayest l)e kept from the evil that would overwhelm 
 thee; that, faithful tci the God of th\ mercies, in the life of righteousness, thou 
 mayest l.)e i)reser\-ed to the end: — my soul iirays to Gofl for thee that thou 
 mayest stand in the da\ (if trial and thy children may be blessed of the Lord and 
 thy people saved by his power: — my luve to thee has been great and the re- 
 membrance of thee affects my heart and my e\'e! The God of eternal strength 
 keep and preserve thee to his glory and thy |ieace. 
 
 "So dear friends my love again salutes mui all. Wish that (iod's mercv and 
 peace with ail the lempciral blessings ma\' abdund richlv among \ou — so savs. 
 so [)ra}"s yoiu' frien<l an<l lover in the truth. 
 
 •■\V1LLL\^^ PEX.X." 
 
 iM'tim du board the ketch — "Endeavor" the si.xtli niduth. 1684. 
 
 This letter in this practical age of durs seems in tone somewhat unctuous 
 and sanctinidnidus but we must bear in mind that it was the vogue of that 
 period tn write and speak in tliat strain. 
 
CHAPTER TV. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. MK N N0\ ITKS. TUXKF.RS AND SCI I \V1£ N Kl'Kl.nKKS. 
 
 FRANCIS DAMKl. I'ASTORU'S. CONRAD lUCISSEL. MOX A.STICRV AT ICI'llRATA. 
 
 A.NTIIOXV KLINC-KKN. MORAVIANS. FAMOUS INNS. COUNT 
 
 ZINZICNDORF. LUTIIF.RANS. PF.TF.R MUHLEN liliRG. 
 
 SCOTCll-IKISII. 
 
 AT the time IVnn returncl u. luislaml. his |)roviiu-c was ah'cady nccupKMl 
 by a considerable minilier of Ceniians, who in a short time became 
 known as ■•remisylvania Dnteh" which appellation they have retained 
 to this very dav. The ( '.ermans had not taken a very active jiart in 
 the explorations and discoveries ..f the new world, they had been ocenpie,! at 
 home with their .iwn di-seiisions. and besides this they were not a sea-farm,^ 
 people as were some of their iieis-hbors. They had. during- the period of the 
 Thirty Years' War. as we have already stated, been broken into various sects, 
 the principal of which were the iMcnnonites, Tunkers and Scliwenkfelders, otT- 
 shoots from the Anabaptists, 'i'he ^fennonites claimed to be descendants from 
 the Waldenses. Their leader, Simon Alenno. after whom they were called, had 
 been a priest in the Ivoinan t'hnrch and organized the sect about 1540. 'Iliev 
 were what were called .Mystics or (Jnietists, and believed with the (Jnakers in the 
 "inner light." They opposed war, refused to take oaths and to make iiaymeiit 
 of taxes. Thcv retained some of the sacraments however, amoni;- which were 
 baptism and holy commnnion. One of their peculiar customs was the washing 
 of each others' feet, which custom is in use among their descendants in certain 
 portions of I 'emisylvania to this day. They were a thrifty, serious |ieople. given 
 to devotion .and worshi]). J'.eforc leaving ( ;ermany to tind a refuge in the new 
 world, they h.ad been persecuted not only by the Catlwlics, but also liy the Re- 
 formed an.l l.utheran churches. Thc.\ submitted patieiillv as it was against 
 their teachings to become militant, and as a last resort they took up their scrip 
 and .shalk)]) shell as i)ilgrims and iourneved to America to establish a seltleinent 
 in the new laud that thcv might escape further persecution, 
 
 I'enn had offered inducements to them t..> come to his province and they 
 iourneved thither in great numbers in 10S2, and the following vear. They 
 were clanni.sh. as might have been expected, and settled down in the land lying 
 to the northwest of Philadelphia, which is today kn.iwn as Cermantowu. They 
 built comfortable little cottages, tilled the ground and raised great (|uantities 
 of flowers. < )iie of the mosi prominent men among their leaders was Francis 
 Daniel Pastorins, Hiiou bis arrival he became a school teacher, not only 
 among tiio.sc of his own faith but also among the Quakers. lie was a man of 
 vast information, spoke seven or eight languages fluently and made a study of 
 science, history and philosophy. In his younger years, before overtaken by the 
 spirit of religion, be was a sort of liohemian who wandered through luirope 
 visiting the flifferent cities and acquiring the languages of the various nations, 
 
 47 
 
48 Warwick's keysioxe com mox wealth. 
 
 bul in his wanderings his conscience was suddenly touched by the teachings of a 
 religious fanatic and forthwith he devoted himself to a serious and conteni])laiive 
 life. Pastorius, upon his arrival in America, lived for a while in a cave or hut 
 dug out of the deep shores of the Delaware, supposed to be in the neighborhood 
 of what is Chestnut street today, but after removing to Germantown to take up 
 his h(.)nie in the midst of his friends, he built a convenient and commodious stone 
 house anil devoted most of his time to literary work. The two leading churches 
 in Germantown were the Reformed and the Lutheran and they put forth their 
 best eftorts to unite the various sects that sprang out of the Reformation and 
 to join them in one body, but there really was not much accomplished in this 
 direction. 
 
 The Tunkers were another sect somewhat like the Alennonites and wore, 
 as the Quakers subsequently did, a distinctive style of dress, which in its main 
 features ma\' be seen even today in some of the counties of the State of i'enn- 
 sylvania, where the Dunkards reside in numbers. The word Tunker or Dunkard 
 means a dipper, that is one who believes in l.)ai)tism by immersion. The\ were 
 also called Tumi.)lers or Dumplers because of the peculiar motions tliex' made 
 in the water during the ceremony of this holy rite. 
 
 The men had li:>ng beards, wore serious faces and walked with a solemn 
 gait. Like many of the German sects and Quakers, they refused to bear arms, 
 to take oaths or pay taxes. The\' had grown to considerable numbers in (Ger- 
 many, but the whole sect emigrated between 1719 and 172Q. Among their 
 numbers were several men of great ability and vast learning. Many of them, 
 having originally belonged to the Anabaptists, joined in time the Seventh Day 
 Baptists. One of their members, by name Conrad Beissel, a devout Pietist, came 
 to Pennsylvania in 1720 and he thought the religious life might be improved by 
 celibacy and the adoption of a monastic existence. He induced them to make 
 the Sabbath the last dav of the week instead of the first and subsequently 
 withdrew from all communication witli his friends in the outer world and took 
 up his residence in a cave on the banks of the Cocalico Creek in Lancaster 
 Count}-, where he lived the life of a hermit. The Dunkards, however, not will- 
 ing to lose his spiritual instructitm and guidance, sought him out and three hun- 
 dred of them formed a monastic community. The settlement soon became 
 known as that of the monastery of Ephrata. The men and women lived in sep- 
 arate habitations. They did not spend their time in idleness, but devoted them- 
 selves to manual occupations: they farmed the land, built flour, paper and full- 
 ing mills and set up a printing press. The books they published were printed 
 and bound in the best style of art of that day and are much valued by collectors 
 at the present time, not only because of their raritv but also because of their 
 original designs, beautiful illuminations and clear type. They lived on vege- 
 tables. sle|)t on wooden benches, used blocks of wood for pillows and attended 
 worship four times in the twenty-four hours. .Such a manner of life did not 
 induce to the iiuparting of health and they became thin and emaciated in ap- 
 pearance. They walked with a slow, steady pace, looking straight forward with 
 their eyes fixed on the ground, their hands often clasped in the attitude of prayer, 
 nor would thev turn while in meditation, to give an answer to a question pro- 
 |X)un(le(l li\' a stranger. The dress of the men consisted of a shirt, trousers and 
 
WAKWRK S KKVSTOXE CO^r MOXWEALTU. 49 
 
 waistcoat. Their feet wi-re ciifasfd in sandals and in the winter lime tliey wore 
 a long woolen gown which they exchanged for a linen one in sunnner. 'ilie 
 women wore petticoats and the cnwls of their gowns covered their faces when 
 going into pnblic. 'J'heir sensna! affections ha\ing been di\erted fruni thiir 
 natural cunrse. were ])<iure<l forth. sa\s (iordnn, '"on the mystic nmim with tlu- 
 Redeemer." Christ was the bride of one sex and the Ijridegrnnm of the niher. 
 and often their language nf ])assi.in was what might be called sensnnus an<l 
 indelicate. This boily nf i'rnlestant m(ink> and nuns, after a shurt existence, 
 almost disappeared and entirely sn after the ReNolntinn. 
 
 The Tunkers and the .Mennnniles spuke a cnnnnnn tongne and differed so 
 little in their forms nf belief that lhe\ were able to cnmniinglr and liw amicably 
 together in one cnmnnmitx. T1k-\ built up a \-illage on l)nth sides of what i.-^ now 
 known as ]\[ain street, in ( lermanti iwn. Their Imuses or cottages were cosy and 
 substantial, and fruit and llnwer^ grew in abundance. The_\- formed a thrifty, 
 prosperotis settlement. It \\a> unfdrtunate that the}' diil not im'ngie more freely 
 with their English neighbors. They adopted a seal which reiireseiited a clo\er 
 leaf on which were a vine, a stalk <>f tlax anil a weaver's spool, with the words 
 I'iniiiii. liiiiiiii. tr.vtriiiiiiii. It was to the learned Pastorius that the\' were 
 indebted for this design. He based it u])on the fact that most of the members 
 of the community had been weaver^ in the old countrw and culti\ators of vine- 
 yards. 
 
 in this settlement lix'ed a man by the name of Anthony Klinckeii. Jly his 
 care and industry he had accumulated quite a sum of mone)' and in his later 
 years he led a life of leisure and devoted himself to the sports of the field and 
 the stream. lie was a most ardent sportsman and his larder was always well 
 stored with the best and choicest varieties of game. He is the first man of 
 whom we have any account among the settlers of that early C(jmmunii\ who 
 indulged in sport for the mere love of it. He frequentlv journeyed from ( ler- 
 mantcjwn to Philadelphia, and he never came without liringing along his gun 
 in order to have a shot at the ducks and water fowl which freipientcd a famous 
 spatter dock pond on the outskirts of the cit\ in the immediate locality of wdiat 
 we now call hourlh ;ind .M.arket streets. 
 
 (lermantown in those days was more rural than urban and during the 
 heated term of the year many citizens who could afford it made it a resort 
 for their summer vacation. It became ipiile popular in this respect, notwilfi- 
 standing tlu' fact thai dtu-iui; jid\ and August mosquitoes anil flies swarmed in 
 munbers and made life all bul intolerable. 
 
 The Tunkers and the .Mennonites shortly after having effected their settle- 
 ment, established schools, and set up a printing press and published a newspaper 
 printed in derman. The vast majority of the (jerman settlers made no effort to 
 acquire the use of the English tongue and this kept them separate and distinct as a 
 community and, in a great measure, prevented that familiar intercourse between 
 themselves and their neighbors, that would have obtained had they si)oken a 
 common tongue. In some localities of Peimsylvania even today, where live the 
 descendants of the old (ierman settlers, a language is used wdiich is neither 
 English nor (icrman, Ijut known distinctively as Pennsylvania Dutch, and which 
 may be described as a combination of broken English and broken (ierman. It 
 
50 \\ AKW KK S KE\ST(.).\I-: CO M MUX W I'.AL T 1 1 . 
 
 niig-ht be supposrd by (nie uiiac(|iiaintc(l with tliu matlcr that most (if thi-se emi- 
 grants came from Holland, in view of the fact they were classed imder the 
 designation of "Dutch." The truth is. however, that all of them, with few ex- 
 ceptions, came from (Jermany, from Alsace. Suabia. Saxony and from the I'ala- 
 tinate. They called themselves, in their own tongue, Deutcli. which by the Eng- 
 lish was easily transformed into Dutch. Mven today, among some (if our citi- 
 zens, the Word "Dutch" is used to include all classes of ( iermans. irrespective 
 of the fact that they ctjme neitiier from Holland nor Manders, the hal)itat of the 
 true Dutchman. A majoritx' of the (Iermans who came to I'ennsyh-ania appear 
 to have hailed from tlie Lower I'alatinate on the Rhine, where the\- suffered 
 Iier>eciition. not onl\ from the invasion of the I'Tench. but also at the hands of 
 tlie Lutherans. It was this coiuitry that William Penn visited and in which he 
 used his best exertions to induce its downtrodden people to find a refuge from 
 persecution in his new province across the sea. 
 
 An interesting class of innnigrants were the Schwenkf elders, of whom Hon. 
 Samuel W. I'enuypacker has given us a learned account. They arrived in the 
 good ship "St. Andrew" in the year oi nuv Lord ij.vl- I hey had been shijiped 
 to America b\' the l.ienex'olence of some goieroiis mercliants in Amsterdam, who 
 SNinpathizing with their conditions, determined to secure for them if possible 
 an asyhun from persecution in the new world. They had suttered luitold hardships 
 and had been reduced to poverty while in their native land of Silesia at the 
 hands of both Catholics and rr(:>testants. Their foimder was Caspar .Schwenk- 
 feld, wdio was born in I4i,)0, two \ears before the discover) of .\merica by Co- 
 lumbus. They early espoused the teacliings of John 1 luss. and like many other 
 sects in (Germany were opposed t(.) war, to the taking of oaths and to all the sac- 
 raments that were held so holy by the ?\Iother I'hm-cli. Although they had suf- 
 fered, the\' had been >tea(lfast in their faith, but the terrible persecutions in- 
 flicted upon them had made them secretive and timid, and upon their arrival in 
 this ctiuntrv, in order that they might a'coid publicity and not arouse the op[)osi- 
 tion ;md antagonism of their neighbors, tlie\' met for religious worship in each 
 other's liomes. .\11 these sects that came from (lermany seem to have had but 
 a slight difference in so far as their faiths were concerned. They were Mystics, 
 Pietists and religious devotees, who in contemplation and meditation sought 
 communion with the living ( lod. Among them were the sects of the Amish, 
 Lhiited P)rethren, the Labidist^, XewuKioners, Zion> I'.rueder, and many oth.ers 
 to(_) niuner(iu> to mention. There were many sects besides these that are well 
 known. They arose, had a brief existence and passed away and their followers 
 fell back into their original faith or were swallowed up by other congregations. 
 Man\ of the emigrants wdio came to the province, however, were not identified 
 with any of these sects, among them were t() be fotmd n(.)t only Deists, but 
 Atheists, and some of the ships that arrived brought Church of England men, 
 Lutherans, Roman Catholics and Huguenots. 
 
 We have already said that the Germans who had come to the iirovince of 
 Pennsvlvania segregated themselves from the original inhabitants and formed 
 separate and distinct comnuuiities. This was luifortunate for the growth and 
 future welfare of the coiuUry. It was a long while before they began to mingle 
 with what were termed outsiders. In fact, even today, in some portions of the 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOWVEAl.TII. 5I 
 
 State of Pennsylvania, there are comniunities, direct descendants of these early 
 settlers, separate and distinct fruni .all iheir >nrn unidinus. 'i'lu- people are one 
 unto themselves, dress in .a disiinciive ;^arl) ami speai-: a l'orci.u;ii tongue. Alter 
 the first settlements were made, liowever. the < lermans and people ni other 
 nationalities. he,L;;in to ponr in irrespective of any ipiestion nf relit;ion or per- 
 secntion and tli.-it tide has liecn kept np ever since. 'I'Iicn- came because the\ 
 heard fair repoins of llie )iew world, of its \ir^in soil that needed onl\ cultiva- 
 tion to m;ik-e it bloom and blossom like tlie rose. ;i land that was rich i-noui^li to 
 \ield annu.al harvests of t^rain and fruit in profn>ion ,ind where Labor could 
 find an abundant reward. Amoni;- tiicsc people who ,irri\eil in mimbers so \a^t 
 were all sorts and classes <if men from every section of lundpe. and it was 
 feared that their inllnence would work lo the detriment of the state, but, fortu- 
 natch', as has always been the case up to this time, no matter whence the\ conu' 
 the Jiistory of the Republic shows that the immii;r,ints have yielded to our con- 
 ditions rather th.an our conditions ha\e \ ielded to them. I'nder the intluence i>f 
 universal public education, children at least ■)f the second .L;eneration arc n.alion- 
 alized and l)ecome American in sentiment. 
 
 The Cierman enn'i;rants who came earl\ to the pro\ince did not as a class 
 settle in the towns, hut l)ein<i' ;i,i;ricnltm-ists. penetrated iiHo the interior of the 
 coimtry to hud yood farms and in a short time they spread ovei' all that p.irt of 
 I'ennsylvania just east of the Sus(piehanna. 'idiey were prudt'ut. skilled and 
 thrifty farmers for those limes, and were economical and lruL;,il to ,l dei^ree. 
 They built rude but comfortable homes. The fr.amework of the houses was 
 made of hui^e lo;;s co\-ered with cl.apborirds. and in the kitchen, which w<as the 
 living- room, was an innnense open tire|:)lace. ( )n a cold winter's nit^ht 
 
 "When icicles hanj; b\- the wall. 
 
 And Dick the shephcnl blows his nail 
 .And Tom bear> lo,^s into the hall 
 
 -\nd milk comes frozen hi ime in |)air' 
 
 there is no sii;in more cheerfid than ;i ,i;rcat hearth ])iled with hlazin.^f 1o,l;s. and 
 arotmd sucli a fireplace the farmer ;md his f.amily after their frut;,ii sup|ier 
 would gather to crack nuts, eat ap])les. tell stories, recoimt Ihe news of (be day 
 and watch the tlanies leap up the chimney, until the old Dutch clock in the 
 corner struck the hour of nine. They also built connnodious h.arns in which to 
 garner the grain and the ])roducts of tlie soil: .and stables .and pens to protect 
 the liorses, cattle, slice]) and swine from the incK-ment winter weather. I''.ven 
 to this day through r.ebaiion. York, and Lancaster (/ounties. the big red barns, 
 bursting with fullness, give proof of the Dutch farmer's thrift and industry ;uid 
 that the land under his tilling is still rich anil fruit fitl. 
 
 One of the finest breed of draft hor.ses ever (Kwa-loped in tliis country came 
 from a locality called Conestoga. near Lancaster, i'erhaps there is not in the 
 world a horse better adaptefl to I'arming purposes. The name Conestoga is also 
 applied to the farm wagons used by these early settlers, 'idiese wagons were 
 srongly and .solidly built and were covered with a great white canvas roof 
 stretched over hickorv bows. Kwu to this dav tliev niav be seen occasionallv in 
 
52 WAHWICK S Kin'SIOXE COM .M ().\ WEALTH . 
 
 certain sections of the state, but their general use has long since been sup|ilante(l 
 bv the railroads, Thev were, liinvever, once more brought into requisition when, 
 in later (la\s, the great tide of emigration poured into the far west acmss the 
 prairies and nver the Rockies. The wagon tlien was given the poetic designa- 
 tion of prairie schooners, and not inappropriately, for its white top in midst of a 
 vast plain closely resembled a sail at sea. 
 
 In the earh daxs of the province it was the only means for the tran>porta- 
 tion of freight and f;irm products between the country and the city. Loaded 
 with turkews, chickens, eggs, butter and country provisions of all kinds, it 
 traveled weekl\- to market. When loaded, the canvas cover of the wagon was 
 closed at both ends by drawing strings or ropes. The team, in many instances, 
 wdien the roads were heavy and the tlistance to be traveled great, consisted of 
 four horses while the driver ro<le on the tongue near horse. Often e-\tending 
 above the hames of each horse was an iron bow holding bells, which not only 
 gave f(^rth a merry jingle. Imt also frightened the wild beasts that might be 
 lurking b\' the wayside. The arrival of the team at every village was a great 
 event. The horses were ruljhed down, fed and watered and given a rest liefore 
 again starting on their route. In the meantime, the driver in the tap rcwni. drank 
 his glass of toddv and gathered the new> of the day. and in turn informed the 
 eager listeners of all the event> that had ha|)pened in his neighborhood since 
 his last visit. The great highwav in thc)Se d:i\s, uniting the western settlements 
 with the citv of Philadelphia was the Lancaster Turnpike, a fairly well con- 
 structed road. As population increased. Conestoga wagons, stage coaches and 
 private conveyances of all kinds gave it a business air. There was plenty of 
 provision for both man and beast, for. it is said, that there W'ere si.\ty-two 
 taverns between Philadelphia and Lancaster, that is one e\-ery mile of the dis- 
 tance. The best kept Lin among the wdiole number, however, was that at Paoli, 
 and here were entertained at different times, many of the most distingu.ished 
 men of the Xatiou. 
 
 One of the most interesting class of settlers was the Moravians. The sect 
 was originallv known under tlie title of L'nit.is Fratruni. They arose in P.o- 
 hemia and the neighboring province of Mora\ia. nearly a centiu'y before the 
 Mennonites were organized. The sect grew with amazing speed and at the 
 advent of Luther they had made such inroads into the .Mother Church, that they 
 were vastly in the majority in the two states of ISohemia and Moraxda. A per- 
 secution, howcA-er, was begun against them and carried on so pitilessly and so 
 relentlesslv, that the sect was greatlv reduced in numliers. and in some localities 
 almost exterminated. The followers were scattered throughout Poland. Hun- 
 gary, Transylvania, Russia and Silesia and were graduall\ growing weaker until 
 Count Zinzendorf, in 1722, by his endeavors and preaching revived the old faith. 
 They were a mystic, emotional people, and afTected with the spirit ni Pieti-^m. 
 One of their characteristic features was a dee]) love for music and the hynnis 
 which they used in their services were not only weird l)ut grandly devi>lional. 
 Even to this day their churches in Pethlehem and throughout Xiirlhampton 
 County hold Easter Services of a most peculiar character, but wdiicli at the same 
 time are most impressive. They began to arrive in .America in 1734. .A number 
 of them settled in Ceorgia on some land which had been offered to the .Schwenk- 
 
WAKWUKS Kl•;^ s I ii.M'. ((.jm MUX w i: \i.rii. 53 
 
 iL'tilcTS : llic kutL-r, Ii' iw ix rr, prolerrcd ruiiiiiiL; tu 1 Viui.s\ 1\ auia. Snl)>L-(|iu'ntl\ 
 till- .Mi>ra\ians were called ii]inii l}y the prnviiicc of (Icortjia t 1 taki.' up aiaiis 
 against the S[iaiiiar(ls hiu ileeliiiiii^ in he iiivcilved in war. the\ ahandi)ned llieil" 
 early settlements and ImuikI their \\a\ tu 1 'ejnis) Kama in 17.^1) and -ettled near 
 Nazareth, on the i.ehigh ri\er. lhi> was one oi the renii .Maniir>, dur uf tlmse 
 iild tiefs of the Mnglish t rnwn whii-h required the proprietor ti> delixer annuall)' 
 a red rose at the t_'astle .if W incK^r. In 1741, the whole settK'nient moved to 
 Jjethlehein, which town in lime heeame, as it were, the inelropnlis of iheir 
 church in America. Here it was thai tlie\ introduced their eomniuiial s)slem. 
 The Church held the title to all the laniK and gathered all tlie re^nlls of the coin- 
 hiued labor of the conimimit\. and in turn made ])rovision fur the maiuteuance 
 of the people 1j} pro\iding fur thon the necessities of life. Schools were est.ah 
 lislied for the children and pmiection gi\en to ihi.ise iniiahilauls who were 
 maimed, sick ijr overtaken h\ n\,\ a,L;e. ijnuses were pruviiiei! for ihe bachelors, 
 as well as fcir the single wnineu and still others tVir the wiilow>. 1 ijn u.ii tind 
 that au\ ])ri:vi>iiin was made fni- the widower--. So thrifty and enlerprising wa> 
 the coniuiunit\ that it ac.piired the owiiershi]) of one (.)r two ship>, cnnimanded 
 l)v Moravian ca])taius, which \es>el> cou\e\ed from the old world lo the new 
 all emigrants who desired to join the settlement. 
 
 The Aloravians carried <n\ a nnmljer of trades most successfully. 'J'hey had 
 button mills, grist mills, saw mills, tanneries and potteries, and when not aclu- 
 ally engaged in their vocations, spent their time in an effort to reform and con- 
 vert the Indians. 
 
 In 1741, Count /inzend'irf came lo 1 'ennsyhania and remaini'd here for a 
 little over a \ear. He \isiled I 'hikadelphia and < iermanlow 11 ;ind m.ade several 
 excursions among the red men. peiietrati'd into the wilderness, and was one of 
 the first white men whose e>es I'ested on the be.auties of the walkw of \\'\oming. 
 
 Tile Moravians were noted for their good, wholesome cinking and during 
 the colonial da_\s their imis had :i world-wide repnt.alion. d'lie main road leading 
 from l'hiladel|)hia to I'.dstou parsed thi-ough J'lL-iIdehem and tli,-U biMunht main- 
 travelers to the town. It was a rela\ station fc)r the stages tra\elling between 
 the cities. .Many colonial taverns had a great reinitation, Inn iliere were none 
 that equalled tb.ose of the .Moravians. At .Xazareth "The Rose" and ■'The 
 Crown" were noted for their accommodations, bnl "The .Sim" ,it r.ethlehem, 
 udiich was under the direct management of the church. wa> without an eipial in 
 the Country. I''.veu foreigners wIm canie here temporaril) and visited the inn 
 s])okc of it in the higlicst terms. When a traveller arrixed. his horse was at 
 once taken to ibe stable and hi> luggage carried to hi> aparlments. which cur 
 sisted generally of a silting room, with two bed chambers. He w.as supplied 
 witli a servant to look specially ;{\\vv his wants and was gi\en a pri\;ite ke\- lo 
 come and go at his own ilesire. The Moravians were not prohibitii luists and 
 their cellars were filled with llie best brands of wine. especi;dl\ .M.adeir.a. which 
 was a very jxipular drink al that day. The tabU- was supplied with g;ime ;md 
 fresh vegetables of grt'at variet\. while the home made pastr\ is s;iid to have 
 been unexcelled. \'enison steaks were broiled <in ;i spit o\-er a blazing wnod tl'-e 
 and served on hot plates. 'I'he liellevue-Slratf. .rd may have finer ami more 
 delicate entrees and more luxurious appointments ;iud surroundings, bul it is a 
 
r, \V.\K\VRK"s KKVSTD.NE COMMONWICALTH. 
 
 o-rav. <|uesti..n wlu-thcr it could furnish a meal that wuuUl be more appetizing to 
 a huno-ry man. The most prominent men of the nation stopped at these urns 
 and enjoved their c^enerous hospitality. Lafayette nursed his wounds after the 
 battle .'.f Brandvwine. in llethlehem. These hostelries were delightful resorts m 
 the summer season, and it l)ecame fashionable in time for tired denizens of the city 
 to spend their vacations here. Thev were most cozy and comtortable, U>n. m 
 Ihe bleak and stnrmv davs of winter, when great open fires blazed in the 
 hearths. These inns were renowned for their hospitality and the stranger at 
 the hands of the host always received a kin.lly welcome. 
 
 ••Whoe'er has travelled life's dull roun.l. 
 Where'er his stages may ha\e been. 
 Must sigh to tiiink he still hath fouii<l 
 His warmest welcome at an inn." 
 
 Alanv passengers travelling by stage would stop at ihe^e inns over night, some- 
 time; for several davs to rest and break the monotony of a long ride, for it >vas no 
 easv task to iourney in a crowded stage for hours at a stretch, especially when 
 the' road was heavv or the weather hot or inclement. _ 
 
 It is in the counties of Xortbampton and Lehigh, where are to be tound 
 Mdav manv of the descendants of the MoraMau... that Pennsylvania Dutch can 
 ■ he heard s,,okeii in its puritv. l^^en many of those that use English speak it 
 with a peculiar accent. an<l much amusement is afforded the passengers on the 
 railroads as the brakemen call -nit at the stations -Kass,- "Xazares and "Les- 
 lehem •■ meaning r.ath, Nazareth and r.ethlehem. ,. . 
 
 .Manv I utherans had come into the province on the tide of immigration. 
 .,„,, ;„',-,, I'eter Muhlenberg arrived. He began to strengthen the congrega- 
 'ti.ns ,,f which there were onlv about two in the province. He instituted a pro- 
 pa^.anda, but in Ins inroads up^n the ^ects he encountered, as might have been 
 expected .treniious opposition, tor ,t must be borne in mind that many ot the 
 (Germans who had come over to 1 'emisylvama in the early days nad been per- 
 secuted bv the Lutheran Church. They mistrusted Muhlenberg an<l charged 
 hi„, with "all sorts of crimes and ^^,cked intent.m.. X..t t,, be disniayed, how- 
 ever he kept bol.llv at his work, and succeeded after strenuous eHorts. m es- 
 ,abli;hin^ a Lutheran Church in this cniiitry. In fact, he had arrived m tm^ 
 to save a few congregations from utter disintegration. MuhlenlK.rg. aUhougl 
 mistrusted b^ his Cennan brethren, was a man of education bn, ad and libera! 
 i„ his views 'and of the highest character an,! integrity. He became one ot the 
 ,lisuu"-uished generals of the Revohiti.n, an.! during the war. while addressm.^ 
 his cm-vregatiin upon the suited of patriotism, threw oft his clencai gown and 
 appeared hi full regimentals, and bade the congregation good-bye as he started 
 f,n-th to take charge of his command. . , , 
 
 In iso^. under the reign of Llizabeth, a terrible insurrection broke ont in 
 Ireland 'b'n.m the date of the partial conquest by Henrv H., the condition ot 
 that island had been distressing and deplorable. The chiefs ,^ the ditterent claus 
 „. ,nl,es wioe,l constant war among themselves, but when Elizabeth nndert.,ok 
 I,, imp, se up?,n the natives the l>r,.testant religion, llie people at once umte.l their 
 
\V.\l;\\ U K S KKVSTnXK (OM M ( IN WKALTII . 
 
 55 
 
 forces, and iougln with a (Ictrrniinalinn that ami,! have licrn iiuhicnl mily by 
 religions zeal. Thin-s went finni bar! t- n,,r,sc an.l ni the iM.rthcrn pai'i ,)! 
 the island a war ni cxtennination bc-aii. »> cruel and sm nurciless that the 
 Queen herself declared that if the work ..f .lestnicti, ,n were cnntnuie.l there 
 wonld l)e nothin- left of her kiiiL^dnni hut a>he> and corpses. At last, after a 
 vigorous and h],„,dv uarl'are. u hen the people u ere reduced to the verge o'f 
 starvation. Ireland Mihniitted to h'.ugland's rule. 
 
 In the eonllict between I'.u-l.ind and Ireland, the -ivater part of the pro- 
 vince ot rister which had rebelled a.^ainst bdizabeth's power, bad been ^eized 
 by the Crown and the land owners evicted. In order to hold a check upon the 
 malcontents of the rest .if the inland. Kini; |anie> I., of l-j.gland. and \ I. ,,f 
 Scotland, granted the lands which ha.l been seized by l-dizabe'th to his Presby- 
 terian subjects both in l-.n-land and .Scotland, the reipii-ite f.ir the title being that 
 the bolder should be an inK|nalilied I'n.testant. The citv ,,f Loudon estahhshed 
 a .settlement called Londonderry, and it was at once occupied bv b'.ngli.sh and 
 Scotch immigrants. In this way Protestantism was firmly and linally e'stablisbe<l 
 in the north of Ireland. 'I'hese settlers in time were recognized and designated 
 distinctively as Scotch-Irish. During the connnouwealth of Cromwell, the con- 
 fiscation of Irish lands was coutinned and many bjiglisbmen were induced lo 
 emigrate and settle upon the lands so confiscated. These people have been 
 known in Ireland ever since as I'lstermen, but are known to us under the 
 common appellation >ti Scotch-Irish. 
 
 The Scotch-Irish were the exponents , d' Calviinsm, ,iu.l when Charles I. 
 came to the throue of Lnglaud, he endeavorc'd to couiik'I them to couform to 
 the rites of the Church of luigland. While he was enforcin.i^ this attempt, the 
 native Irish arose and made a determined effort to expel the Scotch-1 rish ' .-md 
 in the conflict nianv thou.sands were kille.l. Leing between twe, fiivs, tlie u'aiive 
 Iri.sh on one side a:ul the persecutiou of Charles I. on the other, manv Scotcb- 
 Iri.sb emigrated to America. Some went to .^rarvland, some went toAir-ima 
 an.l. in fact, thev were to be found among all the pn.vinces ,,f the new w.,rld.' 
 The greater i)ortiou ,,f them, however, migrated to I 'ennsvlvania. .Souie settled 
 on the Lehigh, some went into Ihteks and some into r.,iucaster Countv, bnl 
 the greater portion settled in what is now known as the Ciuuberl.aud \allev. 
 
 The .Scotch-Irish poure.l into the i)r..viuce and seized ihe laud withoiu' per- 
 mission of the proprietor, exercising a sort of Mpi.nter M.vereigutv. Thev ,lif- 
 fered from the Quakers in that thev were willing 1,, llglu for their liberty, ,ind 
 they looked upon them with ;i sort of contempt, as a no„-resisling class of 
 men who would siifi'er an insult rather than resent ii. Il.iving been'conipelled 
 to defend their pos.sessi,,ns i„ Ireland, they brought with theu^ Ih.. same spirit 
 of warfare to the new land. They were a hardv, hnive. hot headed race, easilv 
 won by kindness, but rearly to resent, even to the death, an .affrout or' insult' 
 ihey were warm in their friendships, but imfor.uiviuL; and relentless in their 
 enmities. They were well fitted for the sturd\ ,,n,l perilous life of froutiersnieu 
 They hated the Indians at the start, and did not hesitate to take everv advaufa^e 
 of them. Ileing in c<.n.stant dread of attacks fr,Mn Ihe redmeu thev lonke.l upou 
 them as their nalnral foes. In his y.,nth. the Scotch Irishman uas'trained in the 
 bearing of arms, and he became as expert in the use of the ride as Haniel ilooue 
 
cfi Warwick's kevstom-: ((immdxwkalti:. 
 
 or Davy Crockett. The Scotcli-Irishman was clannish an.l ho c-nioycd nothing 
 more than the society of his friends and nei-hhur.. His .p-.rts were rn.le, and 
 consisted of foot-racing-, wrestling, shin-kicking and rongli and tnniblc fight- 
 ing. In Ins contests, however, lie used as a weapon his hsts and was not given 
 l.Tthe sly and cowardly use of the dirk or stiletto. In personal eonibats one 
 of ihe lavorile amusements was to gouge out the eye of an opponent with 
 the Ihnml). A wedding was a great event in the settlement, and generally ended 
 in a grand drinking bo'ut, after the groom had been laid at the side of the bride. 
 l.-,,,„? the verv beginning the Scotch-Irish had been subjected to Indian am- 
 buscades and thev were kept constantly on the </-n rnr. fearing a sudden attack. 
 In tlie harvest season, when the Indians were on the war-path, scouts guarded 
 the toilers in the fields, whose rifles stacked, were close at hand to be 
 seized at a moment's notice. Their religion was almost as severe as their char- 
 acter^. Thev were devoted followers of Calvin and Knox and uotliing suited 
 iheiii better than long sermons, dwelling on the vindiclivcuess of an uutorgivmg 
 Cod. They believed in the doctrine of predestination and th.it Adam was pre- 
 destined to fall and with him the whole human race and that onl\ those who 
 were elected to salvation by an omnipotent Cod wonld be saved. If a man were 
 predestined to destruction, no matter how g-od his deeds or how crrect his 
 life he was damned for all time. This was the .loctrine of election, preached 
 bv [onathan l-dwards and which, to use the language of his followers, pre- 
 destined an infant not a span knig to the t.^rtures of hell. They argued that 
 C,h1, being omniscient, knew all things from the beginning ot time to the end 
 thereof, and whatever He had foreordained was sure to come to pass. Tt was 
 hard to t^nd. however, in those days, a Scotch-Irishman who did not believe 
 that he was elected to salvation. Severe and bitter as this creed appears, it 
 heli.ed to form the character of some of the ablest men this country had ever 
 
 produced. 
 
 Dnring the Revolution thev ardently espoused the .\nierican cause and it 
 
 was their boast that not a Tory could he foun.l among tliem. In 1794. 'l"n"S 
 WAshino ton's second term of office, ihe g.vernmenl imposed a revenue tax 
 
 upon tlK- manufacture of whiskev. Tiie rough, Scotch-Iri^h backwoodsmen 
 were extensivelv engaged in the distillati<.n of large quantities ot liquor. The 
 distillers, or whiskev producers, refu>ed to pay the tax .0 impose,! and resisted 
 the officers of the government in the matter of its collection. One officer .sent 
 to collect the tax was tarred and feathered, wlide .another received a heavy 
 tloo-.ring with beech rods. An army of frontiersmen was organized aii<l all men 
 we7e calle.l on to stand in defense of their rights .and to resist what was called 
 the ivrannv of the new government. The rebellion continued for three years, 
 when' at last Washington decided upon stremious measures, and without tnrther 
 ado sent an armv of fifteen thousan.l men to compel obedience to the law. 
 In face of so large a force, the insurgents Laid down their arms. 1 bus ended the 
 well-known Whiskey Rebellion, of I 'enusylvania. 
 
 For fifteen or twentv vears imnudiatelv succeeding the landing of Penn, the 
 Welsh in great numbers poured into the province. The great majority were Quak- 
 ers Thev were given a section of land lying west of Philadelphia, consisting ot 
 fortv thonsaud acres. For a long while they maiutaincl the use ot their own 
 
WAHWUKS KI-:VSln.\K l(IM M I i.\ W KAI.T 11 . 57 
 
 tong-ue. but as the pnpulatidii iiKToascil all traces of it disappeared and, unlike 
 their Gennau brethren, they were al's, irhed in the eonnniniit)-. I^^r some dis- 
 tance on the line of the l'ennsylvaui;i Railroad, the names _<;iveu to the different 
 stations remind us of their early settlenieut> ; such as Aleriou. Ilaverford, Tredyf- 
 frin, Berwyu, Radnor, l!r\u Mawr, ('\u\\yd and St, l)a\iils, this last li;ivin,t; 
 been named after the patron saint of Wales. 
 
 We liave briell> sketched the ni.iny classes of emii^ratits that came lo form 
 the settlement of tht- province: Dutch, .Swedes, luiijlish, Welsh, (iermans, ,nid 
 Scotch-Irish, and it was out of this meltiuL^ pot. usiui;- the laun;naL;e of Israel 
 Zan.gwill, that we di'veloped the iulluence and the greatness of Pennsylvania. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 PENN KETURNS TO THE PROVINCE. THE TOWN STRICKEN WITH YELLOW FEVER. 
 COLONEL ROnERT QUARRY APPOINTED JUDGE OF THE ADMIRALTY. DAVID 
 LLOYl) .\NT.\G()NIZED BOTH PENN AND QUARRY. PENN's LIFE AT PENNSBURY. 
 PENN SAILS F(IR ENGLAND. PENN DENOUNCED FOR HIS INTIMACY WITH THE 
 COURT. LANDING OF THE DUKE OF MONMOUTH IN ENGL.VND. THOMAS LLOYD, 
 PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL, GOVERNED THE PROVINCE WITH AN EVE SINGLE 
 TO THE INTEREST OF THE PROPRIETOR. THOMAS LL(I^•|) RESIGNS. JOHN 
 BL.VCKWELL SUCCEEDS LLOYD. PENN NAMES THOMAS I.LO'iTi DEPUTY GOVER- 
 NOR IIP PENNSN'LVANIA AND WILL!.\M M.VRKHAM DEPUTY GOVERNOR IN THE 
 lEKKIKjRIES. THE CITY NOTWITHSTANDING POLITICAL CONTENTION MAKES 
 l;\l'in PROGRESS. X'OLUNTEER FIRE SYSTEM. MARKET PLACE THE CENTRE OF 
 TMi: lOWN. 
 
 0\ Scptciiilicr 13, if)i)<), I'cnn left Cowes in the Isle of ^^'ight on the ship 
 "Cantcrhiirv." His visit to Ennlaiid had not accomplished nuich in 
 the \\a\ (if a final settlement nf the crmtroversy lietween him and 
 Lord Baltimore. On his voyage to America he was acconijjanied by 
 his wife and his daughter just coming into womanhood, Letitia or "Tislie" as 
 she was affectionately called by her father. I'enn's first wife, whu had been 
 such a comfort and support to him in all his anxieties and cares, had died in 
 1604. leaving three children surviving her. His second wife was Hannah Cal- 
 lowhill, the daughter (jf Thomas L'allowdiill, a merchant in liristol. After a long 
 and drcar\' voyage of three months, the ship at last reached Chester. The pro- 
 prietor was given a hearty welcome and a cannon was discharged in honor of his 
 arrival, which was so badlv worked, however, that it tore off the hand oi a 
 gunner. Penn. on reaching the citw became the guest of Edw'ard Shippen for 
 upwards of a month, he then removed to the Slate Roof House, which was 
 rented ivo\u Samuel Carpenter and which stood on Second street, above \\"alnut. 
 
 The winter was a sad one. for the town in the preceding summer had been 
 visited fc)r the first time by an epidemic called the "liarbadoes Distemper." but 
 which in truth was the Yellow Fever. Two hundred and fifty persons were 
 stricken by this disorder and passed away in a few months. This was a heavy 
 draft uiion the still comparatively small community, seven or eight deaths a day 
 being the average of the mortality. Almost every famiU was visited by the 
 dreadful scourge and medicine in its primitive stage coidd find no remedy to 
 assua.ge the pest. (Juarantine and sanitar\ regulations were unknown as prac- 
 ticed today and when ap|)lied offered but little resistance to the plague. It was 
 the first visit of those recurring e])ideniics that were to find their culmination in 
 the dreadful attack of 171)3. 
 
 Conhng out of the winter, the epidemic again increased in violence, for the 
 summer was an exceedinglv hot one. which necessitated the immediate inter- 
 ment of the dead. I'uneral corte,ges passed almost hourly through the city; 
 
WAkWIlKS KIC\S|ciM'; I liM.MdXW I'.ALIll. 59 
 
 preservatives were unknown ami burials were nuule in nian\ eases the cla\ the 
 [latient died. It wa^ the ensloni in t]iii>e days lor the funerals to he largely 
 attended and this neeessarily spread tlu.' di-ease and inereased the niuiiher of 
 the stricken. 
 
 Thomas Story, in liis join-nal in ilescrihiui; tins distemper wrote: "'(ireat was 
 the fear that fell upon all llesli '■ * '■■• ever) fare leathered i)alene>s and 
 
 niauv heart-- weri- liuiuhled and eounlenauces fallen and >nnk as sueh that 
 waited ever\ mouicnl to he ^uulUloued to the har and ninnhi-red to the iji'ave." 
 
 Sliorth before the ai'rival of I'enn in this eonutr\. came one Colonel Robert 
 Ouarr\ , who was appoiiued in I ,oudr,n — Jnd^e eif the Admii-alty, an officer 
 wdiose iluU' it was to adjudicate all i|ueslion> arising' as to Ihe collection of 
 ('rowii re\einies. His eolllmi^^ion extended o\er the |)ro\iiices of W'w N'ork 
 and renu^\ Ivaiiia. For some reason or other be seemt'd l.i take a special dis- 
 like to I'enn and constantK Iodised char:.;e> of mal-adnnni>tration against him 
 and the officials of the province, lie in ewry wa}' too. anta.L;ouized the (jnakers 
 and seemed to delight in keepini;" up a cunstain irritation. Uavid l.loyd, also 
 became a thorn in the side of William I'enu. He organized a Deiiiocralic 
 party and did everythiuL; in his power to thwart the measures of (Juarry, the 
 Koval (iovernnient ( )fficial, and to hrin^ hiu^ imder the contempt of the com- 
 mon people. Penn, with bis patient, compromising spirit, endea\iired in ecer\ 
 possible wa\' to reconcile the existing liilTercnces, Ijut without imich avail. In 
 I/OO, be and bis faniilx remo\-ed from the city to ]'ennshur\', to enjoy the rest 
 and the delights of a ci)untr\ life. Although the mansion as we have ilescribed it 
 was smnptnonsly furnished and had apjiearance and atmosphere of a grand old 
 baronial hall, still it was in truth in a wild country, far removed from neigh- 
 bors and those social features that make rural life so pleasurable. llis wife 
 and daughter, missing the intercourse and companionship of congeinal friends, 
 began to complain of their isolation. The place was difficult of access and il 
 was no light task to tra\i'l from the city, a distance of twenty miles, over rough 
 roads to ni.ake a short visit, and we have no account of week-end ])arties being 
 entertained h\' the ladies. 
 
 In a pam])hlet published in London in ijo.v ;i description is givi'u of the 
 royal state that sin'roimded I'enn at I'emisbury. "The gate of his house or pal- 
 ace," saws the writer, "is alwa\s guarded w;th a Janissarx arme(l with a v.ir 
 nished club nearly ten feel long, crowned with a large silver heatl embossed 
 and chased as a hieroglyphic of its Master's pride. There are certain da\s in 
 the week appointed for audience, and as for the rest you must i<ee]) your dis- 
 tance, llis corps dc s^ardc generall}' consists of seven or eight of his chief 
 magistrates both ecclesiastical and civil, which always attend him and some- 
 times tllere are more. Wdien be pc ramliidates ibe cilv one bare-headed, with ;i 
 long white wand over his shoulder in imitation id' the Lord Marshal of I'.ng- 
 iand, marches graduall>' before him and his train, and sometitnes proclamation 
 is made to clear tiie wa\'." 
 
 .\s time ran I'enn's wife arid daughter grew more dissatisfied and insisted 
 U]X)n sailing for luirope. This gave the proprietor great worrimenl of mind 
 for he was in love with his province and be thought to make bis countr\' life in 
 time an ideal one hut his hopes had vanished and in a lit •<( anguish be wrote 
 
6o W AIU\UK's KKYSrOXE COM.\l(>\\VKA[.TII. 
 
 to a friend: "1 cannot jirevail on my wife to stay and still less with "Tislie," I 
 know ndt what ti> d'/i." His enemies were working against his interest too in 
 Europe and Lord L'.altimore was using liis influence in every way to support his 
 claim. There had been an agreement made before Tenn came to America be- 
 tween him and Lord BaltinKire, pnividing for a full settlement of their differ- 
 ences, but it was nf nil enduring value and Baltimore would not live up to his 
 word or to his pmmises. At last I'cnn, anno_\ed l)y the importunities of his wife 
 and daughter and wurried by the conditinn of his affairs in the nlrl cuunlry, 
 made up his mind tn sail for England. "I Cdufess," he said. "1 cannot think 
 of such a voyage without great rcluctancy (if mind, having ])romiscd myself the 
 quietness (if a wilderness. 'Lhat I might sta\ s( i lung at least with ydu as tn 
 render everybody entirely easy and safe, for un heart is among you as well as 
 my body, whatever some people may please td think, and no unkindness or dis- 
 appiiintment shall (with submissidu to (nid's providence) ever lie able to alter 
 m\ Idve td the country and resdlutidu td return and settle with niv pdsterity in 
 it. Ihit h.aving reason to l)elie\e I can at this time best serve \(iu and myself 
 on that side df the water, neither the rudeness (if the season nor the tender cir- 
 cumstances (if my family can nverrule ni\ intenti(:in to undertake it." 
 
 .\ sea Vdyage, from the did wurld t*i the new (ir frdm the new world to the 
 old, in thdse days was no ea>\ unilertaking, it was fraught with great danger 
 because nf its length and the character and capacity of the vessel. ( )ne was 
 almd>t Certain in the ]ieri(i(l re(piireil td make the vnaxge, to meet several se- 
 vere storms, Td lie three m(.inths upun the dcean. md>t (if the time tossed about 
 in a cockle-shell nieeling tempest aftei- tempest, was anything but agreeable 
 to a man not accustome(l tn a stafaring life, but fiirtnnately in this instance the 
 shi]i which carried Vruu and his family, the ".\mcrican," made the voyage in 
 the surprisingly short time of fdur weeks. The Pilgrims were fnur munths on 
 the dcean liefore the\- reached l'l\induth; the shi]i that brdught I'astorius 
 acruss the water met adverse head winds and was fre(|uently drixen out of its 
 course, enc(.iuntere(l storm after storm and wa\es mountain high constantly 
 swept its deck, while a terrihc gale ^napped the foremast. The passengers, 
 about eight\ in niunber, were sick ever\- mimUe of the time and it did look as 
 if the vessel were doomed to destruction, IjiU at la>t it safel)' rode into ]5ort 
 after a voyage oi ten lung weeks. I^afa\ette on his first \(iyage td this C(.nmtrv 
 was eight weeks on the sea. 
 
 Shiirtly after the arri\al df I'enn in I'.ngland, (.."liarles II. died and the 
 crown passed to his brnther, the Duke of York, who ascended the throne as 
 James II. Charles had secretly espoused the Roman Cathtnlic creed, but James 
 openly confessed the faith, and his conduct greatly ofl'ended the vast majority 
 of the En,L;lish |ieopie, and, after a reign of two years, he was compelled to 
 abandon the throne and hasten to Erance ti> place himself under the pniti^rtion 
 of his ro\al Cdusin, Louis XI\'. During this religious controversy between 
 the King and his subjects, Penn kept up his intimac\- with the Court, and had 
 fre(|ucnt interviews with the King. In fact, his conduct was so severely criti- 
 cized that he was cl^arged with being a Jesuit in disguise, with having been bred at 
 St. ( )niers, a Catholic CdUege, with having been given a dispensatiiin by Rome 
 to marry, and with lia\ing perfurmed .Mass ;it Whitehall, .'^t. James and dther 
 
w AKw kk's Kia sroxi': co-mmonweai.tii. 6i 
 
 places. His denials were most in}sitivr and empliatic, hut ihrv did not set at 
 rest the pnhlic mind, and I Vim was lunked upon h\' nian\ peii])le as a cmirtier 
 and at heart a su])piirter of the l'a|)acy. There was, perha])s. in that aL;"itated 
 condition of the puhlie nnnd a reason l'o|- thi> >iisi)ieion, for iie was on most in- 
 timate terms with the <.'onrt and conlil seeiire at all limes the ear and attention 
 of the Kinj;. Me eoidd often ohtain an auilieiiee with hi^ ro\al master while 
 even more ini[iort;int and distin,i;nislied citizen> had to cool their heels in the 
 antechamber, impatienth waiting' to be admitted to the presence of Ills Majesty. 
 
 .\t this time the unexpected lauding of the Duke of Monnioiuh, the natural 
 son of (.'harlcs II., in an attempt to ^.eize the throne, threw I'.ugland into a tem- 
 ])orary convulsion, hut Willi.am of ( )range. who had married the d.iughtt'r (jf 
 James 11., compelled lame-- lo .abdicate and to relinipii^h all claim lo the throne 
 and the crown. It might be supposed that I'enn, the 'Jtiaker, woidd ha\e had a^ 
 much inlluence at the C_'ourt under a Protectant as un<ler a Roui.in Catholic 
 king, but such was not the case, lie was looked upon as ,in intimate friend and 
 sup]iorter of James II., and in order to answer this charge he deemed it ad- 
 visable to sl.ate lh;it he loved bis countrv and the i'rotestaut religion above his 
 life and had never acted against either, that King James had alwa\s been his 
 friend and bis father's friend and that in gratituile he himself was the King's 
 forever. This reply, both tolerant and courageous, ought to have settled the 
 questi(.)n and .allayed suspicion, but a letter from Jame> to I'euu about this time 
 was discovered by the goverimieut and the wortlu (Juaker while w.aiting in 
 Wdlitehall was .arrested and :it onci' liroughl before the l'riv\ ( ouncil. The de- 
 throned king, in the letter h;id a>ked for his assistance, ami when I'enn was in- 
 terrogated as to why this assistance was re(|uested, he .an^wrred th.it he did not 
 know but supposed that King James would ba\e been gi.ad to ha\e had bis 
 aid in the matter of restitution, bm that he could not help \u< niou.irch to re- 
 cover the throne because of his loyalt\ to tlu' I'roirstant religion. I hen. with. ,a 
 spirit born of c<iurage, a retle.x of bis true e'har.acter, be added that he had 
 loved King James in hi> jirosperity and did not hud it in hi> heart to h.itc hiui 
 in bis adversity, that be loved him for many fax'ors coufei'red npou him, bill 
 that he could not join with him in what concerned the slate of the kingdom. 
 After a close and rigid I'x.amiuatiou, I'enn was ilischarged, there h,i\iug been 
 found nothing in his answer nor his explanation thai wmild wan-ant his com- 
 mitment. .\llbough he was personally relieved from eusl(jdy, he was hold 
 under bond. 
 
 nuriil.g all this time. I'enu kept an eye coirslantly upon his province- and 
 hoped that the time was close at baud when he would be able to return to it. 
 "'Jdiere is nothing my soul craves more for in this world, next to m\ de;ir fam- 
 ily's life," he wi-ote, "than that 1 ina\- see poor renns\ l\-;uiia again." The 
 colony was rapi<lly advancing and increasing in popnl;itiou. but the conduct of 
 Perm while in bjigland. apjjarently co(|uetting with the (k-posed .'^tuarts. gave 
 great offence to many of the colonists and in a gre;it measure injured his popu- 
 larity and weakened his innnence. 
 
 Tliomas Lloyd. President of the t'onncil. was ;i man of great abililv and 
 exercised his autlinritv with an eye single to the interests of the pnjvinre. lie 
 was born in Wales, was educated at [estis College, ()xt'oril, and the co!on\- was 
 
62 Warwick's ke'i'sioxi-; iu.m.moxwealtii. 
 
 fortunate in liavint;' so able a man td lielp in its development. His administra- 
 ticm, notw ith>tan(ling' his ability, was a stdrmy (_ine, and he longed for the 
 arrival of i'enn, but at last, being disci luraged and dissatisfied with the cijurse 
 iif events, he resigned his position and the government was given into the 
 hands of a deput\' named John lllackwell. Of John Blackwell, Pcnn wrote to 
 the five connnissioners, "For your ease 1 have apiniinted one that is not a Friend, 
 but a brave, snlier, wise man. lie married old deneral Lambert's daughter, 
 was Treasurer ti) the Commonwealth army in England, Scotland and Ireland. 
 * '■■ ■•' * Let him see what he can tin awhile. I have ordered him to con- 
 fer in private with \nn and sipiare himself by your advice, if he do not please 
 \ou he shall be set aside." At the lime of his appointment, .1 Hack well was a 
 resilient i>f \ew l''.ngland. Me was nut a (Juaker, Init li>' prufessinn a sijldier 
 and proud nf tlie title which his military career had Conferred u|)on him. He 
 wa-' an (il)siinate, arbitrary fellow and did not seek to acipiire ]>o])iilar!t\- by 
 wise and conser\'ative action that wnuld lia\'e so aided him in advancing the 
 interests of the province, lie an'i\-ed in I'hiladelphia, in Decemlx')', I'l.S.S. H'e 
 made a failure of his admini.^tratii m from the start, and after considerable 
 strife anil contention with Ijoth citizens and otticials, liegged to lie relieved of 
 liis po>t. In writing t > I'enn. he said among other things, "The climate is over- 
 hot for iin con-^titution and age ami tile hosts of mo.-.f|uitoes are worse than 
 of armed men. 1 hope by the fir>t tra\'el!ing season you will cunie and dismiss 
 me." His wish was not gratified at once, Init after a year's delay he was re- 
 lieved of his ])osition and Thomas Llo\il was once more elected President of 
 the Council, lie liad bitterly fought lllackwell during his adlnini^lratillll, and 
 took great pains in |K)inting out his shortcomings. About this time party 
 spirit was be,L;inniiig to develop in the province. 
 
 in i(ii)J. I'enn made Thomas Lloyd Deputv (Sovernor of I 'enns\ Ivania, and 
 \\'illiain .Mark-ham 1 )ei)Uty Governor in the Territiiries, that is the three coun- 
 ties tif Delaware. These frequent change-^ in the government worlvcd to the 
 detriment of the ]>ro\-ince. In a year's time the system of government had 
 been altered six times. 
 
 The Cil\ of l'hiladel[)hia, iintwithstaiidiiig the contention in the matter of 
 political administration, was spreading out in every direction. To the south 
 were the \'illage> of Wicaco, I'assuink and Aloxanieiising, while lo the north the 
 i)istrict of .Xorthern Lil)erties, and ll^e Township-, of Dublin, Oxford, I'.yberry, 
 Morelaiid and l''rankford were de\'eliiping ra])iill\-. 'i"he Friends still hail a 
 conimanding inlluence, and were building substantial meeting houses and exer- 
 cising a great inlluence for gT)od on the iiioraL of the communitw They took 
 special care in the matter of the instruction of the \oung, and tanglit them not 
 onl\' the rudiments of education, but ilie immoralit}- of laying wagers and of 
 betting on horse races. IHirtations and attendance uiion \-oung ladies, without 
 honorable intentions, were discouraged. It was urged that the marriage cere- 
 nionv should be simple and without ostentation. They alsi> strongly opposed 
 the use of ardent drink and began a ])ropaganda against the institution of 
 .slaverv. 
 
 In if'iOS- ibc I'hurch of England pur-chased land for the erection of a suit- 
 
Warwick's keystdnic co.\rM()\\\ kai.tii. 63 
 
 able iL-niple- of Worship, wliicli evriiUialU rfsiiltc(l in the crcctii 111 nf Christ 
 Church. 
 
 ■J'hc growili (if tlie cil\ iicccssiiaKnl the iiilroijiictioii of a niethoil for the 
 extinguishment of fires. Ah-eaiiv there hail lieeii ^e\-eral c< mflagrations. and a 
 volunteer fire department was organized. Many of the houses were frame 
 and these woiiden strtictiires were inereasing in niimhers. In I'njJ, each h(jnse- 
 hol(h'r. under a penaHy of a fine, was to keep a "swah" at least twelve or four- 
 teen feet liiug. as also two leathern bucket-- to he rcad\ at hand in case of fire. 
 The swal)s were made of material that would hold great i|uantities of water, and 
 after they were soaked they were ])laced upon the roofs and curnices that were 
 already burning, and upon the roofs and cornices that were in danger of igni- 
 tion. It was a \er\- primitive methoil as cijmpared with present lire systems, 
 but it seems to have been pretty efteclivc. and indeed often prexi-nted the 
 spread of what otherwise would have been very dangerous fires. .\t the crv of 
 "Fire" tlie inhabitants in the immediate neighborhoixl of the conflagration threw 
 their buckets out of the windows to the pavement below, to be used by citizens 
 who volunteered their services. The buckets avere usualK made of leather and 
 marked with the name of the owner. The peopde formed themselves into lines 
 or chains, passing Ijnckets from the [tump tn the building thai was in liames. 
 while another line returned the empty l)uckcts. I'>cqnentl\ large hooks were 
 used, with a ro])e attached to them, to tear down building-- in tlie line .if the 
 fire which were in danger of being burned. 
 
 \\'oo(l instead of coal was, iif course, tised for the i)urposes of cooking and 
 heating. In consequence, large accumulations of soot gathered in the line 
 and in a high wind this would take fire and blaze out of the top of the 
 chimney. In fact, most of the fires were caused in this way and this gave a 
 vocation to a class of men and boys wdii> were designated as chimne\ sweei)s. 
 
 The market place was the centre of town life and it was located originalU' 
 at the intersection of High and I'ront streets. About ifnj^ it was removed to 
 Second street. The market house was covered with a roof, opened both sides 
 and filled with stalls upon which were displayed the farm and garden pro- 
 ducts wdiich were for sale. The stalls were .in both side-- anil the aveinu' in 
 the middle was for the use of pedestrians an.d buyers. There was a bell h.iuse 
 at the end of each market, occupied by a clerk and the ringing of the bell 
 announced the oj)eniug of business. The markets were opened from six to 
 seven o'clock in the morning in the summer, and from eight to nine in the winter. 
 All classes met here, farmers, hucksters, pedlers and housewives, Indians 
 brought in their berries, roots, maize, skins and wicker baskets, while the 
 truckers from Jersey and from the Xeck exposed their fresh vegelaljles for 
 sale and the farmers from the western districts of the ])rovince ol'fered at a 
 cheap figure, chickens, ducks, eggs and butter. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 COXTENTIOX BETWEEN PEN'N AND LORD liALTIMORE IX RELATION' TO THE BOUND- 
 ARY LINES BETWEEN PENNSVLVANLV AM) MARVLANIl. VIRGINIA'S CLAl.M TO 
 A PORTION OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. CONNECTICUT SEIZES A.NH SETTLES 
 THE WAOMINC VALLEY. PENN GIVES A CH.\RTER TO THE CITY OP PHIL.\- 
 DELPHI.\. NIGIir WATCH ESTABLISHED. DEATH OF WILLIAM PENN. CHAR- 
 -\CTER OF WILLI. \M PENN. 
 
 FI\( ).M tlie ver\ betjinning- of the jirdvince tlicn.' were disputes as h> the 
 hiiun(lar\ lines between F'ennsylvania ami the neighlHiring colonies. 
 These disputes were with Maryland on the S(juth, LVninecticut mi the 
 north, and X'irg'inia nii the west, and it was years Ijefore final settle- 
 ments were inade. Tlie claims \vere resisted by the Peiins at every point but 
 always with a fair, just and e(|uitable spirit and were ultimateh' settled in ac- 
 cordance with a compromise that orioinally would have been agreed to b\- Wil- 
 liam Peim himself. Had the claimants been successful. Pennsvlvania toda\ 
 would be a stri]) of lanil onh about 70 miles in width and 240 in length, and 
 would not include the cities (.)f I'hiladelphia and 1 'ittsburgh. 
 
 The first contest arose between Maryland and I 'ennsylvania. and it was this 
 contest that necessitated the presence of I'enn in England. Had it not been for 
 the Baltimore claims, I'enn nn(|uestionably would have remained several years 
 longer in the |:)rovince of Pennsylvania until he had the city well organized and 
 well founded. Lord Paltimore claimed territory that covered at least one half 
 of the ])rovince of Pennsylvania. The original charter which the crown granted 
 ti> William I'enn. his heirs and assigns, conveyed "all that tract or jiarts of land 
 in -\nierica, with the islands therein Contained, as the same is biiunded on the 
 ea>t In Delaware River from u miles distant northward of Newcastle town 
 unto the three anil 40th degree of latitude, if the said river doth extend so far 
 northward. Hut if the said river shall not extend sd far northward then by the 
 said river, so far as it doth extend, and from the head of the >aid river the east- 
 ern Ijounds are ti_> be determine<l by a meridian line to be drawn from the head 
 of the said river inito the said 43rd degree. The saiil land to exteiiil westward 
 5 degrees of longitude, to l)e computed from the said eastern l)oun(ls ami the 
 said lands to be liounded on the north by the lieginning (if the three and 40th 
 degree of northern latitude and on the south l)y a circle drawn at 12 miles 
 distant from .Vewcastle northward and westward unt(T the beg'inning of the 
 40th degree of northern latitude and then liy a straight line westward to the 
 limits of longitude .above mentioned." 
 
 (Jn the other hand the charter granted to Lord Baltimore prtivided that 
 "his province shinild run northward along the ocean unto that part of Delaware 
 Pay on the north which lieth unto the 40th degree of northern latitude." This 
 language is not sufficientlv ex])licit to set aside all cmtroversy. for an interpre- 
 tation can easih- be given to it which brought his territory into and covered b\- 
 
 '4 
 
w Auw u k's Kl■;^sl(JM■: com mon «■!■;. \i.rii. 65 
 
 the entire 40th decree of latitmle (Hi tin- north. In tracing tlie lines of his .<;;rant 
 Rahimore tonk as a landmark nn tJie sonth, WatkinV I'ninl, a cape nn the ea>t- 
 ern shore of Marylaml extenihn^ into the Chesapeake Hax' opposite tlu' montli 
 of the i'otoniac l\i\er. l>ini;- in the .^Sth de-ree of latitude, i'roni this ])oint he 
 ran liis line eastward to the coast and then proceeding;' northward stopped at the 
 end of the 4()th det;ree of latitude, a .^hort distance north of riiiladi-lphia. and 
 from this point it ran direclU west, then south and east to the place of hciiiuuinc;-. 
 His warrant for .LjoiuL; so far north \\a^ the lauLjiiasje of his eharlt'r whicdi pro- 
 vided that "hi^ pio\iuce should run northwai'il aloni; the oiTan unto that ])art 
 of Delaware Hay on the north which lieth under the 40th decree of north lati- 
 tude." lie Contended that the lani^uai^e "uuiler the 40th dci^ree" reachecl to 
 the end of and included the said ile,iL;ree, whereas the I'enus contt'uded that it 
 meant ne.xt to or adjoiuiui; iIk- he.iiinnniL; of the said det;ree. ni other worils, 
 lying under the same hut uoj included within Ihe same. I'nder th.e renu grant 
 it will he seen that the southern line of I 'emis\ l\-ania was marked h\- the hegin- 
 ning of the 4()th degree of latitude. This nufortunatelx overlap])cd the original 
 charter of the Haltimores and included the greater portion of the state of .Mary- 
 land as well as the city of J'.altimore, and left luider the I'laltiniore gi'ant mde a 
 small portion comparatively of what Lord llaltiniore considered his original 
 pos,se.ssions. 
 
 The language of the Alar\land L;rant. marked the end of the 4i)th degree 
 of latitude as the northern line of the same. It does not seem rea^ouaMe that 
 these lines were correct under the two grants, for tln-y coullicted uncpiotiouahlv 
 with each other and the I'enns were al\va\s willing, in view of the laugn.age of 
 the two charters, to settle the matter 1)\ compromi>e. It was n;itui;d that dis- 
 putes in relation to the houndaries of ti'ri-itor\ should arise at th.it time for there 
 were no accurate surveys such as h;i\e hieu made since and in granting the char- 
 ters the authorities had to depend in a gnat measure upon tlu- m,i]is th.at h.ad 
 been drawn hy the early e.xplnrers ,ind ua\igatoi--~. t'aptain |olui ."^nnlli had 
 made two maps hut the\ were (jf X'irginia and .\ew F-higlaud. Ilr liad ne\er as- 
 cended Delaware Hay and the intervening section of counti\ hetween \ irgiui.a 
 and Xew England had not heen explored, a)id it doe- look as if there h.id hceii 
 a mistake made in the I'eini grant in tlxiug the .-onthern ])ointd.ir\ line at Ihe 
 beginning of the 4nlli <legree as well ,is a mistake in the lixiu^; (jf the northern 
 boundary line of .Maryland at the end of the same degree, llere was ,an eiuire 
 degree cif latititde in dispttte. its ending being claimed as the northern limitation 
 of J\Iar\land and its begimhug as the southern limitation of renns\ Kaiiia. The 
 language of I'enii's Charter also in\dl\ed thr matter liy the following language: 
 "That the jirovince should be boiiudeil on the south b_\' a circK' ilrawn at 12 
 miles distant from Xewcastle northward and westward at the heginning of the 
 40th degree of latitude." it is dif^citlt to understand what this means ntiless we 
 give it the interpretation tliat evidently was given to it at the time the ultimate 
 compromise was made. 
 
 When I'enn reached J''.ngland he had an interview with Lord Haltinuire 
 and although the meeting is described as having been cordial his I^rd.ship gave 
 no intimation of surrendering his claim and evidenced no spirit of compromise 
 and the cimtest was continued. The opinions of the most learned auil dis- 
 
66 warwh'k's Kl■;^■s^(l^K ( hmmuxw i-..\i,rii. 
 
 tinguishod lawscrs of England were soug'ht by IkjIIi parties and strange to say 
 these eminent gentlemen in every instance gave an opinion in accordance with 
 the desires and wishes of their chents. Xo compromise l)eing possilde in tliat di- 
 rection tlicre was nothing left to do but to submit the matter to the Privy Coun- 
 cil and here long and learned arguments were made, pro and con, and judg- 
 ments entered in favor of the I'enns. .Dut Lord Baltimore with a spirit of no 
 surrender resorted to delay and. chicanery of every sort and brought into play 
 the ingenuity of his lawyers to hold the matter in abeyance. The controversy 
 extended out into years and still the parties seemed to Ije as far away from set- 
 tlement as ever. At last, however, an agreement was entered intu) between the 
 proprietors of the two provinces, and it was stii)ulated that the 1)oundaries of 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland sh(juld be settled by drawing a line between the 
 same that was to lie located fifteen miles south of the parallel passing along South 
 street in I'liiladelphia. which then was the most southerh- portion of the city. 
 This line was to continue to the western limits of the province but no sooner 
 was the ci:intract executed than Ijaltimore doubtless regretting bis action again 
 began to resort to every device to delay a final settlement of the matter. After 
 every efTort had been made to induce the Maryland ])roprietors to comply with 
 tlieir agreement, suit was brought on the contract in a Court of b'quit}'. L'p to 
 this time the question of b(_)undar}' disputes cciuld alone be decitleil b\ the Privy 
 Council they having exclusive jurisdiction in such matters, but unfortunalely 
 in so far as the Penns were concerned thev seem to have had no jjower to en- 
 force their findings. But a contract having been entered into between the 
 contestants the L'ourt of Iupiit\- had jurisdiction and a Ihll was tiled reipiest- 
 ing the aid of the Chancellor and praying the Court to direct specific perform- 
 ance of the contract. CTpon further delay a day was fixed for the hearing of the 
 facts in the case and after an argument a Decree was entered, directing the Bal- 
 timores to carr\' out the pro\-isions of the agreement, but they still defied the 
 order of the Court and no settlement was li.'id for a pi'riod of ten years. At the 
 end of that time, however, light seemed to dawn upon the minds of the Balti- 
 mores, or the ])ro|irietors of Maryland and they agreed to enter into another 
 co.ntract, virtual!) a repetition of the original one. Commissi(iners were ap- 
 pointed to confer upon the matter. Pennsylvania selected James Hamilton, 
 Richard I'eter.s. i\e\erend Doctor liwing, William Allen, William Coleman, 
 Thomas \\illing, llenjamin L hew and Edward Shippen, Jr. These were some 
 of the most distinguishec.l men of the province, but ihey moved too slowly to 
 satisfy the proprietors, and in ijd,^ two bjiglish surveyors and astronomers, Ma- 
 son and Di.xon, were brought over to fix, liy actual surve}', the line of demarca- 
 tion, drawing it from the circle surrounding Newcastle that had been referred to 
 in the (jriginal grant to the I'enns, in a direct line to the western borders of the 
 province. The\' spent four years upcni the task, and cut a pathway through the 
 wilderness, 24 feet wide. They placed stones at regular distances apart, mark- 
 ing one side with the coat of arms of the J'.altimores, and the other with the coat 
 of arms of the Penns. The Indians, however, were alert and watched the w<n-k 
 of these white men with curious interest. The}' grew suspiciiius and threatened 
 violence. They could not understand what was meant by cutting so wide a 
 swath throuoh the woods, nor could the\ imderstand the use of the instruments 
 
W AHW K k's K1';\ SniNl£ COM Md.N WKAI.ril. 67 
 
 of the .surve\in.i; pari), wilh wliich ihc while men scemeil lo he communicatins^, 
 not only l.)y day hut al--(.> h\ ni^ln, with the stars and the i)lanels. The I'enns 
 used their inllnence witli the (liicl's of the tribes, however, and the work aUhoui^'h 
 delavcd for a time \\a> attain hei^nn. hut it was found too pei'iloiis a task lo con- 
 tinue. ^hm\ of the workmen eii^.i^ed in (H.i;L;inL;, cnttini;" .and surveying were 
 terrified hy tile tlireal> of tlie Rednu-n, threw down their tools and deserted. 
 When Mason and Dixon were aliout lift\ mile-, from the western border of I'enn- 
 S}l\ani;i the\ were eonipelleil to ab.andon further operations: llie line, howa-ver. 
 which the\ marked still rem.ain-. to this (l,i\ ami defines the boundary between 
 Pemisylvania .and -Mar\land, 
 
 l'"rom the \'ery he<;innin^' of this dispute the I'enns had shown a spirit of 
 compromise and were williii!.;" to lia\e the matter settled h\ f.air and ju>t ai'bitra 
 tion. but the lialtimores were relentless in lluir opposition and did everxthiiiL;' 
 in their power to thw.art the mallei' of settlement. The t'm.al couiprounse. how- 
 ever. w,as iusl .and eipiitahle, and it was one from the \ery he^innniL; which the 
 I'enns would ha\e aL;reeil to without any hesitation. In view of the conti'.adictory 
 language in both charters it was just the sort of settlement thai should h.ave 
 been made and justice in the end won her cause, and every 1 'emis\ 1\ auian today 
 is indebted to the I'enns for their iiersistence. coui-age and determination in se- 
 curing that wh/ch made I'ennsyh.ania a great empire instead of a mere n,u'r("iw 
 .stretch of territory. 
 
 Wdien the .Maryl.and suit w;is disposed of. \'irL;inia laid claim to that ]iorlion 
 of Pennsylvania which la\ between the Last stone on the .Mason and l)ixon line 
 and I'ennsylv.ania's wotern border. \ iri^inia takiiig it for granted th.il (he la^t 
 stone set up on the .Ma>on and Di.xon line maiked the extreme western h.umdar\- 
 (if Pennsylvania. There was no reason for this assumption because the sur- 
 vexors would h.ave gone further, all the wa\ to the western limits of the jiro- 
 vince of Pemis\ Ivauia. which wotern limits were clearh' detiued in the grant 
 lo Penn. had it not been that they were stopped in their work h\ the threaten- 
 ing atlilnde of the fiidians, and lhe\ ceased their work onI\ when it was danger- 
 ous to pursue it further. These ilistinguished smweyors had been einplo\ed tn 
 fix tile boundary line between I 'eiinsx Iwniia ;ind .\l:ir\ land, n it between \ irginia 
 and Peiins\ Ivani.a, for there had been no conlesl in the matter of ,1 di\iding line 
 between these two |)rovinces. \ irginia in her claim drew ,a line northw.ird 
 from the last slone on .Ma-oii .ami l)ixon's line li a point .ibiut the middle of 
 ihe 41st degree and then we^l to the weslern bonndarx' liiu' of I 'enns\ K.aui.i .aiiil 
 then south and cast to the place of beginning. Tlii> tract of Land included the 
 early settlement wdiich e\eiituall\- w.as to become the cit\ of l'itt>burgh. 
 
 it was a mere piece of arrogance and spoliation on ihe p.ai't of X'irginia, 
 fc)r she based her right to seize this territory on the ground that she was a 
 Royal Province and that as such she bad a right lo claim and a])i)ropriate all con- 
 tiguous lands that were unoccupied. There was no right nor justice in her 
 claim. J ler puri)ose to erect a LOrl at the junction of the .Monongabela ;md 
 .Mlegheny rivers to prt-vent the advance of the L'rench was not objected to by 
 the proprietors of Pennsylvania, hut her seizure of the huul was bitterly opposed 
 and her conduct created great contention belwi'eu her citizens and those of Peiin- 
 s\lvania and in the struggles that en--ued blood w.as s'.ied ami li\es were lost, it 
 
68 Warwick's keystone ciiM-mo-x wkai.tii. 
 
 was not until 1779 that the question was finally settled. \'irghiia was compelled 
 to surrender all claims. Mason and Dixon's line was extended westward to the 
 boundaries of the state of Tennsylvania and the contested land then became for 
 all time the part of the territury of this state. 
 
 The third dispute in relatinn U> hdundary lines was a claim put forth by 
 Connecticut t.i the upper half ..1 the pn.vince nf Pennsylvania, includius that 
 p„rli..n of the territory known as the 4-'"'! 'l^-.^'-^'^' "f l^ithn.le. If the reader 
 will take a ma]) of the L'nited States he will find that Lnnnecticut is hounded on 
 the north hv Alassachusetts, on the south by Lnu- Island Si.uud and on the west 
 l,y \cw ^■.^■k and that .she lies in the 4-'ii<l ile.t^ree of latitude, as does the upper 
 part Mf the state of Pennsylvania. The charter -rante.l to Connecticut in iW>2 
 fixed her eastern boundary as Xarragansett I '.ay and extended her dominion 
 westward t.. the I'acific Ocean. There was, however, ,a proviso in the charter 
 which excelled from this grant any portion- of territorx then possessed ..r in- 
 habited bv anv other Christian I'rince or State. Thi-, of course, precluded her 
 from occupvuig any portion of the province of -Xew York or as it was then called 
 the Xew Xetherlands, but leaping over this intervening space, between her and 
 i'cnnsxlvania, >he claimed that her territory under the original grant extended 
 from the we-tern boundary of Xew York and swei)t across the continent all the 
 way to the I'acific ( )cean. or as it was then calleil the South Sea. 
 
 Connecticut received her charter many years before reun>ylvania and when 
 the ^rant was made to the latter province there was no resistance upon the part 
 of Connecticut; nor di.l >he claim that sh.e had been deprived of any porti^on 
 of her territory nor that there was any encroachment upon her rights, tor 
 years, bv her silence, she gave her ac(|uiescence and it seems never to have en- 
 tered her mind that she had been deprived of any ].ortion of her territory until 
 some ni her hardv settlers, in their exploration- penetrated the wilderness and 
 came -u.ldenly upon the Wyoming \alley, one <.f the most beautiful sections of 
 this countrv. It was then in its primeval state and had not been scarred by the 
 wlnte man's axe. Its hillsides were covered with b. rests and thn.ugh the valley 
 ran a L;reat river like a silver thread. So delighted and entranced were the ex- 
 pl.irerrwith the beautiful vista spread out around and before them that they 
 carried the news home to their settlement and aroused the cupidity of their 
 friends and neighbors. Their accounts, however, were considered so extrava- 
 gant in relation to the beautv and fertility of the land th.it the story was looked 
 upon with suspicion. Other explorers, however, brought back a confirmation ot 
 the first reports and a cor|)oration was organized called the Susquehanna Com- 
 pain, whose purpose it was to induce and promote settlements in the valley. They 
 ,n.,ved slowlv and with business judgment and a- a first step to strengthen their 
 claim thev sent a de]nitation of citizens to atten.l the Council of the Six Xations 
 held at .\lbanv in 17^4 to et^'ect. if possible, a purcha-e fn-m the Indians and 
 secure .a title to the .said territory. Pennsylvania having heard that such a con- 
 ference would be held, sent as cinmissioiier- to represent her interests, John and 
 Richard Penn, llenjamin Franklin and Isaac Xorris. The Yankees, however, 
 nvercame all the resistance otTered bv the Pennsylvanians and by the tempting 
 otter of £-'O0O of the current money of Xew York induce.l the Indians to give a 
 title to the said Su-cpiehanna Companv. It was not. however, until eight years 
 
w Akw II k's ki:nsi(i\i>: com mown i:ai.i ii . 6g 
 
 after this purchase thai llir th'st srllltnienl nf the laml in (|uestiiin \va> madi- by 
 people from Connecticut. At this time jdo farmers and their families ionrne>e(l 
 to the \'alk'V, ])nilt their huts and hei^an to till the >oil. They were allowed to 
 rea[) the first crop hut after lhe\ had garnered the harvest the Indians suddenly 
 swooped down uixm them, killed and scal])cd about twenty of the men and coni- 
 [)elle(l the rest of the -ettlers. men. wmnen and children, to tlee throui^h the lields 
 and over the mountains to find a refuse in Xew hjis^lanil. Some of them, how- 
 ever, took a temporar\ habitation and -heller in I'.astou. d'liis terrible massacre 
 greatly disheartened the ofticers of the Susi|nelianna ('ompan\- am! for \ ears no 
 further attempts at setlK'ment were made. In the meanlime. however, the I'enii 
 family, fearing that the ])urchase at .\lhan\ b\ the SiiS(|uehaniia ('oiii])an\ woul<l 
 weaken their title opened ii|) lugoti.iiious with the Indian tribes and tiiiahx' suc- 
 ceeded in securing an agreement, d'liey purch.i-cd >ome of the land outright 
 and induced the Indians to agree that tlie\ would not (lisi)ost- of aii\- land iu their 
 possession without giving the remis the first chance to ]Hircliase. The Indians in 
 truth had not much respect for an option and pt-rhaps did not inlly understand 
 the meaning of the term for the> did not hesitate to sell twice over or of teller 
 an\- lands the>" had previoiislv >old, ]iro\-ided the\- could find a purchaser or a 
 higher bidder. The original sale b\- the Six Xations to the Sns(|nehaniia t'om- 
 paiiy had been made on the ground that the Indians who occit|)ied the soil of 
 W'voming were vassals and under the rule tiiid dominion of the said Si.x Xalions, 
 and the I'eiins in order to weaken the position of the Susipichanna t'ompany 
 negotiated with the Ldiiefs of the different tribes in that confederation. The 
 Chiefs were invited to I'hiladelphia, were feasted and toasted aiul tem])ted. ;md 
 so successful were the reiins in their cajolery that as a final result the Indi.ans 
 not only rescinded the sale to the Siisipiehann.a Coiupain liut selected se\eral of 
 the Chiefs of the Six .Xations |o travel lo llarltord and openly disclaim the 
 sale that had been made to the Susipiehanna Coiiipain. In 17()S. a council was 
 held at l-'ort Stanwix and in liiial confirmation of the conference held at i'hiladel- 
 phia a title was given of the ilis])uted land to the Penns. .\s the matter now 
 stood, the Penns thought they occupitil an in\ ulnerable fiosition. The original grant 
 in 1681 by Charles II. had i^iveii them the hind and in the charter its boundary 
 lines were clearly defined. l-"nrther than this the I'enns had strengthened their 
 position in securing a title from the Indians for whate\er that was worth. 
 
 There is another pha■^e to this (piesiidii that must not be owrlooked. i'he 
 charier granted to I'enn. his heirs and assigns, was many years after the chtirter 
 had been given to Connecticut. If there was aii\ i|uestion about the land having 
 belon.ged to Connecticut it was settled when the King gave his last grant, for 
 tlie King in those days differed from a private individual in such matters. The 
 individual who made a sale of land and passed title was houml by his act for all 
 time and was estopjjcd from making any further grant. I he Indian title gave 
 only the right to build a hut. to till the soil, to shi>ol and hunt and fish: it was in 
 the nature of an incorporeal hereditament. The Red Man's title did not give 
 ab.solute ownership to the land itself, as does an luiglish deed "o<l corhiiii ct ad 
 iiifmiDs." 
 
 The matter of Connecticut occniiancy could easily have been settled by the 
 emi.grants of that colony bv ne.gotiating for tlu- use and owner>hi]) of the land 
 
•JO WARWICKS K1-:VST0.\'IC C(1MMI1X\\|;ALT1I. 
 
 with the I'enns. Init this they would not (in. l^hey were not willing to lose their 
 identity as Yankees. They wanted the land to be considered a part of Connecti- 
 cut itself and they had no intenlinn df l)ecoming citizens of another colony, or, 
 in other words, of becoming I'ennsylvanians. The position they took, and their 
 determination to exercise the right of squatter sovereignty, as did the Scotch- 
 Irish in the western ])art of the province, provoked a conflict that lasted for up- 
 wards of thirty years and caused some little bloodshed. It was not until some 
 time after the revolutidu that the disputed titles were settled. It must be borne in 
 mind that the contest waged by the people of Connecticut was not against Penn- 
 sylvania, but against the Penns themselves, the proprietors of the province. In 
 fact man\' I'ennsylvanians sympathized with the settlers from Connecticut, and 
 Captain Lazarus Stewart, a resident of Pennsylvania, became the aider and 
 abettor of the Connecticut inyaders. The conflicts between the inhabitants of 
 Connecticut and the Pemis was called the Pennamite \\'ars. In order to main- 
 tain possession of their lands against the inroads of the strangers, the Penns 
 leased one hundred acres of the valley for seven \ears to Amos Ogden, Charles 
 Stewart and John Jennings on condition that they would defend the land a.gainst 
 all intruders. 
 
 .Vinos ( )gden came from New Jersey, was an Indian trader, a liackwoods- 
 man of experience and in eyery wa\- fitted for his task. In I'^ebruary, 17' 19, the 
 Susciuehanna Conipan\ sent forty men into the Wyoming A'alley, to be fiillowed 
 afterwards l)y twice as many more. They were giyen land by the said Compan\- 
 and provided with £joo of Connecticut currency to enalde them to ]:)urchase farm- 
 ing tools and weapons, on condition that the\- would defend the valley against all 
 intrusion upon the part of the Pennsylvanians. Their leader was Colonel Zebu- 
 Ion Butler. H'e was a veteran of the French and Indian Wars, a man of cour- 
 age and resources, well fitted for the work he had in hand. When the forty 
 invaders from C(innecticut reached the yalley they found they had been fore- 
 stalled Ijy the Penns, and that the Penn representatiyes had alread\- established a 
 Trading Post with the Indians and were in possession of the \alley. ( )gden had 
 but a small force with him to repel the invaders, his command not exceeding ten 
 men able to bear arms, Init he fortified himself as well as possible under the cir- 
 cumstances and made eyer_\' preparation to meet the attack of the invaders. The 
 little army of Yankees lay siege to the fort, threw out their pickets, and pre- 
 vented ( )gden's men from shooting deer and cutting wood, thus depriving the 
 besieged of food and fuel. < igden, being greatly outnumljered, saw that it was 
 only a (piestion of time when he wi.iuld haye to surrender, and he suggested a 
 conference and a discussion, llis priiposition was accepted, and three men from 
 Connecticut came to tlie Illock Mouse to argue as they sup]>osed the terms of sur- 
 render. John Jennings, one of the leaders of the I'enns) hania contingency, 
 sheriii' of Northampton County, placed at once the three messengers under ar- 
 rest and escorted them to jail at Easton. .\fter a hearing before a justice of the 
 peace, the three prisoners were released on bail, and without delay they marched 
 back to join their companions in Wyoming. Jennings, with the authority of his 
 office of Sheriff, summoned at once the posse oi Northampton County, and startetl 
 in pursuit eif the men who bad Ijeen released <.in bail, but n(jw having a superior 
 force, he not onh- arrested the three me)! but all their companions, about forty in 
 
WAIUXHKS KK\Srn.\K (( I.M MO.N WEALT 1 1 . /I 
 
 nuinlKT, and inarclicd ilu-m tliniui;li the woods, a distance of sixty miles and 
 lodged tbeni in the jail at luistun. I 'pon application they were all released on hail 
 and hurried hack to Wyoniint;' with more delernnnalion than ever to settle in 
 what they called this I'aradise. Additional st'tllers t'roni C'onnecticnt |)onred in 
 and the mnnhers were increa>e(l to npwards of three Inmdred. lUiilding a strong- 
 Stockade they were in a position now to def\- jennin.L;s and his posse. Jennings, 
 himself, upon reconnoitering the gronnd, was of an o]iinion that the forces were 
 too large for him to handle and he reported to the proprietor that he could not 
 raise sufficient men to constitute a posse that would he :ihle to onsl the invaders. 
 In fact he got hut littU' assistance froni the ].eople in the tonnty of .Vorth- 
 anipton. because m.any of the residents symp;uhi;^ed with the ( onneclicnt settlers 
 and weri- anxious to h.i\e iheni as ncighhors. It was not the land of Pennsyl- 
 vania, not the land of the province that was heiug seizt-d lj\- invaders, hnt the 
 I)ropert\- of the proprietor-, and the inhabitants of .Xorlhamiiton were anxious 
 to have the land settled, believing that the presence of the N'aukees wduld in- 
 crease the value of land in that loc;i]it\. ALatters ran on. ;i conference was held 
 by representatives of L'onnecticnt with re])reseniati\es of the Penns, but no 
 conclusion was reached, and ' 'gden ag.aiu was authorized to organize a liody of 
 men, drive the intruders from the vallex ;ind seize the lands already occupied by 
 them. < >gden once more raised a little .army, and strengthened it by the .uldi- 
 tion of an iron four iiound cannon, a piece of artillery, however, that does not 
 seem to have been of much service in this mimic warfare except to make the 
 wilderness resound with its booming. The Connecticut settlers were under 
 the c<immand of (^'ajitain Durkee. ( )gden was alert, however, and when t'ap- 
 tain Durkee was oil his guard, suddenly took him prisoner, lie was put in 
 irons and sent post haste to Philadelphia. Ogden \\-as in the ciimm.aml of fifty 
 men, forming a sort id' advance guard, and Jennings had under his command 
 the main body. When these forces united, the enemy without further ado, sur- 
 rendered. Some of the leaders were retained as prisoners anil the balance of 
 the connuunity were sent back to L'onnecticut. ."Seventeen had bt-en left in 
 charge of the settlement to reap the harvest, Init as soon as those who h;id been 
 sent to Connecticut disappeared, all propertv was destroyed including the crops, 
 and the .grou[) of men who had been left behind to garner the harvest, were 
 compelled to follow their companions into Coimecticut. It lookecl now as if 
 Pennsvlvania was free from the invaders, and ( )gden hastened tn Philadeln'.iia 
 to re[)ort the success of his enterprise. 
 
 i'ut about this time. troul)le arose in another direction .and an imexpected 
 one. Captain l,azaru> Sti-wart. of whom we Iia\e already s|)oken, at the head 
 of a mtiuber of Lancastrians, formed an alliance with some Connecticut peo- 
 ple, lie invaded the \alley and com])elled the surrender of the small garri.son 
 that had been left behind by Ogden to guard the h'ort. The surrender included 
 the capture of the little four-pound piece of artillerw .Stewart restored \\'y- 
 oming to the .^us<piehaima Conpany, and the t 'oiuiecticut settlers, believing 
 that the field was opi'u, ou'-e more began an inxasion. ( )gden was again in 
 the field and Captain Durkee. who had been sent to Philaclel|)hia in irons, sud- 
 dcnlv returned and with a force decided to attack Ogden who. inactive, was 
 ai)[jarentl\- waiting for reinforcement-. As the little Connecticut army was 
 
~Z WARWICK S Ki:VSro.\E COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 marchiiii;- forward, confident of \-iclor\ , with Hai;"s tlvin^ and drums beating. 
 (3fjden suddenly gave a command and at the head of his troops rushed out with 
 all his men and seized the assailants. So sudilen was his attack that he took 
 by complete surprise the Connecticut troops, .and in the struggle one man of 
 the Connecticut army was killed and several wounded. < )gden now retired to 
 the Fort and his enemies decided to starve him out. I)av after day the siege 
 cc>ntinued, and Durkee's army, with the aid of the four-pounder, gradualU ap- 
 proachei-l the Fort and succeeded in cutting CifT (. )gden from his supplies. (Jg- 
 den, finding that matters were growing serious, sent a messenger to I'hiladel- 
 phia begging for reinforcements, but as they did not conie the old hero was at 
 last compelled to withdraw, lie retreated from the vallev and once more Wy- 
 oming was in possession of the Conr_ecticut settlers. Captain ( )gden. how- 
 ever, after raising an arm\ of one humlred auil fift\ men. started once more 
 to the scene of action. He moved (p.iietly, cautiously and gave no signs of his 
 approach but suddenly apiieared in the \alley while the settlers were at work 
 u|)on their farms, and before they could rally in defence, most of them were 
 in custody. A large part of the population was sent to I'.aston jail and the rest 
 that escaped fied to Fort Durkee. ( )gden at once started for the h'ort, and 
 wdien he reached it a C()nfiict took place which was vcrv short and decisive. 
 At this time blood was shed, for several of the Connecticut men were killed and 
 a number wounded and all the propert\ of the settlers was destroyed. ( )gden 
 was again successful and looked with confidence into the future, as he lioast- 
 fully told the Penns that there were no men left in C'onnecticut with courage 
 enough to become trespassers. 
 
 Captain Fazarus Stewart, however, once more apjieared npiju the scene 
 and surpiriscd and ca])tured the Pennsylvania garrison one m.irn'ng before 
 sun-break. ( igden's services were again calle<l into requisition and w ith a 
 hundred men he entered the valley, appeared suddenly at Fort Durkee and 
 called upon the garrison to surrender. His order not being complied with, he 
 made an attack upon the fort Imt was repulsed. Stewart, however, seems to 
 have lost heart in the enterprise, and was not willing to risk another attack led 
 b\' So l)rave a ca])tain, and iluring the night he and hi-~ followers abandoned the 
 fort and fied over the mountains. A few months after tlie fiight of Stewart, 
 the Connecticut people again appeared on the scene, this time with a force of 
 one hundred and fift_\' men, and the\ laid siege to the fort occupied Ijy Ogden 
 and his troops. In this invasion the Connecticut settlers were led by Zebulon 
 P.ntler, a soldier of greater courage and of far greater experience than any of 
 the L'onnecticut captains that had preceded him. Putler, with the skill of an 
 able Mildier. completely surrounded the fort and cut ott every avenue of es- 
 cape. Ogden. however, was determineil, if possible, to reach Philadelphia, 
 lay the facts before the |)roprietors an<l secure reinforcements. The method 
 he adopted to reach succor was dangerous to the extreme, but it was the only 
 one left. Taking ofif his clothes, tying them up in a bumlle with his hat on 
 top, he entered the river at midnight and Hoated down the stream with a string- 
 in his mouth towing his clothi]ig. The moving body was discovered by the 
 sentinels and a fire was opened at once and every bullet struck the bundle. 
 Ogdcn"s 'ace being on a level with the water, could not l)e seen and he sue- 
 
W .\1U\ K K S KI-:V.S'1U\I£ COM MOX WICAI, T U . 73 
 
 ceetU'd at last in rcacliiiij;- a |)lai.'c i.if safely, wlicrc he ra])i;ll\ [ral on liis clotlic-; 
 and started on liis way to I 'hiladelpliia, a distance of one Imndred and twentv 
 miles which he walised in ihrec- da\s. When he reached the cii\- of Philadel- 
 phia his earnest appeals indneed I'einforcemenls and a certain C'aptain Dick 
 started forth with a -mall coniniand which wa> to he followed by a lari;er hod\- 
 of troops. Butler, however, having heard that reinforceni mVls wei'c condng. 
 pressed his siege with vigor, and about the middle of August. 1771, the garri- 
 son surrendered and articles of capiliilatii ni were signed. 
 
 The Penns ha\ing been dri\en from the valle\ , negotiations were opened 
 with ( lo\ernor Trnmhli.' of t'onneclicnt to see if the matter could not he set- 
 tled in some way 1>\ coniiiromise, but the ( iovernor replied that this was not a 
 question between Connecticut and Pennsylvania hut between the Susc|nehanua 
 Company and the Penn> who were tile i)roprietors of the lanil in (|nesiinn. .\ 
 year passed and the Penn> made no further attempt to regain tluir pri )]iefty. 
 So confident was the SuM|uehainia Company in the position it ntH'upied, thai it 
 named the valley Westmoreland and constituted it part of l.itchlield t'onnty, 
 C_'onnecticut, and the settler-, had the audacit\' to petition the ( i mnecticul Leg- 
 islature to demand forty thousand dollars tlamages from 1 Vnnsyhania fur the 
 losses thev had sustained in their cniuest to secure that which did not belong 
 to them. The PViuis having been entirely excluded from the valk'y. the ( on- 
 nccticiU settlers poured in in mimbers ;ind occupied the land in every direc- 
 tion and established a settlement at .Muncie. 
 
 About this time appeared npim tlu- scene an Irishman nanietl Plnnkelt, a 
 sort of adventurer. He took up arms in favor of the Penns, and thouglil, no 
 doubt, he was the man destined to restore the valley to the original proprietors. 
 With an army of seven hundred men. he invaded the territury, but /.ebidnn 
 Butler with about half the force of Plunkett, succeeded in putting him to llighi. 
 It was a great victory for Coimecticut ;md seemed to the settlers to be the end 
 of the bloody strife that had continued for a period of thirty years. 
 
 Connecticut was wrong in the pusilion she took in the begimiing. 'i'he 
 territory clearly, under the grant to Peim. belonged to him. his heirs .and as- 
 signs. Its boundaries were clearl\ detined. There was no ([uestion of a mis- 
 take as to latitudes, as in the lialtimore grant. The charter to Peim was known 
 to the ])eoi)le of Coimecticut and the\ were familiar with the biiundar\ lines of 
 the province. For years they acquiesced in the charter and thus slreiiglliened 
 the Peiin title to the land. It w;is onl\ when tlie_\- looked upon the valley of 
 the Wyoming with eyes of ciipiilils that tlie\ were seized wiih a desire lo 
 obtain it. Its beauty, fertility and siliialion had entranced them and they 
 seized the land without any right to its possession simply because tlu-y wanted 
 it, and they ]X)ured into the valley against the protests of tlu' owners and exer- 
 cised the right of s(|ualter sovereignty. After the Revolution ended, the land 
 was no longer the private ])roperty of a family Init was the part of a sovereign 
 state and it was neccssar_\- that the question slmuld be hn,ill\- ,ind delinitely set- 
 tled as to what were the boundaries of that slate. In 17K2. I'ommissinners were 
 appointed by Connecticut and Pennsylvania, who opened their sessions Xovem- 
 ber 2, at Trenton. .\ew jersey, and after trial and argument the Court was 
 unanimously of the opinion that Connecticut had no right to the lands in con- 
 
74 WAKW'KK's KEVSTOXE COMXrOXWEALTH. 
 
 troversy, "that the jurisdiction and jji-c-cniptii in of all the territory lyino' within 
 the charter of Pennsylvania and now claimed by the state of Connecticut do. 
 of rig-ht helono- to the state of Pennsylvania." ]\Iany years after the Revolu- 
 tion the question of disputed ownership affected the titles of the land, and there 
 was much litii^ation over the same and it was not until the Confirming Act of 
 1787 that tlie rights of all parties were clearly defined. 
 
 l-'or believers in the doctrine of non-resistance, the Penns battled for their 
 rights with a spirit, that thoug-h it nia>- not have been consistent with their 
 teachings, was, nevertheless, truly war-like. 
 
 Before Pemi's departure from America, he had given to the city, under 
 his hand and broad seal on the twenly-eighth day of October, in the vear of our 
 Lord 1701, being the thirteenth year of the reign of Iving William III. over 
 England. Scotland, France and Ireland, a charter to the city of Philadelphia. 
 It provided for a Mayor, a Recorder, eight Aldermen and twelve Common 
 Councilmen. The first mayor under the new charter was Edward .Shippen, 
 while Thomas .Story was the recorder. 
 
 It was during Penn's second visit tliat a night watch was established for 
 the citv. That is, the Council appointed an officer "to go round ye town with 
 a small bell in ye night time and give notice of ye time of ye night and ye 
 weather and if any disorders or dangers ha])]ien by fire or otherwise, in ye 
 night to accpiaint ye constable." 
 
 These watchmen carried tall painted staves, at the top of which were fast- 
 ened perforated tin lanterns holding a candle, the light from which was so dim 
 that it only intensified the darkness. It was their custom, too, to call out the 
 hours of the night and the conditions of the weather, as "twelve o'clock and a 
 moonlight night," "four o'clock and a cloudy morning." If there was any 
 special news that reached the city after the watchman began to patrol his beat 
 and after the citizens had retired and which was considered of public import- 
 ance, it was his dutv to announce the information. For instance, after the sur- 
 render of the British at Yorktown, the voices of the watchmen called out the 
 hour and then added "and Cornwallis is taken." It may easily be imagined that 
 upon the announcement of such information the patriotic citizens, in their 
 nightcaps, would raise the windows and many rush to the doors to inquire as to 
 the details and then after retiring to their beds await impatiently for daylight 
 for confirmation of the glorious news. 
 
 Win the watchman carried a liell it is hard to say. Surely it was not to 
 give timeK- warning, as it un(loul)tedl\ did, to thieves, higiiwaNnien or burg- 
 lars that the\' might escape the clutches of the law. The ringing of the bell, no 
 doubt, was to show that the policeman was on guard, traversing his beat and 
 that he was i)rotecting the property and peace of the city. The "drowsy charm" 
 of his bell was 
 
 "To bless the doors from nightly harm." 
 
 and to give to the citizens that sense of security that comes from the knowledge 
 that the watch is on guard. 
 
 There were numerous inns of all kinds in the city and on market days 
 
WAKw u;k s Kii\sr().\i-; ccim.moxw i:ali ii. 
 
 75 
 
 they were crowded with fanners and c<)iintr\ people. "The I'hinie nf l'"eath- 
 ers" on Second street, "The i'ewter I'hitter" .m h'runt street, the •'fnxjked 
 Billet," the "Star and Carter," the •Three Tims," the "White Ihirse," "I '.oat 
 and Oars" were all well known t.averns where lodi^dni;- and meals could he had 
 at comparatively cheap tii^iires. The tii)|>liiis- houses or ordinaries as thev were 
 called, were under the direct >nrveillance of tln' police and if the customers 
 grew too jolly or lin-ered at the har loo late they were ordered home hy the 
 watch on the heat. 
 
 The Coffee House had hut recciuly made its appearance in London and it 
 became a resort for the well-t(j-do .and fashionahle. i''ver\ man of the up])er 
 and middle classes went to his particular Coffee House, not oidv to sip the de- 
 licious hevera.ti'c made from the heans from Ar,d)\, which \\;is considered a 
 great lu.xury, hut also to hear and discuss the news of the dav. .V man was 
 known by his Coffee House as a man of the world todav is known hv his cluh. 
 The Coffee House had become so 
 popular a feature in Englnd that 
 one was estahlishe(l in I'Tont street, 
 near Walnut, in this city, and was 
 quite a resort for the well-to-do. 
 
 Shops of all kinds, too. were 
 increasing in mnnher and thev 
 Were known hy signs rather than 
 1)_\- the names of their proprietors. 
 Good olives and capers couhl he 
 bought at '"The Sign of the 
 Crown," all kinds of gloves were 
 .sold at "The Lion and Cdove." This 
 was following the general cusiimi of 
 England, where Macaulay says the 
 
 signs were used because the houses were not nnnihered. iMulherniore. he adds, 
 few, comparativelv, could read and it was necessary thert-fore to use marks 
 which the most ignorant could under-tand. These painted si^ns gave a gay and 
 grotesque asi^ect to the streets. The walk from Charing Cross to W'hitechapel 
 lay through an t-ndless sticcession of Saracens' Heads. Royal ( ).aks, I'.lne I'.i'.ars 
 and (iolden Lambs, which <lisappeared when the\ were no longer recpiired f<ir 
 the direction of the common people, hhiglish manners and customs obtained to :i 
 far greater degree in I'emisylvania than au\ other ]irovince. thus showing; that 
 English influence predominated here. 
 
 At the beginning of the province the purpose of the proprietor h.ad been 
 in every way to insi)ire a spirit of toleration and to secure religious liherty. no' 
 for one sect btit for all sects, hut nnforlimateK this spirit did not long con 
 tinue, at least from a Cath(.>lic point of \ie\\, for in lanu.ary. ijol), while I'enn 
 was in England, an :\ct was passed which prescrihed an o.ath to he taken hy the 
 Assemblymen before entering upon the discharge of their dmies. The declara- 
 tion of Cliristian belief was in the following words: 
 
 "I, .\. F>., do sincerely promise and solemnly declare liefore (iod and the 
 world that I will be faithful and bear true alle<riance to ( )ueen .\nne. .\ncl 1 
 
 I'm; 111 11 j.dMMiN ((JMll, ildlSh. IT.lt. CuUNKK 
 OK I'UdNT .\M) \\AI,M-r StRKETS. 
 
76 W AKWU k's K^:^"^ I iiXM fllMMO.WVEAI.'lii. 
 
 do si:ilcmiil\ ])r"fi.'s.> and declare that I do fmm m\ heart ahhnr. (k-test and 
 renounce a^ imjiinns and heretical that damnahle doctrine and piwiiinn that 
 princes exci mimnnicated or de]ir^ved 1)\^ the I'ope of any authtirit) i.if the See 
 (d' Riinie nia\ lie depnsi.-d or niurtlered liy their siihjects or any other wliatso- 
 e\er. And 1 di > declare that no foreign prince, pirsnn. prelate, state or pnten- 
 tate hatli or on,t;ht tn have an\' ]iii\\er, jnrisiliction, superiiirit\ . |)reenhnence or au- 
 thnritN ecclesiastical nr ■-piritnal within the realm nf luii^land nr the ilnniiniuns 
 therennti 1 lieli m^'inL;". 
 
 "And 1, A. T).. do soleniidy and sincerely in the presence of lind, prnfess, 
 testif) and declare that I do lielieve in the sacrament nf the Lnnl's Supper 
 there is nut any transnhstantiatinn of the elements of hread and wine into the 
 bod\' and blond of Christ, at or after the consecration thereof hy any person 
 whatsoever. And that the Invncatinn nr adoration of the \ ir^in .Mar\ nr anv 
 other saint and the sacrifice nf the mass as they are nnw nsed in the chnrch of 
 Rnnie are snperstitioiis ;ind idnlatrons. 
 
 ".\nd 1 dn solemnle in the presence of lind. prnfess, testif\' and declare 
 that I do make this declaration and every part therenf in the plain and nrdi- 
 nary sense of the words read untn nie as the\' ;ire cnnnnnnly nnderstniid li\- the 
 English Prcjtestants. Wdthout any ex'asinn, e(pn\-ncatinn or mental reservation 
 whatsoever anil without an\- dispensation alread\- L;"ranted me fnr this purpose 
 hy the I'npe nr an\ other authority or person whatsoever; or without anv hope 
 of any such ilis|)ensation from ;m_\' person or authority whatsoevei' ; or without 
 thinking that 1 am or ma\ lie accpiitted hefnre ( ln<l or man nr ahsolved of this 
 declaration or any part thereof although the I'ope or anv other person or 
 persons or power whatsoever should dis])ense with or annul the same or de- 
 clare that it was null an(J void from the Ijeginning. 
 
 "And 1. A. ]'.., profess faith in ( Iml and the h'ather and in jesus Christ his 
 eternal Son, the true ( iod and in the I Inly Spirit, one < Inil blessed forever- 
 more. And do acknowledge the Holy ScriiJtnres of the ( )ld and Xew Testa- 
 ment to lie gi\en In Hivine inspiration." 
 
 The careful reading of this intolerant declaration shows that the eligi- 
 hilit)' of the Assemblyman depended more u])on what he did not believe than 
 what he did believe. Idle early charter rights as to liberty of conscience in re- 
 ligion ])rn\ided that officers of the go\-ernment should profess a belief in Jesus 
 Christ, the Saviour of the world, and this proviso was continued under the 
 charter given b\ William I'enn to 1 'liiladelphia, in 1701. ddie .\ct of 1706, 
 hnwewr. gncs much further and perhaps its passage was induced hv the fact 
 th.at William I'enn himself was hK> cln-elv allied with the Stuarts. 
 
 ( invernnr ( iookin seemed to act at times withcuit any jndgiiient. almost 
 eipialling the conduct in office of his predecessor. \'nung jnlin bA-ans. He 
 greath antagnidzed the (Juakers bv insisting upon an oath being taken in- 
 stead of an affirmation, ddds resulted in throwing the gnvernnu'nt intn the 
 hands (d" the nnn-(Jnaker element. ( 'mnkin, however, at last was dismissed and 
 in turn was succeeded liy .^ir William Keith, a man of jiarts and of under- 
 standing. He was not a (Jnaker hut a soldier, with the rank of Colonel, and 
 jiroud of the distinction his title gave him. It does seem remarkable that everv 
 man sent out \>y the I'enns from Kngland to govern tlu- province of Pennsvl- 
 
w AKw II K s i<i-:\sniM-: com MiiN\\i:.\r,iii. 77 
 
 vaiiia was a snldirr ami wlidsc rcU^idUs \-ii,'\vs were in diiwt .)])]H)>itiuii to the 
 principles taui^hl 1)\ llie (Jiiakers. The new (lnvernor was not only a military 
 man, hnt a nienilier <<\ the thnreh of luitjlanil. 
 
 I'enn was now i;railnall\ a]iproachiniL; hi-- end. llis lite had heen emhit- 
 teri'd hy man) disap]j: limnient--. llis "llDly l-'.xperinient" had turned ont to ]>■■ 
 a snecessl'ul project hut it had iiuohed him in deht and he was reduced .almost 
 to hankniptcy. Jle had sold nuich of his land in the proxdnce at ton rhea|) a 
 fi.mire, and it did not make a -ut'ticient return for hi- ontla\ . "( >. I'emi-yl- 
 vaiiia, what hast thou cost me!" he exclaimed. "Aljout ThirtN' Thousand 
 Pounds more than 1 ever t^ot hy it. two h.a/ardous and most fati,<;iiin,s; voyaj^es. 
 mv straits and slaxery here and m\ child sold almost. * '•' * '' In short, 
 I must sell all or l)e undone and dis^racinl into the hari^ain." .Man\ of hii 
 friends in .\merica wh.iin lu had hefriended turned agaiust him. h'specially 
 was this so in the case of Daxicl Lloyd, who from a friend had turned out to I)e 
 a bitter anta;.;onist. and in orde)' to secure >uccess in his political hattles re- 
 sorted to scheir.es to injure the re])utation ,and inllneuce of the proprietor. A 
 man nanu'd I'ord to whom I'enn had entrusted the care of his Ijii^lish and Iri^h 
 estates, ran him into deht h\ hi- careless manai^euient and exlra\asance. ar.d 
 it (lid iiLit end here, for at the death of I'ord his widow haii I'eun arrested 
 while he was attendinL;' a meeting;- in lirace Church Street in London, ddie 
 bailiff seized him forcibly and would ha\e taken him from the bnildiuL;- with- 
 out further ado had it not been fi>r the intervention of his friends, who prom- 
 ised that he should [)e ]>laceil in custody at the termination of the services. 
 He was confined in tlie Fleet Prison for nine months and althoiiiih there was 
 no foundation for the suit, he was not released until his frii-nds I'aised a suifi- 
 cient sum tr> compromise with the Lord attorneys. lie had been suspected. 
 abused and even charijed with playing- the part of a hy|iocrite. ' 'f his children 
 by the first wife, none remained but Letitia, and she had married a man for 
 whom I'emi had a personal dislike. William I'enn, Jr.. ;i son b\ the second 
 ni.arriatie. had flis,i[;raced himself and his family by a riotous course of living, 
 lie was a reprobate, and although married .and the father of children, no hnme 
 ties held him in check, his dissipation continued and to the end he L;a\'e hi- 
 father <::;reat anxiet\- and -ubjei'ted him to dee]) hunnliation. I'enn's mind had 
 graduallv g'iveu way under the burden of his cares, .and at last, Jnl\ ,^, 171''"^, .it 
 the age of sevent\-four years, he died |)eacefully and w.is Laid ;it rest. 
 
 ^Villianl i'enn may be trulv cla-scil anioUL;' the threat nun of the wmld. 
 He was more of .a philosopher than a ])Mliiici;m. I'nfortunatelw he was not 
 a good judge of men. lie was ton coulidinL;. and when he w;is once im])ressed 
 and formed a friendship it was hard to bre.ak, even .after he ought to have been 
 convinced that he had betu decei\ed. Mis trusting nature was often t.aken ad- 
 vantage of by scheming and imscrupnlous men whom he had assisted and be- 
 friended. He was tolerant in -pirit. bore sulfering liraveh' and the lunn.an 
 kindness in his heart was never soured by i)iTseculion. He looked upon all 
 men as his brothers .and his whole purpose in life was to benetu hum.anity. 
 His character, when carefullv e.xamined and weighed, may n-veal its weak fea- 
 tures and show .some flaws, yet, taking all in all, it- kindness, its benevolence, 
 its tolerance and its wisdom make it truly great and ever\ 1 'emisylv;ini;m has 
 
7(5 WARWICK S KEYSTOXE COM MOX WEALTH . 
 
 reason to be proud of the founder of his State. "Wise or fortunate is the 
 prince," observes Edward Gibbon, "who connects his own reinitation with the 
 honor and interest of a perpetual order of men." 
 
 Thomas Proud, in his "History of Pennsylvania," says that William Penn 
 may be st\led "the parent of his province, in that he not only planted it with 
 industry and virtue, and endowed it with a tjenerous and excellent constitu- 
 tion, but with, unremitted care and assiduity he also cherished it with the best 
 and most affectionate advice and instruction, tending- more effectually to fix 
 the bond of love and affection between him and his peoiile upon the most cer- 
 tain and lasting foundation which is the l)est preservative against all disorders: 
 — ^He treated them as beloved children, wdiile they regarded him as a tender 
 father." Edmund Burke declared that "Penn as a legislator, deserves immor- 
 tal thanks from the whole world." 
 
 X'oltaire was so much impressed with the reports he heard concerning the 
 toleration of the government of Pennsylvania and the contentment and happi- 
 ness of the people, that, in a spirit of enthusiasm, he exclaimed, "Their colony 
 is as flourishing as their morals have been pure. Philadelphia, or the city of 
 the brothers, their capital, is one i>f the most beautiful cities in the universe. 
 These new citizens are not all primitives or Quakers: half of them are Ger- 
 mans, Swedes and people of other countries who form seventeen religions. The 
 primitives wdio govern, regard all these strangers as their brothers." Con- 
 tinuing in the same strain, he further remarks, "I love the Quakers. Yes, if 
 the sea did not cause me unsupportable sickness, it would be in thy bosom, 
 Pennsyhania. that 1 would finish the remainder of my career, if there is any 
 remainder. Thou art situated at the fortieth degree in a climate most mild and 
 favorable, thy fields are fertile, thy houses commodiously built, thv inhabi- 
 tants industrious, thy manufactories esteemed. Unbroken peace reigns among 
 thy citizens, pris(ins are alnmst unknown and there has lieen but a single ex- 
 ample of a man banished from the country." 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PENN's will. KEITH .N'AMED G()\l;l< M l|^ DAVID LLOM). JAMES r.OC.AX. HIS 
 CHAR.VCTER. KEDEMPTIO.XERS. .MAJOl; I'AIKHI-: (l(IRDI).V. (LD.XDITK ).\ S OF 
 PHILADEI.I'IIIA. ( rSKlMS DF lin: DA^ . MHIIAIIL WICI.l-WKK. (ilCOKCE WHITE- 
 FIELD. A.VDRI'IW HAMILIOX. I RIAL nv ]n\l\ PETER ZEXGER. I!1-:XJ A.VI LN 
 FR.'VNKLIX. HIS CHARACTER. HISDl-lAIH. 
 
 By tlu- death lit Pcnn his wife occupied the feudal office of T/inl I'ro- 
 prietor df the province. Under his will. Penn had settled upon the 
 children 1)\- his tirst wife his I-'ncjlish aiitl Irish estates, while reiin- 
 sylvania was to hecome the property nf the widow and her heirs. This 
 division save i^reat ofi'ence to William I'enn. Junior, wlio himself hoped to 
 become the Lord Proprietor of Pennsylvania. The oldest son hy the second 
 wife was known as John, the "American," hccause he hail heen horn in the 
 Slate Roof House in Philadelphia. William I'enn, Junior, attempted to exer- 
 cise some authority in tlie province. Init the (/ourts upheld his father's will and 
 he retired to the Continent and died in I'rance aliout two years alter his father. 
 a complete wreck. 
 
 The new (ioveriior, with some little ceremony, puhlicly announced the 
 death of the Lord I'roprietor. Keith from the very start succeeded in winnings 
 the confidence of the .\ssembly, and easily ohtained the appropriations necessary 
 for a successful administration. He bought a large section of land consisting of 
 about twelve hundred acres, at Horsham in Montgomery Count\-. 1 K- huilt a 
 large stone house which still remains standing and lived in grand stvle. Mis 
 estate was called Graeme Park. He owned a number of slaves and had a hue 
 stable of four driving and seven saddle horses. His carriage had the apjjcar- 
 aiice of a coach of state, and attracted much attention as he (lro\'e o\er the 
 road leading from his country seat to the city. Liveried driver> and fo.itmen 
 had not been seen in the province since tlie days of Penn. and they caused con- 
 siderable comment. His coming to worship on Sunday was quite an event and 
 people gathered in crowds to watch the arrival of the equipage. He had set 
 aside for himself and his family a special pew in Christ Church known as the 
 Governor's pew. 
 
 In politics there had already developed two factions, one led hy David 
 Lloyd, Democratic in principle, or what today would be called Progressive, while 
 the Conservative party, loyal to the Proprietors, was led by James Logan. 
 
 James Logan, unquestionably at this time, was the most distinguished man 
 in the province. He had had the absolute confidence of Willi.-nri Penn and .iftcr 
 the death of the proprietor, obtained that of the widow, 1 lannah, and a brave 
 and loyal defender of their interests he was at all times. He was the .son of a 
 Scotch chaplain, who turned Quaker and in consequence was compelled to go 
 to Ireland where he taught a Latin school. James was born at Ltirgan, County 
 Armagh, the twentieth of October, 1074. His intellect wa-, remarkably |)re- 
 
 79 
 
8o 
 
 WARWICK S KEVSTOXK COMjrO.X WF.ALTIl . 
 
 coi:ious, for at thirteen years of age he was famihar w'ith Latin, (Ircek. and had 
 a fair knowledge of Hebrew. As a boy. he was apprenticed to a hnen draper 
 in Dulihn, and in his leisnre liours devoted himself to study and in addition to 
 his other knowdedge acquired a use of the French, Italian and Spanish tongues. 
 Penn was so impressed by the remarkalile intellect of the young man that he 
 made him his secretary, and when the Proprietor sailed for America, took him 
 along. Xot onl\- was Logan scholarly in his attainments but he had a marked 
 capacity for business and adminislratinn. It is hard to tell what his career 
 Wduld ha\e bfcn in r.umpean p;iHtics: it i^ reasonable to suppose, however, that 
 
 he would have been distinguished, 
 but in the politics of Pennsylvania 
 be liecame from the start, a donii- 
 iialing influence. He was a man 
 I if the highest hontir and never be- 
 tra\eil the confidence oi his great 
 benefactnr. h'or forty years he 
 faithfully guarded the interests of 
 the I'enns and resisted all the dem- 
 agogic attacks made by David 
 Llovd, as well as the attacks upon 
 the part of the Crown, made by 
 Colonel Quarry. He held a num- 
 ber of oflices and discharged the 
 duties of every one with ability, 
 lie became Commissioner of Prop- 
 erty, a member of the Provincial 
 I'duncil, a Judge of Common Pleas, 
 Ma\'or of Philadelphia and Chief 
 justice of Pennsylvania. In the 
 midst of his manifold duties he 
 fiiund time to devote himself to the 
 study of botany and so profound 
 was his knowdedge in this depart- 
 ment of science, that Linnaeus, the 
 celebrated Swedish botanist, honor- 
 etl him by naming an order of herbs 
 the "Loganiaceae." He also found time ti i translate into English several of the 
 Latin classics and with the same ease and facility he could have translated an 
 English classic intn pure Latin. 
 
 The factions had able leaders, as it will lie seen, and the contest was waged 
 vigorousl}- at every jioint. Logan maintained strenuouslx the authoritv of the 
 Penns; Quarry supported the encroachments of the Crown, and Lloyd protected 
 the interests of the commonaIt\-. 
 
 The gii\ennuent W'as gradually passing out of the bands of the (Juakers. 
 Punishment was inflicted for the slightest ofl'enses, especially those against the 
 Crown. Two persons were punished for having spoken contemptuoush- of King 
 George. ( )ne was sentenced to stand under the Court House for one hour on 
 two market da_\ s. while the other was sentenced nut only to staml in the pillory, 
 
 1.(1 
 
wakwuk's ki-'asioxe coac.mo.n w i: \i.rii. 8r 
 
 lull to be tied tn the tail of a earl and [laraded tlirouL;:li the eity. ( )eeasii iiiall\' 
 men were sent In the ,i;"alIo\\>. anil the iMit^lish system ni i;ivinj;^ "benetit of 
 elerjjy" to the cnlprit was inlrodneeil. ll will thus be seen that crimes were in- 
 I'reasin.n'. no donlit due to the faet that anionj;" the immitjranls were fonnd a 
 number of Euroiiean criminals. The nigral intluence of the (Quakers, however, 
 was abroad, for those citizens who were found tii)|)lintj- in the tawrns on Sun- 
 day were commanded to disperse and ixn to some i)lace of |)ublic worship. Loud, 
 scolding- women were taken before the maf^istrates and disciplined. .Men were 
 not allowed to smoke or >wear in the pulilic streets. Parties indulsjini:;- in brawls 
 were conmiilted by the watch to jail until the following;- moruint;. 
 
 .\ class of immit^rants were swarmiuL;' into the [irovincc known as ( lerman 
 Redemptioners : in other words they were inder.tured servants who were to 
 serve their masters for a term of years in order to redeem themselves from the 
 cliar.^es and expenses incident to their voyage to the new world. These con- 
 stant arrivals, of what were deemed undesirable immigrant,--, gave alarm to 
 the conservative citizens and Logan wrote to England in 1717 of these ])eople. 
 "There are divers hundretls arrived here who have not one word of bjiglish 
 and bring no credentials with them. The methiid that we conceive is in no way 
 safe in anv colony tho' we hope they may be honest men. * * * * As 
 the number of these strangers has given some uneasiness to the inhabitants 
 here and will increase it if the\ continue thus their swarms, you will allow it. 
 we hope, proper to be mentioned to you. * * * * This gownuneni must 
 have that regard to thenisel\-es as not to be too free for the future in making 
 admission easy." This protest, however, did not seem to have nuich inlliience. 
 for in 1721 an advertisement read: "Thomas nenham to his godd country 
 folks advertiseth that he has some likel\ ser\ants to dispose of. ( )ni' hundred 
 Palatines for five years at Ten Pounds per head." These poor creatures 
 presented a motle\' ai^pearance. Ignorant, imacipiainted with the languages 
 that were spoken in the i)rovince. for the_\- had a patois that was not under- 
 stood even by the German re-idents. the\- were unable to make known their 
 wants. Tile men had red caps and when not in their bare feet, wore huge 
 wooden shoes: the women tied strings around their heads to keep the long- 
 hair out of their e\es while their clothing was of the commonest texture. There 
 was a suspicion that man\ of these Redem|itioners were convicts that the ( *ld 
 World was dumping upon cjur shores, but be that as it nia\- it was not long 
 before these ])oiir creatures were swallowed up in the progress ;md general 
 development of the country, and have left no visiljle sign of their existence. 
 
 (iovernor Keith managed adroitly to keep in touch with the .\ssembly, and 
 at the same time .gave no olTi-nce to the proprietors, and he might have gone 
 on indefinitely in his rule, for he was a keen politician, had it not been for the 
 fact that in 1723. forming an alliance with David Lloyd, he undertook to dis- 
 miss James Logan as Secretary of the Provincial Council. l>ogan not being 
 willing to submit to this arbitrary act upon the part of the (iovernor and his 
 allies, took a liasty voyage to England and laid his case before Hannah Penn. 
 She sided with the Secretary and gave him a letter to be in turn handeil to 
 the Governor, advising the latter, in no uncertain terms, of his duties. Keith 
 however, confident of his power, ignored the directions and in-truclions of 
 
82 Warwick's kevsto.vk commiixw-kaltii. 
 
 Hannah Peiin, and, forming a compact with David Lloyd, waged a war against 
 James Logan over a qnestioii (if Constitutional right concerning the power of 
 the Council as a law making body. Keith, in a final effort to recover his power, 
 endeavored to arouse the people to revolt against proprietary rule. In this 
 rebellious move he was not assisted by David Lloyd, and he sustained a signal 
 defeat. He had been living at a fast pace, had involved himself hopelessly in 
 debt and finally had to aliandon his estate and broad acres at Horsham and flee 
 to England. Here he met with furtlier reverses and spent his last days impris- 
 oned as a debtor in the < 'Id llailey. When he took his departure he had to leave 
 the province so hnrrieilly that he was unable to take his wife with him, and 
 Lady Keith remained in Philadelphia for the balance of her days. She resided 
 in a small wooden house on Third Street between Market and Arch Streets, 
 with an old woman as her only companion. At times she was reduced to want 
 and it was as much as she could do to secure the bare r.ecessaries of life. When 
 she died she was buried in a quiet manner in Christ's Church yard, in the shadnvv 
 of the building wherein as first lady iif the province she had worshipped in 
 state. 
 
 The new Governor was Major Patrick (iordon, who arrived in Philadel- 
 phia on June 22, 1^26. 
 
 The population oi Philadelphia at the close of the Keith administration 
 was between eight and nine thousand. The city still was in a primitive con- 
 dition and her outskirts in some directions were covered with forests, and 
 there were several instances of wild beasts making their appearance in the 
 suburbs. The streets were not paved, except around the Court House. The 
 black man was held in bondage and the Redemptioners from the Palatine were 
 still bound to their masters by a term of service. The Ouakers as a class, 
 at this period, were not opposed to slavery for many of them owned slaves, 
 nor were they opposed to the use of liquor, for the well-to-do had their cellars 
 filled with the best brands of imported wines anil liquors, and so far as beer 
 was concerned thev favore<l its manufacture as a cheap and common bever- 
 age, provided it was nnt made of molasses instead of malt. It was not until 
 thev saw the crueltv and inhunianit\- nf slavery and the eviK resulting from 
 the abuse of liquor, that thev Iiecame ardent Abolitionists and Prohibitionists. 
 
 The costumes of the day were most elaborate as compared with the pres- 
 ent standard. Even the Ouakers had not yet adopted the brown and the drab 
 garb, nor the stiff brimmed hat which subsequently distinguished them. Well 
 dressed men wore wigs and shoe Ijuckles and bright colored coats and waist- 
 coats. Ruftled shirt Ijosoms were not uncomni(.)n and lace cuffs half covered 
 the hands. Knee breeches and low shoes were worn and to be ultra-fashion- 
 able, men carried canes with tassels dangling at the top. The women dressed 
 in gay colors and '"gaudy figured or striped calicoes and stuff's." As a sample 
 of the cost of living, we might state that beef, mutton and veal sold at 3/'2d. 
 per pound, bacon at 7 and venison at 2d. per pound, b'rom these figures it 
 looks as if bacon were considered more of a delicacv than either beef or mut- 
 ton. Fish and game, of course, were in abundance and comparatively cheap, 
 although it did look at the time a.s if the ruthless .slaughter of the game and 
 the wholesale capture of the fish continued the supply would be exhausted, 
 
WAKWiiK's Ki-:vsr().\ic commcinw i:.\i.rii. 83 
 
 for there were put fi>hers aiiil gunners then as there are in Ihe present (la>\s 
 and game laws were i)as>e(l and the close season for hunting- was extended. 
 Paper money was in circulation, l)ut. strange to say, notwithstanding its de- 
 preciation as compared with sterling ni.mex, wages did not increase nor did 
 the price of living. 
 
 It was about this time that a wa\e of religions fervor swe])! over the 
 country. Revivals weri' started and itinerant preachers harangued the nuilti- 
 tude wherever a crowd could he collected. Michael Welfare, who hailed from 
 Conestoga, came to the city "in the hahit of a pilgrim." his hat of linen, lii.-j 
 beard at full length and a long staff in his hand, lie called the people from 
 their sins and declared that he bad been delegated by Cjod tt) reclaim the city 
 from its sin. He spoke in the market house fre^m a butcher's stall, or in any 
 public place where he could get the ear of the people, (.^ne of these itinerants 
 stalked into a Quaker meeting carrying a bladder filled with juice of the poke- 
 berry in one hand and a sword in the other and while addressing the assem- 
 bled worshippers, suddenly ran the l.)lade through the bladder, sprinkling the 
 squirting juice over the clothes of se\eral of the (Juakers aii<l then in a loud voice 
 exclaimed, "Thus shall ( iod shed the hlond of those persons who enslave their 
 fellow-man." 
 
 There were many of these wild enthusia>ts, who went through the land 
 endeavoring to convert sinners autl have them flee from the wrath to come, 
 but the greatest of these itinerant preachers was (ieorge W'hilefield. lie was 
 an exhorter of force and elofpience and bad a voice that could l)e heard dis- 
 tinctly a mile away, and which was capable of expressing every emotion of 
 the hutuan heart. He claimed that the whole world was his |:)arish and he 
 undertook the task of reclaiming all men from tb.eir sins. He came to Phila- 
 delphia in November, 1739. and reached the city about eleven o'clock at night 
 after having ridden on horseback a <listance of sixty miles. He held his meet- 
 ings at all hours of the day and peo])le (locked into the city from every secti<.)n 
 of the surroundin,g country, for bis great reputation as a |)reacher had pre- 
 ceded him. It made no difference whether he spoke in a hall i>r in the open 
 air, for bis voice woidd carrv any distance and he could modulate it to suit 
 anv place or locality, indoors or out. He nuist have had a remarkable mag- 
 netic influence over an assemblage of people for he could sway them at bis 
 will. At times they were wrought up almost to a state of frenzy and would 
 cry for help: then again manv would roll upon the floors as if stricken by a 
 fit, writhing the body, wringing the hands and shrieking for mercy. When- 
 ever he appeared upon the streets, he was followed by .great crowds of people, 
 which the sinner or the imrcclaimed called "Whilefield's .Mob." His gre;il in- 
 ducin,g power to conversion was that if the people did not rejient at once, they 
 would go to Hell and his description of the tortures of those condenmed to 
 everlastin.g punishment, was not only graphic but terrifying. Often when 
 visiting the outlying districts of the city he would be accompanied by a 
 cavalcade of horsemen, who sang hymns and psalms and made the air 
 re.soimd as the\- passed through the woods or travelled along the highway. 
 Franklin, the philoso[)her, was evidently not much affected by preaching so 
 wild and violent and in s]ieaking of the revival he said, "It seemed if all the 
 
84 Warwick's kevstonk CdM MnxwEAr.xn. 
 
 world wltc ^riiwinq- religious, for one roiilil nut walk tlirout;]] Philadelphia in 
 the evening" without hearing ])salnis sung in the different families of every 
 street." There were a number of understudies who rose up under this spirit of 
 revival, but they could only mimic W'hitefield's gestures and paraphrase his 
 burning sentences. 
 
 Governor Gordon died in August, i/.V'. :it the age nf sevent\-three. and 
 for two years James Logan, who was I'resident of the Council, was virtualh 
 the ('icivernor of the province. Ccilonel ( ieorge Thomas, another soldier, was 
 appointed ti> succeed (iordon. Imt his name not having been confirmed hv the 
 Crown, he did nnt reach the province until 173S. 
 
 Two of the most distinguished men in the province at this time were 
 Andrew Hamilton and ISenjamin Franklin. Andrew Hamilton came from the 
 eastern shore of Maryland. lie was a lawyer by profession and in time be- 
 came the leader of the Pennsylvania bar, and may be called the first of that 
 great line of lawyers that lirought such distinction to Philadelphia. It was his 
 argument in the trial iif John Peter Zenger, in the state of Xew York, that gave 
 a new interpretation and a new meaning to the law of libel. Zenger was the 
 pul)lisher of a Xew York weekly jiinrnal, and in 17,^4 iiad. criticised most 
 severely se\'eral acts of the legislature and attacked some of the most promi- 
 nent officials in the province. Xot only were his papers Imrned bv the com- 
 mon hangman beneath the pillory in the iniblic sipiare, Init he was personally- 
 indicted for publishing writings tending to serlition and faction. His counsel 
 had filed exceptions to the commissions of the judges who were about to try 
 the case, and for his audacity, and contumacy in daring to question the juris- 
 diction of the court, he was indefiniteh suspended. Zenger, being deprived of 
 his counsel, was now in a liad plight and in his desiieration, he called upon 
 Andrew Hamilton, of l^ennsylvania, to re])resent his case. This great lawyer, 
 advanced in )'ears, had virtually retired from active practice, but believing that 
 the case was one of public importance, he unhesitatingly accepted the lirief. 
 On the trial, while the Attorney ("leneral was examining the witnesses, Hamil- 
 ton arose and admitted that his client had both jjrinted and published the arti- 
 cles in the news|iapers set forth in the bill of indictment. This admission hav- 
 ing been made bv the counsel for the prisoner at the Ijar. the Attorney General, 
 turning to the court, said as the defendant has confessed the printing and pub- 
 lishing of these libels, there is notliing left for the jury tii do but to find a ver- 
 dict for the King. "'For even snpijosing the libels were true the law says 
 the\' are none the less libelous for that, nay, indeed the law says their being 
 true is ;in aggravation of the crime." In other words, the greater the truth the 
 greater the libel. Mr. Hamilton, howc\er, in answer said, "Xo. Mr. .\tt.:>rney, 
 it is not the bare jirinting and publication of a ])apfr that will make a libel. You 
 nuist go further before >ou can make out a case against my client, and charge 
 him with being a lil)eler, for the words themselves in the publication nuist be 
 libelous, that is false, scandalous and seditions. If the words cannot be so 
 |)rovrd. then no case has been maile out against tlie defendant." The .Attorney 
 General cited case after case in sup]inrt of his position, but was met at every 
 turn adroitly b\- his able adversary who denounce. 1 them as ."^tar CHiamber 
 cases, and v\vu when the Court ruled that the\ were still law. Mr. Hamilton 
 
w \i;\\ It k'> l^l■.^ SHIM". Cd.M mux w k.m.tii. 85 
 
 still contL-nik'il for liis xitw, until tin- ('mirt stcniK iincrpiiscd 1)\ saving that 
 he wniilil iidt l)e |)i.rmitt(.Ml t( . ar^iu- aL;aiiist tlir tiii(linL;s of tlic t niirt aiiil ail- 
 iiumislK-il liiin in iisr tlu- tniirt "with ,i;iiinl nianiuTs." i'lirninj; tlu-ii fniiii the 
 L'liurt. tlu- la\\\er appcalfd in a ninst iiii|iassii)in'il \\a\ tu the iiirv. iir.<;ing; 
 that it \va> nut lilielmis to coni|ilain nl' the cnniliu't nl' men whn in pnhlic life 
 .^a\e hail ailniini-^tratinn. Tinn- and attain the t'luirl interrupted the ar.i;unient, 
 hut the ciiurau;eiius enunsel still held nu to his \ie\v that the iurv were the 
 judijes i>f the law and nl" the tacts. The C'lUirt linally >aid, ".Vn, .Mr. 1 ianiil- 
 ton. the jnr\ may tiud that Zen^ei- piinled and pnlilislied llinse papers and leave 
 it til tile C'liurt to jnd^e whether they are lihLli>u>. \nu kunw this i> \ery 
 commnn. It is in the nature uf a special \erdict where the jury lea\es the 
 matter ul' law to the t.'nurt." "\ know the jnrx ma\- do so." replied .Mr. Ilam- 
 ilton, "hut 1 also contend that the\ ma\ do ntherwise. I kncjw ilie\ ha\e the 
 ri^iit, lie\ond dispute. !■ 1 determine hnth the law and the tact and wluri' the\ 
 do not doulit of the law they ou.i;ht to ilo m >. 1'his lenvini; it to the iudi;nient of 
 the Court wlu-ther the words are lihelniis or not, in el'fect render^ juries use- 
 less." 'idle t'ourt then snj;i;'ested that it wmuI.I reserw the point of law and 
 leave the ipiestion of fact to the iur\, and the point i-eser\ed conld suh>e(pientl\- 
 he art;'ued hefore a full liencli. .Mr. I lamilton made an ini]ia>>ioned appeal to 
 the jury, which deeply impressed them, for after the charj;e of ilie t'ourt in 
 which the jnd.i;e adniouisheil the iur\- not to he misled h>' the eloipience nf the 
 learned aihocate. the jury retired and in a short time rendered a \erdict of not 
 ijuiltw it was the first t;reat arniniient and the first great victoi-\ won ui this 
 country for the freedom of the press. 
 
 llenjamin h'ranklin was horn in I'loston. .Massachn^etts. in the \ear 170(1. lie 
 was the youngest son and tifteeiiih child of a fanhly of se\'enteen children. 
 Mis father was a tallow chandler and soaj) hoiler and the hoy was early appren- 
 ticed to the ti'ade, fi r at the end of one \ear's schooling he was eniplo\t'd in 
 dipping candles and setting wicks, liut e\en at that early age a)id under those 
 disadvantageous circumstances, he found time to de\ote hinrself to a course of 
 reading and among the books that fell into his hands were Ihmxan. 1 )e h'oe 
 and Plutarch. Ueconiing disgusted with his niouotonons work, he was phu'ed 
 under his brother who was a printer, to learn the art uf t\pesetting. Desiring 
 to make a start in the world, he decided to go to the city of i 'hiladelphia, 
 believing that awa\' from his father's roof and thrown upon his own re- 
 sources he Would have a better chance to build his Inrtune. Ibis was in the year 
 1723 when be was a lad btit seventeen years of age. Without informing his rela- 
 tives of his purpose, be boarded a vessel bound for N'ew \'oi-k and j.iurneyed on 
 foot and by stage coach the rest of the distance. I le had but :i few silver pieces in 
 his purse and l)ut one change of clothing, which he carried stnlTed into his pockets. 
 He was without friends, without intbience aiid without even a letter of recom- 
 mendation, and live hundred miles from home, a stranger in a strange land. 
 The little riinawa\- must truly have felt the loneliness of bis situation, hut 
 Franklin even as a boy, was not one wdio would surrender to despair. Stopping 
 in a baker sho]). be |)urcbased two rolls, one of which be carried under his 
 arm, and the other be munched as he leisurely walkeil up lli.gh Street taking 
 a survey of the town. The story .goes that at this time, in jiassing a house, he 
 
g5 WARWICK'S KEVSTUNE CO.M MON WEALTH. 
 
 saw standing- upon the steps the young lady, Miss Deborah Reed, who was to 
 become his wife and it is said she was much amused at the appearance of the 
 husky countrv lad who ate his breakfast while he strolled. 
 
 Philadelphia, at this time, had a pnpulaticn .>f about ten thousand souls. 
 It was the principal and most important city in all the colonies, had an indus- 
 trious people, a growing prosperity, cimmercial importance and afforded an 
 o])iiortunity for a man of the industr_\- and resourcefulness of a Frankhn. It 
 was nut long- before he arose in the estimation of the people because of his indus- 
 try, thrift, fVugalitv and public spirit, lie set up a i)rinting press, opened a shop 
 for the manufacture of lamp black and ink, dealt in rags, sold soap and live 
 o-eese feathers, and in time became a well-known printer, editor, publisher, 
 bookseller, bookbinder and stationer. During these early years he devoted his 
 leisure to the acquisition of knowledge ami acquired a use of the French, Span- 
 ish and Italian tongues.. Taking an active and prominent part in political 
 aft'airs, he became a .Burgess, Justice of the I'eace, Clerk of the General Assem- 
 bly and Postmaster General. No meeting- was called to cmsider any public 
 question that he was not there to give his views and support and as a rule, 
 because of his prominence as a citizen, he was called upon to take the chan- 
 and act as presiding officer. Franklin was practical in all things, and it was 
 his natural simplicity that made him most impressive. He was just the charac- 
 ter of man that was needed m the development of a young settlement, and it 
 is safe to say without fear of contradiction, that ha<l it not been for his energ)- 
 and progressive views, the citv would not have made the advance it did. Xot 
 only did he devote himself to practical afl"airs, but he gave als... much time to the 
 consideration of scientific subjects. He had at all times an inquiring and in- 
 quisitive mind, and when he noticed that the fur on a cat's back, when stroked 
 the wrono- wa^ on a winter's night would send out electric sparks, he at once 
 asked himself' whether or not these sparks were the .same as the flashes of 
 li<rhtning we see in the heavens. His experiment to test this question was a 
 verv simple one, for in a summer shower he sent up a kite in the suburbs ot 
 the'citv and fastened a door key at the end of the string. \\ hen the lightmng 
 flashed and came in contact with the kite, he touched his knuckle to the key, 
 and -ot a slight shock and saw the spark. This seems all very simple to us 
 to.l'i)^ but in" those times it was entirely new and it made him famous the 
 wi.lJ w..rld over and he looked out into the future with a prophetic vision when 
 he said "There are no bounds to the f..rce man may raise and use in the elec- 
 trical wav." He saw then, perhaps more than anv ,.ne else, the many uses to 
 which thi-; mightv fluid could be applied. 
 
 In hi. earlv davs, eager for information and mental development, he estab- 
 H.hed what wa's called "The lunto," a debating club which met at taverns or at 
 the homes of the members once a week. Among the members of this associa- 
 tion was Thomas Godfrev who invented an instrument by which a ships lati- 
 tude and longitude at sea could be fixed, an.l which great invention was sub- 
 sequenth stolen bv a man name.l Hadley. an instrument maker m London and 
 sold under the name of Hadley's Ouadraiit. These young men, members of 
 •■■j-he lunto" considered almost everv cpiestion of the day. political, scientific, 
 Iherarv and educational and from their eftV.rts came the Philadelphia Library. 
 
WAlnVU K S KK'l SlllXK I HM MllXW l-.AI.I II. 
 
 S; 
 
 in i/^i- IV-njainiii iM-aiiklin, 'J'hiniias I IdpkinsiJii. W'illiain Parsons, I'liilij) 
 S\-n,t;'. Jr., Thomas (loilfrcy, Amhoiix .X'icliola^, Tlr'nias C'aiiw alader, John Jones, 
 Jr., Robert ( Irace and Isaac I'cndleiun were elected Directors. The he.q:innin,q- 
 was a very humble one. for books thev secured were lodj^ed in the house nf 
 one of the nieniliers, Mr. RobtTt (Irace. and they reiiiaiiieil there until (Jther 
 quarters cotild be found. "This," declared l''rankliii. "is the mother of all the 
 Xorth American subscription libraries." 
 
 .\nother institution with which he was ]>romiuently connected was the 
 
 ^^PMW 
 
 ■Bk^ 
 
 ...^ 
 
 ^^" 
 
 I^J^' ' 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ilililllliiii!;iiiiiiiiiisi!iiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiii:t!iriii!ii 
 
 i:'lif^^i'i!,!!i'!l!ltili!liii 
 
 l!li:!;!il[iil 
 
 'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuii 
 
 sent,-,! to tlic |- 
 S;in I 'f. I'.uili 
 
 American Philosophical Society. It was the result of a circular published by 
 Franklin, entitled. ".\ Proposal for the i'roniotinff L'seful Knowled.ije anions^ 
 the Hritish Plantations in .\nterica." 'Jbe society was to extend tbron.ijhout 
 all the colonies, and they were to correspond with each other. 
 
 Franklin, too, was mainlv instrumental in having chartered the C'olle.ge, 
 .•\cadeniy and Charitable school of r'hila<lelphia, which subse(|uently became 
 the University of Pennsylvania, lie also forwarded the institution known as 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was chartered in 1751. In fact, as we read 
 the historv of the past, there seems to have been nolhino' of impmiance in 
 those days in which he did not take a leadiny: ])art. The ])a\'ini;- of the side- 
 
gg WARWUK's keystone CdMMdWVEAI.rll. 
 
 walks the li-htins? of the streets, the nroanization nf a fire hriga.le. the iiistal- 
 latinn'.,f a useful uightwatch, all uere prouiotcl hy him. ISefore his arrival 
 houses were cohl until he gave them stoves, and chimneys smoke.l until he 
 suggested a method of relief, l-rom the garret where, as a boy, he read and 
 stmhed from the >hop where he dipped candles and set wicks, to the royal 
 s<:loii at \'ersailles. where he bore with simple .lignity the office of ambassador 
 nf ilu- new republic, he was the same in his simplicity of character. With the 
 eye of a sage, he looked into the world ipnte through the thoughts of men, 
 studied theii" motives and fathomed their puri.oses. l-nspoiled by flattery, no 
 eunnence ma-le him di;.zv, no success made him haughty, no disappomtment 
 .lepre.^ed him. He was not deeply learned, for he had had no early educational 
 advantages, but he was a practical man with good common sense, not a poet, 
 not an orator, but possessed of a natural wisdom that was greater even than 
 the gift of genius. He always kept his head, he seems never to have lost his 
 
 balance. .. 
 
 His literary .stvle was expressive, lucid and simple. "It has. says Ixird 
 Iett"rey, "all thJ vigor and even conciseness of Swift without any of his harsh- 
 ;„.,s ' It is in no degree more flowerv, vet both elegant and livelv." So great 
 a master was he of pure English, that when the (|uestion of selecting a member 
 ,,f the Concrress to write the Declaration of Independence was considered, he 
 mioht have been chosen instead of Jet^'erson to pen that immortal document 
 Ir.il it not been for the fact that the staid and serious old I'untan. John .Vdams, 
 ,,pposed his selection for fear he would insert one of his jokes or bits ot humor. 
 Mthou.di wittv. he was not a trifler, for, like IJncoln. his wit was always m 
 season \nd was used "to point a moral or a-k.rn a tale." After the signing of 
 -he Declaration of Independence, Charles Carroll of Carrolltoii, seriously re- 
 marked, "We must all hang together." "Yes," sai<I Franklin in sombre jest, 
 "if we do not, we shall all hang separately." 
 
 During the French and Indian war, when the convention of the colonies 
 was to be belli at Albany to consider means for common defence, he published 
 in the I'ennsvlvania Gazette, a cartoon representing a snake cut into pieces, 
 e.ieh piece representing a colony, over which were written the words "Cmte or 
 Die" This did moreto create a sentiment .'f mii..ii among the colonists than 
 half a hundred wordv and frantic appeals, lie could express a truth in epi- 
 grammatic form and it became an axiom or life lesson. His proverbs were 
 short vivid texts. Thev were the truth expressed in simple phrase. He could 
 compress his thought into the smallest possible compass, but the compression, 
 instead of making the meaning dim or obscure, only simplified and illumined it. 
 ••I'oor Richard's' Almanac" was filled with wise sayings and although it is 
 said by his detractors that inanv of them were ancient saws and taken from 
 foreign sources without acknowledgment, it will be admitted, after a close 
 comp"^irison. that his savings were simpler an<l wiser than even those of the 
 writers or sages who originally suggested them. To be sure they were jewels 
 when he found them, but he gave them a recutling and a new setting, and they 
 shone with greater beautv and brilliancy. I'oor Richard's sayings became as 
 current as the coin of the realm, and were a.lopted as rules of hte. What can 
 be more suggestive or so easilv understood as "Sloth eats more than rust." "A 
 
w AKw ii k's Kl■:^■s■|•o.\I■■. (ommunw I'.Ai.rii. 8g 
 
 fat kitclu'ii, a lean will," "A pldwmaii on his loss is hii^hcr than a ncntlcnian on 
 his knees." "The eye ot' a master ean do nir)re than both his haiuls." "I'low deej) 
 while slut^t^ards "-Icep." In a llash more meanini;' is eon\eyed than in a ])on- 
 deroiis sermon. "I'oor Richard's Almanac" was found in the eottai^e of the 
 plowman as well as in the lioudoir of the lad\- of fashion. Jt l)ecame a house- 
 hold book, and .^'ave infoniialion on all |)ractical subjeets. from the relief of 
 tile toothache to the pmij-nostication of the weather. There was not a farm- 
 house in the province where the almanac could not be found hanijin;;" at the 
 chimney place ready for consultation as to the proper tiiue and conditions for 
 the plowing;- of the land, the sow in i;' of the seed and the cutting- of the tjrain. 
 
 Franklin's arri\al in 1 "ranee durini; the .\merican Revolution, created the 
 jjreatest enthusiasm among' that sensation-!o\ing people. .\s the ambassador 
 of the young re])nblic. he was most warmly and euthusiasticall\- received. The 
 door of everv fashionable and literary salait was thrown opi'u. and his recep- 
 tion at Court was most cortlial. He was made a nieiuber of the learned and 
 scientific societies of the kingdom. He was feteil. feasted and toasted and 
 his name became a household word throughout all I-Tance. "Mis name." says 
 John .\dams, "was familiar to go\-crnment and people, king anil courtiers, uo- 
 bilit\-, clergy and plliloso])hers as well as to plebeians, to such a degree that 
 there was scarcely a peasant, or a citizen, or valit de cbamhre, a coachm.an or 
 footman, a ladies' chambermaid or a scullion in the kitchen who was not lamil- 
 iar with it and who did not consider him a friend to human kind." lie seemed 
 to the Parisians like an old philoso])her who had stepped out of the history 
 of the |)ast. his heavy shoes, bis iron-rimmecl spectacles, his homel\. laisty 
 brown suit and his long hair falling upon his shoulders ma<le his appearance 
 striking and picturesipu', and he never appeared upon the streets of I'aris 
 that he was not treated with regard and respect. The great philoso|)her, 
 Augfuste Comte, in his enthusiastic admiration declared that. "If he had been 
 living when I-Tankliu was in I'aris. he would have followed him through the 
 streets and ki>sed the hem of his home-spun overcoat made by Deborah." It 
 was mainlv through his ettorts that ITance was secured as an all\ for the 
 .\merican colonies, in the War of Indejiendence. Franklin was not what may 
 he termed a religi(.nis man. lie was not a sectarian in any sense of the W(ird. 
 Mis faith was not circumscribed by any creed and if the truth he tol.l. bis 
 mind was much tinctured by llu' writings and teachings of the I'reucb philoso- 
 phers, but it must not be forgotten that he introduced a motion for dailv pray- 
 ers in the Constitutional Convention of 17S7, saying: "I have lived a long imie 
 and the longer I live the more convincing proofs I see <.)f this truth, that < lod 
 governs in the affairs of men, and if a sparrow cannot fall withoiU His notice, 
 is it probable an empire can rise without His aid?" 
 
 We have g-iven but a brief sketch of this remarkal)le man. wdio made so deep 
 an inijiression upon his times and es])eciall\ uiion the growth and development ot 
 his adopted city. .\ man to have risen, by his own exertions, Irom so humble a sta- 
 tion iiiu.st neccs.sarily have had great qualities of mind and heart and ])resent day 
 detraction cannot deprive him of the honors he won. \Vc have traced his career 
 bricflv from tlie jiimiblest beginnings until he became recognized as one of the lead- 
 ing diplomats and statesmen of his time. This poor lad, a mere waif, who c.ime to 
 
pO WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 a Strange city without money, friends or influence, rose to sucli distinction 
 that when lie died his body was carried to the tomb with every honor a sorrow- 
 ing people could show and with that reverence that only real merit wins. The 
 Governor and the Chief Justice of Pennsylvania were among the pall-bearers, 
 all the officers of the government, National, State and Municipal, followed his 
 body to the grave, and twenty thousand of the common people, from whom he 
 sprang and whose interests were dear to him at all times, attended and wit- 
 nessed the ceremony of his burial. Learned men the wide world over, paid honor 
 to his memory and when the sad news of his death was announced in the National 
 Assembly of France, the Abbe Sieyes, President of the body, was instructed 
 to address a letter of condolence to tlie Congress of the United States, and 
 Mirabeau, ascending the Tribune, pronounced the following beautiful eulo- 
 gium: "Franklin is dead. Returned unto the bosom of the Divinity is that 
 genius who freed America and rayed forth upon Europe torrents of light. The 
 sage whom the two worlds alike claim — the man for whom the history of science 
 and the history of empires are disputing, held beyond doubt an elevated rank 
 in the human species. For long enough have political cabinets notified the 
 death of those who were only great in their funeral orations, for long enough 
 has court etiquette proclaimed hypocritical mourning. Nations should only 
 wear mourning for their benefactors. Representatives of nations ought only 
 recommend to their homage the heroes of humanity. 
 
 "The Congress has ordained in the fourteen states of the Confederation 
 a mourning of two months for the death of Franklin, and America is acquit- 
 ting at this very moment that tribute of veneration for one of the Fathers of 
 her Constitution. Would it not be worthy of us to join in that religious act? 
 * * * * Antiquity would have raised altars to that vast and powerful 
 genius who for the advantage of mortals, embracing in his aspirations heaven 
 and earth, knew how to tame tyrants and their thunderbolts. France, enlight- 
 ened and free, owes at the least an expression of remembrance and regret for 
 one of the greatest men that have ever aided philosophy and liberty. 
 
 "I propose that it be decreed that the National Assembly wears mourn- 
 ing for three days for Benjamin Franklin." 
 
CHAFTKR VIII 
 
 THE I-'RENCII AM) INDIAN WARS. 
 
 THE slriig,<;lt' liL'twccii ['ranci and I'.ii.^laihl h> secure supremacy in 
 America and India imulved llie wlmle C''intinenl <if Tuirope in a 
 war that lasted for se\ent\- _\ears and upwards and may l)e said to 
 have been watjed in everv (piarter of the L;lol)e. "lilack men fouL;;ht 
 on the coast of Coromandel and red men >cal]ied each other h\ the threat lakes 
 ot Xorlh America." In the Xew WorM. it was known as the I'rench and In- 
 dian War, and extended, with intervals of peace, from i(i,S() to ijd,^ 
 
 While the Kn,L;lish colonists had been t;ettiniLr a firm hold in Xorth America 
 from Maine to (ieorgia. the French were stronL;l\- entrenchinL; themselves in 
 Canada and the neighborhood of the headwaters of the ."^t. Lawrence, and at 
 the same time were making an effort to secure possession of the great valley 
 of the Mississippi. When they attempted to move south from tlu- ranadian 
 line, however, the English colonists objected, contending that they were en- 
 croaching upon their territory — territory which had been deeded to them l>y ;i 
 treat) with the Trocinois who claimed to be the owners of the \al!e\'. they hav- 
 ing secured their title from the western Indian tribes. I'urther than thi^. the 
 English claimed the right of possession because of their grants from the 
 Crown, their title extending from ocean to ocean, but at this time little was 
 known by English explorers of the vast extent and resources of the western 
 part of the continent. In fact the French explorations bad been c. inducted on 
 a grander and more extensive scale than those of the English, in so f;ir as the 
 great basin of the Mississippi was concerned. 
 
 In 1673, Joliet, an adventurous fur trader, and leather .Manpiette, a Jesuit 
 priest, started forth to discover and navigate the Mississippi, which great body 
 of water the Indians had informed them, lay west of Lake Michigan. Em- 
 barking in birch bark canoes, the hardy pioneers paddled slowdy up the I'ox 
 river to a place called Portage, which today is known as Portage City. Mere 
 they were compelled to carry their canoes overland for a distance of about 
 two miles from Fox River to the Wisconsin. I'pon reaching the latter stream, 
 they again embarked in their canoes and were borne by the current until it 
 floated them out on the broad and majestic bosom of the n|iper Mississippi. 
 which at this point extended from shore to shore a distance of two miles. V.n- 
 chanted by the view and jubilant over the discovery the>- had made, they bravel\- 
 launched their canoes and started south. They found the river lined by un- 
 broken wildernesses, except where they came into s|)aces that were great open 
 prairies. Onward they floated with the current, past the Missouri and the Ohio 
 rivers, and reached the spot wdiere l^e Soto had crossed the Mississippi one 
 hundred years before. Not resting here any length of time, however, they 
 pushed on and at last reached the .Arkansas River, where they had a conference 
 with a tribe of friendly Indians who warned them that it woulil be most peril- 
 
 <J1 
 
92 w Aisw u k's l<l•:^■sT().\■|•: commonwealth. 
 
 ous to proceed further south because of the hostile attitude of the red men in 
 that locality. L'|' t. > this point it hail been ea>y work to float with the current, 
 but when they turned back they were compelled to battle against the stream. 
 Dav after day i>assed and they made hut comparatively little progress anil un- 
 derwent many privations, but the\ had Ix-en sufficiently rewarded for all their 
 labors and the hardships they had undergone by the great discovery they had 
 made. Upon reaching their friends, they made known to them in glowing 
 terms the beauty and magnificence of this great stream running through the 
 whole width of the continent. To be sure they had not reached the mouth of 
 the river, as it originallv was their intention to do. but they had gone far 
 enough to be impressed with the importance of the river and the possibilities 
 in the development of the new country. 
 
 Six vears later than this, that is in 1671), LaSalle, another great French 
 explorer, set out to explore the great valley and after three attempts be was 
 successful in reaching the (iulf, where he set up a wooden cross and claimed 
 the land in the name of the king, and in honor of Loui^ XI\\. called it Louisi- 
 ana. 
 
 All this time the luiglish bad been content with developing their settle- 
 ments in the east. It seems never to have occurred to them how vast were the 
 resources and possibilities of the great country towards the west. The French 
 had been industrious in erecting a line of forts which were to be used in the 
 defence of their possessions. These extended almost from the Fakes to the 
 Gulf itself, but the English colonists, waking up to a realization of what oppor- 
 tunities thev had lost, endeavored to reclaim the lands, which had been taken 
 from them. 
 
 Fi the first war, wdiich lasted for eight years, the French and the Fidians at- 
 tacked the colonists in the neighborhood of the Hudson. Marching secretly 
 from Montreal in midwinter, they fell suddenly on the little village of Schenec- 
 tady, in Xew York, at midnight, destroyed it by fire and massacred most of the 
 inhabitants. .\ similar attack was made on Haverhill, in Massachusetts, but 
 not with like success. 
 
 Then followed a long interval of peace, when the second war began, which 
 lasted for eleven years. F)eerfiel(l, Massachusetts, was reduced to ashes by an 
 attack of French and their Fidian allies, and the Xew England colonists made 
 an expedition against Ouel)ec, which resulted disastrously. 
 
 In the third war a force of New England troops, under the conmiand 
 of Colonel I'epperrell, of Maine, assisted by an luiglish fleet captured, in 1745, 
 Louisburg, one of the strongholds of the French. The victory was a signal 
 one and unexpected, for at the start it was thought to be a foolhardy under- 
 taking. In the language of I'ranklin it was "too hard a nut for then- teeth 
 to crack." Feace, however, was soon declared, aufl under the terms of the 
 treat}-, the fortress was returned to the French. The victory had its intluence. 
 It gave the Yankees great contidence in their tighting ability, and. further 
 than that, luiited the luiglish colonies in sentiment as they ne\er had lieen 
 lie fore. 
 
 In 1754, began the fourth and final struggle on this continent lietween the 
 English and the French, which resulted in the final overthrow of the French 
 
WAKWICKS KI-'AS1()XK COM M ( l\ WICAI.'I 1 1 . 93 
 
 and rrave tn the l'ji,t;Iisli the emitrdl of the cinitiiient. I'enn^) I'.ania hecanie the 
 very centre of this ciinllict. The I'reneli, in oriier in .strengthen their position 
 and to niai<e snre tlieir iiiisse>sii .n nf the threat valle> of the M ississi|>])i. had 
 built a line of ftirts from the St. Lawrence to the I )hio. They virtnally had in 
 their control the whole LDntinent west of the .Mle.uhenies. In order to re- 
 claim this rich territory, a wealth) London nuichant, in connection wit!) a 
 nunil.)er of influential \ iri^inians, organized what was calli'd the < 'liio C oni|)anv, 
 in 174!^. the pnrpose of which l'om|)an\ was to induce, fo-ter and assist the 
 settlement of immi.^rants on the east hank of the npper ( )hio. ii receiveil a 
 g;rant of 500,000 acres, in the re.qion that is now emliraced 1)\ West \'ir.u;inia 
 and southwestern Pennsylvania. The I-"riuch. in order to counteract this 
 movement, hc.2;an the Iniildinr;- of a line of rude forts extending southwar<l from 
 Lake Erie to that point v>here the Alle,!.^heny ;md the Monou^ahela rivers nu.ite 
 their waters. This point was desi.i.,niated :i> the "(iateway of the W'e^t." and a 
 conflict was at once l)ei;nu tc) secure its i)ossessions. 
 
 (jovernor Dinwiddie, of N'iriLjinia, considered it of im])ortance in the first 
 place to send a sjiccial messenger to the I'rench C'l ■mniandaiil. .M. de St. I'ierre, 
 stationed at \'enani;-o. warning; him to desist from furlher occupauc\ nf the 
 land and to at once aliandon the territory. It was not an e;i>\ task to liear such 
 a messa.ge throu.gli a savajje and uuhroken wilderness for a distance of five 
 hundred miles, over rivers and mountains, and the sncces> of the enterprise 
 would depend upon tlu' coura.ge, the hardihood and the resolution of the mcs- 
 sen.ij;er. He tiualK decided to sen<l as his aml)a^^allor, a xouul; man of \'ir- 
 sjinia who was just comint;' into prominence. — ("icorL;e Washinytou. lie made 
 the jotu'iie}' successfull) . had a personal interview with the ( ommandant. deliv- 
 ered his mes,^ai;e and recei\ed the repl\. which L;a\e no intimatiou of surrender 
 hut exinced in its everv word a detenninaiiou to hold tlk- territor\ against all 
 comers. It was seen that if the < )hio ('.impauy \\a^ to retain its possessions of 
 the territory .granted to it hy the t row 11, that it w. mid ha\e t' 1 do so h\ force 
 of arms. It accordin.gU hegan the erection of a fort, hut hefori- it could com- 
 plete its Work, the Lrt'uch made an attack, seized the half compk-led huilding, 
 garrisoned it, and called it k'ort Dmpie^ue. in hounr of the h'rencli ( iovernor of 
 Canada. Washington at once hegan the huilding of a small fort which he- 
 called Fort Xecessity, and which was locali-d .ahom llfi\ niiU-s soiuh of k'nrt 
 Dnquesne, l)Ut the Lrench, still alert, suddenly a|ipeared with an owrwhelm- 
 in.g force and coin|)elled him to surrender it. 
 
 ^\'ar was now on in earnest and to meet the conditions, the haiglish colon- 
 ists sent delegates to a convention that met at .Mhany. to decide upon a cotwsc- 
 of action. In thi> convention, it was m-ged 1)\- llenjamin l-"r;ndsliu that the 
 colonists unite foi- si-lf-protectiou and a compact was drawn up for this !)ur- 
 pose. Amon.g <itlicr things, it pro\ided that the Colonies should have a Presi- 
 dent, appointed by the Crown, and a (Unncil. chosi-u by the people. It was the 
 first attempt at union and consolidation for a conunon purpo-,^ made bv the 
 Colonies of .\merica. hut l-'.ngland feared such a i-onihinalion and the com|)acl 
 was rejected. luigland. however, to meet the conditions, decided to .send c>ver 
 General I'.raddock with a body of troops, two regiments of F.n.glish .soldierx-. 
 'i'hex' arrived in January, 1755. Tin- arrival of liraddock jjroved tliat the 
 
94 W ARWICK S KH'iSKIXI-: ruMMU.XWliAI.TIl. 
 
 Mother country was in earnest to assist the Colonies and the people were roused 
 to the greatest enthusiasm. 
 
 llradflock was a soldier of renown, a stiff, strai,i;htlaced martinet and so 
 ennhdent of his knowledge in all that pertained to warfare that he refused to 
 take the advice of \\'ashington and Franklin, who were familiar with the 
 schemes, stratagems and methods of the red-men. 
 
 It was decided that three simultaneous expeditions should be undertaken. 
 The fir-t of these was to be conducted by llraddock with the P.ritish troops, 
 against l'"ort Duquesne. Governor Shirley was assigned to the command of 
 the second expedition, which was against the French fort at Niagara. The 
 third w'as an expedition against Crown Point, to l)e led by a regiment of Co- 
 lonial militia. The most important cf these, it will be seen, was that directed 
 against h'ort Dnqucsne, in Pennsylvania, for it was the advance position of the 
 I'ruich in the valley of the ( )hi(i. I'.raddock's army started from Virginia, 
 and aliDut the middle of Ma\' reached Wills Creek in Pennsylvania. Here a 
 long halt was made in order that horses and wagons might be procured for 
 the Conveyance of the supplies and it was mainlv through the persuasive elo- 
 quence of Penjamin Franklin that the farmers were induced to loan their 
 teams for the purpose, and on the tenth of June the march was again taken up, 
 but the armv moved very slowly. This plan of campaign, however, was adopted 
 against the advice of Washington who urgently contended that the delay would 
 be taken advantage of by the French to strengthen and reinforce their position. 
 ( )n the nineteenth of June twelve hundred regulars and officers advanced, leav- 
 ing the remainder of the body with most of the wagons, under the command 
 of Colonel Uunl)ar with instructi(jns to follow closely. P>raddock, controlled 
 by his European educatii.}n and experience, still moved verv deliberateh- "halt- 
 ing to level every molehill and td erect bridges over every lirook, Ijy which 
 means he was four days in advancing twelve miles." Washington, who was an 
 aide ti> P)ra(ld(ick, did all that a subordinate officer could do to urge his sujierior 
 to hasten the march, but the English soldier, confident of his own ability, ig- 
 nored e\er\ suggestion. Had he follnwetl the advice of \\'ashnigton the expe- 
 dition, doubtless, wt.iuld have turned out to be a successful one instead of a dis- 
 astrous defeat. 
 
 About thi^ time Washington was stricken with a fever, was compelled to 
 go to the rear, and was confined to his bed imlil the day before the battle, lie 
 then rejoined the Ceneral, but had been so weakened 1)_\' his sickness that it was 
 almost impossible for him to retain the saddle. 
 
 Tlie\' had now reached a ])oint within fifteen nnles of the P^irt, and there 
 was no ajipearance of an enemy, hut this \\;is an oiuinou> sign to the }'oung 
 American ofticer who had had former ex])eriences in Indian fighting. The 
 \er\' silence of the woods t(j him was oppressive and almost gave assurance 
 that a ruthless enemy was 1\ ing in wait to make a sudden attack; the ground, 
 too, with its thick growth of underbrush fa\dred an ambush. The regular^ 
 were inarching in fine military order, with drums beating and fiags flying, and 
 presented an imposing a|)|iearance in their brilliant uniforms, but Washington 
 felt confident they were walking into the very jaws of death, .\gain he im- 
 ])lored P.raddock to he allowed to send out an ad\ance guard of scouts, but 
 
WARWICK S KEVSTONF. COM MOX WEALTH. 95 
 
 his prayer was not lu-cded. On the in(jrniii.L;' of llir ninth (if June, the whole 
 army, with its trains, crivssed the river in pei'i'ect niiHtar\ onler. This was 1)Ut 
 a short distanee below the nioutli of the ^'ou,q:hif.)g;lleny. Tlic llritish re.Ljnlars 
 were in high spirits and easier for the fray, as was their Commander, .'^till not 
 an enemy appeared, and i'>ra(ldocl>; as he looked into the face of his \onn<j and anx- 
 ious .\ide. evinced t'\ery feature of confidence. .\ot a red-skin was in sight 
 and the most profound >ilence reigned o\er tliis unln'oken wilderness. .Miout 
 noon of the day the troops had crossvd the i'i\er lliey were witliin ten miles of 
 Fort Duipiesne, and this was the second crossing tliat liad to lie undertaken, 
 becausi.' of an acute liend of the ri\-er in tli.al locality. Idle ad\auce partv was 
 under the command of t/olonel ( iage and consisted of three hundred men, and 
 this was closely followed l)y a [larty of two Innidred, then canu- the m.ain hodv 
 of seven hundred, with the artillery and l)aggage. .\ftcr a mile ;uid ;i half's 
 march, the army entered two ravines. Tlicse ravines were co\-ered witli trees 
 and long grass, just the locality for an ambuscade, but still no scouts were feeling 
 the army's way, no advance guard was ready to give an alarm. .Slowly and 
 leisurely, as if time were of no consequence and precaution no necessit\', thev 
 entered these valleys of death. 
 
 The French, however, were apprised by their Indian scouts of everv move- 
 ment made by the English army, but the Commandant at h'ort Duquesne be- 
 lieved that he had a force too small to meet the opposing foe, and was in doubt 
 whether to retreat or to capitulate. It was then that Captain de Beaujue made a 
 proposition to lead a party of French and Indians to assail from an ambus- 
 cade the advancing English troop>. It was bis original purpose to attack tlie 
 advancing cohnnn innnediately after it ha<! crossed the river, lint bis spies 
 brought him in rc|)orts that liraddock had forded the stream, and it being too 
 late to follow out his original purpose, Beaujue placed his force in tlie two 
 ravines between which the English would have to pass on their wac to tlic 
 fort. 
 
 When the adxauce troops, tmder Cage, Jiad reache<l the ravines, suddenly, 
 and without a moment's intimation, a volley of musketry was poured into their 
 ranks. This was tlie first notice of the presence of the enemy, Imt they were not in 
 sight and the only thing to do was to aim at the s])ot wliere the smoke liad 
 risen, and tlie i'jiglish officer gave llie command to fire in that direction. Bul- 
 lets plouglied u]) the earth and cut the bark fi'om the trees, lint dicl bttle dam- 
 age to the hidden foe. The luiglisli troojis liegan to fall back and huddled to- 
 gether in squads in the middle of the road, a living target to tlie savages in am- 
 bush. X'olley after volley the h'rencli a?id Indians ]ioured into these ranks and 
 the slaughter was terrific. Captain Bt'aujne was killed at the first tire of Cage's 
 troops, and Captain Dumas, who was tlie next officer in rank, rallied the Indi- 
 ans and sent them down the ravine to attack the British on both tlanks. lie 
 retained his position in front of the iMiglish advance with his I''rench and Ca- 
 nadian troops. The Indians, still concealetl behind the trees, tall grass and 
 foliage, poured voile v after volley into the ranks of the now bewildered and 
 demoralized Rritisli soldiers, who, panic-stricken, refused to obex- the com- 
 mands of their officers. If they bad been wise enough to lake a lesson from 
 the conduct of their enemies, tliey would have .-e|)arated and conci'aled tlu'iu- 
 
l)(. 
 
 w AKW K k s Kl■:^ s loM-: i i'M mmn w i \i, i ii. 
 
 solves ln-hiuil trees aiiil (ipcncil I'lvc, luit all llieir prcsciK-e ol iiiiml m.'ciiis [>• have 
 (leparlecl. I'.raiUloek. in the I'l'.Mit of the I'rax . for he was a hra\e snhlier if ii.n 
 a wise (Hie. insisted u|ion forniini^ his troops into platoons anil wai^iin; a hattle 
 as if in an open fiehl. The Indians, ^ainini;- eontidenee hy the dismay ol their 
 enemies, aimed tlieir rille^ deliheratel\ and elTeetivelw hrin,u;iii^ down a man 
 almost at every shot. 
 
 \\'ashint;ton. notwithstandiiiL; the fael that hi- ad\iee h.ad not heen t.aken, 
 rode e\er\ where in the nariow lield oeenpied h\ tlie lroo|)s, and endea\ored to 
 retrieve the da>. I lis nniforni was picreed with four hiiUel'- and two horses 
 were shot under him, \i't his hod\ was not loiuhed. IK' was in tlu- \ er\ pres- 
 eiiec of death ami it i- niiraenloiis how lu' e-eaped di'stnietion. An old ehief 
 deelared that he aimed deliheratelx at this eoiis]iieuoii> lii;nre and at last de- 
 sisted, feeliiii; that the 111,111 was watehed over ami protected 1)\ the lireal 
 Siiirit. All i'\e-w itne>s, who saw Washington in that hattle, ,i;i\es the follow - 
 ini;- deseription of his eoiidnet : "1 saw him lake hold of a hrass lield pieec a-^ 
 if it had heen a stick. lie ku.ked like a fnr\ . Me tore the slu'et had from 
 the tonchdiole, he placed one hand 011 the miiz/le, the other on the hreecli : 
 he pulled with this and he pn-hed with th.it, and wheele;! it aromid as if it had 
 heen nothiiiL;. It loro the ground like a harshare. A powder nionke\ rushed 
 n]i with the tire, and then the cannon hei;an to hark. 1 tell \on. l'he\ fought 
 and the\ fought and the Indians hei^an to holla, when the rest of the hrass 
 eamioii made the hark of the trees ll\, ami the Indians he^aii to come down. 
 I'hat place the\ called Kock Hill and the\ left live Inmdred men dead on the 
 j^roimd." .\fter passim^ through such a hail "i hnlK'ts it does seem as if I'rovi 
 deuce had spared \\'ashiiii;ton fiir a greater cause. 
 
 The hattle coiitiimed for three lon^ hours. Ih-addock hail three horses 
 killed under him, and received a shot through the rii;lit arm and the limits, and 
 was home from the lield. More than half of the r.ritish force ha.l heen killed 
 or wounded. The Provincials, who had nexer heen trained upon an hhiropean 
 hattletield, ser\ed as a rear ^nard to c.>\er the retreat i^i the KeL;nlars. I'he 
 loss of the I'ritish and rroxincial troops hail heen terrific: of the privates, 
 seven hmulred and fourteen were killed, while sixty ihiie of the eiL;ht\-si\ olfi- 
 eers enj^^a^ed were killed or woiiiuled, hut the los- on the other hand, of the 
 h^-eiich and Indians, was comparativelx trilling;, it hein,L; hnt forty all told. 
 -Main oi these were Indians who had \entnre.l out from their amhnscade to 
 scalp their enemies. If they had remained liidden from the foe and resisted 
 the temptation of takiiiL;- hlooiU scalp- the hhencli loss would uoi ha\e heen 
 as ,i;reat as it was. 
 
 Washington \ irtiialh now took charge of the army, conducted the retreat 
 and hroui^ht forward the wai^ous for the con\e\auce of the woinided. ( ieii- 
 eral I'.raddock died 011 the iii,u;ht of the thirteenth oi July aiul was hnried in his 
 niilitarv cloak iu the miildle of the r.Kid. W asliin,L;ton, hy the lii^ht of a torch, 
 read the impre-si\e funeral seiwice of the l''.ni;lish (.'hurcli owr his remains. 
 
 The defeat was most complete, for after the oxerthrow of the army in the 
 advance, the rear ilivisiou under Tolonel nniihar, hecame panic stricken, de- 
 stroyed all the stores, and he,L;an a hasty retreat. I'he hattle is not desii^nated 
 h\ aii\ place as other hattles L;enerall\ are, hnt is known disiiiictivel\ in history 
 
UAUWKKS KKSSTONK COMMONWEALTH. 97 
 
 as Ilraddock's Defeat, and sliould lie taken as a \variiin,s^ for all time tliat no 
 man should refuse advice from tiKjse who are in a position to s:;ive it. So con- 
 fident of his own success, |)r(jud of ilie discipline and coura,!.;c of his army, 
 disregarding- all suggestions and relying ujjon his own judgment, he went 
 down to a demoralizing and humiliating defeat. Fortunately the hattle only 
 retarded the final settlement, for ultimately the French were coniiJelled to sur- 
 render Fort Duquesne. and were driven to the Ca.nadian horder, and the defeat 
 at last was retrieved when on a starlight niglit in the Autumn <>f 175';, Wolfe 
 climbed the rocky heights of the Fortress at Qnebec. 
 
 ISy the treaty of peace of 1763, France gave up the wliole of her posses- 
 sions in America to England, including all that country lying west of the Ohio in 
 the great valley of the Mississip[)i, an l'",mi)ire in itself, the resources and possibili- 
 ties of which French explorers had been the first to api)reciale. France, after 
 a century of war, the expenditure of va,-l treasure, and the shedding of tor- 
 rents of blood, retained out of ,-ill her territnrs only the little barren islands, 
 Miqiielon and St. Pierre off tlu' coast of Newfoundland, as spots upon which 
 I'^rench fishermen were to dry tlu-ir nets. 
 
 The war settled the fact that .\merica was to become the home of an 
 English speaking race. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE. 
 DANCING AND SOCI.\L ENTERT.UNMENTS FAVORITE FE.ATURES. THE.\TRES. THE 
 CHURCHES OPPOSE DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES. SPORTS OF THE PEOPLE. FISH- 
 ING, FOWLING, HORSE RACING, I-OX HUNTING. MUNICIP.XL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 LIGHTING OF STREETS. FURNISHING OF WATER. COUNTRY FAIRS. THE 
 M.\RKETS. COFFEE HOUSES. STAGE COACHES. SCHOOLS. LIBRARIES. ENG- 
 LAND'S WAR WITH SPAIN AND FRANCE. FALL OF QUEBEC. SCOTCH-IRISH. 
 PAXTON BOYS. 
 
 THE cit\- at this time was escaping from tlic moralizing influence of the 
 puak'ers and the rehgious spirit that had obtained under the fervid 
 ^^xhnrtalions of Whitefield. Drinking was ahiiost a universal cus- 
 tom, and the ordinaries were filled with tipplers from early in the 
 morning until late at night. The night watch in his rounds, visiting tavern 
 after tavern, generally got into a state of intoxication before the morning 
 dawned, and festive yomig men on their way home often in sheer mischief 
 would upset a watch-box with its drunken occupant. 
 
 If a person made a visit to a friend it was a cause for comment if the flask 
 and glass were not brought out before his departure. At elections, public cele- 
 brations, weddings, christenings, and the laying of corner stones, even of 
 churches, liquor flowed like water. Farmers, while plowing their land, sowing 
 seed, cutting hav or harvesting the grain, always had hidden in a shady place, a 
 jug of whiskev,' apple jack, or rum. and frequent draughts were had to encour- 
 age the farm hands at their work. As soon as a man rose in the morning he 
 took what was called an "eye-opener," then one after breakfast to give him 
 encouragement for the day's work, then one before dinner as an appetizer, one 
 after dinner to digest the meal, one before and after supper for the same pur- 
 poses as those that were taken before and after dinner, and upon retiring a "night- 
 cap" was taken to give one pleasant dreams. These were the stated or regular 
 drinks that did not interfere with those taken in the intervals. 
 
 \\'orldly amusements, too, were beginning to be introduced. In 1738, a 
 dancing master announced that he was ready to teach "all sorts of fashion- 
 able English and French dances after the newest and politest manner practiced 
 in London, Dublin and Paris." He also oft'ere.l "to give all young ladies, gen- 
 tlemen and children that ])leased to learn of him the most graceful carriage 
 in dancing and genteel behavior in conipanv that can possibly be given by any 
 dancing master whatever." Amusements and acquirements so light and fnv- 
 ,,lou> were cnsidercd not only worldly but useless in the eyes of the Quakers 
 and the ultra-religious, and were most severely condemned, but that .lid not 
 prevent the voung folks from indulging in their Irivohties. 
 
 In speaking of dancing, no sketch of Philadelphia would be complete with- 
 
 08 
 
W AKW UK S KICVSTONK COM .MUX WKALTli . 99 
 
 out some reference ti) the famous Assembly. This was not a legislative body, as its 
 name might imply, but simply an association devoted to the innocent diversions 
 of dancing and social entertainment.. It was organized in the winter of 1748 
 and 1749 !i_\' fifty-nine sul)scribers at 40s. each. In describing one of its meet- 
 ings, Richard Peters, in a letter to Thomas I'enn, said, "lly the (lovernor's en- 
 couragement there has been a \ery handsome .\ssembly once a fortnight at 
 Andrew Hamilton's house and store, which are tenanted b\ .\lr. Inghss, which 
 make a set of good ro(jms for such a purpose."' it will he seen that in those 
 early days the dancing halls were in a warehouse. The rooms were lighted 
 by candelabra and by candles placed in sconces attached to the wall, the tallow 
 often dripping, no doubt, on head-dress and shawl as the stately danio and 
 beautiful belles walked through the graceful llgures of the minuet. The re- 
 freshments were ]nmch and cake. So popular and select did the -\ssembly 
 become that it was considered a soci.il dislinctiou to receive an invitation from 
 the managers. In those da\s the only rci|uisiles for admission to the chosen 
 circle were respectability and a purse <leep enough to pay the subscription price. 
 It was not a question of lineage nor of location of residence. Strange to say, 
 it made no difference whether the invited guest lived north of Market Street 
 or south of it. From these plain and simiile Ijegiunings developed a social or- 
 ganization which claims to be oue of the most exclusive, seclusive and fashion- 
 able of its kind in this countr\, to which is annexed a genealogical bureau to 
 pass upon the lineage and the eligibilit\ i.if its members. .\ tomb stone ma\- be 
 a patent of nobility. It does seem to be in the nature of an assumption for a 
 coterie of people to set themselves up a^ the elite ,iud chosen in Israel, but ^uch 
 a society is harmless, for while it gi\es satisfaction to the ek'cl it often gives inter- 
 est and annisement to the outer world. 
 
 In 1741). a nmsic master from luigland opened a house in l''ourth .Street 
 and ad\'erti>ed to .give lessons ujion "the violin, hautbox . ( iei'uian llnle, com- 
 mon llute and dulcimer." He would also give lessou> .-it the homes of his 
 pui)ils if it were so desired, and for a |)rice he wduld furui>li music for balls 
 and other entertainments. In time there also came along a fencing master wlii» 
 advertised to .give lessons in ^woi-d practice. Ills art was coudennied as a de- 
 testable vice and as inducive to strife and bloodshed. There were not many 
 places of jniblic annisement but on some of the strei'ts were side-.-ihows. 
 One cnter])risin,g individual had on exhibition "a strange and surprising crea- 
 ture called a mouse, about the bigness of a liorse." It had "a face like a mouse, 
 ears like an ass, neck and back like a camel, hind parts like a horse, tail like a 
 rabbit and feet like a heifer." It was s.aid to be able to jump to a height of ^i.x 
 feet. Jud.gin.g from the description given, this must have been a bull moose, 
 but at that time these animals had not grown into public favor so as to be 
 used in distin.guishing a ])olitical party. 
 
 A troop of strolling pla\ers visited riiiladelphia in 174<;. It is thought 
 they gave performances here during the continuance of several mouths. They 
 were under the direction of two men, Mm-ray and Thomas Kean. It is not 
 known whether the latter was an ancestor of the .great Kean who sul)se([nently 
 won such distinction in the theatrical jjrofession. There were also women in 
 the cast, which fact gave rise to nnich criticism and, in some (piarters, to a deal 
 
jOO WAKWU k"s KKVSTONE COM M (IN WKALT 1 1 . 
 
 of condemnation, 'rhey produced sucl, plays as "Richard the 'Fh.rd - •The 
 Spanish Friar." "The Beau's Strateffcm," "Cato. "l^usybody and The .B g- 
 ..ars Opera." not bv anv means an uninteresting repertoire. Indeed, it wa. tar 
 superior to much of the hght. frivolous and indecent trash produced on the 
 mo.lern sta-e. Towards the clr,se of their engagement, they were mv.ted by 
 ,hc authorities to leave the citv, and tliey shortlv afterwards gathered up their 
 effects and jouruevecl to Xew Yorl<. where they were given a warmer welcome. 
 1„ ,-,4 an English companv of actors under T.ewis Hallam came to the cty. 
 Thev'had been' travelling in the s..uth. had also given a nunAer ot perform- 
 •uices in \ew York and were heralded as a mo>t competent company. 1 ney 
 Obtained a license fron. Governor Hamilton, under tlie 1™-^ that notlinrg 
 •'indecent or immoral" should be placed upon the stage. Their tirst presenta- 
 tion was "The Fair Fenitent," followed by a farce called "Miss ,n Her Teens. 
 The Plavs were well received, and a number of benefits were given for chant- 
 able purposes. The performance. t„nk place three times a week, begu.mng at 
 seven o'clock in the evening, and the prices of seats were bs for the boxes 4- 
 f,.r the pit. and 2S. 6d. for the gallerv. In 175''. ""^1-^^ the managem^it ot 
 David Douglas, the Hallam Company was reorganized and a new trame bmld- 
 incr in Southwark was constructed for the sole purpose of theatrical represen- 
 taUon, and ibis mav be considere,! as the first building erected exclusively 
 or domatic purpnses in inuladelphia. The fact of its becoming an established 
 place of amu.ement an.used the antagonism of tlie Ouakers. the Fresbyteriaiis. 
 the Lutherans and the .Baptists, and they denounced the theatre as an ' met to 
 vice and a degeneracv from that conduct in which the people have heretotorc 
 proclaimed the fav.,r' of (^od and regard of g.xul men." Against views so 
 narrow the majorhv nf the people protested, the play house remained, lad its 
 close and open seasons and graduallv became an established mstitutu.n kiKuvn 
 as the Southwark Theatre, and was a popular resort until alter the Revolution. 
 \„o-li„. has alwavs been a favnnte sport, especially from the davs of Izaak 
 Walt,.nrth^ather „f'the gentle art, but never were there -^treains where game 
 fish were more abundant than in the waters nf I'ennsylvama. ^spec.allv mav 
 this be said of the Schuvlkill River. Rnck fish or stnped bass m the Spnng and 
 Fall gave plentv of sport to the ardent fisher. Whether or n„t the angler. 
 U,red\he denizens of the deep with artificial bait 1 have not ^'!^^^' f' ';'2;^ 
 cover We todav. when fish are so .carce. can hardly imagine the teemm,^ 
 quanmies that were t„ be found in the streams in those early times. .\ num- 
 ber of the devotees of the rod an.l line organized a company and bui t a bou.e 
 for club purposes at the Falls of the Schuylkill, and they named the buiMmg bort 
 Si Davids- the mamritv of the members were \\eWi. hence the nanie. The 
 bnuse w-as made of mugli logs an.l was located „n th. eastern bank ot the river. 
 \notber fishing sncietv was established in ,73^. a'>'l "a. ca led 1 be U.lon> 
 i„ Schuvlkill." Its name was subsecpiently changed, when the Rey.Muti.m effected 
 our severance from England, to "The State in Schuylkill. 1 he club hou.e 
 
 was below the brails on the western bank of the nver. ju.t north ., the 
 present Girard Avenue F-ridge. When Fairmount Dam was erected. 1 de- 
 stroved fi.hing in the ne,ghb.>rh„od because the fish culd not ascend the 
 ;tream. and so the club bouse wa. carried t„ the eastern side ot the river near 
 
WAKWUKS Ki:\ STDM-; I IIM MI>X\Vi:AI,rii. 101 
 
 (lra\'s l'"erry ISriilgc It siil)scc|iK'iuly rciiiii\c(l to Aiulalu.-ia mi the Dckiwan- 
 ivivcr. \o loii.ijcT ilofs tlio site wIktc it is IncaUMJ al't'Dril ljudiI llsliin^-, and it 
 has simply becoiiU' a clnl) uitliniU a luirpnsu save the .uix'in^- ni shad (hniicrs 
 in season. 
 
 Horse racing- has al\va\s been a favorite aiiuisenient anions the hhi^^Iish 
 speaking people, anil in ij(>t> a jockey eluli was formed "to enconraiie the 
 breeding of good horses and to promote the jjleasures of the turf." I'nrses 
 were offered, prizes were gi\en and enli'ie^ were made at the Indian (Jueen, 
 and the races were rim in .May and Se|)iember, alxiut the time of the .May fairs, 
 when the city was tilled with \isitors. The track was located in the neighbor- 
 hood of Centre Square aliout half a mile fi-oni the outskirts of the cit\. 
 
 In 1/66, a I'o.x liunting C'hib was foianed, and it lioasted of lia\ing in its 
 kennels "sixteen couple of choice lleet hounds." 'The whip or the keeper of 
 the hounds, was an old negro named .\'ail. 'i'he cross Country run in those 
 (lavs must have been rare ^porl indeed, b'oxes were in plenty and it was sel- 
 dom the hunters ever wenl out that llie> did not strike a scent of old keyn;ird. 
 There were not so main fences to take as to-day, but there were ol)stacles 
 enough that served as hurdles to give /est to the sport, 'i'he xoung liloo<ls who 
 followed the hounds had a uniform all their own. They WDre dark l)rown 
 cloth coatees, buff waistcoats, breeches, high boots and black \elvet iocke\- 
 caps. Tuesdays and Fridays were the days they followed the chast-. in the 
 early days of the settlement the Chase began from Centre Square, now the spot 
 where the public buildin.gs are located. The club sul)sei|uentl\- transferred its 
 hunting ground to ( lloucester Count\, New jersey, and when it did so it 
 changed its name to the (lloucester i'ox liunting Club. 
 
 In 1731, the cit\ had a population of about 15,000 people and there were 
 in the neighliorhooil of two thousand dwelling houses. The colon) mmibered 
 about 220,000, and it was estimated by i-ranl<lin that one third were (Juakers. 
 one third Germans and one third Scotch- Irish. The cit\' had made wduderful 
 strides but did not yet present the appearance of a metropolis. The foot walks 
 were not paved, except in those places where it had het-n done by individual 
 owners of i.)ropert_\-. The streets did not ha\'e a hard surface and in both sum- 
 mer and winter they wei"e clusty, an<i in vt'r\ wet or rain\ da\s ihey presente<l 
 the a|)pearance of mud ditches, '{"here was no underground drain. ige and in 
 stormv weather tlu' surface water gathered in pools, 'i'he line of deniarkatiou 
 between the footway and the cartw.ay wa^ a row of posts fixed an<l standing 
 upriglit in the ground to keep the wagons from encroaching on the pedestrians. 
 Steps were taken to light the cit\, for it was with great (lit'hcult\ that people, 
 after sunset, could, with safety, find their way through the streets, lanes, :md 
 alleys of the cit\. it was provided that a sufficient and convenient number 
 of lamps should be set U[). Whale oil was used as an ilhnninant, and it smoked 
 to such a degree that it obscured the light, an<l it was not unlil l'"r,inklin sug- 
 .gcsted a remedy that the lamps wx're of any practical use. lie used four panes 
 of glass instead of a .globe, and left the lamp oj^ien at the to]) ;md bottom to 
 create a draught, but it was at the best a very dim light, and would only burn 
 when the weather was pro])itious. or. in other words, when the wind was not too 
 high and the rain not too heavv. 
 
I02 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 The water supply was increased and improved by crectinj; an additional 
 number of pumps. 
 
 The fairs in Alav and Xoveniber were interesting features of Colonial 
 life. They brought to town many people from the adjoining countr\' districts. 
 Men and women travelled on horseback, their baggage tied up in a bundle and 
 fastened to the saddle behind. Public entertainments, in which dancing was 
 indulged, were given in many of the Inns and the young city bloods had great 
 opportunity to carry on flirtatinns with the country belles. Tumblers, jugglers, 
 clowns, dwarfs and mountebanks amused the people by their performances, 
 while the sharper watched for his victim among the unwary and unsophisti- 
 cated countrymen. The fairs resembled thnse held at .^t. I'.artholomew in 
 England and those which we totkiy call imr country and agricultin-al fairs. .\11 
 sorts of merchandise were exposed for sale, from cheap jewelry to iiandsonie ma- 
 terial for women's gowns. At the time nf the opening proclamatio)! was made 
 as follows: ''Oyez. and silence is commanded while the fair is |)roclaiming 
 upon pain of imprisonment." The ]\Iayor of the cit\\ in the King's name, 
 strictly charged and commanded all persons trading and negotiating within the 
 fair to keep the King's peace, that no person or persons whatsoever shall pre- 
 sume to set up any bcioth or stall for the vending of strong liquors, that no 
 person or persons shall presume to bear (ir carry an unlawful weapon or to 
 gallop or strain horses within the built parts of the city. That if any person 
 shall receive any hurt from another he shall repair to the Mayor and his wrongs 
 shall be redressed. That the fair shall continue three days and no longer, and 
 then, as a grand finale to the proclamatirm the herald cried i:)Ut, "Ciod save the 
 King." 
 
 The semi-weekly markets were the places where the jseople congregated in 
 numbers, and a visitor from England, William Black by name, in giving a de- 
 scription of the market place, said : "One may be supplied with every necessary 
 for the support of life," and declared: "it was both extraordinary good and 
 reasonably cheap and could be purchased throughout the entire year." With 
 great delight he seems to have watched the young ladies "traversing the place 
 from stall to stall." Some had their maids behind them bearing baskets to 
 carry home the purchases, others were there to buy a little fresh butter or cot- 
 tage cheese, for Philadelphia was as famous for her dairy products in those 
 davs as she is toda\', or a dish of green peas, and under such circumstances, 
 they were their own porters. Iron chains were stretched across the street to 
 prevent horses and wagons from interfering with the Inisiness of the market. 
 In the summer the market was open from sunrise until ten o'clock and until 
 eleven o'clock during the winter months. The opening and closing were an- 
 nounced bv the ringing of a bell. Farmers brought in their produce not only 
 from the surrounding counties but also across the river from Jersey. The 
 markets were such a feature of High Street that the princijial thoroughfare 
 in consequence changed its name to its present designation. 
 
 Coffee houses were increasing in number, for they had become very popu- 
 lar resorts. In front of the jirincipal one, known as the London, the slave 
 market was stationed, where negroes were constantly exposed for sale. 
 
 Stage coach communication was graduallx' being extended and the time 
 
WAHWK k"s KlAS'lONIC I ( IM M 1 1 \ W i; \I,I' 1 1 . I 03 
 
 scliedult's shortcnol. In i75_> ilie trip to Xew Vnrk occupied three days. A 
 boat left tile wliarf every W'eiliiesilay. ami on 'I'liiirsclax a stage coacli coii- 
 ve\e(l the passengers from I'.ordentown to Perth Aniboy. Mere there was an 
 inn recoinnienik-d as a house of good enlerlainnient, where the travellers re- 
 mained over night. In the morning the\ |)roceeded tr> .\'ew ^'ork h\' boat. 
 There was siill another route b\- \va\ of Xew lirunswick and in 1757 stage 
 coaches started from The Sign of the (ieorge. at Second and .\rch .Streets, and 
 from The Death of the Fox. an inn located in Stra\vl)erry Alley. These car- 
 ried the passengers overland to Trenton I'erry. .\ shcjrt time after there was 
 a competing line that ran from Coo|)er's I'erry, by way of .Mount Holly and 
 Sandy Hook. The "Flying Machine." a coach that was drawn by speedy 
 horses, reduced the time between I'hiladelphia and .\e\\ York to two da\'S. 
 This convevance was driven by skillful drivers wlio grailually reduced the time 
 
 8T.\(iK t'OAcii. I'liii .\iii:i.i'iii,\ Ki .\i;\v \(i[jk. Timk, Two I).\ys. 
 
 to (iue da\' and a half. Much of the freight, in fact nearh' all of it. conveyed 
 from Philatlelphia to the far west was carried on pack horses, for the roads 
 beyond Lancaster were rough and rocky. L ommunicatiou with the South, as a 
 rule, was by water. 
 
 It was during this period that the I'enn Charter School and the (lerman- 
 town .Xcademy were established, institutions which to tbi^ day are classed 
 among the best preparatory schooP in the countr\-. t/brist and St. Peter's 
 churches were united and placed under the direction of one rector: the old Pine 
 Street Church was completed in iy(x) while St. George's was opened for wor- 
 ship by the Methodists in 1769. Tx)tteries became the common means of rais- 
 ing money for all purposes, religious as well as secular. Christ Church, after 
 receiving its steeple, placed therein a chime of bells, or what was called a ring 
 of ei.ght bells. They were cast at a bell foundry in London and brought to this 
 country by Captain lUidden, who generously charged no freight for their 
 transportation, and in recognition of this kindly act, they always rang out 
 merrily upon the arrival of his ship in port. They were put in ]ilace b\ a man 
 in Consideration that the\' should be mut'lled upon the (jccasion of bis funeral. 
 
I04 Warwick's kkystone commonwealth. 
 
 The Trustees of the church complieil with this rc(|uest. They were rung not 
 only to caU the worliippers t<i pra>cr, hut also on the evenings preceding the 
 market days. The country folk would gather in numhers hefore the church and 
 were delighte<l to hear the niel(.di.)us sounds that jiealed from the steeple in the 
 clouds. 
 
 During this period, England hccame involved in wars with France and 
 Spain wdiich seriou.sly interfered with the trade and commerce of the colDuies. 
 Privateersmen were fitted out 1)\ private enterprise and pre}ed u|)()n the ship- 
 ping of both countries, fre(iuently bringing their prizes uito the 'port of Phda- 
 delphia. The city, too, was constantly kept alert by startling rumors that 
 iM-ench and Spanish vessels were coming up the Delaware to blockade the 
 port, and, worse than this, to bombard and destroy the city. The river was 
 well guarded and pickets were stationed along the shores to give an alarm in 
 case of danger. 
 
 The Indians had never been ,so troublesome as they were immediately after 
 the defeat of .Braddock, By that signal victory their appetites had been whet- 
 ted and they were eager for blood. They committed outrages in ever>- direc- 
 tion upon tile frontiersmen, who called upi.m the pr.jprietary government for 
 relief from these depredations. The Scotch-Irish had erected forts and block- 
 houses on the frontier and in a great measure had themselves borne the expense. 
 About this time, C'.overnor .Morris's term of office came to an end, and he 
 was succeeded by Colonel William Denny. Morris had been unpopular as a 
 ruler, but Denny became most obno.xious to the pe.iple. for he threatened to 
 billet the King's troops upon the citizens. The price fixed for the keep and 
 board of the .soldiers was .so low that the inn-keepers declared they would 
 close the doors of their taverns rather than support the Red Coats at so low a 
 figure. At last the matter was settled by the erection of barracks in the North- 
 ern Liberties. 
 
 The Indians, in the meantime, were carrying on their depredations, and it 
 looked as if they had entered upon a campaign with the intention of extermin- 
 ating the white settlers in the western portion of the province. Alth(.)Ugh the 
 fall i>i Quebec practically ended the b'rench and Indian wars, I'onliac, a brave 
 and able chief of a Michigan tribe, and friendly to the French, formed an alli- 
 ance with a number of tribes to drive the luiglish out of the whole westeVn 
 countrv. The idot was betrayed by an Indian girl, who carried the information 
 to the commander of the fort at Detroit. I'ontiac had united in his plot most of 
 the tribes except the Iroquois, who refused absolutely to lend him any a.-^sistance. 
 Pontiac, a shrewd and an alert warrior, one of the most intelligent of his race, 
 carried on the war for some time, but at last was compelled to surrender, and 
 personally beg for peace. 
 
 In all these contests the Scotch-Irish had been appealing for support and 
 supplies from the proprietary government, but the Quakers were opposed to 
 the waging of war and thought they could accomplish more by dealing fairly 
 with the redmen. At last the frontiersmen were so wrought U]) by the shock- 
 ing barbarities committed by the Indians that they organized a companv of men 
 o/Paxton. or Paxtang. and Donegal Town>hips. in the uiiper part of Lancaster 
 Countv. Thev were known as the 'l^axton Boys," and they set forth on a 
 
WAKWKKS KK'lSTOXK COM M ()\ WKAI. T 1 1 . IO5 
 
 campaign to massacre ilu- Indians w iu-rcvfr fianui. 'i'lie Moravians had c^lali- 
 lislied a mission in a \illagc al L'niK'Stoga and had L'ndravorc-d tn l)rinL; the 
 Indians under a Christianizing intlnence. At a time wlicn the liravcs were 
 mostly absent from their settlement, the "Paxton lioys" suddenl\- fell upon 
 those who remained and wrmighl great slaughter without diseriminati'in. Men, 
 women and children were shdt iluwn in cold bloiid. A nimiber of the Indians 
 escaped and sought official pniitTtinn from the town of Lancaster, but when 
 the authorities had placed tlu'm in the prison, the "I'axton I'.oys" broke open 
 its doors and continued their niui'der of these defenceless creatures. .\ .Morav- 
 ian minister, named liernard Adam ( irube, sympathizing- with the Indians, 
 hastily transferred the survivor^ to I'liilaiU-lphia. They were not L;i\en a verv 
 warm reception b\ the inhabitants of the cit\, l)ut were lodged in the r.arr;icl<s 
 and the Pest-house. The "Paxton Hoys," still relentless and vindictive, threat- 
 ened to march to Philadelphia and complete the slaughter. The conservative 
 element, however, in the city were aroused to action by such threats, and 
 public sympathy was created for the refugees. I'"or >everal nioiulis the citv 
 was kept in a constant state of excitement. Knmors lli>ateil in from e\-er\- di- 
 rection that the "Paxton Pioys" were <in the m.irch .and full\- armed, and with 
 as bitter a hatred against the Onakcrs as the Indians, b'.very traveller, stage 
 coach and pack team brought in information of the coming of the mob. which, 
 in the excited imagination of the news-bearers, consisted of several thousand 
 persons. The Indians were hastily transferred to Xew York, and the citizens 
 made every preparation to resist the anticipated attacks of the backwoodsmen. 
 Fortifications were thrown up on all the main roads leading to the city, and 
 every piece of artillerv that was available was brought into requisition. Scouts 
 were sent out to report the api>roach of the enemy, and signals at night were 
 to be given by the ringing of bells and the cries of the watchmen, to arouse 
 the people at a moment's notice. ( )n a .Sunday night, after the citizens bad 
 retired to their beds, a horseman dashed into the town, his steeil while with 
 foam, and announced that the frontiersmen were in close proximity to the 
 city. The people, suddenly aroused, poured out of their homes carrying their 
 firearms, and assembled at the i)laces th.at had l)een assigned as rendezvous: 
 but, after ,all the excitiineiit and confn>iou. when a true statement of facts was 
 given, it was fcnnid that the number of frontiersmen had been gre.atU exagger- 
 ated. There were not more th.an two hundred ou horseliack. and these seemed 
 not to be so belligerent as they had Ijeen described. They were dressed in tJK'ir 
 long hunting skirts, wore caps of raccoon or bearskin an<l carried tom.ih.awks, 
 pistols and rifles. .\ committee of citizens went out to nieet them anil confer 
 with them as to their grievances. It look some days for the excitement to sub- 
 side and for the city to reach once more a normal conditiiin and at last after 
 assurances of assistance were given, the horsemen, without creating anv fur- 
 ther disturbance, rode back to their homes. 
 
 Lancaster County was organized in 172c) and this was followed b\- the 
 creation of York County in 1749, "westward of Sus(|uebanna and t'.astward of 
 South Mountain." Cumberland County came next, in 1750, "westward of Sus- 
 quehanna, northwestward and westward of the Countv i:)f York." 'J"be town of 
 Reading, in llerks County, had been laid out by the Penn familv in 1750. .anil 
 
io6 Warwick's keystone commoxwealth. 
 
 it soon assumed the proportions of quite a settlement. In 1752, Bucks County 
 was divided, and the northwestern part became what is known as Northamp- 
 ton. The population of these counties was jjrowing quite rapidly and there 
 was a demand for increased representation. Lancaster County had but four 
 representatives. York two. Cumberland two, lilerks one and Northampton one. 
 and the Philadelphia representatives were ,2;reater in number than all the other 
 counties combined, which gave to the city a dominating influence in the Legisla- 
 ture. This provoked, as may well be imagined, dissensions throughout the 
 province. So earnest were some of the counties in their demands that they 
 threatened to invade Philadelphia and force a compliance with their ideas, but 
 the matter was finallv adjusted bv a proper system of apportionment. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE STATE HOUSE AND ITS BELL. 
 
 IN the preceding cliapter. \w had reached the ix>int oi time when the State 
 House was ready to receive iLs hell, and a hrief histor^v of these two 
 sacred relics of the nation may nut he nut of place. 
 
 It was in \~2() when the first movement for the erection of a State 
 House was l)eg-un. The court house at Second and High streets was not suffi- 
 cient in capacity and accommodations to answer the purposes of the growing 
 province, and a petition was signed calling for a larger huilding to he erected 
 in High street, and the Assemlily appropriated £2000, to the care of .Andrew 
 Hamilton. Thomas Lawrence and Dr. lohn Kearslev, who were to act as Trus- 
 tees in the matter of the erection of "a house for the representatives of the 
 freemen of this ])rovince to meet and sit in jj;eneral assemhh in the citv of 
 Philadelphia." 
 
 .Andrew Hamilton, ihe leading lawyer of that d.'iy. was the moving spirit 
 in the undertaking and to him must he given the honor of drawing the plans, 
 of having designed and. huilt that >ini])le hut impressive historic edifice. In 
 1730, the Trustees purchased some lots facing Chestnut street hetweeu h'ifth 
 and Sixth streeets, and in 17,32, the entire hlock on Chestnut street from l-'ifth 
 to Sixth street, was procured an<l work was begun upon the edifice at once. 
 The Trustees, did not act in common, for Doctor Kearsley opposed strenuously 
 the Chestnut street site and disapprL)ved of Hamilton's plans. John Lawrence 
 from the very beginning seems to have withdrawn from active participation in 
 the enterprise. The whole burden having been thrown upon the shoulders of 
 Andrew Hamilton, he went forward with thr woi'k, notwithstanding the opi)o- 
 sition of the Doctor and the indifference of Lawrence. 
 
 Se\er;d years intervened between the laying of the foundation .-.tone and 
 the completion of the lower ])ortion of the luiililiug, but in 173'), it was suffi- 
 cient to answer the purjjoses of the .\ssenihly and the first meeting was held in 
 that year. The first occu])ancy of thu building was celebrated in the hall of 
 the second story, where a public ban(|uet w,ts liehl. In 1741. the tower was 
 constructed, u]jon which the steej^le was to be ])laced, and ihat occa-^ion was 
 memorialized by another public celebration. Punch and beer ilowcd like water, 
 in fact we may form some idea of the quantity of the former beverage when 
 it is stated that eight hundred limes were used in its mixing. 
 
 The central building, that is the .State House w^ithout its wings, as de- 
 signed by Hamilton, is one hundred and seven feet in length and fortv-five in 
 width. The first or ground floor is divided into two rooms each fortv feet 
 S(|uare, willi a ceiling twenty feet high. These rooms are divided by a hall- 
 way twenty feet in width, extending from north to south through the building 
 to a broatl and imposing staircase, leading to the second floor. .\s you enter 
 from Chestinu street, the room on the left, wdiich is the east side, is the fa- 
 
loS 
 
 WAUWICK S KEVSTdXI'. COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 ir.oiis Di'claratioii ClianilKr, or wliat i> ^c-iK-rally kimwii as lii'lepcndence Hall. 
 The room on the right, which is on tlie west of llic building, was occupied by 
 the .^n])reine Court of the Province. The long room on the second floor was 
 known as the ]!anqueting Hall, and was used as we have seen for Colonial 
 entertainments. The east room on this floor was occupied by the clerks of 
 Assembn, and the west room by the (iovernor's council. This whole building 
 is the same in appearance as it was in the Revolution, it having been restored 
 a few wars since liv the citv of Philadelphia, materially aided by the I'hiladel- 
 
 IhUSt:, IXllKPKMlKXCIi ll.VI.I., IN 1 II A ( Jl.UTIO.XARY TiMES. 
 
 phia Cha]>ter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The wings con- 
 nected with tlie main building by open arcades were added after the Revolu- 
 tion. ( hie wa- called the County and the other the City lUhlding. 
 
 \\'hile still engaged in bringing the work on tlie main structure to comple- 
 tiuii, Andrew Hamilton <lied August 4, 1741. His latter years were embit- 
 tered l)v the criticism that was heaped upon him in relation to the work, and he 
 received nothing liut blame and censure. Time, however, has given Inm the 
 praise he failed to obtain during his lifetime, and the building stands as a 
 monument to his taste, ingenuity and ability and also as a model of Colonial 
 architecture. The dimensions of the County and City buildings are the same, 
 each is the counterpart of the other and it is fortunate that Hamilton lived long 
 enough U_> complete the plans and make the whole structure harmonious in 
 design. 
 
 The Congress of the I'nited States occupied the County I'.uilding from 
 
W AkWH K S KKVS'niM--. CdM M( l N W i: ALT 1 1 . IO() 
 
 the sixth of Decenilier, ijgo. iiiuil the seat nl ( ioxcrnnu'iit wa^ rrninwil t.i 
 Washington in 1800. Wasliini^tun was iiiaii^uratcil in this luiililiiiLi for liis 
 second term as I'resident nf the I 'niteil States, .\iareli 4. I7'),v Hin! jnhn Adams 
 was here inaiiL;iirateii fur the same nftict' .March 4. 171)7. (.Uni^res^ dccnpied 
 the lower tlonr and the Senate the >eciind stnr\-. The Supreme ( uin-t of the 
 I'nited States he1<l its first session on tlie second tlo.ir of the fily llniUhn.^. 
 beginniiiff tlie first Monday of l-"el)rnary, ijijl, anil continued to sit here until 
 the fifteenth of .\noiist. iSoo. Dnrint;- this jjeriod John Ja\, Jolni Kiitledu;e and 
 Oliver Ellsworth, presidi'd a> Chief justice^. P'roin .May m, 1773. llu' Conti- 
 nental Congress sat in the room known as Independence Hall tmtil the close 
 of the Revolution, except during a few months in the winter of 177(1 a:id ilnr- 
 ing the winters of 1777 and 1 77S, when the cit\ was in tlie occupation ol the 
 liritish .\riny. It was in tliis room that W'ashitigton accepted his a]>|)oin!meiU 
 by Congress as ( ieiieral of the t'ontinental .\rmy, and here, on July 4. 177*1. 
 the Declaration of Independence wa> adopted and that immortal paper wa> 
 afterwards signed in this room h\ the delegates. The -\rticles of t'ontedera- 
 tion and Perpetual Cnion hetween the States were a<lopted and signed in this 
 same chamber jnh' 7. 177S. and here on .\'o\emher 3, i7(St. after the surren- 
 der of Cornwallis at Yorktown, the twent\-fonr standards that had been t.iken 
 from the ISritish were laid at the feet of t'ongress. His E.xcellcncy. the .\ni- 
 bassador of I-"rance. being present upon tliat occasion. It was in this room tlia' 
 on September 17. 17S7. the Constitution of the L'nited .States was adopted. 
 
 In the rear of the State House was a large plot of gronnd wdiich we call 
 to-day Independence .Scjiiare. It was not mnch of a pleasure resort lor its 
 surface was nneven and not kept in order. It was surrounded b\ ,1 high wall 
 with a wide and imiiosing entrance on Walnut street. I'o the southwest wa-. 
 another large open space which we call Washington Square. It was ust'il as 
 a Potter's field. .V number of Hessian soldiers were buried there during the 
 occupancy of Philadelphia by the I'.ritish and in those seasons when the yel- 
 low fever raged it was used as a common burial ground for the poor and un- 
 identified. The graves were frequentlx rided li\- college students, resurrection- 
 ists and body-snatchers. To save the dead from these ghouls, a staid eccentric 
 spinster named Leah, a Quakeress by professii>n, would repair at night to the 
 square and wrap])ing herself in a blanket would lie down among the graves 
 to guard them from defilement. 
 
 The State Mouse, without any (piestion, is the mo>l interesting historical 
 building in this country and that man is dead to ever\- [latriotic sentiment who 
 can stand within its walls and rectiU the events of the past, without being over- 
 whelmed by his emotions. Ma\- it ever lie the Mecca towards which Pilgrims 
 will wend their way to pay their devotions at the altar of freedom and may no 
 stranger from a foreign land ever stand in the shadow of its riiin^ and have 
 cause to speak in derision of the instability of republics or of the decadence 
 and the departed glory of a free people. In ( Tctober, 1751. Isaac Morris, 
 Thomas Leach and lulward Warner were the superintendeins of the .State 
 House and they wrote to Robert Charles, the Colonial a,gent iti London direct- 
 ing him to procure and ship "a goo<l bell cast liy the best workmen" having 
 niion il "well shaped in large letters" these strangely appropriate and pro- 
 
no WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 phetic words from the tenth verse nf the twenty-fifth chapter of Leviticus, 
 "Proclaim hhert\- throughout all the land unt. ► all the inhabitants thereof." 
 The followint;- inscription was also to be lettered on its side. "By order of the 
 Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania f"r the State House in the city of 
 Philadelphia, 1752." It was to be about two thousand pounds in weight and 
 was to cost about £100. The bell was cast by Thomas Lester of Whitechapel, 
 Londnn. and ])laced aboard a vessel that regularly ran between. Philadelphia 
 and the I'.ritish capital, called the "I'hiladel]>hia Packet." The .ship was under 
 the commanil of Captain Richard 1 hidden. Shortly after the arrival of the 
 bell, the metal was cracked liy a stroke nf the clapper while it was being tested, 
 and laptain T.udden was requested to return it to England, which be refused 
 to ili> on the ground that it might not he received Ijy the foundrymeu who cast 
 it, and thus would be thrown ujion his hands a cumbrous and unmerchantalile 
 article. Two mechanics in Philadelphia, Pass and Stow, recognized as "ingen- 
 ious workmen," agreed to recast the bell. They were given the contract and 
 having made a mould of the original, broke it into pieces. The same metal was 
 used, with the addition of an ounce and a half of copper to the pound, which 
 was done to make the bell less brittle. The same form and lettering were pre- 
 served, with the exception of the change in the date and the addition of the 
 names. Pass and Stow. 
 
 The recasting was done successfully and the liell was hung in the steeple 
 on April 17, 1753. The occasion was observed b\- appropriate ceremonies an<l 
 large quantities of lime punch, beer, bread and roast meat were crmsumed by 
 those who took part in the celebration. Lhi fortunately, the ingredients in the 
 metal had not liecn properly mixed, and a few weeks later the bell was taken 
 down and cast over again and was restored to its place where it remained until 
 during the Revolution when it w^as taken down from its place to prevent its 
 falling into the hands of the ISritisb. It was conveyed with the heavy baggage of 
 the arm\-, in a continuous train of seven luuidred wagons, guarded by two 
 hundred Xorth Carolina and N'irginia soldiers, to .\llentown. .\ccording to the 
 diar\- of a resident ni .Vllentown, the wagon con\-eying the bell broke down in 
 the street and had to he unloaded. Afterwards it ftuuid a lodij-ment m Zion's 
 Church. This famous bell was modeled after one that was cast by order of 
 Henry Third In the memory of Rdward the Confessor in the early ])art of 
 the Thirteenth I'eutury, which was hung in the clock tower of Westminster 
 and was named for a time, St. h'.dward. but was afterwards designated as the 
 "(ireat l\nu of Westminster." 
 
 The bell is twelve feet in circumference around the lip and seven feet 
 six inches around the crown. It is three feet measured from the lip to the 
 crown and two feet three inches over the crown. The length of the clapper 
 is thiee feet two inches, and the weight of the whole liell is two thi:)usand and 
 eighty pounds. 
 
 The ringers of the bell were Edward Kelly. I75.V5: David Edward, 1755- 
 8; Andrew IMcXair, 1759-76. It fell to McXair's task to ring out the glad 
 news of the proclamation of independence. The last ringer of the bell was 
 Thomas Downing. His term of office extended from 1827-35. He lived in the 
 
WARWKK s Kl■;^■s^(lM•; i cim mowvilAI.th. 
 
 steeple and the pipe from his stnvc ])rc)lnuk-il tlirim^li one of the opening;';. Ft 
 was while he was the rintier that the hell craclced in iN.^5. 
 
 The life of the bell eo\ers the most intei-estin^' iieri.uls of oiii- hisliir\ as a 
 peui)Ie. It has rejoiced and wept with ntn' fathers, lias often nni^ a paean for 
 (.)nr \-ietories and has silently tolled a munnily fur nnr defeats. Its tunes at 
 times ha\e depressed, and attain have inspired. Like an alarm ( d' liri' it would 
 shriek into the ears of the people, aronsini;- them to action, ;ind then in tones 
 soft and pathetic it has mourned the deaths of tlu' fathers as tlu\ ])assed one hv 
 one awav. I'rom its watch tower in the steeple of the old Stale llonse, lookinL,^ 
 down on the world helow, it has witnessed the marvelons growth and ihe 
 ivonderfnl development of the Ke- 
 pnhlic. It saw the risiiiL;- discon- 
 tent of the colonists in opposition to 
 the tyranny of the mother country 
 and often called the people to- 
 gether to consider means iirovidinj; 
 for a redress of ijrievances. Wiien 
 the Stamp .\ct went into operatiiHi 
 it rano out its mullled notes in a re- 
 i|iiieni. niourniiii;' the death ot lih- 
 erty. It protested a.L;ain-l the land- 
 ins;- of the tea in 1 'hilaileli>hia, and 
 shrieked in despair when the ])ort 
 of r.oston. hy order of the .Ministry, 
 was closed to the commerce of the 
 world. Tt proclainted the Declara- 
 tion of Independence and rang the 
 glad tidings •■throughout all thc 
 I nid unto ;ill the inhaliitants there- 
 of."' thus fullilling the [prophecy that 
 was moulded u|)on its surface. 
 
 I'rom Lexington to ^'ork- 
 towii through the long and ilrear\ years of the Revolution, it watched the elih 
 and tlow of the conllict. and at last, in ( )ctoher, 1781, it was roused at midnight 
 from its slujnbcrs by the g^lad but husky voices of the watchmen in the street be- 
 low, crying, "Twelve o'clock and Cornwallis is taken." It rejoiced with the re- 
 turn of peace, saw the establishment of om- t 'onstitntional form of go\ernnient. 
 and watched with siilicitude the events of the War of 1812. 
 
 In 1826, there was a "minor in its carol" for, while rejoicing in tlu' year 
 of jubilee, it was comi)elled to mourn for the deaths of Ad.ams and Jel'ferson, 
 two of tlie last three remaining signers of the Declaration. 
 
 In 1835. while the remains of the great and good John .Marshall were car- 
 ried through the citv to their ]ilace of interment, the bell, in lolling the national 
 loss, cracked its throat never a.gain to speak. .Vearly all the great spirits <if 
 Revolution Iiad ])assed away, and its voice broke as if in sorrow. Its work 
 for a season was done. 
 
 At this i)eriod, the struggle between the sections was growing intetise. 
 
112 WARWICK S KE^•ST()^'E COM MdN WICALTH. 
 
 Slavery threatened destruction to the Republic. In 1850 the Missouri Com- 
 promise was repealed. Silently the old bell watched with sorrow the gathering 
 of the storm that menaced the integrity of the Union. Its sacred associations, 
 its glorious proclamation were forgotten in the din and shock of battle when 
 brother met brother in deadly conflict. It was a trying period during the 
 years of reconstruction, but time and wisdom and love healed the wounds of 
 the Nation, better and brighter days dawned upon the Republic, and then the bell, 
 as if it still had a great mission to perform came out from its resting place, 
 hallowed with sacred memories, and once more united the children of those 
 fathers whom it had so often served, and for whom it had so often spoken. On 
 Friday, January 23, 1885, at 10 A. M., the bell left Philadelphia to take a 
 journev to New Orleans where a great international fair was being held. At 
 every town in which it stopped on its way, there were held great patriotic 
 demonstrations. Church bells rang, cannon boomed and people shouted. Its 
 last stopping place before reaching New Orleans was the town of Beauvoir in 
 Mississippi, the home of the ex-President of the Southern Confederacy. Mr. 
 Davis at this time was advanced in years and left a sick bed to welcome the 
 committee. In the course of his speech, which was most patriotic and eloquent, 
 he said, "I believe that the time has come when reason should be substituted 
 for passion, and wlien men should be able to do justice to each other." 'I'ben 
 reverently and with deep emotion, bending his uncovered head and turning to 
 the bell, he >aid, "( ilorious old Bell, the son of a Revolutionary soldier bows in 
 reverence before y<.)U." In all the Southern States through which the bell 
 passed the people turned out in droves, and the air fairly throbbed with patriotic 
 fervor. Upon its return to the city of Philadelphia, it was welcomed home as 
 an old friend and the people breathed easier after it was safely placed within 
 the walls of the State House. On this journey it was accompanied by William 
 B. Smith, then Mayor of Philadelphia, and a Committee of Councils. 
 
 It did not leave the city again until 1893, when it was carried to the Chi- 
 cago Exposition. One of the greatest demonstrations on its way West was 
 given at Indianapolis, the last stopping place before entering Chicago, and 
 here ex-President Harrison was orator nf the occasion. Twelve thousand 
 children of the common schools gathered to give the old bell welcome, and in 
 the course of Mr. Harrison's remarks, turning to the Committee, he said, "I 
 thank vou for the privilege you have given us to see this sacred bell." "This 
 old bell," he said, "was cast originally in England, but it was recast in America. 
 It was when this was done that it clearly and to all the world proclaimed the 
 right of self-government and the equal rights of man, and therein it is a type 
 of what our institutions are doing for the immigrations from all lands who 
 heard its tones over the water a century ago, * * * * The bell itself is 
 here repeating to us through all its silence the great story of the Nation," L'pon 
 its arrival at Chicago, a day was set apart for its reception and the demonstra- 
 tion was most patriotic. 
 
 The next great international fair held in this country was that at .\tlanta 
 in 1895, and on Friday, October 4th of that year, the bell again left Philadel- 
 phia. It passed through .Baltimore, Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Richmond, 
 Petersburg, Roanoke, Bristol, Knoxville, Chattanooga, Dalton and arrived 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTONK COM MOX WKALTH . I I3 
 
 at Atlanta, Georgia, at _' P. .M. on October 8ih. At every crossroad 
 men, women and children tlocked in crowds. At some places all Ini.siness was 
 suspended. Music, eloipu-nce and cliecrs tilled the air. Xothinq; could have 
 been more sincere than the reception given U> the bell in these Southern States. 
 Confederate veterans came duI with their battle-rent banners, and llred ^alutes 
 in honor of its cuming-. When it reached .\llanta. the streets were thronged 
 with people. The bell itself was literally covered with flowers thrown upnii it 
 on its "march through (k'orgia." .\s it entered the Fair (Irnnnds at Tiedniont 
 Park, it was accompanied b\' ;i niilitar\- procession. The 1 'eiinsylv,-ini;i lUiild- 
 ing and all the surrounding grdumls held exultant crowds of men, women ;md 
 children who gave the nld relic a glorious welcome. It w;i> my privilege to 
 accompany the bell on this trip, and I witnessed scenes never to be furgotlen. 
 People came up and re\erently took off their hats. It seemeil to be the center 
 of attention. The ntlier attractions were all but desertetl, while the penple 
 flocked and gathered around it. Two thousand school children broke <uit into 
 song, and the authorities accepted its custodv as a sacred trust. (lovernor .\t- 
 kinson, in his elofpient remarks said, "That UDue were more sensible th;m the 
 people of that State that in their keeping was the most precious relic of the 
 Nation." \Miile on exhibitiim, it was surrounded by crowds. Ways asked per- 
 mission to ml) Cdins nver its >urf;ice fi.ir good luck. A blind cliild was held up 
 ;md read its inscription with his lingers. ( )ne old colored man. with be;id 
 bowed and uncovered, sto[)ped and uttered a prayer. Such scenes were wit- 
 nessed da\ after dav. Tht-y were by no means uncommon. There was no cere- 
 mony during the whole period of the h'air so great in its patriotic demonstra- 
 tion as the reception of the Liberty Hell. So elocjuent in its silence, it became 
 as it were, a tie to unite in a comuKm sentiment those sections of the country 
 that had been onlv a few vears Ijack engaged in fratricidal strife. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 England's re.siricti\e policies. f.\mous stamp act of 1765. the ship 
 royal charlotte i>,e.\rs st.\mps for pennsylvani.v. royal charlotte 
 arrives and her captain is placed under arrest. ox m.\y 20, 17/6, 
 news is received of the repeal of the offensive law. puulication of 
 famous letters of john dickinson. british ministry still persists in 
 imposing t.vxes on the colonies. parliament .\b0l1shkd .\ll taxes in 
 1770 on all .\rticles except that of tea. in i77o the ship "pollv" 
 arrived in port. meetintis were held protesting against the arrival 
 
 OF THE VESSEL. CAPTAI.N OF THE "POLLy" IS .ARRESTED .\ND THREATENED 
 WITH DUE PUXrSHME.NT IF HE .ATTEMPTS IN .ANY WAY TO UNLOAD HIS 
 CARGO OR 10 DISTRHIUTE THE ST.VMPS. "POLLV" RETURNS TO LONDO.V. HOS- 
 TONIANS THROW A CARGO OF TE.V INTO THE H-VRP.OR. BRITISH JIINISTRY 
 STILL PERSISTS IN ITS POLICY. GROWTH OF TFIE CITY .\ND BUILDING OF 
 H.ANDSOME RESIDE.NCES. DELEGATES JIEET IN PENNSYLVANLV TO CONSIDER 
 THE CONDUCT OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY. BATTLE OF LEXI.XGTON. GEORGE 
 W-\SHINGTON CHOSE.X CO.MMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE CONTI.NEXT.VL .\R.MIES. 
 LEI^ OFFERS F.VMOUS RESOLUTION IN CONGRESS. RESOLUTI(.)N P.VSSED A.XD 
 REFERRED TO CO.M M ITTFl-:. Ill FR.\-ME THE DECLARATION- OF I.NI )EPENDENCE. 
 
 AFTI-IR the French and In(Han wars, the li)\alt\- nf the colonies for Kng- 
 land was nicjst sincere. They had fonght her liattles for supremacy 
 in America, and had followed her standards thrdugh the disastrous 
 cani])aign oi Llraddock, and even to the taking of the fortress of 
 Louisberg and the scaling of the Heights of .\braham. .\ little tact, fair play 
 and just concessions would have kept them for vears wedded to the interests 
 of England. ( leneral Warren, in one of his eloquent outbursts, declared that 
 Great Britain and the eoLinies "were like the oak and the clinging ivy," but as 
 time ran on. the Mother Country acted arbitrarily in nian\- instances, and did 
 not treat the colonies with that consideration which thev had a right to expect 
 and to demand as her children. 
 
 The Iniston .Massacre, the passage of the Transportation and Uuebcc Acts, 
 the Navigation Act, Writs of Assistance. Restrictions upon trade, the ruthless, 
 cruel, and zealous enforcement of the revenue laws, the Impressment of Sea- 
 men, the -Mutiny .\ct, which, inter alia, decreed that the Colonial .\ssemblies 
 should provide quarters, "with fire, candles, vinegar, salt, bedding, utensils for 
 cooking, beer or cider, and rum" for the support of the troops, the Tea Tax, 
 and the Closing of the Port i.if Pioston were a few of the causes that produced 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Besides all this she bad dumped upon the shores of the Province of Penn- 
 sylvania Convicts from her jails, against which conduct the Americans had 
 entered a s|)irited and an angry ])rotest. The Pennsylvania (iazette, in 175 1, 
 sharply stated, in commenting on this matter, "Thou art called our Mother 
 
 I '4 
 
wauwuk's kf.vstom-: co>rMnx\\i-:.\LTn. 115 
 
 Cduntrv, l)ut what j;n<i<l iiiotluT I'Vcr sciii lliicvcs and villains Id ai.-coiiii)any 
 her children, to corru|)l smnc with their infectious vices and nmrder the rest? 
 What good father ever endeavored to ^pread the plague in his own family? 
 \Ve did not ask lisli hut tlimi give-t us serpents, and worse than serpents, fn 
 what can the .I'.ritish slmw a more sovereign contempt for us than hy empt\ing 
 their jails in our settlements." JM-anklin, in a sarcastic mood, to show what he 
 termed our gratitude for the kind acts nf the Mother Connrty, >ent a collec- 
 tion of rattlesnake^, which he advised the Minister to introduce into his .Majes- 
 tv's gardens at Kew, "with the hope that they might propagate and increase 
 and they might in time hecome as heiieticial to his MajestN's donhnions as the 
 rattlesnake convicts that had heen sent to .\merica." h'.ugland, too, had inau- 
 gurated a restrictive jiolicy, and to encourage the im]ionation of ]iig .and har 
 iron from his Majesty's colonies in America proliihited the u-ectioii ni any mill 
 or other en.gine for slitting or rolling irou or any furnace lor makinj; steel. 
 Time and again tlu' Ministry in every way h.id shown a ili^po^itiou ol o])pres- 
 sion, forgetting that the inhahitauts of .\iiierica were men (if si)irit and inde- 
 pendence who liad come to the new world to fiml a refuge and who had hlazed 
 their \va\- to ci\iliz.ation through a wilderness in order to escape from the tyr- 
 anny of luirope, and the colonists holdly declared that they would not suhmit 
 complaceiuh- to that txranny which they had left the old workl to avoid. 
 England did not .act towards .\merica as if she were an mtegnd p.irt of the 
 British Empire, hut a^ if she were a coiKjUered province. 
 
 In 1765, the f.amous Stamp .\ct was passed, which required the use of 
 stamps on all kinds of law and commercial |)apers, such as contracts, deeds and 
 wills and on pamphlets, magazines, almanacs and newspapers. The stamps 
 cost froni a half-penny to £10. The t;ix virtually followed a man from the 
 cradle to the grave, for the stamps were aflixed on certificates of l)irlli. on mar- 
 riage licenses and on hurial permits. The measure called forth tlu- strongest 
 opposition. It was strenuously resisted hy the colonies on the ground tliat as 
 they had no repre-eiilation in the ih'itish rarliamenl they should not he com- 
 pelled to pay a tax whicli the\ hail no voice in imiiosing. At the lime of the 
 pa.ssing of the ohuoxious measure, i'rankliu was in Loudon, and wrote to a 
 friend in America: '"1 took every step in my power to prevent the passing of 
 the Act, but the tide was too strong against us. Von might as well have hin- 
 dered the sun setting, 'i'hat we could not do, hut since it is down .and it m.ay he 
 long before it rises again, let us iii.ake as good a night of it as we can. W e can 
 .still light candles. Frugalit\ ;md industry will go a great way towards indem- 
 nifying us. Idleness and ])ride t;ix with a hea\ier hand than Kings .and I'.arlia- 
 ments. If we get rid of the former we can easily hear the latter." 
 
 On October 10. iJ'i.S, a pnhlic meeting was called to consider wli.at ;iclior. 
 should be taken when the shi]) "Roy.al Charlotte," bearing stamps for Pennsyl- 
 vania, Xevv Jerse\- and Delaware, shotdd reach I'hiladelphia. .\ man b\' the 
 name of John Tlnghes, a member of the .\ssemhly, had been chosen bv the iMig- 
 lish government to distribute the stamjjs throughout the Province and the three 
 lower counties, llis name had been suggested by Franklin to the ih-itish Min- 
 ister as a proper person to wdiom to entrust such business, but when llughes 
 showed a willingness to accept the office there was a public demonstration 
 
ii6 Warwick's kkvsto.xf. ccimmox wkaltm. 
 
 againsl him and he was burned in effigy. In view uf sn vinlent an (jutburst of 
 popular in(h.!;nation. he thought it advisable to Kee]) within doors, but he gave 
 no intimation of resigning the position. Franklin, tdn. at this time fell under 
 public disapprobation, and even his lo_\alt\ in some ipiarters was doubted be- 
 cause of the fact that he had suggested the name of Hughes and virtually stood 
 sponsor for him and for a time it required all the ingenuity and skill of the wise 
 old man to recover popular esteem. The liritish .Minister must have caught him 
 napping, for it was one of his few pi.ihtical mi-^takes. 
 
 When the "Royal Charlotte" arrived she was escorted hy the ISritish sloop- 
 of-war "Sardine." It was a da\- of great excitement. Hells throughout the city 
 were muffled and tolled, flags were flung at half-mast and a procession of men 
 and boys wearing crepe, slowly and snlemnly follnwed a drum corps of ne- 
 groes plaving the Dead March, as if attending the funeral of Lil:)erty. So 
 threatening did the people become in their attitude that it was deemed advisable 
 to transfer the stamps from the "Royal Charlntte" to her companion the "Sar- 
 dine," thus placing them under the protectitni of the guns of a man-nf-war. 
 The people, to meet the conditions, resolved to practice economy in every di- 
 rection, not to use imported goods in domestic industries, and if possible to be 
 self-sustaining in their manufactures. .Men and women wore homespun clothes 
 and even went so far as to abstain from drinking any foreign beers or wines. 
 Everything was done to avoid the use of the stamps. Even the almanacs for 
 1766 were published six months in advance that the edit(irs might escape the 
 payment of the ta.x. 
 
 America, however, during this perioti, was not without friends in the 
 English Parliament, among whom were Chatham, Darre, Conw'ay, Burke and 
 Fox. They strenuously opposed the imposition of the tax, claiming it w'as not 
 only unwise but unjust. "The gentleman tells us," said Chatham, in an elo- 
 quent outbursts, "America is obstinate: America is almost in open reliellion. 
 I rejoice that .Vmerica has resisted. Three millions of people so ilead to all the 
 feelings of liberty as voluntarily to sulimit to be slaves woukl have been fit 
 instruments to make slaves of the rest." 
 
 Other vessels arrived bearing stamps, but there was no effort made to dis- 
 tribute them for as each ship came to anchor the stamps were immediately 
 transferred to the "Sardine." 
 
 At last there was received, on ]\tay 20, 1766, news of the repeal of the 
 ofifensive law. It was brought into purt liy the brig "Minerva." Citizens soon 
 gathered in great crowds, summoned by the ringing of bells, the Act was pub- 
 licly read and the town went wild with delight. The officer who had brought 
 the glad tidings was escorted with honor to the Ci.iffee Mouse, toasted and 
 cheered, and presented with the freedom of the city. .\ public dinner was given 
 at the State House and even the Captain of the "Sardine" was invited as a 
 guest. Toasts were drunk to the health of the King, the Oueen, to the House 
 of r'arlianient and above all to the "glorious ^md immortal" Mr. Pitt. .At 
 liight, bontires blazed throughout the city, and the citizens rlrank ciipiouslv of 
 beer and ccintinue<l the festivities until the morning dawned. Even Franklin, 
 under the gener.al jubilation, once more came hack into public estimation and 
 there were manv toasts proposed to our "worthy and faithful agent." 
 
WARWIlK S Kld'STOXE COM MOX WKALTII . II7 
 
 Under such duniiinstraliniis and a\ii\vals of loyah\ for tlic relief given, it 
 might be supposed that the Knghsh government would change its conduct, but 
 this was not the case, for it did not in the slightest degree relinquish its right 
 to impose a tax, and on June 2f). 17(17, I'arlianient passed a law levying duties 
 on paper, glass, painters' colors, lead and tea imported into America. Ag.ain 
 a wave of excitement swept over the penple .md all tlieir loyalty in a moment 
 was wafted away. About this lime. John Dickinson puhlislied his famous 
 "Letters of a Farmer in the ."^tale of I 'ennsylvania to the Inliahilanl^ of the 
 British Colonies." They created the most profound inipre>si(_in upon the minds 
 of the people and laid the facts of the case so clearly before thcni that there 
 was no escape from his logic. "Those," he said, "who are taxed without their 
 own consent, expressed by themselves or b_\- their representatives, ,-ire slaves. 
 We are taxed without our own consent, exjiressed by ourseKes or our represen- 
 tatives: we are, therefore, slaves." 
 
 The Jh-itish ^Ministry still jjcrsi^ted that it had a right to impose ;i tax 
 upon the colonies, on the ground that the colonies were a part of the I'.rilish 
 Empire, and it was their duty to share with the .Mother C'ounlr\ the expenses 
 incident to government, but in order to appease the colonies, the Ministry, in 
 1769, reduced all the taxes five sixths. This reduction did not satisf\- the 
 minds of the colonists, for it was not the amount of the tax tliey were protect- 
 ing against, but the right of Parliament to impose it. 
 
 At this time Colonel Barre. in a most eloquent sj)eech in the 1 louse of 
 Commons, said: "I prophesied, on passing the Stamp .Xct in I7')5. what woidd 
 happen thereon, and now, in Alarch. i7()<), 1 fear I can pro])hecv further troubles. 
 That, if the peo|)le are made desperate, finding no remedy from r.-irliamenl, 
 the whole Continent will be in arms immediately, and perhaps those pro\ince.s 
 lost to England forever." 
 
 In the spring of 1770, in order to (piiet the discontent in .Vmerici Parlia- 
 ment abolished all the taxes, with the exception of the tax upon tea, which 
 remained at 3d. ;i pound. This reduction made no change in the .attitude of the 
 colonies. It was not the amount i;>f the tax they were contending against, but 
 the right of the I'.ritish ( iovermnent. without gi\'ing representation to the col- 
 onies, to impose it. In fact, the reduction of the tax to a minimum was oid\ in 
 the nature of a bribe. .\ principle was ;it stake, and it setMued inipo-sil)Ie to 
 have the British Government imder>t;iud that it was not the amount of the tax 
 that was the question in contro\er>\ . but the right to im|)ose it. 
 
 Every efifort was made to introduce tea iino the i'rovince, l)ut without 
 success. The people were alert and watched every vessel that came up the 
 river. Of course, diu-ing this time snniggling was carried on exlensivcK, and 
 the English authorities wert- i>iu to their wits' ends to prevent the landing of 
 the smuggled articles. One night, the Custom House officer^, when ;i brig and 
 a pilot boat came stealing up the Delaware, boarded the incoming vessels, 
 opened the liatches of the brig and found concealed in the hold between thirty- 
 five and forty boxes of tea, some claret and a little gin. 'J'he Revenue schooner 
 seized the prize and proceeded up the river, but being obliged to anchor near 
 Red Bank because of low water, the officers were surprised in- the appro;icli 
 of another vessel wdiich came straight on and refused to lieed the waiMiin" 
 
,,S Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 "keep off." Suddenly thirty men with blackened faces sprang ah board the 
 Revenue vessel, threw the officers and sailors into the hold, ran her upon a 
 bar. cut the rigging and sails and released the boat containing the tea. This 
 "outrage" so offended the British Government, that it insisted upon the cap- 
 ture and prosecution of all those who had taken a hand in the affair, but the 
 personality of the participants was so carefully concealed that no trace could 
 be found leading to the identification of the conspirators. It is believed that 
 many of them were well-known merchants of the city. 
 
 The East India Company, in 1773. had accumulated in its storehouses in 
 London and Holland some millions of pounds of tea, which thev held ready for 
 shipment when the circumstances .should appear more favorable. The P.ritish 
 Government determined to aid the company in the matter of the intnxluction 
 of the tea into the colonies, and a number "f cargoes were sent across the 
 
 water. 
 
 The tea consigned to Philadeli)hia was shijiped in a vessel called "Polly 
 under the command of Captain Ayres. When news was brought to the city 
 that the vessel was coming up the river, a meeting was called in the State 
 Hou.se vard. on December ^7, 177,^. Speeches were made by prominent citi- 
 zens and it was resnlved that the ship "Polly" should not be permitted to land 
 her cargo. This was the largest public meeting that had ever been held at any 
 one place in Philadelphia. It was carefully cominUed that about eight thousand 
 people were assembled in the S(|uare. .\ committee tor tarring and feathering 
 the Captain was organized, and iniblic warning was given to the Delaware 
 pilots that thev woidd be >ummarily dealt with if in any way they directed 
 the course of the incoming P.ritish ships bearing their hated cargoes. \\ hen 
 the "Polly" arriveil. Captain .\\ res wa^ invited to come ashore and was told 
 in positive terms that his ship would not be allowed to unl.ia.l the tea and de- 
 liver to the consignees. "What think you. Captain," sai.l the chairman of the 
 committee, "of a halter round your neck, ten gallon-; of tar decanted on your 
 pate, with the feathers of a d,.zen wild geese lai.l over that to enliven your 
 appearance:- ( )nlv think seriouslN of this and tly to the place whence you came. 
 Fly without hesitation, and aliove all, dear Captain, let us advise you to fly 
 wi'thout the wild goose feathers." He was informed that the people would 
 not have "the detestable tea funneled down their throats with Parliament's duty 
 mixed with it." At this meeting it was declared that no power on earth had 
 a right to tax the colonies without their consent. A vast concourse of people 
 escTrted the laptain to the wharf, when he was directed to board his vessel 
 and leave the i-ort without further delay. Seeing that it was useless to ask 
 for lime he then and there set sail from the foot of Arch street, where his boat 
 lay at anch.n". and proceeded down the river on bis way to "Old Rotterdam 
 Place in Leadenhall Street. London." 
 
 It was on Decemlier id. that I'.oston had thrown her tea into the harbor, 
 and this news was bnnigbt bv the famous Paul Revere, who had ridden on 
 horseback all the way fn.m the Yankee t.)wn. lie arrived in Philadelphia on 
 December 2h, the dav before the meeting was held in the State House yard, 
 and of course the information be brought greatly increased the excitement 
 an.l' arouse.l the courage of the people. .P...ston. having destmyed SiOD.ooo 
 
W AKW U K S KKSSTONE CUM .\U).\ WKAI.I- 1 1 . I lU 
 
 wortii of tea by tliniwini;- the clic-st^ into tin- >fa. I'arliament retaliated by clos- 
 ing her port as^ainst the cnninierce "i the world. This new > was hroiitiht to the 
 city again by the eeiebrateil nie>seiit;er, I'aid Revere, and (hiring his stay here 
 he requested an expression of the po]]nlar feeling on the snhjecl. >o that Mas- 
 saclnisetts wonld know belter what lo ilo under the circumstances. A meeting 
 was called in the C\i\ ■ra\ern. whei'e I'esohitions were ado[)ted which, while 
 "recommending [jrudence and nioderalion"' gave every assurance to I'.oston 
 that Philadelphia would stand b\ her in the cause of .American Liberty, and 
 large contrilnitions were raised to relieve the distress in the .\'ew ICngiand 
 town. 
 
 In a letter written h\ llor.aee W'alpole to Horace .Maim, in I'ebniar\-. 1774. 
 that keen observer wrote: "We haw no news piililic or private. l)nt th.-re is an 
 ostrich egg laid in .\inerica where the l!ostoni;ins have canted three hundred 
 chests of tea in the ocean, for the\ wcnld not drink tea with our rarlianient. 
 I think F.n^laud will be conquered some da\ in .\'ew England or ISengal." 
 
 The coiiiluet of the colonies produceil the greatest sensation in England, 
 and Lord Chatham, in the Tlouse of C onimon>, alluding to the I'.oston I'ort 
 Bill, said: '"\'oii must rejieal these .\cts. and \ ou will repeal them. 1 ])led, 
 myself to it that \ou will re])eal them. 1 stake my reputation on it. I will consent 
 to be taken for an idiot if they are not rtnally reiieaied." "I ;im ag;ii.isi ri 
 pealing this last Act of I'arliament." cried Lord North, "securing to us a reve- 
 nue out of .\merica. 1 will never think of repealing it until 1 see America 
 prostrate at my feet." "To effect thi>." rejilied I'.arre, "is not so easy as _\(_)U 
 ina_\- imagine. The .\mericans are strenuous, respectable, a liard\- ;in<l free 
 people, but, were it ever so easy, doe> aii\ friend to his countr\ reallv wish 
 to see .\merica thus humbled, in such a siliuatioii, which woiihl ser\e onK .as a 
 monument of _\'our arrogance and folly." Charles James I'o.x eanu'sth- ex- 
 claimed, "If you persist in your riijht ti) tax the Americans, xon will force 
 them into open rebellion." "We ,are now in great ditficnlties." -aid Dowde- 
 swell, "let us do justice before it i-- too late." In answer to these appeals for 
 justice and for fair play, the ISritish .Ministry Ijoasted that "with ten thou- 
 sand regulars we can march through the L'otitiiient and firing I'.oston on its 
 knees, and terrify the rest e.f .\inerir;i b\ the example." 
 
 -Matters had reached such a pitch tli:it the colonies were convinceil tlie\' 
 should prepare for a coniiiion defence. The whole countrv was albime, and 
 the eloquent words of Samuel .\d:ini>. James ( )ti> and Patrick 1 lenr\ rang in 
 the ears of the peoi)le. anuwing them to action. "There is no longi-r ;in\- room 
 for hope," cried Patrick lleiiry, "we must tight." Committees of corre>])on(l- 
 ents had prepared the \va\ for a general conference, and in 1774 a C<intineiital 
 Congress, the first ever held in .\merica. met in Carpenter's llall. 1 'hil;idelpliia. 
 The spirit of that CVmgress. though calm, was most determined, and in an 
 appeal addressed to the people of Creat I'.ritain, it said: "Permit us to be as 
 free as your.selvcs and we will ever esteem a union with \-oii to be our greatest 
 glory and our greatest hap]iiness. We will ever be ready to contribute all in 
 our power to the welfare of the h'miiire. We will consider \(inr i-neniies our 
 enemies, your interests as our own. If you are determined that votir .Min- 
 isters shall sjiort wantonly with the right- of mankind — if neither the voice 
 
I20 Warwick's Km'SToxE commonwealth. 
 
 of justice, dictates of the law, principles of the Constitution nor the sugges- 
 tions of humanity shall restrain \our hands from shedding blood in such an 
 impious cause — we must then tell you that we will never submit to be hewers 
 of wood or drawers of water for any Ministry or nation in the world." There 
 is no intimatinn in this appeal, even between the lines, that evinces a desire to 
 separate from the Mother Country. She had l.)ut to treat the colonies with 
 fair and due consideration to hold and retain their loyalty and afTection. 
 "Your glorv is our glory. Your happiness is our happiness. Your welfare is 
 our welfare. Your enemies are our enemies, ^'nur interests are our inter- 
 
 ests," is language that cannot be misunderstood. There is no room for mis- 
 interpretation and it should have aroused a tender response in the hearts of the 
 r.ritish people. 
 
 The following speech by Edmund Burke is in like strain: "My hold in the 
 colonies is in the close affection which grows from common names, from kin- 
 dred blood, from similar privileges and equal protection. These are ties which 
 though light as air, are strong as links of iron. Let the colonies always keep 
 the idea of their several rights associated with your government and they will 
 cling and grapple to you, and no force under heaven will be of power to tear 
 them from their allegiance. lUit let it be once understood that your govern- 
 ment ma\ be one thing and their privileges another — that these two things 
 must exist without any mutual relation— the cement is gone, the cohesion is 
 loosened, and everything hastens to decay and dissolution." 
 
 At the time of the opening of the Revolution, Philadelphia had a popula- 
 
\\A|.:\\ U K S KF.V.STOXK COM M ( IN \VI-; ALT H . 121 
 
 tion of from twcniv t.i t\vcnl\ tive lhoiisan<l pcdplc. It was f;Qinous, Um. tor 
 its mansions. nian\ nf wliich were not onlv coniniodious Init elcs^ant, ami tliL-ir 
 intcrinrs, it w c may liclie\c the comments of distinguislieil visitin.i:; strani^crs, 
 were fm-nislieil with marked taste. 
 
 l'"ranklin's home was located in the block l)etween Third and iMjurth strcet.s, 
 north of Lhotnnt street. The Masters lionse. which was described as "mag- 
 niticent," stood on the sonth side of Market street between iMftli and Sixth 
 streets, and it became the hnnie of W'asbintiton when be li\ed in I 'biladelpliia 
 as Tre-sident cd" the I'nited ."^laie^. Joseph ( iallowax , wiio wa> ; eco^'iiizcd as a 
 leader in societ\ and who, in the Revolntion became a prononnced Tory, occu- 
 pied a honse in the nei^hborbond of .Sixth and .Market streets. .Archibald .Mc- 
 Call, the leailin.L;- Mast India merchant of those da\s, li\ed at the cnau-r of 
 Second and LTiion streets. Then there were three handsome houses occupied 
 bv leaders of society, Thomas William^, .Mrs. llyrd, of Wesiover, and .Mrs. 
 Samuel I'owell, wdiich ran smith betweui Third and Fourth streets fmni Will- 
 ing's .\llev to Spruce street. The (. adwallader mansion was ipu Second ^treet, 
 and was described by John .\d;mis as a ".grand and elegant house." The Ship- 
 pens lived on Fourth street, .Xnthnny Duclie at Th.ird and L'ine streets, William 
 Logan, a son of the great James Logan, on .Second street. There were m.in\- 
 other residences of brick .and stone occupied by the successful merch.ants of 
 the city, and altogether I'hiladelphia ])re-~ented an air .if pro^perit\ far sur- 
 passing that of any other cit\' in the colonies. The outlving countr\ di>tricts, loo, 
 were dotted with comfortable >eat>, which, in some instances, were maintained as 
 permanent rural residences, and in other ca>es as summer home^ of the well- 
 to-do. "lU'lmont," the countr\ >e;it of the Peters", was descrilied by a l''rench 
 traveller as a "tasty little box on the niost enchanting spot that nature can em- 
 bellish, and besides the variegated beauties of the rural banks of the Schuyl- 
 kill, commands the Delaware and the shipping mounting and descending it. 
 From whence is the most romantic ride up the ri\er to the ["alls, in which the 
 opposite bank is likewise seen beautifully interspersed with the conntr\- houses 
 of the opulent citizens of the Lapital." Then there were the "NNoodlnids," 
 "Whitbv Hall," "Harriton" and "Lansdi iwne." mo>t pretentious mansions, and 
 occupied by the Haniiltnus, the t'oidtas. the Harrisons and the I'enns, res])ec- 
 tively. 'idle Lardners had a cnuntry seat at Tacony and the Wains one to the 
 east of I'Tankford. the Chews om- in (lermantown, wdiile in the southern i)or- 
 tion of Lhiladelphia, in Moyamensing and I'assyunk there were a number of 
 fine estates, among which was Wharton's "Walnut I irove," wdtere was held in 
 the days of the Revolution, the "Meschianza." When the delegates to the 
 Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, the distinguished men among ibem 
 were entertained by the leading families, and John Adams, in letters to his 
 wife, could not find adjectives sufficient to describe the elegance of the interior 
 of the homes and the sumptuous banquets that were spread and at the time of 
 his departure it was with regret that he turned his back on "the happy, the 
 peaceftil, the ek'gant, the hospitable and jjolite cit}' of Philadelphia." Time 
 and again did he refer in his diary to the "splendid and the mighty feasts" that 
 he had seen spread in those homes. No doubt, salt oysters from their n.alive 
 beds, the canvas back and the delicate meat of the diamond b;ick terrapin. 
 
122 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 from the eastern allure (.)f Maryland, were to be found in the Hst of dehcacies. 
 In fact, everything- that the stream, the field, the farm, the orarden and the 
 dairv Cduld supply was of the first order, while the pastry was unsurpassed 
 and the wines were of the rarest vintages. 
 
 The fine arts, too, were hei^innins; to he appreciated. The time had been 
 when this was not the case, for in one instance a well known citizen, on His 
 return from luirope had brought with him a cast of a famous \ enus. and 
 when he placed it in position in his parlor, it gave such offence to his staid 
 and sombre neighbors that he was compelled to conceal it from public view, 
 and it was only shown to those who professed to have a taste for art and 
 were not shockeil Ijy the nuditv of the figure. Most of the furniture in the 
 mansions of the o])iilent was imported from Europe and was chaste and cor- 
 rect in style. 
 
 Clothes, toc), except among the Ouakers, were of the latest cut and in 
 some cases came from the shops of England, fashioned by tailors and haber- 
 dashers whose boast was that they were makers to His Majesty, the Ixing. and 
 to the IVince of Wales. In fact, so expensive and elegant was the dress of 
 both ladies and gentlemen at the receptions given to the visiting delegates that 
 John .\danis refers to the wearers as "the nobles of Philadelphia." The men 
 wore coats and waistcoats of the most brilliant colors, knee breeches, silk 
 stockings, pumps with silver buckles and ruftied shirts, while the women were 
 models of the latest fashion>. In truth, a ball room in one of the handsome 
 residences of Philadelphia in those times closely resembled a salon at \'ersailTes 
 in the days of Louis XI\\ 
 
 When John Hancock came to Philadelphia to preside as President over 
 the deliberations of the first Congress, he wore a scarlet coat and cocked hat, 
 with a black cockade, and Thomas Jefferson, notwithstanding his democratic 
 views, and his objection to ostentatious display, wore, upon a state occasion, a 
 long waisted white cloth coat, scarlet lireeches and vest, a cocked hat. shoes 
 and Ijuckles and white silk hose. 
 
 Watches were in common use among the well-to-do, but were generally 
 made of silver. The chains were steel and silver, or else fobs were worn. A 
 gold watch wa-~ an exception. P.ridge spectacles, or those that were held in 
 place by nipping the nose, were introduced at an early dav. and it was not 
 until some \'ears afterwards that teiuple spectacles came into use. Snuft:' boxes, 
 man\' of them made of precious metals, were quite the vogue. Ouitasols, or 
 parasols, were carried by ladies to keep ofl:" rain as well as to protect against 
 the heat of the sun. Umbrellas, too, at this date were introduced. Dr. John 
 Morgan, a leader in fashion, is said to have been the fir-t man who had the 
 temerity to carry one in public, although he divides the distinction with Dr. 
 Chancellor and the Reverend Mr. Duche. Of course such an innovation was 
 subjected to the ridicule of men and boys, but the umbrella was soon found to 
 be so u,seful an article that even the gibes of rowdies could not prevent its gen- 
 eral introduction. When, however, umlirellas were carried in the summer 
 season to ward ofif the rays of the sun, the bearers were denounced as being 
 efifeminate. ]Mr. P>ingham, on bis return from the West Indies, says Watson, 
 was attended when he went abroad bv a Mulatto boy bearing his umbrella, but 
 
WAkw UK s KKVSTDNK ccnr Mox wicALTii. 123 
 
 liis example was iki; followed, a:iil lie sonn himself abandoned llie custom. 
 The umbrellas were elunis\ artieks as compared with wlial are mi use to dav, 
 The_\' were made of oik-d linen of various colors, and stretched over rattan 
 sticks. Prior to ihcii- introduction, small capes were used in some instances in 
 rainy weather which were thrown .iver the shoulders, hut as a rule men faced 
 the storms without au\ arliticial protection. 
 
 ( )n .\pril J4, 1773, at five o'clock in the ex'euiuii'. a messeni^er dashed into 
 the tow 11 ln'arini^;- news from .Massachusetts thai "( )n Wednesday niornini^', 
 .April I nth, near ten .if the clm-k, a hrii^aile consistins;- of about a thousand or 
 twelve hundred men landed at t'ambridne and marched to l,e.\iuL;lon, where 
 thev found a compau\ of our colon\ militia iu arnrs. upon whom thev hrcd 
 without any provo.-atiou wli.ale\er, killed six aud wounde<l four others." 1 he 
 bearer of these tidings was Trail or Israel Uissell who was sent out from .Mas- 
 ■sachusetts and "charijed to alarm the couutr\' <piite to I'ounecticnt'" and all 
 persons were desired to fu.ruish him with fresh horses as the\' mii^ht lie 
 needed. The news from Massachusetts created the ure.atest excitement iu the 
 city and it came at a time wdien the dele,i;ates were arriviut; to attend the ses- 
 sions of the ."^ecoud (. 'oulinental Congress. It was the first shot that had been 
 fired, aud the first bio. id that had been she.l in the causi- of independence aud 
 it ])rovt'd the truth of josiah (Jnincy's prediction, when he said at a meetiui; 
 assembled in liuslon. iu 1774: "We are not to h.ipe that we will end this con- 
 troversy witliout the sharpest, sharpest conllicts. We arc not to (latter .mr- 
 selvc.s that ])()pular resolves, popul.ir harani;nes, popular acclamations aud po]i- 
 iilar vapor will vampiish our f.ies. Let us weii;h aud consider bel.ire we ad- 
 vance to those measures wdiich nuisi briuiL;" on the m.)St trying- and terrible 
 strug.tjle this conutr\- ever saw." The hour had come for the fulfillment of that 
 prediction. The first scene of the drama was set on Lexington (ireen iu .M.as- 
 sachusetts. seventx- sliu'dy yeomen, described in English accounts as "a rabble 
 in calico frocks, with f. iwliug pieces," stood face t.) face with ;i thousand I'.ril- 
 isli re.syulars. .\ llash of musketry, aud eighteen of the \e. mien la\ wellermg 
 in their blood. Hie shot which broke the (piiet of that Afiril m.irn was licar.i 
 around the world, and markeil tln' d.iwu .if an era iu hitman treedom. 
 
 When the news reached 1 'hiladelphia, a baucpiet was being hel.l at which 
 Robert Morris was presiding. When the herald entered the hall, there was so 
 nuich excitement create. I that tlie guests upset the table. The bells tolled, and 
 men and boys paraded the streets throughout the night, and in the morning a 
 .great mass nieetin.g was held in the State 1 louse yard, at which meeting the 
 people resolved that they would bind themselves together for defence. ICarly 
 in May, rienjaniin I'raiiklin arri\i.'d from hjigland, where he. at every ])oint. 
 had protected the interests of the colonies. He was given a gk.irious welcome, 
 and proclainiefl as the hero of two continents. 
 
 A number of delegates from X'irgiuia, the (arolinas, and .Marvlaud rode 
 U]) from the .South in a cavalcade and having been met b\ a body of troops 
 were given an escort into the city amidst the general enthusiasm. A few da\s 
 later the delegates from .\ew k'ngland, and also fmm .\'ew Xavk began to 
 arrive and were .given a like reception. .\s they came into the city all the bells 
 began to ring and chime, peoiile lined the sidewalks and gave a heart\' welcome 
 
124 
 
 WAUWK K S KKVSTONIC COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 to llie (listinsnislu'd visitors. ( )f course, the Massachusetts men were especi- 
 ally honored ami received with an ovation, because upon the soil of that col- 
 ony had been shed the first blood of the Revolution. 
 
 Upon the assembling of the Congress, its first act was to choose one of its 
 members, (jeorge Washington, of Virginia, to be Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Continental Armies. He assumed command of the troops and hastened at 
 once to the seat of war. 
 
 Early in 1776, Congress "recommended to the respective assemblies and 
 conventions of the Cnited Colonies where no government sufficient to the exi- 
 gencies of their ati'air^ had been establi.shed, to adopt such government as that 
 
 in the opinion of the majority of the 
 Ijcople will best conduce to the happi- 
 ness of their State in particular and 
 America in general." I'nder this res- 
 ohition, a new state government in 
 T'cnnsylvania was established and the 
 .\>senibly superseded. 
 
 ( )n June ()th, 1776. in the Conti- 
 nental Congress. Richard Henry Lee, 
 of X'irginia. offered a resolution, which 
 was seconded 1j\- John Adams, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, "That these united colon- 
 ' '^ are and of right ought to be free 
 iiid independent states, that they are 
 absolved from all allegiance to the 
 British Crown, and that all political 
 connection between them and the state 
 of Great Britain is and ought to be to- 
 tilly divsolved." This was the first 
 piisiti\e act (in the part of the dele- 
 gates liioking t(> the severance of all 
 connection with the .Mother Country. liven as late as 1775, JcfTerson said ex- 
 pressly : 'AX'e have not raised armies with designs of separating friDlm Great Britain 
 and establishing independent states. Necessity has not driven us }-et to that des- 
 perate measure." F.ven Washington, when he took command of the Army at 
 Cambridge, had not made up his mind that the oljject of the war was to be the 
 independence of the colonies, and the .\ssembly of Pennsylvania had actually 
 passed a resolution instructing its delegates and forbidding them to favor a 
 separation from (ireat Britain. At first the colonies were struggling against 
 oppression and tyranny, with no intention of severing the tie that bound Amer- 
 ica to England. \\'henever the colonists opposed a measure, it was designated 
 as a Ministerial Measure, they felt that the great body of the English people 
 were their friends and they did not lielieve that the King was unjust to them 
 nor in any way antagonistic to their interests, and they always insisted upon, 
 and frequently exercised their right of petition to him directly and personally. 
 They were deceived in so far as his friendly interest in them was concerned, 
 for the King was the ver\' head and centre of the scheme of American taxa- 
 
 i;i( iiAKii 11i:.\i;y J.kk. 
 
Warwick's ki-.vstoM': coMMdwvKAi.iii. 125 
 
 tion. But now the I'nlnnists liail taken the final step and had derided tn sever 
 all connection with the Mother ("mnitry. 
 
 Lee's resolmion ci June sixth, in favnr nl' independence was ])as>ed on 
 the second day of Jidy, 1776. and rel'errini;- to this fact in a letter to iiis wife, 
 dated July third. John Adams said: •'The second day of July, 1776, will he tlic 
 most memorable epoch in the history of America. \ am apt to believe that it 
 will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great aimiversary festival. 
 It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by solemn ads of de- 
 votion to God Almighty. It ought to lie solemnized with pomp and parade, 
 with shows, game.-, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and ilUiminations from one 
 end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forevennore." The 
 second of julv was not chosen. howe\-er. as the Xation.'d Annivei's.irw Init 
 the fourth of July, which was the day when the Declaration of ln<K|)en(lence 
 was adopted. 
 
 A committtee to frame a declaration of independence was named, con- 
 sisting of Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia; T'enjamin Franklin, of Pennsyl- 
 vania: Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, and Robert Livingstone, of New York. 
 Upon consultation, they all .gave their views and opinions in the framing of this 
 important document, but the task of preparing the paper was assigned person- 
 ally to Thomas Jefferson. At this time Jcft'erson lived in the second story of 
 a brick building belonging to a German bricklayer named (iraff, situated at the 
 southwest corner of Seventh and Alarket streets. The great statesman only 
 slept here and walked down to the City d'avern. located on Second street above 
 Walnut, for his meals. The house at Seventh and Market streets was on the 
 outskirts of the built-up section of Ihe city, and was in a ipiict an<l retired 
 neighborhood, and here it was that the iniuKjrtal Declaration of Independence 
 was written. The site at Seventh and Market streets is now occupied by a 
 bank, on the outer wall of which is a brass or bronze talilet aimouncing the 
 fact that it was in the building f(>rmevl\- located on this site that the i)eclar:i- 
 tion was penned. It was unfortunate that there was not enough ]>ublic spirit 
 in the city to have removed the building, so rich in its associations, to Fair- 
 mount Park, as was done in the case of the Peim house. The building was of 
 the Colonial style of architecture, it- materia! w:is sound and could easily have 
 been taken down and set u[) elsewhere- and thus could have been preserved 
 one of the great relics of the Revolution. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE CITY OF PIULADELril lA OX THE FOUKTII OF JULY IN THE SUMMEU OF I776. 
 PASSAGE OF THE DEI I.ARATIOX OF I NDEPEXDEX CE. I'l'I'.EIC READIXG OF THE 
 SAU) Dice EAKAIIOX OX JULY 81H. IIRFITSH DRIVEX FROM DOSTOX. BATTLE 
 OF LOX(; TSLAXD. RETREAT OF THE AM ERR AX ARMY. FORTH-'KWTIOX OF WEST 
 POIXT. BATTLE OF TREXTOX. (lEXERAF. HnWE IXVAllES PEX XSYL\'AX L\. THE 
 B.\TTLE OF BRAXUYWIXE. BRITISH EXTER PHILADELPHIA. BATTLE OF KEGS. 
 WASHIXGTOX AT YALLEY FORGE IX WIXTER OL'ARTERS. MESCHIA.XZA. GRE.VT 
 SUFFERIXG AMOXG THE AMERUWX TROOPS. F.\RMERS WERE .VOT ,\LLOWED TO 
 TR.XDE WITH THE CITY VXD PRONTSIOXS WERE .\T AX EKORIUT.XXT HEIGHT. 
 LYDIA DARRAGH. OUTBREAK OF THE FREXCII REYOLUTIO.X. CLIXTOX H,\YIXG 
 P.EEX XAMED THE SUCCESSOR OF HOWE TOOK HIS DEP.\RTURE FROM THE CITY 
 OF PHILADELPHI.X. BEXEDICT ARXOLD .M.VDE .MILITARY COM .M.\XD.\XT OF THE 
 CITY. THE SURREXDER OF YORKTOWX. 
 
 LET US iniag;ine, g'entle reader, that we are strangers visiting Philailel- 
 pliia in tlie summer of ij/f). or. to be UKire partieular, on Thursda)', 
 the fourth day of July of that \ear. We have spent the night at the 
 L'itv Tavern, on Second street above WahnU, which lias the reinita- 
 tion of being one of the best inns in th.e country. The weather is hot and sul- 
 try, hut the hotel being located in chise prcixiniit_\' to tlie Delaware, the cool 
 breezes from the river made the temperature bearable during the night, although 
 the mosquitoes were almost intolerable. Leaving the hotel, we stroll up Sec- 
 ond street to High, which is the principal thoroughfare of the city. 
 
 It is an eventful period in the history of the colonies for they have 
 already taken up arms against the .Mother l'ountr\, and their representatives 
 are in session in the State House holding luider discussion the all-important 
 <|uestion of making a declaration of freedom. There is nothing in the city to 
 show that anything unusual is happening or about to happen. The stores are 
 open and their goods displayed in an attractive manner, young ladies wearing 
 daintx^ summer gowns, and carrying reticules, are out tor a morning's shop- 
 ])ing, while the ubiquitous "boy. with satchel, and shining morning face, (creeps) 
 like snail unwillinglv ti> school." The blacksmith's anvil resounds under the 
 stroke of his hammer, the hucksters cry their wares and the chimne\ sweeps 
 announce their coming with a song all then- own. (ireat Conestoga wagons 
 burdciKil with their freight, the liells on their horses ringing merrily, ome rum- 
 bling along, while occasionally may be seen a stage coach with its weary an 1 
 travel-stained passengers and jaded horses, arriving in town after a long jour- 
 ney. \'ehicles (.)f all kinds go to and fro, raiding at times great clouds of dust, 
 for the streets are not jiaved except in some localities. A few soldiers mingle 
 WTth the people and give color to the scene, while the drums beating and the 
 fife squealing at the recruiting stations are the only indications that war is in 
 the lan.l. 
 
 1 26 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTONi; COM MON WlCAl. T 1 1 . I JJ 
 
 In our sauiilcrings throii^-h Ihc town, we come at la^l to the State llnuse. 
 A number of people are ^atheretl arr)un{i its main entrance, while others are 
 scattered in tjroups over the i)avement, lint there is no senihlance ni what 
 might be called a crowd. The tailor is there, having left his shup in charge of 
 his l)oy, while he ran aroinid the corner In hear the news: the Cdbliler is there, 
 with last in hand: and the wheelwright who has left his fdrge: as well as the 
 mechanic with his leathern ajirnn. The wiseacre, ton, is there, whn is always 
 found in such gatherings, giving his views u])iin the public ipiestions of the 
 day. The doctor, who has left his chaise at the curb, and the I'lwyer with brief 
 in hand, h.ave stopped for a moment to ask if any decision h.as \ el been re.iched. 
 There is no excitement, there are no exidtant crowds: the people wait in (piiet 
 expectation, although an.xious for the news from the hall. The Slate House 
 bell rings out the hours as thev i)ass, but still no announcenienl i^ made of the 
 deliberations. As the day wears on the heat increases, all the windows of the 
 Hall are open, and occasionally from the street may l)e had .a glimpse of the 
 distinguished men, as they move about the Ilall, or stand at the wimlows to 
 catch a breath of air. ( )ften. too, their voices may be heard in earnest debate. 
 The doors of the hall are closed, for the Congress is in executive session. .\s 
 nightfall approaches, news at last comes that the Declaration, ;ifter heated .-md 
 vehement controversy, has been adopted. There is no little ilaxen haired, blue 
 eyed boy to annoimce the glad tidings, and run up the stair-case shouting to 
 the bellman in the tower, "Ring! Grandpa, ring!" Unfortunately, that >tory 
 only finds itself in romance. Nor did the bell itself at this time ring out the 
 glad tidings to the world. The representatives, deejily impressed with their 
 day's work, emerge from the hall, wend their way to their respecti\e homes 
 and lodgings, and the people who have gathered in the innnediate neighbor- 
 hood, quietly disperse. .Aiul we, gentle reader, we who in imagin.ation h.ave 
 witnessed the scenes just described, will retire to our rooms at the llotel. 
 
 It was a day big with events, and so solenni in its import that it did not in- 
 duce to a spirit of exultation. The neclaration, as it has been said was "mereh 
 the assiginuent of reasons for an act which had been jireviously detei'mined 
 upon," that is, the ])assage of the resolutiou of f-ee severed connection with tlu' 
 Mother Country, ;uid the l)ecl<ar;ition nierelv set forth those iwisons that im- 
 pelled the separation, lie that as it may, the Declaration was the amiounce- 
 nicnt to the world of the action of the colonies, and was oue of the most im- 
 portant jiapers ever issued and signed by a deliberative Assend)l\'. 
 
 It was not until high noon Mondav, the eighth of jnl\. thai ihe paper was 
 [)iiblicl\- read, anil Colonel John Xixon was chosen for th.at imjio)-tant task. .\ 
 large crowd assembled in the State House \ard, which was composed f(jr the 
 most part of apprentices, journeymen and idle loungers. We can picture them 
 in their shirt-sleeves, knee breeches and (|ueues, forming, as "Debbv" .Morris 
 describes, a motley assemblage. Vnnu her patrician point of view, she de- 
 clares that but few of the leading citizens and men of distinction were to be 
 found in the multitude. She stood at the fence of her father's boirse. which 
 was located at the southeast corner of l-'ifth and Chestmu streets, and heard 
 distinctly the voice of Colonel Xixon as he read the all-important document. 
 'i'he reader was in full regimentals, and stood on a wrjoden jilalform. which 
 
I2.S WARWICK S KEYSTONE C(lM M< IN WEALTH . 
 
 was hii^li above the iT-round and which had been used by the American Philo- 
 sophical Socielv in its observation (if the transit nf N'enus, in ijfn), and read 
 with a l(ind voice and with distinctive emiihasis the living words of that im- 
 mortal ]iaper. In the night bonfires were lighted and the bells of the city rang 
 out in joN-ful acclaim, the State House liell enunciating the inscription upon 
 its side: "I'roclaim liliert\- throughout the land unto all the inhabitants there- 
 of." 
 
 Although the Declaration was adopted on Thursda\", the fourth of July, 
 it was not si"ned until -onic tinn- a flerw ariK. in fact sr\eral of ihe nienibers 
 
 ;asT)5:.?o^tiS£^?aT 
 
 *-.V'l;»>K5.->"'->; 
 
 '^ «. 
 
 ii;m:ii thk 
 
 did not a|ipend their signatures until the f(.illowing August. -\ number of the 
 delegate---, refusing to sign, were supplanted bv others, and some delegates 
 signed the ])aper wdio were not representatives in the Cinigress at the time of 
 the passage (if the Declaration. The memliers who represented i'ennsvivania 
 in the Congress at the time of the adojition of the Declaration were Robert 
 Morris, I'.enjaniin lM"anl\lin, John .Morton, John Dickinson, James Wilson, 
 Charles I lumphre\s, I'jKvard Willing, I'homas Willing and .\ndrew .Mien. ( )f 
 these men lienjamin I'ranklin, John .Morton and James Wilson voted in favor 
 of the Declaration. Robert ?\Iurris thought it wa> premature, but sulise(|neutl\- 
 signed it. Dickinson and Humphreys \dted against it and the others alisented 
 themselves from the sessions, .\fter tin changes were made in the complexion 
 of the representation, the signers were Robert Morris, Ilenjamin Rush, Renja- 
 min I'ranklin, b ihn Morton, ( ieorge C'hnier, James Smith, ( l(.orge TaNlor, 
 lames Wilson and (ieorge Ross. 
 
WARWICK S KEVSTO.N'IC COMMON WEALTH . I2() 
 
 Tlie British liaviiiL; \ivvu driwii from r.ostnn, ihcy (k'lcrniiiied to strike 
 thfir next lilow at Xew ^'('rk, tliiis liMpiiii;- t" secure a position that wiuikl 
 separate the New England colonists from those south of Xew ^'()rk, thus prevent- 
 ing them from rendering assistance to each other. The battle nf l.^ng Island 
 resulted in the defeat and the retreat of the .American army, and W'ashingtun 
 led his forces up the east side of the I ludson River, intending to furtify West 
 Point, as the principal strategic [xjsition in tliai p.iriinn of the country. Wash- 
 ington, however, unable to hold his ground against (.'ornwallis was conii)elIed 
 to retreat. He left a large portion of his arni\ under the command of (ieneral 
 Charles Lee, and when he was sorely jiressed by the enemy, he sent for Lee's 
 assistance, but for some reason or other that officer disobeyed the conini;ind. 
 
 Washington, compelled to abandon l-'ort Lee, retreated thrijugh Xew Jer- 
 sey, with the intention of preventing if possible the capture of I'lnlailelphia 
 by the liritish troops. .\ot long after \\'ashington had reacheil I 'enusvlvania 
 he crossed the Delaware River to Trenii.in. and on Cln-istnias niglit, I77'>, in 
 face of a severe snow storm, with an arni\' of less than lwent\-ti\e bundreil 
 men, surprised a bod}- of Hessian suldicrs, took one tliousand ]jrisoners, and 
 seized a large <|uantity of arms and ammunition. All this was done 
 with scarce the loss of a man. The victory was so complete and so unexpected 
 that it revived the hope and renewed the courage of the despairing Americans. 
 Washington so impressed h'rederick the (ireat with his skillful nian(_)euvering 
 that the old King declared it was not excelkd ])\ any like campaign in modern 
 warfare. 
 
 About this time the terms of enlistment were expiring and Washington, 
 unfortunately, was without the money that was needed to |)ay the soldiers for 
 their services. Congress had issued vast volumes of jiaijcr mijuew but it be- 
 came utterly worthless and so low did it fall in purchasing value that to de- 
 scribe a thing as useless was to say it was not worth a Continental. In this 
 extremity, Washington communicated with Robert Morris, in I'hil.-idelphia, and 
 implored him to raise, if possible, fifty thousand dollars in hard cash. The apjieal 
 was so earnest and the peril so great that Morris, earlv on Xew Year's morning 
 of 1777, travelled from door to door among his rich and |)atriotic neighbors, 
 and before daylight, collected the amount needed by Wasliington. It was ;u 
 once fcjrwarded to headipiarters and saved the arm\ from disort;aniz;Uion. 
 After obtaining a victory over t_'ornwallis at I'rinceton, the Americans went 
 into winter quarters at .Morristown. Xew jerse\-. Aftei' ihi' llatlle of .Mon- 
 mouth, the Hessian prisoners, under guard, were lirought to the cit\- of I'hil;i- 
 {leli)hia, and Watson, in his "Wnnals," siate> that an elderlv gentU-m;ni who 
 saw them on their way to the pri.son, describes their appearance as follows: "I 
 stood on the porch of Pemberton's house in Chestnut abovi' Third street. Tlie\ 
 marched up Chestnut street past the State Mouse, where Congress .sat. Tbe\ 
 made a long line — all fine, hearty looking men, and well clad, with large knaj)- 
 sacks, spatterdashes on legs, their looks were satisHed. ( )n e;icli side, in a 
 single file, were their guards, mostly in light summer dress, and some without 
 shoes, but stepping light and cheerful." 
 
 During the Spring of 1777. Washington put forth every effort to increase 
 cnlistmenls. It was in this \'ear that Kosciusko and l'ul,-i>ki, two eminent Pol- 
 
I30 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 ish patriots, joined the army. They were followe.l later by the Marquis de 
 Lafayette, a Frencli nobleman, about nineteen year> <il age, who eame from 
 Paris to offer his services to the cause of .Vmerican liberty. He brought with 
 him Bar..n de Kalb, a German military veteran. The>- were both made Gen- 
 erals in the .\merican .\rmv. Shortly afterwards. I'.an.n Steuben, a Prussian 
 
 
 \A. .\l.\IUnlS Ul. I-A I'AVKTIi:, 
 
 military engineer, arrived in camp. He un.lert..,,k tu introduce discipline into 
 the army, and by constant drilling of the tn...p> bmught tliem uitn a fair state 
 of cfficiencv. 
 
 General Howe in command of the liritish, undertook, in the summer of 
 ^■J■JJ. an expedition to Pennsylvania. The llattle of llraudywine was fought 
 on September ii. i///. in which the .Xmericans suffered a defeat and was 
 followed bv the disastrous Battle of (iermautown. A body of troops, under 
 the command of General Wayne, was surprised near the Paoli tavern on the 
 night of September twentieth, and a number were killed and wounded, or 
 
Warwick's kf.vstoxi-: (OMiinx wicai.tii. 131 
 
 taken prisoners. Tin- mm were eut to pieces by swords ami bayonets, and tlie 
 engagement is known in Anieriean bi.story as the Paoli Mas-acre. 
 
 (ieneral Howe then, the r^ad being i)])en, toiik possession of tlie city, and 
 the r5ritish fla.g waved in trinniph over the capital of the I'nited C"(]loiiies. The 
 entry into the city wa- led by a bndy of tn"ips under the comni.and of I.(n-d 
 Cornwallis. on the morning of .September 2')th. .\ coniiiany of lii;ht dragoons 
 was at the head of the column, and they were foil, .wed by llrilish and Ile.s- 
 sian grenadier>. and a detachmeiU of artillery. The lle-sian. "yellow legs." 
 nniler "( )ld Kny])," as the Hessian ( ieneral. Kn\i)hansen, was called, with 
 their brass caps and tierce musiache>, created a fc-eling of terror in tlu- hearts 
 of the citizens. As the troops advanced the bands played "( iod save the King," 
 and the Tiirv ladies, standing at the windnw-, on the baleonie- and do^r steps, 
 wa\ed with their handkerchiefs a hearty welcome to the incoming troops. 
 "Thev looked well — clean and well clad," wrc'te Deborah I-ogan. ";tnd the con- 
 trast between them and our own jxjor. barefooted, ragged lroop> \va> very 
 great and caused a feeling of despair." Several days prior to the capture of 
 tlie citv. the roads were filled with wagons carrying furniture and bmisehoM 
 articles of every description. .Xccording to a census made by (ieneral llowe. 
 after his entry, five hundred and ninet\ dwellings and two hundred and forty 
 stores were empty, the occupants and owners having tied. There were still 
 open, however, for business, in the neighborhood of one hundred and sixteen 
 stores. Manv of the men having fled, the population was made up chietly of 
 women and children. The chimes of Christ Church were hurriedly remo\H-d 
 to a place <>f safety, as was the State [louse bell, as we have already staled. 
 Congress hastih adjourned to hold its sessions in Lancaster. subse(pientl\- i)i 
 York, and at last in ]^)altimore. In order to restore a municipal coiUrol. Joseph 
 Gallowav was appointed b\ I ieneral liowe. Superintendent of I'nlice. The 
 night watch was increased, and no one was permitted to go abroad between 
 tattoo in the evening and the reveille in the morning, unless he carrii'd a lan- 
 tern. An exception was made as to doctors wb.o were called n|)on snddeid\ 
 to attend their patients. Recruiting stations were ojienetl, and every imluce- 
 ment was made for enlistments. "All intreind. able-bodied heroes," the proc- 
 lamation read, "who ;ire willing to serve his majest). King ( leori^e the Third 
 in defence c)f their country, laws and constitution against the arbitrary usur- 
 pations of a tyrannical Congress, have now not only an c)|)portunity of m.ani testing 
 their spirit b_\' assisting in reducing their too-long deluded cnuuti-yuK'n, but 
 also of ac(|uiring the polite accomplishments of a soldier, by serciug only two 
 years, or during the ])resent rebellion in America. .Such spirited fellows who 
 are willing to engage will be rewarded at the end of the war, besides their I.ui- 
 rcls, with fifty acres of land where every gallant hero may retire' to enjo\ his 
 bottle and lass, luich volunteer will receive as a bounty I'ive Dollars besides 
 arms, clothing, and accoutrements and every other requisite proper to accom- 
 pany a gentleman soldier, by apjjlyiug to Lieutenant-Colonel .\llen. or at Ca[)- 
 tain Kearne\ 's rendezvous, at Patrick Toiu'\'s. three doors above .M.arket street 
 in Second street." 
 
 .\inong the annising incidents of the War. was the celebrated occurrence 
 called "The I'.allle nf the Kegs." ( )n the seventh of jaiuiary, 1 77S. a ninnber 
 
13-2 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 of barrels charged with gun powiler, and so arranged that thev were exploded 
 by a spring lock when coming in contact with any liard substance, were con- 
 structed at Bordentown. New Jersey, and floated down the Delaware with the 
 purpose of destroying the llritisli shipping, but it so happened about this time 
 
 tliat the I'.ritish. fearing the closing of the river by ice, moved their vessels 
 and anchored them closer to the shore, thus taking them out of the current. 
 If it had not been for this, there might have been reall\- great destruction of 
 propertv. The l)arrels were suljnierged Ijcneath the surface of the water, ami 
 were supported by a buoy, and a^ they came iloating down the stream, the 
 British opened fire until every cliip that appeared upon the waves was sub- 
 
\\AK\\'U'K"s KICYSTO.NE COM MOX WKALT I] . 133 
 
 jected to a furious fusillade. 'I'lic crrw nf a liarsc in attempting to lift up 
 one of the kegs, caused au exjilosion of the ])o\viler, and t'our men were killed 
 and a number of others were wounded. All sorts of rumors were in the air 
 as to the contents of the barrels, some peo|)le in their imagination, helievnig 
 that they concealed armeil rebels, ])osilively asserted that they saw baxonels 
 protruding through the bung-holes, 'i'he tiring did not cease until after the 
 last barrel tl(_iatt'd by, and when the citizens saw that no serious damage would 
 be done, the\ foiuid much amusement in ridiculing the ISritish officers and sol- 
 diers who h;ul >hown e\ery si^n of fear while the attack continued. 
 
 During the winter of iJJJ-iJJ^. Washington held his army in winter 
 quarters at \'alle\- Forge. It was a season of lunistial severity, and while the 
 Continental troo|)s "naked and starx'ing" were dying of putrid fever on the 
 frozen hillsides i.if N'alley I'orge. Howe and his otticers were living luxuriously 
 in Philadelphia. The fortunes of the Americans at this time were at a low (.hb. 
 Cabal and intrigue raised their heads and plotted against the C'onunainler-in- 
 Chief. Congress, utterlv inefficient, had depreciated to a jiar with the worth- 
 less currency the\- had issued. Despair and despondency sei/.etl the hearts of 
 the people. The future seemed not to have one ray of hope, but it was the 
 fortitude and resolution of Washington, and the courage and patient endur- 
 ance of his troops that kept alivt- the patriotism of the country. It was at 
 Valley Forge that the crucial test was made, it was at \'alley Forge that the 
 cause of Liberty was trituniihant. As those shivering, starving men gathered 
 about their bivouac fires, they kept alive the spirit that was ullimatcl\' to tri- 
 umph. 
 
 No one can predict what the result of the I\evolution would have been 
 without the resolute courage of Washington and the endurance of the Amer- 
 ican troops in that desolate camp that cheerless winter. How great is the delit 
 of gratitude we owe those men who sufl'ered against odds, who sustained the 
 burden and strife and won the cause ! Hungry, f(jot-sore. and heart-weary, 
 they bravely, heroicalh', constantly bore the burden of the contlict waged for 
 liberty. The hist(_>ry of their deeds is written in tears and blood. .Ml are at 
 rest, many sleeping where the\- fell, others in obscure and nameless graves, but 
 the epitaphs of all are enshrined in the hearts (if their ever grateful country- 
 men. O, what do we owe as a people to those bra\e men, those heroes in rags, 
 at times almost naked, meaidy sup])lied with food, often without shelter or 
 protection from the cold blasts of winter and the burning suns of summer, who 
 steadfastly and determinedly battled for freedom and opened a career for our 
 national .glory? Can we ever jiay our debt to those men who in all ages have 
 made a noble stand for liberty? Not so much do we owe to .\ngelo who 
 chisel.s the marble into life, nor to Raphael who breathes his spirit into the canvas, 
 nor to the architect who conceives the designs that are put into form and as- 
 sume the beautiful proiwrtions of the tem[)le, nor to the poet who recounts in epic 
 song and living numbers the heroic and pompous deeds of kings and captains, as to 
 those men who in all ages, with dauntless spirit, fought on every field where lib- 
 erty and her cause made battle, who suffered on the march, in the contlict. before 
 the tribunal, in the dungeon and at the stake, with no ho|)e of earthly .glory. These 
 men fought not for personal ambition, but for the rights of man and the freedom 
 
134 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM M0.\ WEALTH. 
 
 of the human race. These were the conimnn suldiers. the unknown jnartyrs wlio 
 fought from a .sense of ihity and who never e.xpected ti i reach fame, glory, the 
 laurel, mir a tlirone. They were that great army of men whei are not honored with 
 epitaphs and monuments, whose names d" nut live in song and story, btit who 
 composed the hosts that made civilization ]!ossil)le, whose hearts, "pregnant with 
 celestial fire" bore patiently the heat and burden of the day, and who opened great 
 eras for liberty, for art and for letler> from Marathon to I^exington, from Athens 
 to Florence, frdm F'ericles to l-'.lizaljeth. from Augustus to I^eo. 
 
 The Battle of Saratoga, which is classed among the fifteen battles that 
 have had a lasting infiuence on the world's history, secured for us the aid of 
 France. ( )n b'ebruary fi. 177S, ISenjamin Franklin, then om- Minister at 
 Paris, succeeded in obtaining a treaty by which tlie French King pledged him- 
 self to furnish men. ships and money for the further prosecution of the war 
 against Iingland. 
 
 ^^'hile the British occupied I'hiladelphia, they maile the conditions of life 
 as ga\' and as agreeable for themselves as possible. The officers gave dinners 
 at the various Inns, and silent much of their time lolling in the Coffee Houses 
 when thev were not engaged at the gaming tables, shaking dice, or indulging 
 in the amusements of the cock-pit. Balls were given weekly at the City Tav- 
 ern, and from time to time, theatrical exhiliitions. Major John Andre, who 
 afterwards, liy order of Washington, was shot as a spy. took a great interest in 
 the dramatic entertainments, and amused himself b\- [jreparing the stage settings, 
 painting the scenery, and occasionally taking part in the performances. Phila- 
 delphia was a garrison town. Her streets were lilled with soldiers, municipal 
 improvements virtually stopped, the streets were torn up into deep ruts made 
 by the wheels of the army wagons and the heavy artillery. E'.cn the churches 
 were used for military purposes, in some instances for stables. So easv and 
 rollicking was the life of the English officers and soldiers while in possession 
 of the cit\ that it was said the British looked upon the war as a capital joke. 
 The Whigs, or the i^atriotic citizens, suffered every indignity at the hands of 
 the troops, but the Tories were jubilant and given every protection. 
 
 General Howe had fallen into di>re|)ute at home, and the British govern- 
 ment decided to supplant him liy the ap])oiutment of .^ir Henr\- Clinton. The 
 retirement of Blowe from the command of the British army gave an occasion 
 for the celebration of a grand festival. Although as a commander he had 
 been slothful, he had endeare(f himself to both officers and soldiers. In their 
 ease and enjo\'ments they had almost forgcitten that they were warriors and. 
 no doubt, were glad to be relieved from the burdens of war and active cam- 
 paigning. The Home (iovernment was of the o])inion that the body of ragged 
 provincials, shivering and starving at X'alley I'orge, should have been sur- 
 rounded and destroyed long liefore this and an end put to the war. 
 
 Before the departure of Howe and after the arriwd of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 a grand pageant was held such as had never been seen before in the new 
 world. It was called the "Meschianza," a word in Italian, meaning a medley. 
 It was on Mav eighth that General Clinton arrived and took charge of the 
 troops, but it was not tmtil the twenty-fourth of that mouth that Howe took 
 his departure. 
 
WAkW UK S KKVSTOXI-: CO.M.MOXWEAI.TTT. 135 
 
 Tlu' eiitertainiiKiit tiKik place nii May eighteenth. Its first feature was a 
 grand regatta on the ri\er. lloats. gaily decorated, furnisju-d with hands ol 
 nnisic, carrie<l the llritish dtficers and their ladies. I'ljon reaching Market 
 street, the grand tlotilla st^ppt'd fur review, while the hands plaxed .and the 
 people sang, "(lod sa\-e the King." .'>nuth of the cit\. on a line with l'"ifth 
 street, was located the Whartim MaIr^ion. It was surrounded hy he.intiful 
 trees, was called '■Walnut ( irow." and was one of the ninsf pretenti(lll^ ,-ind 
 connnodious houses in the city. Ilere was lield a tilt or innrn.uuent. ".acconl- 
 ing to the customs and ordinances of ancient chivalry." < Ireal hudies of troop- 
 iu handsome nnifurins, were fornietl in military array, and surrnunded the heau- 
 tiful and spacious lawn. .\11 the h.anils of the armv were hrought intn recpii- 
 sition, were massed and placed under the halon of one director. Triumphal 
 arches were erected, while amphitheatres on all sides, decorated with flowers, 
 bunting and flags pro\iiled >eats for the spectators. .Seven hnrsemen, called 
 the Knights of the lllended Rose, and seven called the Knights nf the Piurning 
 Mountain, at the dro|>|:)ing of the glove, charged and shivered their s|)e;irs as 
 cavaliers of old, in the presence of their fair ladies. The fourteen ladies of the 
 fourteen knights were chosen for their beauty and accomplishiuents, and the 
 gallant knights fought in maintenance of their challenge that their ladies ex- 
 celled all others for beauty, grace and \irtue. ^'oung black slave■^, in ( )i-ieutal 
 dress, accompanied the knights, and held their stirrups while the\ mmuited. 
 while on each side of each knighl was an escpiire, one bearing his lanct- and the 
 other his .-.hield. It was so beaut fnl and inspiring a scene that it would h.ave 
 created envy e\'en in the heart of the ISlack Prince, or Richard Coenr de I. ion. 
 All the knights, ex])ert horsemen, were clad in full armor after the manner of 
 the (lavs "When Knighthood was in Flower." Seven of them rode grey horses 
 and the other seven black. The stee<ls were chosen for their beaut>' and sjnrit 
 and were all handsonieh- cajjarisoned. .A group of heralds and trnmi)eters an- 
 nounced the opening of the contlict, and at once the knights rode at each other 
 at full gallop, shivered their lances, discharged their pistols, ami ended the 
 combat with drawn swords. It wa^ a beautifu' and imposing scene, most 
 spectacular and seemed even niore th.an mere mimic warfare. .\t the height of 
 the sham battle, .a field m.arshal gave a signal to retire, declaring that the fair 
 damsels of the lllended Rose and the llurning .Mountain were satislied that 
 their respective knights were beyond ;dl other men Ijrave and valiant. .After 
 this great pageant there was a couinnngling within the walls of the mansion 
 of all the invited guests. Candles were lighted and dancing began which lastt'd 
 until daylight, wdiile refreshments were served at intervals. 
 
 It was a gala night for the I'.rilish officers and the Tory belles of the city. 
 but it only intensified the patriotic ardor of the loyal .\mericans throughout all 
 the colonies. Majfir .Andre said it was the most splendid entertainment ever 
 given by an army to their gener.al. lie may have been right in this, but on 
 the other hand, there could not have lieeu anything more ill-timed, for it 
 onlv marked in deeper contract the sufl'erings of the .American troops. 1 lowe 
 had done nothing to merit such a fete. The triumphal arches erected could 
 not have been dedicated to him because of anv signal victories In- had won on 
 the field of battle. There were no tattered standards captured from the enemy 
 
13'' Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 to show his powers as a conmiaiider. and tlie whole thing was incongruous, 
 out of time and out of ]>lace. and nut onlv provoked the resentment of the 
 Whigs, but induced the contempt and the ridicule of the British themselves. 
 An old artilleryman, being asked what was the diiiference between the Knights 
 of the Burning ^Mountain and the Knights of the Blended Rose, said, that the 
 former were tomfools and the latter d d fools. The Tories, men and wo- 
 men, after the evacuation of the cit_\' by the P>riti.>h and even after the restora- 
 tion of peace, were never forgiven fur the [lart they took in the entertainment. 
 
 During the occupation nf the city the surrounding country was devastated 
 by raiding parties from Ixith armies. In fact, there was almost as much dam- 
 age done by the American troops as by the British, and the whole country 
 looked as if it had been laid waste by a swarm of locusts. Great trees were 
 felled and fences broken down for firewood. A number of handsome suburban 
 residences were destroyed by lire, as well as barns and stables. Farmers were 
 closely watched and summarily dealt with l_iy the Americans if they dared to 
 sell produce or provisions of any kind to the British troops. The necessaries 
 of life rose to the highest prices. Hay was sold by the pound, and a bushel of salt 
 cost from £15 to £20. Pork and meats of all kind were worth their weight 
 in gold. Flour rcise to the price of £6 a cwt., sugar to 2s. 6d. a pound, chickens 
 sold for IDS. each, potatoes for i6s. a bushel. The distress among the poor was 
 appalling. They had no gold n.jr silver and the paper money that was in cir- 
 culation was at this time all but worthless. Allen McLane, a dashing cavalry 
 officer, commanded a troop of American Horse, and kept the country side in 
 fear. It was worth a farmer's life to attempt to supply the city with provisions. 
 On the other hand. Colonel Simcoe was at the head of a body of British troops 
 called the Queen's Rangers, and he constantly sallied out to forage the neigh- 
 borhood and make reprisals wherever tliev could be found, or to indulge in a 
 skirmish with McLane's troops. 
 
 The suffering endured by the American prisoners is beyond the power of 
 description. They were huddled together in the State House and in the Wal- 
 nut Street prison, and at times received scarcel_\- food enough to sustain life. 
 During the winter season they did not have even straw to sleep on and were 
 without fires or blankets. The windows were without panes of glass, and thus 
 the inmates were exposed to the cold and inclemency of the weather. Many 
 died from sheer exhaustion. Some of them, made insane by their hunger, 
 gnawed at pieces of bark and wood and even attempted to eat clay. The suf- 
 ferings in all conscience were hard enough to bear, but besides this they were 
 subjected to the cruel treatment of brutal keepers. 
 
 It is hard to believe the stories told of the treatment of the prisoners in 
 the Walnut Street jail at the hands of a brutal man named Cunningham. Me 
 seemed to take special delight in upsetting dishes of food, which were being 
 served, then to see the poor famished prisoners scrape it up from the floors 
 with their naked hands. Thev were driven to such extremities that in order 
 to satisfy the cravings of hunger, the\' were compelled to powder the rotten 
 wood of an old pump, mi.x it up with the vile scrapings fmm the floors and 
 walls and then boil the whole mass in a put of water. For hours at a time 
 they would watch the holes in the Iniildings to capture the rats which they 
 
WAKWICKS KKVS'IONK COM MO.N WKALT 1 1 . I 37 
 
 skinned and ale raw. In the lun;^- dreary nis^hts in winter, tliey hnddled to- 
 gether in tile C(.)rners nt" the room tn kee]) warm and when death at lens^th 
 came ti> their rehef, they were thrown into pits in W'asliington S(|nare without 
 any mark of identitieation. 
 
 Shortly after the capture of the city hy the llritish. wlien the Americans 
 were at Whitemarsh jnsl before the\ retired to X'ahey h'or.tje. the llritish ile- 
 cided to make a foray and stiddenly surprise the American troops. When the 
 British officers were in coiisiihatinn in the iioiise of i.ydia Darra.^h, wltere they 
 were quartered, making arrangements for the attack, she overht-ard their i)kins 
 by putting her ear at the door of the chamber where ihey were consulting. 
 Having heard frnm their own lips the details of their [ilans she retired (|uietlv 
 to her room until the officers had gone to bed. Some of them it is ^;lid even 
 knocked on her door on the wa\ to their bedchambers, but she made no reply 
 and feigned sleep. .After all was quiet in the house, she arose, dressed herself, 
 sought the headquarters of General Howe, and induced him to give her a pass 
 through the lines on the ground that she was in dire need of tlour and could 
 secure it from a friendly neighlmr if allowed to |)ass the pickets. She started 
 out into the night with an empty >ack, and when l)eyond the Jlritish oiitjwsts she 
 met an American officer to whom she confided her secret, who, it is saiti, con- 
 veyed at once the information to ( ieneral Washington. .^ome consider the 
 story a fabrication, a mere legend, and further to detract frnm her glor\ it 
 is stated that W'ashington already had information from anollu'r snurce anil 
 had made preparations to resist the attack. I'.e this as it may, there is much 
 foundation for truth in the incident, an<l if she did make an etTort to conve\ 
 this news to the Connnander-in-(_'hief of the -American troo])s, she is worllu of 
 all praise and honor. 
 
 The story finds some corroboration in a note made by b'.Iias J'., ludinot, in 
 his journal, which states that while on the outskirts of the city he dincil in ;ui 
 Inn at Rising Sun, that while here an old woman came in and stated that she 
 desired to go into the country to buy a sack of tlour; that just before leaving 
 she handed him "a dirty old needle book" which after she left he found con- 
 tained in one of the pockets, "rolled up in the form of a i)i|)e shank" a |)it-ce of 
 paper containing information of Howe's contemplated attack, and that lloiidinol 
 immediately conveyed that information to Washington. It is fairly reason- 
 able to snp]x>se that this was Lydia Darragh. There is further corroboration 
 that on the night of December fourth, fifteen thousand troops marched out of 
 Philadelphia bent on making an attack somewhere, Itiit after advancing towards 
 the American lines they simply recomioitered, engaged in a few skirmishes and 
 returned to their quarters. 
 
 It was about this time that in the ranks of the .\merican army were car- 
 ried for the first lime the stars and stripes, llet.sy Ross, residing in ;i small 
 house which is now at 2,59 .\rch street, is said to have been engaged by Wash- 
 ington and some members of Congress to make the first flag that should be 
 known distinctively as the American colors. Doctor ( )berhollzer, in his inter- 
 esting and exhaustive "History of Philadelphia" says, "There are no more 
 definite claims for anybody in this behalf, and as the distinction manifestlv be- 
 
130 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMOXVVEAI.rH. 
 
 longs to some one, Betsy Ross seems likely to hold the jilace to which she has 
 been so long assigned." 
 
 Although the British had their "Meschianza" in I'hiladelphia, the Ameri- 
 cans were not without a season of festivity, when they celeljrated the alliance 
 with France in May, 1778, at \'alley Forge. The French treaty raised high 
 hopes of the Americans and gave them new inspirations and the event was 
 celebrated by a review of the troops and the discharge of cannon. They did 
 not present the military appearance of the British, their clothes were tattered 
 and turn, many (if them were barefooted and clothed in different styles of uni- 
 form. Their arms were covered with rust, and many of the guns were without 
 bayonets, indeed, manv of them were simplv fowling pieces, fit onl\- for the 
 sports of the field rather than for a war like campaign. Tin boxes and cow 
 horns were their ]iowder pouches. Fven the officers wore coats of every cokir 
 and make, liaron Steuben says he saw officers ;U a grand |)ara(le at \alley 
 Forge mounting guard in a sort of dressing gown, made from an old blanket 
 or woollen bed cover. 
 
 As the warmer weather ailvanced there was much rejuicing ;unong the 
 Whigs, because of the rumor that the British contem|)lated an evacuation of 
 the citv. The British commander, in view of the fact that an alliance had been 
 made with France, and for fear that a French fleet woukl suddenly appear in 
 the harbor of Xew ^'ork, deci<le(l to make a hm-ried departure. Preparations 
 were made and at last tents were struck, some tro(i|)s being sent to Xew York by 
 transports, wdiile others were carried over the river to Xew Jerse\' to march 
 across the countr}-. The army of l_'linton. at this time, consisted of about sev- 
 enteen thousand sobliers, and the\ were accomjianied by three thousand Tories 
 who feareil that if they remained behind, their lives would be in danger upon 
 the return of the American truojis. Before noon, on the eighteenth of June, 
 the rear guaril nf the llritish Army disappeared, and i'hiladelphia was for all 
 time relieved frnm their presence. The patriotic Whigs who had suddenly 
 f^ed from the enem\. came back to reclaim their own. Watson, in his "An- 
 nals," quoting from the diar\- of a young lady. says, of the date June 19, 177^*: 
 "We have astonishing news that the British have reallv left Philadelphia. This 
 is delightful. ( )ur army is now about six miles oft', on their march to the Jer- 
 seys. I now think of nothing but returning to the city after an exile of twenty 
 months," and in Jul\- she further writes, "It has now pleased kind Heaven to 
 restore us to oiu' home in safety. Al}" heart danced and my eyes sparkled at 
 the news. The very noise and rattle of the city were as music to my senses, 
 so glad was I to be again at liome." The Tory newspapers, immediately upon 
 the evacuation suspended publication or else changed their sympathies, while 
 the WHiig journals set up their presses and at once issued editions. 
 
 But what a sight was presented to the eyes of the returning patriots. The 
 streets were filth)', c-nu]) litter had accunndated in every direction, the houses 
 where the troops had ipiartered had iieen deprived of their doors and windows, 
 and even the floors were torn up to furnish fuel for the fires. Furniture, cloth- 
 ing, bedding and household articles of every description were destroyed. The 
 State House wa> >o filthy tliat Congress was obliged to hold its sessions in 
 auMther building, while the \ard in the rear, where the artiller\' had been 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTOXE COM MON WKALTH. 139 
 
 parked, presented the a|)pearancc of a plouofhed field. "The dirt, stench, filtli 
 and flies in and about the city," says L'hristopher Marshall, "were hardly cred- 
 ible." In the surrounding- country districts, the fields were lying in fallow, 
 great forests had been cut down, and the orchards were destroyed and trees 
 stripped of their bark as well as their fruit. 
 
 The heat of the summer was intense, there was not a breath of air, and 
 the transports in the Delaware cnpl slowly down the river towards the bay, 
 depending more on the tide than the wind, hut their troubles were nothing as 
 compared with the hardships >utrered by the llritish troo[:is in iheir march 
 through Jersey. The sun beat down upon their heads ])itile.ssly and the sand 
 under their feet was burning hot, and many of the men in iheir winter uni- 
 forms, were borne down under the weight of their heavy knapsacks and fell 
 exhausted by the roadside. They were pestered almost to death by swarms of 
 fleas, gnats and mosquitoes, and the farmers shot down the unfortunate lag- 
 gards and stragglers. 
 
 Washington, believing this was his opportunity, followed the retreating 
 British, and brought them to an engagement at AIoinn(_iuth, on June 28th, 
 1778. This battle would have been a signal victory had it not been for the 
 defection of General Charles Lee. As it was, the British forces were glad to 
 escape and hasten their march to New York. This was the last battle of import- 
 ance that was fought on northern soil, for the war was now transferred to the 
 south. A .British expedition attacked and captured Savannah. Georgia, in De- 
 cember, 1778. 
 
 In the sunnner and anlunin of that year, the massacre at Wyoming oc- 
 curred, and the most atrocious cruelties were perpetrated by ferocious savages, 
 under tlu' leadershi[) of their chiefs and Tory captains. 
 
 In I77(), in the north, there seemed to be a lull in the conflict, both armies 
 standing at ba_\ . but operatii.m-. in the south were continued under the leader- 
 ship of Cornwallis. 
 
 In September, 1780, ISeneilict .\rnold. the trusted and confidential friend 
 of Washington, turned traitor, .\fter the evacuation of Philadelphia by the 
 British, Arnold had been put in charge of the city. He was a brave soldier, 
 and fought with gallantry at the Battle of .Saratoga, and was seriously wounded 
 in that engagement. In fact, there was as much credit given to him for ihe 
 winning of the fi.ght as to General Gates, his superior officer and the (din- 
 mander-in-Chief. Arnold was a haughty and an ambitious man. and apparently 
 did not care to win ix)pular esteem, and his conduct, while in charge of the 
 city of Philadelphia, gave great ofifence to the citizens. Even his integrity was 
 assailed, and there was reason for this because of his manner of living. He 
 rode almost in state through the streets of the town, in his sumptuous coach. 
 and he lived on Market street in the house known as that of Richard Penn, 
 where he entertained extensively and extravagantly. He subsequently removed 
 to Mount Pleasant, on the brow of the Schuylkill, considered one of the finest 
 country seats in the colony. He openly visited the houses of the leading Tories, 
 and married I'eggy, the daughter of luKvard Shippen. .^-lo ostentatious was he 
 in liis style of living that he caused susi)icion in the minds of the people and 
 called down upon his head the condemn.ation of the whole comnnmity. ile 
 
140 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 was charged with having appropriated niunev comiiiitted to his care at the 
 tiiine he was put in charge of the city, and with hcing cimccrned in certain shady 
 commercial transactinns. 'J"he judgment of the people, perhaps, may have 
 been t("> severe, and he may have suffered unjustly under the general con- 
 demnation, hut that is no excuse fur his subseipient conduct. The abuse, hov^- 
 ever, no diiul)t. snared him and induced him for gold to attempt to betray his 
 countrv. Hi> treason has coupled his name with that of Judas Iscariot. For- 
 tunatelv. his ]iloi was discovered, and be was compelled to tke. He took refuge 
 on a liritish ship Iving in the Hudson, and ended bis days in London, an exile 
 and an outcast. 
 
 The winter of 1780 and 1781 was most severe, and the sutierings in the 
 
 .American camp at Alorristown 
 \\ere almost a^ great as those that 
 were endured at X'alley Forge. 
 Several victories in the south, how- 
 ever, cheered the nation and gave 
 the people fresh hope. Cornwallis 
 moved to Yorktown in July, 1781, 
 hoping to get relief by sea from 
 Xew York, but suddenly, to his 
 surprise, appeared a b'rench fleet of 
 warships in the harbor, under the 
 command (:if Count l)e (irasse, and 
 this cut oft his expectetl relief by 
 sea from Xew York. Washington, 
 on the Hudson, gave the llritish 
 y'omniander in Xew York every 
 reason to believe that he was mak- 
 ing preparations to attack him. hut 
 'uddenly, after having received 
 financial aid through the exertions 
 of Robert .Morris, be pushed his 
 army rajiidl\' across the country 
 to tile head of the Chesapeake 
 i'>a\, and then transi)orted tluni by water to ^'orktow n. With the iM-cnch ships 
 blockading the harbor, and the American troo]i.s assailing the fortifications. 
 Cornwallis was between two fires, and was at last compelled to capitulate, his 
 troops marching out of the town on ( )ctol)er i<). 1781, with l.)ands playing "The 
 World's L'pside Down." This victory \irtuall\ ended the war. but a final 
 treat\ of peace was not signed between ( ireat P.ritain and tin-- country until 
 
 1783- 
 
 The news of the surrender at Yorktown was hrouglit to Philaflelphia at 
 midnight bv a horseman, and the night watchmen were informed, and in their 
 r<iunds called out in the early hours of the morning the glad news that L'orn- 
 \vallis was taken. 
 
 liKNI-.llU r Ak.nui.u. 
 
CHAPTKR XI II. 
 
 CONDITION OF THE CllA' AI-ll'.K W ir 1 11 )K AW Al. nv Till-; IIKIIISII TKOOl'S. Slia'K 
 CKRAKI) AI'PDINTKII FI<KN( II MI\I>TKK Id I H I-. rXITICD STATF.S AND WANMI.V 
 WEI.KIMKU IN THIS (HA. l-l IKT \VII..Sn.\ RKH. FRKNCII TROOPS IWDKR T H K 
 
 (.(iM.M.vM) 111- ror.NT III-: r(h ii a.\i i:i;Ar pass iiiR(iri;ii iiii-; (Iia'. sruRi-.x- 
 
 DKR (IF (.(IRWV.MJ.IS AT V( IR KT( l\V .\ . I'.RITISll \F,SSI-:l. "■niK OKNKRAI. MO.VK" 
 
 CAi'TruBU p.v josiiix i;ai;ma ami iiRoronT to this ( ity. trkah of pkait-: 
 
 IN 1783. (.(INVFN I KIN MKI.IS IN .\IA^. I 787. IN THIS ( I M' Id FRA.MF. A XIvW 
 CONSTITUTION. AllOPTION (IF IIUC C ( INSTITL'TION. PH 1 1. Al IKI.I' 1 1 I A MAOF I II K 
 SKAT OF THE N.VTIONAI. (RJVER N .\l KN T. \V AS 1 1 1 N( iTON IS I N Al'i T'R A I I 1 1 PRF.SI- 
 DENT. TAKES UP HIS RESIDENCE IN IHIS CIIV, SU RR( lU NDEII l!V SI.Xl E. HIS 
 CHARACTER. HIS INKEUENtT'l. HIS WlSDll.M. HIS UNSEI-FISH .VMr.lTK.N. 
 HIS ST.\TE RECEPTIONS. VICI'.- PRFSII ii:N I AllAMS ARRUFS IN I 1 1 F I IIA' ANU 
 ALSO THOMAS JEFFERSON. KI'.NIA.MIN FRANKLIN. IIFATII iH- FRANKLIN. 
 PO.ST OFFICE EST.\P.LISI1F|I. PlirSPURl ; 1 1 ANU ITS ORIIWTH. STi:.\M NAVIliA- 
 TION. 
 
 Al-TKR tlK' evacuatidii nf I 'liilailcl|iliia. that i-ity \va> iki Idii.ucr tlu- 
 -tiirni ci_-nti\' df tlic l\cvdlulidii in >d far as warlike d|i(.-ratidns were 
 Cdncenied. It was reckdiie.l that the damage ddiie Id private pmi)- 
 ertv ami piililie prd]ierl>' liv the llritish during their .iccn]iaiu'v reached 
 nearly two hundred thdiisand pdunds. a ver\ large sum df mduev at that 
 peridd. 
 
 The Wdiigs iidw turned their attenti'in, with a vindietive spirit to harry 
 the Tories, and they hegan a system df in(|uisition and diipressidii. When the 
 British retired fmm the eity the dt'tieer- advised the d'ories whd remained 
 behind to make the hest terms pussihle with their enemies fur, df e.uirse, they 
 could expect no assistance nnw frum their l'.riti>h friends. ' 'aths dl allegi- 
 ance were recpiired to he taken, ami iho^e whd refn>ed were m man\ cases 
 attainted of treason, while tines, imprixiuments and fdrfeitnre- were imposed 
 in every direction, .\ list df traiturs wa^ pnhlished, which Cdutained the names 
 of some of the most distinguished citizens, as well a> men df all clas>e^ and dl 
 every occupation. Spies and deserters were hanged or shot on the Cdmnidus 
 and it became a daily recreation for the people to turn dut en masse to witness 
 the executions. Crowds of men and boys marched thrdiigh the streets foUdW- 
 ing the condemned to the .scaffold. In some instances the prismiers passeil 
 through the citv seated upon their coffins in carts, with mpes around their 
 necks. It was a day of general reckoning and retribution. The (jnakers, too, 
 came under investigation. They would not take the oath df allegiance udi- 
 would they directly nor indirectly, aid the cause of the folouies in their war 
 with the ^^other Coiuitr_\-, They maintained their views in the face of ])ersecu- 
 tion, but tliey were careful to make no disloyal utterances that might arouse 
 the anger of the mob or would subject them td prosecution al the bands of the 
 
 141 
 
14- WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 authorities. Chief Justice McKeaii held court even (hirinsj the sunitner months 
 to hear testimony against the traitors. .\ grand entertainment was given at 
 the City Tavern by a committee of patriotic citizens and care was taken to 
 see tliat no invitations were sent to the belles who had ]ilayed a part in the 
 pageant of the "Meschianza." 
 
 In the summer of 1778, ."^ieur ( lerard. the first of the I'rench Ministers to 
 the United States, arrived in the cit\ . 1 le was given a heart\- public recep- 
 tiim. and the people turned out in great crowds to welcome and to do honor to 
 the representative of that state that liad so materially aided the colonies in 
 their war for independence. Shortl_\- after his arrival the l)irthda\' of the 
 French King, Louis X\'I., was celebrated and the Members of Congress called 
 in a body to congratidate the Minister upim that auspicious occasion. To show 
 how deeply the patriots drank to the health of the King, we may state that at 
 a banquet given in the City Tavern at which two hundred and seventy gentle- 
 men sat down, five hundred and twenty-two bottles of Madiera, about two 
 bottles to each guest, — one hundred and sixteen large bowls of punch, nine 
 large bowls of toddy, si.x large bowls of sangaree and twenty-four bottles of 
 Port were consumed. Xor did the managers of the feast forget to provide 
 for the artillerists who fired the salutes, for they were furnisheil with t\v<i tubs 
 of grog and it is reasonable to suppose, judging from the quantit\- of wine 
 drunk at the banquet table, that the tubs that held the liqiKir fur the soldiers 
 were by no means small. Cierard was succeeded the following year bv a new 
 Minister, M. de la Luzerne, and the drinking and the feasting continued, ban- 
 quet after banquet, night after night. While this revelry and dissipation went 
 on, the armies were suffering for the bare necessaries of life, at times having 
 nothing to eat but a crust of bread. These things gave deep concern and anx- 
 iety to the minds of Washington and his Generals and in strong terms they 
 expressed their disapprobation of the luxury and extravagance indulged in at 
 these entertainments. The soldiers in the field munching their hard tack be- 
 came discontented when they heard of these sumptuous feasts. The people, 
 too, were restless. Paper money was worthless, there was no gold nor silver 
 in circulation and the prices for necessaries had risen to exorbitant figures. 
 
 In October, 1770, the 'i^irt Wilson" riot occurred. Wilson resided in a 
 large brick house at the corner of Walnut and Third streets. He had de- 
 fended a number of Tories in the treason trials, and was suspected by the peo- 
 ple of being disloyal to the .\nierican cause. .\ mob of men, dragging with 
 theim two i)ieces of cannon, started out to attack \\'ilson"s house. Hearing of 
 their coming, he gathered about him a few friends and was determined to 
 stand in defence of his home. The crinvd, however, armed with crow bars 
 and sledge hammers broke open the doors and a skirmish took place upon the 
 staircase. The authorities aroused to action disjiersed the mob. by charging 
 with a body of horse after one man in the house had been killed and three 
 wounded. 
 
 Prices for the necessaries of life rose as rapidly as the paper mi_)ney de- 
 clined in value. Although it was at par in 1777. in 1781 it had become utterly 
 worthless. A witty old gentleman. qu(ned by Watson, declared a fast trotting 
 liorse could not keep pace with it. A connnon workman would amuse a 
 
WARWITK S KEYSTONE COM M OX WEAI .T 11 . I43 
 
 turnup of frii-iids by liolitino- his pipr with a ten (loh.ir un\^■. Watson stalc> 
 that a >tiilh-.| I'addy was suspcncU'd in I'hiladclphia whnllv c.ivcrrd with bills 
 of various dL'iiominations while a barber papered the walls of his sho]) with 
 tlie worthless notes <ir ">hiii pla^ters" as the\ were ealled. 
 
 In jannary .if 17S1, Colonel Allen AlcLane purchased of W. Xicoll. a 
 tradesman, a innnber of articles, anioni; which were a pair of boots, for which he 
 |)ai<l in |)ai)er money S'kk), in addition he bought 0;'4 yards of calico, at .S'^t a yard, 
 $752: f) yards of chintz, at $150 a \ard, $<)oo ; 4,'j yards of Morine at $100 a 
 yard, $450.50: 4 handkerchiefs at $100 each, $400: 8 yards of (|nalit\- binding 
 at $4 per yard, $^2: 1 skein of silk $10. These articles inchiding the boots 
 reached a total of $3,144.50 in paper money. The same bill conld have been 
 settled for less than £20 Sterlins;'. 
 
 At this time. l''rench troo|)s nnder the conim.and of CVnnit de lv'>ciiaml)ean, 
 passed through the city on the way to join the army of Washington in \'ir- 
 ginia. Dressofl in their gay and brilliant mii forms bearing their silk flags and 
 marching with the stejjs of trained soldiers, the\ were in marked contrast to 
 the shabby appearance of the American troop>. and their coming excited the 
 wildest enthusiasm. When the news of the capture of Vorktowii reacheil the 
 city there was a general ilhiminatioii. and for some time a season of merry- 
 inaking, and the winter of 1781 and 1782 was one of the most brilliant the city 
 had ever seen. Minister Luzerne's house was the centre of attraction anil the 
 French officers and their wives for a time came to the city and entered with 
 spirit into all the entertainments. Washington, too. accompanied In his wife, 
 came to Philadelphia in Xovember. and of course was welcomed with the 
 greatest acclaim. The surrender of t/ornwallis seemed to be accepted as the 
 conclusion of the war, although it was two years before a peace treaty was 
 si,gned at Paris. A sort of desultory warfare was carried on, but there was no 
 great and energetic campaign wa.ged. .A notable naval engagement, however, 
 took place in 1782, in the Delaware. A i'.ritish war vessel called the "(ieneral 
 Monk" had given great annoyance and trouljle to the shipping of this ])ort. 
 She guarded the approaches to the cit\. and it was with difficulty that an\ trad- 
 ing vessel cotild safely reach the harbor or dejiart from it. It was di-cided 
 by a number of business men, at a secret meetin.g, to rtt out a vessel of sut'tT 
 cient tonnage and capacity to give battle to the liritisb brig, and if possible, to 
 capture her. A vessel e(|nipped for the purpose was placed under the command 
 of Captain Joshua Pjarney. lie was fiu-nished with a crew of one liundreil and 
 ten experienced sailors. His vessel, which had bein christened the "llyder 
 AH" passed down the river with all .-.ails set, disguised as a merchantman, lie 
 was accompanied by several vessels wdiich he was to convoy to the .-aiies. in 
 order that tliey might safely reach the o])en sea. When in the Pay, he saw 
 a brig that was pointing her prow in his direction and had cleared her decks for 
 action. He ordered the vessels in his convo\ to turn about and proceed up the 
 Bay to the mouth of the river, but while going about, one of them, called the 
 "Charming Sally," ran aground, and the vessel which proveil to be the "(ieneral 
 Monk" at once bore down upon her and o]iene<l tire. I'>arne\- w'aited for his 
 opportunity, however, and when he came up to the "(Ieneral .Monk" he poured 
 a lieavv broadside into her. and so territic was the tire that in half an lu>ur the 
 
J44 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 British flag was lowered and the "Monk" was a prize to be carried back to the 
 port of Philadelphia. The "General Monk" lost twenty men killed and tliirtv- 
 three wounded, while Harney's loss was only four men killed and eleven wounded. 
 When he rcxle into the harbor of Philadelphia bringing- his prize the whole 
 citv went wild with excitement, and he received a vote of thanks and a sword 
 from the .^tate Pegislature. 
 
 The war now was fast drawing to a close and commissioners were arrang- 
 ing the terms of settlement. 
 
 The signing of the treat}- of peace at Paris in 1783, recognized the Repub- 
 lic and secured its independence. The cessation of hostilities with the Mother 
 L'onntry ditl not end the troubles of the coliinies. The articles of confedera- 
 tion, as a tie to Ijind, were as "a rope (if ^and" and had no power to keep intact 
 the Union that was so essential to the integrity of the Nation. During the war 
 the States had been held together by a common danger. They were united in 
 a contest against a common foe, but now that they were loosened from obliga- 
 tions to each other, and the imminent peril had passed away there were signs 
 in every direction oi disintegration. Each State, jealous of its soverei.gnty, 
 was loath to relinquish it or vest anv portion of it in a central government. 
 Congress, under the .Articles of Confederation, had no power to levy taxes, 
 to collect revenue, to enforce its decrees nor to e.xercise any legislative func- 
 tion in opposition to the wishes of the States. In every direction the political 
 atmosphere was filled with a discordant note, and it did look as if the Union 
 that had accomplished so much for the liberty and independence of the people 
 was about to be dissolved. The government was without money, and what 
 was worse, without credit. The sn-ialler .States feared the influence of the 
 larger, and the latter feared the power of each other. Many of the leading 
 men, however, with a clear vision as they looked out into the future, recognized 
 the fact that if the colonies did not form a perpetual union the very liberty and 
 independence they had secured by the loss of so much blood and treasure would 
 be in jeopard v. The question on all sides was whether there was to be one or 
 thirteen Nations, one Republic, or thirteen separate and distinct States. 
 
 Congress was unable to provide back pay for the soldiers, and the latter, 
 in some (piarters, evinced a spirit of mutiny. -\ body of troops came from 
 Lancaster to make a demand. They were com[)arativel\ a mere handful of 
 men, but they were determined and for the time being terrorized the city as 
 well as Con.gress. The men were finally j)ersuaded. under promises, to return 
 to their barracks, but they issued forth again in increased numbers and in- 
 sisted upon an immediate compliai-ice with their demands. Washington, in this 
 juncture, being called ui)on for assistance, sent fifteei-i hundred Continental 
 troops to subdue the nuitineers. and fortunately they were soon brought under 
 subjection. Some of the ring leaders were publicly whipped, and two were 
 sentenced to be shot, but on the eve of execution they were pardoned. 
 
 Congress having shown its utter incapacil\ to meet conditions, a convention, 
 consisting of fifty-five men-ibers assembled in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to 
 frame a new Constitution. Washington was chosen to preside over their delib- 
 erations. 'I'he Convention held secret sessions for four months. The debates 
 were storm v and at times it seemed an impossil)ility to agree upon a plan or to 
 
Warwick's ki:vsto.\k commonwkaltii. 145 
 
 effect a conipmniisc that would mret with ihe apprnval nf the delegates, sn di- 
 verse were the\ in their views and so jealons of their sovereitjjiity. 
 
 The (|iiestion of the representation of States in Congress gave the utmost 
 concern to the smaller States, for if it was hased on population, the larger States 
 would necessaril\ have a controlling inllnence in legislation. 'J'o halance this 
 matter it was decide.! that thert' -.hould he an upper chaniher called the Senate, 
 which should he composed of two representatives from each Slate, thus giving, 
 in the upper chaniher. the s;()nie reiirescntation to the smaller States as was 
 given to the larger. The question, too, whether or not slaves should he coni- 
 [Hited, as a part of the ]iopulation, arose, and after much discussion, it was 
 finally agreed that three fifths of the slaves should he ciunted. .-dthough, of 
 courst-. the\ were neither represented nor taxed. Fortunately, there was a 
 spirit of Compromise among the delegates, and if it had not been for the domi- 
 nating desire to etTect a I'nion, the C'(in\>-ntion wouhl not have been able to 
 reach any result. 
 
 The i)ro])osed form of governiuent was adopted on September 17th, signed 
 bv all the members of the convention and an adjournment took place at once, 
 and the delegates returned ti_> their home.^ to render an account of their stew- 
 ardship. The men who had exerted the greatest inrinence in framing the Con- 
 stitution were \\'ashington. Hamilton, Wilson and James Madison. 
 
 The Convention had been in continuous executive session an.l the people 
 had not been made in any wise familiar with the features of the new form of 
 government. au<l when it was submitted ])uljlicly it necessarily called forth a 
 storm of censure and even abuse. The .\titi Federalists who opposed a cen- 
 tralization of government, claimed to find in it a retin-n to monarchical condi- 
 tions, that the national government exerted a dominating influence and that if 
 the .States adopted the instrument it would mean a loss of the libert\ (if the 
 people. It was contended that the instrument showed the handiwork of such 
 political craftsmen as Hamilton, Morris and Madison, three of the leaders of 
 Federalism. Blatant demagogues ajipealed to the people and argued that the 
 Constitution, if passed in its then jiresent form would lie the death knell of 
 Democracv. The Constitution, however, was suljmitted to the \iites of the sev- 
 eral States, and after it had been adopted by a majority of the same, it became 
 the fundamental law (jf the land. 
 
 The Constitution radically changed the form of the existing government. 
 Under the Articles of Confederation there had liceu but one body in whom both 
 legislative and executive fimcti.ins were lodged. There had been no executive 
 head, and the powers of govenmient were not well distributed. Cuder the new 
 Constitution there would be a President, whose dut\- it was to see that the laws 
 were executed, two bodies of Congress, an ujiper and a lower chamber, acting 
 as a balance upon each other, in whom were lodged all legislative power ex- 
 press or imi)lied under the Constitution, and a Supreme Court, to decide all 
 questions that arose tmder the Constitution in relations to the powers oi the 
 National (iovernment. The framers of the Constitution were wise beyond 
 their day and generation, an<l |)erhaps tliey themselves did not appreciate to its 
 full meaning the words of the Preamble, which read. "We. the i)eoplc of the 
 United Stales, in order lo form a more perfect union, do ordain and establish 
 
146 Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 this Constitution. " 'i'lifsc words. "We. the people." distinjjuished the Ejovern- 
 tiient as a government of the people, not a government formed by a cluster 
 of States in their sovereign capacities, but a nation of people separate and dis- 
 tinct from the States considered as sovereign powers. It fortunately formed a 
 government of this Federalistic character without encroaching upon the rights 
 of the States or interfering with their local afifairs. 
 
 In this city, when the vote was taken for the election of delegates to the 
 Convention called to ratify the Constitution, the Federalists were overwhelmingly 
 triumphant. Their five delegates were James Wilson, Thomas McKean, Ben- 
 jamin Rush, Ceorge Latimer and Hilary Baker. Though Benjamin Franklin 
 had signed the Constitution, he was the leading candidate on the Republican or 
 anti-Federalist ticket. He led in the vote of his party, but was not successful 
 at the election. The Convention of State delegates, consisting of sixty-nine 
 members, met on December twelfth to pass upon the question of adoption and 
 the Federalists polled forty-six votes as against twenty-three by their oppo- 
 nents and the result was received with great acclaim by the people. Guns 
 were fired, "the chiniers chimed the chimes." and the bells in all the steeples 
 rang out merrily. Xew Jersey's ratification came on the next day, December 
 thirteenth. Delaware had been the first to ratify on Deceiiilier seventh. Georgia 
 followed on the second of January, 1788, Connecticut on January ninth, Mas- 
 sachusetts on February sixth. Alaryland on April twenty-sixth. South Carolina 
 on May twenty-third, Xew Hampshire on June twenty-first, an<l as this last 
 State had the honor of being the ninth in the matter of adoption, the Constitu- 
 tion became effective. \"irginia, Xew \'ork, Xorth Carolina and Rhode Is- 
 land followed in the order named, and "At last," exclaimed John .Adams, in a 
 happy phrase, "the thirteen clocks all struck together." 
 
 In Philadelphia, when X'ew Hampshire's vote was made known, the people 
 set about preparing a pageant in honor of the event. There were floats and 
 vessels borne upon wheels, among which was the Federal ship "Union," built 
 of wood taken from a liarge which had Ijecn on John Paul Jones's ship in his 
 engagement with the "Serapis." All the military and civic societies turned 
 out to take |)art in the procession. The meniliers of the bar, the clergy, Pro- 
 testant, Catholic anil Jewish, walked arm in arm, students of the College of 
 Physicians, of the University, of the Episcopal Academy and other schools were 
 led by their professors and tutors. All the trades were represented. Even the 
 farmers came into town to take part in the affair, and they were led by Richard 
 Willing, who, in a farmer's dress, drove a plow which was drawn by four oxen. 
 The length of the line was one mile and a half, and at least five thousand per- 
 sons marched in the (irocession. It was a celebration that did honor to the 
 glorious event of the adoption of the Constitution, the greatest instrument of 
 its kind and the best model of government ever set up and ilevised b\ tlie wit 
 and wisdom of man. 
 
 Washington, as was to be expected, was the unanimous choice for Presi- 
 dent. At this time Xew York was the seat of the Xational Government, and 
 it was there that he was to be inaugurated. The day set for the occasion was 
 .March fourth, 1789, at which time the new Constitution went into operation, 
 but the ceremony was delayed until April thirtieth. By an act of Congress. Phil- 
 
WARW U K S KICVSTONK COM MON WllAl.TII. I47 
 
 arlelphia was made tlu- capital nt tlu' iiatiim trnni [ji^o to icSofi, and in this last 
 vear the seat of t^ovcrninent was in-rnianciUh li>i'ated at the cit\' i>f \\ ashin_sj- 
 ton, on land g;iveii for thai |)uri)iis(.' hy the States nt N'irs^inia and Maryland. 
 Washington, on his way to X'ew N'nrk to he inaii.mirated, jjassed thri>n,L;li i'hila- 
 delphia, and was ^iveii the heartiest uelciniie as the newl\-elected I'resident. 
 He remained in New N'ork until August ihirty-lirst, i7<;o, when he retired to 
 Mount \'ernon, for a shnrt vaeatinn prior to the meeting of Congress in I'hila- 
 delphia, which was ti> take place in December, lie reached this cit\- in Xovem- 
 her. and occupied a dwelling on the siuith side of Market street helow Sixth, 
 wdiich had recently been the home of Robert Morris. It was surrounded by 
 lofty old trees and set in the midst of a large garden, which was enclosed by a 
 liigh wall. 'There were stables and carriage houses in the rear of the lot, 
 where the President kept a lunnber of well bred X'irginia horses, a cream-col- 
 ored coach, in which he was driven about, a chariot and <ither vehicles for 
 ordinary use. It was the cream colored coach that gave such offence to many 
 of his democratic fellow-citizens, because it seemed to be too aristocratic in its 
 features. In fact, it is a grave question whether such pomp and state as was 
 assumed by \\'ashington would have been permitted in any other person, but 
 he was so deeply set in the respect and affections of the jieople. and the confi- 
 dence thev had in hi> integ"rit\- and purposes was so finuly established that he 
 could do that which no other person would dare to attempt. \Mien he went 
 to Congress to delixer his messa.ge, which he read in person, it was in a coach 
 drawn by six white horses, although hi^ house was only distant about a s(piare 
 from the chamber where Congress luet. ( )ii these occasions he \va> i)receded 
 by wanil-liearers, and upon his entrance into the Hall, all the metubers arose 
 and remained standing until he took his seat. In riding through the cit\. he 
 was always accompanied with footmen and postillions. 
 
 An eye witness, cited by \\'atson in his ".\mi;ils,'" who saw Washington 
 ride in state, sa\s. in referring to his coach. "It was cream colored, globular 
 in its shape and capacious within, ornamented in the French st\le with Cupids 
 surmounting festoons ami wreaths of llowers. emiilematically arranged along 
 the panels. Tt was drawn sometimes b\ four, but in C(_)mmon by two, elegant 
 Virginia bays, with long switch tails and Npleiidid harness and driven by a 
 (ierman, tall and nniscul.ar, wearing ;i cockeil hat. >i|iiare to the front. >eem- 
 ingly in imitation of his princi|ial. hut turned a iittU' b;ick upon his long cue, 
 and presenting to the memor\ a hgure not unlike the one of b'rederick of 
 Prussia upon the sign in Race street. He exhibited ,in important air and evi- 
 dently was proud of his charge." 
 
 The same witness further says th;it "on Stinila\ mornings, at the gate of 
 Christ Church the api)earance of this coach .awaiting the breaking up of the 
 services never failed in drawing a crowd of persons, eager, when Washington 
 came forth, inr another view, and stamping with their feet in frei'/ing weather 
 upon the p.avenieiUs to keep warm the while. The indistinct sound of thi- \ ol- 
 untary upon the organ within was no sooner ln'ard by them than the press 
 became formidable considering the place and the daw During the slr)w move- 
 ment of the dense crowd of worshippers issuing from the open door, and the 
 increased volutne of sound from the organ, it was not necessarv for the stranger 
 
'4''^ Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 visiting the city ami straining liis vision t<. hclidhl the (.cneral for the first 
 time, to inquire of his jostlcij neio-hbr>r. "Which is he?" His noble height 
 and commanding air, his person enveloped in what was not very common in 
 those days, a rich blue Spanish cloak, faced with red silk velvet, thrown over 
 the left shoulder, his easy, unconstrained movement, his inimitable expres- 
 sion of countenance * * * '■■ his gentle bendings of the neck to the right 
 and to the left" charmed the silent crowd of spectators who gently fell back 
 on each side as he approached. 
 
 The same witness also states that "One day in summer, passing up Mar- 
 ket street, he was struck with the novel spectacle of this splendid coach with 
 six elegant bays attached, jjostillions and outrider in liverv, in waiting at the 
 President's door * * * * jiresently the door opened, when Washington 
 in a suit of dark velvet of the old cut, silver or steel hilted small sword at 
 left side, hair full powdered, black silk hose and bag, accompanied by 'Lady 
 Washington," also in full dress, appeared standing upon the marble step.s — 
 presenting her his hand be led her down to the coach with the ease and grace 
 peculiar to him in everything. Having also handed in a young lady, the door 
 clapped to, l^ritz, the coachman, gave a rustling flourish with his lash, which 
 produced a plunging motion in the leading horses reined in bv the postillions 
 and striking flashes of fire between their heels and tlie pebbles beneath, while 
 
 "Crack went the whip, round went the wheels. 
 As though High street were mad." 
 
 His journey to .Mount \ernon was a procession in itself. He rode in a 
 coach driven four-in-hand and a valet led a saddle horse for his own use if he 
 grew tired of occupying the carriage. But few men had an easier or more 
 graceful seat in the saddle. Horn and reared in the countr\ . he had from his 
 early years been devoted to field sports and was considered the best horseman 
 of his day. There was not in all X'irginia a finer cross countr\- rider. Uefore 
 entering the carriage or taking the saddle, his secretaries, who rode on horse- 
 back, stood at the heads of their steeds, holding them by the bridle until he 
 was seated, then they would mount, gallop ahead and lead the cortege. 
 
 He held weekly receptions in the dining hall, a large and spacious room on the 
 first floor of his home, and here were to be found in attendance upon the levees, 
 members of the leading riuladclpliia families, officers of the Cabinet, foreign 
 diplomats, senators, representatives, lawyers, doctors, and distinguished men 
 of all classes. These gatherings made up a lirilliant assemblage and thev were 
 recognized as the social feature of the cit\'. L'])on these occasions he was gen- 
 erally attired in a black velvet coat, short breeches of the same material, silk 
 stockings and low shoes. He wore yellow gloves, silver knee and shoe buckles, 
 and carried at his side a long sword, with a polished steel hilt. His hair was 
 powdered and gathered behind in a large silk bag. His cockeil hat. adorned 
 with a black feather, he carried gracefully under his arm. He never shook 
 hands with his visitors, but recognized each one with a polite bow. bending 
 forward gracefuUw and yet his manner was kindly and not at all re])ellent. 
 "He was serious and reflecting." and in the language of Charles liiddle. "he 
 
WARWICK S KI-;^STONE CU M MOX WEAI.T 1 1 . 
 
 149 
 
 was a most elegant fimire, with so imich ili^nity of nianiu-r tliat no person 
 wliale\rr could lake an\- liberties with liini." 1 lis eountenaiire "ne\er wore a 
 frown or a smile," and there is no instance recorded of his haviiii; in(inliL;ed in 
 a heart\- langh nor in the telling of ;i story. If there was one featni'c of liis 
 character that stood ont in bold relief it was his serenit\, his dignified coni- 
 
 iiii tiiiM !■ 
 
 posure. Although natnrally irritable in temper he had so calint'd and con- 
 trolled it by resolution that In- selduui gave \va\ to liis wrath. Twice, hnw- 
 cvcr, his anger broke o\er ;dl botmds, once at the llattle of .M. nnnouth, when 
 enraged at Lee's retreat, and .again at a t_'abinel meeting, when he was chafing 
 under the scnrrihjus and libelous attacks nf the infamous "( ia/ette." It was 
 fortunate for the colonies that a man with the prudence, the resolution, the 
 judgment, the ])atriotism and the iutegritx of Wa-^hington could be fonud to 
 lead their armies. It wa> even m.ire fortunate for the l\eptd)lic that such a 
 
I^O WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 man was found to inaugurate her government. His ambition was measured 
 bv bis country's good. No crown tempted him, and tyranny was to him a 
 stranger. He seems to have been raised up for the safety of his people and his 
 country. He was the one man of Iiis time especially fitted for the task assigned 
 liim. .\mong all his contemporaries — and it was a day of great men — there 
 was not one who could have filled his place. He was not showy, but sound. 
 He did not dazzle with a flash, but illumined with a steady light. He did not 
 promise, but realized. He did not boastfully predict, but modestly and patiently 
 achieved success. He trusted in Divine Providence, but madly followed no 
 star of destinv. In the darkest hour his .soul was not dismayed. When defeat 
 overwhelmed, he still hoped. \Mien the timid quailed he stood undaunted. 
 He was great because his aspirations were noble; because of liis integrity and 
 devotion to truth ; because he appreciated the responsibility of duty : because of 
 his sense of exact justice, and because of his sincere and intense love of coun- 
 try. His motives were pure and his ideals lofty. He sank all consideration 
 of self in his desire to discharge hi> duty to (iod, to his country, and to his fel- 
 low-man. There have l)een more acute minds, keener intellects, but few men 
 have possessed sounder judgment. He reached conclusions .slowly, but by 
 safe methods. He was a good listener, and lie could weigh with accuracy the 
 suggestions of others, and his judgment enabled him to select the best. So 
 great were the qualities of his mind that the strongest leaned on him with 
 confidence, and the bravest were inspireil to enthusiasm, "rian the battle," 
 cried Mad Anthony, "and I'll capiure hell!" 
 
 His intluence, iiis wisdom guided tlie Republic safely through the early 
 vears of her life, and left her so tirmly established, with her course for the 
 future not only in domiestic but foreign policies so clearly defined, that our 
 safetv is assured only when we travel the paths marked out by him. Time 
 will see great changes. The selfish ambition of man for power will bring 
 havoc and war, governments will dissolve, and new States will arise, despots 
 will rule and dynasties pass away, revolutions will shake thrones, and Anarchy 
 will raise her hideous form, erect barricades and create confusion, but in al! 
 future ages the great figure of Washington in its grandeur of proportions will 
 rise above the world's tumult and destruction, pointing the way to liberty and 
 to law. His intluence will grow as the years increase and his example will 
 live directing and controlling the actions of man and the course of nations 
 yet unborn. Once his sword as a victorious soldier and afterwards his power 
 as a successful magistrate he surrendered willingly into the hands of his coun- 
 trymen. In the face of his life oppressors and usurpers have no defense nor 
 excuse to make for their wicked assumption and exercise of arbitrary power. 
 Selfish and perst)nal ambition will ever be taught a lesson and rebuked by his 
 
 exam|)le. 
 
 ,\ pocket (late l)o.ik. owned by Washington, and in the jjossession of the 
 Hunter family of \'irginia. shows a human .side of a great man's life. It is a 
 little old volume, liound in flexible leather, containing about one hundred pages 
 of rough ]iaper, between the pages of which there is a well used blotter. It 
 coiuains a number of cash memorandums and was begun on the 25th of March, 
 1-74. Among the items may be foun.l the foll,.wing: "To cash won at cards 
 
WARWU K S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. I5I 
 
 £2 -.',." ( )n Mar. _'5tli. is uriticn "Credit Colonel Mason by eash paid /acli 
 llond, putting I'ewN in my 1 'e\\ at I'lihick, 10 shillings." 
 
 In balaneing aceounts on .Mar. Jwtli il appears that he had "Cash nn hand 
 £291:8:0": in .gold, £_^5:3:ci in depreciated dollars, in "[listoieens," in "cut- 
 hitts," and in paper ni<.)ne\'. 1 )n the sanie da\' Washington made a]i entr\' of the 
 purchase of four horses, anionj; them a sorrel mare with white mane and tail, 
 the a.ggregate amount was :Llioui iSo l^hoiI \alue. I'here were many iivins 
 .showing amounts he hail <;i\en lo ch:irit\ and his mother was not for^olten in 
 the distriliutiouN made. Then follnwril an entr\ ahout the middle of the month, 
 "To cash won at cards {1." .\ few tla\s .afterwards the "( hil) al .Mrs. (',ini]i- 
 hell's got 5 shillings" and a munlar of gciUlemen with whom he played won 
 15 shillings. .\nother enlr\ show w th.it lie spent "4 shillings ,at the chdi at 
 Southall's." Another entry shows that he lost at cards /i:i8. lie more than 
 evened up his losses, howi'ver. In sul)>e(|uentl\ wimiing £2:11). and at another 
 sitting £1:10. Then on jime 4th he lo>t ,^ shillings, Richard I'harllon's clnh. 
 These losses were foll.iwed In wimiing on other dates £i2:0 and £1:10. It 
 will be seen by these items that although he was not a "plunger" at the gaming 
 table he had no prejudice against playing for a wager. 
 
 ( )n June 15th he paid £1 and (1 shillings for a pair of black silk ho^e. 1 
 shilling and >> pence for a pair of garters which he states he bought for .Mr. 
 Cu.stis, and running through the accounts we find that he i)aid "Cash for cakes 
 at the election. 13:3," and the ne.xt day he paid William .Shaw on account of ex- 
 lienses incident to the election £3:17:10. 
 
 \'ice-President .\dams, u|)on his arrix'al in this cit\- to assume the duties of 
 his office, occupied as his residence the old Hamilton house on I'.ush I Id! and 
 it wa.s not long before, folknving the e-\am])le of his chief, he began to hold 
 stated receptions. They became famous for their Xew hatgland hospitalitx' 
 but were not as stately in form and as precise in eti(piette as tho^e given al 
 the Washington Mansion. 
 
 Upon the establishment <.if the national ca])ital in I'hiladelphia, the cit\ 
 became the social and political centre of the country. .Members <ii the t'abinet 
 and officials of the departments took tip their aliode here. Thoina> letTer.--on, 
 the Secretary of the State, wa> a born democrat. He was the very antithesis 
 of Washington. He did not make the ostentatious display of the President. 
 He did not drive in a great coach with cupids painted on the panels, witli liv- 
 eried outriders and with wanil bearers preceding his e(iui|)age. He li\ed com 
 fortal>ly and frugalK- on Market strt'el. near .Seventh. .\le\ander I lamilloii, 
 the Secretary of the Treasury, took up his abode at the sonihea^l corner of 
 Third and Walnut >treets : Henry Knox, Secretary of War, on his arrival, 
 leased a house at Second near Dock street, later he moved to Chestnut street, 
 and .\ttorne\ -( leneral Randolph refilled in \iiie strtx't. 
 
 Renjamin h^ranklin, who had retired from active participation in ]niblic 
 affairs, wa> now adxanced in life, and !i\ed in a hoii.^e located in a CiJitrt yard 
 .some distance from .Market street on the south >ide between Tiiird ;ind I-"ourth 
 streets. He had grown to be a "shcn-t, fat trundled" old man, dressed in a 
 plain Quaker garb. I le was bald and the few locks he hail rem:uning weiH' 
 white and were brushed back .and ftdl over his shoulders. Ingenious to the 
 
152 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOX WEALTH . 
 
 last he had invented a "great armchair with rockers and a large fan placed 
 over it" which while he was reading or dozing not only kept him cool but also 
 drt)ve away the flies, which in those days, from all accnimts. were found in 
 every house in incredible numbers and might truthfully be termed a summer 
 pest. He had made a contrivance with an arm attached by which he could 
 bring down a book from a top shelf of bis library thus avoiding the use of a 
 step ladder. Ilis residence was the Mecca fur visiting strangers from abroad, 
 for he had a reputation in two worlds. ( )n April 17th, 1 700, the old man after 
 an active and useful life, died at the ripe age of 85 and was buried in the 
 Chri'>t I'burch burying ground at Fifth and Arch streets. 1)\ the side nf his wife 
 Deborah, who had died in 1774. The funeral procession was most impressive, the 
 pallbearers were (iovernor Mifflin. Chief Justice McKean, Thomas Willing, 
 Mayor I'owell, William liingham and David Rittenhouse. The clergy of all 
 denominations. Christian and Jewish, marched in line together with judges, 
 members of the bar, faculty and students of the College of Philadelphia and 
 members of the Philosophical Society and the C'ullege of Physicians. The bells 
 were muffled and tolled during the period he was carried to the grave, and 
 minute guns were tired at intervals. A marble slab rests ujion his grave, bear- 
 ing the simple inscription: 
 
 llenjamin and DeliDrah Franklin, 
 i7'K:>- 
 
 The folliiwing characteristic e])itaph had l)een prepared by himself but 
 was not inscril.)ed upon the stone that marks his grave: 
 
 THF r,( )DY 
 
 of 
 
 BENJAMIN FRAXKLIX, PRIXTFR, 
 
 (Like the cover of an cAd book. 
 
 Its contents torn out, 
 
 .\nd stripped of its lettering and gilding) 
 
 Lies here food for worms. 
 
 Yet the work itself shall not be lost. 
 
 For it will (as he believes) apiiear once more 
 
 In a new 
 
 And more beautiful edition 
 
 Corrected and amended 
 
 by 
 
 THF AITTH( )R. 
 
 There is U'llhing tliat mi unites ci immunities distant fmni each ntlier as 
 ease and speed of communicatinn, and from the earliest days in the history of 
 the Colonies there had l)een every effort made to establish a postal .service. As 
 early as 1683, William Penn established a Post Office, and granted to Henry 
 Waldy, of Tacony, authority tci hold one and "to supply passengers with horses 
 fn.m Pliilailelpliia to Newcastle, ov to the Falls." Post offices at an early date. 
 
WARWICK S KE'l'STONK Cl iNF M I iN W i; M . T 1 1 . I 5_^ 
 
 too. were ostahlishcd in New jrrscy, \'ir<;iiiia. Maryland and Ma.ssaclmsetts, 
 but the time seliedule wa-^ very uncertain. .Mudd\ rn.ads in the >uninier, and 
 snow .storms in the winter, delayed progress. In 1722. the "( ia.'etti'" sa\s. "We 
 have been the^e three days expectini;- the \ew ^'l^rk■ post as usual, hut he is not 
 yet arrived although three da\s o\er liis time."' In ij-'q there was a fortni<;ht 
 post between .\e\\ ^'ork and I 'liiladelphia. In iJ.t.v the delivery of letter^ 1)\ 
 the penny post was first !iei;nn. In 1753. ho\\(.'\er. the I 'ostmaster-* leneral, 
 Benjamin I'ranklin. annuiinced that hereafter the wintei- northern m.iil from 
 Philadelphia to .\'e\\ J".n.t;land wnuld start once a week all the \car around. In 
 1744, John Perkins en^a.^ed to ride ])ost haste to carr\ the mail once a week 
 to lialtimore and to take aloiij;- or lirini;- hack led horses, or an\- |)arcels. This 
 was the first time in the history of the counir\- that the Parcels I'ost was intio- 
 duced. These lines were .i^radually extended in every direction, and when the 
 Second Congress met in May. 1775, a committee was ai)pointed tn report a 
 scheme for a post "for conveying letters and intelligence throughout the f.'on- 
 tinent,'" and the Postmaster-General. located in I 'liiladelphia. was instructed 
 "to form a line of Posts from Falmoutli, Xew luigland. t(j Savannah, in (leor- 
 gia. with cross Posts where needful." There were rela\ s at a distance of twen- 
 ty-five miles apart. "The postmen were ti) travel by night and b\ day. and to 
 be faithful men and true." In \~~'\. the Post "was regulateil to arri\e and set 
 out twice a week at the ]ilace where Congress shall he sitting, and go as far 
 north as lloston in one direction, and as far south as Charleston in another." 
 In 17S5. during the |)eriod which we are considering. Pittsburgh was begin- 
 ning to assume some proportion--. It ha<I a population id' about four hundred 
 inhabitants, and the\- lived principally in log huts, but a post rider was sent 
 between Philadelphia and that town at regular intervals. In this same \ear of 
 1783. Philadelphia received the mails from Xew 'N'ork three times a week and 
 from I'.altiniore once a week, the stages set out daily from Xew York, starting 
 at four o'clock in the morning', stopping to take up jiassengers at the Inilian 
 King and Indian Oiieen Taverns. Passengers, barring accidents and neces- 
 sary delays were su])])osed to reach Xew "N'ork the following morning in tniie 
 for breakfast. .Although ])rogress was being made and di^tance^ shortened, 
 these were tardy methods at the best and if they had continued it is a grave 
 question whether the Republic would ever ha\e reached its ])resent dimensions. 
 In fact, it was contended that it would be impossible to admit to the Cnion 
 of States the far western Territories, for the representatiws to t'ongress W(.nlil 
 have to spend most (.)f their time on the road .going to and relnrning fruui the 
 sessions. 
 
 I'ut at tllis time there were men of inventive minds wIm were -oUing the 
 problems of locomotion by steam. jnhn I'ltcb was born in Connecticut, in 
 1743. lie was a man without education, but of inventive genius, and seems to 
 have been followed by misfortune from his very cradle. lie was an itinerant 
 clock repairer and traveled afoot through tlu' country regulating ihe old Co- 
 lonial time-pieces. He was a gun-sniilb and afterwards an arm\- sutler durin.g 
 the Revolutionary War. Then he followed land surveying in Kentucky, where 
 he was captured bv the ln<lians and for seven months was a ])risoni'r of war, 
 when he was exclianged and retnrnt-il to Pucks l.'onnt\' in ihis State. .\t this 
 
154 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEAETH. 
 
 point in his life he turned his attention to the construction of a steam eno-ine. 
 He was totallv without means, and sought assistance not only from Congress, 
 but from the State Legislatures. He sought the advice of Franklin, but he 
 does not seem to have received much encouragement from that Cjuarter. At 
 last he raised sufficient money to enable him to construct a vessel which he ex- 
 hibited on the Delaware in 1786. It was propelled by twelve oars, six on each 
 side — the idea of wheels had not occurred to his mind — it was a rude, primitive 
 sort of affair, as such beginnings are. but it proved that he had the proper prin- 
 ciple. Driven bv the steam engine, his craft proceeded up the Delaware against 
 wind and tide. Several members of the Constitutional Convention were in- 
 vited to take a trial trip in the little vessel, and although they marvelled greatly 
 at his ingenuity, they were not wise enough to appreciate its utility. Earnestly 
 and determinedly, however, he pushed his work, but so pinched was he for 
 moneN that he made but little progress. The machinery was not well constructed, 
 delays and accidents would happen, and many wise-acres ridiculed it as a toy, 
 without any feature of practical utility, lie went so far, however, as to estab- 
 lish rnniniu)iicati..n between IMiiladeliihia and Trenton Falls, but the enterprise 
 
 made no adequate financial returns, 
 and at last, overcome by disaster, mis- 
 fortune and disappointment, he took 
 his life by an excessive dose of ano- 
 dynes in the year 1798, in Kentucky. 
 In one of his journals, in a spirit of 
 ilespair, he entered this pathetic and 
 touching prediction and sentiment: 
 'The da\- will come when some more 
 intwerful man will get fame and riches 
 from my invention, but nobodv will 
 lielieve that p(^or John Fitch can do 
 anvthing worthv of attention." 
 
 James Rumsey and Oliver Evans were also turning their attention to the 
 problems of steam locomotion, not only on water but on land. It remained, 
 however, for Robert Fulton who at that time was a resident in Philadelphia, 
 whose house according to the Directory was located at the corner of Second 
 and \\'alnnt streets, and his vocation given as that of a miniature painter, to 
 impress the world with his later invention which had the advantage of being an 
 improvement over the prior primitive ones, and to him is given the honor of 
 being the first builder of a successful steamboat. 
 
 Fnini these humble beginnings has developed a system that has revolution- 
 ized the early methods of travel and transportation. The Constitution made 
 us a united people, while steam and electricity have been the means to bind us 
 more closely and to bring within easy communication the most distant parts 
 of our vast empire. Indeed, without their aid, the building of the empire itself 
 might not have been possible. The sailing vessel, the packhorse, the stage 
 coach, the Conestoga wagon have been supplanted as means of transportation 
 by the steamship and the locomotive. A letter that took days to reach its des- 
 tination can now be mailed in the morning and delivered before nightfall. 
 
 TUK FlHST STi:AAn:ilAT IlUn.T HV .Joiix FlTClI. 
 
Warwick's kknstoxe commonwealth. 155 
 
 The new Xatimial adniinistralinn started well on its career, and tuider the 
 guidance of Alexander llaniilton. .me of the alilest financiers this (ir any other 
 country ever pro<luce<l, provision was made at once for the raising of revenue. 
 He established the credit of the guvernnient by providing for the paynicnt of 
 the money due to I"" ranee that we hail borrowed during the Revolution and to 
 pav the debts we owed to the soldiers and to those citizens who had ni.ade 
 loans to the riovernnient during the war. The L'nited States Bank was cre- 
 ated in 1 71)1, and a .Mint was eslabli-hed at I 'hiladelphia in the following year. 
 Monev was soon |nu into circulation which liecanie the coin of the realm 
 and had a like piu'chasing value in all the States of the L'nion. In ijijo the 
 first census was taken, ami showed a poinilation in the whok- country of nearly 
 four millions, while that of Philadelphia was 42,500 and if including the out- 
 lying districts of Xorthern I,il)erties. Southwark. .\loyamen>ing and I'assyunk 
 45,000. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 STATES-GENERAL MEETS AT VERSAILLES. OPENIXG OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 
 CITIZEN GENET, MINISTER OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC REACtlBS THIS CITY. 
 FETED .\ND I!A .\OUETED. OFFENSIVE CO.NDUCT OF THE FRENCH MI.NLSTER 
 INDUCES HIS RECALL. PUP.LICATION OF "THE -VURORA." YELLOW FEVER VISI- 
 TATION. STEPHEN GIRARD SERVES AS NURSE IN THE HOSPIT.ALS. .A REIGN 
 OF TERROR IN FRANCE. INDIAN INSURRECTION. WAYNE's VICTORY AT THE 
 FALLS OF MI.\.MI. E.XPIRAITON OF \V ASHI.XtnON 's SECOND TER.M. JOHN 
 ADAMS ENTERS UPON HIS ADM I NISTRATIO.V. WASHINGTO.N TAKES HIS DE- 
 P.\RTURE FOR MOUNT VERNO.N. AMERICAN JIIXISTERS INSULTED BY FRENCH 
 AGE.NTS. WAR DECLARED BETWEEN FRANCE .\ND UNITED ST.^TES. WASH- 
 INGTO.N .M'POI.NTED COMM.\.\DER-IN-CHIE-F. RECURRENCE OF THE YELLOW 
 FEN'ER. DEATH OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 Al'iOL'T the time the new cjoveniment was being inaugurated in America, 
 the States-General met at \ ersailles in France. It was composed of 
 menil)ers chosen from the noliihty. the clerg}' and tlie common peo- 
 ple, the delegates of the latter order representing what was called 
 the third estate. L'nder the HourbDn regime, I'^rance had been reduced to a 
 conditiciii verging upon actual bankruiitcy, and an api^eal had to be made to the 
 King t(i call the 'iliree ( 'rders together to provide some method to meet the 
 payment of the current expenses of the government. The Bourlxin princes had 
 waged useless and expensive wars, and had impoverished the people by their 
 profli.gacy and extravagance. The brilliant and corrupt court, to maintain its 
 luxury, had im])osed so oppressive a ta.xation that the people had been reduced 
 to povert\- and starvation. For centuries these conditions had prevailed, every 
 year .going from bad to worse. The injustice and tyranny of the ruling classes 
 produced a revolution that was one of the most violent upheavals recorded in 
 the histor\' of governments among men. "The b'rench Re\'olution," said De 
 Tocqueville. "was least of all a fortuitoiH event. It is true that it took the 
 world by surprise and \et it was only the completion of travail most prolonged, 
 the sudden and violent termination of a work <m which generations had been 
 laboring." The Slates-(ieneral, unable to luring the orders to.gether, was trans- 
 formed into a National .\ssembly, composed of representatives of the third 
 estate, and a small number of the nobilit}' ami the clergy. The convention was 
 immediatelv organized and an oath taken by the members not to separate until 
 the\- had established a Constitution for bTance. They proceeded at once to 
 make rapid and sweeping changes. I'irst was issued a Declaration of Rights, 
 tlien followed among other things the abolition of all titles of ni)[iility, the con- 
 fiscation of Church propert\', the issuance of assicpiats and the funding of the 
 public debt. 
 
 'idle remembrance of the aid that France had given to us during the Revo- 
 lution created a sympatln in the hearts of our jieople for the effort she was 
 
 ISO 
 
WARWH k's kic\ stom-; r(iM mdn wkai.iii. 157 
 
 making in the cause of refdrni and lil)erty. When tlie I'.aslile, tliat hated (lini- 
 geon of agony and de>])air fell on |nl\ fourteenth, 1781). in Paris, tlie event was 
 celebrated in Philadelphia b\' the niarehing of hirge bodies of men and boys 
 through the streets, singing national airs, jlanquets were held and toasts were 
 drunk to I'rench success. In ( )ctober, a mob of I'^rench women, poiu'ed out of the 
 faubourgs of Paris, marched to \'er>ailles. and brought the King and (Juecn caj)- 
 tives to the city. The Revolution was fairl\- on, and proceeded rapidly, step after 
 step until it reached the period known as the Reign of Terror. The guillotine 
 was set up. and scenes were enacted that beggar description. Louis XVI. was 
 brought to trial, condemned and executed. 
 
 In the S])ring of 1793, Citizen Genet, the Minister of the French Republic, 
 reacbeil this city. He was received by the people with evtT\ demonstration of 
 jov, but Washington, who had been shocked by the news from the French capi- 
 tal, looked askance at the new ambassador, and quickly divined his motives. 
 Genet was a wild and an enthusiastic Republican, whose mind had been inflamed 
 bv the exciting scenes of the French Revolution, and he was about the last man 
 to entrust with the important ofhce of Ambassador. He acted without judg- 
 ment, at times without reason, he even went so far as to defy the President, 
 and would willingly have thrown the United States into a war with h'ngland, 
 for at that time Great liritain had joined the alliance against France. A mag- 
 nificent bancpiet was spread in his honor at Oeller's Hotel, at which Charles 
 Piddle |)resi(led. The flags of .\merica and France were closely entwined, 
 and the red cap of the Jacobins was used a■^ a decoration. Citizen Genet sang 
 with great effect the stirring hymn of the Marseillaise, whik' the diners joined 
 enthusiastically in the clMrus. i''.\-ery toast was (|natTed with lie:ikers of wine. 
 and anathemas were hinded upon the despots who endeavored to make the peo- 
 ple slaves. Reception after reception was given to the Ambassador, and at 
 one banquet, the head of a pi,g. typif\ing the decapitation of the I'rench King. 
 was passed around on a great salver, and as each guest put on the "bonnet 
 rouge" he thrust a knife into the throat of llie pig. at the same time exclaim- 
 ing the word "T\ranl" thn-~ exjires^ing hi■^ conlem]il fur l.oui- \\ 1. .\ \ast 
 majority of the people, carried a\\a\ by their enthusiasm, denoimced the .gov- 
 ernment for not taking an actixe part Ami expressing sympathy with b'rance in 
 the effort she was making to seciu'e her freedom. Washington, Adams, Ham- 
 ilton and a munlier of other leading conservativi.- nu'u, feared that if this ex- 
 citement was not halted, some overt act might be do)ie whicli would involve us 
 in international difficulties, and the President wisely declared for a policy of 
 strict neutrality. French jirivateers carried iheir iirizes into ,\merican waters. 
 "L'Amhuscade," a French vessel, brought the r.riti>h shi]) "Grange" into i)ort 
 and confiscated her cargo, (ienet was ordered immediately to surrender the 
 captured shij). but feeling strong in the sup|i'irl ni ihe peo]ile. refused tn com 
 ply with the demand and even went so far as to undertake to fit out in our 
 harbor, a privateer under the name of "La I'elite Hemocrate." 'I'here w.as nibb- 
 ing now left but to deman(l the instant recall of the I'rench Minister, and 
 Washington did this without delay, 'i'his action upon the part of tlie Presi- 
 dent, strange to say, met with the disa]>in-oval nf the vast majority of the peo- 
 ple. The spirit of the limes even entered into the ])rivate conferences of the 
 
158 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 Cabinet. Jefferson was a strong sympathizer with the revolutionists, and he 
 and Hamilton had many stormy disputes at the Cabinet meetings. About this 
 time the term of the President was expiring, and although Washington's luke- 
 warmness in the cause of France had created against him many enemies, it did 
 not prevent his unanimous re-election. < ienct was recalled by his government, 
 and sank immediateU- r)ut of sight. 
 
 In 1790, Franklin's grandson, lienjaniin Franklin F)ache. began the publi- 
 cation of a paper called "The (ieneral .\dvertiser," but which afterwards 
 changed its name to that of "The .\unira." Tliis paper was most savage in 
 its abuse of the President and his piilicies, and openly denounced him as a 
 Monarchist. But these attacks were tame as compared with those in the "Na- 
 tional Gazette," a paper edited by a Frenchman named Freneau who had been 
 requested to cume to this city and take charge of that journal at Jefferson's 
 express invitation. Jefferson soon saw that he could not with any decency 
 remain a member of the Cabinet and he sent in his rL-signation. 
 
 Notwithstanding the reports that came across the water from the French 
 Capital as to the cruel acts of the mob, the French fever did not subside, and 
 crowds marched through the streets of the city as savage in disposition as the 
 mol)s in Paris, wearing the tri-color cockade and the "bonnet rouge," singing 
 in chorus the "Marseillaise" and the wild strains of the "la ria," and at intervals 
 dancing the Carmagnole. The only feature lacking was the bearing aloft on a 
 pike the bloody head of an aristocrat. "Ten thousand people in the streets of 
 F'hiladelphia." wrote John Adams, "threatened to drag \^'ashington out of his 
 house and eft'ect a revolution, or comjiel the government to declare war in 
 favor of the French Revolution and against luigland." 
 
 Young women dressed in French costumes and affected French maimers, 
 while young men sat at tables on the pavements in frr.)nt of the Inns and Coffee 
 Houses, as at the caf(''S in Paris, sipping their wines and lifiueurs and address- 
 ing each other as Citizen So and So in accordance with the custom that pre- 
 vailed among the revolutionists in France. Some enthusiasts went so far as 
 to crop their hair at tlu- teni])les and wear it after the fashion of the Jacoljins 
 and the sansculottes. 
 
 While tliese scenes were at their full height, a yellow plague stalked 
 suddenly into the city, scattering broadcast the seeds of death and desolation. 
 It was so deadh" and devastating in its touch that it caused to subside at once 
 all political excitement. There had l)een many visitations of yellow fever in 
 the past, hut nothing as compared with the present epidemic. It was supposed 
 to have been brought into the ]Hirt 1)\ ships coming from the West Indies. 
 The city was ill\- prepared to recei\e it, for the sanitary regulations were very 
 imperfect, there being nothing but surface drain.age and no system of effec- 
 tive quarantine. Infected vessels came up the river without hindrance, while 
 sailors were allowed to go ashore without in^l)ection, and in consequence the 
 seeds of the disease were spread in every direction. The authorities at once 
 took means to stav the progress of the plague. The streets and out houses 
 were cleaned, and every stagnant pool wa- drained. The firing of guns and 
 heavv ordnance was ordered, the authorities believing that the concussion would 
 agitate the atmosphere and carry away the germs. Uon-fires were kindled in 
 
WAUWICK S KKVSTOXE COMMONWEALTH. I 59 
 
 the streets and they blazed by night and by day imtil thcv thrcafencd the citv 
 with a general conflagration. The custom of hand sliakiny \\a^ cli>iienseil with, 
 and no one thought of stopping on the higliway to con\-crse with a fricnil. 
 In every direction upon the streets were seen men whose noses and mouths 
 were covered with cloths or sponges saturated with camphor or some ]ningent 
 drug, while others had their ears and nostrils stuffed with wool or cotton. 
 Even smoking was indulged in by women, it being thought that the fumes of 
 tobacco would counteract the influence of the germs. Men walked in the mid- 
 dle of the streets to avoid contact with passers-by. and also to keep as far 
 away as possible from the doors of the houses in which patients were lying 
 and dying. All sorts of charms and amulets were worn, even to bits of tarred 
 rope, hut nothing couhl prevent the rapid spread of the disease. When the 
 plague was at its height, :men fell dead in the public streets and in some cases 
 their bodies remained there for a long while before the authorities could make 
 preparation for their removal. The undertakers were over-ta.xed and death 
 carts rumbled through the streeets by nig-ht and b\' day, as the victims were 
 carried to a common grave, for the funerals were without ceremony. All so- 
 cial entertainments, receptions and parties were abandoned and the atmosphere 
 was filled with a stench that was sickening in itself. The city seemed to be 
 covered with a pall. Shops, churches, schools and offices were closed, and 
 grass grew in many of the streets. Farmers were afraid to bring their pro- 
 duce to the markets, and provisions necessarily rose to a very high figure. So 
 terrifying was the attack of the ])lague that all people who were able to leave 
 the city, packed up their effects and departed. The roads were crowded with 
 coaches, carriages and wagons of every description hurrying away to places 
 of safety. There were two thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight houses 
 vacant in the city, the inmates having fled, and considerablv less than twenty- 
 five thousand people remained to face the dreadful pestilence. L)f course, the 
 reports carried out of the city were greatly exaggerated and in conset|uence, the 
 gates of other cities were closed against the refugees. .Vew York and Balti- 
 more placed soldiers on guard by night and bv day on the roads leading from 
 Philadelphia. Wilmington was one of the few towns that extended a heljMng 
 hand. One Jersey farmer who ventured to come to market, said the cilv 
 looked as yellow as the pumpkins in his patch, and as he passe<l an open do<ir 
 of a dwelling the stench issuing therefrom was so great as lo knock him down 
 sprawling on the pavement. The science of medicine w:is in a primitiw state, 
 and the disease baffled tlie skill of the best practitioners. Nurses could not be 
 found, and in many instances men, women and children died wiihout receiv- 
 ing the slightest care or attention, although be it said to the luMior of the medi- 
 cal profession, the doctors as a rule stood by their post, and this in tlie face 
 of the fact that parents abandoned their childri-n and children their parents. 
 When the fever was high, the disease was accomiianied by a black vomit, which 
 was a sure sign of approaching death. There were some noble instances of 
 self sacrifice, and a number of peo])le were brave enough to offer their services 
 as nurses in the hospitals. Inmates of the jail agreed to discharge this duty 
 provided they were given their freedom, and some of them performed efficient 
 service. The Ma\or. Matthew Clarkson, stood valiantly bv his dulv. 
 
i6o Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 A young Frenchman. Stephen Girard, who at this time was comparatively 
 nnkniiwn. and had a pni\-isi()n store in I'Vunl street, hecame a nurse, and at 
 the risk of his own hfe watched over the suffering and the dying in the house 
 of pestilence. It had been an oppressively hot, rainless summer, and the weather 
 had added to the virulence of the disease. .\s the autumn approached, how- 
 ever, the scourge began to abate and in November, ( iovern(.ir Alifflin issued a 
 proclamation appointing a day of thanksgiving and prayer. A feeling of con- 
 fidence was gradually restored, people returned to their homes, shops opened, 
 business was resumed and the city once uiorc assumed its did time appearance 
 and activity, .\pproximatelv five thousand had been swept away by the ter- 
 rible plague, or about twenty-two per cent, of all the people who had remained 
 in the city during its continuance. 
 
 Upon a return ti> normal conditions, the I'rench fever was revived. Marie 
 Antoinette, the ilethnined Queen of France, had gone to the scaffold in Octo- 
 ber, and her execution had been followed by that of the Girondins, but the 
 Reign of Terror had not vet reached its height, for a struggle was now on be- 
 tween the factions, which resulted in the execution one after the other of 
 Hebert, Danton and Robespierre. 
 
 During the Reign of Terror the gutters of Paris ran red with blood. The 
 guillotine was surrounded daih bv crowds who watched the executions of the 
 condemned without emotion. The tumbrils, filled with victims, were followed 
 on their way to the scatiold by hags and harridans who hurled their impreca- 
 tions against the aristocrats. So numerous were the executions that a special 
 sewer was constructed at the guillotine to carry away the blood of the victims. 
 These scenes were not confined alone to I'aris, for the massacres in some of 
 the cities such as I^vons. Toulon and Nantes were even worse in their details 
 than the execution^ in the Capital. Men, women and children were ranged in 
 platoons and raked with musketry and artillery. N'essels crowded with victims 
 were towed out into deep water and scuttled. Men boaste<l of their cruelty. 
 One creature strutted around with his pocket filled with ears, while another 
 wore as a badge in the band of his hat the finger of a little child. .\t the fall 
 of Toulon, Fouche, writing to a friend, ('ollet d'Herbois, exultantly said: 
 '"This night we send two hundred and thirteen rebels into hell fire. l\'ars run 
 down mv cheeks and fill ni}- soul with io\. " 
 
 Intoxicated with the strong wine of the Revolutit>n, men seemed tii be lost 
 to every sentiment of humanity. Perhaps these e\'ents in details did not reach 
 America, but information enough was received to show the savagery of the 
 Revoluti(inists. The people, however, were so imlnieil with a spirit of devo- 
 tion to France that these reports did not sober tliem. "When will the savages 
 be satiated with blood?" exclaimed John .\dams in despair. The news of every 
 French victorv was maile the occasion of a celebration and one of the favorite 
 toasts was, "Mav tvrants never be withheld from the guillotine's closest em- 
 braces." On the eleventh of June, "a grand festival" was held "to celebrate 
 the anniversarx of the abolition of despotism in b' ranee." The celebration was 
 one of the most remarkalile ever witnessed in Philadelphia, and lasted from 
 earlv morning until sunset, and even after that during the night crowds marched 
 through the citv in their wild frenzv singing the "Marseillaise. Minister Fau- 
 
WARWICK S KI-;\STO.\l'; lOM M(l.\ W i: \l. 111. 
 
 i6i 
 
 chet had succeeded (iunct, ami lir look a proininem part in tin- dcniuiistratinns, 
 arousing- the people to frenzy by his pa>^i(inatc a]>]ieals. 
 
 About this time dccnrred the Whiskey Rebellion in western i'eiHisvlvania, 
 to which We ha\e already referred in a ])revii)ns cha|iter. 
 
 The Indians were .liivinL; eonsiderahje tri)uble in the ()hii) valle\. and 
 General Wayne, one nf the must pci])nlar <iflicer> of the Revolution auii who 
 was appointed I oinmander-in-Lhief of tlie .\rni\ by \\'ashinL;ton, led an army 
 into that section and won a decisive \ictory in August, 1704, at the l-'alls ui 
 the -Miami. Wayne's reliu'n waN wel- 
 ci>med with e\er\ demonstration of 
 io\ and b\ the firing- of .L;nn^ and the 
 rint^iiiii of bells. 
 
 Friction iiad lieen created between 
 Enijland and America by the part we 
 had taken in the espousal of the 
 French cause, and Washington deem- 
 ed it of im|iortanee to send an Am- 
 bassador to the .I'.ritish I'ourl to have 
 an understandinLT and it possible to 
 efifect a treaty. John jay, a prominent 
 Federalist, who had l)een (.'hief Jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Lourt since its es- 
 tablishment, was chosen for tlu- mis- 
 sion. So unpo[)ular was his appoint- 
 ment that the i>eople gathered in the 
 public streets and i)urnt him in etfiyy. 
 The English had neglected to abandon 
 their forts in the valley of the f)hio 
 as they had agreed to do under the Ar- 
 ticles of Peace, and they had gi\en 
 comfort, aid and shelter to the Indi- 
 ans. Init since the signal defeat of the 
 savages at the hands of ( leiieral W";i\ne ci.mkm .\^llln^^ w^im. 
 
 the roarl was made comparatively 
 
 easy traveling to rti'ect a settlement with the llritish Court. When the terms 
 of the treaty, howex'i'r, wt're made known in rhiladel]5hia, in July. 1703. there 
 was at once a \iolein oulbnrsi .and |,i\ w.as again burnt in effigy, together with 
 a fac-simile copy of the \vvn{\ he li.id made. The anti-Fnglish -sentiment w;is so 
 strong that no matter wh;il the terms of the agrecntenl had been the\ would not 
 Ir.ivv met with public approvrd. 
 
 The time was .approaching when the I're-idential term ..f W.ashinglon 
 was about to expire, and he called his Cabinet officers around him and in- 
 formed them that it was his pur])ose to imblish a farewell addros to the |)eo- 
 ple. This notable address was jirepared and published in "The Advertiser" on 
 September nineteenth. 171/1. It made a deep imjiression upon the public niin<l. 
 Xotwithstanding the abuse that had been heaped u])on him b\- bis enemies, 
 Wasliington was still dear in the hearts of the people because of the signal 
 
,62 WARWICK'S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 services he had rendered the Repubhc in the early and tentative years of its 
 career. On his birthday, the twenty-second of February, he held a public 
 reception, at which he took occasion to say farewell to his frientls. It was the 
 last function of his public life. The reception rooms were crowded and there 
 was a feeling of sadness in every heart and at times the President's emotions 
 were so great that he himself could not control them. He remained to witness 
 the inauguration ceremonies of his successor, and at the banquet given upon 
 that occasion he filled his glass and said, with tears in his voice and eyes: 
 "Ladies and gentlemen, this is the last time I shall drink your health as a pub- 
 lic man. I do it with sincerity and wishing you all possible happiness." On 
 the day of the inauguration of Mr. Adams, Washington, at the termination of 
 the ceremonies, was followed to his house by a great crowd of people who 
 cheered him to the echo. \Mien he was about to enter the doors of his home, 
 he turned around to address the multitude. Dr. Duer, describing the incident 
 says, "His countenance assumed a serious and almost melancholy expression, 
 his voice failed him, his eyes were suiTused with tears, and only by his ges- 
 tures could he indicate his thanks and convey a farewell blessing to the people." 
 In the afternoon he called upon the President to pay his t^nal respects. That 
 same day he was given a dinner l>y the merchants of the city, and on Thursday, 
 the ninth of March, he and his family t.jok up their departure for Mount Ver- 
 non, where he hoped to pass the remaining years of Ins life in quiet and repose. 
 Nellie Custis in writing to a friend about this time said, "Grandpa is very 
 well and well pleased with being once more farmer Washington." Great as he 
 was in his hfe and deeds he was never greater in any period of his career than 
 when he laid down his robes of office and retired to private life, and set an 
 example to his successors, fixing two terms as the limit of occupancy of the 
 great office as President. 
 
 John Adams entered upon his administration handicapped by the iirestige 
 of his predecessor. Even the most violent enemies of Washington were in a 
 measure restrained in their abuse and criticism by reason of his great per- 
 sonality and record. Adams, on the other hand, did not have this protection, 
 and "The Aurora" brought its batteries into line to open a campaign of vituper- 
 ation Modern newspaper criticism is weak and vapid as compared with the 
 persecution to which he was subjected. Because of his anti-French sentiment 
 he was called an aristocrat and a monarchist. He was addressed as "His Ro- 
 tundity, the Duke of Braintree"— alluding to his home in Massachusetts— and 
 "His Serene Highness." There was no act he did that was not misconstrued, 
 there was no sp'eech he made that was not misinterpreted, and for four years, 
 or during the whole of his administration, these attacks continued without 
 abatement and at the end of his term the "Aurora" declared "he was cast of 
 God as polluted water out of the back door." 
 
 There was, however, about this time a sli.s;ht change in public sentiment. 
 The 1-rench were enraged because we did not espouse their cause and render 
 them aid in their war against Great Britain. Thev captured our merchant 
 vessels upon the seas and carried them into French ports, and they acted in 
 such a way as to make war inevitable. At this juncture, John Marshall, 
 Charles Cotesworth I'incknev and Elbridge Gerry were sent to I-rancc upon a 
 
Warwick's kkystuxe commo.nwkai.tu. 163 
 
 diplomatic mission to patch up an a,i;rccnu-iit and if possible to effect an un- 
 derstanding with the Revolutionists. I'pon their arrival the French authori- 
 ties gave them a cold welcome and as time ran on treated tluni with insult 
 and insolence. They were approached by private agents representing the gov- 
 ernment who made demands for monew and threateneil war unless they were 
 bribed to keep the peace. I'inckney, most indignant at this propnsilion, made 
 the famous replv. "trillions for defence, but not one cent for tribute!" A full 
 report of this matter was transmitted to Congress and aroused a spirit of re- 
 sentment in the hearts of all the people. Instead of Inlying peace we were 
 ready to fight for it at any cost, no matter what the result. Marshall, after 
 these unsuccessful negotiations with the French authorities, returned to the 
 United States. He was met at I'rankfi.rt nn June nineteenth, iji/N. by the 
 First Cit\- Troop, and amid the pea]inL;s of Christ Church bells .-uid the cheers 
 of a great crowd of people he was conducted to the City Tavern. The mob 
 now, instead of singing the Marseillaise, shouted out as its Shibbuleth, "Mil- 
 lions for defence, but not one cent for tribute !" and sang in chorus the new 
 patriotic song, "Hail L'(]luml)ia." which had recently been compused liy jnseph 
 Hopkinson, of this city. Before the arrival of Marshall. Citizen Adet, the 
 French Minister, broke ofT diplomatic relations with the United States ami 
 issued an address to the people urging them to arise and overthrow their gov- 
 ernment, but he soon, Hke his predecessors, passed out of sight and was for- 
 gotten. The withdrawal of the ^Minister was in itself a declaration of war. 
 
 President Adams had set aside as a dav of fasting and prayer for divine 
 guidance, the eighth of May, 1798. This was about a month before Mr. Mar- 
 shall reached the city. Instead of carrying out the purpose of the 1 'resident, the 
 day was devoted to violence and mob rule. Crowds appeared upon the streets 
 wearing the black and the tri-color cockades, the former an anli- .and the latter 
 a pro-French badge. It did look as if the factions would clash in deadly con- 
 flict. At no time in the history of the city had the mobs been so violent, and 
 so near a bloody revolution. The French sympathizers gathered about the door 
 of the President's mansion on Afarket street and threatened him with assas- 
 sination. The situation was so desperate that the domestics in the house armed 
 themselves "determined to sacrifice their lives" in his defence or "to ni.ake a 
 desperate sally among the multitude." To preserve the peace, (Jovernor Mif- 
 flin ordered a patrol of Imrse and foot to disperse the mob. 
 
 After the war between l'"rance and the United States broke out, Wash- 
 ington was named Conuiianderdn-Chief of our forces and coming to this city 
 took up his lodgings in North Eighth street. While here, he received every 
 attention, but he remained only for a short time, fur when Napoleon l'>ona]>arte 
 came into power peace was speedilv made. The war spirit and the anti- 
 French sentiment, however, did not in any wi>e bring popularity to I'residenl 
 Adams. The Alien and Sedition Laws called down upon his head a stc_irm of 
 condemnatiiiu. The battU- nf the [•"ederalists, however, was taken up In the 
 "Ciazette of the United States," a paper published by a man named John 
 Fenno, but he was carried away by the yellow fever in ijiji^. Tie had ,1 facile 
 ]K'n, a commanding style and really was a journalist of great ability. His 
 paper, by its rea.sonable, logical and conservative arguments had great influ- 
 
1 64 
 
 KEYSTONE tdMMliN WE.M.ril. 
 
 cncc anmn^- the thinking: people of the city. William Cobbet. a trenchant 
 writer also took up the -auntlet in behalf of the Federalists, but he was so 
 impulsive and vituperative that he kept himself and his friends constantly m 
 hot water. He too was handicapped by the fact that he was a born English- 
 man The editors of the opposing papers, however, when it came to a combat 
 „f words, were not in the same class with him. for his abuse and satire 
 could not be surpassed. At times he was too bitter and caused a reaction. He 
 was like a cavalryman who goes into battle with a sword as shar]) as a razor 
 and who is apt to do more damage to himself and his horse than he is to the 
 enemy. He became involved in a libel suit, lost the case and was pauperized 
 bv the verdict. 
 
 Every vcar since the dreadful epidemic of yellow fever of 1793, the city 
 had siiti"ered a return of the pestilence, but in 1707 the scourge raged with un- 
 u-u-d violence. The people had learne.l. however, by experience, to take sen- 
 sible precautions against its spread. Everybody set about burning brim-stone, 
 scrubbing floors and whitewashing cellars and walls. Streets, alleys, lanes and 
 courf^ were cleansed of their filth and the plague- in a measure was stayed, but 
 in 1798 the following year, the fever again visited the city and the conditions 
 more nearlv approached those of 1793 than at any other time. Its appearance 
 created a panic, and the people took flight in every direction. Fitty to sixty 
 thousand inhabitants departed for other cities or else to find lodgment m the 
 country districts, -\11 the dreadful scenes of 179,-? were re-enacted. The 
 streets were deserted, business ceased, men suddenly taken ill, crejit into the 
 vacant houses and died there, and it was days before their bodies were discov- 
 ered The whole city became lifeless and men looked at each other aghast. 
 Frieiulships were ignored and family relations forgotten, ft was each man 
 for himself Hilarv Ilaker. who had succeeded Matthew Clarkson as Mayor, 
 was carried awav by the epidemic. .\ man who left his family in the morning 
 would not know wiiether they would see him in the evening or whether they 
 would be there up.m his return. As in prior years, .Stephen Cirard remained 
 in the city and gave comfort and aid at the risk of his life to the poor and sut- 
 ferin-. ( in the return of the cold weather, the fever subsided, but was fol- 
 lowed in i7<)9 by another epidemic, but not so vi..lent in its character. 
 
 ( )n the niuht of the seventeenth of December, i7<i<), a courier brought m- 
 fnniKilioii to The cit\ of Philadelphia of the death of (General Washington 
 which had occurred 'three davs before. The news staggered the people, for 
 they now recalle.l the services be bad rendere.l and the deeds he had accom- 
 phshed in their behalf. Congress Hall was ,lrape,l in black, an.l emblems ot 
 mourniii.. were disj-layed tbrouohout the city. A solemn funeral procession 
 starte.l from the State House and proceeded to Christ Church. The military 
 headed the column, the drums were nuiflled and the bells tolled througliout the 
 day Clergymen of all denominations walked in line, two by two. Ihe bier 
 was' carried bv sol.liers, followed bv a ri.lerless white horse, with a pair of 
 boots reversed thrown across the saddle. Ibshop White pronounced the fun- 
 eral service, and Ceneral Henry Lee, "Light Horse Ilarrv," delivered a touch- 
 mn oration. 
 
CHAPTER XV^ 
 
 REiMtlNAL OF NATIONAF. CAITIAI. 
 lilA'. M(i|)K 111-- i.uim;. 
 
 IvIiinCKT MllKKlS. 
 ■I RSI W ATKK WltUK 
 
 r.IMlllAM. THE ASSEM- 
 ni'.l'lll-:\ r.lKARI). 
 
 I\ |S(X). the SL-at lit i^nvcninunt was i-l'iik i\i'il I'n nn I'liilaiK-lpliia In W'asli- 
 iii,L;tiin. At tliis tiiiu- the new capital was still a liarren waste. A few 
 buildintjs were >caltereil here ami there, hut the place had iin appear- 
 ance lit a tDwii ami gave nn imlicatinns uf ever hecnmiiig a thriving 
 
 .settlement. Tlu' 1 'resident's hnnse was still in cniirse nf ci mstrnctii in ami in 
 
 no suitable cundition for occupancy. 
 
 The Capitol itself was described as "a 
 
 palace in the woods." 
 
 Philadelphia, no longer the -^eat of 
 
 government, began to utilize the build- 
 ings that had been used for national 
 
 purposes. The President's house on 
 
 Market street, became a hotel, and 
 
 the rooms in the State House that had 
 
 been occuijied b>' the Senate. th< 
 
 House of Representatives and the Sn^ 
 
 prenie C'nurt were nnw devoted tn 
 
 Cduntv and city uses. 
 
 The pnpulatiiin in the State ha\ 
 
 ing exteniled wi.-slwar<l. a movenuir 
 
 was set on fimt to remove alsn tlir 
 
 Capital of Fenn--\lvania tn a nmrr 
 
 central situation. .\ number nf Inwns 
 
 were considered in cnnnectinn with 
 
 this matter, but finally Lancaster was 
 chosen because nf its Incation. it^ prns- 
 jjcrity and the size nf its |inpulatiiin. 
 which was said to be in the neigh- 
 borhood of five thiiusand. .Vnother 
 
 advantage was that the tnwn was i,\\ liie main I'nad leading tn the west, and 
 this was one of the few highways that had licen turn])iked. 
 
 Although I'hiladelphia had lust her preeminence as the capital of the nalinii 
 she did not cease the gaycty of her sncial life, ller wmnen of society were re- 
 nnwned thron.gliout the cnunlry as well as abroad fnr their great bcatily. 
 Mrs. William llingham. the daughter nf 'I'liomas Willing, was the recognized 
 leader and she was a wnman nf r.ari- accnmplishments. .She had been pre- 
 sented at the ['"rcnch ( nurt, am! her grace and ease of m.-nmer distiuLjuished 
 her even in that polite circle. "Her ligure." says (iriswold in his "i\epul)lican 
 Court," "which was snUH-what almve midiile size, was well mule, her carriage 
 
 \lK>. Wn.i.iAM l;i- 
 
 165 
 
1 66 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 was lisht and elegant while ever marked by dignity and air. Her manners 
 were a gift."' Her receptions and dinners were sumptuous and correct in all 
 their appointments, and she had the advantage of being surrounded by a 
 grou]) of women almost as beautiful and as well skilled in the art of entertain- 
 ment as she was herself. The Misses Allen, the Misses Chew ami the Alisses 
 Willing, from all accounts would have shone resplendently in an}- company or 
 assemblage. William I'.ingham, a member of the United States Senate, had 
 accumulated a vast fortune in commercial enterprises in the West Indies, and 
 had the reputation of being the wealtliiest man in the whole country. His 
 town house was located on Third street near Spruce, set in the midst of three 
 acres of lawns and gardens, where, during the spring and summer flowers 
 
 beautifidh arrangeil grew in profusion 
 
 r;<ii:i:i;i Miiuuis. 
 Tlic Fiiiaiicior uf Uw American Rcvolut 
 
 but when winter approached they 
 were carefullv removed to adjoining 
 hot-houses, 
 
 Mrs. Robert Morris had been the 
 social leader, but her husband, the 
 great financier, had met with reverses 
 anil was ci>mpelled to quit his sumptu- 
 i.us mansion and to abandon the con- 
 struction of his new residence on 
 Chestnut street, which was so ele- 
 gant and extravagant as to call forth 
 the criticism of his neighbors and to 
 lie designated "Morris's Folly." He 
 removed to a humble house on Prune 
 street, a great fall from his former 
 opulence, lint even there he was not 
 allowed to rest for the constables 
 overwhelmed him with their writs and 
 he was at last committed to the debt- 
 ors' apartments in the ^\'alnut Street 
 Jail. Here he was confined for over 
 red ijgS when the scourge iif \ellow fever raged 
 The sick and the dvino- lav around him on all 
 
 three years, and this period cove 
 so violently throughout the city. 
 sides, and there was no friend to give hi)n a helping hand or to release him from 
 this dreadful confinement. He who had been the companion of Washington and 
 Hamilton, he who had done so mucli in the days of the Revolution to advance the 
 American cause, he who had been the great financier of that period and had re- 
 lieved the troops while in camp at \'alley Forge became almost a pauper. He 
 had been undone by speculation. The western lands which he had purchased and 
 which promised so much in the way of increased value as time ran on. were 
 seized by his creditors, his mortgages foreclosed, and great tracts sold in default 
 of the payment of ta.xes. His reduction to povertv and his fall from so high an 
 estate is one of the sad pictures of that day. 
 
 The meetings of the Asseml)Iy were still the social events of the season 
 and the heart of many a fair debutante fluttered with anxiety in anticipation of 
 receiving an invitation, for an entrance to this exclusive circle was considered 
 
waeuvick's keystone com.moxwealth. 167 
 
 a social distinctimi in itself. In the Managers was vested the power of selec- 
 tion, but, of course, their list hail to be revised by the leading dames of societ_v, 
 and no class of women from that day to this can be so cruel as these haughty 
 ones in the use of the blue pencil as they strike objectionable candidates from 
 the list. In their little empire they are as inexorable as the Fate-~ themselves, 
 and the laws that govern them are as fixed as those of the Medes and Persians. 
 When Squire Hillegas' daughter, a young woman high in social circles, mar- 
 ried a jeweler doing business on High street, she was inmiediately dropped 
 from the list of eligibles because her husband was not in the set and she was 
 not the only one bv any means who was treated in this suinimary and peremptory 
 maimer. 
 
 \'isiting foreigners of distinction who were familiar with the pom]i and 
 circumstance of the European Courts were surprised at the etiquette and social 
 display of the entertainments given in the houses of the rich. Guests, as they 
 entered the rooms, were annoiniced l)y a liveried servant who called their names 
 in a loud tone of voice. When the ladies of this select circle drove abroad to 
 visit their friends they were accompanied bv liveried ccjachmen and footmen 
 and in Mime instances by postillions. This ostentatious show was not in keep- 
 ing with republican simplicity and it, of course, created envy and jealousy in 
 the hearts of the people, .lireakfast in the fashionable houses, instead of being 
 a light meal was quite a substantial one. consisting not only of coffee, toast and 
 eggs, but of numerous side dishes, such as salt fish, beef steak, broiled chickens 
 and buckwheat cakes and sausages. The last two made a combination that 
 was a dish peculiar to Philadelphia. The dinner, however, was the principal 
 and ceremonious meal of the day, and was spread at three or four o'clock in 
 the afternoon. I'ull courses were served with a generous libaticjn of wine. 
 Drinking was a general custom and seems to have been indulged in liy every- 
 bodw and there was no stinl in the use of liquors. If twelve men were to sit 
 down at a banquet, sixty bottles of Madeira were put asiile for their use, that 
 is five bottles for each guest, nor wa< this the limit if the dinner was prolonged, 
 and at the end of the feast it is reasonable to su]5pose that some of the com- 
 pany had to receive assistance <in their way home. John Adams, in describing 
 a visit he made at the home of Chief Justice Chew at CJix-eden. says that 
 '"wines most excellent and admirable were served and I drank M.uleira at a 
 great rate and found no inconvenience in it." It was a day of feasting and 
 drinking and everv occasion was seized u[)on for the giving of a banquet. 
 There were considerably over a hundred taverns in the city where all classes of 
 people could be accommodated, from the highest to the lowest. .Some of these 
 Inns, in the course of time, became (|uite disorderly, and had to be suppressed 
 by the authorities. 
 
 The places of public interest in the city were < ira\'s, I lannlton's and I'l.ar- 
 tram's Gardens, all located on the west bank of the Schn_\lkill. Many wander- 
 ing shows stopped to give exhibitions, and Rickett's Circus, wlu-re there was a 
 fine display of horsemanship, made a permanent settlement here and its |)er- 
 formances were visited by the leading people of the city. Ihe building was 
 destroyed by fire in 1700, and was not rebuilt. I,ailson. a I-"rcnch equestrian, 
 also set up a circus at I'ifth and Prune streets, which was (|uite a favorite re- 
 
1 68 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTOXE COM MON WKALTH . 
 
 sort, but he uiifortnnati.-ly met witli mistortiiiie. and the buildino- closed after 
 a few seasons. The Chestnut Street Theatre, or, the n^rth side of Chestnut 
 street above Sixth, wa^ (fuite a pretenti(ius buihhno where tlie obi standard 
 b^nslisli plays were produced in an eft'ective manner. ^\■a^]lin,^■ton hmiself 
 made more than occasiuual visits to this playhouse, and when Ik appeared at 
 the door he was escnrted in great state tn his box by a footman in liverv bear- 
 ing; candelabra with lio-hted candles. b'irewDrks disp]a_\s and l)alloon ascen- 
 sions also gave amusement to the peoidc. 
 
 The market place w;is <u\] , ,iu- of tlie interesting features of the town 
 
 Mill III ( 1 l\ I I 1 N ( I I \l \\ I 
 
 life, and here on Saturdax' monung about daybreak the farmers gathered from 
 all the surrounding couinry. even from a ilistance of sixtv miles. Standing 
 outside of the sheds, at times almost choking the highways, were vehicles of 
 ever) description from the Conestoga wagon to the ox cart. The horses, un- 
 harnessed, were fastened to the rear ni the wagons where the\ were supplied 
 with their fiidder. i'eddlcrs cried their wares, wliile the sneak thief watched 
 lii> chance, under the ver)' eyes of the drows\- watchman. The mountebank 
 |)la\ed his tricks liefore a group (.)f gajiing ciiuntr\men. while scores of pretty 
 young women dressed in gay summer gowns, followe<l by their black servants 
 carrying the family market baskets, added color to the scene. I'pon the stalls 
 were disiilayed ii.iultry. game, fruit, vegetables ami all kinds of meats. It is a 
 wonder how, in the sunnner. they kept their liutter, milk and meats pure and 
 sweet, in \iew of the fact that there was no ice to be had. Robert Alorris was 
 about the only person who bad an ice vault. This was Init a hole deep in the 
 ground at his counlrv pl.ace, where the ice taken from the adjoining river in 
 
WARWICK S KE\STI>.\E (( ( \l M ( l\ WKAl.r H . lOQ 
 
 the winter, was packed and ei>\cred with straw and >aw (hist. The ( )ellers 
 Tavern had a refri,i;erat(ir which held a h(id\ of ice turly feet thick and twent_\' 
 feet square and it was the (inly lintel in the tnwn where Cdld drinks were 
 served. That which has l)eC(:)nie in niddern linie^ one df the sia])les as well as 
 one ("if the necessaries of life could not he secure(l then hy the e\'eryda\ people 
 at an\ iirice. During the many scourges of yellow fe\er |)atienls coiild not oh- 
 lain a piece of ice as his;- as a walnut to cool their swolk'ii lijis and parched 
 toiijjnes. The farmers from the western ])art of ihe .^tate hroiii^lit L;reat (|iian- 
 tities of r;ame, such as (|iiail, pheasants, wild tiirke\s, and \eni>on to the mar- 
 ket, riiiladelphia was noted for her hutt(.'r an,! ]ioiilir\- then as she is today. 
 \'irginia liam, which is now considered such a delicac\ and hrinL;s so hiL;h a 
 price had its counterpart in the meat of the half wild pi^s that roamed throuiih 
 the W(_ii)(ls even in the suhurhs of the city. These hoL;s i.;athere(l in ^reat droves 
 and fed on nuts and acorns which L;ave to the ilesh a rich and most delicate 
 Ma\'(:)r, that wild and t;amev taste so highly prized li\' e|iiciires. The younq; 
 swine were turned out in the early sprint;' and allowed to run free until late in 
 autumn when they were rounded u]) as the ranchmen in the west do their cat- 
 tle, each farmer identifying his pigs hy a hrand which had lieeu marked u]ion 
 them when young. Even after the markets were closed on Saturdays, the town 
 presented a lively apiiearance. \ chicles of all kinds traveled to and fro on the 
 roadways, the sidewalks were crowded with pedestrians for many of the country 
 people remained to d(.i their sho])ping ; the store windows displayed their goods 
 in the most attractive manner, while a portion of the pavement was used to 
 expose samples of the ware> that were on sale inside. The Inns and tap rooms 
 were filled with roystering farmers and teamsters who made their visit to the 
 city a holiday, and like Tarn ( )'Shanter, many a laggard sat "housing ;it the 
 napjw, gettin' foil and unco happ\ " long aftei- he should have taken his de- 
 parture. 
 
 With the growth of the population there had lieen introduced many mu- 
 nicipal improvements. .\ mimher of the principal streets were paved with 
 cobhie stones, sidewalks had Ikcii Laid, although the row (jf i>osts marking the 
 line of demarcation lietween the pavements and the carriage wa\s were still 
 left standing. A letter dated, 1 'hiladelphia, .Ma\ 25, I70(t, at i_'S X'ortli Sec- 
 ond street, written hy .Mr. hjios J'.ronson to Air. Claudius llerrick, residing at 
 Deerfield. Afassachusetts. says, "This city ( l'liila(lel|)liia ) is delightfully situated 
 and very ele,gantly built. I have, however, one fault to tiiid with it. It made 
 my lieels intolerably sore walking on the p,i\emeiits." 
 
 The City Government was W(jrkiiig lira\el\ under an amendineiit to the 
 Charter that had been made in ]~')(>. Tlu' ('oinicils consisted of two cham- 
 bers called the Select and the Common hranches, the former composed of 
 twelve citizens elected for three years and the latter of twenty members elected 
 annually. The Governor appointed a Recorder and fifteen Aldermen to hold 
 ofifice during good behavior. The .Mdernieii were \'irtuall\- Justices of the 
 Peace, their duties were exclusively judicial ;iii(l it was from their body that 
 the Select and Common Councils chose the Mayor for one vear. 
 
 The revenue from all sources was less tlian $150,000 annually, a sum en- 
 
170 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 tirely too small to niL-et the demands fur municipal improvements f<:>r the city 
 was spreaflini;' (Uit in every direction. 
 
 An increased and a more healthfnl supply of water had liecitnie a neces- 
 sit\. The repeated fires and the almost annual visitation of the yellow fever 
 had to be guarded against. A lumiher of fire companies had lieen organized 
 Init the town ])iun|)s, which were the only means of serving water, were not 
 equal to the task. I'.esides this, no matter how clear in appearance the water 
 
 ii 
 
 'IXW'^r 
 
 
 M.VRKKT StKEET FKOM NlXTIl STREET ] .\ \''M, FHO.M .\N ()EI> KN(ai.\VIN 
 
 might he. it was found to he contaminated by the filtli that in rainy weather 
 soaked through the earth. Kven in the most elegant homes water had to be 
 carried from the pimiiis in buckets and pitchers for household uses, .\rany of 
 the yards in the rear of the houses were depositories for dirt and rubbish. The 
 few sewers that were constructed were of no general advantage and the pools 
 of water that gathered in the highways diu-ing the storms either were taken up 
 bv the sun or allowed to drain through the sm-face of the earth. The pumps 
 were located about sixty or seventy feet a])art on the line that separated the 
 footpath from the carriage way. Everywhere there were sinks and ])rivies, 
 but no water closets, even in the best apiiointed homes, such as are in use to- 
 dav. To provide against this unwholesome water, plans were set on foot to 
 im]M-ove the supply liv the construction of water works. -\n Englishman by 
 
WAkWH K S KKYSTONI-: l( )M M n\ WIvM.TII . I7I 
 
 tlic nanic of Latrobe suliniiitril plans t.v the city which, after some argiinieiit 
 anil consideration, were acce]itt-(l. The water from the Schuylkill River at 
 Chestnut street was forced into a tnnnel that ran di.w n that >trcet to Broad, 
 and iii> r.road to t'entre S(|nare. where it was ]inm|)e(l into a reservoir thirty- 
 six feet ah(i\e the ^ronnd. h'rom this reserxoir it was distrihiited through the 
 citv in hollowed pine I'VU'^ which were laid in .all the principal highways. The 
 plan was not looked npnn fa\oral)ly in sonn' (|narters, and in fact, the work, 
 during the course of construction, was at times interfered with by vandals who 
 were bent on destruction. Latrobe, however, kept steadily at his task, built a 
 handsotue engine house at Centre Square and laid six miles of trunk jiipe in the 
 beds of the streets for the purpcses of distribution. Having hurriedly com- 
 pleted his work and fearing that bv delay it might be further interfered with, 
 he gave notice to all those who had connected with the pipes to lea\e their 
 hvdrants open, for water might begin t<i Htiw ,it ;in\ m<.>ment with' put fiuther 
 notice. On the night of January twent\-tirst, iSoi. with his own hand>. La- 
 trobe kindled the fire under the boiler and the engine began t>_> work. I )n the 
 next morning the people were surprised and delighted to fnul that the hydrants 
 conveyed a stream of clear river water. The project was successlid. criticism 
 ceased and the city for the first time in its existence had an .abimdant snjjply of 
 water that was at hand withoiu the necessity of inilixidiial puiuping. 
 
 In the summer of i/i)/ the Cnited States Bank moved into its new build- 
 ing on Third street below Chestnut. L'|> to this time the architectttre in the city 
 had been of the st\le of the Georgian period, but this building was classical 
 in form and was the first introduction of a new order, for it is said to have 
 been coi)ied after a Creek Temple in Ximes. This btiilding is still standing' and 
 so beautiful is it in its outlines, so pure in its design, that it remains one of the 
 architcclnral features of the city. 
 
 Jn 180J the Law Library Company was formed with the purpose of mak- 
 ing a collection of books n])on legal sul)jects. At this time, the Lhiladelphia 
 Bar was preeminent and cnntained the ablest lawyers to be foimd in the pro- 
 fession the coimtry over. In medicine, too. the cit\' was in the foremost rank. 
 Benjamin Rush. Casper \\'istar, Philip Syng L'hysick stond in the very fnml 
 rank of the profession. The College of I'hysicians, established in 17S7. and 
 the Lhiladelphia .Medical .Society, organized in i78<). weie in a lloiu-ishing 
 condition. The American I 'hilosojjhical Societx which h;id the h(Piior of lia\- 
 ing for its fir.^t presidi'Ut. .Benjamin Franklin, and after hi:; death David 
 Rittenhause. and at the demise of the latter. Thomas Jefferson, seemed t(_) de- 
 vote itself more to the consideration of the current part\ (piestions than to the 
 theories and principles of ])hilosiiphy. ( )ne of the great political controversial- 
 ists of that day was William Duane. Baclie and hVeiuan had been \iolent and 
 vitui)erative in their condemnation of political opponent^, but their shafts were 
 nothing as ccjiiijiared with those hurled by Duane. lie was born in this coun- 
 try, of Irish ])arents, and was taken to Ireland m a very early period of his 
 life. Subsequently he found his wa\' to India, InU in his wanderings returned 
 to England, and at last arrived in this country about 1795. Me was emploved 
 as an assistant editor on the ".Xurora," and when Bachc, the ])roprielor. died 
 in I7<;H. Duane married his widow auil thus fell into |)ossession of liie paper. 
 
172 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONVVKALTH. 
 
 He was a master of vituperation and his language at times was most scurrilous. 
 He could not find language sufficient to express his contempt for Adams, and 
 it is said that left'erson attributed to him his electidu when he was a candidate 
 for the 1 'residency. He seemed to rejoice in litigation, and was never so well 
 pleased as when one of his articles was answered by a suit for libel. 
 
 The election of Jefi'ers(jn in 1800 was celebrated bv the Democrats, or, as 
 thev were called in those da\s, the l\e|)ublicans, — throughout the country. Bar- 
 becues and o.x ro.Lsts in the open air and baiu|uets in the different taverns eele- 
 br.-iled the e\enl. John Adams, at the expiration of his term of office, c;)n his 
 wa\- from Washington to Llraintree, Massachusetts, stopped in this city for the 
 purpose of greeting some of his old friends, lie w.as feted and dined by a few 
 distinguished citizens Init tlie people gaw him no heart)' reception, and after a 
 Sojourn id' a few days he passed on his way to Xew iMigland. 
 
 I'liiladelpliia, at this time, was the leading cominercial cit\- id' the L'nion. 
 Iler merchants were men of enterprise and venture, and her pvvt was filled 
 with vessels hailing from everv land. .Xniong all her merchants, however, the 
 greatest w;is Stephen ( iirard. He was a I'l-eiichman by birth, born near I'.or- 
 deaux, but earh" in life came to this country and became a naturalized citizen 
 of tile riiited .States. He reached this city in 1777, at the time the I'.ritish 
 were in possession and when Lord 1 lowe's \esseK were riding at anchor in the 
 l)elaware. Sliorth' afterwards he married a \iiuiig woman ]i\- the name of 
 .\lar\ Lum, and settled permanently in rhiladel])hi;i to devote himself to coin- 
 nierei;d pursuits. He occupied a building on W'.ater street which he use<l both 
 as store and dwelling. Here he lived econoiuicalh and ci_inifortabl\ without 
 show or function. He owned a farm in rassyunk, to which he made almost 
 dail\' visits, .and he traveled there in a gig drawn l)y one horse, and as a lunch- 
 eon on tile wa\- he carried a loaf of bread and a bottle of claret, but he brought 
 back to his home in the city as a rule, butter, egg-- and poultry, llis farm was 
 considered a model in its way, and his cattle were well bred, lie met with un- 
 paralleled success in almost every enterprise he undertook. Mver\tliing that 
 came to his hand seemed to turn to gold. He was a familiar figure upon the 
 public streets, and llis [ilaiii one horse chaise gave no suggotion of the im- 
 mense wealth of the occu])ant. -\t the time of the revolt of the slaves against 
 their masters in San Domingo, mw of his vessels lying in port was used as a 
 receptacle for the treasures and wealth of the white inhabitants, .\fter deposit- 
 ing their valuables, man\ returned to the shore to wage battle against the 
 blacks and the\- never returned to claim their pio])rrt\-, the amount of which 
 was never .accuratelv ascertained, but it is said to li.ive lieeii a large sum. 'J'liis, 
 of course, became the propert\ of i\lr. ( iirai'd and .idded niateriall\' in the ac- 
 cumulation of his great fortune. His name .uid |i,iper were k-nowii and hon- 
 iireil in ex'eiw bank of exchange throughout the civilized world, his vessels 
 tr.aded with e\er\- port and whitened ever\ -^ea. llis business transactions were 
 oil the largest scale, and they reached from I'liiladelpliia to Lrmdoii and from 
 l.omlon to ('athaw lie seems to have been gre.itU misnnderstooil in his life^ 
 time, but a careful stud\ of his career shows th.at he was a man of courage and 
 deepU ])hilaiitlirii]iic at heart. lie was exact and close in ni.aking a bargain. 
 In other words, he was wh.at is called strictK' business in all his dL-abngs and 
 
wauwiik's kkvstom-; commonw-kaltu. 173 
 
 he gained the reiuitatinii ui lieinj;' clnse, ^liarp and pciuirioiis, hut wc are far 
 enough a\va_\- now tn ha\e a clear |)er>|)ectivr and liis cliaracti'r ])re-t'nts lea- 
 tiires that mark him as a man not nnU uf eharilx hii! dt cdnraLji.-. In \~'),]. 
 during the yellnw frxer sennrge. and also in tlie fatal \ear ]p)^. lie displayed 
 in the face of death, the ijreatest hrrnism. When men were lleeinq Irnm ilir 
 eitv he stood at his po>t and volunteered his services as a nur>e to care for the 
 sick and (l\ing in the houses of i)eslilence. At this time he was in the \er\' 
 prime of his life and on the lloo,! tiile of his successful career as a merchant, 
 hiU hravely and re-olutely he faced the crisis, risking; everytliin,^, life, health 
 and husiness in his devotion to dnt>. Me \va> ratlier liberal in his relii^ions 
 views, heing a ili^ciple of the l-"rencli ]ihi1. )sophers. lie w,as not in an\ sense 
 of the word a sectarian and hi^ f.iith did n. it repose within the limits of any 
 dogma. This brought down upon his head the condemnation ol m,in\ citizens 
 who were narrow auil iutoleratU in their \ie\vs. Imt when he died and his will 
 was opened it was fcjinid that he hail created a charit\ second to none in this 
 coimtr\, a charit\ that stands today an imniort.d monument to his memory, 
 
 Philadelphi.a still ret.ained her supremacy as the great commercial centre 
 in the new world. In the years iS()5, hSod and 1S07, nineteen hundred and 
 twem\-si\ foreign \essels arrived in this ])ort. while the number of coasting 
 vessels aiuomUed to thirt\-six hundred and -e\ent\, the number increasing 
 gradually every \ear. During this same perio(l, ilie foreign clearances amount- 
 ed to nineteen hundred and fiftv-nine, while the number ol co.isting \essels 
 that cleared the port were thirty-sexen hundred and fort). I'his will gi\'e some 
 idea of the wealth and importance of the city's foreign and domestic trade. 
 The hanking f.acilities not 1:)eing sufticient to meet the (k'mands. the I'hiladel- 
 ))hia Hank was oi'g.anized in 1S07, with a capital of a million dollars. The 
 ])rinci]jal h.anks ,it this time were, the I ']iiladel|)hia I'.ank, the I'.ank of .Xorth 
 America, the Hank of the I'nited States, and the r.aid< of I V'lmsylv.am.a. d'he 
 Farnier.s' and .\lechaincs' I'.ank was organized subse(|ueiU to the creation of 
 the Philadelphia I'.ank. 
 
 The Philadeljjhia National H.ank. formerly the I'hihulelphia IJank, was pro- 
 jected at a time when the growth of conriuerce hail greatly enlarged tin- husi- 
 ness interests of the city and m.ide more hanking capital necessary. Philadel- 
 phia was the principal sea|)ort of the conntr)- at that time: its export trade was 
 growing steadil)'. and there were onl> three banks in the city and forty in the 
 entire country. The merchants h.ad expressed dissatisfaction with the exist- 
 ing banking methods and on .\ugust _^. 1S03, this dissension crystali/.ed in the 
 organization of tin- I'hiladelphia I'.auk. in the counting house of John Welsh, 
 No. 31 South Wharves. Its organizers included men who were promineiu in 
 Colonial affairs and its first President was ( .eorge Clymer. a signer of the 
 Declaration of liule])en(lence. John Welsh, the prime mover in the b.ank's for- 
 mation, came to he known as "the father of the hank" and continued active in 
 its affairs for fiftx' years. Dui'iug its existeiice of one hundred and ten yt'ars. 
 the hank has had an eveiUfnl and most interesting history. It has survi\-ed 
 nianv panics and its steady growth is entirely due to the wonderful husiness 
 aeimien and executive ability of the men who have directed its aflairs, many of 
 whom were conceded to be the ablest linanciers of their linte. When the li.ank 
 
174 
 
 Warwick's kk'i'stoni-: commonwealth. 
 
 :m Urn. him; llriiT ami (Hili'II 
 
 I'llU.ADELl'HIA XaTIOXAL BaNK. 
 
 Cor. 4Tit AXD Chestnut. 
 
 \V, 
 
 commenced business on September 19, 1803, it occupied a rented building on 
 the south side of Chestnut street above Third, on the site where the Merchants 
 and Mariners i'.nildin.o now stands, and later, removed to Fourth street below 
 
 Chestnut in a building- which the bank 
 erected on the site oi "^bjrris' Tav- 
 ern." .\ more ])retentious building 
 was afterwards erected at this loca- 
 tiiin and occupied by the bank until 
 1S58. when the jiresent building was 
 |)urchase(l from tile receivers of the 
 Hank of Pennsylvania, one of the early 
 financial institutions of the cit\- wdiich 
 failed while the builchng intended for 
 its use was in course of construction. 
 The Philadelphia Bank was char- 
 tered by the State in 1804. Its capital 
 was $1,800,000, and this was subse- 
 quently reduced to $1,500,000. ( )n March (), 1804, six months after commenc- 
 ing business, it paid its first dividend "at the rate of ihree per cent, for the half 
 year, on the installments constituting the present capital ,,f the Iiank, Si, 000,000." 
 Since that time the dividends have ranged from three ]ier cent, jier annum to 
 sixteen per cent., the present rate. In i8()5 the amiual dividen<l was fifteen per 
 cent., and owing to the sale of g,,ld which the bank had in its vaults and for which 
 a large premium was received, a spe- 
 cial dividend of twenty-five per cent., 
 amounting to $375,000, was declared. 
 In all, the bank has paid dividends of 
 ten hundred and thirt\-six per cent 
 amounting to $ir),oi(>, 872. or neaih 
 eleven times its capital. A most won 
 (lerful record. In addition to this it 
 has rendered efficient aid to the \a 
 tional. State and Local ( l(lvernmcnt^ 
 has suliscribed Iil)er:dly to two wai 
 funds and has never f.ailed to respond 
 to the call for aid from di.stressed 
 coumiunities or scenes of great disas 
 ter. The Philadelphia Tiank establish 
 ed in 1854 a Clerks' Pension Fund 
 probably the first of its kind in a fin m 
 cial institution, the fund jirovidm^ 
 |)ensiiins f(.r clerks stricken during the 
 service or incapacitated 1)\- age. 
 
 The bank has always been fore- 
 most in ever\- movement for pul.)lic 
 .good, for its directorate for one hun- 
 dred and ten Aears has included the 
 
 I III- I'llllAIIKLI'lIlA r>-' 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTOXF, COM NFl IN" WKAI.T 1 1 . T75 
 
 k-adiiiq- men i>f the \-ariiiiis periixls — nu-n of pliilanthrupic inclinations and sterling 
 integrity — which has given the liank a (loei'vcd rcpntalinn for liberality, conserva- 
 tism and solidity. It has alwa\^ had the support of the best business interests 
 of the city and its deposits now anioimt to $30,000,000. whiU' the total assets 
 exceed $55,000,000. The b.-ink conducts ;i most extensive bnsiness in all its 
 branches both in this comur\ and abroad, h.aving ihrect connections with all 
 the leading cities of the world. 
 
 It \\a- the first liank to enter the I'liiladelpliia Clearing Ib.uise .Association 
 in 185S and was .among the earliest to enter the National System nnder the 
 .Act of iS'(i_:;- 1SO4. which necessitated its reorganization and the addition of 
 the word ".Vational" to it> name. 
 
 Since its organization, the bank has liad but eight ]n-esi(lents. These were 
 George Chnier. David Lennox, jolm Read, .'^amnel [■ . Smith, Thomas l\ol)i)is, 
 Benjamin 11. C.'omegys, X. I'arker Shortridge, who became Chairtnan (jf the 
 F>oard of Directors in lO"/. and was succeeded 1)>' Levi L. Rne. the present 
 incumbent of the office. Air. Rue's rise to the presidency of the bank is due to 
 his strict probit\- and thomngh knowledge of banking in all its detail. He en- 
 tered the institution as a boy during the presidency of Lenjamin B. Comcgys, 
 who was with the bank for fift\-t\vo years and was considered one of the 
 greatest financiers of the age. Air. Rue tilled many positions of constantly 
 increasing responsibi!it\ mitil he rose to the vice-presidency and finally became 
 directing head of the bank when Air. Shortridge was made Chairman of the 
 Board. Cnder his careful direction, the bank has maintained the high reputa- 
 tion and Conservatism that it has enjoxed >ince the early da\s of the last cen- 
 tury. The other officers are Lincoln Godfrey, A'ice-l'resident : Harry J- Keser, 
 Cashier: Horace Fortescue, William S. Aladdox and Daviil W. Stewart, Assis- 
 tant C'ashiers. The .Board of Directors includes .\'. I'arker Shortridi^e, Chair- 
 man: Richard .Ashhurst, Lincoln (.iodfre\-, (ieorge Wood, .Alfred C. Harrison, 
 Levi L. Rue, George H. Frazier, Percival Roberts, Jr., (Ieorge IT. AIcFadden, 
 Edward T. Stotesbury, Effingham B. Alorris, Randal Morgan, R. Dale Ben- 
 son, .Samuel Rea, Alba B. Johnson, Pierre S. du Font, Thomas S. Gates and 
 Asa S. Wing. This is the character ni men who have directetl the institution's 
 destinies for one hiuidred and ten years so thai it is not str.ange that the bank 
 has weathered every financial ^torni and >urvi\cd to become a power in the 
 monetary world. 
 
 l'hiladel]>hia was the art centre of the country, and in iHoO was opened 
 on Chestnut street between Tenth and Eleventh streets, the I'hiladelphi.a .\cad- 
 eniv of I'ine .Arts. .A number of artists had settled in thi^ c'][y. cither i.ier- 
 manently or temporarily and helped to create in onr midst an artistic taste, 
 among whom can be named the Peales, father and sons: Robert l-'.dge Pine, an 
 English artist of some note; (jilbert Stuart, whose |)ortr;iit of Washington is 
 famous; TIoud<jn, the I'rench sculjjtor who modelled the life mask of Washington ; 
 Cheracchi, an Italian sculptor who sul)se(pieiul\- was exectUed for an .ittciupted 
 assassination of Xai)oleon ; William Rush, .a native sculptor, and Benjamin 
 West. Of course, the contribution^ to the .Vcademy at the start were not 
 many nor very valuable but about the tlrst import.atiou made was a number of 
 j)laster casts representing the nude in art. The exhibition of these figures. 
 
176 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 however, met with considerable adverse criticism and the prudery of that day 
 was so .Ljrcat that ^hmday of each week was set apart exclusively for ladies, 
 when unaccompanied hv their male escorts they were permitted to view without 
 bringing a blush to their cheeks, the Apollo I'elvidere, the Fighting Gladiator, 
 the Laocoon, the X'enus de Medici and numerous other classic groups and fig- 
 ures. 
 
 Philadeli)hia, loo, was the literary centre of the country, and Joseph Den- 
 nie, an essayist and a well known ii:)urnalist. was the leader of the circle. The 
 book store of Asburv I^ickens on Xorth .Second street was the rendezvous for 
 all the literarv characters of that day, lx)th residents and visitors. It was here 
 
 that Thomas .Moore, the celebrated Irish poet, 
 fou)i(l. according to bis own testimony, for the 
 first lime during his \-isit to this country, a 
 congenial and an interesting circle of men. 
 Charles I'lrockton llrown, the first author of fic- 
 tion in America of any reinite, was among the 
 number. Lawyers, ])amphleteers. essayists, ar- 
 tisl> and actors made up this interesting group 
 of men. and the\' met in such, numbers at the 
 ■;ho|) of Mr. Dickens that they at times actu- 
 ally interfered with the conduct of his business. 
 L'asual reference has been made to the 
 banks in c-xistence at this period, but the bank 
 of Xorth .\nierica is deserving of more than 
 mere mention, for it was instituted to aid the 
 Colonies in their struggle for independence. 
 This institution, the oldest of its kind on 
 the American continent, was authorized to 
 do business by ordinance of Congress passed December 31, 1781. and began 
 active operations January 7, 1782, in a store, which stood on the site of its 
 present Iniilding and which it occupied continu(jusly for sixty-five vears. It 
 was organized at a time when Robert Morris was Superintendent of Finance, 
 and Thomas Willing, a business partner of Morris's, was its first president, 
 while its organizers and first board of directors were all men of high position in 
 Colonial days. Although started during the period of much depression it over- 
 came all obstacles and in addition to earning good dividends for its stockholders 
 was of invaluable service ti> the National, State and Cilv governments. Morris 
 acknowledged that "without the establishment of the Xational bank, the busi- 
 ness (if the neiiartment of I'inance could not have 1)een jierformed." The 
 money advanced the ( iovernment was used to keep up the army and similar 
 aid was extended to the State of Pennsylvania to jiay the ofiicers of its army. 
 The bank also advanced the -State money to pay its (|uota to the Cnited .States 
 Government in 1782, and advanced money to fit out a vessel which was of in- 
 estimable service in keeping Delaware Ray and River free of l^ritish vessels. 
 It loaned m<ine\- to the State Treasur^• for the defense of the Western frontiers 
 and to the cit\' for the care (:if its poor and there was no service, public or char- 
 itable, which it did not assist. At this time there was doul)t as to the validitv of 
 
 THE BANK OF NORTH AMERICA 178' 
 
 307 CHESTNUT ST R E EIT 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
WARWICK S KiaSTdXI-: (( IM M (l\ Wl-IAI.TH . 
 
 177 
 
 the charter ^raiitccl h\ Toii^ress and apiihcatimi wa- iiiailc to the Assemhly 
 for a State charter, and on April 1. ijSj, it \\a> (hdy inci )r])( prated under the 
 laws of PennsyKania for a |)eriod of seven xx'ars. In 17S4 the success <]f the 
 hank was assured and this hron<^hl much jealousv and opposition which cul- 
 minated Septi'niher l.^. 17S5, In a repeal of the charter. The liank lost some 
 prestige hy this drastic action hut continued operations under its ("ont;iessioual 
 charter and in 17S7 it a.L;ain secured a State charter. .\11 o|)position was now 
 overcome and the hank entered upon an era of prosperity. W'lieu Alexander 
 Hamilton hecanie head of the 'i"reasur\ Dejiartment, he openl\ acknowledged 
 
 ■| MK r.A.NK (ir NdKTII .\MI|;1(A. 
 
 .';o.'). :!I17. .'Kin CuKsiNrr Siiii-i r. I'm n aih.M'II 1 : 
 
 tile aid afforded the L'niled States hy the Hank of .\ortli .\inerica and in his 
 plan to estahli.sli a great national hank, he in\ited overtures from the hank, hut 
 the directors preferred to remain under State auspices and took ui. steps in this 
 direction. 
 
 During the War of 1812 the hank adxanced money to sup])ort the army 
 and navy and aided largely in [iromoiing the circulation of Treasury notes. It 
 also afforded material aid in the defence of the city. When war was declared 
 between the North and South, the Hank of .Xorth .\merica was among the first 
 financial institutions in tlie c<inntr\- to declare confideuce in the Xational Gov- 
 ernment and it hastened to take measures to aid in the preser\-ation of the 
 
178 WARWICK S KEVSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 Union. It appropriated money for the defence of the city and in addition to 
 subscribing its pro rata share of United States Treasury notes it loaned the 
 Government large sums of money. During all the periods of depression and 
 panic that have occurred during its 131 years of its existence, the bank has never 
 failed to pav at least one dividend in each year. Under its charter from the 
 State it was obligatory to declare a dividend at least once a year and in 1842 its 
 affairs were in such a condition that it could not pay its usual dividend. Four 
 fifths of its cajiital was locked up in unavailable securities and to keep within 
 the law it paid the stockholders one cent per share. In 1844 conditions again 
 became normal and in 1847, a new bank building was erected, which in 1893 
 was replaced bv the present magnificent structure, making a record of 131 years 
 on the same site. In 1864 the bank was reorganized under the National Cur- 
 renc\- Act, and after much correspondence and discussion with the Secretary of 
 the Treasury it was allowed to retain its old name without the prefix ■'Xational." 
 It had advanced to the Government four and one-half million dollars, or four 
 and one half times its capital stock on United States securities and this was 
 accepted as evidence of its loyalty to the Government and no change in its cor- 
 porate name was demanded. During its long and successful existence the bank 
 has had but ten presidents who served in the order nameil: Thomas \\'illing, 
 lohn Ni.xon. lohn Morton, Henry Xi.xon, John Richardson, James X. Dickson, 
 Thomas Smith, Charles S. Lewis. John H. Michener, and the present incumbent 
 of the office, Harrv (i. Michener, who succeeded his father September 21, i(>o6. 
 
 The Census of 1810 showed the city's population to be fifty-three thou- 
 sand seven hundred and twent>-two. The outlying districts, the Northern 
 Liberties, Penn Township, Southwark, Moyamensing and Passyunk showed a 
 population of forty-two thousand nine hundred and forty-two, making a total 
 population of nearly one hundred thousand. The Mayors during this period 
 were Robert Wharton, John Inskeeji, Matthew Lawler, General John Barker, 
 and Michael Keppele. In 1810 the police force consisted of thirty-two watch- 
 men whose (lutv it was to light the lamps and to see that they were kept burn- 
 ing during the night and extinguished in the morning. The yellow fever con- 
 tinued to make annual visits, but it was not so virulent as it had been in the past. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 WAR OF l8lJ. FEAUOX'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE CITY. 
 
 AI'TER the Revolutionarv War, tliu sentiment was strongly anti-Eng- 
 lish, as was natural nn^ler the eirennistances, hut instead of allay- 
 ing this feeling, England only intensified it by her arbitrary conduct. 
 Philadelphia's prosperity depended much \\\><m her commercial in- 
 terests, and during the wars l)etween England and Prance each country for- 
 bade the United States to trade with the other. P.esides this. England treated 
 us in a most insolent manner, stopped our vessels upon the high seas and nn- 
 l>ressed our sailnrs into her service. We |irotesled against this right of 
 search, but without avail. England claimed that if a man could not prove he 
 was by l)irth an American, he nnist be a Britisher and a deserter from her 
 navy. It is a wnnder we -.ubmitted si i long to her insolence. .\s mistress of 
 the seas, it was upon her jiart an arrogant assumption of power. The deck of 
 a ship is a part of the territorx- of the nation under whose flag the vessel sails, 
 and to trespass upon that deck and to impress (lur sailors was as heinous an 
 act as would have been the invasion i_)f our land or the kidnapping of its 
 citizens. 
 
 In 1807. the I'.ritish man-of-war. "Peopard," stopjied one of our war 
 vessels called the "Chesapeake'" under circum>tances when the latter could not 
 make an elTectual resistance. I'otir of the American crew were seized and one 
 of them was hanged as a deserter. This outrage aroused the indignation of the 
 whole country, and (/ongress passed an Embargo Act, by which it forbade any 
 American vessel to sail from our ports. There being no exceptions under 
 this sweeping law, coasting vessels fomul it diflicnlt to carry on their trade, 
 and even fishing smacks on the Xew luigland coast had to obtain special per- 
 mission before leaving for the banks. It was su|)posed by the passage of the 
 Embargo and Xon-Intercourse Acts that the belligertMit states, Engl;md and 
 I-'rance, so dependent for their supplies upon the products of this country, 
 would be brought to terms, but instead of starving these nations we only im- 
 poverished ourselves, for the exports fell olT in the neighborhood of forty mil- 
 lions of dollars in one year. There was a general demand throughout the na- 
 tion for the repeal of these .Acts, but especiallv was New b'-ngland affected by 
 this legislation, and she even went so far as to threaten rebellion. Her mills 
 closed down and her workmen were reduced almost to siar\ation. 
 
 In 1809 Congress repealed the Embargo Act, and ga\t' the right to trade 
 with all foreign countries other than Creat I'ritain :ind b'rance. This, in a 
 measure, increased our exports but did not restore them to their former vol- 
 ume and importance. About this time the President, anxious to renew com- 
 mercial relations with either I'rance or b'ngland in order to relieve the dis- 
 tressed condition of the people, listened to a |)roposition made 1)_\- .Mr. Erskine, 
 the then liritisb Minister to this country, lie gave .Mr. Madison, the Prcsi- 
 
 179 
 
t8o 
 
 KEYSTONE COM ^^0^• WEAI.TU . 
 
 dent, to understand that En.ijland would allow our vessels to sail the seas un- 
 molested, provided we Wduld agree to send nur grain, rice, cotton and other 
 exports to England alone. This agreement was entered into and the news 
 received with great rejoicing by farmers, merchants and ship 'uvners through- 
 out the country: but, unfortunately, the Hriti-h rmvernnient declared it v^'as 
 all a mistake, that the Minister was not emiiowered to enter into such an 
 agreement, and that he had transcemled his authority. Trade at once ceased, 
 
 .\\ IMSLAI. 1'^ 
 
 anrl the ill feeling between England and America became more bitter than 
 ever. 
 
 Napoleon, too, thought he would take a hand in the game, and agreed to 
 let oiH" commerce alone, ])rovided we wmdd n(Tt trade with his arch-enemy, 
 England. We were about to bind ourselves when it was discovered that Na- 
 poleon's offer was simply a trick to deceive us, and to involve us in a war 
 with England. 
 
 ,\s time r;in on, iMigiand continued to impress our sailors into her ser- 
 vice, and in the summer c>f 1812 we made :\ declaration of war. England, 
 then, was the great maritime power, the great commercial centre of the world. 
 Sb.e occupied a ]iroud and commanding position in European politics. She 
 was about the onh- nation that had never formed an alliance with Napoleon, 
 
WAKwit k's kicvstom-: icim mh.nw icai.iii. i8i 
 
 and she had e\er remained bi> dcti-rmiiud and relentless fuc. The battles 
 of the Nile and Trafal.iLiar niaile her siqirenic upon the ocean, and her suc- 
 cesses in Spain were the first rrpiilse^ tlie h'rencli had sustained, h'.ngland had 
 hfty vessels where we had 'me. and lier absolute supremacy iipun tjie sea was 
 acknowledged the world over. It was in 1X12 that Xapoleon's power began to 
 wane, for it was in this \ear that be nndertiHik his disastrous invasion of Rus- 
 sia. Half a million men t'olloweil the st.uidard of the Empire in this memor- 
 able campaign, but beaten, not in battU- but by the elements, this once grand 
 host that trinni]iluunl\ ti>llowed the eagles of this modern C'a'sar, retreating in 
 disorder and dismay, dwindled to an army of thirty thousand men. It is 
 from this point that we may (race .Xapoleon's decline, and ,is his fortunes 
 W'aned the power and inlluence of b'.nghmd increased. 
 
 It was not thought that the .\oung Reintblic conld make much heailway 
 against England, because the latter had a million men under arms, and her 
 soldiers had passed throu.i^h Napoleonic campaigns ami were seasoned and 
 iraineil in service We did not make much of a record on land to be sure, but 
 on the ocean we met with glorious successes. Dm of fifteen naval engage- 
 ments we w'ere victorious in twelve of them, and in the majority of the bat- 
 tles fought, the F.nglish had greater tonnage and more sailors engaged than 
 we had. 
 
 riiiladelphia, because of her commercial interests, was seriously affected 
 by the w-ar. Her harljor was filled with vessels that coidd not raise a sail, be- 
 cause of the restrictions of the luiibargo. There could be fonn<l no foreign 
 market for her products and manufactures. The Republicans were eif the 
 opinion that the luiibargo of hScjij wduld bring luigland to terms, but the b'ed- 
 eralists stronglv opposed the .\ct. .Meetings were held in the State I louse 
 vard by the parties either endorsing or denomicing JetTersou for ha\ing signed 
 the l)ill. Timoth\' Pickering, who had voted against the k'nibargo and who 
 had criticized Jefferson for ha\ing signed the .\ct. was stroni;ly denounced 
 bv the Republicans and on the sixth of hV-bruary, i(So<;, he w;is hung in effigy 
 from a gibliet th.at was erected at the Town Mali in Xorthern Liberties. He 
 had the British orders in t ouncil hanging to his neck, and the l''rench Decrees 
 to his heels. The dumnu was set on fire at seven o'clock in the evening, .and 
 ;l was hanged at a height of fifty feet al)o\e the ground. 
 
 l'hiladeli)hia was not the centre of the confiict in iSij, as she had been 
 in the Re\-olution, but the war was brought close to her doors when on .\pril 
 sixth, iXi^^, the k'nglish o])ent-d fire on the town of Lewes. The militia were 
 pressed forward to the scene but tlK'y saw no actne nfilitai'y service. The 
 I'.ritish troops ri-tired, the \-ohmteers n'turned to the city and were given a 
 grand reci-jition and ipiiet was once more restored. 
 
 Meanwhile the I'.ritish had blockaded all our ports ;dong the .\tlantic 
 coa.st. and lhe\ had looted and burned a number of towns. In the summer of 
 1S14, on .\uj.;ust twent\ -founii. the\ entert-d Washington, and so sudden 
 was their appearance that the I'resideiU was interrupted at his dinner .and 
 had to fiee. he in one directitui, ,and Mrs. .Madistm in another. In the ex'enmg 
 the torch was ajJiilied to the ("apitol, the Tresident's liou.se and other iiuhlic 
 buildings, and thev were etuirelv destroyed. The cli>si' proxinnty '<i the enemy 
 
i82 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 threw Philadelphia into great confusion. A town meeting was called in the 
 State House yard. It brought all classes of people together and there was 
 great enthusiasm. Thomas ]\IcKean. eighty years of age, presided. "It is 
 not a time for speaking,'" he said, "but a time for action," and a committee 
 was appointed to mal<e arrangements for a defence against the advance of the 
 enemy. Alany of the people were enthusiastic and determined to make 
 a stand in defence of their city, but, on the other hand, many were 
 thrown into a panic, packed up their goods, secreted their money and left for 
 places of refuge and safety. Stephen Girard removed great quantities of his 
 goods, transporting them to Reading, but he himself never for a moment aban- 
 doned the city. Sentinels were thrown out on every road leading from the 
 south, and a system of signals was inaugurated, giving notice in case the 
 enemy should approach. On the line of march of the British, farmers were 
 directed to remove their vehicles, JKirses and oxen as far away as possible, thus 
 depriving the invading host of all means of transportation. Large trees were 
 felled and thrown across the road, and the water wheels were removed from 
 the mills to prevent the grinding of grain. A number of forts and redoubts 
 were hastily thrown up, and the citizens volunteered to do the work necessary 
 for the erection of these fortifications. While the men were so engaged they 
 were generously supjjlied with portions of grog and encouraged by patriotic 
 appeals. \\'hen the excitement was at its height and the enemy was expected 
 t(i make its a])])earance at any hour, the streets were crowded with men, \xo- 
 meu and children to hear the latest news. On September twelfth, the r>ritish 
 (ieneral Russ. at the head of his command had been killed, Init the iJritish 
 veterans soon sent the militiamen on full retreat, and the British army then 
 pressed on towards Baltimore. The ships in the harbor bombarded Fiirt Mc- 
 llenr\', but .after tweiUy-tive hnurs of incessant and desperate firing accom- 
 plished iKithing, and on the morning of the fourteenth the British land forces 
 t(ji,)k to their boats. On the fifteenth, the grateful news was brought to the 
 city by a ojurier from the seat of war. An eye-witness of his arrival says, 
 "He came dnwn Chestnut street at a full gallop, the crnwd opening right and 
 left. He inilled up at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, and after a 
 pause of a few moments to recover his breath, he cried out in a loud tone of 
 voice. "The d d British have l)een defeated at North Point and their Gen- 
 eral. Lord Ross, is killed." This announcement was followed by such a fierce 
 crv of triumph and such cheers as I have never heard since that memorable 
 dav." Crowds paraded the streets during the night shouting and singing na- 
 tional airs and cheering for the brave Baltimoreans. .Men mounted steps or 
 boxes and harangued the crowd. ( )ne jolly old fellow, the landlord of a well 
 known hotel, carried awav by the excitement, pulled ofi his coat and hat at 
 Third and CliestniU streets and waving them in the air hurrahed lustily until 
 he reached South street, followed every step of the way by great crowds of 
 excited men and boys. 
 
 .\lthough the llritish had been rejiulsed at lialtimore, it was feared that 
 this citv was not (|uite safe from .attack, for the I'.ritish fleet might yet appear 
 in the IV'laware. (a'ueral ( iaine^, a di>tinguishe<l otticer, established his head- 
 
wauwu'k's keystomc commonwealth. 183 
 
 quartiTs here td take cli:iri;i.' of the militia aiu! tn ])r(ivi(le defence in case of 
 an attack fruni the eneni\. 
 
 In the face of a connnon dani^er. fak-liunal >])irit >uhsided. The whole 
 community was wron.^lu up li\ iiairintic fervor. .\ camp was estabhsheil at 
 Kennett Sipiare, and here a hndy .if re.n'ulars ji lined the vulinUeer.^. 
 
 Every victury on the >ea i>r 1 m the land was hailed with deli.i^ht, and the 
 (listing-uishcd officers who visited the city were entertained at sninplnmis ban- 
 quets and presented with g'old iiilled swords, lint, when at last ne\\^ was re- 
 ceived of (leneral Jackson'> signal \-ictor\- at Xew ( )rleans the w hide town 
 went wild with excitement. It was almost a month after the hallle of .\'e\\ 
 Orleans that news of the \ictor\ reached the cit\. In almnt a week later word 
 came of the signin- of the treat\ of |)eace at ( ihent. and in celelnation of this 
 event the city was illuminated, arches were thrown over the hi,L;hwa\s and the 
 |)ri\-ate houses were decorated with llaL;-' and huntiiiLC. 
 
 Duriu!.;- the continuance of the war. the city. notwithstandiuL', the constant 
 dread of attack, had made some prot^re-'s and would, no donht. ha\e made con- 
 sidcrahle more had the limes been prosperous and liad not the ]ieople's minds 
 been diverted by ]iassiii<;' events. 
 
 Follow ins '''c- War of iSu. the citv was. in the main, inhabiteil b\ :\ 
 thrifty class and to the subject of ctdtivatinij this inhereiU i|nalit\. t'ondx l\a- 
 j.juet, then president of the I'emisylvania Life Insurance L'ompany. !;a\e nuich 
 thought and study. He had read manv lui.eflish journals describini; (he es- 
 tablishment of savings banks in that cmnUry and on the 20th of .\ovend)er. 
 iXifi. he introduced the matter lo Richard I'eters, Jr., with whom he was 
 talking on the way to his ol'tice. ( )n the same da\- they discussed the subject 
 with Clement C. liiddle and Thomas Male, in the former gentleman's office 
 and a.greed uijon the advisability of establishing a savings baid<. It was de- 
 cided to call a meeting of a few i)rominent citizens to act upon the suggestion, 
 and, res|)onding to the in\ilation, twelve gentlemen agreed to unite for the 
 purpose. On Monday. Xinemher 25. iSiO. five of this nmnbei" met at .Mr. 
 Kaguet's office on South Second street and fornnilated plans for the society's 
 formation. 'J"he>e were; C'ond\- Raguet, Thoimas Hale. John Strawbridge. 
 John C. Stocker and John Mct'rea. .\l the meeting, Mr. Raguet submitted 
 the ])lan for the association which after souu discussion was amended and 
 subse(|ucntly ado])ted at an adjourned niei-ting at which time Andrew I laird 
 was chosen first president. d'he jilan of the .Association h;iving been acted 
 upon, the necessary officers elected and committees ap|iointed lo conduct the 
 business of the Association, by-laws adopted anil the contingeiU expenses pro- 
 vided for b\- voluntary contributions of the .Managers, the business of the As- 
 sociation was connnenced and continued up to .March 31, iSiQ. 
 
 ( )n the 25th of h'ebruary. iSlo. an .\ct of the Legislature incoriiorating 
 "The I'hiladelphia Saving lomd Societx" was aiijiroved by the (iovernor of 
 the Commonwealth, and accordingly the trustees under the articles of the .\s- 
 sociation — namelv, William Jones, the I'resick'iU, and Jonathan Smith, the Cashier 
 of tile United States I'.ank — transferred all the assets to the incorpm-ateil so- 
 ciety. On Monday, December J, iSiO, the office of the ,Society was first o])ened 
 for the transaction of business on the west side of .'^ixtli street. nearl\- ojiposile 
 
1 84 
 
 WAKWICK S KKVSTONE COM .NrON WF.ALTII . 
 
 ?^linor street, next door l<> Kubicam's well-known tavern. In the year 1818, 
 the office was removed to the east side of Sixth street, southeast C(jrner of 
 Minor street. Three years later the S(iciety was ([uartered on the west side of 
 Decatur street, a small thoroughfare between Sixth and Seventh streets and 
 in 1826. a more commodious office was secured on the secund floor of the 
 building at the southeast corner of Third and Walnut streets. In 1827. the 
 building at Xo. ,^^4 \\'ahnu street was purchased and was occupied by the 
 
 The I'mi.Aiiti.riii.' 
 
 ■ 1 Nil. IS40-IS1; 
 
 .Societ\ until 1840. when it erected a new building on the site. .\'o. ^o'l Walnut 
 street. This was the marble front building now owned and occupied by the 
 Ro\al Fire Insurance Company. Its erection marked an important epoch in 
 the Society's history, and it was opeueil with ai)pn>priate ceremonies. Thomas 
 V. Walters was the architect and the committee that supervised its construc- 
 tion included Horace Binuey. lohn J. X'anderkemp and l-'rancis (iurney Smith. 
 In i8fK) the office of the Society was removed to the building which it now 
 occu])ies. tin- increased and constantly increasing business making it ijnpera- 
 
WAKWUK S KKVSTdXI-: C( )M M nX W !■; \l,r 1 1 . 
 
 185 
 
 live tliat ni<)re cnnimndioiis accnniim i(laii('ii> for the (k-pnsiti ir^ ^hunld Ik- so- 
 cured. The pni|)eit\ wa^ ])nrchased and a fire|)r(ii if building eri'Cted under 
 the careful snpervision nf a cuiiiniittee <>\ the .Managers, cuiisistiiii; nf jovhiia 
 I>. Lippincntt. S. Mdrris W ahi, Ju^epli llarrisun. jr., Kdward Ship]ien and 
 Alexaniler lliddle. Such has heen the rapid increase in the ninnl)er nf de])iisi- 
 turs. that in ( )ct.il)er. iS.Sj. ihe attentinn nf the Mana.i^ers \\a> called In ilie 
 iK'cessitv of prnvidini; additimial accnnmindatinns fnr its nftice. in nrder In 
 facilitate the transaction nf its business and tn prnxide fnr its fnlnre want--. .\ 
 committee was appninted and after careful cnnsideratinn the |)nrcliase '>\ addi- 
 tional prt)perly nn \\ alnnt stret-t was recnnmiended, in nrder that the bnildnig 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA SAVINO FUND SOCIETY 
 As Enlarged 1898 
 
 could he enlari^a'd and such imprmenienis added as would facilitate the carry- 
 ins; out of the benevolent wnrk nf the ."society. The Board of Mana.yers con- 
 curred in the recnnnnendatinn nf the committee and aiitlmrized the ]inrchase 
 of the ])roperty named. .\ cnmniittee was a])pninled consisting;' of Jnshna 1!. 
 Lip])incott. Samuel h'ield, l-'.dwai-d Shippen, l-'.dward S. ISncklcN anil I'ember- 
 ton S. Hutchinson, tn ^np^■rintend the new buildings, which have since been 
 enlare^ed by a seventx -li\e foot additinn tn the west. i;ivin<^ a total frontaije 
 on Walnut .street of one hundred and Hfty feet. 
 
 The Board of Manajjers elected Januar\- i. hh,v includes some i>\ the 
 most proiminent jjentleinen in the professional and business life of the city. 
 They are: John T. I,ewis, jr.. I'.dward 11. t nates, 11. W. I'.iddle. jnhn T. .Mnr- 
 ris, (i. .\s.sheton Carson. I'lftinj^iKun I'.. Mnrris. Arthur \-'.. Newbnld. William 
 W. JiLStice, C. S. W. I'ackard. J. Rodman Paul. Cliarlo F.. iui^er.oll. C. C. 
 Pnrvcs, T. DcWilt C'nyler. i-'rancis I. (iowen. John W. Pepper. Charles Bidtlle, 
 CJcorirc McCall, Henry II. Collins. Cliarle< P.. Penrose. .M . I)., jnhn B. Mor- 
 
i86 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 gan. James Logan Fisher, Roljert C. Drayton, Alha 11. Johnson, Francis A. 
 Lewis, James McCrea. 
 
 The officers of the Society are : President, G. Colesberry Purves ; Vice- 
 President. James ^I. AN'illcox ; Secretary and Treasurer, Samuel Woodward; 
 Assistant Treasurer, Thomas J. Ik'ck, and Assistant Secretary, Alvin S. Feni- 
 more. 
 
 It is doubtful if that little band of philanthropic gentlemen who organized 
 the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society nearly one hundred years ago, realized 
 that it was destined to become one of the greatest institutions of its character 
 in the world or that it would survive to wield such a powerful influence for 
 the good of mankind for the mere handful of depositors that welcoimed its or- 
 ganization in 1816 has grown to an enormous army of 283,000 individuals who 
 have been benefited and uplifted by its workings. Had its projectors spent 
 untold wealth they could have erected no worthier monument to record their 
 interest in humanity. 
 
 The Hank of the I'nited States had grown to enormous proportions, and 
 for some reason or other had fallen under the suspicion and disapprobation of 
 the people. It was claimed by its enemies that most of its stock was held 
 abroad by dukes and aristocrats whc> drew their dividends out of the bank to 
 expend them in Eurtipe. The leading and conservative business men of the 
 country knew, however, the value and wiirth of this great institution, and every 
 efifort was made to renew its charter, but Congress turned a deaf ear to all 
 appeals. An effort was then made to induce the State to grant a charter and 
 immense bonuses were offered in consideration of the grant. It was agreed 
 to subscribe large sums of money for the building of public roads, bridges and 
 for the improvement of river navigation, but the question had grown to be a 
 party one and nothing in the wav of promises or bonuses could secure the pas- 
 sage of a bill authorizing the renewal of the charter. The bank ceased business 
 and the building was purchased by Stephen Girard at a figure considerably 
 below its real value and at once he opened a banking business, agreeing to take 
 charge of the accounts of the depositors. This was the beginning of the Girard 
 Bank, which was not organized until 1832, but its immediate predecessor was 
 Stephen Girard's bank and through that its lineage is directly traced to the 
 first Bank of the LTnited States, the spectacular history of which, was one of 
 the most important incidents following the commercial impulse infused into 
 the country by the Constitution of the United States and the subsequent for- 
 mation of the Government. After an existence of twenty years, during which 
 period the United States Bank paid dividends of from seven and five-eighths 
 to ten per cent, per annum, its doors were closed on ^larch 3, 181 1, by reason 
 of its failure to secure a renewal of its charter. At this time Stephen Girard, 
 who was the wealthiest man in the country and the liank's largest stockholder, 
 purchased the bank building and its equipment and one year later opened 
 Stephen Girard's Banking House, with a capital of $1,200,000. The bank was 
 a success from the outstart, although it began its existence at the outbreak of 
 the War of 1812, which was a trying period in American finances. Girard's 
 bank was of great assistance to the Government during the period of and im- 
 mediately following the war with Great Britain and it continued in active oper- 
 
W AKW U K 
 
 K E\ ST( I X !■; 1(1 M M ( I \ W F.,\ I/l 1 1 . 
 
 18- 
 
 ation until the ileatli nf its fMiiiuki-, l)ccrmlicr jii. iS:;i, at which time tlie trus- 
 tees, \vh(j hai-l been appi linteil hy Mr. ( iirard in anticipatii m nt' his ileath, w.iund 
 up its affairs and turned over l)el\\een fmir and live niihinn iliillar> tu his ex- 
 ecutors. Mr. (jirard was buried <in Deeenibir .V'. i''^3>. '""i t'l'-" same day the 
 following notice, which led t.> (irgatii/.aiinn i>f the (iirard Bank, appeared in 
 the newspapers: "The merchants, manufacturers and others of the city nf 
 Philadelphia, wdio approve of ap|ilyini; to the Legislature for the charter cd' a 
 bank, witli capital adequate tu nu'et the dcticiency occasioned Ijy the withdrawal 
 of the lianking Caiiital ni the late Stephen Girard, Esq,, are reipicsted to at- 
 
 
 
 
 'l^'- (t 
 
 - i i ^jwhr i ' 
 
 i.iii.Miip .X \ri( 
 
 tend a meeting at the Merchants (.'uffee linuse on Satiu'day aftern(ji)n at three 
 o'clock, the 31st (if December. 1^:51." .\ large ninnber of pi-ominent men 
 answered tlie call and adopted a memorial to the Legislature asking for ;i char- 
 ter for a bank with a caj)ital of $2,000,000 to "supply the deficiency caused by 
 the closing of .Stephen (hrarcrs Hanking House, because existing banks, with 
 a sincere disposition to meet the wants of the ciimuuuiit\. do not possess re- 
 sources sufficient for the purpose and there is no doubt, that unless a new 
 bank, with a large Capital shall be established within a short time, the most 
 serious inconvenience will he experienced bv the Comnmnity at large." The 
 committee appointed for the jjurpose prei)ared the act of incorpor;Uion, which 
 was passed by the Legislature ami ai>|iroved by the ( lovernor and the books for 
 the subscription of stock were immediatelx o])ened in the Masonic Temple, 
 
i88 Warwick's kkvstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 on Chestnut street. There was a great demand fur the stock and after the 
 organization of the hank was completed, James Schott was elected president 
 and Girard's banking house was rented and has been occupied continuously 
 since. Among the early depositors were the Camden and Amboy Railroad 
 Company and the United States Covernnient. The latter account grew to be 
 a very large one, particularly after President Jackson ordered the removal 
 of the public funds from the second I'nited States liank and made tlie Girard 
 Bank one of the (Jovernment's chief depositaries. The first dividend upon the 
 capital stock of the (Hrard Hank was paid in May. 1833. The financial 
 strength of the young institution at this period is shown by a draft of $1,961,- 
 040.42 which was paid to the Treasurer of the I'nited States, two years after 
 its organization. The liank was in a most flourishing condition when the panic 
 of 1837 occurred and it successfullv passed through this tr\ing ordeal as well 
 as that of 1837, and the troublous times which followed the opening and 
 continuance of the Civil \\'ar. when it rendered efficient aid to the Government. 
 The capital of the bank had been increased to $5,000,000 some time previously 
 and its charter from the State renewed at different periods. In 18(14, it was 
 made a Xational Hank; capitalized at $1,000,000, and in 1901 it merged with 
 the Independence National Bank and increased the capital to $1,500,000. In 
 i<>03, the Mechanics Xational Bank was absorbed and the capital stock was in- 
 creased to $2,000,000. The Western Xational Bank was taken over in igi2, 
 and these mergings made the Girard Xational Bank one of the strongest and 
 best patronized in the city. The building which the bank has occupied for 
 over eighty vears, is the same in exterior, as it was in the days of the United 
 States Bank and Stephen Girard, but its interior has been modernized and 
 vault.-: of Harveyized steel installed. That the wonderful success of the bank 
 is largely due to the ability of its e-xecutive heads, is attested b_\ the fact that 
 since its organization it has had luu five presidents. The present incumbent of 
 that oftice is h'rancis 1'.. Reeves, who was elected to the position July 18, iS'i'). 
 He is one of the leading merchants of the city and under his careful direction 
 the business has largely increased, 'flie closing of the I'nited States .Bank, as 
 was natural to suppose, produced great financial complications, in liquidating 
 its affairs a large iiortion of its capital had to be returned to foreign owners, 
 and this sum had to be paid in sterling money. Prices of all goods leaped to a 
 great height. Rice, sugar and all the staples arose to exorbitant figures, and this 
 brought great hardship to the poor. Hard money almost entirely disappeared 
 from circulation. 
 
 The United Stales Bank having closed, its business gave opportunity for 
 the establishment of innumerable State Banks, which institutions, in order to 
 relieve the stringency, issued their notes, or what were called "shin plasters," 
 Tradesmen, dealers and merchants also issued tlieir notes for amounts from 
 two cents upwards. The conservative thinking people of the country began 
 to have an appreciation of the value of a moneyed institution such as the 
 United States Bank, and an eft'ort was immediately put on foot to incorporate 
 another institution of like character, and in 181') the Second Bank of the United 
 States received its charter, to exist for a period of twenty years. Its doors 
 were opened on January seventh, 1817. It occupied, temporarily. Carpenter's 
 
\\Aia\ UK s Ki-:\sTi)XK com Mo.vwrcAr.TH. 
 
 iX<) 
 
 Hall, but plans were drawn at «ince fur the erection of a suitable building and 
 in 1818 the old Xorris Mansion, which was located on the south side of C'hest- 
 luit street between Fourth and h'ifth streets, was selected as a site for the now 
 structure. The corner stone w.a- laid in ihe ."Spring of 1819, and the building 
 was completed and readx for use in 1824. It was modeled after the Parthenon 
 at Athens and in il> day was considered the finest jiiece of architecture in the 
 country, it being de.scrihe.l as "a perfect specimen of the piu'e Doric temi)les of 
 the dreeks." 
 
 (;MiAl;l) NaTHINAI I'.ANK as it Al'l'I-AKS TllllAV. 
 
 Business was still in a depres^eil conditi(]n. and in the winter of 1816- 
 181" there W'as great suffering among the jioor ami subscription^ had to be 
 raised to give relief. It took sonu- time to restore our foreign Iraile and be- 
 sides this our manufactures, which during the war found a home market, were 
 deprived of that now because of the scarcity of money, the high prices of pro- 
 visions, and the non-cmploynient of the working classes. 
 
 Philadelphia, at this time, was a city of a little less than one hundred and 
 twcntv thousand inhabitants. It was fairly well covered witli buildings from 
 South street to \'ine. but wa- not thickly populated in the other direction to 
 the we.st. further than l-'.leveiilh .ir '{'welfth streets. 
 
 .\ltcr the fortunes of .Xaiioleoii declined, many I'.onapartists. to escape the 
 vengeance of the P.ourhons. found ref\ige in Philadelphia, and formed quite 
 
IQO WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 a community in tlieniselves. Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain, and brother 
 of the great Napoleon, arrived here in September, 1815, under the name of 
 Count SurvilHers. He rented a liouse from Stephen Girard. located at the 
 southeast corner of Twelfth and Market streets, and subsequently established 
 a suburban residence at Bordentown. He was a frequent visitor to this city 
 after he had removed to Xew Jersey and became quite a favorite among the 
 people because of his plain, simple and democratic manners. Grouch}-, who 
 had failed Napoleon at Waterloo also found refuge here and occu[)ied a house 
 on Lombard street in the neighborhood of Fifth. 
 
 .-\bout this time, nr to be more particular, in the year 1817, an English- 
 man by the name of Henry jSradshaw Fearon, came to this country for the 
 purpdsc of seeking dctinite infiirmati( rn as t(i the best parts of the L^nited 
 States in which to send immigrants, -\fter his lour he published his impres- 
 sions, and his criticisms and observations created (piite a sensation. He landed 
 in .\ew York, and aflcr making a short sojourn there travelled by ,4age coacii 
 to r.nnlentiiwn. and then tonk a steamboat down the Delaware and at la^t 
 after a pleasant ride, according to his own description, on a stream that was 
 lined on both sides by stretches of beautiful conntrw arriveil at Afarket street 
 wharf. (Jn bis journe}' down the river he saw six or seven vessels driven bv 
 steam. This was only a few years after Fulton's "Clermont'" had made her 
 successful trip on the Hudson, and proves that steam was being generally in- 
 troduced in the matter of river navigation and transportation. As he stejjped 
 from the boat he was overrun 1)y porters, most of them negroes, who we)re 
 upon their hats or their coats tin plates on which in large letters were their 
 names and addresses. They flocked aromid him in great numbers, and ca.gerly 
 sought to carry bis baggage and to conduct Inni to his hutel. He stopped at a 
 well known inn for several da\ ■>, and then removed to a |)rivate boarding 
 house. Here he had comforta])]c quarters, but does not seem to ha\-e been ver\- 
 well pleased with the conduct of the estaljlisbmeut. Bringing letters of intro- 
 duction to several of our leading citizens, he was invited to dine in the houses 
 of some of the well-to-do folk, although he does not seem to have secured an 
 ciitrc into the highest social circles. L'pon one occasion he took tea at what 
 he called a "genteel jirivate house." Here he was kindly entertained and was 
 specialh' impressed with the table, loaded with hsh, dried beef and sausages, 
 and great plates holding pieces of bread ])iled up in a zig-zag form. In com- 
 menting upon the inmates of the bouse, he says that the faces of the children 
 were dirtv, their hair was uncoinljed an<l they seemed in his view, to be some- 
 what neglected. To take one instance as an index of the whole is not fair. 
 He appears to have taken the exception for the rule, frir his experience and ob- 
 servations evidently did not co\er a held broad enongh to enable him to reach 
 a fair conclusion or a judgment that would be general in its application. 
 Surelv the condition he found in this particular home was exceptional, for no 
 foreign strangers or visitors ever stated that children in .\merican homes were 
 either unkempt or neglected. Mrs. TroUope and Charles Dickens held the 
 mirror np so that we could see our deformities in their own retlection and 
 although thev were disgusted with many of the habits that prevailed among 
 our ])eople in the wa\ of boasting, swaggering, swearing, smoking, tobacco 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 191 
 
 chewing and spitting, they cHd not even intimate that our children were neg- 
 lected. In direct contradiction to the statements of Fearon, Miss Fannv 
 Wright, an English tourist, who visited tliis country in 1819, said: "I never 
 walked through the streets of any city with so much satisfaction as those of 
 Philadelphia. The neatness and cleanliness of all animate and inanimate 
 things, houses, pavements and citizens, is not to be surpassed." 
 
 Fearon greatly admired the forms of our women, but declared at t\vent\- 
 seven they were as old in appearance as the Fondoners at forty, and that they 
 did not have the rosy cheeks of their English sisters and to make up in this 
 matter they were given to the use of rouge. He thought, too, ihe\ ought to 
 take some lessons in the management of domestic concerns and that they were 
 sadly lacking in the cultivation of the mind. He also referred to the aristo- 
 cratic and exclusive air that prevailed among the upper circles of society, and 
 no doubt, like many visiting foreigners, found it difficult to penetrate that 
 chosen realm. He witnessed an election and saw much that disgusted him 
 witli the proceedings. He was more than pleased with our markets and de- 
 scribed the butchers in their spotless white aprons. The funerals which he 
 saw were attended by "large walking i)rocessions," and he notes that when the 
 body is brought out of the house there were no signs of deep sorrow on the 
 faces of an_v who were taking part in the ceremony. Philadelphians have 
 never been exceptionally effusive in their grief, but no one ever charged them 
 with indiiTerence to sorrow or coldness oi heart. The iMiglish tourist must 
 have been unfortunate enough ti> attend the funerals of a few mothers-in-law. 
 In describing the Constabulary force of the cit\' he states that there were 
 twenty-six watchmen who cried the hour, and adds that if any one should at- 
 tempt to imitate them the offender would be subjected to immediate arrest. Four- 
 teen Constables, together with two High Constables, bearing maces, walked a; 
 stated intervals through the streets and examined all sus])icious loolcing ])er- 
 sons, who, if they were unable to give a fair account of themselves, were 
 taken to the Mayor for further interrogation. lie intimates in a mysterious 
 way that he could reveal the facts in some recent occurrences "which if true 
 in all particulars would prove the Magistracy here to be as corrupt as that of 
 London in the days of Fielding." It is useless to say that his comments met 
 with a stiff denial upon the part of our journalists, and aroused a spirit of in- 
 dignation in the hearts of the people, for the community in those days was 
 verv sensitive and easilv irritated l)v adverse criticism. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE BENCH AXI) BAR. 
 
 PR1()R [n tile Revohniun, tlu- JiuIljcs apimiiitcd Ijy the Crown were, in 
 many instances, men ni inferior ability, without anv professional train- 
 in.L;. and comparative!)- without knowledo:e of the law. They were 
 mere niduthpieces of the King, owed an allegiance only to him, and 
 their rulin.i^s were always in his favor. After the Revolutionary War, there 
 was a decided change for the better in the character of the judicial appoint- 
 ments, and a few brief sketches of some of the mo>t prominent Judges, show- 
 ing their eccentricities. learning and qualities of mind will give a fair index 
 ol the manner in which justice was dispensed in the earl\- davs of the Re- 
 public. 
 
 Thomas .McKean was the tirst Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 rennsyl\-ani;i after tlie Declaration of Independence. He had the hc>nor of 
 being one of the illustrious signers of that immortal document. He sat upon 
 the I'.ench Irom 1777 to 1799. and subse(|uent to his judicial career, he was 
 Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and took an active part in 
 public alTairs l)oth in State and Nation until the opening years of the War 
 of 1812. He was well founded in the |)riuciples of the law and familiar with 
 every point of ])ractice. He was a man of strong character and had the rug- 
 ged i|ualities of the Scotch-Irish, from which race he sprang. He was an ar- 
 dent [jartisan. bitter in his prejudices and at times his rulings on the Bench 
 were almost des|)otic. He was a man of powerful physu|ue, and nothing 
 could daiuit his courage. When presiding in the L'ourt at Harrisburg a mol) 
 gathered outside of the building and w;is so nois\- that the Judge summoned 
 the SheritT to disperse the ral)l)le. The Sherift". almost frightened out of his 
 wits, reported to the Court that the crowd was lieyond his control. "Then why 
 do you not sunmiiin your posse?" roared the Judge. 'T have done so, but 
 without a\ail," replieil the .^heritif. "Then, sir." shouted the Judge, "why do 
 you not >unnuon me?" The Sheriff, taking the Judge at his word. said. "I do. 
 sir, sunnuon \ou. in the name of the law." Instanth' the Judge, without re- 
 moving his scarlet gown, dashed from the IVnch out into the courtyard, seized 
 a couple of the rioters by the throat and ordered the rest to disperse. Quiet 
 was restored at once. 
 
 When (lo\ernor of the Commonwealth, he appointed as Chief Justice, 
 William Tilghiuan. The appointment, however, did not meet with favor by 
 the leaders of the Democratic part\ and a committee waited upon AIcKean 
 and made known to him the object of their visit. The ( iovernor, profoundly 
 l)o\ving and .issuniing an air of gi'eat curiosity, a.^ked what the Democracv de- 
 sired. "We want," said the speaker of the committee, "a man more loyal to 
 the principles of the Democratic part\." "Indeed," said the Covernor, "you 
 ma\ return to your constituents and tell them thai 1 bow with sulimission to the 
 
 102 
 
WANWKKS Kl•.^s^(l^l■■, i cim Nrox\\i;Ai.rii. 193 
 
 will of the great Dcnmcrarv ..f 1 'hiladclphia. but hy ( ioil ! William ■ril.t^liiiian 
 shall be Chief justiee nf reiinsvlvania. " 
 
 Judge Samuel L'liase was apixiinted au assnciale justice nf the I'uited 
 States Circuit C'cuu't t'nr the District nf l'enu>ylvauia in the vear nf ijijd. lie 
 was a man of nncmumnn abilit\ and brnad learning, but at times most arbi- 
 trar\ in his cniiduct ami in rulings. Me was never what might be called a fa- 
 vorite with the bar. I'lmn nne ncc.i-inn. Sanniel Leake. l''s(|uire, whn prac- 
 ticed law in Trentnn. .\ew jerse\. a]tpear(.'d bef'jre the I'nmt tn take part in 
 an argument. He w.as well knnwn as a case lawyer and alwa\s cileil an end- 
 less arr;i\- of aiuhnrities. ( >n the da\ in (|uestinn befnre the npening id' the 
 Court, he was foimd husil\ engaged m arranging a Inng line and piles nf law 
 books on the table at the bar of the cmn-l. and was taking the greatest care in 
 ])lacing them in nrderK succe>sinn sn as tn have tlii'ni cmnenieutb at band 
 (lin-ing the cnur-e of lii> argnmi'ut. Ihe Judge. >hnrtly befnre ( 'nurt enli- 
 vened, aii])eared upon the I'.ench and Innking down upmi tlie l.iw\er arranging 
 his books askeil him in an abrupt manner, "What have \nn there. >ir''" .Mr. 
 Leake replied. "My hnnks." "What are they fnr?" said the Jndge. "I inlenil 
 to cite frnm them my authnritii'>." said the lawyer. "Tn whnm." >.nd the 
 Judge, "do yon intend to cite them''" "To \dur hnunr." was the au.->wer, and 
 
 the Judge ended the cnllo(|n\ b\ abruiitl\ sa\ing. "I'll he d d if \(iu do." 
 
 Sucli conduct was at least uncivil, and it is not knnwn what cnin'se was pur- 
 sued by the lawyer in the face nf so sharp a denial nf justice. 
 
 In proceedings for treason against a ni.u! b\ the name of Jnhn h'reas. 
 lustice Chase, before hearing any te.stimnn\ in the case, submitted in writing 
 to the lawyers on both sides his \iews u])on the law as he intended In lax them 
 ilown before the jnr\ in his charge. 'Ibis was sn clearly ,a preindgiiig nf tln' 
 case, that .Mr. Lewis and .Mr, Dallas, re|)resenting the defendants at once with- 
 drew, and the District .\ttnrney was cnmpidled to prosecute the |)risoner unrep- 
 resented b\ coimsel. The trial resulted in the cotiviction of tlu' defendant 
 and the Judge forthwith imposed upon him the sentence of death. The pris- 
 oner, was, however. subse(piently pardoned and the Judge, becaust- nf his ar- 
 bitrarx ruling in the matter, w.as impeached in 1S04 befnre the Senate of the 
 Cihted States, but after a long trial was ;iC(piitte<l. 
 
 Justice Chase was succeeded by Ihishrod Washington, nuu ni the greatest 
 Judges that ever sat upon the IW-nch in this country or in ;my other. He had 
 devoted his whole life to the stud\ of law and g.i\e but little timi' nr thniight 
 to any branches of learning nutside of it. I lis npinious weri' written in a 
 clear, simple st\le biU without an\- adornment. He never indulged in the cus- 
 tom so coninion in those days oi (|Uotii]g from the classics, or even from 
 standard Lnglish author.s. In fact, it was said liy some one who knew him well 
 that it was a <|uestion whether he knew b\' whom Hamlet was written. Ihn 
 his jjurity of mind, his fairness, his ;unialiility. his patience made him au ideal 
 Iiidge and his reputation as a jmist is linked with that of the gre.il .Manslield. 
 L'])on a tablet wdiich ajipears on the walls of the District Court nf the CniU'd 
 States in this district, recording the res])ect and al'lection of the members of 
 the Philadelphia I'.ar. the following language sums ui) eltxpiently his attri- 
 !)Utes: "Distinguisheil for sinii]licitv of manners and i)urii\ of heart. I'earles^ 
 
194 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMON" WEALTH. 
 
 and enlightened as a Judge, no influence or interest could touch his integrity 
 or bias his judgment." 
 
 \\'ith the name and reputation of Piushrod Washington may be coupled 
 that of \\'illiam Tilghman. He was appointed in March, 1801, by President 
 Adams, Chief Justice of the United States Circuit Court for this circuit, fie 
 was called one of the "midnight judges" from the fact that President Adams, 
 just before his retirement, made a batch of Judicial appointments, among 
 which was named Judge Tilghman. A better selection could not have been 
 made, for he was not only learned in the law, but had every attribute that 
 made him ].)reeminently a jurist of the first order. With integritv. without 
 bias, with deep learning and with a cultured mind, he must be reckoned among 
 the great ornaments of the Bench. The Act creating the Circuit Court was 
 subsequently repealed by Congress. Mr. Tilghman was born on .\ugust 
 twelfth, 1756, in Talbot County, on the eastern shore of Maryland. His fam- 
 ily owned an cNtensive plantation on the Chester River in Oueen Anne's 
 County, and it was here, from 1776 to 1783, he pursued his legal duties. Part 
 of this time he resided in Chestertown. the County Seat of Kent, in those days 
 an important settlement in ^Maryland, and a pi)rt of entry. He subsequently 
 renio\-ed to Philadelphia where he ])racticed law successfully until his appoint- 
 ment in 1806 to the Bench as Chief Justice ni the Supreme Court of this 
 State. His two Associate Justices in this Court were Jasper Yeates and Hugh 
 Henry Breckenridge, both interesting men liecause of their peculiarities. 
 
 The former was a tall, dignified man in appearance, most careful in the 
 matter of his attire, and possessed of a good knowledge of the law. Breck- 
 enridge was almost as tall as his colleague, but was raw boned and with a 
 slight stoop in his shoulders. He was dark, with sallow complexion and 
 wrinkled face, he was generally unshaven and his hair uncombed. He was 
 most careless in his manner and style of dress. .\s a usual thing he wore a 
 rustv coat that appeared as if it had not been touched with a whisk or brush 
 for months. He wore small clothes, without suspenders and at times it looked 
 as if his breeches were losing their bearing. He was always shi.id with great 
 heavy boots, and a cravat was twisted around his neck which a wag remarked, 
 resembled a hangman's nocise. (Jften when presiding at a trial, if the weather 
 was hot or oppressive, he would remove his ci:)at and vest, pull ott his boots 
 and prop his stockinged feet against the desk. He seemed to delight in ignor- 
 ing every form of etiquette and decorum and this too in the presence of as re- 
 fined, as cultured and as accomplished a group of lawyers as ever practiced at 
 anv bar. If it hail not been for his known integrity and his really great power 
 as a judge his unseemlv conduct would, no doubt, have induced his impeach- 
 ment. 
 
 In those days the Judges rode the circuit on horse-liack and upon one occa- 
 sion, when journeying to his Court, the Judge was overtaken by a terrific storm 
 of wind and rain. Not having any clothes with him other than those which he 
 wore, he got off his horse, undressed, wrapped his garments in a wad and 
 placed them under the saddle and with nothing on but his hat and boots, 
 jumped upon his steed and pursued his way. Meeting a friend on the road, 
 he explained his condition bv saying, "Though I am a Judge. I have but one 
 
Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 195 
 
 suit and if I had not resorted to this scheme it would have been ruined, whereas 
 the shower bath can only "jive me a dressing." Breckenridge and Yeates were 
 not on the best of terms. There was always a want of harmony between them, 
 and at times there existed a personal enmit_\-. Upon oik occa-ion. the tw(j 
 Judges reached the Court before the arrival of the Chief Justice, and took 
 their accustomed seats. While waiting- fur the coming of Mr. Tilghman, Judge 
 Yeates occupied the time in eating an ap|)le. and the noise he made seemed to 
 give great annoyance to Air. I'.reckenridge, who, growing impatient, said, "I 
 thought, sir, you once infnrniecl me that you had been in London, visited West- 
 minster Mall, the ciiiu'ts .if law, ,ind saw Lord Alansfield ?" "Yes, s'r," said 
 Judge Yeates, puffing otit with importance, "I had that honor." "Pray, sir," 
 was l!reckenridge's reply, "did ynu ever see his Lordship munch a |iippin on 
 the bench?" It is not known whether Judge Yeates continued dcvnnring the 
 apple or threw the core at his colleague's head. 
 
 One of the early Judges of the d^urt of Common Pleas of Philadelphia 
 Countv was Jacob Rush, brother of the distinguished Dr. P.enjamin Rush, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Jacob Rush was a 
 man of great ability and of deep religious dev(_iti<jn. as will be seen l)y the lan- 
 guage used in the following uni(|ue sentence which he imposed upon Richard 
 Smith in 1816, who had been convicted of the murder (if a man by the name 
 of Canson. Addressing the prisoner, tlie Judge solemnly saiil: ".\s your con- 
 tinuance in this world will be for a short time, it becomes you seriousl\ to re- 
 flect upon the world of spirits into which you will soon 1)e launche<I. Dream 
 not. I beseech you, of annihilation or that death is an eternal slee]). The more 
 vou indulge in such unfounded speculations the greater your disap|)ointment 
 and horror will be when you awake in the eternal world. Life and imnior- 
 talitv are brought to light by the tiospel. In this precious volume one has (bs- 
 covered a true man and the fall and depravity of man and all his elevation and 
 happiness through the atoning blood of the Son of God. Here and here alone 
 a sold lost and bewildered in the maze and difficulty can find a clue to guide 
 him to the dav spring on high — the Saviour of sinners. 
 
 '■.\ particular feature of this disiilay of infinite wisdom and goodness is 
 that it opens a door for the most abandoned sinners to return to a means of re- 
 pentance. 
 
 "Murderers have lieen jiardoned. Idierefore, you may be iianloued in 
 the face of }our repentance and wash over your sins in the blood of Jesus that 
 cleanses from all sins. To thi- blood you nuist apply if you wish to escape the 
 regions of ])erpetual sorrow and despair. I, therefore, advise \ou to strive to 
 another end to accomi)lisb what is good. Double diligence, nav. tenfold dili- 
 gence is necessary in your alarming situation. \'ou have but a ^liort lime to 
 live and a great work to accomplish in the space of a few weeks. It becomes 
 vou, therefore, to work out your salvation in fear and trembling, for it is 
 Ciod that works in you the will to do llis own good pleasure. 
 
 "You arc a young man, cut off by vice in the morning of your da\s. 
 ^'onr sun is scarcely risen before it is set, not, I hope in the shailes of ever- 
 lasting night, but that on the luorning of the resurrection you may sliine in 
 robes of innocence, purchased in the blood of the Lamb, 
 
196 Warwick's keystoxe commonwealth. 
 
 "Now, t() tlie Court's mercy and to the goodness of ( i<j(l. I commend von. 
 and conclude with this re(|uest, tliat immediately upon your return to prison 
 you send for some pious divine to pray \\jth _\ou and assist vou in jjreijaring 
 for the awful change that soon awaits you. 
 
 "The sentence is that you be taken from hence to the jail of the Citv and 
 County of Philadelphia from whence you came and from thence to the place of 
 e.xecution and be hanged by the neck until \-ou are dead, and mav God have 
 merc\- upon your soul." 
 
 The same Judge, in charging the ( irand Jury res]iectiiig horse racing 
 said: "It is attended with many evils which seem interwoven in its verv na- 
 ture and a horse ground is a theatre and hot-bed of ever\ vice. The spirit of 
 gambling is infectious, and often seizes persons of ardent and impetuous tem- 
 per who Ijeing once caught in the t(.)ils are seldom al.ile to extract themselves 
 from its enfolding chains. 
 
 "The re])ort of a horse race s]ireads far aiid wide without the aid of a 
 newspaper and is a well known signal fijr collecting together from all parts of 
 the communitN' >harpers and gamblers of c\-ery character and (lescri]jtiijn. 
 Thither the\ repair as to their native elements to practice all of the deceitful 
 arts of their profession with great latitude and success. In short, it would be 
 hardly possible to name the spot upon the face of the earth whicli comljines so 
 nian\- means of destr(.>ying the \irtue and UKJrality of a country as a horse 
 race." This charge has the ring of one of the messages of Justice Hughes of 
 the Supreme Court of the Cnited States, transmitted to the New ^'ork Legis- 
 lature when he was I iovernor. 
 
 Another Judge, of that i)eriod, of preeminent abilit\ was Ji>hn Bannister 
 ( 'libson, born on the eighth of .Xovember, in the year 17S0. His father was a 
 Colonel in the American army, and was killed at St. Clair's defeat by the Inili- 
 ans in ijyy. His earl}- educational advanta,ge> were very meagre, but bv dint 
 of industry and application be was eualiled to enter the Junior year at Dickin- 
 son College, which institution, however, he left in his senior year, without 
 graduation. He then entered the office of Judge Huncan. a well known law- 
 yer of that ilay and after a course of studv was admitted to the bar in .March, 
 1803. He began the practice of hi> jirofession in lleavcr '"ounty in this State, 
 but meeting here with little success he afterwards went to Hagerstown. Alaryland, 
 then to Carlisle, where be built uji a fair ])r;ictice. He was .Scotch-Irish, and had 
 all the qualities that characterize that sturdy race of men. In iSk.i, upini the death 
 of Judge Breckenridge, he was appointed his successor. Tilghnian was still '^hief 
 Justice, and with (ubson as an associate, the Court liecame one of the most dis- 
 tinguished in this country. In fact, its opinions were ipioted as authorit\" in 
 the English Courts. The>e two great men. without in any wise detracting 
 from the merits of each i_ither, formed a combination that gave lustre to the 
 American ISench and Bar. ( iibson. was a tall man. about six feet four inche-' 
 in height. He was warm in his manner and. as simple, as frank and open as 
 a child. He was most c<impanionable in dis])osition and loved at times to in- 
 dulge in the pleasures of the table. He was not, as a rule, an indefatigable 
 worker and wouhl not exert himself unless the occasion required it. His mind 
 was clear, analytical and logical, anil bis power of expression most lucid, for 
 
Warwick's kkvstoxe commoxwi-ai/iu. 
 
 197 
 
 while men were WdnikTiii;; ln^w to dccidr, lie c invinci'il tlu-ni nt the simple 
 truth expressed in the clearest and nin>i euncise phra-es, Chiet jn>tice 1 i 1,5^:11 - 
 man died on the twenlielli dav .if April. lS_>7. and Jiidse Cibson was ap|H)inted 
 his successor. 
 
 These few sli.irt sketches of some of the early jiid-e- in this State ou-ht 
 to reflect the (iiiality of the I'.ar. for if the I'.ench he stron-' the I'.ar shonl.l he 
 of equal merit, for it i^ from the I'.ar that the Ind.^es are clK.sen. 
 
 It was at this time th.at the I 'hila(leli)hia lawyers made a reimtation for 
 themselves which still clin^> to their successors. In the first quarter of the 
 
 last century the names of William 
 Lewis. Jared lnL;ersoll. William 
 Rawle. 'rils^linian, 1 lupoiiceaii, I )alla>. 
 llopkinson. Heed and J'.radfor.i >ruiil 
 forth pre-emineiitl\ a-- talented l:iw- 
 \ers. The_\-. indecil, w.mld ha\e been 
 i;reat in any ai;e and under an\ con- 
 ditions 
 
 William Lewi^ was what we 
 w. luld call a self-made man and cor- 
 responds, ])erhaps 111.. re closel\ with 
 the active practitioner of today than 
 aii\- of his Contemporaries, lie was a 
 ciiuntr\' l)o\", horn in (hester count\' 
 and had no early educational adv.uit- 
 aj^e>. The stor\- runs that upon one 
 occa^-ion he drove into town with a 
 load of hay. but before returniiiLi t.i 
 the farm, lie took a stroll tlir.)UL;h the 
 cit\. and in his wanderinL;"s slop])ed in 
 .iiie of the courts, located at that tinu' 
 in the neicrhhorhood of .Second ;uid 
 
 Market streets. So interested did he 
 II. .\. li.iiN 1;. lui;.^iiN. 
 
 bee. line in the ari^imieiit^ ..t counsel 
 and so impressed was he with the whole scene that he made u]. his mind to do 
 everythini.,^ jn hi> ])ower {•> reach the liar. Without intitieiice and without nione\ . 
 he ajiplied himself to study and read every biMik that came within his reach. In 
 the course of time he entered the office of Xicholas W'aln — not only a dislintjitislied 
 lawyer of that day. but also an excellent preceptor, lie served here as a clerk 
 rather than as a student at law, for he received from Mr. Wain a stipend for his 
 services, which enabled him to live in a frugal manner. h"ver\- moiiieut of his time, 
 however, that could be spared from his routine duties, he devoted to the acquisition 
 of a knowledjje of the law. When he came to the liar lii> success was immediate, 
 for liis ability was recoi^ni/.ed n<it only b\ his brothers in the profession but 
 also by the t^eneral public. lie rose ver_\' rajiidh and was soon one of the 
 recognized leaders of the liar. I lis i)owers of reas.Jiiiui,'- were of the liii;hest 
 order and, notwithstanding the disadvantages of his early ye.irs he acipiired 
 in time a use of the hjiglish language that wa- remarkable for its i)urit\. ( )f 
 
198 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 a logical and analytical ininil, there was no question of law, no matter how 
 abstruse or abstract, that he could not master. He was strong, too, not only 
 at the Bar of the Court but before the jury. He was most fluent in speech 
 and at times rose to real eloquence. His voice was somewhat harsh, but it 
 was powerful and always well under control. His sarcasm was bitter and cut- 
 ting, and he was not loath to use it if occasion required. Jared Ingersoll was, 
 perhaps, taking all in all. the "facile princeps" of the l:'>ar at that period. Not 
 only was he learned in the law, but he had also a broad culture. 
 
 William Rawle, Edward Tilghman, Duponceau and Dallas were all men 
 of a high class. When they attended the sessions of the Supreme Court in 
 Washington, they hired a stage coach and enjoyed the journey to the Capital 
 as a sort of vacation like boys let out of school. Reminiscences, anecdotes 
 and jokes made the hours that otherwise would have been tedious, pass away 
 rapidly and pleasantly. l)ut how deUghtful and instructive mu^^t the conversa- 
 tion have been when they seriously discussed a question of law. of politics, of 
 science or of literature. 
 
 It was trulv a group of great men and upon one occasion when they en- 
 tered the Supreme Court room in a body, Bushrod Washington was heard to 
 sav to his colleagues on the Bench, "This is my Bar." He had every reason to 
 be proud of claiming relationship with so great a body of lawyers. 
 
CHAPTER XVI 1 1. 
 
 THE 'J IIEATRHS. CAIUJEXS AND PLACES OF AMUSEMENTS. GAMES AND SI'ORTS. 
 
 HA\T.\r,. Liinnixr, (je streets. Caspar wisiar. lottery. 
 
 FIRES. street scenes. 
 
 Will 1.1-; (Juakcr intliR'ncv prcdiiiiiinated, the i)la\h<m>c hihuiil;' certain 
 chi-s.^es iif people, was loukeil iii)on as an abomination, as a very 
 entrance to perdition ; but a^ time wore on the theatre sjrew in 
 ]>oi)ular favor. Washington, as we have already stated, during 
 his residence in this city occasionally attended dramatic performances, but the 
 scenes at times were ,so tumultuous that it is not surprising that reputable peo- 
 ple hesitated to indulge in the pleasure of visiting the playhouse. The gal- 
 leries often were crowded with a mob of hoodlums and these rowdies inter- 
 rupted the lines of the actors, and hooted and jeered those players who did not 
 meet with jniblic favor. \'ulgar and lewd remarks were made which would 
 bring a blush to the cheek of modesty, while those who occupied the pit had 
 showered upon their heads apple parings, cores, orange skins and mit shells ; 
 in fact men were compelled to wear their hats as a sort of jjrotection from 
 this storm of missiles. The occupants of the boxes, between the act^, indidged 
 in smoking as well as in drinking. Women of the street frequently invaded 
 the lobbies and made themselves conspicuous by their conduct and stvle of 
 dress. 
 
 Wlien Edwin Forrest, as a boy, made his first appearance on the stage at 
 the Southwark Theatre, dressed as a girl, one of the gallery gods cried out. 
 "Look at his legs and feet," which remark so angered the yoimg actor that he 
 dropped his lines, and turning in the direction whence the voice came, threat- 
 ened, with clenched fists, "to lick" his interrupter "like h 1," when the jilay 
 
 was over. It may be said, too, in this connection that, from all accounts, voung 
 Edwin was a husky lad, who was a tough fighter in a rough and tumble sci-im- 
 mage. He w'as, however, without ceremonv hustled from the stage .Tud driven 
 behind the scenes and it was thought that this incident would put an end to his 
 dramatic ambitions. 
 
 The actors had their rivalries, and their partisans freciueiulv indulged in 
 cheering or hissing and hooting as the case might be. In fact, the disturbances 
 were so great at times that the play could not proceed. There were instances 
 when the performances were interrupted by a free fight, and the onlv wav to 
 end the fracas was by extinguishing the lights. Often the gallery gods and 
 the occupants of the boxes would assail each other and keep up a running fire 
 of defiance and challenges. 
 
 When the Chestnut Street Theatre was erected public announcement was 
 made, in order to induce the public to attend the performances, that "the great- 
 est attention will be paid to the decorum of the theatre. .Special officers of 
 police are expressly engaged for the preservation of order ;uid everv violation 
 
 '99 
 
200 WARWICK S KI•:^•ST()^■E COMMOXWKALTII. 
 
 of propriety will be referred ininieiliately to the M;i,iiistrate witliont the least 
 resi)ect to pers(_>ns."' 
 
 NotwitlistandiiiL:: these violent scenes, which were of frei|iieiit nccurrence. 
 a Philadel])hia audience was considered the most critical in the country, and if 
 a player made "a hit" in dur theatres his reputation spread broadcast. The 
 managers of the L'lie-.tnut Street Theatre kept their promise to preserve order 
 and as time went on they fairly succeedeil in their etf'orts. an.d graduallv de- 
 veloped a taste for the highest ])hases of dramatic art. 
 
 \\ ignell was a son of an actor in the company of David (iarrick, and he 
 
 The CiiKsTxiT Stkekt Tiik.ktkk. 
 
 gathered together under his management a couipanx of well trained actors and 
 actresses and did much to inipro\-e the ilramatic taste of the |>e(iple. He died 
 in 1803. and his wife was afterwards associateil with a man b\ the name of 
 Reinagle. who had been in partnership with her husband. .She subseqiientlv 
 married ^\'illiam Warren who wa> a great favorite in Philadelphia. She died 
 in t8oS. and .Mr. Warren then formed a partnership with William Wood, and 
 it was under the management of Warren and Wood that the theatre liecanie an 
 institution. The stock compan\ formed by this management consiste<l of (oseph 
 Jefferson, the elder, his sons. John Jefferson and Thomas JelYer-.on. [ohn Dar- 
 iey. Mrs. John Darley, ^Irs. William W. Woo.l. j. J. Wheatley. .Afnand Mrs. 
 Henry \\'allack, .Mrs, C)ldmixon and some others of less distinction: a list o{ 
 actors and actresses that added renown to the dramatic pnd"ession, and of 
 whom i.iur grandfathers never ceased to speak in enthusiastic praise. 
 
WARWICK S KI••.^^STO^■E CONrMDXWEALTII. 
 
 A iuiiiiI)i.T lit luii^iisli actors from time to tinu- visited tliis cmmtry. 
 anions whom was 'I'homas Ajjlliorpe t'uo|)cr. lU- imnuwliatcK rose in the es- 
 timation of tile pla\i;()ers and was given in rhihulelphia a most heart\ rece])- 
 tion at liis every ai)|)earance. 
 
 In 1811, ( ieorge l''reilerick t ookc arrived in this countrx. Wv was an 
 English actor, wlio, if we are to jndge froni the accoinUs gixen of his talent, 
 would have been famons in any age or on any stage, lie onened his season 
 here in the character of Richard the Third. The house was jammed from |iit 
 to dome, ami his rendition of the character was recei\'ed with shouts of aj)- 
 proval, the audience rising in their -eats and cheering him at the conclusion of 
 the performance. .\t the time of the o])ening of the liox office, a great crowd 
 gathered before the theatre to purchase seats i,tr the initial performance. The 
 first a])i)earance of Cooke was on a Ahinday night, but it w;ts as early as Sun- 
 day evening- that [icnple liegan to gather about the door> of the theatre. The 
 well-to-do people who were anxious to attend the performance .-ecured the 
 services of ■■]xirter>," draymen, and persons of e\ery hue to -tancl in the line. 
 It wa.s not a case, however, of first come first ser\-ed but i.if the roughest and 
 the strongest, and so great was the excitement of those wh(T tried to get near 
 the box office that coats were torn oft' and hats were lost in the scrimmage. 
 "The crowd blocked up Chestnut and Sixth street corners," -a\s an e\e-wil- 
 ness, "even to the Cc)urt House and old Mr. Duponceau's dwelling. It was 
 prodigious." .\ certain doctor, in order to get a place cfose to the window, 
 resorted to the nast\- trick of tliri.>wing snuft' into the faces of the crovvd. lli> 
 first attempt was successful, for the people gave wa\- on ;dl -ides, but when he 
 made another attem])t to do the same thing, he wa- seize<l b\- some infuriated 
 men and roughl_\- handled. When the theatre o])ened on .Mond.iv night the 
 crowd was so great about the doors, waiting to catch .a glimjise of the famous 
 actor, that the box holders could hardly find their wa\- into the house. 
 
 Cieorge Frederick Cooke met with so successful ;i tmn' in this countrx th;il 
 he was followed in 1819 by William Wallack and subsei|uently b\- Junius r.ru- 
 tus .liooth, iMlnnmd Keen, W illi.am C. M.acready, Charles Matthews, Txrone 
 I'owcr and the Kembles. There was no actor of note that came to ibis coun- 
 try in those days that was not introduced to ;i I'hiladelphia .audience b\ War- 
 ren and Wood. The prices paid for admis-ion were one dollar in the boxes, 
 .seventy-five cents in the pit, .and fifty cents in the gallery. ( )n cold nights 
 there was alwavs a very slim .ludience [u-esent because there w.is no ,ai-range- 
 ment for the heating of the building, and the jicople could not carrv to the 
 theatres, as they (Hd to the churches, the well known warming pans or foot 
 stoves. 
 
 in the spring of 1820. the Chestnut .Street Theatre was burned down and 
 Warren and Wood lost all they possessed, the e.irnings of twenty \ears. The. 
 at once, however, leased the new theatre at Xiiub and Walnut street- which 
 originally had been erected for use as a circus, bm .after -onie altiTations, it \\a- 
 niade suitable for dramatic performances. 
 
 .\t this time in Philadelphia there was published a jomaial called "The 
 Mirror of Taste and Dramatic Censor." It was j)ublished by the llr;idfords 
 and edited by Stephen Cullen Carpenter, an luiglishman who had a keen ap- 
 
 1.3 
 
202 WARWICK S KEVSTOXK COM .\r(T.\ WICALTII. 
 
 preciation of dramatic art and whose criticisms were very incisive and of a 
 liigh standard. 
 
 The plays produced, as a rule, were nt hue (|uality. d'he luic;li>h actors of 
 note appeared in Shakesperean r(:)les, while the Stock Companies produced 
 such plays as Dou,^las. or The \oblr .S7;c/>//cr</. The Rnals. The Srhool for 
 Scandal. U'iUI Oats or She St oof's to Conquer. 
 
 ( )n the twenty-seventh of Xovemlx-r, iSi8. an anmiuncement was ma<le 
 that "a >iiiniL;' s^entlenian of this city" wnuld i)la\ the part nf ]'otiii\^ Xorzvl. 
 The younj,'- "gentleman so introduced wa^ no oth.er than l-liKvin I'nrrest, whu 
 was then fifteen years of age, destined to S^in the reputatiim uf heing" the 
 greatest actur that ever trod the hoards nf the American stage, it is a grave 
 question, however, whether nr not his rnhnst and strenunus acting would suit 
 the taste nf this age as it did that of i nn- fatliers and grandfathers. The inci- 
 dent heretiifore referre<l tu, in which he t'.ireatened to whip an interrupter, had 
 not killed his dramatic .•i--pirati' ais. 
 
 The people nf I'hiladelphia in thnse days were fund nf fresh air and tine 
 clothes, and resnrted in great numhers to the puhlic garden^ in and arnund 
 the city. The (iardens at (lra\'s Ferrv for a long wliile were held in pnpular 
 esteem, then came the Lehannn ( larden at the snutheast corner of 'ienth and 
 Snuth streets, the Lnmliardy ( "larden at Market and Schuylkill l-jghth streets, 
 the Centre linuse (larden at llrnad and Market streets, the Tivnli (larden on 
 the north side nf Market street, lietween Thirteenth and (^'entre Square, and 
 the N'auxliall (larden at liroad anil Walnut streets. Pantomimes and short 
 l)la\s were presented at these place> nf resnrt. (^'nncerts were also given, as 
 well as e.xhihitinns of tire works. .\ favorite entertainment was the ascension 
 of liallonns. In the State House was Charles W'ilscin Peale's Museum, consist- 
 ing of stutied hirds and quadruped>. skeletons and wa.\ figures. .\t the old 
 South ."Street Theatre, harnsinrmers held the stage and pleased its audiences 
 with terrilile and snul harrnwing situatinns. 'J'here were shows, tn(}, where 
 were e-Nhi])ite(l ninnstn i^ities, as well as k'iu'neil pigs, trained elephants and 
 dancing nmnkey^, while traveling jugglers and mountel)anks pitched their tents 
 in ever\ availahle spot and performed their antics to delighted crowds. 
 
 Cape Ma\- and Cong {'.ranch hecanie [inpular sunmier resnrts. and stage 
 coaches at stated intervals cnuvexed passengers tn the slmre, nr. if one desired 
 to gf) h\ water, -ailing i)acket? left the wharves of the cit\ almnst ever\ (la\. 
 In the summer nf iSoi a stage started from (^"nn])er's I'erry ever\ 'i'hursday 
 and reached Ca])e May the ne.xt day. It returned to the city on the f(jllowing 
 Tuesilay, thus giving an oi)])nrtunity for visitors to s|)end tlie week end at the 
 seashore. and in i8jj, such progress had heen made in the matter of transpor- 
 tation that li\' leaving at sunrise, a four-horse cnach reached Cape May nn the 
 evening nf the -ame da\ . Surf lialhing, when indulged in hy the hulies, was 
 at a]ipninted hnurs in the morning and in the afternoon, and during the>e times 
 it would be cnnsidered quite an act of impro])riety for an)- man tn strnll along 
 the iieacli. The dresses worn were of flannel or other wnnlen material and 
 reached from the neck to the ankles. What would nur staid old ancestors 
 say could they witness the hathing hour at .\tlantic City in these degenerate 
 davs ? 
 
\\\i<\vuk"s kenstonic coM.NroxwEAi.TH. 203 
 
 Saratosja and licdford Sprin;^-^ were fast hccuniiiii; la>lii(inabl(.' suniiiK-r 
 resorts for tliose who had the uimucx to sprml and thL' time to si)aro. 
 
 The favorile imtilcinr anniSLnu'nl> in winter were sleit^hinL;', sledihnt;', 
 coasting and skating', anil in the nnUKr mnnths votaries of tlie rod and hne 
 foinid great (|nantities nf ti^h in tlie Sehuylkill. stri])ed bass giving the keenest 
 kind of sport to the angler in the antmnn, while e\-er\ hronk wa^ full nf speck- 
 led trout. In the spring, tishernien si)read theii' nets f(jr shad wiiieh were 
 taken in great qnantities. tnnr hnndred and thirty-nine, it is staled, having 
 been caught b\ (iodfri'v .Schronk in one h;ud of his seine. This w.as in the 
 Schuylkill River, but the catches in the Delaware were much larger. 'I'he nets 
 in those da\s did nut differ in any particular from those that ;ire in use in nur 
 time. 
 
 The game> indulged in l)y the boys were shinny and town ball. In many 
 of the Inns were tn be fniuid shutfleboarils. skittle, poi il and billiard tallies, 
 while in e\er\' tavern \ard teamsters pitche<l ipidits or Imrse shue^ for drinks. 
 The race track, too, had its devntees, as well as fo.x hunting, and the cruel 
 sports of cock fighting and hull baiting were not neglected. 
 
 The field sportsman could still find an alnnidance of small game such as quail 
 and woodcock, in the surrounding counties in close proximity to the city, and 
 in the interior of the .'^tate, rutted grouse and wild turkeys also could be found 
 in numbers, while deer, bears and panthers were frequeiitl\ brdught tc 1 liag. 
 (Ireat flights of snipe settled on the meadows in the spring .and tall, and at 
 times wild pigeons passed over the city in such numbers that it seemed as if a 
 cloud obscured the sun. Men and boys shot them fn.m the ronfs of tall buihl- 
 ings. The |)onds. rivers and bays teemed with wild fowl id' every descrqitiim. 
 
 'Jdie gun. iir fowling piece as it was called, was a muzzle l(.)ader, the flint 
 and flash pan still taking the place nf the percussion cap. The gunner carried 
 over his shoulder a powder horn nr flask, and a shot pouch. 
 
 The sleighs in early days were nuthing hut scpiare boxes set nn runners, 
 but gradually the\ assumed more graceful fdrms, resembling in a measure the 
 outline of a swan, and these were known a> jumpers. The occupants were 
 covered with rol)e> luade of fnx and bear skins. The horses wore belts of sil- 
 verv bells of the same style and tnue as those of tuday. When the I )elaware 
 and the Schuvlkill were frozen, their surfaces were crowded with racing leam.N. 
 and on land after a snowfall, joy parties traveled to the Road llo\ises where 
 hot drinks, luncheiuis and su]ipers were servcil and snuietimes a dance was in- 
 dulged in l.iefore returning to the city, a violin ami a piano was furnishing the 
 music. 
 
 Skates originally had wooden runners and were called "■ilum|is." but the 
 wood was soon su[)i)lauted by ^teel. wdiich was turned up in I rout ;ind the end 
 adorned with a small brass ball, resembling in many instances ;m acorn. They 
 were strai)])ed and not clami)ed, as is tin- custom today, to tl'.e boot or shoe. 
 Some of our luost distinguished citizi-n^ were i'xi)ert skaters, but from all ac- 
 counts none of them surjjassed Captain James I'age of the .^t;ite h'encibles. 
 He was at this time (|uite a yoinig man. of good I^eight, fine lignre and most 
 graceful in everv movement, aiul executed the forward and backward roll 
 which was called "High Dutch" in a fashion unsur|)assed. The well dressed 
 
204 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 young- men of the day wore, wliile imliili^in^' in tlie sijort a rei! coat and buck- 
 skin tights. 
 
 During this period the cit\ wa> making many improven'cnls in the way of 
 building streets and liridges, thus not only adchng to its appearance, but also 
 aiding materially in the matter of travel and transportation. .\ writer in an 
 article which a[)peared in the "I'ortfolio" for May. 1818. said: "It nuist be 
 gratifying to e\'crv lilieral minded man to see the gradual improvement of our 
 citw The buildings which have been erecteil and the streets which have been 
 paved during the last ten vears will far surpass the most sanguine calculations 
 of former days. \'ine street is built aiiil I)a^•ed as far as Xinth street. Race 
 
 street is jiavcd as far a> I '.road street. Arch street is built nut entirely to 
 Twelfth street with beautiful Iiouse> and is i)aved to Eleventh street. Market 
 street is pa\ed tn Schu\lkill Sixth street, and is entirely built up as far as the 
 Centre S(|uare, and is partially built U]) on all scpiares between I'.road street 
 and the river ."Schuylkill. Chestnut street i> entirely built u]) nearh' as far as 
 Twelfth street and is ])aved and partiall\ paved as far as ."^chuxlkill Seventh 
 street which is twn squares west of i'.road street. Walnut street is nearh 
 built up ti> l--le\enth street, is paved as far as Twelfth street, and will shorth- 
 lie pax'cil up to Thirteenth street. .Spruce street is built up to Eleventh street 
 and is i)a\'ed to .I'.road street. I'ine street is binlt and paved up to Xinth street. 
 South street is partially improved as far as llroad street and is paved to Xinth 
 street P.voad is pa\ed from C/entre .Sipiare to \'iue street. .All the streets 
 rumiing north and south as far west as I'.leventh street, and most i.f the inter- 
 mediate and secondary stnets are pa\'ed in whole or in part according to the 
 e.xtenl of the im])ro\ements. What ha- \cr\ much cnntrilnued to the great 
 
w xkwuk's keystom: common wEAi.Tit. 205 
 
 cxtfiit of pavements, uilliin tlic last few \rars lia- been tlie enterprise, or, it 
 you elioo.se. the caleulatinj;- spirit of SdUif nf mir eiti/.ens, wlin, in order to 
 jiroeure pavements in front of their property ht-fore the regular i)L-rioil arrived 
 at whieh thev would be made by tlu- ])iiblie, have loaned llu- in.mev to tlu- 
 Councils free of interest for >ueh a term as would be likely not u> make them 
 a public burden before their re.^ular turn. 'I'hiis. for the pavement (if t'he>imn 
 street, west of Broad street, the money wa- loaned by the owners of the jiro])- 
 ertv interested, for fourteen years without interest, for the i)aveiiieiU of Wal- 
 nut street between Eleventh and Thirteenth streets the money was loaned with- 
 out interest for seven years and so of other streets." This sh(nvs a '^rvdl pub- 
 lic sjiirit u])on the jiart of the citizens. The material used for the pavin-' of the 
 hig-hwavs was gravel and cobble stones. In many instances, the paving wa> 
 confined to the middle of the street and did not extend from curb to curb, bn; 
 anything was a change for the better from the rutt\. muddy and dusty condi- 
 tions that had prevailed. 
 
 The water snpjjlv was also receiving attention. .\ new system was introduced 
 and the wooden trunks laid in the beds of the streets were supplanted by iron 
 I)ipes. 
 
 The lighting of the city claimed jiublic atteiitinii, and many experiments 
 were m;ule for the purpose of introducing illuminating gas. .\bout 1800. each 
 street |)ump was surmounted by a lam]i. but after Schuylkill water had been 
 introduced the pumps were gradually removed and posts were set up in then- 
 place bearing a lantern. Whale oil was useil as an ilhimin.mt. In iSii there 
 were eleven hundred and thirty-two street lamps, which were li-hted ever\ 
 night at dusk, except on those nights when the moon was shining. Mxpu'i- 
 ments were being made in tiie manufacture of gas. and at length a Dr. Kug- 
 ler gave an exhibiii.m of gas at IVale's Museum at the State House, and with 
 great ast(.)nishinent peol'le saw "lamiis burning without wick or oil. So suc- 
 cessful was the experiment that Warren and Wood installed a |ilaiil in their 
 theatre and on .November iweiity-tifth, iSiO. publicly amiounceil that the 
 Theatre thereafter would be entirely lighted with gas, the plant being under the 
 inspection and direction of Dr. Kugler. The managers also stated thai ihev 
 "are happv to be the tirsl to introduce this system of lighting theatres and (lat- 
 ter themselves that its sujierior safel\. brilliancy and neatness will be satis- 
 factorily expressed by the audience." The proiiosed introduction ol gas. how- 
 ever, met in some (piarters with considerable opposition. It was said that the 
 works would be a menace t.i public health and safety, that they would emit a 
 stench that would be not only un|)leasant but would prove uiuvholesoiue. that 
 the lights consumed the oxygen of the air and in lime Wiiuld attect the lungs 
 and the breathing api)aratns of the people and that an explosion of the works 
 would carrv with it death and destruction, ( )ue writer in denouncing the iiro- 
 ject, went .so far as to contend that ■■common lamjjs take the shine oti all gas 
 lights that ever exhale their intoleralile stench, that to introduce gas would be 
 folly — unsafe, unsure, a trouble and a nuisance," 
 
 I'lider the ins])iralion of Josiah While, an energetic ;md enterprising 
 (.)naker, plans were set afoot to make the Schuylkill River navig;ihle from 
 Keading to Philadelphia by means of dams and canals. There was much ojiiio- 
 
2o6 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 sition to the project at first, but it gradually won its way and at oncc was 
 opened the means of conveying quantities of hard coal fr^im the centre of the 
 State. \^irginia had supplied vast quantities of soft coal, which hail been used 
 in manufacturing purpdses. Especially had it been utilized at the engine house 
 in Centre Stpiare until the "trees and houses adjacent looked as black and 
 gloomv as those nf I'ittslnirgh." 
 
 While (leveliiping the coal beds in the Schuylkill \'allcy, efforts were 
 being made to find a market for the coal of the Lehigh district, liituminous, 
 or soft, coal was easier to ignite than anthracite and it made a hotter fire, 
 although it did not have the staying qualities of the latter, but gradually the 
 nianv advantages of hard coal induced its general use for domestic purposes. 
 "The first advertisement fur the sale of anthracite coal." says Thompson 
 Westcott, "appeared in the United States ( lazette in January. iSio. which an- 
 nounced that orders would lie received at 172 .\rch street "in (|uantities of not 
 less than one ton. between the first of .\pril and the first of December, at thirty 
 cents per bushel of eight\- pounds." This advertisement was inserted by Jo- 
 siah White, and to give an example of the ciial in ignition, he >tate<l that "it 
 ma\' be seen burning at the above place." About this time Lehigh coal could 
 be purchased in Philadelphia at seven dollars a ton, and Schuylkill coal was 
 selling at a much cheaper figure. 
 
 The Masonic Temple looked upon as one of the architectural features of 
 the citv, located on the north side of Chestnut street, between Seventh and 
 Eighth streets, was, on March ninth, iSk). destroyed by fire. It was a cold 
 night, one of the bitterest of the season and the ground was covered with 
 snow. The Assemblv was about to give a dance in one of the rooms and al- 
 ready a number of the ladies had arrived with their escorts, wdien suddenly 
 the flames burst forth from the centre of the building and spread rapidly in all 
 directions, an<l it was with some difticulty that the ladies were rescued from 
 the burning structure. By strenuous effort, the flames were prevented from 
 spreading to adjoining properties, but the Temple itself was burned to the 
 ground. The loss was said to be in the neighborhood of thirty-five thousand 
 dollars. A new building was erected u])on the same spot and opened in about 
 a vear after the conflagration, by a great ceremonv, the Masons, to the number 
 of a thousand, marching through the city in a procession. A number <if fires 
 occurred about this period, wdiich induced the ])eople to lielieve a baml of in- 
 cendiaries was at work, and rewards were oft'ereil for the apprehension of the 
 guiltv. A number of men were arrested, tried, convicted ,and sent to i)rison 
 for long terms. The Chestnut Street and the ( )ld South Street Theatres were 
 burned to the ground, and the State Mouse was also threatened with destruc- 
 tion, liut fortunately the fire was stayed. 
 
 ( )ne of the most disastn.ius and terrif\ing conflagrations that occurred 
 was the burning (d" the ( Irjihans' Asylum, located in the outskirts of the city in 
 Cherrv street. The fire broke out about two o'clock in the morning, in Janu- 
 arv, 1822. It was bitter winter weather. The neighborhood was some distance 
 from the built-up section of the city and it was diflicult to spread the alarm. 
 Wlien the citv was aroused, however, and the firemen came to the rescue, the 
 weather was so cold that the water fn^ze in the hose and all the efi'orts made 
 
wauwkk's KicvsToNi-: co.NrMowvEAi.Tii. 207 
 
 to stav the llanu.> w.-iv usolcs.. The insiitulinn was filled with inmates 
 an.l a' miniher of rescues were made, hnl notwithstanding the risk, that 
 were taken hy the citizen^ and the firemen, iweiitv-three of tin- little oik> 
 
 perished. 
 
 So nianv were the hre> oeenrriii- al>..m this time in dittereiit -eetions nl 
 the citv. that it was .leeided to -iv,- the alarm from the Slate Hou^e hv the 
 rin-ino- ,,1 the hell, the nuniher of strokes -ivin- the direction in which the tire 
 lay? For in.tance. \..rth. one stroke; South, two strokes: East, three stmkcs: 
 West, four strokes: XortheaM. one >troke and after an interval three strokes: 
 Xorthwest. one >troke and after an interval l..ur strokes: Southeast, two 
 strokes and after an interval three >trokes: Southwest, two strokes, and alter 
 an interval, four .tn,ke>. In case of a seneral alarm, the hell, after -ivm- tlir 
 ,lirecti,ni. would strike rapidly ■ .ne st.-ol<e after another, an.l there are manv 
 citizen- livin- todav wlm can recall the excitement that was aron>ed m tlie 
 citv In the rinoin-'of the hell, if the hre was of any maonitude men ru>hed 
 fn'.ni their Iv-nies to the scene of the coullasration. and a general alarm, struck 
 at the dead hour ..f nio'lit. would terrify tlie -taiinchest heart and make children 
 cower in their crihs. 
 
 Dr. Caspar Wistar was one of the most distin.ouishe.l phyMciau- ol his 
 day and a man of sreat acciuireineuts. lie was for many years vice-i'resident 
 of'the American Philosophical Society, and in 1815 followe.l Thomas jchersmi 
 as its President, holding that office until hi- death in 1818. He reside.l at the 
 southwest c.rner of I"..urth and Locust streets, and in his home, once a week 
 from Xovemher until April he gave a stag party consisting of fifteen to thirty 
 persons, men of distincti..n drawn from every calling in life. Well kimwu 
 people who vi-ited the city from ahroad were among the guests as well .as the 
 leading men from every section of our own country. These gatherings were 
 called "the Wistar Tarty." and were continued after his death even unto the 
 present dav. Those who formed the association immediately after the de itli of 
 Dr Wistar were William Tilghman. Professor Robert M. Patterson. P. S. Du- 
 ponceau. John \aughaii. Peuheii Haines. Robert Walsh. Zaccheiis f..llins. and 
 Dr. Thomas C. lames. 
 
 The Pliiladeli)hia t allege of Pharmacy, the Academy of Xatural Sciences 
 and the l-ranklin Institute came into existence during this period. 
 
 In the first c|uarter of the nineteenth century, the cil\ had undergone 
 manv changes. Market street, west of Sixth, which had been :i fine residential 
 section, was gradually encroached upon by business houses and shops. In the 
 erection of buildings, the balconies and lurches which had been characteristic 
 features of every dwelling, gradually disappeared. Win.low glass had been set 
 in leaden frames, and the windows opened inside the dwellings like do,,rs. but 
 now sashes of a more modern type were used. The stores, tno. began to m- 
 troduce bulk windows in which the goods were tastefully and attractively dis- 
 played, and at night illuminated by whale oil lamps. At the beginning of the 
 cenUiry, sun-dials were fref|uently seen on houses to remind the people of the 
 hour of the day. for town clocks were scarce and there were but few iieople 
 who carried watches. 
 
 The introduction of coal deprived many chimney sweeps of their occu- 
 
208 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 pation and they gradually disappeared from the streets, althoui^^h a few Hn- 
 gered upon the scene, with their cheery call, even into comparatively recent 
 Umes. Houses were now heated by plate stoves or bv the Franklin open stove 
 Upright cyhnders were used in the churches and public halls for the purpose 
 of heating, thus doing away with the foot warmers, which had been such a 
 comfort to worshippers in the i.ast during the long drawn out sermons of the 
 preachers. The charcoal man. who came across the river from Jersey with 
 his great tall, grimy wagon heaped up with charred w,x>d. was not "deprived of 
 his occupation by the introduction uf anthracite, for the houseli,,lders not vet 
 being familiar with the use of har.I cual. used the charcoal for the purpose' of 
 Igniting It, and m the summer. i>late stoves as a rule were abandoned bv 
 housekeepers and the- charcoal furnace set up, out of dours. The introduction 
 of stove coal did away, in a great measure, with the services of the wood saw- 
 yer, who had for years been so familiar a figure upon the streets. 
 
 At the beginning of the century, only tb.e wealthy could furnish their 
 homes with carpets and rugs but now these articles were gradually being intro- 
 duced at comparatively a cheap figure, and the old custom of sandin- the 
 flours was dispensed with, and the san.l man, losing his vocation, gradually 
 disappeared from the highways. The walls and ceilings of all the dwellings 
 heretofore had been whitewashed, but the introduction of wall papers. ,hd 
 away in a great measure, with the services of the white-wash man. 
 
 Although lotteries were still in vogue, they were ikiw beginning tc fall 
 under public censure, fur thoughtful people saw on all sides the immoral fea- 
 tures uf the mstitutiun. Thev recognized the fact that it was a mere game of 
 chance and that it created a ta>te fur gambling. The earliest mention of a lot- 
 tery m l'hiladel|)hia was in ijjo. when a citizen bv the name uf Charles Reed 
 advertised tu sell his brick huuse .,n Thir.l street by lottery. The niuney for 
 the erectiun uf Christ Church >teeple was secured by this means and the draw- 
 ing took place in March. 1753. Funds were also raised in the same way for 
 the erection of a steeple fur the new Presbyterian Church, at the nurthwest 
 corner uf Thir«l a.ul Arch streets, in 1753. In 1754 five thuu.sand tickets at 
 fuur dullars each were suld tu raise a fun.l tu cumplete the Citv Academy un 
 Fuurth street. .St. Paul's Church also was finished l)y money .so raised. The 
 passion spread uut in every direction. Men dispused of their propertx , real 
 and personal, by the sale of chance tickets. Public bridge> were pai.l 'fur in 
 this way. while a Lighthuuse at Ca,.e llenlupc-n was erecte<l bv this means, at 
 a cost of twenty th..usan,l puun.P. There were als,. lutteries for the Second 
 Baptist Church, the Cniversalist Church, the Ih.ly Trinity Roman Catholic 
 Church, for the .Surgical Institute at I'.altiniure and fur the Lower Dublin 
 Academy. 
 
 An .\ct was parsed by the Legislature tu restrain the sale uf tickets. Init 
 it seems to have been a virtual dead letter, fur the sale still cuntinued and for 
 almost every purpo.^e under the sun. Tlu- must flaming and inducing adver- 
 tisements appeared in the newspapers, and the names <.,( the successful were 
 always heralded abroad, thus inducing others t.i indulge in the game. The sell- 
 ing of tickets became a business in itself. I'irms were established, advertised 
 extensively and opened their ..fiices to the iiublic. and men indulged in the 
 
WAinVICK S KI-.^STONE COMMONWEALTH. 209 
 
 passion as thcv (li> tnday in slock spt-culatidii, nr in L;anil)lint;- i m a Ikitsc race. 
 ■'$15,000 for $f).oo," was an anm iniiccnu-nt made by a brnkcr named ( i. W. 
 W'aite. whose office was lucated at tlie sontliwcst curner nf iliird and Chest- 
 nut streets, and who stated that he had sold and paid in prize niuney a sum 
 amounting' to six milhon dollars. I lope and Company wa> also a leadiuL; hrm 
 enc^ao^ed in the businos. with extensive offices on Choiinil street. Ihex- tirm> 
 sold tickets not only for drawings in Pennsylvania, but also for those in other 
 -States. l*eo])le of all classes took a chance, high and low. rich and jioor. The 
 drawings frequently were made in the State House. The wheel was set up, 
 and hoys dressed in uniforms, the sleeves of their jackets made tight to their 
 arms to prevent trickery, drew forth the tickets, handed them to the manager 
 who held them up in public view. ( )ccasionally fortunes were made by one 
 turn of the wheel, some receiving prizes as high as twenty-five or llurt\ thou- 
 sand dollars. 
 
 So wiki did the spirit of speculation Itecome that it was most deinoraliz- 
 ing in its influence among all classes. I'rudeiU men seemed to lose their cau- 
 tion, many were reduced to beggary and in some instances, parents forgxit 
 their duty to their families in si)euding all their earnings in this desperate 
 game of chance. It gave an opportunity, too, to the dishonest to set u]) what 
 were called fake lotteries and false drawings. I.ands that lay outside of the 
 limits of civilization were advertised as being rich and alluvial for farming 
 purposes and suitable for town sites, and in the mad chase for gold every 
 chance was taken. .Moral iulliiences were, however, at work to restrain or 
 counteract the growth of the gambling s])irit, and at last laws were (.•nacted 
 that |ire\ented public drawings, and gradually the excitement subsided. 
 
 In 1812, when the C'ai)ital of the .State was removed from Lancaster to 
 Ilarrishurg, and this town was permanently made the seat of government, a 
 movement was put on foot b_\' the authorities of Peimsylvania to dispose of 
 the State House, and it was suggested that it lie torn down tmd the ground. 
 together with Independence Scpiare, be divided into building lots. I'ortii- 
 nately. however, belter counsels prevailed and the historic relic was purch;i.sed 
 bv the citv from the State for se\-eiity thousand dollars, and ihus saved from 
 demolition. 
 
 'I'he scenes at this ])eriod in the everyday life of J'hilaileli)hi;i were, in 
 some aspects, interesting and pictnresipie. .V stranger passing thriuigh the 
 streets would be im])ressed by the beaut\" of many of the residences, for the 
 wealtlu- homes, in many instances, wt're still set in wide spaces of groinid, 
 surrounded by walls, tlie gardens adorned with tlowers, while stately old trees 
 shed their shade. lie would see in the windows of the shops a goodly arrange- 
 ment of articles of every description, lie would find tlu- markets teeming with 
 life, with produce direct from the farms. Sitting at corners would be liuliaus 
 offering their small wares for sale, for the l\ed .Man still made his visits to 
 the city. The .s<|uavvs sat in front of the State House, i)l\ing their needles au<l 
 making bead work, porters and wheelbarrow men hurried here and there on 
 their errands. Drivers of hackneys stood at the coriu-rs of streets soliciting 
 trade. Stage coaclies were constantly arriving, the jaded horses being imshed 
 to reach their destination, t'ouestoga teamsters, their wagons tilled with llour. 
 
2IO WARWICK S KEVSTOXE COMMON' WEALTH. 
 
 wliiskev, wheat, crirn, pnrk and dtlicr cmintry produce, passed along- tlie hisjh- 
 wavs. He would hear the cheerful cry i)f the snuty chimuey sweep. The 
 charcoal man blew his horn, announcing- to the householders that he was com- 
 ing, while the soap fat man pushed his wheelharr<jw, all the while crying out, 
 "Soai) f''t 'I'tI hickory a.shes." If it was early in the morning or late in the 
 afternoon, the haker would be seen hurrying along with his basket or hand cart 
 of hot bread. The scissors grinder and the cattish woman, the hominy man 
 and the oyster Jack mingled their voices in the throng, while the strawberry 
 woman, balancing on her head a tray heaped with the Inscious fruit, joined in 
 the general chorus. In the crowd of pedestrians .going hither and thither, 
 would lie seen beautiful young women dressed in the latest styles, in many in- 
 stances followed 1)\ their black lackeys. 
 
 If the visitor remained over night and stoii|)ed. for in-tance. at the Man- 
 sion House, one of the best hotels in the city at the time, he woulii find upon 
 his return to supper the table "spread with the greatest profusion and bounty. 
 Besides tea, coffee and >ucb like ordinary accon-ipaniments," they had "hot 
 fish, sausages, beef >teaks. l>roiled fowls, fried and stewed oysters, preserved 
 fruits, etc." In the evening, if he visited the theatre, he would witness, no 
 doubt, a standard luiglish Comedy, i)re>ented by a well trained con-ipany of 
 skilled actors. L'pou his return, however, to his hotel he inight be compelled 
 to room with another gue>t. ]ierhaps, even to occupy the same bed with, him, 
 for the slee]iiug accommodations were not very extensive, even in the best and 
 largest hotels. louring the hours of night, he w-oidd hear the watch at the 
 street corners calling out the tnue and the state of the weather, such as "Twelve 
 o'clock and a cloudy morning," and in the language of a visitor to the city in 
 1824, he could say that "it is very agreeable to repose in bed and to bear the 
 lanterned watchmen, as thev |)erambidate the \\ard>, which on a dark evenmg 
 are lighted with a thousand lamps, sing out, 'Past eleven o"cloek and a cloudy 
 night.' "Three o'clock and bright star light,' and thus to strike the slow passing 
 note of time through all the wearv watches of their walks," or after hearing 
 the voices of the watchmen breaking the stillness id' the night, he might be 
 aroused bv the loud ringing of the -"^tate House bell, sounding an alarm of fire, 
 followed bv men and boys running to the various hose or engine houses to 
 bring out the apparatus which they haided through the streets shouting and 
 shrieking like a band of wild .\pache Indians, while the clangnig bells on the 
 ho.se carriages onlv added to the dreadful din. I'.eing satisfied that there was 
 no immediate danger, in fact, being informed by his room mate that it was 
 onlv a false alarm, he could retire to rest and sleep without fear of further an- 
 noyance until the morning dawned, unless the fleas and mosipiitoes began an 
 attack. The beds were without canopy nets and the windows were not screened 
 and if the weather were favorable, these pestiferous insects were all but intol- 
 erable. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Ki.i-u riox nA\-. i;rT(in-.Rs' i'\KAi)i;s. i-.\iiis. ml'sic. jdrKXAi.isM. ruii i;au. 
 
 Mi:i>ir\i. rkii|.i;s>ii)\. mmisis. of fukns of ixstii tikixs. 
 
 \isn- I IF i.aiam:iif:. 
 
 EM"A"ri()X (lav was a tinu' of "ix^at cxcitcnunt in tlic city. The c!ec- 
 ti.,iis liatl lireii licl.l uii ihc first of ( )cti)l)iT, bill siil).sr(|iKMillv llu- scc- 
 .111(1 Tiiexlax ill llial iiHiinh wa-, assi^nf(J. 'I'Ik- cUcturs (if llie wards 
 .if llie cilv viitid al tlu' State House, each ward having- a sejiarate 
 windiiw before which was a wnodeii |ilatf.irni. Tpon this eleva'idii stuod the 
 winddw bo.ik men and the vnters. when tlie\ deposited their balldts. The pdlls 
 were opened lietween eii^ht and ten d'cl.ick in the nidrnini^-, as the electimi dtlicers 
 niiijht determine, and clused abdiit ten d'click at ni.Liht. At this time there 
 were ahont five thousand electdr.s in the city, not incliKhiij:;- the diitlyin.L;- districts. 
 stich as Sdiithwark. MdyamensiiiL;, I'assMink. Xdrthern Liberties. l\ensiii.<;ldn 
 and ( lermantdwn. which had separate pdlling places, but the centre dt attrac- 
 tion was the State 1 fdiise. Mere great crowds gathered early in the (la\ and 
 men stood in groups and argued the merits and demerits dt the candidates. ;is 
 well as the importance df the issues invohcd and sometimes the discussions 
 grew so warm that they resulted iti personal combats. Jnhii Lewis Krimmers 
 famous painting "Election l)a\ at the State House" is an accurate depictiou 
 of the animated scene. All the while among the crowds circulated nun and 
 women selling cakes, apples, nuts, candies, hot muffins, fresh gingei'liread. 
 sandwiches and edibles of all kinds, and banding out in chorus the excellence 
 of their wares. Wagons coxered with |)osters extolling the UKTits of the can- 
 didates and Containing lifers .aiiil drummers, passed in all directions through 
 the streets of the cit\. At the polling windows men crowded and iostle(l each other 
 in their anxiet\ to deimsit tlu'ir ballots and as the day wore on and the work 
 ing men were released from labor, the crowds greatl\ increaseil in numbers, 
 but at night the excitement was at its heighl. Transparencies were lighted, as 
 well as torches and l.intenis. I'anvassers importuned and buttonholed electors 
 in bclialf of their candidates. Carriages and vehicles of every descri])lion 
 were brought into re(|uisition to bring to the |)olls the tardy voters. At inter- 
 vals throughout the day and evening the State House bell was rung to call citizens 
 to tlieir duty, and so great at times was the struggle to get voters to the ])olls 
 that free fights occurred and clothing was torn into shreds, the scene ha\iiig all 
 tile features of a modern football game. Rowdies, too, crowded about the poll 
 ing places to intimidate the modest Vdters (ir to block the way of those who 
 were anxiotis to depusit their ballots. The taverns in the neighborhood of the 
 State House were crowded with tipplers and |iart\ workers, and tlu'y waited 
 long after the ])olls closed to hear the returns and often morning broke before 
 they se])arated. In fact, during i 'residential election they stood at the bars 
 and drank for da\s and nights togetlier, and laid wagers wdiile u.iitiug l"or the 
 
 211 
 
212 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 news that was to be Ijronuln in by the stage coaches fnim the surrounding; and 
 distant States. Sometimes it was weeks before the final returns were received. 
 At the close of election day, just as soon as night fell, bonfires were lighted all 
 over the city and the sky was reddened with the glare from the burning pile> of 
 rubbish. For weeks |.)ast the boys had been gathering boxes and barrels fur the 
 great event. Gangs, or crowds of young rowdies, went through the city hook- 
 ing for empty boxes, nr in fact anything that would help to make a blaze. If 
 a barrel filled with ashes stood (in the curb, the contents were forthwith dumj)ed 
 into the higliwa}', a rnpe fastened tn tlie empty barrel, and with a cry of tri- 
 
 ISlil. (IIFSTNCT SlHKET. I'l'liMNCi INTO FoUKTH StHKKT. 
 
 umph the \oung hoodlums bore it t.> a place (if safety, often under the very 
 eyes of the indignant housewife. If a watchman suddenly appeared, the boys 
 abandoned their bootv and fled in all (lirecti( iris like a flock of scared blackbirds. 
 I'lUtchers' Parades were a feature of cit\ life. There had for several years 
 |)ast been public dis]:)la}s of show meat. Steers, advertised as jirize cattle, had 
 been driven through the citv, decorated with flowers and garlands and rib- 
 bons of many colors. .\ transparency announced that these fine fat animals 
 would be killed on the morrow, and thus were made known the time and place 
 when and where citizens could find good meat, b'rom these humble beginnings 
 grew what were called the llutchers' or \ ictuallers' I'arades. The butchers 
 f(jrmcd a class by themselves, and were proud of their vocation. When not in 
 the market, they tlressed well and in a st\le that might be designated as some- 
 what flashy. Their principal habitat was in the district of Sjiring Garden, afi^ 
 there the butcher boys fought their battles, boasted and strutted, swore great 
 oaths and used a language all their own. 
 
W AKWHK S KI'.VSl'ONK COM Ml 1\ WKAI.T 1 1 . 
 
 JI3 
 
 'I'lie introductiiiii of Scl:u\lkill walt-r into tin.- liouscs liad iMr\l)lcil tlu- citi- 
 zens til (.-onstrnct bath rooms lint lainL; without hcatint;' apparatus. thi.-\ coulil 
 inihilLji-' onlv in colij phin>;rs. It \\a^ not until William Swain, propric-tof 
 
 ol' a medicine known a- "I'anacca." rstalilisheil "Tlu' riiilailclphia r.ath>." that 
 the citizens were j;iven an oji|ioiinnity to enjoy the luxury of hathiuL; in warm 
 water. 
 
 A taste for music, notw iihslanilini,; the (JuakiT inlluence, li.ail aniazini^ly 
 Ljrnwn anil ni;m\ ymuiL;- l.iilie^ were proficient and accomplislied ui the |)layiui.', 
 of the liar|i. the piano f.irte and other instruments. In tact, Txrone I'owt'r 
 i^ives testiuiouv that in no other \n:erican cit\ h.ad he met s. 1 m.an\ \oun;;; 
 ladies whose musical educatiMU ap 
 peared "so exceedinL;l\ .^ood." I lu 
 Musical Fund Society, or.ijanized in 
 iS_'(), iiroduced the >ym])honies of the 
 old ma.sters, and greatly cultivated the 
 taste of the people for the finest cla-- 
 of music. 
 
 lournalism was i^radually i^row - 
 in<i to he a profession, lu iSil, there 
 were eight daily paper- ]iulilislied in 
 Philadelphia, four of which aiijiearcd 
 in the morning .and fom- in the atter- 
 tionn. hut the numher of copies printed 
 and ])uljlished amnmited altogether 
 onh' to ahout eight thousand sheets 
 daily, half the numher in the uioruing 
 and half in the evening. Thcv cnn- 
 taineil the cnrreiU news of the daw 
 t)ut had uo editorial |>age, nor was tlu- 
 til)i(|uitons and inquisitive rejiorter em- 
 ployed in the gathering of news, th'' 
 camera fiend had not yet maile his ap 
 pearance and there were no newsbovs 
 on the streets crying "I'l.xlras." The cohmms were tilled with article- fi'oui indi- 
 vidual citizens either seeking infoi'mation or -ettiug forth their \iews n]ion public 
 questions. There were seiui-weekly. tri-weekU and weekh" papers, but their cu"- 
 culalion altogether did not exceed ten thousand, .\iuoug the news])apei-s publish- 
 ed during this jieriod were tlie I'ennsylvania ( iazette. the Saturday h'.vening I'ost. 
 IJradford'.s I'ennsylvania Journal, the True .American, the I'nited .States '.iazette. 
 the h'ederal (iazette, the I'eimsylvania Packet, ClaNiiool's .\merican l)ail\ .\dver- 
 liser. tlic Democratic Press and the X'ational (iazette. 
 
 Philadelphia liad been recognized for some time past as the cent)-e of the 
 medical ])riifession in this comitr}'. Its physicians had a national reputation. 
 .Men like Dr. iienjamin !\ush. Dr. (_'as|>ar W'istar, Philip .S\ng Phxsick. ( ieorge 
 .McC'ellan. founder of the Jefferson .Medical College. Charles T. .Meigs, S;im- 
 uel I-".mien. Jr.. Joseph llarl-horn. Jose|ih Parrisli, John Redman ('oxe. Dr. 
 Chapman and men of this class added greath to the fame of the I'itw 
 
 1)1!. I'.KN.l SMI N III Ml 
 
_>I4 
 
 wakwick's ki-:vst(ixe com monwkai.th. 
 
 About fiftv vears lief<ire this iieriod. medicine in America was still in its 
 infancy. It had made but little, it any advance from the days of Hippocrates 
 and Galen. The family doctor was a man of much importance. His peruke, 
 ruffled shirt, tassled boots and goUl headed cane designated his calling. He 
 was present at all the births, christenings, marriages and deaths. When a boy 
 was to choose his trade or vocation in life, the doctor always was called in to 
 give advice. His knowled.ge of medicine, however, was very meagre and after 
 solemnly dia.gnosing a case, he would prescril)e either cal(.iniel nr blood lettmg. 
 The itch was a disease that baffled bis best skill. 
 
 SurgerN- was also in its infancy, 
 and its methods were most crude. The 
 patient was held down on the o])erat- 
 ing table li\ strong men while the doc- 
 liir sawed nil' the limb as though it 
 were the branch of a tree, the poor 
 suti'erer all the while writhing and 
 shrieking in agony. lUU these condi- 
 tions gradually changed and a liody 
 of men sjirang up who devoted their 
 lives to scientific investigation and. to 
 the study of diseases and the methods 
 of treatment. Many of the most dis- 
 tinguishe<l jihysicians in the first (|uar- 
 ter <.if the Xineteenth Century receiv- 
 ed their education abroad, notabl) in 
 the Edinbur,gh University, which at 
 that time had a rei>utation the world 
 over, and the old time ijractitioner was 
 gradually relegated to the rear. 
 
 The liar, too, was still maintaining 
 its reputation, and William Al. .Mere- 
 dith, John Sergeant, llnrace I'.inney 
 and Charles Chauncey as y()img men 
 were winning that fame that .gave lustre to the legal profession and characteristic 
 distinction ti> the 1 'biladelphia lawyers. David F'aul I'nnvn was a familiar and 
 characteristic figure nn the streets with his blue coat, butt vest and brass but- 
 tons, which attire he wore even to the last days of his life, and though still at 
 the lieginning (if his career he .gave promise of becoming one of the most fin- 
 ished orators and one of the best criminal lawyers in the country. 
 
 In painting, the names of Leslie, John Xeagle, Sully, the I'eales, William 
 Kush. William Birch and his son Thomas, ami John Lewi-, Krimmel were among 
 the most distin.guished artists in the country. We are indebted to the Liirches 
 and to Krimmel for pictures of many of the everyday scenes of Philadelphia in 
 those times. 
 
 At the end of the first (piarter of the Xineteenth Centiuy the Lrovost of 
 the I'niversity of Pennsylvania wa> Reverend Dr. I'rederick P.easley. the Presi- 
 dent of the Pennsylvania Hospital was Samuel Coates. and among the mana- 
 
 lldHAH; Dl.NMA'. 
 
WAKWICK S KRVSTOXE COM MON WICAI.T 11 . 213 
 
 rrcrs of tlio Iiislitiitinii Inr the IVaf and Dnnih wcrr l'.isli(i|) While, llni-acc 
 IJinni-v, l\iil)crt> \ aiix, (-'k'mcnl f. I'.iilillc. Cnrrca da Scrra, jacl) ( iraiz, Xa- 
 tlianicl t'lia])iiian and William AUrc.lith. The I'rrsidcnl of tlic t hainhiT ni 
 I'nninKTCc was RmIuti l\al>l.in, <<\ thr Anirrican I'hilnsniihical SuriclN ua> 
 WilHani Til^hnian. nl' the h'raiikhn ln>iiintc janu's Rcmaldsoii, nt llic AKn-an- 
 lilu Lihrarv Thnnias 1'. Cope, of the Acadciiiy .if Xatural Scieni-o Wilhatii 
 Machu-i.-. (icori^v I ani]ihcll. who had MUTccdcd Zachariah I'onlson. jr.. wa^ [he 
 lihraiian nf the I'hiladi'lpliia l.ihrarv. John .Scr.^i'am was the 1 'resident nf the 
 Ai)])renlices' l.ihrar\-. \\ ilhani Tilyhman of tlie Athaennm. and C'liarles Mar- 
 shall cd' the C'olle.^e ..f I 'li,irniae\ . 
 
 An event (d' nalinnal inipi irianee was the \isit of Lafayette 1m thi^ emnitrv 
 in |S_:;4. ^^arie jean I'anl Iv.eh \Aes ( hlhert Motier. Mai-i|nis de Lafayette, 
 was hnrn at Amer^ne in i/.SW. I lis parents died when Ik- was at an earl\ a.i^e. 
 and left hini a prineel\ f.irtinie. When sixteen he iiiarrie<l a daughter of the 
 Utike D'Ayeii. -rand-daii.i^lner . d' the 1 )nke De Xoailles. a iiienilii.r of .me .d' 
 the oldest and mo^t arist..cralie faniilie> in hVance. He enj.iNeil e\er\ ad\ant- 
 a.i^c that birth, riches, and hii^h s.ieial position could confer, was received with 
 fav.ir at the Court an.l admitted t.i the exchtsive set . d' the (Jueen. 
 
 When the American Rev.ilnti.m broke .nit his enthusiasm was so ar.uiscd 
 bv the struggle of the Colonies t.> obtain their independence that he offered his 
 services t.;> the American Minister, which were accepte.l. "At the tir-t news 
 of the (|uarrel." he wr. )te. "m\ heart was enrolled in it." I'Aerytlnng w.is d.me 
 1)\- his friends to dissnaile him fri.m his purpose, but without a\ail. d'he King 
 forbade his departure, but this only strengthened his determination. lie fitted 
 out a ship at his own expense, and made hasty ])reparatii>ns for the iournex. The 
 I'.ritish .Mini.ster protested and .irder> were given to seize his vessel, which wa^ 
 lying at liordeaux. but bef..re the auth.iritie> could act. it was taken bv its ufh- 
 cers to a neighb. iriug p. .rl in S|iain. Lafayette was arreste.l under a Irlirr i/.- 
 cachet, but escajie.l from the guar. is. reached his vessel, and with ele\en c.mi- 
 panions sailed for .\nierica. d"wo I'.ritish cruisers started in pursuit, but for- 
 tunatelv he outsailed them :md after a vi.yage of two m..nths .arrived in 
 Cieorgetown. South Car.ilina. Without delay he proceede.l tn 1 'hiladel]ihia 
 where Congress wa> in s^'Ssion and was assigned to a omm.an.l as .M.aj. .r-l leu - 
 eral in the Coutiueutal Army, with the -lipnlati.m uix.n his part thai he sh.mld 
 serve as a volunteer but receive no pa\. lie fought at Monm.mth. was w.iunded 
 at (iermaiUown. sutTered at \'alle\ k'urge. ami was ]iresenl at the Sieu;e of 
 "\'orktovvn. Me secured the confidence of Washington and tlu-\ l.irmed an un- 
 broken frieiidshii). Lafayette liaving for the American ( ieiierat the greatest ad- 
 miration. At this time he was com])arativel\' a boy. having just n-ached his 
 majority and it has been stated in some quarters that he was aclnate<l li\ the 
 ardor ..f youth and a desire to win fame, but no one can doubt his sincerity: 
 his conduct ])roves it. Those ragged, barefoted heroes whose f(.otprims 
 marked with blood the ground lhe_v trod, appealed to his sympathies and he 
 supported their struggle from a sense of dut\. 
 
 .\fter the war was over he returned t.. I'rance. and when ihe Uevohiti.m 
 began in that country he esi)oused the cause .d' the ])eople anil was ch.isen 
 Commander of the Xati.mal (iuard. lie Iiad longed to set' I'rance freed fn.m 
 
2i6 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 tlie tyranny and despotism of the Bourbons and a Constitution established that 
 Would give relief to the people from oppressiim. !)ut the violence and anarchy 
 of the mob turned his hopes to despair and he was compelled to flee from his 
 countr\ to avoid arrest and certain death. He took refuge in Austria, but was 
 thrown into a dungeon at V\m where he languished for a period of fi\e years. 
 When the trcatv of Campo l'"iirmio was signed. Napoleon stipulated for his 
 release and he once more returned to France. To show his sincerity as a man 
 and as a politician, lie voted against the Life Consulate, and afterwards against 
 the Imperial Title, although he was under obligations ti> Xapoleon in the mat- 
 ter of bis release from im|jrisonment. Through all those stormy times, be 
 never for a moment abandoned his principles, and in speaking of him. a dis- 
 tinguished English author aitd statesman wrote: Men of all parties join in tes- 
 tifving their absolute belief in I^afayette's integrity, and men of more than or- 
 dinar\ sagacity and reflectiou have added that "he alone i)assed unscathed 
 through the re\dlutionary furnace, alone tmd without a fall the slippery path 
 of those changeful scenes." 
 
 The announcement of the news that he had decided to visit this country, 
 aroused the greatest enthusiasm among all the people. P'orty years had passed 
 since the independence of the colonies had been recognized. .Most of the 
 heroes of that period had passed awa\ . but the great efforts they had made had 
 resulted in the estafilishment of a Republic that had amazingly grown in 
 strength and prosiierit}-. and Lafayette could lay the tlattering unction to his 
 soul that he himself hail taken an active part in helping to secure the liberties 
 oi the Colonies, and when it wa> intimated 1)\ him that it would l)e his pleasure 
 to visit America. Congress sent him an invitation and matle arrangements to 
 bring him across the water in a man-of-war. Lut the great Frenchman, waiv- 
 ing aside this marked distinction, embarked on the American packet "Cad- 
 nuis." which vessel arrived in Xew ^'ork on .\ugust fifteenth. 1824. He was 
 accompanied bv his son. George Washington Lafayette, as secretary and valet. 
 
 The Councils of Philadelphia, on July twenty-ninth. "Resolved. That 
 it greath liecomes the cit\^ where the Declaration was framed which gave free- 
 dom to the new world to receu'e with affection and honor the brave man whose 
 devotion ti:i libert\ and wIkjsc gallantry as a soklier so greatly contributed to 
 the acquisition of that blessing. 
 
 "l\i;soi.\i;ii. That the presence of ( ieneral Lafayette is ardently de- 
 sired and that the lliief .Magistrate of this Cit\- be rec|uested to communicate 
 to him the fervent wish of our citizens and to in\iie him to become their 
 guest." 
 
 F.\er\ preparation was made to recei\e him with that honijr to which he was 
 entitled. When news of his arrival in Xew \'ork was announced in this city 
 on -August seventeenth. .Ma\-or Watson orilered the ringing of the bells of 
 Christ Church. Those distinguisheil citizens who had known Lafayette during 
 the War of the Re\-olution and who still lingered upon the scene, were given 
 prominent positions ujion the committees of reception. The <ild State House, 
 which in a great measure h.-id been neglected, was put into condition to receive 
 liim. Strange to sa\ . it had remaineil for si mie \ears past dirty and uncared for. 
 
 ( »n Monila\ morning. Se])tember twenty-seventh. Lafaxette reached Penn- 
 s\ivania. having come b\- the wav of Trenton from Xew \'ork. The moment 
 
WAUWK'K S KICVSIdNI-: C( iM M nx WKAl.l 1 1 . 217 
 
 111' ])Ut t'l.iot on the soil ni mir SlaU\ lie \\a^ wclcoiiicil 1>\' the cuniniitlee aji- 
 poiiUed to receive him, and in a splendid barouche, drawn li\ ^i\ dark cream- 
 colored horses, he was coineyed to the t'ity of Pliiladel|)hia. the l''ir>t (,'ily 
 Troop having the honor of escortiiiL;' him on the \\a\'. lie stopped o\er iiii;ht 
 at r.ristol, and the next day entered onr city. Here there was a L^reat i)roces- 
 sioii that accompanied him to his hotel. The --treets wen' crowiled with en- 
 thusiastic people, who grew hoarse in their cheers of weicome. In tlie ianguage 
 of Poulson's ".\d\'ertiser." "Lafayette heat in every grateful heart; Lafayette 
 liung on every lip: Lafayette hiirsl from every tongue: Lafa\ette ljIowkI on 
 ever)' cheek: Lafayette glistened in every s\\ iiiiniing eye; Laia\ette swelled on 
 every ,gale." Every available spot was occujiied. .\rclies had been erected in ;dl 
 ])arts of the cit\. and in many instances were most elalioralely adorned and 
 resi)len(lent with the colors of I'rance and the United .'states. I'ortrails of 
 Wasliiiigton and I-afayette were to be seen on all sides, and the sloo|)-of-war 
 "John Adams," in the river, tired a salute at intervals during the il;i\. 
 
 When the procession reached the neighborhood <if I'deveiith street near 
 Chestnut. Mrs. Koliert Morris, Mirronnded by a group ui friends, sat at a 
 window waiting ti) give him welcome. When opposite the house, Lafa\etle 
 rose in his barouche, with all bis dignity and grace and amidst the .ipplause of 
 the ]ieoi)le, tciok off bis bat and bowecl profoundly to i)a\ special and m.arked 
 respect to that woman whose husband had done so much for the Republic in the 
 days of its trial. The obeisance was so well timed that the people appreciated 
 the sentiment that induced it and with a sympathy that was he.arlfell. cheered 
 to the echo. It was the same spirit of chivalry that he displayed when at \ er- 
 sailles on the morning of ( )ctober sixth, 17S1), in the |)resence of an infuriafeil 
 mob, be stooped and kissed the li.ind . d' .M.arie .Vntoinette. 
 
 In passing the L'nited .States I'.ank. the \eterans of the Rexohitiou stood 
 ll])on the steps under the blood soiled and Inillet rent staiulards of 'yd, and 
 gave him a glorious welcome, and bis tender recognition as he turned to greet 
 them, with bis eyes suffused with tears, was one of the heart touching inci- 
 dents of the day. 
 
 The State House was ,al last reached, and Lafa\ftte left his carriage to 
 ])ass into the room where had s.at the I'atbers of the l\e]iublic when tlu'y 
 adopted the Declaration of Independence. (Mi liebalf of the city, ,Ma\'or Wat 
 son, delivered an address of welcome, and ( leiieral Lafayette rejilied in the fol- 
 lowing touching and elo(|Uent worils: ".Mn I'litrance ihrough this fair and 
 great city, amidst the most solemn anil alTectiouale recollections, and uinler all 
 the circumstances of a welcome which no expression could adequately acknowl- 
 edge, ha.s excited emotions in iiu heart in which are mingled the feelings of 
 nearly fifty years. 
 
 "ilere within these sacred walls, by a Council cif wise and devijled ])a- 
 triots and in a style vvorthv of the deed itself, was Ijoldly declared the indepen- 
 dence of these vast l'nited Statt-s, which while it anticipated the independence — 
 and I ho])e the l^epublican inde])endence of the whole .\nieric;m hemisphere — 
 has be.gun in the civilized world the era of a new and of the only true social 
 order, founded on the inalienable rights of man, the ])racticaliility and adv.ant- 
 ages of which are ever\- day admirably demonstrated b\ the liai)piness and 
 prosperitv of your populous cit\. Here, sir, was planned the formation of our 
 
2i8 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 virtuous brave Revolutionar\- .\rmy. ami the Providential inspiration received 
 that gave the command of it to our beloved, matchless Washington. I'ut these 
 and many other remembrances are mingled with a deep regret f(ir the num- 
 erous contemporaries in the great and good men whose loss we have remained 
 to mourn. It is to their services, sir, to your regard for their memory, to your 
 knowledge of the friendships I have enjoyed that 1 refer the greater part of 
 the honors here and elsewhere received — much surpassing my individual merit. 
 
 "It is also under the auspices of their venerated names as well as under 
 the im|>ulse of niv own sentiments that I beg you, J\Tr. Mayor, you, gentlemen 
 of both Councils, and all the citizens of I'biladelphia. to accept the tribute of 
 my affectionate respect and profound gratitude." 
 
 Passing out of the State House at the south door and walking through the 
 square to Walnut street, he was escorted to his Ijarouche, which having en- 
 tered, guarded by the First City Troop, he rode to his lodgings at the Mansion 
 House on Third street, which had been specially prepared for his reception. 
 Crowds every hour of the day ami night gathered about the doors of the inn. 
 and whenever he appeared at a window he was greeted with applause. Every 
 comfort was provided for him. and every attention ])ossil:ile tendered him. 
 The houses and all the indilic liuildings were illuminated ;it night, and Paul 
 Beck's .^hot Tower on the .Schuylkill loomed up out of the darkness like a pillar 
 of light. -\11 the di-^tingnished citizens vied with, one another in entertaining 
 and ban(|ueting him. lie dined with Judge Peters at I'.elmont, with the Masons 
 in their Temple, as well as with his resident countrymen in Washington Hall 
 and with the City Corporation at the .Mansion House. With a man of his ad- 
 vanced \ears. the entertainments must have been a drain upon his strength, but 
 he seems to have stood the ordeal without an\- ill-results, although upon one oc- 
 casion he stood unco\-ered for nearl\- three hours while the ceremonies were in 
 progress. I'.very mstitntion, learned, scientific and religious, slroxe to do him 
 honor, and at last a ball was given at the Chestnut .'Street Theatre on the even- 
 ing of Mctiilier fourth. The managers were John R. Ingersoll, Samuel llreck, 
 James M. P.arker. llenjamin Tilghman. George M. Dallas, Dr. .\athaniel Chap- 
 man, deneral Robert Patterson, Louis Clapier. Andrew M. Prevost, John K. 
 Kane, Nicholas Piddle and Joseph .Mcllvain. .\fter a week's visit he left the 
 citv on the afternoon of Tuesday. ( ictolier fifth, and was accompanied b\ (Gov- 
 ernor Shulze, and iimceeded down the river to Chester. Tiie wharves and 
 shores were crowiled with people, bidding him an aft'ectionate farewell and it 
 was not until he reached the Delaware line that Pennsylvania ceased her rever- 
 ence. 
 
 He made a second visit, reaching the city on the evening of July sixteenth 
 of the following year. He was dined and feted, bul was not kept so actively em- 
 ployed as u])on the ])rior occision. ( >n Jul\ twenty-fifth, he made a visit to the 
 battle ground of Prandywiue and then proceeded on his way to \\'ashington 
 where he lioarded the l''rigate Hnnnlywiin- which, under the command of Cap- 
 tain Charles Morris. Conveyed him to his native shores. 
 
 It has been a favorite saying in the mouths of many that Republics are un- 
 grateful, but Lafayette was so honored by the people whose independence he 
 h;i(l helped to secure that in this instance must lie given contradiction to the 
 statement. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF RAILROADS. PASSING OF THE STAGE COACH. DEATH OF 
 STEPHEN GIKAKIi. l;II^\KI) COI.I.EGI-'.. WILLS' HOSITTAL. 
 
 WE lia\e iMw reached tliat ixtIikI wlirn, in the histurs' of the world, 
 there is ti i he a ^reat ehani;e in the matter uf travel and transpur- 
 tatioii. The staj^e coach, the pack hcirse and the Conesto.na wai^jun 
 are to he supiilanted 1)\ the steam engine and railrctads. and 
 schedules are t.> \)v cnt down U> hours and da\s where they have hitherto covered 
 weeks and nicinths. 
 
 As a sample (->f the condition nf the rnads, prior to the l\e\olution and for 
 nianv }-ears subsec|uent thereto, the follow ini; is a ,l;oo(1 illustration: In 170(1, 
 .Mr. I'larkson, who was a mercluint of Philadelphia, and had served as Mayor 
 of the cit\, set out on horseback, accompanied by a servant, on the sixth day 
 of .Au.LiUst, to make a journev to Pittsburgh, In giving his experience, he Ntates 
 that "on the tir>t day he met wagons loaded with skins coming from the West, 
 and overtook others loaded with pork, .going for the King's use to h'ort I'itt." 
 the name of the settlement which the l''reneh. called L)u(|uesne, but which wa> 
 afterwards changed to Pittsburgh. .\t nightfall of the first day he lodged at 
 a tavern called "The Ship," thirt\-five miles distant from Philadelphia, and 
 the following d,a\' he reached Lancaster in the evening, putting uji at "The 
 Duke of t "umberland." ( )n the eighth, he pressed on as rapidK as conditions 
 would allow, and arri\ed. at \nvk that (la\. and on the ninth at Carli'-le, where, 
 to recover from the effects of the hard tra\eling, he remained until the twelfth, 
 and then resumed his journey, finding the ro.ad nothing but hills, moimtains 
 and stones. Thus 1k' got through in ten days, without counting siopp.ages, a 
 journey whicii to-day we make in a night, sleeping on a couch as comfortahl\ 
 as in ;i bed at home. 
 
 The conditions at the beginiung of the sccoikI (piarter i<\ the .\ineteenth 
 Century weri' ;is they had been e\en before the Revolution. Roads, to be 
 sure, had been somewhat improved, hut the meth<ids of convevance were the 
 same, and il wa^ no easy task to nndertaki' a journev of ,a hundred nules in 
 any direction. The stage coach was not ,-i comfortable con\ (.■\aiice. It had 
 no springs, but was swung on heav\' straps and e\ery rut in the road resulted 
 in a bum]) or a jolt to the passengers. i'lu' windows had no s.ashe^ that could 
 be lowered o|- raised but were closed by letting down a leathern shade oi- ;i|)ron. 
 This, in the summer season, kept out .Ik rays of the sun, but only increased 
 the temperature in the coach. It was some protection. I'owevc)'. at limes against 
 the rain. In clr\ weather the du>t was raised in clouds; in wet wi'alher the 
 roads were transformed into ditches and the wheels <if the wagon^ sank to liieir 
 hubs in mud. The coach contained three seats running crossw'ise ; each seal 
 would acc<jmmodate three persons, and only those in the rear had .t support 
 for their backs, .\ccidents on the road were of frerpient occurrence, .and at 
 
 219 
 
220 WARWICK S KEVSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 times grcath- dclayeil the progress, passengers often being compelled to alight 
 and give a hand in pulling the wheels out of a ditch. 
 
 Even as late as 1832, Miss Fanny Kemble, in describing the stage coaches, 
 said, "thev were shaped something like boats." The one in which she mdc from 
 Xew York to Philadelphia, she described as "a nefarious black hule on wheels 
 The horses trotted with their front and galloped with their hind legs, and 
 away we went after them, bumping, thumping, jumping, jolting, shaknig, toss- 
 ing and tumbling, over the wickedest road, I dr> think the crudest, hard-heart- 
 edest road that ever wheel rumbled over." She further said that the ruts 
 were "absolute abysses." 
 
 He fore the introduction of railroails. steam, as a method of ]iropulsion 
 had made gre;it progress in travel by water. Quoting again from Miss Fanny 
 Kemble she states that the >teaml)oals were better than the stage coaches. She 
 fiiund them "large and commodious." They were three stories in height, the 
 roof nnprotecleil bv anv covering, but the middle deck had chairs and benches, 
 which the passengers could use with. nit fear of being crowded, and where they 
 could enjov the breezes and view the landscape on both sides of the river. So 
 much progress ha<l there been made in improvements in the construction of 
 steam vessels, thai in il~?i() the American steamship "Savannah" made the first 
 vovage across the .\tlantic (Jcean. 
 
 All this time internal improvements in the way of construclion of turn- 
 pikes and can.ils. were uniting the different sections of the coimtr\ , but the use 
 of steam as a ])ower of locomotion on land, iliil not develop nor reach a prac- 
 tical solution until nearly twenty years after the "Clermont" had made her 
 memorable vo\age U]) the Hud.son against wind and current. ( )liver Evans 
 and other ingenious .\merican mechanics were experimenting with steam wag- 
 ons, hut it rem;iined for George Steven.son of England to solve practically the 
 question bv the construction of a locomotive which would draw a train of cars 
 on a track at the rate of ten or fifteen miles an hour. 
 
 The tirst railroad c.iiistrueted in England was in 1826, and ran from 
 Stockton to Darlin.gton, a distance of twelve miles, the run being made in twelve 
 hours. The building of railroads, however, called forth much opposition from 
 certain quarters. ( )ld fogies came out in force and contended that the air 
 would be pois.ined with gases, that liarns, houses. stack> of hay and straw, and 
 even cmjis of standing grain would be set on fire from sparks issuing out of 
 the smoke stacks, that boilers would burst and spread destruction in all <lirec- 
 tions, that horses on the highways would be frightened by the noise of the 
 steam monstei', that crossing the railroads at grade would lie fraught with peril, 
 and the peace and quiet of the communit\ disturbed by the whistle of the en- 
 gine and the rumbling of the train. In fact, so strong was the opposition in 
 Parliament, that a bill providing for the construction of a railroad from Liver- 
 pool to Manchester was defeated in the committee, ami it required the greatest 
 effort and the exi)enditure, subsequently, of a large sum of money to secure its 
 passage. 
 
 In this counlrv, the innkeepers, who were an intluenlial body of men, and 
 who saw that their occupation would be gone if turnpike travel was discon- 
 tinued, used every effort to defeat the granting of charters and the building of 
 
W \in\l( KS KKNSTUNE COMMON \\i:AL T 1 1 . 221 
 
 i"ailrcia(l> ; i>ne \L-tcraii iMiiiilacc (Kclarini; tlial "no railrnad rcmld carr\ tlu' 
 freight that the old ( ■(>nc>ti i^as do imr at so idu-a]) a tiijurr." 
 
 In :SjS the venerable Charles larr.>ll of tarmlltou, Maryland, the i>td\ 
 person li\in^ who had >ii;ned the Declaration of lnde[)endeiu'e. broke t^round 
 for the construction of a railroad from I'.altiniore to l^llicott's Mills, and after 
 tlirowini:; up the hr>t >padefnl of dirt, lie ixclaimed. "I consider thi^ anionic the 
 most important acts of my life, second only to that of si^nini; of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, if seiond e\en to that." 
 
 In 1S30, the I'.altiniore anil ( )lno Radroad (_ onipan\ sent nvei' its tracks for 
 the ilistance of fourteen nii'es, the hrst locomotive ever used in this cmmtry. 
 The locomotive was built in I'.altimore b\ the celeljrated I'eter l/oopcr, Tt was 
 a rude affair as conipareil with the locomotive of moilern tiiiies and drew a 
 train of cars which in a|)pearance roenibled in e\-ery iiarticular the sla.LCe coaches 
 of that day. It was some time before the modern passeiit^er car was introduced, 
 'I'he di>tance was covered in little less than an hour and the story ,i;ocs that on 
 the return the engine had a race with a spirited .gra}' horse belonging to one of 
 the lialtimore stage coach lines, 'Jdie race for a short distance was neck an<I 
 neck, but the little engine piUting forth all her strength, at length passul her 
 competitor, the whistle blew and the passengers cheered and from that little 
 incident ma\ be dated tlie passing of tlu' stage coach. Short tracks were now 
 laid in every section of the country, and the sy>tem prc>ved so much superior 
 to the prior methods of trans]iortation that all op|)ositiiin faded awa\. 
 
 .Movements were earl\ >et on foot to build a line extending fi'oni 1 'hiladeb 
 phia to F^ittsburgh, and on .March thirt_\-first, 1823, the Legislaturt' of this State 
 granted a charter to the "rresident. Directors and Company of the Penn>yb 
 vania Railroad Company." .\uiong the incorporators were named Horace I'.in- 
 ne\ and .Stephen Girard. Subscriptions to the stock came in slowly, because the 
 jirojectors were not able to show that the enterprise would make sufficient re- 
 turns to pay a dividend upon the capital invested. 
 
 The building of a railroad, so long as it was at gratle. was compar;itivel\ 
 an easy proiKjsition. hut when it came to the crossing of rivers, the construction 
 of bridges, or the tunneling of mountains, that was a different (|nestion ;uid 
 required the skill of trained and experienced engineers, but these ditficnlties 
 were soon overcome 1)\ time, 
 
 'Idle Lancaster, I'hiladelphia ami ( olumbia Railroad (Company was char- 
 tered in iS-'fi. but its building proceeded ver\ slowly, every step being nu't with 
 opposition and it wa> not until .\pril. iS,i4- t'''it "ue track was I'eady for use, 
 'Idle compaiu owned but one locomotive called the "lU.ack Hawk," nanieil after 
 the well known Imlian chief, .\fter leaving Lancaster, 1 'bil.adelphia was 
 reached in ei.ght ami one half hours, ddiis included all the stops to take on 
 water for the engine, and, a> the rejiort states, to refresh the passengers. .\t 
 last, however, the road succeeded in securing an entrance to tlie city, having the 
 right of way over Pennsylvania avenue to i'.road street and Callowhill in Spring 
 C.arden. It then jiroceeded south on IJruad street ttv \'ine street, where it 
 touched the iiortlu-ru limits of the city, and from thi~ point lines were continued 
 on I'.road street as far as South, ami a branch 011 .Market street ran to the ware- 
 
222 WARWICK S KEYSTUXI-: COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 houses at the foot of Dock street. 'Hie cars within the limits of the citv were 
 drawn tn their destination by long- teams of hrirses. 
 
 The cars, in tlieir formation, resenil)lc(l closely, as we have already stated, 
 the sta,L;e coaches, and in fact the iinl\ impn ivement wa> in the matter of speed 
 and the avoidance of jolting- oxav a mni^h road. The cars were frei|uentl\ 
 overcmwded. the windows were without sashes and the lociimotive which 
 ])urned wood as a fuel tlirew .nU ,L;reat showers of sparks, especialh- when it 
 put forth extra etTort to climh a hill, which sjiarks fell upt)n the clithes of the 
 passeni:;ers and burned holes in the ladies' dresso. ( )nc lail\- tourist, in describ- 
 insj her experience, says that "the wind was ahead and sparks were fl\ing- as 
 thick as hail stones." She further states that "it re(|uired the greatest activity 
 to ])revent the sparks from burnini;- our ilresses, indeed the\ were riddled." 
 Travel must have been anything but a pleasure under such conditions, but grad- 
 ually improvements were made, and now it became the fashion for the citizens 
 to make up |)arties for railroad excursions — as we do to-day for trolley rides — 
 to visit the interior of the State. (Jne passenger on such a trip, in giving his 
 experience says that he was delighted with the scenery. "man\ miles being 
 studded with rich and imposing mansions, ilelightfu.l \-illas, ^ubstantiil farm- 
 houses and capacious barns and granaries" ])resenting to the traveller's "enrap- 
 tured gaze the appearance of an extensive and continuous village, the aliode of 
 healtli, industry and content, the home of the liap])y, the \irtuous and frugal." 
 Murray, another tourist, speaking enthusiastically of his experience while trav- 
 elling into the interior of Pennsylvania, says; "At this season (May) it was 
 one continuous sea of waving rye, clox'er and wheat. The farmhouses were 
 always whitewashed, with a neat garden in front, and on one or each side stood 
 a large orchard, the trees of which were jilanted with the utmost rc.gularity, and 
 their fragrant boughs teeming with blossoms." 
 
 A movement was set on foot in 1S30 to connect I'hiladelphia with Xorris- 
 town, which settlement had nijw a po|)ulation. of about a thousand ])eo]ile, and 
 in l!^,^l. the Legislature granted a charter to the riiiladelpihia, I iermantown and 
 Xorristown Railroad Comiianx. In about a year the tracks were laid as far as 
 (iermantown. and froni this jioint the work was inislicil forward steadil_\". The 
 main station was located al Ninth and ( ireen streets, and a branch in Main 
 street near the center of ( lernumtowi;. After the buililing of the road between 
 Philadeljjhia and ( ".ermantown. the following announcement was made m the 
 newspapers: "The locomotive engine built li\' Matthias W. llalilwin of this 
 citv will depart dailx with a train c_)f passenger cars, commencing on Monday, 
 the twent\-sixth of Xo\ember." There were three trains from 1 'biladelplia and 
 the same niuuber from (iermantown. 
 
 In 1S31. the Legislature chartered the I'hiladelphia an,! Delaware Count\ 
 Railroad I'ompanw and in 1830 the name of the coni]iany was changed to the 
 I'hiladelphia. Wilmington and llaltimore Railroad. 
 
 Lngineers and ingenious mechanics found an o]ien held for their skill 
 and were giving attention to all the details in relation to the construction of lo- 
 comotive engines, passenger cars and laying of tracks. 
 
 William Xorris established machine works at I'.usli Hill, which were sul>- 
 se(|uent!\ conducted under the management of Richanl Xorris and Son. The 
 
WARWICK S KIC\'ST0.\1'; COMMONWEALTH. 223 
 
 firm soon Iniilt up an imernati' mal rcputalii in and sliip|)C(l a number of licci- 
 motives to thf l{ni;li^li ( invvi-nnicnt. SuliSLM|urntl\ tlK-\- iliscdntinunl tlicir 
 business in tbis cil\- and entered int(j a eoniract w itb i\ussia to build and e(|uip 
 railways for tbat country. After a sojourn tbere for a number of \ears. tbe\- 
 reaped a fortune and returned to tbeir native country to enjox' it. 
 
 In tbe meantime. .Mattbias W. I'.aldwin liad e^tablJNbed liis plant wbicb 
 became, as it were, abnost an instittuion of ibe cil\. lie was born in Xew ler- 
 sey and came to tiiis city about 1S17. lie wa^ apprenticed to ;i jeweler under 
 wbom be learned bis trade, but be >oon ab.andoned tbe m,-inufaeture of tbe liner 
 metals into female trinkets, and enteri-d into a co-partnersbip witli ;i skilU-d 
 mecbanic named l)a\id .M.i>on, and to^^etber tbe\ openeil a sbop in tbe neiL;b- 
 borhood of ]'"ourtb and Walnut streets. .Mason subsei|uently retired fi'om 
 the firm, and liakiwin tben conducted the business alone. In -Xovember, iS_^_', 
 he constructed an entwine called tbe "Ironsides," wbicb was L;iven ;i trial trip 
 and amazed tbe beholders by travelling; at tbe rate of Iw ent\ -eii;ht miles ;m 
 hour, for a distance of six miles. The loconiotixe. bowe\er, w a^ not taken om 
 on rainy days for fear its wheels woidd not clutch tbe tracks, but wnuld slip .ind 
 be uncontrollable in wet weather. These difficulties, however, were L;raduall\ 
 overcome and travel and transportation b_\- steam becanu- .-ui assured fad. 
 
 Coal was used as fuel, cabins were annexed to the en,L;ine for the |irotection 
 of the engineer and tireman, and a tender was attached for tbe holdin;^ of fuel 
 instead of an open wagon containing barrels of fagots, as originalK hail been 
 the case. The passenger coach, with eight wheel- instead of four, was soon 
 changed in its appearance to resemble tbat of a more modern t\pe, ;in.d tbe 
 whole method of trans])ortation was gradnall) iin]iroved. Tbe s\stem has 
 grown to such dimensions that the railroads hold toda\ in tbeir iron grip 
 every section of tbe country and ha\e done moi-^ lo umte us as a |)eo]ile .and to 
 Iiring us in closer proximity to each other tlian anxtbiuL; else that could bavr 
 Ijeen devised In tbe wit and ingenuity of man. What would our forefathers 
 ba\i- thonght if someone bad made tbe prediction tb.al we would traxil fi-om 
 riiiladelphia to .\'ew \nvk in less than two hours, to Atl.antic tit\ in si\t\ min- 
 utes, or to rittshnrgh in a night, or tbat .a \-oyage could be made from the new 
 World to till' old, across the ocean in less than six d,i\s? 
 
 In the period from iS_^o to 1840 the western te)-rilor\' w:is drveloping 
 fast and the merchants and mamifactiu'ers of riiiladelpbi.a were suffering ma- 
 terially bv rea-oii of the slow ;md imperfect means of liausportation. Ii\ tbe 
 s_\stem of inclined pl.anes and canals then in \-ogne it took about nmet\- hours 
 to reach I'ittshurgb from rhiladel]ihia. The freight and passenger rates wt're 
 almost prohibitive and trade was dixerted to New ^'ork b\ ibe opeihng of the 
 I'Irie Canal which afforded closer aiul cbi^aper conununication. To reniedv 
 these conditions the l'ennsyl\'ani;i Railroad Company was organized and char- 
 tered by the Legislature. .\|)ril 1.^, 1X40. It had a ca|iital of Sifxo( )<),()( 10 .and 
 was originally created to bnilil a lini' from llarrisburg to riltsburgb, the work 
 being made jjossible by contributions in money from the cit\ of I'liiladelphia 
 amounting to $4,000,000. The first division from llarrisburg to l.ewisiown 
 was opened in 1841) and in 1X30 it was extenile<l to I lolli<la\ sbnrg. The buibl- 
 ers were at the sanu' time working from I'ittsbur^b eastward ;i)id h\ i,S:;i tin- 
 
224 
 
 WARWICK S KKVSTOXK C( )M MU.V WEALTH. 
 
 section was completed to within twenty-eight miles of Johnstown and in 1852 
 the remaining trackage was completed and through trains were rim between 
 Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by way of the Portage Railroad. In 1854 the com- 
 pany completed its own line over the mountains and the Portage Railroad was 
 discontinued. In 1857 the company ])urchascd all the State works, railroads 
 and canals and commenced its system of e.xtension wdiich has made it one of the 
 great trunk lines of the country. It absorbed the Central Railroads of Xew 
 Jersey in 1871 which gave direct communication with Xew York and gradu- 
 ally acc|uired other lines and eventually became- the most comprehensive rail- 
 road system in the United States, connecting as it does, the chief ports and cities 
 of the North Atlantic Seaboard with tho^e of the (Ireat Lakes and the ( )hio and 
 Mississippi valleys liy a network of railways of the best and most modern con- 
 struction and efficiency. It sjireads from the .Mississippi River t" the extremity 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 of Long Island and from beyond the I'otoniac and ( )hio rivers to the Canadian 
 border. Some idea of the magnitude of the growth of this great corporation 
 can l)e gleaned from the fact that its (jriginal capital has lieen increased from 
 $10,000,000 to $500,000,000 and its lines extemled from the original 224 miles 
 to ii,f>44 miles, with a total trackage of 25,(11)5 miles. The care of passengers 
 and the ra|iiil mo\ement of freight has .always been given first consideration 
 and milHons cjf d. ill.irs have Ijeen spent in straightening lines and tunneling 
 mountains to save a fraction of time w Inle as many millions more have been 
 used in improving the rolling stock. The ex]ienditure of nearly $100,000,000 
 in providing a direct entry into Xew York City, by tunneling the Huilson River, 
 is an illustration of the company's progressive spirit. It has alwa\s been a pio- 
 neer in improvement nuivements. It was the first to use steel rails in 1804 and 
 I'.essemer steel rails in 1865. first to utilize the air brake in 1860, the track tank 
 in 1872, the block signal system in 1873, the "limited" train in 1881, to estab- 
 lish an eighteen-hour service between Xew Y<irk and Chicago, to organize a 
 Tourist Department and to organize a cab service in connection with its terminal 
 in the large cities. The story of the company's achievement in perfected means 
 of travel can be no lietter illustrated than by a comparison of the "John Bull" 
 train, with that of the "Broadway Limited," the latest creation in railway lux- 
 urv. The men, who as executive heads of the I 'ennsylvania Railmad Company, 
 
WARWICK S KKA'STONE COM M(l.\ W i: ALT II . 
 
 225 
 
 aided in it^ (k-vcliipiiu-iit arc ; Saimu-1 X'au.nlni Merrick. I 'rcsidviit fmni 1S47 to 
 1X411; William C'lianihcrlain 1 'allcr-dii, lS4i> tn iS^j; Jdlin l''.d.i4ar TlMinsnn. 
 185-' t(i 1X74: 'J'lKiiiias Ali-xaiide-r Scnit. 1874 ti> iSSi;; (iecjr.m- llrodk-- IviIktIs. 
 iSSo to iX')j: l-'rank Thoin^on, iSc)7 to iS()<): Ak-xandcr Johnson (.assatt. 
 \H()t) to \()H*): James McC'rra. l<)<)7 to l<)i-'. and Samuel i\ea. w lio ln-eame 
 president in lijl->. 
 
 ( Ml Deeeniber IwenlN -sixth. I X :; 1 . occurred tlu- ilealh ot' Stephen ( iirard. 
 lie had reached the ri|ie aije of eighty-one, and hi> later \ear> were sli'ickeu 
 with sorrow. lie had hut few intimate associates, for he had de\iiled his ef- 
 forts to the accumulation of wealth, .and not to the fosleriuL; of friendship^, lie 
 
 lin r.uii \li» M l,IM 1 
 
 -1 I HI A I IDN I \ l;.\M 111! AD 
 
 was childless, and his wife for a lout; time had heeii the imnate of an insane 
 asylum, and he was cleprived of her companionship for many years before her 
 death, which occm-red in 1S15. .\s his life drew to its close, he became .sightless. 
 ]''roni his youth he had onK one eve. the other liavin,i,r lieeu put imt b\ the explo- 
 sion of an ovster shell which he h.ad carelessl\- thrown inti> an opt-n fire. His 
 death restdted from ;ui .accident which happened while he was walking,' from 
 hi> bank to his home in W'.aler stret-l. in l'"ebruary. 1X30. While crossinj^- .at the 
 corner of .Seconil and .Market streets, he was run down by a f.arm wayou. I le 
 was seriously injured, and allhoui^di he lium'reil for Iwd \ears after the mishap 
 he never recovered from its effects. lie was buried in the i^Tounds <if the 
 Catholic Church (jf the Holy Trinitv. at the corner of Sixth .and .S|)ruce street-. 
 His bod\ was carried to the tomb, followed by the officers id' the city, the .Ma- 
 sons, to which orj^'anization he belonged, and many other societies. The cor- 
 tege slowly i)r()cceded np Water street to .\rch. out .\rch to Sixth and down 
 Sixth to the cinirch. The streets were crowded with people, and to use the 
 language of one witness, "the jirocessiou was most im])res-ive." .Man>- of the 
 
226 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 citizens l)owL-(l their shutters during the hours of the ceremony, that is from 
 ten t.. twelve o'clock. The Masons having announced that they would take part 
 in the prncession, the clergy of the parish refused to attend, and it was under 
 the threat ni legal proceedings that the interment was allowed to take place. 
 
 (hrard had not in any sense of the word heen what might he called a relig- 
 ious man. Creeds sat lightly upon his shoulders, and in the language of Xicho- 
 
 ifidel." He was, as we have hitherto 
 indeed .some of his vessels were named 
 
 las r.iddle, "he was a very undis 
 
 ■^tatei 
 
 1. a ili^ciple of French philosophy and. 
 
 after N'oltaire, Rousseau and the rep- 
 resentative- of that school of thought. 
 It \va> estimated that his fortune was 
 about eight millions of dollars, well 
 nivc-teil m -.hips, stocks and lands, and 
 il was with great curiosity that the 
 j.eoplc awaited the probate of the will. 
 Ml order to ascertain what disposition 
 be had made of this vast e.-.tate. < iir- 
 ard had relatives both in America and 
 luirope. nephews and nieces, but these 
 were given a scant remembrance in the 
 will. lie directed that fifteen hun- 
 dred dollars should be given t<:i each of 
 his ship captains who would bring his 
 vessels safely into port, his slave wo- 
 man, I lannah, was set free, and he 
 gave slight tokens of remembrance to 
 bis serv.uUs who were indentured to 
 him for .i term of apprenticeship, 
 'idiese beipiests, however, were very 
 small, comparatively, not exceeding the 
 sum of one hundred and forty thousand dollars. All the rest of his vast fortune 
 was devise<l and bequeathcil for public or charitable uses. To "the .Mayi.ir, 
 .\ldernien an<l citizens of I'hiladelphia, their --uccessors and assigns" were 
 Ljiveii the "rest, remainder and residue of the estate to establish, a col- 
 lege for orphan boys at a cost of two million dollar>." He was most par- 
 ticular in his will in describing the e.xact proportion^ of the building, where 
 it should be located and how it should be constructed, even to the dimen- 
 sions of the doors and windows. ".\s in.any poor white male orphans be- 
 tween the ages of six and ten years" as the income arising from the estate "was 
 :ide(piate to m;iintain" were to be "introduced into the college as soon as possi- 
 ble." .\piilicants born in the cit\- of I Miiladelphi;i were to be given preference, 
 in the second place those born in any other |iart of rennsyhania, and thirdly 
 to natives of the cit}- of New York, and lastly to the nati\es of Xew Orleans, 
 because it was with that city he first traded as master and part owner of a vessel 
 and cari;o. After providing that the scholars should receive "plain Init wdiole- 
 sonie food, plain but decent apparel." they were to be "instructed in the various 
 branches of a sound education in which Creek or Latin slionld not b.- included." 
 
 Oi.ii EN<a!Avixr,. 
 
Warwick's Ki-nsTo.xK common wealth. 227 
 
 lie iiKide a reslriclidii "llial 11.1 ecclesiastical niissiimar\ or niinisUT of aii\ 
 sect whatsoever shall e\er hulil or exercise any station or dill)' wliale\er in said 
 collesje. nor shall an\ snch persun ever he admitted lor an\ ])nr|)osc or as a 
 visitor within the premises appropriated t'or the purposes nf the said college." 
 His explanation for hi^ condnct in this matter was that he "dt'sired to keep the 
 tender minds of the (n'plians wlm oiii^ht to derive ad\anta:.;e from this heqnest 
 free from the excitement which cla^hin>; doctrines and sectarian conimvers) 
 are so apt to ])rodnce." lie declared that he intended to cast no redection upon 
 an\- ri'hL;ion hnt "as there is such a nuiltitnde of sects and such diversity of 
 opinion amongst them. 1 <lo not want the nnnds (jf the hoys to he affected by 
 acrimonious discussion that wnnld surely arise were the sects tn cla-li." lie 
 thougiit reliii'ion was so impnrtant a matter that it should he left indi\iduall\' 
 to the boys to decide upon their belief at a time when they were able ti> judge 
 for themseh'es, and after the purest principles i]f nioralitx had been instilled 
 into their mind>. 
 
 The date of the will is b'eljruary sixteenth, iS.^), and a codicil was added 
 on June twentieth, i^s.^i. Ihe executors were Timothx I'ilxmu, Ihiimas 1'. 
 Cope. Joseph Rnberts, William J. Dnane and jnhn A. liarkle). well known 
 merchants of that da\'. .\'o sooner was the will pruved than (.-Iforts were ni.ade 
 to break it. 'i"he litigation continued f(jr nearly thirty \ears biu the cnutesi- 
 ants were miable to invalidate the iustrnmeut. ddie Cit\' appniuied a I'.oard of 
 Trustees to carry out the provisions of the will in so far a> the interests of the 
 college were concerned. Xich(jlas I'.iddle. I'resii'.ent of the I'nited States I'.ank, 
 was the Chairman of the said board. The litigation, of course, dela\ed the 
 progress of the building of the college, but at last the case reached the Supreme 
 Court of the Cnited States. Morace Ihinie}-, at that time somewhat advanced 
 in \ears. and who had virtually retired from the actual ])ractice of his pi-ofes- 
 sion was induced hv the city to represent her cause. b'or nue \c'ar he gave 
 earnest and close application to the stud\ of the (piestiniis invoKed and when 
 he appeared before the I'.ar of the Supreme Court at Washington, he was ii|i- 
 posed b\- Daniel Webster, but -Mr. I'.inney so exhansti\el\ cuvered ever\ puint 
 that Mr. Webster was unable to make any headway against his able and learnt'cl 
 arginuent, and the f'm.alit\ was reached wlien the ."Supreme t'ourl decided in f.ixor 
 of the will. Mr. Webster afterwards, in I'eferring to the case, said thai he 
 never again wanted to cro^s swurds with a 1 'hilailelphia lawxer who had .ndy 
 one client. 
 
 On Inl\- fourth, i''^.^.v the cornerstnue nf the main building of ( lirard ( 'oh 
 lege was laid, and Mr. I'.iddle delivere<l the oration, bin the bihldings were 
 not finished until fipurteen \ears alter they were begun, that was in X'oveni- 
 ber, 1S47, and on januar\ tir>t. 1S4X, the t oUege wa< oi)ened. ha\ing on its 
 roster the names of one hundi'cil pupils. Alexander Dallas ISache. a great-grand- 
 jon of lienjaiiiin l-'rankliu. had been elected to the I'residencv of the Institu- 
 tion. 
 
 ( )n .Se])tember thirtieth. 1S31, Stephen Cirard's body was i-em.ivecl from 
 the little churchyard at Sixth and Spruce streets to a magniticent marble sar 
 cophagus that stands today in the vestibule of the College. 
 
 Tile college building itself is one of the most beautifid structures of mod- 
 
228 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 ern times to be f(.)nn(l aiivwliere in tlie Wdrkl. Tt is "a perfect, chaste speci- 
 men of Grecian art." and will compare favorably witli even the celebrated 
 Madeleine church in Paris. The architect of the building was Thomas U. 
 Walter, a native nf Philadelphia, and it is to his skill as a builder and to the 
 taste of Air. Nicholas Biddle that this building is so beautiful in design and 
 feature. It is a worthv monvmTent to a great benefactor, and, be it said to the 
 credit of the city, no trust has ever l)een more carefully guarded. 
 
 .\nother notable beipiest to the city about this time was that made b\ 
 Joseph Wills, jr., for the establishment of a hospital "for the relief of the indigent 
 blind and lame," -\ noble benefaction that has showered its blessings upon the 
 afflicted. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 KI.KCI ION OF ANDKI-'.W JACKSoX. lO'. M( i\ \l . ill- HKI'OSns FUOM TUK r.\ni-;i> S I ATKS 
 I'.AXK. VISITAI'lo.X o|- ASIAIR- lIloI.ICKA. 1 XTE.M I'KR A XCE. AKOl.ITIOX 
 
 soc'iKiii';s. i;as works. o.mmiu'ses. cah st.\.\i>s. 
 
 I'ROORICSS OF 'llIE CITY. 
 
 THE Pre.sidential elLTtinn ni iS_'S was a most cxcitinj; mik-. and ihu 
 followers nf AndriAv Jack^cin carried the State ut I 'eniis\ Ivania by 
 an o\er\\ lielniin;; niaji'rit\, and tlie opponents nf "( )ld lliekury" in 
 Philadelphia tell under the ban .if his pniseriptinn. for tlie ti.<;ht 
 against him had centered in this cit\. and had been wased with nnusna! hitter- 
 
 Xicholas Biddle. the l'rc>idern t.f the I'nited State> I'.anK, and at that time 
 the leading financier in the cmnitry, ha<l striinL;ly oppused the electimi nf jack- 
 son, and it was soon felt in business cpiarters that the bank, whii>c ch.arter was 
 about expiring, would not ])e able tn secure its renewal, and that the President 
 was bent upon its destruction. The liank was the de])ositar\ of ilie funds of 
 the I'nited States ( iM\-ernment, there being ten millions of dollars of llie na- 
 tion's money in its custody. It was a most successful instilntion, abl\ man- 
 aged and of great inllnenci' in the money world. It was claimed, ho\ve\er, h\- 
 the Democrats that it jxissessed too nnich power, that it had l)ecome autocratic 
 in its dealings and management, that it had too pcitential a \-oice in politics, 
 that its dominating influence was felt throughout the length and hre.adtli of the 
 Republic, and further, that it was dangerous to the rights and liberties of the 
 people for such an institution to wield so great a power. 
 
 The Directors sent .a memorial to C'ongress four years before the expira- 
 tion of the charter, petitioning for its renewal. The bill passed both houses in 
 the summer of 183.2. but the President's veto >oon followed, and an is-,nc be- 
 tween the opposing forces was joined at once. Clay, in favor of the ch.irter. led 
 the tight against Jackson. When the presidential election of i<^3-' came on the 
 lines wc-re distincth drawn and the contest was waged with the utmost bitter- 
 ness. Jackson swept the country, his majoritx in Penn^\ l\aiha being about 
 twent\-tive thon^aml. C'l.ay carried only four States in tlie I'uion. The battle 
 in this cit\ had been w.ageil (iH the ground that the commercial interests of 
 I'hiladelphia woidd be seriously affected and her prestige as a fniancial centre 
 im])aired if Jackson should carry out his threats to close the doors of the bank. 
 It was thought th;it >uch an ap|)eal to civic priile would have some elfect upon 
 the voters, but instead of seem'ing sujjjiort for Clay, it only increased Jackson's 
 Vote and popularity. ( )ne of the campaign cartoons that aroused ])ublic |)reju- 
 dice and was effectively u-ed against the Whigs, reiiresented "( )1,1 Hickory" 
 figliting single-handed the dragon of .Mouopcily. 
 
 The Democratic victor\- dnoineil the bank. ;md it was soon fell in all ipiar- 
 ters that business would h.ave to adjust itself to new condition^. Put the dan- 
 
230 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 sjeroiis features of Jackson's policy were not revealed in their full vitjor until 
 he resolved to remove the deposits of the (lovernmeut. 
 
 The total liabilities of the bank were in the neighborhood of nineteen mil- 
 lions of dollars. This, of course, included the twenty-five branches in all parts 
 of the country. It bad in circulatic.m twenty-three million dollars of notes. For 
 years it had paid a dividend of five per cent., and more recently of seven and 
 one-half per cent. lt> stock, too, unlike that of the first I'nited States bank, 
 was held mainly in this country, in the larger cities of the l^^astern States, and 
 not in the leading capitals abroad. 
 
 When lacksiin decided to remove the deposits of the Government, Louis 
 
 McLane was Secretary of the Treas- 
 uvv. but Jackson, fearing that McLane 
 was niit in accord with his views, 
 made him Secretary of State, and 
 named in his place William J. Duane, 
 son (if the editor of "The Aurora." 
 whose Democracy was unquestioned 
 and niijst pronounced. Duane com- 
 ing from I'hiladelphia. Jackson 
 thought it wduld be a great political 
 stroke to destro) the bank bv a resi- 
 dent of the city in which it was lo- 
 cated, but when the order came to 
 Duane to withdraw the deposits he re- 
 fused to coni[)ly with it. His resigna- 
 tion was then immediateU demanded, 
 which be as prom[itly refused to give 
 and Jack.Min. with tliat firmness and 
 determination that characterized him, 
 ordered his inmiediate removal. Roger 
 11. Tane}-. of .Mar\land. the Attornev 
 ( ieneral. was at ou.-e named to suc- 
 ceed Duane. This time Jackson knew 
 in whom to place hi> confidence, and 
 the new Secretar\- of the Treasury, without further ado, directed the immediate 
 withdrawal i_)f the ( iovermnent's funds. Taney was subsequent!}- elevated to the 
 Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court of the L'nitetl States, and wrote the opinion 
 in the celebrated Dred Scott case. 
 
 The effects resulting from the removal o-f the Government deposits from 
 tile bank and the refusal to renew its charter were not felt in their full force 
 until .a few years later. lUit tlie ixmic was inevitable, and the ruin reached its 
 height in l<S37. 
 
 \\'ben the charter of the Lnited States I'.ank e.xiiired in 1836. its friends 
 succeeded in securing an Act of lncor|K)ratioii from the State I^egislature to 
 transact l)usiness under its uriginal name, but unfortunately its credit was 
 gone, its ])restige and infiueiice had departed, and altlioiigb it lasted for a time 
 and wore the appearance of healthy vigor, its days were soon numbered. 
 
 Amiukw 
 Taken froiii l.ifi' 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTO.NE COMMOXWEAI.TH. 23I 
 
 After the GovcrnnieiU had removed the dei>i>sits they were distrihiited 
 among a number of State hanks which were called the "pets" nf (he adminis- 
 tration. These banks issued tlieir notes and they were so<in in i-irculatioii 
 everywhere thronjjhout the country. They were easil\ comiterfeitcd. and it 
 was difficult to tell the false from the true. Their value depeuilcd up..>n the 
 credit and reputation of the hank that i^sued them, and in man\ instances the\; 
 were worth more in one State than in another. This led to speculation, and a 
 merchant who desired to chani^e his notes into specie had to suffer a heav\» 
 shave. In every country cross road's store "Counterfeit Detectors," which were 
 published monthly, had to he consulted whenever a purchase was made, for a 
 pound of .soa]). a >ide of liacon or a bushel of grain, and the notes, irrespective 
 of their face value, had onl\ that purchasino- jiower which was given to them 
 in the localities where thev were u->ed. As they fell in worth, gold and silver 
 became scarcer and rose in price. Alushrooui banks, to(.i, sprang u]) in everv 
 direction, and tlooiled the market with wildcat mone\' and onl\ increased the 
 volume of currency without adding to its real worth. 
 
 -\t a time when the precious metals were passing out oi circulation, Jack- 
 son issued his "Sjiecie Letter" which re(|uired all buyers to pay for the public 
 lands in hard money, instead of in wildcat mites. This caused a suspension (.)f 
 specie payments and runs upon the banks were begun at once. Capital was 
 withdrawn from enter])rise, business houses failed, lianks closed their donrs. 
 factories shut down, wages fell, |)rices rose, workmen lost eniplo\nient, and the 
 panic of 1837 spread over the land like a pall. It might have been averted, in 
 fact might never have occurred had it nm been for the unn.asonal)le, ]iolitical, 
 vindictive opposition of Jackson to a successful and worthy institution. There 
 was no reason for his cuiduct. 'idle bank was al:il\ managed, was perfectly 
 sound and its destruction produced a disastrous ]ianic. 
 
 The lianks throughout the countrx endeavored to make a partial resum]i- 
 tion of specie payments but tlie\ failed to -ucceed. and on I'ebruary fourth, 
 the United States IJank, overwhelmed by couditions that it had no power to 
 avert and for which it was in no wise responsible, closed its doors, unable to 
 meet its rt-s|)onsibilities. 
 
 Mr. I'liddle had resigned from the Presidencs in 1S31). and had retired ti> 
 his estate at Torresdale on the bauk> of the Delaware. rroseculions wi-re in- 
 stitnte(l against him and lii^ fellow ot'licers, but it was soon discovered thai 
 their transactions were abo\e board, and withiiut suspicion. There was not the 
 sli.ghtest trace of careless or dishout->t management in the administration of the 
 conct-rn. Tlu' bank had been the mere victim of circumstances. 
 
 The I'mancial stringenc\ following tlu' misfortunes that befell the second 
 Hank of the I'nited States, by reason oi President Jackson'- relentless oppo- 
 sition shoidd have, it w<iuld sch-ui, acted as a strong check on the organization 
 of new monetary institutions but in sjiite of the depressed conditions the fol- 
 lowing notice was sent out in the Spring of iS,^3 In I'leujamin W. Richards: 
 ".An adjourned meeting of the (iirard Savin.gs Institutiou of 1 Miilailelphia will 
 l)e held for the election of directors, at Saint's Hotel, Si.\th street. opi)osile 
 .Minor, on Tuesday evening, .Ma\ 19, at eight o'clock." h"oi-ty-onc members 
 resijonded to the notice, ami at the nieeting, the new venture under tlu- name 
 
23-' 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 of the (iiranl lleneficial Association was lauiiclK-d and llenjaniin \\', Richards 
 hecanic its first president. The first quarters of the .Association were at Xo. 
 34 North Second street and the title was afterwards changed to the Girard 
 Life Insurance. Annuity and Trust Coiupany. The couipan\' thus organized 
 located in the I'armers and .Mechanics Hank Iniilding. .\o. 130 Chestnut street, 
 the old nuniher. the upper portion l)eing used as a dwelling. The suhscribcd 
 capital was S^oo.ooo and the first dividend declared in January, iK^7. was three 
 jier cent. In 1S50, the couipau\- rented ipiarters in the Western \';itional Hank 
 
 (in!.\iiip Tuu.sr (■nMi'.\NY. 
 
 building at .\'o, 132 Chestnut street, which on the rearrangement of luniihers 
 became No. 408. The institution successfull\ weathered the panics of 1837 
 and 1837-X, the last two \-ears paying dividends of eight and one-half |;ier cent, 
 and seven .and one-half per cent., respecti\el\ . During the strenuous \ears of 
 the Civil War, and those immediately following it, the di\idends ranged from 
 eig"ht to ten per cent, and this, despite the fact that the conip,an\' contributed 
 liberally to the \-arious war funds. In 1872, the company's offices were re- 
 luoved to N(is. 'i3,V<>33 Chestnut street, and in March, 187(1, the new building 
 erected b\' the com])an\- <at No. 2020 Chestnut street was oceupieil. ( )n Janu- 
 arv 2, 1800, the building" ;it the northeast corner of llro.-id and L'hestnnt streets, 
 the first of the big office buildings in that localit\ was occn|)ied. In i8<)o the 
 name of the company was changed to the liiranl Trust I'onipany and in 1901, 
 the site at the northwest corner was acipiired and the present magnificent 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTON'K COMMON' WEAI.TII. 2?^ 
 
 building- was (.Tcctt'd, being o[)cnc(i tnr hnsiiicss nn Augii-i 24. njoS. Tlic suc- 
 cess of the Cirard Trust Comiiany ha.-, brcn |ihcniiiiiciial. 'i'hc present bnil.b 
 ing and vaults were paid fur out of the current ])rntits earned each vear during- 
 the course cif construction, nver and above the amount re(|uired for (Hvidends. 
 This amounted to $1 ,541 ,j_V'--'< ' and was chargeil off the bo.iks during the 
 course of erection so that the property stands as an asset on the liooks of the 
 companv at the vahie of tile ground only. In addition to this tlu' dividends 
 have steadily increased inuil they now aniouiU to thirty -six per cent, per .annum. 
 
 In iS^j. Philadelphia was again visited by a scourge. .'-^he had pas>ed 
 through the terrible experiences in 171)3 and i7i)S wlu-n the \el!o\\ fcxcr raged, 
 but she had now to meet a pestilence of a ditt'erent character. h'or \ears the 
 cholera had rageil in the cities of Asia, and had decimated the popul.itious of 
 Calcutta and I'.ombay. and at last it fouml an entrance into ilu sontlurn cities 
 of Europe, and lluii. with its malignant touch, came to I'aris and London. 
 
 It made its first appearance on this side of tlie water in (juehec and .Mon- 
 treal. It suddenly broke out in Xew N'ork. and when it reached the last named 
 city, the authorities of Philadelphia, amused to the .-ituation. began to make 
 preparations for its visitation, l^xijerience h.ad taught the citizens that it was 
 better to provide against its prevention than to consider remedies for its cure, 
 and learning from the pa>t that such epidemics failed to lind a lodgment where 
 conditions were cleanly, every citizen began to set his house in .irder. Alleys 
 and outhouses were cleaned, cellars wen- whitewashed, even l';e curbstones 
 were given a coat of lime, stagnant po,,l> were emptied of their C(]ntent>, gut- 
 ters flushetl and a diet prescribed for the people. Temperance in tin- use of 
 alcoholic liquors was advised in all cases. ( )ver-indulgence in drinking was 
 looked upon as almost an invitation in itself to the disease. The eating of 
 fruits of all kinds was to l)e avoided. ;ind the wearing of tlanuel next to the 
 skin was thought to keep the body in a healtln- condition, l^xposure to the 
 night air was considered dangerous. especiall\ during the sultry months (if 
 Augu>t and .September. Ldiloride of lime was thrown .about in ever\ direction. 
 .garbage was immediately remo\ed. and the authc.rities did ever\ thing in their 
 power to provide against the spread of the disease in case it should arrive-. In- 
 structions were given to the people th.at they should av. lid all excitement, all 
 anxiety, and, if possible, all fear of the |)est and under no circunrstances to 
 surrender themselves to anger. 
 
 The summer was one of uiur-^ual temperature, the weather w.as hot to ;i 
 de.gree and the .-.uU'ering of the afdicted when the [ilague arri\ed. was intense. 
 It was early in Jul\- that the tirst case was reported, and ;il once an exodus 
 began. People of wealth lied to the country, the seashore and the mouiU.iins, 
 and the city began to assume the a])pearance thai marked it dm-ing the da\s of 
 the prior pla.gues. The disease suddenly broke out among the debtors and 
 petty criminals who were confined in the .\rch street ])risou. "The cries, 
 shrieks, an<l groans of the sick and dying and the fi'aulic ilesperalion ;md 
 agony of those who were eager to escape were terrible" and the piisoner> 
 were released, with the exception of a few desi)erate characters who were re- 
 moved to UKjre healthy (piarters. The doctors, as well as the supei'inti'udeins of 
 the hospitids, stood bravely 1)\- their posts. The authorities, loo. did not ahan- 
 
234 WARWICK S KEYSTOXE COM MON WKALTH. 
 
 don the city to tlie dreadful scourge, but did all in their power to relieve the 
 sufiferings of the atiBicteil. A number of Catholic Sisters of Charity adminis- 
 tered devotedly to the wants of the sick. an<l the city, appreciating their efforts, 
 subsequently appropriated a sum of monc\- — in view of the fact that they re- 
 fused all payment for their services liecause of the vows the\- had taken — to 
 two or three of the institutions under the care of the Church. The epidemic, 
 however, gradually subsided at the approach of the cold weather, confidence 
 was once more restored, business revived, those who had fled returned, and 
 the city soon assumed its normal appearance. The disease, however, had been 
 deadl\ in its touch, and before it ran its course, out of two thousand three 
 hundred and twenty-nine case^. seven hundred and. fifty- four had proved fatal. 
 Strange to say, during its cuntinuance. its progress was officially annnunced 
 each day at twelve o'clnck fnmi the iiffice of the I'.oard of Health, and the 
 number nf its victims given b> the ])ublic. A better plan to spread fear and 
 anxiety could not have been adopted, for the melancholv news was carried 
 in this way to all sections of the city. 
 
 Prior to the panic of i<*^37 the country enjoyed a period of great pros- 
 perity. Canals were opened, steam boats were running on the Great Lakes, and 
 the whistle of the locomotive was heard even beyond the .Alleghenies. Hard 
 and si:ift coal had been found in l^ennsylvania in such quantities that it was 
 being used for manufacturing as well as for household purposes, and factories 
 were springing up in all the Eastern towns and cities. Western States, too, were 
 clamoring for admission to the C'nion, and settlers were crowding into the new 
 lands. Immigrants from Eurcipe were pouring in through the open gates of 
 the Republic, believing that Uncle Sam was rich enough to give each one a 
 farm. 
 
 Drunkenness had grown to be a national evil. The use of liquors was 
 almost universal. Every home had its decanter on the sideboard, and that man 
 was an exception who would refuse to drink a social glass; indeed, it was con- 
 sidered bad form if a host did not insist upon his guest taking a parting drink. 
 It was nothing unusual tVir pulilic nun or political orators during the pendency 
 of a campaign to appear on the hustings under the influence of liquor. The 
 vice had grown to such proportions that a halt had to be called. Temperance 
 societies were organized to comliat the evil, and the Quakers took a most pro- 
 nounced part in the cause of reform. The fight at first was waged against the 
 use of distilled s])irits. such as whiskey and brandy, but in time total abstinence 
 societies were formed, and ale, beer and other brewed liquors 'fell under the ban. 
 
 The slaverv question, too. was beginning to agitate the country. Aboli- 
 tion societies were formed for the purpose of advocating the liberation of the 
 blacks and nowhere did the movement have more earnest sup])orters than in 
 this cit\- among the Quakers. In fact, it was not long before Philadelphia was 
 known as the main station (jf the underground railroad. 
 
 During this time, the cit\- was introducing many municipal imiirovements. 
 Gas was being univer-^ally used, and iron pipes were being laid in every direction 
 for its distribution. \Mien it was first suggested that a plant should be con- 
 structed at Chestnut street on the Schuylkill, remonstrances p.mred in from 
 every direction of the city denouncing the iiroject ; many claiming that it was 
 
w akwick's Kl•:^■s•^).\■|•: roMMfixwKAi.Tii. 235 
 
 of a niiwt iift'eiisivc ami (laii'^riMus nature, and that tlic cxplnsinn if u;as which 
 was hcnind to nccur \vi;ulil entail L;riat loss of lite and destrnclinn dt pri >i)crty. 
 and i)ne nf the repnrt.s stated that ^as is an "article as i^nitilile a> :;un pnwdei' 
 and nearl\- as fatal in its et'fects" : that the atni(isi)liere in the neii^hln irh.K id of 
 the wiirks would he otte.isixe and unwholesnme ; that the refuse ponriu;; into 
 the river wuuld destroy all fish life, and wnuld render the water nntU fur drink- 
 ing- iir himsel'.old ])nrpii-es in thosi' l(icalitie> which loiil< their snp|)ly i)f water 
 from the Schuylkill River lielow the dam. In spite of this npp.isition. howe\er. 
 wliich wa> hitter and in.i-.t insistent, ('oiuicil> passed an unlinance ■ m March 
 twent\-tirst, 18,^5, pro\idini; fur the construction id' a pkmt. Applications to 
 comiect with the wurks were \ery few, for some time e\eu after its ci iiuple- 
 tion, Inil the convenience in the irse of ,L;as was sdun di-,ciivered and tile predic- 
 ti(.)ns of the old foijies as to e.\i)losions and destruction of pro|)erty were IdiuhI 
 to he so t^reatlv exaggerated that the opjinsition i,'raihiall\ suhsided. dhe cit\- 
 in dispensins,'' with the whale oil lamps, hy the introduction of u;,is lamps, had 
 proved to the citizens how useful a household article ilhiminatinj; i;as would 
 he and at last so great was the demand that the iiriginal ]ilant had to he gradn- 
 all\' enlarged to meet the re(|uirements and demands of the da>. 
 
 The ojiposition wdiich met the first attempts to introduce the maunfactiu-e 
 of gas for ilhimination in the city seems strange to us of this day who know gas 
 as a factor in civilized life hardly less momentous than the water we get 
 through the mains. l!ut I'hiladeliihians of that da\ were cnuservative, often 
 ske])tical. and, although illuminating gas was known in luu-ii]ie in the ei.i;h- 
 teenth centurv ant! a company had heen formed in I.ondou in iSu, it was not 
 until 183(1 that the Quaker folk hegan to enjo_\ the commodity. 
 
 The City Councils had rei>eatedly rejected ofTers to construct |)lants, hut 
 finally became converted to the iilea. and in 1834 sent Saimiel \'aughn Merrick. 
 an engineer, to Europe to investigate methods in vo.gite there. Following his 
 report. .March 3t. 1835, t_ouncils passed an urdinance for the constrtictii m and 
 inana.gement of the I'hiladelphia ( ias Wnrks. line thousand shares of stock, at 
 $100 a share, were oft'ered for general siil)scri|)tii m ; hut the company was 
 required to operate utider the control of twehe trustees app.ointed h\ Councils, 
 the ri.ght being reserved h\ the city to redeem the private stuck at an\ time. 
 This in tact was done in 1841. when the works became actually nmnici|)al. 
 
 hirst to hold the office of President of the comjjauy was 11. W. Richards, 
 wdio resigned in twenty da>s and was succeeded by Dr. R. \. ilnstou. The first 
 secretary was P.enjamiu .Matthias, and .^. \ . .Merrick was engineer. 
 
 h'^irnarx' 10. 183(1. gas. made frmn bituniinons coal, was tin-ned into the 
 mains, and the residents of the little city — it was then less than a scpiare mile in 
 area — turned out to see the "inllamniahle air" which burned in 4() public street 
 lamps ;uid H) burners in private residences. 'Idiey looked, criticized, hesitated. 
 Eloqiienth- dn the Company's first ledger accounts bespeak the sentiment of the 
 day, for the\- show that from hebruary 10 to .\|>ril i the gross receipts were 
 but $82(;.48. Rut the next two months' receii>ts were $1,724: the next quarter. 
 $3,112.42. and the follnwing (|uarter. .S8,oCii.23. .\'ow the ])lant was on a 
 promising basis: there were 2.800 private burners and 1(15 iniblic lamps, and the 
 daily coiisumi)tion was 42.000 cubic feet. 
 
236 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 Yet what better commentary on I'liiladelphia'^ growth than to contrast 
 those figures with the figures for the year 1913, when the I'hihulelphia Gas 
 Works suppHes 9,500,000,000 cubic feet of i^as a year to ahnost 3O5.000 meters! 
 
 At first gas was used for but one purpose — iUuniination. A rate of $3.50 
 per thousanil cubic feet was charged for private bm-ner>. and $1.73 for pubHc 
 street lanii)-s. The price to the private consumer was reduced to $3 in 1S45; 
 to $2.80 and later tr. $2.50 in iS4(): and consistent reductions suh>equently have 
 brought the price down to $1. of which the city at the present time receives 20 
 per cent an<l will eventually, tuider the terms of the lease, receive 23 per cent. 
 
 .\s the citv grew, vicinity gas |)lants sprang up in the outlying districts. 
 In 1858 an ordinance of Councils authorized tile purchase of the Richmond, 
 
 ■-K (JK rUI: IsAlil.IKST C.XS lldl.DEliS ICUIXTEII. 
 
 (iermantown ami Southwark work> ; in May. 1850, the -Manayunk works, and 
 in October. 1830. the Kensington works. This left only the Xorthern Liberties 
 C/ompauN. winch com nines to tliis day to supply a small territory. 
 
 At the tniie the CMahti..n was eftecte<l gas wa> generally recognized 
 as a most desirable illuminant. and the only impediment to the local industry's 
 advancemoit was the red tape of niuiiici]ial ownersliii). which halted needed 
 cx]iaiision of plant and ecpiipmeiit and prevented the use of gas oil the part of 
 maiu" who desired it. 
 
 There were several attempts to abolish the Trustees— the first, when the 
 Citv was consolidated, in 1N34; again, in 1838. and still another attempt in 
 i.SriS; but it was not until ,\pril i. 1887. that control of the gas works jiassed 
 into the b.an.ls of the Department ol I'ublic Works, then established under the 
 newlv enacted Ihillitt I'.ill. .\s a business organization the new department di.l 
 not brin^- the expect-d results, for the system and executive ability necessary 
 in such a large cnten.rise were not in evidence and throughout the city there 
 was developing a sentiment in favor of private maiiagenient. 
 
WAKWKK S KI■■.^ SIIIM^; ( ( IM M (l.\ UI-.AI.l 1 1 . 2^7 
 
 After more lliaii tni \i';ir> cif rxperieiu-c with a i;a^ plant nianai;(.-il 1)> a 
 iminicipal Imri-au. tlu' rity, lhroii<;h its ('(Uincils. heranie ci inxincrd ni' tlic desir- 
 ability c)t' private- maiia,i;cinent, aiui. I )eci.-iiiiii.r I. :Si)7, The I 'nitcd lias Ini 
 ])r<i\cnu-iit I'onipany tcmk change, under a lease which was hi^liK' faxnrahle to 
 the city. 'J'liis lease provided lor the reliirn of the wurks to the city at the ex- 
 [>iration of 30 years, and l)e>ides, through the co-operati\e idause. has made 
 available for the city treasury annuall\ a snm of money which, hei^inmni; in 
 190S with S268,45<). I'), reached in mi-' the snm of $ l,,V«J.' )<>'>. i-'. Since the 
 transfer of the lease Ihe I'nited ( ias Improvemeiu (omp.Liiy has expended f^ ir 
 permanent impro\enienls Si7,3o(),(i()(), all of which revei't to the city with the 
 gas works provided ih.at the k-ase runs the fnll teiau of _^(i \eais. I'le^iiles this, 
 the com[)any furnishes gas Uw to the piihlic lam])s and cleairs, lighl-, and ex 
 tingnishes them. The \ahie of this free service in iXijS was upwards of ,S5()i).- 
 OfX). and the sum increases in ratio as _^n() new l.niips each \ ear are adiled. The 
 quality and candle]iower of the gas ha\e heen greatlv imp)-o\i'(l. and the gen- 
 eral service rendered ha-- heen of snch a nature that 1 'hiladeljihiaus as .1 rule 
 look upon the transfer of the works to ]irivale manai^i'ment .is a hlessiiii^. 
 
 .\ comparison of present anil past condition-, may he pertinent. The (las 
 Works imder cit\ management were a heav\ drain on the cit\ .and were heiiig 
 operated at an ever increasing lc)ss. The service was in:ide(|n,ale. The plant 
 was a physical wreck. Ad\ancenient in the use of gas to increase comfort in 
 the home and efiiciency in the industries with attendant econonn was not 
 hel])cd or encouraged. Toda\- the plant is hein^ op.r.ated, not only at .a great 
 profit to the lessees but at a great financial gain to the numicii)alitv. The ser- 
 vice is equal to all reipiirenienls. The plant and e(|nipment are in the linesl con- 
 dition that uiodern methods make possible. The householder in his home, the 
 business man in his store, the manufacturer in his factor\' ai"e being helped in 
 every wa_\' to better living anil working i-ondilious and s,a\e mone\ In n--ing 
 gas. 
 
 The wor(l " Improxement" in the corporate nanie of the I'niled (las Im- 
 provement Company h.as been ui.ade a living go^])el in all branches of the 
 service, [-".very complaint from a consumer is received and adjnsiL'd in a s]iirit 
 of ])at!cnce and fairness. The most expensi\-e expe'riuuait^ and uptipment are 
 maintained tc) secure the very best (|uality of gas and to deliver it at prope-r 
 pressina- to the burner. High salaried experts in every branch of the business 
 are maintaineil : most thorough tests of appliances are made' under scieailitic 
 conditions, to the e-iid that the- consumer shall iiave appliances of utmost efiici- 
 ency which will operate with the greatest economy. ( )f'fices li.-ive- been e-stab- 
 lislied in evcr\ section of the- cit\ — nine in all — to facilit;ite- the transaction of 
 business witli consunu-rs. Instructors are engaged to go to the honu- ;md help 
 the housewife in be-r use of gas. In a word, the- jiolicy of helpfnlne>s h.-is hee-n 
 pursued — not in a philanthropical sense, to be sure, but (ju the- princi]ik- that it 
 is good modern business pe)licy. 
 
 From the one use which was foreseen for gas in the- beginning, there- are 
 today more tlian a thousand uses. .Most of these are in eoimection with manu- 
 facturing processes. I'.ut the greatest use of all is in ranges and water beaters 
 in the homes. Toda\' there are ver\' few homes in the- cit\- in which the nie-als 
 
238 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM Nmx WEALTH . 
 
 V. C. J. P.cii.DiNti, Broad and Akch Strekts. 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTON'E CXnt MO\ WKALTI 1 . 239 
 
 :ire not cuokcd with L;as. and in con,sc(|ucncc tlu- coal range is hcini;' rapidly 
 eliminated. 
 
 Ill the factory gas has had a re\( ilutinnar\ elTcci, anil this particnlarl}- in 
 Philadelphia, which is ahove all a nianiil'aoiuring i-il\. I'his clean, reliahle, 
 quick sonrce of heat and pmver, .guing into the gas engine, llie gas furnace, or 
 any one of the thousand api>liaiices in ii>e. entailing little space and no fuel or 
 ashes .storage room or troubles, has made fur a better cpiality ijf |)roduct, more 
 sanitary conditions and withal economy. 
 
 For 15 _\-ears after the lease, the aftairs of the Company recei\eil the direct 
 supervision of Thomas Dolan as President. In March. U)t2. .Mr. 1 )olan re- 
 signed his office and was succeeded In- Sanuiel T. I'lodine. Air. Dolan, how- 
 ever, retaineil the po>ition of t'hairman of the I'.n.ard <if Directors. ( )ther offi- 
 cers of the Company are: b'irst \ ice-President, Rand.al .Morgan; Second Vice- 
 President, Walton ('lark; Third \'ice-President, Pcwis Lillie : Fourth \'ice- 
 President. W. F. Donthirt ; I'ifth X'ice-Presidenl, Paul Thompson; Treasurer, 
 Lewis Lillie: Secretary, ( ieorge \\ . Ciu'ran. 
 
 Employing more than 3,000 persons, and actively interested in all civic and 
 industrial betterments. The L'nited Gas Improvement Company, lessees of the 
 Philadelphia C,as Works, is one of the vital agen.ts in the city's life and pro- 
 gress. 
 
 Omnibus lines were introduced and the stages were soon running in cver\' 
 direction through the city, and c\en to outlying sections, although the riding 
 was made micomfortable by the cobble stones which presented a very uneven 
 surface. The omnibus differed from the old stage coach in that it was longer 
 and the seats instead of nnming transversely extended the length of the 
 vehicle on both sides: thus the passengers sat facing each other. It could ac- 
 commodate about twelve to fourteen riders. The door was in the rear, ;ind 
 the passenger, after entering, handed bis fare through ,1 hole in the roof to the 
 driver. When an occupant of the vehicle desired to ali.ghl. be ]iulled a strap 
 attached to the driver's leg, which strap extendeil through Innps m the r'lof to 
 the door. The driver loosened the strap, and the passenger pushing .against the 
 door, opened it anil went down two or three steps to the street. 
 
 Cab stands were authorized by Councils to be located in different sections 
 of the city at well known localities, and the rale of hire was fixed at twenty- 
 five cents for short distances and a dollar an hour. An .additional charge was 
 made for the conveyance of baggage, f.ong lines of these cabs were stationed 
 at the corners of certain streets in the business sections of the citw generall\ in 
 close proximity to the railroad stations and hotels. Smnmer and winter, in all 
 kinds of weather, clear and foul, by day and -far into the night, the drivers and 
 horses could be found at their posts. The horses with drooping heads, their 
 check reins loosened while they were at rest, would seemingly doze most of the 
 time. Many of them were fed their iioon-d.iy meal without going to the 
 stables, and the locality frecpiently emitted a very unpleasant odor. The driv- 
 ers, a class by themselves, called "Jehus," wearing high liats that were out of 
 date, stood in groups on the sidewalk with whip in baud and discussed the 
 questions of the day until a customer appeared, when they would suddenly rush 
 
240 WARWICK'S KEYSTOXE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 in his direction, piishins' eacli (itlier, often nnishly. aside, to secure him as a 
 passenger. 
 
 The market houses which had lost many of their picturesque features of 
 earher days had so o;ra(hially and so extensively encroached upon the highways 
 as to occupy the middle of Market street from Front to Eighth street, and on 
 the .same street from Fifteenth to Seventeenth street. On Callowhill street 
 long sheds stretched out from Fourth to Seventh street, and on Spring ( iarden 
 street from its beginning at Sixth street to Twelfth street. They were also 
 constructed on South Second street from Pine to South, and on Xorth Second 
 from Coates to Poplar, on Girard avenue north and on Shipj)en street south. 
 There had also been sheds erected in .Southwark, Kensington and Moyamen- 
 smg. The early market houses had been a feature of the city life, and no visi- 
 tor ever came to Philadelphia that he did not make a persc.mal inspection of 
 them. 'J1ie butchers in their inmiaculate ajirons, the farmers with their pro- 
 duce of every kind, the vegetable and fruit stalls were commented upon favor- 
 ably by all strangers: but the city's tratTic had grown to such an extent that 
 the market hou.ses blocked the streets and interfered with travel. The\ were 
 not as neat and tidy as they had been and were infested with rats, and there 
 was now made a determined eft'ort to remove them and to erect in their stead 
 market houses fronting the streets but not occupying the center of them. It 
 was sometime, however, liefore the movement was actuallv set on foot and 
 many years before most of the principal sheds were removed, some, in a few 
 localities, still lingering as a simple reminder (d' what they once had been. 
 
 From Colonial days it had been the custom on Sunda\>, during the hours 
 of worship, to block off by chains all streets running past the churches. This 
 custom had been retained up to this time, and it causeil, necessarilv, great an- 
 noyance and inc<i)n-enience to those who were requii-ed to use the highways. 
 Sometimes a long detour ha.l to be made, and drivers had to go out of their 
 way many blocks to avoid the chains. Even the mail coaches were delaved 
 in their |)rogress. P.efore the custom was done awa\ with, however, an appeal 
 had to be made to the Legislature, and, strange to say, the clergy and church- 
 going peo|)le entered a strong protest against the repeal of the law. The Leg- 
 islature, however, deaf U* this ])rotestation, jiassed an -\ct doing awa\ with 
 this relic of medievalism. 
 
 Many changes were made in the appearance of the iniblic squares, the old 
 wooden fences that had surrounded some of them were removed and iron rail- 
 ings erected in place of the same. Centre Square, at Proad and Market streets, 
 was intersected by Alarket street running east and west, and bv Broad street 
 running north and south, and instead of remaining one large common, tiie land 
 was transformed into four scjuares, and these were surrounded hv tall iron rail- 
 ings until the ground was covered liv the Public P.uildings, 
 
CHAPTKR XXII. 
 
 PHII.ADFJ.I'HIA. A l.nl■:l^\K^ CIlNTKl-:. I'llkU IDIC-'.LS. X K \VSl'Ari;K: 
 
 •line I'lil-.ATKl-.-: 
 
 P]III.AI)l-:i^PHIA -till rrt;iiiic(l 'ilt ropiUatioii as the litirarv criiln- of 
 the Cduntry. It was a ilay wlicn majrazines or pcrindicals \wvv all 
 the ratix-. I'hv lir--t |)iililicatii in ')f this cliaracti.T in this city was the- 
 Saturda\- E\a'ninL; I'l'si, in iSji. It hail aninii^ its editors, Thiiinas 
 Cottrell Clarke. (.']iarle> j. Peterson. Henry I'eterson. !\iifiis W. ( irisw.ild. 
 Morton McAlieh.acl. and others of little less (li>tinction. It ni.ade a huast <if its 
 circulation, which was .alHint seven thousand copies a week, a mere l),iL;atelle 
 as compared with it^ circulation l.i-d.ix under the direction of its euterprisiuL;- 
 owner. .M^r. Cyrus II. K. I'urtis. Then there were uia^azine> published as ' I he 
 Alhum." "The Lady's ( iazette." "Tiie Casket, or Mowers of Literature. Wit 
 and .Sentiment." and "The Lad\ '^ ( iarlaud." the names indicatiui^ the character 
 of the ])ul)lications. 
 
 Louis A. (iode_\- came upon the scene in iS.^o. and built up successfull\' 
 his "LacK's liook." Articles from the |)ens of the leadint;- writers of tin- day ap- 
 jK'ared in its i)at;es. It made so j^reat a rejuUalicin. obtained so lar.L;e a circu- 
 lation, and i)aid authors so liberally, a> compared with the meai^re sums the\- 
 had heretofore receiveil that e\en such men as Washington lr\iuL;, X.ithauiel 
 Hawthorne and X. 1'. Willis were from time to time re.^nlai- contribiUor^. .and 
 afterwards Iuljj;ar .Mien I'oe. I'.ayard Taylor, T. l.luchauan Ke.id au<l ( h.irle- 
 Ciodfrey Leland frequently lutblished their articles within the covers of this 
 po])nlar magazine. Peterson's "Lady's liorik" also for a lime made a stir iu the 
 literarv world. Then came "( ir.aham's Mai^aziue." |)erhai)s the best edited of 
 all the periodicals of that day so far as rt'al literar\ wdrth was couceiued. 
 
 William E. llurton. the comedian, in lX,^y. \entured upon the i)ublicatiou 
 of a [leriodical. which he called "'I'he Centleuian'^ Magazine." He associated 
 wit!i him Edtjar .\lleu I'oe. but their connection unfortimatel\ did not last Ioul;-. 
 There was friction between the t'ditors and the undertakin,^- was found to be 
 tin])rofitable. and in time the ma.yazine wa> sold to Ceorse 1\. ( iraham. who 
 combined it with "The Casket." 
 
 Poc's sjenius was not recognized ;u this time as it should have been. He 
 had not the faculty of advertising himself or his works. I'.eing of a nervous. 
 sen.silivc. irritable and retiring disposition, he somehow or other l.iiled to im- 
 press himself as stronglv upon his a.ge as he should have done. I le did not 
 know how to make friends and to keej) them. He was in this particular, nmch 
 like a distin.gnished artist of a later date who po^ses.sed the gentle art of mak- 
 ing enemies. lie was coutinuall\' iu debt, and at times re.luceil to absolute 
 want. lie .sold to the iiublishers hi- greatest works for a irere ])itlance. and 
 for his criticisms, which were alwaxs incisi\e. penetrative and wrilti'U iu the 
 liigliest literarv form, he was ])aid onl\- fonr dollars a page. 
 
 One of the houses in which I'oe lived while in this citv still stands to this 
 
 241 
 
242 Warwick's keystone coMiioxwEALTH. 
 
 (lav, and is locateil in what was known as the District nf Sprinj^' (iarden. It is 
 ihi- back Imihhng of a house numbered 530, at the corner of Seventh and 
 iSrandywine streets. It must have been a comfortable home, rather an attrac- 
 tive one, for it is described in those times as a cottage surrounded by a garden 
 in wl;ich tl(]wers were set. The owner of the house was not exacting, but the 
 unpaid rent had grown to .so large an amount that Poe was compelled to move, 
 and to pav a portion of the rent on account, he gave ti) the landlord a large 
 sofa, some carpets, chairs and other pieces of household furniture, it being the 
 best settlement and the onlv one be could make under the circumstances. 
 
 His life was a sad one, and he only added to his troubles 1)\- intemperance, 
 but that he was a genius and one of the most original literary characters this 
 country has ever produced is now generally admitted. Ralph Waldo Emerson 
 referred to him as "that jingle man," but notwithstanding the unfair criticism 
 of tlie New England philosopher, Poe is coming to his own today, and his 
 talent is being recognized in its true light. Just appreciation has been slow on 
 the way and it is remarkable that it has been so long delayed, but his genius, 
 unique and original in its character, is receiving that recognition which it 
 failed to secure during his lifetime, and he stands today in a class by himself, 
 in the front rank of the poets and writers of this country. 
 
 In 1830, there came to America from England a ynmig artist named Jnhn 
 Sartain. He was a protege of Thomas Sully, the |)ainler. As an engraver, he 
 w-as at that lime without an eipial in this country, and his work did much to 
 illustrate, embellish and adorn the productions and publications of that penod. 
 He was kindly and genial as a companion, and although he lived to a ripe old 
 age — he died only a few years since, 1897 — his memory was clear to the last. 
 His reminiscences were most entertaining, for he had intimately known and 
 associated with the authors, actors and arti.sts of the past, and nothing gave 
 him more enjoyment than to recount the incidents and describe the scenes of 
 bygiine days. 
 
 The publishing house of Matthew Carey had much h> do in the way of cre- 
 ating a taste for literature. It was one of the oldest and the most enterprising 
 firms in its line of business in this country. The name of the firm was changed 
 from time to time by the admission of new partners. The first change was 
 to Carev and Lea, and then in 1835 to l.ea and I'.lanchard. Their publications 
 covered the whrde held of letters, and anthdrs in the old wurld as well as the 
 new submitted their productions for review, anxious to have the title sheets 
 of their wr>rks bear the name of so enter|)rising a firm. 
 
 There was no international copyright in those days and it was customary 
 for an American publisher to pay to an luiglish author a sum of money to 
 secure the advance .sheets of his new book. \\'hen the sheets were so pro- 
 cured, compositors were set at work night and day in order that the book 
 might be put upon the market before any other rival ]iublisher could get a copy 
 of the same. Often the ve>sel carrying the advance sheets would meet with 
 heavy weather and suffer long delaws before reaching port, ami if a vessel 
 bearing the English production should arrive in this country before the vessel 
 carrying the advanced .sheets, the work would be printed and Ijound and ready 
 for sale bv half a dozen firms before the advanced sheets arrived. This 
 
WARwu k's kkvstoxe commo.wvicalth. 243 
 
 was sheer piracy, and it was this s|>ecies of thievery of which Charles Dickens 
 so justly comphuned. 
 
 The Gift I'xiok was anotlur feature of (he T.iterary W'nrld published at 
 the time of the I'ln-islmas hohda\s. It was printed in the liest style of art. 
 bound in handsome cowrs and iihistraled b\' well known artiste of thai day. 
 The frontispiece qeneralK repi-esented a lady with exiiansive skirts and ])ania- 
 lettes whicli reached to the tops of her gaiters, sittini;- upon a tureen bank, under 
 a willow or some other overhan,i;ini;- tree, fondling a King Charles si)aniel or 
 else feeding either a dove or a lamb. It was sometimes called the " Hook- nf 
 Beauty." "A String of Pearls" or "Wreath of Roses." Xo one ever thought 
 of reading the contents. It was never intended tc> find a place among the 
 standard works on the book shel\-es in the library but was used as an orna- 
 luent on the p.arlnr or sitting room table. It was merely a souwuii- or a holi- 
 da\- gift but it brought a great revt-nue U> the publishers for thous.and^ of them 
 were sold. They gradually fell out of fashion about the time Charles Uickens 
 began writing his Christmas stories. 
 
 Philadelphia had (piite a group O'f literary men, among whom could be 
 named Judge Conrad, Joseph I\. Chandler, Henry 1!. Hirst, I'ldgar Allen i'oe. 
 Willis Gaylord Clark and John C. Xeal. to which we must add Charles lirock- 
 den Brown, and the sensational melodramatic author, George Lippard. Later 
 Bayard Taylor, Thomas Buchanan Read, George H. Boker, and Charles Godfrey 
 Leland came upon the scene. Boker was a true Philadelphian, having resided 
 here all his life, with the exception of the time he spent abroad on di|)lomatic 
 missions. He was born in affluent circmnstances and devoted himself to litera- 
 ture for the love of it. .Some of his minor poems are exquisite pieces of com- 
 ])osition. such, for instance, as "The Ivory Carver," and "I Have a Cottage 
 Where the Sunbeams Lurk." His writings, for some reason or other, are not 
 as familiar to the jiublic as they should be. Perhaps it is because he is a I'liila- 
 del])hian. 
 
 Charles Godfre\- Leland was the intimate friend and companion of ( leorge 
 H. lloker. He was born in 1 'hiladi-lphia in affluent circumstances, look a 
 course in Princeton and .after his graduation traveled extensively throughout 
 Euroi)e. In his join-ne\ings through the < )ld World, he ac(piired a tlncnt use 
 of several foreign tongues. Ik' \\;i> an early contributor to Sartain's, (ira- 
 ham's and other magazine^ of his da\ anil soon became a popular humorist of 
 the countr\-. His "ilans llreituiann I'.arly" set the whe>le nation laughing and 
 Hans was so nalnr.al and so original a character that he was seen on everv 
 variety stage. The wit was not coarse and. in fact, soiue of the old Dutch- 
 man's expressions were full of thought and wisdom and during the Civil War, 
 he never failed to arouse the i)atriolic sentiments of the [leople. Leland. in 
 later life, seemed to have grown dissatisfied with the reputation he had made as 
 a humorist and devoted himself to the study of serious matters, but his fame 
 was too dee])ly rooted as a wil to be overshadowed by his subsequent produc- 
 tions and he will always be known to us as the creator of one of the most orig- 
 inal characters in .\merican letters. 
 
 In journalism. The .Xortli .\merican. The Impiirer and the Public Ledger 
 were classed among the most inlluential newspajiers of the day. 
 
244 Warwick's keystoxe comxioxwealth. 
 
 The North .Vmerican was first pubHshcd in the spring:; of 1830 at an office 
 in Dock street near Third. It passed from one hand to another until at last it 
 absorbed the United States Gazette, and came uhimately under the direction of 
 Morton ^IcMichael, \vho gave it a stan(hn.<;^ all its own. not only because of 
 his facile pen as a writer, but also because of his ability as a publicist and poli- 
 tician and his reputation as a leader of thought. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Inquirer was another influential pajjcr which made its 
 first appearance in June, 1821), and won its positi(^n under the direction of 
 Jasper Harding. 
 
 The Public Ledger was one of the first pajiers in this country that was 
 sold fi:>r one cent a copy. It was pnl:)lished by three yoimg men. William AI. 
 Swain, A. S. .\bel and .A. II. Simmons. The}' formed a partnership just 
 prior to the panic of 1837. at a time when the future gave little hope for the 
 success of a new enterprise. Put the paper seemed to have attracted atten- 
 tion from the very start. The firm sul)se(|uentl}' established a daily journal in 
 Baltimore, which in appearance was the counterpart of the Ledger, called "The 
 Sun" and which became as renowned as the Philadelphia publication. This 
 wide-awake firm introduced new methods and spared no expense in securing 
 news in adyanee of their competitors, ^^'hen .\ndrew Jackson's message was 
 submitted to Congress, it appeared the same day in Baltimore in the columns 
 of "The Sun," and then was hurried on by couriers as fast as hi>r>es could 
 run. to the city of Philadel[)hia, outstripping the mail carriers by many hours, 
 and ;ippeared in the Ledger the morning after it had been read in Congress. 
 This was considered, in those days, a great joiu'nalistic feat. 
 
 Diu'ing the Mexican War, l)v a relay s\stem in which "sixty blooded horses 
 were used," news reached Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia sixty hours 
 in advance of the arrival of the southern mail. They also used in the trans- 
 mission of news, foin- or five lumdred carrier ])igeons. I'^\erytliing that could 
 facilitate the bearing of news from all ])oints was adojjled by this active and 
 enterprising firm, and their methods conse(pientl\" gave a wide reputation to 
 both journals. 
 
 It was aboiU this time that the voices of boys crying the sale of extra edi- 
 tions were first beard in the streets, anuiamcing a horrilile murder, a riot or 
 some other event that woidd induce passers-l)y to purchase the paper. 
 
 Editorials written upon iiuporlant public questions l)egan now to appear 
 in all newspapers. The iiri_)cee<lmgs in I'ongress also were given, and the 
 .speeches of prominent statesmen such as Clay and Webster were set forth at 
 full length. Money articles and criticisms upon books, plays and musical pro- 
 ductions Were gi\'en prominent |ilace. Some of the papers issued morning and 
 afternoon editions, but there were no Sunday papers until some years after- 
 wards, the first to make its appearance being "The Sundav Uispatcb." which 
 was not until 1848. 
 
 The theatre at this time was a favorite place of amusement. The pla\ers 
 were not subjected to interruptions as in the pa^t, and the occupants of the j^it 
 were no longer re(|uired to raise umbrellas to protect themselves from a shower 
 of missiles hmded from the gallery. The .\rch Street Theatre became a fa- 
 mous playhouse. Its doors were opened in ( )ctol)er, i8j8. It was the third 
 
w \in\ i( k's ki;vst().nk iommm.wvf.ai.i ii. 245 
 
 theatre in tlio citv. and inifnrtunatcl\ tlii^ was more than ihr nmnnnnitv cnuhl 
 
 profitabl\- suppcirl. I'.dh ihr ( lustnnt and the Arch -trcct theatres s 1 cldsed 
 
 tlieir doors. Warren and WiiimK the enterpirisinL;" managers dt' the )ia>t. had 
 met witli faihire. 'I'liex were advanced in hl'e, anil their many re\er-.es had 
 in a measure broken their spirits. d"he furnier dieil in riahininiH-. in 1 »ctol]ii-, 
 iS_^2. and -Mr. W'imkI. after losini^- \n> i)arlner, ahandoneil Itis vncalion as man- 
 ager and appeari'd upon tile stage as an actor. 
 
 Though the theatre^ were in so bad a pHght. the actors themselves were of 
 the first order. The elder Joseph Jefferson, was, it we may beliew the testi- 
 niion\ of his conteiiii)oraries. one of the greatest comedians that e\er trod the 
 boards, and there is every reason t'or ns to concur in this judgment when we 
 bear in mind the inimitable acting of the Jefferson of our ila\ who bm ricently 
 passed awa\', aiiil who doubtless inherited his ancestor's L;reai talent. The 
 elder Jefferson ilied in iS:;_>. and was buried in liarrisljui'g. and to sltow ilie 
 respect in which JU' was held. Chief Justice John iiamiister ( iibsoii, hinisell a 
 great patron of the drama, wrote the following Ijeantifnl epitaph whicli w.is 
 chiselled into the marble stone that marks the great comedian's gr.ive : "An 
 actor whose nnri\alled powei's look in the whole range <>f comic character, from 
 pathos to soul-shaking mirth. llis coloring of the part w;is that of nature, 
 warm. ])ure and fresh, but 'if nature enriched with the finest concejitii ins of 
 genius. He was a member of the I'hestnnt ."street Theatre, of riiiladel]ilua. in 
 its most high and ]i.alm\' d,a\s. anil the compeer of C"oo])er. Wood. W .arren. 
 Francis and a long list of worthies, who, like himself, are remembered with ,id- 
 miration and praise." 
 
 .\nother great coniedi.an of th.at period was William I-",. I'lurlon, fannliarly 
 called "]'il!\'" Ihirton. who was described in those da\s ;is "one of the limniest 
 creatures that e\er li\cil. " Josc|)h Jefferson, in liis Antobii i^raphy wrmr. ".\s 
 an actor of the old. broad, lai'ce comedy. .\li'. Tiurton certainK h;iil no equal i)i 
 his ilav. * * '■'■ '■' t'aptai)! (.'nttle .uid Micawber were his great achieve- 
 ments. His face was a huge ma|) on which was written ever\ emotion that he 
 felt." 
 
 r>nt the days of the old stock cumpanies. under the mau;igement of War- 
 ren and Wood had passed away, and now came the introduction of stars, and 
 it was then that I'orrest had his great oiiportnnity. for there was no play in 
 which he appeared that be did not dominate it from beginning to end. Speci- 
 alists as ro|)e dancers, negro impersonators. Irish comedians and ballad singers 
 now were the attractions. Indeed, it looked for a whiU- as if the days of the 
 letritiniate drama were gone forever. 
 
CHAPTER XXI II. 
 
 SLAVERY. BURNING OF PENNSYLVANIA HALL. RACE RIOTS. ANTI-CATHOLIC 
 
 , RIOTS. 
 
 TN a prior chapter, reference was made to the fact that the slavery question 
 was beginning to agitate the public mind, and abolition societies were 
 Iieing organized throughout the country. Xo class tif men in the com- 
 munity took a livelier interest in this important UKivemeut than the Quak- 
 ers, when the\- were once aroused to a sense of duty. From the earliest days 
 of the colonies, it was a question that had given great concern to thoughtful 
 men everywhere. PastOTius had raided his voice in pr(.)test, and later. .Knthony 
 Benezet, a distinguished citizen of I'reuch Huguenot blood, led a crusade 
 against the system. 
 
 It was in 1619 that African slavery was first introduced into the Englisli 
 colonies in .Vnierica. the records of that year showing that "About the last of 
 .\ugust came in a Dutch man-of-war that sold twenty negars." .\t that time, 
 every nation in western Europe tradeil in slaves, and no one seems to have 
 condemned the traffic, for its inhumanity had not yet apjiealed to the consci- 
 ences of men. Even the King of England derived a personal income from the 
 selling of slaves, and gradually every one of the thirteen colonies became wh.Tt 
 might be called a slave State. The blacks were held in bondage in great num- 
 bers in the South l)ecause there they wen> emiiloyed as field hands, whereas in 
 the .\orth the\- were engaged onl\' as house servants. 
 
 The Portuguese carried on the trade extensively and successfully from a 
 pecuniarv point of view, for a cargo of slaves \ielded a richer return to the 
 owner of a vessel than most any other kind of merchandise. 
 
 Slaverv had in the early days of the settlement gained a tirm foothold in 
 Pennsvlvania, the auction block was set up in the public streets and the ne- 
 groes were exposed for sale and knocked down t(i the highest bidders, .-\mong 
 the places in Philadelphia where slave sales were held, the principal one 
 was the corner where stood the Eond(.>n Coffee House, flere in the highway 
 a platform was erected sufficient to hold ten or a dozen men, or if only one 
 slave was to be solil, a cask was turned up>ide down, and the negro stood above 
 the heads of the buyers in order that an oijportunity might be given for inspec- 
 tion. .\dvertisements appeared in the jnipers, such a> the following: "To be 
 sold bv Stocker & Fuller and to be seen at Air. Daniel Cooper's ferry, west 
 New Jersey, opjtosite the city of Philadelphia, a parcel of likely negroes." 
 While another paper announced the fact that ".-V negro man and two negro 
 bovs just imported from I'.arbadoes in the >hip William and Mary, would be 
 sold bv \\'illing, Morris & Co." .\ subscriber in the 1)orough of Eancaster an- 
 nounced the sale of ".\ likely, healthy negm boy about f(]urteen \ ears of age, 
 who has had the .smallpo.x and mea.sle> and who has been country born and is 
 fit to wait on a gentleman." .\nother subscriber by the name of Matthias 
 
 246 
 
WAKW UK S KEYSTONE CO M .M l)N WKALTH. 24" 
 
 Slausli :miiiiuiu-f(l thai Ik- had "A likcl\ nes^Tcj fit fur lowii or cuiintry l]iisi- 
 iicss. ahiiul twriity-scvcii years nf ai;c." and addfd that "shr has a hkcly child 
 which will not l>c sold with her. lu r hrcrdint; fa>t hcini; tlic oidy reason (if lu-r 
 beinsj sold.'" 
 
 The- .i^reat Wilhcrforcc in hjii^land raided his voice a,L;ainsl the evil of the 
 traffic, and .Mirahean. in one of his most elo(|nent orations denoiniced in \ii;- 
 orons terms tin- whole sy>teni. "C'oiuit for nothing;," he exclaimed, "the deso- 
 lations, the incendiaries, the pilla.ues to which it is necessar\ to de\ote the 
 African coast in order to obtain the poor creatnres at all. Coimt for nolhin.L; 
 those who dnriiii.;- the voyage ilie or pei'is'.i in the a,L;on\ of despair. The poor 
 wretches! 1 see them. 1 heai- tluni i^aspini^- for hreatli. Their parched and 
 protruded tongues paint their ani^iiish and cannot fin-ther ex|)ress it. 1 low 
 the\ gather around the grate->. how tliex' endeavor to catch a breath of air. 
 even a rav of li.ght in the vain hope of cheerini; an<l coolini^- themselves il only 
 for a moment! The horrible dungeon, as il moves depo|)ulates itself more and 
 more, dav l)v daw Room is g-iven to the victims only by the ilealh of half the 
 cai)tives. The most revolting plagues, accumulating one upon another frustrate 
 bv their ravages the avarice of the dealers in human tle>h and l)lood." How 
 such an orator with a tongue of flame could have gone through the land ])rior 
 to the opening of the Civil War ! 
 
 The X'irginia Assembly, in \~~2, jietitioned the liritish (lovernnient tij stop 
 the importation of slaves, but the King replied that the importation should in 
 no wise be interfered with "upon pain of his highest dis])leasure." In the ('on- 
 grcss of 1774, a bill of rights was presented by d'homas Jefferson which de- 
 clared that "the alinlition of slavery is the great object of desire of these col- 
 onies." The same Congress, in ( )ctober of the same year, resolved. "We shall 
 neither import nor |)urchase any slaves imported after the first of Decembt-r 
 next, after which time we shall discontinue the slave trade and shall neither be 
 concerned in it ourselves, nor shall we hire any vessels from or sell our com- 
 modities or manufactures to those who are C(.)ncerned in it." In a letter writ- 
 ten in 1773, Patrick 1 lenry said, "I believe the time will come when an o])por- 
 tiinit}- will be offered to abolish the lamentable e\il." ( ieneral Washington, in 
 expressing his views upon tin- subject, s.aid. "Ihere is not a man living who 
 desires more sincerely than 1 ilo to see a plan adopted for the abolition of it." 
 franklin. John .Vdanis, Morris .and most, if not all. of the signers of the l)ecl;ir- 
 ation of IndeiJendence were op])osed to it upon moral considerations. In 1 7S4. 
 .Mr. Jefferson drafted a bill for the g"o\ernmeiil of the weslei-n territories, pro- 
 viding for its prohibition after the \ear iSoo and in the message he sent to 
 Congress in 1X07. he expressed w ithoiU reservation his \iews ujioii the Afri 
 can slave trade. "I congratulate you, fellow-citizens." he said, "on the ap- 
 proaching of the |)eriod wlun \ou may interpose \"om' aiuhority constitutioii- 
 all\-, and withdraw, as citizens of the Cnited States, from those violations of 
 luniian rights which have been so long continued on the unoffending inhabi- 
 tants of .Africa, to which the morality, the repiUatiou, ;ind the best interests of 
 our cotintr\'- have long been eager to proscribe." 
 
 In 1780. I'ennsyhania passed a law for gradual emancii)alion. C'onnecti- 
 
248 \\AinVlCK"s KEYSTONE COM MdXWKALTII . 
 
 cut and Rhode Island followL-d witli like measures in 17S4. and Xew "\'(irk in 
 
 In 171),^. occurred an event which firmly rooted tile system nf slaver\' in 
 the .S(}Uth. I'-li W'hitnew of Massachusetts, who at that time was livino- in 
 Georgia, invented what was called the Cotton (iin, that is an ens^ine for the 
 removal of cotton from the pod of seeds. It wa^ one of the greatest labor 
 savings machines ever constructed in America. I'p to that time cotton had 
 been raised in great (|uantities in the South, but in a da\'s work a slave could 
 separate onl\- about a pound of material from the seeds, but in the same length 
 of time, by the use of Whitney's machine, one man could clean easily a thou- 
 sand pounds. Cotton was now rai-ed in greater (|uantities than e\er. and the 
 e.xportations increased so ra]iidl\ that a stream of wealth flowed into the hands 
 of the planters. Ilail it not been for this wonderful and useful in\ention, slav- 
 erv doubtless would graduall\" have been abolished. The statement seems para- 
 doxical but nevertheless true that it was due to a machine invented b\ a 
 Yankee, that cotton Iiecame king. The increasing wealth in the >lave States, 
 their devotion mo-^t exclusively to agricultmx', the increased production and 
 the Commercial importance of cotton, gradually fixed slavery as a permanent 
 institution in the .^outh, and the effort was now made to oljtain ])olitical con- 
 trol of the .government in order to strengthen and |)reserve the system, or 
 rather to sa\'e it from destruction. The negro was a go(.)d field hand, patient 
 in (lis|)o,^ition, merr\ in mood, and able ti> endure without incon\enience the 
 heat of a semi-tropical siunmer. His labor was cheap and profitable, so that 
 the desire to preserve the sy>tem of sla\'er\ turned u])on a peciniiary consid- 
 eration. Slavery was a most pernicious institution; it destroyed the dignity 
 of labor, created a landed aristocracy and diviiled society into three classes. 
 the planters, the slaves and the poor whites, the latter designated contemptu- 
 ouslv as ■'tra^'h" b\" the wealtln slave owner as well as by the abject serf. 
 
 What a travesty was presented to the eyes of the world! A Republic 
 boasting that it was concei\eil in libert\ and dedicated to the proposition that 
 all men are created ecpial was smUh of a certain line all slaves, north of it all 
 free. I'he struggle wa> now n(.it so much to brim; aliout the abolition of slav- 
 er\- as to ])reventi()n of its extension iiUo the territories, and in 1S20 when 
 ^Missouri sought to become one of the States of the L'nion, the North opposed 
 her admission inilcss she should come in free. The fight was a liitter one an<l 
 provoked the most an,i^r\ discussions, l)Ul a^ a result of the contention, Mis- 
 souri was allowed ti> enter the Union as a slave State. Imt under the express 
 Condition that in all future cases the States formed out of the territory iKirth- 
 west of Missouri, or. to be more particular that territor\ that is north of the 
 ]iarallel of 3(1 degrees 30 mimites should come in free. Phis ,i;ave great relief 
 to the people both north and south of the line, and man\ believed that the 
 compnnnise settled for all time the question of the linfitation of slaverx , but so 
 long as the s\stem continued the agitation only slumbered. 
 
 .\11 Sorts of plans to abolish slavery were sUL;>;esled. and among them 
 was one by I'.enjamin Lunch, a Xew Jerse\ (juaker who had settled in 1 hicks 
 County. 1 'enn>\ hania. lie took a trip to \\'lieeli)ig. West \ irginia, then liiie 
 of the |iriiu-i]ial m.irket centres for the sale of slaves in the ."^outh. The spec- 
 
Warwick's kicvstoxe coMMoxwicAi.Tit. 249 
 
 taclc of tliL- aiu-tioiu-cr knnckin.i;- down to thr hii^hcst biiMrr tlu- poor nei^m. 
 appcalcil to his svnipatliies. aroused him to a sense' of (huy, and i'ViT\ wdnTc hi- 
 went he argued for emancipation. It was in lS_'i that he eslal)lished a journal 
 calk\l "The (ienins of I'niversal I'jiiancipation," the lirst anti-slavery pajier 
 ever jiublished in this eonntry. i'"or nearly ei,i;hleen years he art^ned his 
 cause, in season and out of season. lie was not >o radical in his views as 
 some oi the other aholitionists. and hroiti;ht forward a scheme to trans])ort the 
 slaves to Liberia, and althoui^h he did this in the interest of the ne.i;"ro, the 
 free leading men of that race throughout the conntr\ offereil a most strenu- 
 ous opposition, for man\- of tln-ni in the Xorth were well located, and success- 
 ful in business, and were not willini; that the slaves should be transported to 
 Africa. Their fathers had been stolen from their native land and conveyed 
 across the sea as beasts of burden. The\' had been sold like cattle to the high- 
 est bidders; but, uotwithstandinj.;- all these facts they had formed associations 
 here, had become acclimated and looked ujion this country as their home. 
 In 1831 — on New Year's Day of that year — William Llovd ( iarrison 
 published in Boston the first number of a iiajier called "The Liberator." lie 
 advocated the absolute destntclion of the system and the emanci]i,-ition of all 
 the slaves, and inasmuch as it was contended that the I'onstitntion supi)orteil 
 the svstem, he made the bold declaration that the instrument w.as "A covenant 
 with death and an agreement with hell." In his demand for the "innneiliate 
 and unconditional emancipation of every slave held in the I'nited .St.ates," he 
 declared that that purjuise should be accomiili.shed even if it should result in 
 the destruction of the L'nion. In takins;- his position he said; 'T am in earn- 
 est — I shall not e(|uivocate — [ shall not excuse — I shall not retreat a sin,i;ie 
 step and I shall be heard." With so definite a declaration, backed by a spirit 
 so uncompromising, his voice rang out like a trumpet blast, atid at once at- 
 tracted the attention of the people of the wdiole country. In the South, he 
 was considered as a wild f;malic, and lite majorit}' of the people of the Xorth 
 sceme<l to agree with their .Southern brethren. 
 
 There were others, however, of inure conservative tendencies, who were 
 not so radical in their views or so drastic in their methods. Dr. ( ■banning, 
 broader and more liberal in temper;unent than (larrisoti, and |>ossessed ot a 
 more compromising sjiirit, declared in a communication to Daniel Web- 
 ster, th;it he considered slaverx as the Sottth's calaniit\ .and not ,is its crime, 
 and that the whole n.ation should share with it the burden of |)utting an end 
 to the instittition. .-md with this object in view, he proposed that the Inited 
 States should appropriate the money from the sale of |iublic lands foi- t!ie pur- 
 chase of slaves from their owners. If such a i>lan had been successlul it mighi 
 have saved tis from that bloody stntggle of the fivil War. I'.ut it did not meet 
 with general I'avor, in many (piarters was considered as impracticable, and be- 
 fore the project was fairly launched, seems to have fallen by the waw 
 
 'J"hc .South was not altogether to blame for the m;nntenance of slavery. 
 It was tolerated by the whole nation. There is no escape from the fact th;it 
 it was a national crime. The system was as valiantly defended in the Xorth 
 as in the .South. I'astors in the pulpit, politicians and statesmen of all parties 
 temporized with the i|uestion. The Xew England cotton m;inufactm-cr was 
 
250 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 just as eager in its support as the planter in South Carolina. The interests of 
 commerce seemed to Ix' far mure important than any principle of justice or 
 humanity. Abolition was a term of reproach throughout the Union and an 
 anti-slaverv representative or advocate was as liable to be mobbed and sub- 
 jected to abuse and derision in Xew York and Boston as in Charleston and 
 Richmond. _ 
 
 The Fugitive Slave Law which enabled the Southern planter to arrest his 
 slave who had escaped to free soil, gave a great opportunity to Northern 
 abolitionists to protect the runaways. They were concealed in man\' instances, 
 in others released by writs of Iiahras corpus, and assisted on their way further 
 North towards the Canadian line bv friendly and kindly hands. Pennsylvania, 
 being <;>n the border line of tlie Southern States, was the first free State in 
 which the negro found a sanctuary, and Pennsylvania became in time the 
 main station on the un<lerground railroad. If a \'irginian brought his Ix^dy 
 servant into the State he was liable to l(jse possession of his prciperty, for there 
 were friends (jn all hands to prevent the slave's return to the South. 
 
 No one ilid more effective wi:>rk in this direction, of sheltering the negro 
 than a Quaker by the name of Isaac T. Hopper, a resident of Philadelphia. 
 .As earh' as 1804, when Pierce Butler was about to return to ( leorgia. taking 
 with him his man-servant, and separating the poor slave from his wife. Hop- 
 per served upon the rich Southerner in his Chestnut street hrmie, a writ of 
 habeas corpus. "Get out of m\ house, you scoundrel," exclaimed the jiroud 
 planter. But Hopper, not for a mrmient losing his temper, looked around the 
 walls of the room and simjily remarked, "What a beautiful house this is in 
 which ^du reside." .\fter a prolonged litigation, Ben was allowed to remain 
 in this State with his wife. Still, notwithstanding the kindly offices of the 
 abolitionists, the majority of the jieople looke<l upon them as wild and unrea- 
 sonable fanatics, and even in .Boston, William Lloyd Garrison was pulled 
 through the streets by an infuriated luoli, with a rope aniund his waist, and 
 with the threat to fasten it aliout the neck when a convenient place for execu- 
 tion was reached, and it was with the greatest difficulty that the police rescued 
 him from the hands of the rabble. But persecution only intensified, as it gen- 
 erally does, the ardor of the fanatics. 
 
 Whenever the abolitionists held meetings in this city for the discussion of 
 the slaver\ question, mobs gathered and interrupted the proceedings. If a 
 speaker apiieared upon the puljlic streets, or in the open squares and addressed 
 the people, he was hooted and jeered and ])elted with missiles of all kinds. 
 Nothing seemed to so (piickly arouse the auger of the mob as the discussion 
 of this (luestion. It was difficult, too. for the anti-slavery men to secure the 
 use of the halls, for the owners were afraid that the result would be the de- 
 struction of their property. In order that a i)lace might be secured for the 
 discussion of this all-imfiortant matter, a building called Pennsylvania Hall, 
 capable of seating three thousand persons, was erected in the Spring of 1S38 
 on Sixth street, between Race and Cherry streets. Here were held a number 
 of anti-slave meetings and the mob marked the buiUling for destruction. Fa- 
 natical .speakers who were not at all temperate in their utterances, aroused 
 great public excitement, one iiromnient orator going so far as to say that he 
 
WAKWKK s Ki:\ sriixi-; c (m.\ro\\\iL\i.Tii. 251 
 
 was rcailv "lo ti^lit the liattlc cf l.ihcrty a- Imii; as ho h.ad a shut in ihc Inckt'i-." 
 An ininu-iise cmwii i^alhcrrd. and were iir,m_-il 1)V t'lcir U-aik-rs U< ilcstrny llic 
 l)iiil(!ni,^. ISricks wrn- InirU'il thn.ni;h the wiiuli i\v>. and thr nidli nridr |)rr- 
 paraliiins tn hnrn the striu-lurc to ilu- i^mund. T'.u- nunci-N <>i ihe liah, trar- 
 Inl that thoe llircats niij^ht !).■ carried inti> rxecutiini. Iiefi.rr he!]! arrived, 
 hurriedly nutihed tlie Ma\<ir and the Sheriff and called mi iheni for pr.Uec- 
 tii)n. The latter, in answer 1,> ih.e den-and. replied that he had mH a snffu-ent 
 force for the purpose, that he had hut three ileputies. a force lutally i)ia<le(|uale 
 to reniler the assistance that was rei|uired. John Swift was the Ma}or "\ the 
 citv at that lin;e. lie wa- a l)eniocr;it and was looked upon as a Southern 
 syni])alhizer. or at least as a man whose \ieus were not in accord with th.-s. 
 of the Aholitioni.sts. The crowd increased ra|)idly and every luonient hecanie 
 more uproarious and ihreatemn^ in it> as]iect. when sudilenly the Mayor ap- 
 peared upon the scene. lli- couiiuL; was greeted with c'.'eers. In ;in inter- 
 view with the owners of the Imildin.!.;'. he stated that he could not disper-e the 
 nil]!) nule-s lie were jnit in actual ])os>essiou of the ]iroj)U-ty. and c<iuld L;ive 
 assurance to tjie puhlic that no meeting would he held that nit;hl. 'i'he nian- 
 a.^ers. thereupon. deli\-ered to him the keys, lie nioinited the step--, and in a 
 kindly. ])acitic speech endeavored to placate the people, telling- them that the 
 
 fair name of the cit\ was imperilled and apiiealint^ to thein as g 1 cilizL-ns to 
 
 dis])erse and ,i:;o cpiietly to their homes, lie ])roniised them tlr.it if they would 
 retire there would he no meetini; in llie hall, antl that the doors would he 
 closed and locked, "l feel coutidein." he --aid. "that it will not he necessary to 
 call out the |>olice or asi< fir military aid .-uid as Ma\i)r of the cit\ 1 make 
 ever\- out- of \on a guardian of the ]iuhlic peace." He then haile the ci'owd 
 '■( lood-night" and was gixen an o\;itio)i as he was about to take hi> departm-e. 
 lie put the ke\s of the huilding in his pocket and leisurely ])roceeded on the 
 wav to his home believing no doubt that he had quelled the di-turbance. but 
 his mild s]ifecli did not seem to change the temper nor the ]iurpo-e of the mob, 
 nor did it dis])er>e at lus bidding. .\o sooner wa^ his b.ick turneil. than a cry 
 went up from the mnltilndt' to burn the hall. Aroused by the elo(|uence of it^ 
 orators, the nmb began an attack, b.attered down the doors and in :i few niin 
 utes, .sooner than it t.akes to tell the story, the building was in llaiuo. The tire 
 companies, in answer to an alarm, soon arrived upon the scene. I heir ])res- 
 ence and the clanging of the bells added greatly to the tumult and excitement. 
 but being in sympathy with the crowd, the firemen did not make an elTtirt to 
 save the hall from ilestructiou. but turned the hose on the adjoining buildings. 
 The flames were allowed to have full sway, and in a few niouieiUs the struc- 
 ture was a mass of ruins. 
 
 The weak and temporizing C(Jiidnct of tlie authorities only incited the 
 mob to further action, an.l the next da\ crowds gathered as if b\ pre-arr.inge- 
 nient, marched through the >treets of the city and made an attempt to burn a 
 colored or|)han asylum, but this dastardly crime was prevented b\ a body of 
 firemen, under the courageous leadership of .Morton .Mc.Michael. at th.at time 
 a majjistrate of the cit\-. who was afterwards elected to the Mayoralty. 
 
 .\fter the burning of I'emisylvania Hall. Whittier. who had come to the 
 citv for the ]niri)(ise of leading and directing the anti-slave movement, wrote in 
 
252 WAKWTCK S KE'l'STOXE COM M OX WEALTH. 
 
 the columns of the "Pennsylvania l-"rfeman." "in the lieart of this city a flame 
 has gone up t<i Heaven. It will be seen fr(.im Maine to ( "ieore;ia. In its red 
 and lurid light men will see more clearly than ever the black abdminations of 
 the fiend at whose instigation it wa> kindled." The disaster did nut temper the 
 language of the abulitidnists, and the\' became mure radical in their utterances 
 than ever. It was a day when mubs were in the ascendency and crowds of 
 men gathered at a moment's notice, in answer to the appeal of some rowdv or 
 a blatant demagogue. The police force of the citv was nmst inefficient, if we 
 nia\' iudge from the number of outrages that were committed, and frequently 
 the militia had to be called out to quell riots that should have Ijeen dispersed 
 by a city constabulary force, if they liad been brave and resolute. Fights took 
 place between white men and negroes and often upon the slightest provocation. 
 In many instance-^ these encounters resulted in murder, and if a white man 
 happened to be killed in the fray, the mob wreaked its vengeance on black men 
 in all directions who were not in any wise responsible for the crime. When- 
 ever tin- mob gathered and l)egan its depredations, the State House bell rang 
 out an alarm like a tocsin li> call the people to arms. Frequentlv fires would be 
 started onl\ for the purpose of giving the firemen an opportunity to enjoy a 
 run. .\l the slightest provocation crowds oi men would gather, and where 
 they Could find no negroes to beat they turned tlieir attention to the destruction 
 of property. 
 
 In July. 1835, a crowd of ruffians attacked eight or nine houses known 
 as the Red Row. occupied by negroes and located on lughth street below .'^hip- 
 pen. They were not <inly bombarded with bricks and cobble st(.)nes, but were 
 set on fire and when the hose and engine companies arrived the mob had grown 
 to such proportions that it kept the firemen at ba\. and tliose tliat were suc- 
 cessful in directing a stream upon the burning buildings bad their a|)paratus 
 destroyed or the hose cut. The ■-outhern section of the cit\ where were lo- 
 cated the homes of the blacks, was thrown into a panic an,! there was a .gen- 
 eral exodus, the colored people removing with as nnich lurniture and house- 
 hold utensils as the\ could carry, hurried to the suburl)s and encamped in the 
 woods. 
 
 During all this time when the mob was so \iolent. the anti-slavery men 
 seemed to grow more radical and bitter in their denunciation--. Their publica- 
 tions were distributed not only in the Xorthern States, but were scattercil 
 broadcast through the South. That they were incendiar\ in character and in- 
 cited a spirit of revolt in the hearts of the slaves was imquestionably true and 
 in order to sliow that the peoi)le of the North were not all in accord with sucii 
 teachings, meetings were held and res.ilutions adopted which declared that the 
 citizens viewed with indignation and horror the publication of such doctrines 
 and sentiments among our Southern brethren. Individual negroes, too, com- 
 mitted acts, which did not tend to calm the opposition. A number of them, 
 fitty and u])wards, gathered within a luiilding, determined to resist the mob to 
 tlie last. The house was fortified, the doors and windows barricaded and ihe 
 men armed with bludgeons and pistols awaited the attack, which tortunateU did 
 not occur, for at this time the authorities were awake and <li--persed the mob 
 before it reacheil the localit\ where the blacks were intrenclied. 
 
Warwick's ki-asiom-; ( hm mox \vi:ai,i'ii. 253 
 
 'l"Iie>c iMiistaiit (iinraL;c> rcllcclrd iipdii the fair naiiu' df llic ril\ and put 
 in ji'npardy the prnperty and the h\es of the eitizen>. I hdK. nieetinL;- liouses, 
 churches and even Masonic Indole reHini> l)eliinninL; I'l the iiei;riies. were rntli- 
 lessly destniyed. These race riots continued lor nian\ \'ear^, in faiM. almost to 
 the he^iiniiui; ot' the war. A spirit of rowdyism seemed to perxadt- certain 
 chisses of citizens, and it is surprising- that this conchtion \\'a> allowid to con- 
 tinue. At every election, riots and tires were of certain occuiTence, and it was 
 indeed exceptional when a day passed withoiU the Stale I louse hell rin<^int;' 
 an alarm, calling the tiremen to t-Ntin,L;uish llanies, or the iiiilitia to suhrlue a 
 moh. 
 
 In iS,V'^ occurred what is known in history as The ihick-Nhot War. It arose 
 from a political contest hetween the W'hi^s and the neuiocrats in the matter 
 of the election <if representatives to the Le.tjislature at I larrishury. The claim- 
 ants of Ijoth [jarties presented themselves at the opening of the --ession. and 
 demanded the rit;lit to take their seats. It Inoke.l a- if there would he a clash 
 of arms, and (iovernor Ritner called out a division of the State militia. -\V)out 
 twelve hundred soldiers left this city for the capital, and after standing- on 
 fjuard for some weeks, the Democrats were successful in ^eatin.L; their repre- 
 sentati\es. Then the militia, haviuj,;' marched up the hill, marched down again, 
 returned to their homes without havint;- an occasion to use their arms, or to 
 fire a shot. Their presence on the scette was sufficient to keep the rehellioiis 
 from rising-. 
 
 .\-- had as the race and election riots had heen, the\' were nothing as com- 
 jiared with what were know-n as the native .\merican riots. The negro riots 
 were confined rnostly to the southern section of the cit\ in the neii^hhorhoods 
 where the colored people resided, and u|) to this time that portion of the cit\ 
 north of Market street w-as not dis.graced 1)\ scenes m) i-iotous. 
 
 'Idle native American riots or the \\'ea\-c-rs' Riot^, as the\- were sninetimes 
 called, hegan in Kensiugt(.in. the first of them a-^ e;irl\ as iSjS. It was a manu- 
 facturing district and certain localities were crow-ded with Irish weavers, who 
 had their looms in their houses, for mills were as yet comparativeK- few in 
 iiumher, and tin- manufacturers gax'e out the material to their cniplo\ees to he 
 taken home and wrought into >ha|)e on their imlixidual machines. In the first 
 riot, some indiscreet rowdy, in expressing hi> view> in a liar room discussion, 
 referred to the weavers as "those hloody Irish transports." d'he taunt was re- 
 sented and a general fight took place. ( iuns and pi-toK were tired, stones 
 were thrown an<l ;i nuniher of persons were injured, and the man who uttered 
 the original insult is said to haxe heen kicked to death heforc' the SherilT's 
 l)osse arrived upon the scene. The jirejudice ag.'iinsl the Irish iucri-ased as 
 time ran on, and unfortunately some of the hot-headi-d forei.gricrs. hv their 
 language and conduct onl\ intensified it. 
 
 .\l)out this time a political movement wa^ set on foot for the organisation 
 of a |iarty to he called The Xative .\merican. Its haltle ci-\ w:is ".\merica for 
 .Americans," its supjiorters forgetting in their wild enthusiasm that this coun- 
 try had heen looked njion as a refuge for the oppressed of .-dl nations. 
 
 In tile Spring of 1X44 a meeting was held in one of the wards of Ken- 
 sington to organize a hranch of llu- .\'ati\-e .\merican part\. The meeting 
 
254 WARWICK S KEVSTOXE COM Ml IX WKAI.T 1 1 . 
 
 was heal in the open on a vacant Int at tlu- cnrncr of Second and Master 
 streets, when siKhienlv a nnniher ol' men armed with club-^ made an attack 
 njioii the attendants at the mass meeting:; and (h-o\-e them away. Another meet- 
 int;. nnich hirger, was hehl on the following; Ahmday at the >anie place. .Vgain 
 the \ati\e Americans were ihsturlied. and after a short scnitle they son,i,''ht 
 shelter in the .\;unn ( io.at Market, wdiich was located in American street north 
 of .Master. The hou-e of an Irish tire company was located nearl)\- and from 
 its window.s was |ioured a volley of shots. Kecrnits on Imth sides came in 
 from e\-er\- direction, and a general fight took place. In one of the frays, 
 tieori^e Shiftier, wdio, it was said, w'as carrying at that time an -\merican flag, 
 was sh(.it down. The excitement spread like wild-fire through the cit\, and 
 men hastened to the scene of action and a meeting was called for the next day 
 in the .State Honse yard, where resolutions were adi.i])ted denouncing the Irish 
 inlialiitants of Kensington, and further resolving that the reading of the I'.ible 
 in the pul)lic schools was necessar\- for a faithful course of instruction. The 
 crowd was wrought up to great excitement l)y tlie harangues of several elo- 
 quent speakers and in the midst of the commotion and excitement, some one 
 suggested the moh >hoidd proceed at once to Second and Master streets. The 
 crowd increased in nimihers as it advanced, and when Kensington was reached 
 an effort was made to erect a pole and raise a flag on the spot where deorge 
 Sliilller had fallen. I laving arri\cd tliere. some men wdiile occupied in the 
 work of raiding a jiole. were fired upon from the Irish hose house. The peo- 
 |)le, heci ming infuriated, luade an attack upon the building, broke open the 
 door.s. and set fire to it. Several persons were killed and wounded in the fight. 
 and l>efore the fire was extingiushed. thirty Iniildings had been destro\ed, in- 
 cluding the Xann\- I loat Market. The nulitia was called out. but did not seem 
 to he enthusiastic in the work of guarding ami prcserviui; the public ]ieace. 
 The .soldiers having been withdrawn, pillage liegan at once, and. the Irish fami- 
 lies in the nei.ghhorhood, packed up their goiuls and made a general exodus. 
 
 Xot Content with destro) ing homes, the mob turned with ;i vindictive 
 spirit upon the churches, .^t. Michael's, in Kensington, was set on fire and 
 conipletcK- destroyed. The whole cit\' was in a state (d' suspense anil ap])re- 
 heusion. for the rioter-, apparenth were in complete control. At St. -\ugus- 
 tinc's I'atholic Cdiurch. on fourth street l)elow \'ine, the Mayor. John AT. 
 Scott, with a special posse of citizens who were sworn in for the occasion, 
 .stood iin guard and ke|it the mob at ba\ . but some ruffian SLCuring an entrance 
 to the l)nilding, set it on fire, and in a moment the fiames were leaping through 
 tlu- riKif. and the entire structure was soon reduced to a heap of ashes, d'he 
 mob in its wild enthusiasm, shrieked for jo), and cheered when the structure 
 was enveloped in fiames. The firemen did all in their power to save adjoining 
 buildings, but onh' partially succeeded, for in the confiagration was de- 
 stro\ed a number of houses together with the Catholic school, which was 
 under the care cd' the Sisters of l'harit\, wdio had so devotedly gi\en their 
 elTorts to the relief of the sufifering in the pestilential summer of 1S32. 
 
 I'ublic meetings were held l)\ conservative and law abiding citizen- and 
 adilrcssed by influential nx'U. denouncing the conduct of the rioters, and con- 
 demning them for the destruction of church propertw but the religious fanatical 
 si)irit rose to such a height tha.t the Xative .\nierican I'artx was organizcfi in 
 
Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 255 
 
 C'vcrv ward i>f the city. They .^avr a ,L;ran(l dciiii m^tralii m nn ihr i''i>iirlh of 
 Jiilv, and their ranl<s we're increased liy vi-iun- dele,i;ates t'mni niher .-^tate.s. 
 It wa,s feared that the celehratinn would re.sult in an (Uitlireak hut the day 
 fortunately passed withe uu any disturbance. 
 
 A rumor had fjone fnrlh that in ihe t'hnrch of St. I'lulip de Xeri. on (jneen 
 street above Second, in Sonthwarls, arms had been stored and every pre|)ara- 
 tion made to resist an .itlack by tlie mob. .\ party entered ihe buildiui; and 
 brought forth a larye nnniber of -nns. pistols, a.xes. and a i|uantil\ <>i powder. 
 This verified the report and was enout;ii to doom the bnildin- lo deslrnctinn. 
 (leneral Cadwalader, assisted by the Sherift', .Morton AIcMicli.ul, u)ider 
 took to protect the properly. t'anm'U were iilanted in the street,-, wlncli kept 
 the rioters at ba.\ , but the\ hurled their taunts at the ( ieneral and defied him to 
 ojien hi.- guns. The (ieneral, bearin-' patiently the insults for .s,,uie time, at 
 ■.a-t determined upon active measure-, and ordered the cannoneers to prepare to 
 fire. Charles Naylor, a well known lawyer eif the city, and wIim :it ^me time 
 had been a Congressman, stepped Ixildly in front of the cannon .-md appealed 
 to the gunners not to obey the order. He was immediately placed imder arrest 
 and taken as a prisoner into the chnrcli. -Vt day-break on Jul\ se\enth. tim- 
 bers were brought up to push in and baiter down the doors. The troops inside 
 the church hesitated to open hre and tlie mob demanded the immediate relea>e 
 of Naylor. Upon his appearance before tlie crowd, he was cheered lo the echo, 
 but addressing them, he said that as citizens they shoulil, under all circum- 
 stances, preserve the peace. The troops inside the church were a coiup.any 
 known as the Montgomery llibernia Greens, an Irish military organizalion. ;md 
 when thev were withdrawn the\- luarcbed out of the building in order, but mi 
 sooner were they in the street than they were attacked by the throwing ni 
 stones and other missiles and at last they had to flee for tlieir lives, .\noiber 
 bodv of militia that had been encamped in Independence S(piare, ready to be 
 called to action at a lUoinent's notice, was ha-tened to tlie scene, and arrixed 
 in time to ])reveiU the <lestrnction of the building. ( )ne rowdy, in endeavoring 
 to wrest the sword from the hands of a L'aplaiu. provoked anew the attack, ;ind 
 stones were hurled in e\er\ direction against the militia that had just arrived. 
 The command wa.- given lo fire, and four <ir five of the mob were killed. 
 Troops were called in from e\er\- -ection of the State, and at last ]ieace was 
 restored and the fair naiue of the cil\ saved from further ,-liame and disgr.ice. 
 The whole contest wa- the result of narrow bigotry and intolerance, and 
 strange to sa\- men whose lives were in direct contradiction to the teachings of 
 religion were the luost active and vindictive leaders of the mob- on both sides, 
 'i'here is nothin.g that creates in the minds of some men ;is hitler an antagon- 
 ism as religions differences and yet there are no i|uestions that should be so 
 moderatelv and dispassionately discussed. 
 
 In the vast majorit\ of instances, religions belief i- a lualter of birih. e;irl_\- 
 associations and education. :md the intoleraiU bigot of one sect would be just 
 as intolerant if he had been born and bred under the other condition- or in the 
 ff)ld of another creed. 
 
 It is to be ho])ed that under the inlluence of general education, eidighlen- 
 meiit and e.xpandiiig civilization, -uch scenes as were witnessed in ihe riots 
 of 1X44 may never again l)e repealed. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 DEATH Ol- CHARLES lARROLL OF CARROLLTON. JOHX RANDOLPH OF ROANOKE. 
 
 LAFA\'E.TTE. JIHarAS >L\RSJL\I,L. APPEARAXCE OF I'll ILADELPIH A. 
 
 cnxSTnr.TOX IIF 1H37. I-IREMEX, AC I OF COXSOLIDAIIOX. 
 
 Till'", men will) had taken an active part in the early histnry of the Kf- 
 piihlic were passins:;' one Ijy rme rapidly away. 
 ( )n the fcmrteenth of Xoveniher. 1S32. Charles Carroll ol Car- 
 rollton, the last sin-vivinsj signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 died in I'.altiniore. It seemed like the snappino- of a tie that hound the past to 
 the ])resent. and as if the nation had entered npon a new career, freed from 
 the direction and the salutary inthience of the fathers and creators of the 
 Repiililic. 
 
 A procession marclted solemnly through this city on the date uf Carroll's 
 hurial. eloipient orations were delivered by ilistingnished speakers, and resolu- 
 tions of respect adoiited. 
 
 In the summer of the following year. John Randolph, td' Roanoke, that 
 caustic, sarcastic, eccentric. Init brilliant statesman from \irginia. died in the 
 Citv ]b)tel. <in North 1"hird street, in Philadelphia. He had come here to re- 
 ceive the attention ni a well known physician. 1 fe was frail and delicate in 
 figm-e. less than one hundred pounds in weight, but in that feeble body beat 
 the heart of a lion. His physical weakness did not impair bis mental strength. 
 The City Councils made preparations to pay res-pect to his memory bv giving 
 him an impressive funeral as his body passed through the cit\ on the wa>- to its 
 Southern home. Init when his friends informed the anth(jrities and the |)ui3lic 
 that this was not in accord with his dying wishes, his views in this luatter 
 were complied with, and his remains were carried to his native State without 
 any sjjccial ceremony. He had Ijeeu a most prominent ligure in Congress, noted 
 for his quick repartee, and his incisive speeches. His uncompromising integ- 
 rity in public and in private life had won for him the regard and admiration 
 of the people, although he had not those cpialities that induced atTectiou. His 
 voice was thin and penetrating, and a witness, standing in the lobby of the 
 Capitol at Washington, with the doors of the House closed, said it sounded like 
 the screeching cif a boy. and he could not tell at first wdience the sound issued 
 supposing that it came from children at play. He was ready at all times to 
 cross swords with the alilest orators, and he was feared by most of them be- 
 cause he spared no one wdien he was irritated or aroused. 
 
 He it was that designated the compromisers of the Xorth as doughfaces. 
 In describing Clav, whom he considered corrupt l)Ut brilliant, he declared in 
 his own characteristic style that "he stinks and stinks and shines and shines 
 like a rotten mackerel in the moonlight." In commenting upon the fact that 
 main- men of local reputation sank into insignificar.ee when they came to W'ash- 
 
 256 
 
\V.\IU\ It K S KK\ST(>\K tuMMOWVF. \r.Tir. 
 
 inutiiii. lie wisely ulisirwil that :t was iliU' to llu- fai,-! that tlir\ were swalluwrd 
 U|) in tile ilniile l>I' the (.'apilui. 
 
 in tin- summer i>f i!^,?4. new^ readied lliis ccinUrN tlial l,al'a\etli- dieil nn 
 the iwentietli > 1 1' May in I'ari^. IriluUes n\ respeet were slmwn ti > llie mem- 
 ory (if the man wli.) had dune sn nnudi foi' ihi' .\'iunt; ivepulilie in the trvni;; 
 liays iif the l\e\( 'hition. 
 
 In 1S35, jnhn Marshall, the t'hiel' justice nf the Supreme Cairt df the 
 L'nited Stales, pa-^ed awa\ at the ad- 
 vanced ai;e ni ei^h.l\ \ear-., at a l>iiard- 
 \n>j; iiiiuse in W'alnul street lietween 
 {•■(•unh and l-'it'lh streets. lie w;i~ 
 liere at the time under the eat e of tiie 
 faiinus physician. Dr. l'h\--ick it 
 
 was upon the occa^i'in i>\ .Maishall's 
 funeral, wjiile tlie hell in the Stau 
 lliiiise was Sdlemnly tnlliuL; hi^ 1 1 
 (|uiem. that it cracked, its voice iic\u 
 a>;aiu to he heard. 
 
 .\ Convention was held at Mat 
 rishurL;' in iS^^j to amend the t oiisti- 
 Itttion of 1790. John SarLjent, one of 
 the leading- member-, of the liar ot 
 Pliiladelphia, was elected to preside 
 over the deliberations of th.e bod). 
 Jts first titeetint,-- was held on Ma_\' 
 .second, and its sessions were contin- 
 ued until Xovemlxi- twenty-third, 
 when it adjourned to meet at Aiusi 
 cal l-'und ilall, in 1 'hiladeiphia, on 
 Xovember twent\ -ei,L;hth. .\fter care- 
 ful consideration and discttssion. tlu' 
 new Constitution was signed b\ the 
 delesjates on \\'ashini,'ton'.> lliithda\. 
 b'ehruary twenty-second. lS_^(S. and in 
 the I'ollowin,'^ ( )ctober. at the .general 
 st.ate t-Iection. the instrument was adopted by the people. 
 
 In the Presidential year of 1X40. the W'hi.sjs brought forward as their caii- 
 didatt-. ( leneral W'illiatn I li'iu'v Harrison, a.gainst .Martin \'an I'.uren. wIm had 
 served one term as the direct successor of (ieiieral Jackson. It was an excit- 
 ing canvass from the begimiitig to the end. and all the methods that created 
 enthusiasm weri' introduceil. "( )ld Tipiiecanoe," as Harrison was called, had 
 all the features that go to make u]i a picturescpie candidate and he became a 
 popular i<lo| among his followers. .\s a frontiersman, an Indian ligliler and ,1 
 heroic .soldier, he had those qitalities that induce great .admiration, even if lhe\ 
 did not f|ualify him as ;i statesman, 'idle ( ieneral had visited this city in iS.Vi. 
 and u])on his arrival the horses were taken out of his carriage, a rope was at- 
 tached, and even reputable and distin.guished citizens bellied to haul the can- 
 
 /^ a.v^ L^U<- 
 
 ( liicf .lu.slio- MaisliMll, fniiii a I'.iinliii; 
 Onl.T fn.iii ill,' I'liila.l.'li.liia I'.ar. 
 
2=58 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 didate in state through the streets. So great was the crowd that the rope did 
 not suffice and it was lengthened out that all men might have an o[)p(irtnnity to 
 join the line. Hie cry was for "more rope" which hecamc the shibboleth of the 
 Whigs, but it was turned into a tainit by their enemies, who declared that if 
 they onh had more reipe the}- would hang themselves. During the Presidential 
 campaign, after Harrisou was nominated, mass meetings and processions were 
 of nightlv occurrence. The sk\ was so reddened with the glare from number- 
 less bonfires that it looked from the distance as if Philadelphia were in one 
 grand conflagration. In every street procession the conspicuous object was a 
 log cabin on wheels, witli its live coon fastened on the r(H)f, and its barrel of 
 hard cider standing by the door, with the latch string always hanging on the 
 outside. The battle cries were "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." "Keep the ball 
 rolling, bovs," and so wild at times was the excitement tliat sedate and sober 
 men seemed almost to have lost their reason, as they joined in pushing through 
 the streets of the cit\, a large ball, indicating the rolling up of a great ma- 
 joritw The campaign resulted in the election of Harrison. He swejit the 
 whole country; but he died only a month after his inauguration. 
 
 Philadeliihia, as she approached tlie middle of the centur_\, began to as- 
 sume the proi)ortions of a real metropolis. Commerce still lingered at her 
 port, and the harbor was tilled with vessels <.if all kinds and classes. Her mer- 
 chants were [jrogressive, and her simps with the display of fabrics of all kinds 
 were niiist attractive, and une(|ualled in the country. Her streets were fairly 
 well paveil, and ipiite a number of them lighted, making them comparatively 
 safe from accidents and the assaults of footpads. Her homes were neat and 
 tidy, man\ of them large and sumptuous. Captain Alexander, about this time 
 a visitor to the cit\ wrote, "I was surprised to see the luxuricius living and the 
 expensive furniture of the best classes in Philadelphia. I thought that a 
 Quaker simplicitv would haw prevailei.l, but in their lofty rooms the eye was 
 feasted with silken curtains and velvet covered chairs, gilded walls and ceil- 
 ings, mirrors and ]iictures in costh fi\ames. and at supper, in |)articular. the 
 \-iands were delicious and the wines unexceptiimalde." Tyrone Power, tlie 
 actor, who had traveled extensively in the old world a> well as in the new, 
 said that Philadelphia was "one of the most attractive looking towns" he "had 
 ever beheld." " " ''' "Hie i)eo]ile were well housed and the pavements 
 
 were e\'enl\ and iieath laid with l)i-icks. .\lan\- of the streets were shaded 
 with i.iverhanging trees." Another writer said. "The exterior of the heiuses 
 as well as the side pavements are kept remarkably clean." I'harles L\ell, the 
 ilritish geologist, said, "The streets of Philadelphia rival the finest Dutch 
 towns for cleanliness, and the beautiful a\enues of various kinds of trees 
 afiforded a most welc<;inie shade in summer." Captain .Marr\at declared that 
 "Philadelphia is certainly, in ap|)earance, the most wealthy and imposing city 
 in the Cnion." In fact, all the \i>itors who came to I'hiladelphui — and no 
 American tour was C(_)ni[)lete without coming to the (Juaker City — joined in 
 speaking of her as being the nio>t attractive city in the country. The houses 
 niainlv were built of bricks and the trimmings were of white marble. The 
 pavements were scrubbed by the housekeepers and were ke])t as clean as a 
 
wakwick's keystone commonwealth. 259 
 
 kitchen floor, the niarlile was as white as snow, while the door knobs and 
 knockers were l)tirnishe(l as l)rii;hi as ii>>\d. 
 
 Many visilin;^- tourists also referred to tile well dressed jieoplr upon the 
 streets, and e-peeiallx to the heautx' of the women. d"\rone Power, .uivini;- his 
 testinionv uimu thi< jioint. wr.ite, "About mid-daw t'hestnnt sti'eet assumed 
 (|uite a lively and very attractive appearance, for it was tilled with shoppins^ 
 parties of well-dressed jjcople, and presented a sprinkling- of carria.i;es neatly 
 apixiinted and exceedingly well horsed. Satisfied that I am correct in my 
 judgment when I a>serl that thi^ popidalion has the ha])pine>s to |)os>ess an 
 unusual share of handsouu- .^irK. The) walk with a freer au' and more elastic 
 step than their fair ri\-als in New \'ork." 
 
 The majoritx of the \isitors complained of the heat dnrmi; the summer 
 nionth-. and designated the city as about the hottest place in the coimtry. 
 
 The markets still retained their preeminence, and the hotels had a wide 
 reputation. The Mansion Iburse. on Third street near .Spruce, was among 
 the best, and somewhat imicpie in character in the wa\- of it> management. 
 It was conducted by a man named Joseph, or as he was familiarl\ calleil. "joo" 
 Head. He had known belter days, having been at one time in aftlucut cir- 
 cumstances. In truth, he was a high fl\er and drove his tamleni and his coach 
 and four, but meeting with misfortune, he was compelled to turn his atten- 
 tion to hotel keeping. His chef was called .\ugustine. a name familiar to 
 epicures even to the present day. Mrs. Head an<! her daughter took ;in active 
 part in the management of the house, and with their own h.ands made the 
 Ijuddings and pastry. The ])ropric'tor bought the best that the market af- 
 forded, and it was prepared for the table with the greatest care. The hotel had 
 accommodations for only a few guests C()ni|)aratively. The service was table 
 d'liote. Mr. Head, sitting at the head of the board, carved tlu' meats and the 
 fowl and evervthing was so homelike that the guests seemed to be dining ;a a 
 (irivate table rather than in ,1 public inn. The proprietor was a \ery enter- 
 taining man. He had enjoyed the advantages of an earls education, an<l had 
 had an oi)p<jrtunity of meeting the most distinguished men of the countrx, for 
 everv visitor of note, while here, endeavored, if possible, to obtain accommo- 
 dations at his hotel. The bedrooms in the winter season were well he.ated by 
 open log fires, anil the lied linen w.is as clean and white as snow. .Mr. T\rone 
 I'ower. in describing bis chamber, said, '"The window o])ened mto an iimer 
 court" where he b.iil "one of the most attractive winter prospects imaginable, 
 in the form of entire carcasses of several fat bucks all hanging in a comely 
 row. and linked together by a festooning composed of turkeys, wood cock, 
 snii)e. grouse and ducks of se\eral denominations." Head was a most genial 
 honiface, but he reserved the right to close the doors of his imi against the 
 entrance of an\ person, wh.i for some reason or other of his own he <lid not 
 wish to admit. 
 
 'i'he rniled States Motel, on the north side of (,'heslmit street, above 
 j'ourth. t'ongres^ Hall at Third and C'heslnm streets, the Merchants Hotel 
 on h'ourth below .\rch street, and Jones' Hotel on the south side of t'hestnnt 
 street between Si.xtb and Seventh streets, ma>' be numbered among the suc- 
 cessful hostelries of those i\;i\>. and coiuinued their managements until they 
 
260 WAinVHK's Ki:\STn\E CO.\r MOX WEALTH . 
 
 were overshadrnveil by ihe opening' nf the ( liranl Illlll^L' and the Continental 
 Hotel. 
 
 In the past. nian\- of tlie sjuests were waited njion b\ their own Hveried 
 .servants whom they briuight almig'. Especiallx was tliis the case with the visi- 
 tors from tlie .'~ioulh wlio were accompanied Ijy their slJives. "Jliose guests 
 whi;> (lid not ha\e their body servants had their wants attended to, their clothes 
 brushed and their boots blacked by the servants (if the hutel. The breakfast 
 h(inr was eight o'clock, dinner was served at three, tea at seven, and su])])er 
 from nine to twelve. 
 
 The city bad lieen si_) disorderly and riotous for years in the past that an 
 increase and a reorganization of the jiolice force was deemed a necessity, and 
 in the Spring of i!^45 an Act was ])assed in the Legislature re(|uiring the city 
 of Philadelphia, and the district.s of Spring (iarden, Xorthern Liberties, Ken- 
 sington, Sotithwark and the township of .Moyamensing to establish and main- 
 tain a police force consisting of not less than one able-bodied man "for every 
 one hundred and fifty taxable inhabitants." There were superintendent-' ap- 
 pointed for each district, but a AfarNbal of Lolice was elected by the people for 
 a term of three years and he had charge and control of the force of the entire 
 city, including its districts. I'nder this arrangement, the police force was in- 
 creased and numbered i.>ne hundred and si.xty-seven men. John .S. Keyser was 
 selected as Marshal, and a change in the conduct of the unrul\- clas>es was 
 seen at once, for he was a man of great courage and resolution, and his name 
 became a terror to the riotous and criminal classes. ( iangs of rowdies were 
 broken up and arrested, bres were less frei|uent and incendiaries were run 
 d(iwn and captured. 
 
 .\t this time the policemen were withoiU uniforms. They patrolled their 
 beats in ci\ilian dress and so far as their attire was concerned, it bore no dis- 
 tinguishing mark, save a star which was worn on the breast id' the coat, and 
 fre(|nentl\ this insignia of office was concealed from the |)uhlic view b\- being 
 worn on the vest. There was a growing demand, that the forc(,', while (in 
 duty, should wear a uniform, for it was contended that it wnuld carry with it 
 respect and give to the officer an authority with which tlie i)lain garb of a citi- 
 zen did not clothe him. Strange to say, however, this inn(j\ation met with the 
 greatest opposition, not only on the part of the policemen themsel\-es. but also 
 from man\ citizens and it re(|uired some years of agitation before even the 
 semblance of a uniform \\;is worn by the guardians of tlie law. Many of the 
 citizens ojiiiosed the miiforni on the ground that it was simpK mocking an 
 luiglish custom and was not in keeping with our Reijublican institution-, and 
 further, that the law-breaker W(:iuld be given an opportunit\ to escape, being 
 able t(j distinguish the officer by his garb. L\en after the authorities gave 
 orders for the wearing of uniforms. tlie\ were not obeyed, some of the officers 
 going so far as to threaten that the\ would leave the force if compelled to \vear a 
 distinguishing dress. They also contende(l that tlie\ would he subjected to the 
 ridicule of Ixiys u|)on tiie public streets, and to violence at the bands of the 
 liremen and r(_>wdies. 
 
 The tire companies had originall) been com|)osed of ])ublic-s])irite(l citi- 
 zens, who united tlieiiisehes with tlu' dift'erent organizations in order that thc\- 
 
WARWLi k's ki:vsto\k cum iHJX wealth. 261 
 
 niigiit perfdi-in a ii>rfiil civic service, liiil as year-, ran nn the tire li' .nse lie- 
 came the rendezvmis t'ur the unruly ami rini.ius and a s])iril nf rowdyism .L;rad- 
 nallv sprang- up and ]iervaded the wlinle system. There \\a> >eldcim a nighl 
 passed withnul an alarm of tire, .and the engines and Ikisc carriages, the latter 
 with their clanging liell>. made the night hidenns as they rattled .iver the coh- 
 hle ^tellies drawn 1)\ a cmwd of men a> wdil as howling and dancing dervishes, 
 while in advance of the carriage, a t'ellow tooting a liras- or tin horn ih.il .m- 
 swered the purposes of a meg.aphone. encouraged the men on the rope to |)nt 
 more effort and s|ieed into ilu-ir work. .Many a time a false alirm was sounded 
 for no other purpose than to give rival companies an opportunity to enjoy a 
 race, which, as a rule, ended in a tight, it' the alarm was not ;i fal>e one. the 
 c\)m]iauies. on reaching the tire, would indulge in a struggle over the ]iossi'S- 
 si<in of a plug. I'istols. kni\es. iron spanners and sling shot were freely nseil 
 and it was reni.arkahle how few live^ were lost wdieu the character of the in- 
 struments eui]ilo\ed i^ taken into consideration. .\ false ahirm was worse, 
 sometimes, than a true one, f.ir, there heing n.> tiro to extinguish, the men 
 h;id amjile opportunitv to indulge in free tights. While the excitemeul was 
 on, one com]ianv after another would da-h down the streets, every vehicle 
 liaving to turn aside and give them the riglit of way, and the whole town 
 would be in tunnilt, dread and apprehen-ion until the fire was extinguished, or 
 the companies returneil to their houses. I'.very visitor to the city commented 
 upon this feature of our life. ( ieorge L'ombe. in 1831). speaks of the engines 
 "rushing, roaring" past his windows. Charles Lyell, the luiglish geologist, 
 savs that lie and his party were I'our days in this city "and every night tliere 
 was an alarm of fire, usually a false one, hut the noise of the firemen was ire- 
 mendons. At the head of the procession came a runner, blowing a horn, with 
 a dee]), nnearthlv sound. .\ext a long line of men (for no horses are eni- 
 pl<ive<l) drawing a strong rope to which the ]ionder<ins engine was .attaciied, 
 with a large bell at the top ringing all the wdiile." 
 
 The firemen became a connnon uihsauce. It woldd ha\e been better tor 
 the cit\- to have ^nlTered the loss resulting from a few fires rather than submit 
 to the ])revailiug rowdyism. The "Jakey" fireman, a coarse, brutal, jirof.me. 
 blustering bully wa> a type of the town life. In many instance-, his usual 
 attire was a red fiaunel shirt with a tlowiug collar and a black neckerchiel 
 tied in a sailor's knot, both emls tlowing to the wind. With hi> iiat cocked on 
 one side, and a cigar in the corner of his mouth he had the appearance of a 
 pirate and was prmid of hi- distinction. lie was the adnfir.ition < d' the little 
 h(j(jdhniis who in lime hoped to play the same part. Ready at an instant lor 
 a fi.ght or a frolic, nothing was so pleasing to his ear as an alarm i^l tire. .\s 
 .soon as he heard the soinnl of the bell, he woidd dash with head-long speed 
 to his engine house, and if there in time woid<l throw open the doors, seize 
 the horn and lead his fellows to action. The securing of the horn ma<le him 
 for the time being, the cai)tain of his company and as he ran ahead in adv.anee 
 of the en.gine it was his dutv to ascertain from bystanders the location of the 
 fire. 
 
 The companies were all vohuiteer and had to deijcud for their support 
 on contributions from ])rivate sources. If the liose needed repairing, or the 
 
262 Warwick's KE^•.sTONE commonwealth. 
 
 engine was out of service, a ball was qiven and the citizens would be black- 
 mailed by having forced upon them tickets for an entertainment to which they 
 never intended to go. Menilx'rs, in couples or groups, would travel through 
 the business sections of the city, asking for subscriptimis from the merchants 
 and shop-keepers, and those wlm refused to pa\- nr hesitated to cuntrilnite 
 would be apt to receive an iutimatiim that it wotdd be ti:i their interest to show 
 a broader spirit of liberality. 
 
 The firemen, too, exerted an influence in the politics of the cit\-, for the 
 leaders of the companies could, on electiun day, muster a goodly arra\ nl vot- 
 ers, some of the companies having a register that contained over a thousand 
 names, and cc:)nse("|uently the pot-house politician became contemptibly sub- 
 servient to their influence and !o\al in the support of their interests. One of 
 the hardest fought Ijattles ever waged in this city was over the question of the 
 introduction of a ])aid Are department. Members of the Councils who favored 
 a change from a volunteer to a paid department, were threateneil. cajoled and 
 insulted by bands of ruffians who attended the public meetings. The firemen, 
 too, had their supjiorters, even among the best classes of the people, for at 
 times, in the face of danger, they performed thrilling deeds of heroism, saving 
 not only property but the lives of the people at great personal risk. 
 These lirave and courageous deeds made them heroes in the opinion of the peo- 
 ple, and many excuses were made for their wild and riotous conduct, compla- 
 cent citizen^ excusing them by saying, "(Jh i well, the boys nuist have their fim." 
 
 The firemen's parade was a feature of our cit\ life. ( )ne of the first and 
 most imjiressive celebrations of this character was held to commemorate the 
 one hundredth anniversary of Washington's birth. So imposing an appear- 
 ance did they make that they were encouraged to hold their ')wn exclusive 
 procession the following year. In 1852 the parade was one of unusual s]ilen- 
 dor. Over five thousand men were in line and six hundred musicians. The 
 hose carriages were burnished as bright as gold, and were covered with flow- 
 ers. Marshals carried great silver horns filled with bourjuets, while every 
 man in line was dressed in a regularly prescribed uniform, which consisted of 
 an overciiat. Inifl:' or black in color and strapped around the wai>t with a broad 
 belt, into which was stuck a spanner. The headgear was a stilT-brimmed 
 leather hat painted with figures and bearing the name of the fire companv in 
 prominent letters. Over the shoulders was worn a cape decorated to corre- 
 spond with the hat. White cotton gloves and black trousers completed the <iut- 
 fit. The members of some of the hose and hook antl ladder companies wore 
 red shirts, with black neckties ami hats that resembled in form those worn 
 by sailors, called "nor'easters." The companies tried to outx'ie each other in 
 appearance as well as in mnnbers. \'isiting delegations came from surroimd- 
 ing towns, and it required two hoiu's for the pr<.icession to pass a given point. 
 There was another notable parade in 1857, but the I'ivil War soon i)iter- 
 vened, and it was not until 1865 that the next one took place. 
 
 Another annoying feature in connection with the fire companies was the 
 organization of gangs of voiuig boodhnus. They were not members of the fire 
 companies but were simpK called followers, and assimied such names as 
 "Fairies," "Hivers," "Killers," ' I'.uft'ers," "i'loimcers," "Springers," "Hunk- 
 
wauwu'k's keystoxk commonwealth. 263 
 
 ers," "Spigots," "Schii\lkill Rangi.r>." "Ulooiltubs" ami "( iuiiira liens." TIh-n 
 fought each otliiT w lu-iicvrr tlu'\ met, like savages, anil tlieir stone hghts not 
 only broke the windows in the hmise.-s Inn cracked many a skull and in several 
 instances injured several inuneent and inolTensive pi-destriaus who happened to 
 be passing by. .\ volle\ of atones thrown h\- these \oung rnltians was .almost 
 like a fusillade of nnisketry. .and (piite as dangerous. 'Jdu'y were appn-ntices. as 
 it were, and learning their trades in order to pla\ their parts when old enough 
 to join the fire organiz.ations. 
 
 The city wa> visile<l by a number of fires, hut the nio^t disastrous one was 
 that wdiicli occm-red in July, 1S50. It broke out in a warehouse locale,! in 
 Water below Nine street. It started in ;i (|nantity of pressed hay stored in one 
 of the buildings and spread. ra]>idly until it reached a warehouse filled with 
 e.xplosivcs, and in an insiaul the air resounded with a rumbling noi>e like that 
 of artillery. Smoke rose in such vohmie> that it was impossible for the lire- 
 men to get close enough to the buildings to pour water on the tlauies .and they 
 devoted their efforts to saxing the surrounding propert\. 'llu- area c. ivered 
 bv the fire extended from the river front to Second street and from ("allow hill 
 to \'ine street. It soon got beyond the control of the firemen and a|)])eals were 
 made to Xew York and r.altimore for assistance. The firemen at last got the 
 flames under control, but not before twenty-eight persons were killed .-md 
 fifty-eight injured, and three hundred and sixty-seven stores and dwelling 
 houses entirelv destr(.i\ed. ddiis was a real danger and the firemen, be it s.aid 
 to their credit, met it with great courage and rendered efficient ser\-ice, some 
 of them even laying down their li\-es in the performance of dnt\-. 
 
 I'or man\- years efforts had been made to effect a consolidation of the city 
 with the outlying districts, but there was a vast dift'erence of opinion upon the 
 (piestion and meetings for and against the project were held, where all the ad- 
 vantages and disadvantages were carefully weighed and considereil. Local 
 politicians in the districts feared that iheir inlluence would be lesseneil if tlie 
 consolidation was effected. It was also argued that the benefit would accrue 
 to the citv rather than to the districts, and that the lax rates in the districts 
 would be raised without an adecpiate return, but gradually, after much conten- 
 tion, the project won its way and on .\..\ember I'l. 1S41). a public meeting 
 was held and man\ of tbost- who bad been prominent in objecling to the 
 scheme came forward now ami adx'ocated it. John Swift. William Kawde, 
 Francis Wharton. John (.'adwal.aiU'r. David I'aul I'.rown, Henry 1). (iilpin, 
 Clement f. liiddle, William hdder. Ceorge If. I'.arle. William 1.. Hurst. J. .el 
 B. Sutherland. r>enjamin Harris I'.rewster, Theodore Cuyler, I'assmore Wil 
 lianison. George W, I'.iddle, t'h;i|)man I'.iildle, 1 fenry Horn. Hem-y Al. Walts, 
 Edward R. Cope. EV\ K. I'rice. and some others had charge of the movement, 
 anrl as a result of the meeting, an executive committee was appointed, consist- 
 ing of h:ii K. I'rice, John .\1. Uead. John Cadwaladcr. C.ideon ('.. Westcott. 
 Charles I.. Ingram and a munbi-r of men of like prominence. 
 
 Still, however, nothing was accomiilished until the Legislature )net in 
 1853-54, when a bill was passed ])roviding f<.)r consolidation and the city was 
 made to include the entire county, which was divided into twenty-four wards. 
 The term (if the .M.axor was extended from one vcar to two vears. The .Se- 
 
264 
 
 Warwick's keystone commoxwealth. 
 
 \^■^■[ Cmnicil ciuisisteil of a member frdiii cadi ward, whose term was for a 
 peri.Hl uf IWM years, and the I'niumon Inimcil eniisisled of three memliers 
 fmiii each ward — with tlie exception of liie seventeenth and the twenty-third — 
 which were ahntted fonr members for each. The term of Common (/(.uncil- 
 men was for one year. The pas-^a.Lje of the bill was celebrated by the giving of 
 a dinner lo the (lovernor and ether distinguished guests in the Sansom Street 
 Hall, at winch .Nhirton .McMichael was tlie presiding officer. The election for 
 
 the first Ma\or under the .\ct was 
 held on the first Tuesday in June. 
 Tlie Whig-- nominated as their candi- 
 date koberl T. Conrad against Rich- 
 ard \'aux who was the I^emocratic 
 nominee. The election resulted in fa- 
 VMi- of judge Conrad, and he began 
 ills adniini-.tration on the first Mon- 
 da\ in jiil\. -Ma\(ir Conrad was a 
 pi'omineiit citizen who had made for 
 himself a i-eputation as a playwright 
 and a journalist, and was a man who 
 alwa\s took an active ]iart in public 
 aftairs- .\fter eitecting a reorganiza- 
 tion of the city government, he began 
 to enforce with vigor the temperance 
 and the Suiida>' laws, which policy 
 met with consiilerable opposition in 
 \ (iimitiifeMK some <|uarters, and in 1836, Richard 
 
 TiH^ 'SH \'aux was again nominated by the 
 
 Deniocrats and the Whigs supported 
 llenrx I). .Moore. The election re- 
 sulted in tile election of A'au.x b_\- a 
 substantial majority. He was re- 
 ii(i\ i;hii\i;i. \ Ai V. iiiimiuateil in 1858, Init was de- 
 
 feated by Alexander llenrw and in 
 18O0 .Mr. llenrx was reelected by a small majiiritx' > iver the Democratic 
 candidate, John R.ibbins, Jr. Lhnler the coiis, ilidation, the Mayors were given 
 increased anlbniitx- over their ]iredecessors, and in (u-der to meet the prevail- 
 ing rowiKisin. the police force was increaseil and its morale greatly improved. 
 Especiall\ did X'aiix deal with a strong hand in his treatment of the rowdy 
 desper.adois. The "Schuxlkill Rangers" who dominated the locality at the 
 end of .Market street bridge, were a ruthless band of ruffians wdio were a law- 
 unto themselves. The)' established virtually a reign of terror. They looted 
 lioats and destroyed private jiroperty at their will, held up |iedestrians upon 
 the public streets, and defie<l the iiolice. \"aux was tietermined to break this 
 gang up, and for this pur]iose placed the locality wdiere these desperate acts 
 were c<ininiitted under the surveillance of the bravest and most courageous 
 men on tlu- force. "Dick" \"aux, as he was familiarly called, was in the habit 
 
Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 265 
 
 of patrolling the streets after nightfall to sec that the iiatmlnicn did their 
 dittv. Une night several oi tlie "Rangers" were suddenly surprisL-d h\' the 
 appearance of Mr. \'an.\ and a sc|uad df hi.s police and altlinugh the night was 
 storm\- and hitter colil, the mughs thrrw themselves int.> the k-\ riwr and 
 swam t<i a vessel moored out in the middle in' the stream. Mere the> thought 
 thev were safe hut \'aux seized a ho.il, pursued them, arrested and hrought 
 them to shi.ire. Ijoimd them over and saw that they were ultimately eon\-ieli-d 
 and sent to jail. 
 
 The main hattle ground was in the district known as .Moyamensing. al 
 though fights frequently occurred in almost every section of the citw l\owd\- 
 ism was rampant and even in decent residential localities it was often impo>- 
 sible to pass without suffering iuMdt. the corners where grouics of toughs and 
 loungers had gathered. A resident in those da\s in commenting on thi-> mat- 
 ter said that he lived on Xew Market street and that stone fights hetweeii the 
 folleiwers of the "Good Intent" and the "Xorthern Lilierties" fire companies 
 were of frequent occurrence, and were so liitterly wageil that they endangered 
 the lives of pedestrians. When the ammunition .of stones gave out, the com- 
 batants deliberately dug up the colihles and used them as missiles. Time and 
 a.gain the neighbors had to close their shutters to >ave the windows from being 
 broken and they remained closed and bolted until the rowdies ceased their 
 fracas which was ended by one party putting the other to rout or l)y the arrival 
 of a S(|uad of policemen. 
 
 Upon one occasion when a large fire took |)lace in (amden. the authori- 
 ties of that town liastih- re(pieste(l assistance from I 'hiladelpliia. Il so hap- 
 pened that the .Moyamensing and the Sliifller Hose Companies boarded the 
 same boat in crossing tlu' ferr\. ( )ne taunt brought em another, until at last 
 there was a pitched battle which resulted in one of the hose companies throw- 
 ing the hose carriage of the other compan\ into the river. 
 
 The act of Consolidation met from its original op])iineiUs as time ran on 
 a general commendation. The union made the city more cosmo]iolitan and 
 of greater importance and iutluence and gave to the execiuive more dignit\ 
 and increased power, although it may be said that u|) to this time the .May.n- 
 was but a chief of police and had l)ut little to say in the niana,L;emem of any 
 of the de])artments and it was not until the passage of the lUillitt Hill that he 
 was vested with thai ])ower that inaile bim an executive officer in the full sense 
 of the term. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 WAR WITH MEXICO. .\(;1TATI0X OF SLAVERV QUESTIO.N. JAMES BUCHANAN 
 ELECTED TO THE l'RE.SH>ENCY. DRED SCOTT CASE. PANIC OF 1857. DISCOV- 
 ERY OF OIL I.\ PENNSYLVANIA. STREET PASSENGER RAH.WAYS IXTRODUCED. 
 JENNY LIND VISITS THE CITY. DR. KANE RETUR.NS FROM ARCTIC EXPLORA- 
 TIONS. VISIT OF THE JAPANESE E.MliASSY. VISIT OF THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 DLTRING the period wliicli we have been consiilerina; tlic L'nion was e.x- 
 temliiiL; lier territory in the \\'est and Southwest and was assuming 
 the pn i])i irtinns of a vast empire. 
 
 In 1845 Texas was athiiitted as a State hut her western boundary 
 was a matter of (hspute. It was claimed l)v the Texan-- that it was the Rio 
 Grande River, but tlie Mexicans denied this and fixed the Nueces River, ahout 
 one hundreil miles east of the Rio Grande as the western boundary line of 
 Texas. President Polk commanded Cieneral Taylor to seize the strip of land 
 between the two rivers and to protect it against all invasions. Mexico re- 
 sented this outrage, organized an army and immediately invaded the territory 
 in coiitroversy. A conflict took place in which the .Mexicans were defeated. 
 This was followed by the battle <if I'alo Alto, won by the .\mericans, under the 
 command of General Taylor, familiarly called "Old Rough and Ready." liat- 
 tle after battle succeeded in tin-n and every one resulted in success for the 
 American cause. It is said to be the onh- war recorded in history in which all 
 the victories were scored on (.me side, for in ever)- contlict the -\merican troo[)s 
 were victorious and in every instance the liattles were won against a superior 
 force. 
 
 The admission of Texas greatly increased the influence of the South in 
 Congress. It was, of course, strenuously opposed by the anti-slavery men of 
 the North, and the leading .\bolitionists of Pennsylvania took a iirominent 
 part in this op]iosition and thi> Slate became the storm centre of the conflict. 
 
 I.!y the .Missouri Compromise of 1820, as we have already stated in a pre- 
 vious chajiter, slavery could not lie extended west of the Mississippi, or, in 
 other words, north of the parallel of ^f)" 30" on the map, but this compromise 
 was repealed in 185c) at the time of the admission of Galifornia, and the dis- 
 pute grew hotter and more threatening as time ran on. It was the irrepressible 
 conflict, for, in the language of .Seward, the Repul3lic could not exist half slave 
 and half free. The clouds were scudding before the storm and the political 
 horizon was lilack with forehoiling disaster. 
 
 Whenever a movement was made to do away with sla\er\-, or to pre\'enl 
 its entrance into the territories, the South threatened to withdravy from the 
 Union, claiming that she had the right to do this whenever, in her opinion, the 
 National ( iovernment transcended its constitutional limits. This threat always 
 frightened the North, although there were many oppements (.)f slavery- that 
 would rather have had the system exist than see the L'nicjn broken in twain 
 
 266 
 
WANw II k's Kl■■.^■ST()^•|•: com.monwkali ii. 267 
 
 aiiil all sorts o\ cimiproniiscs wiri.' ottered, wliicli. however, only Icmporized 
 willi tile all-important question. 
 
 llv the treaty of peace signed in 1S4S, we had obtained I'nmi Mexieo. not 
 onlv the undisputed possession of Texa-. Iml also the territory of ("aliiornia 
 and .\'e\v .Mexico. This was so vast .a domain that lunnerous States were 
 carved out of it and to prevent the introduction of slavery in the new .States, 
 Cong-ressman W'ilmot. of 1 'emi-\ Ivania. a l)emocrat. offered a hill i)rovid- 
 ing for the prohibition of slaxery in any (lart of the territory acipiired from 
 Mexico, but his jiroviso failed to become a law. -\ number of Democrats, how- 
 ever, supported this lueasure and afterwards organized themselves into what 
 was called the "Free Soil I'arty" which was ultimately swallowed u\) by the 
 Republicans. 
 
 In 1852 Webster ami t'Ia\ both passed away and their great iutluence, 
 which had done much to preserve the I'nion intact, was at an end excepting so 
 far as the remembrance of their teachings were concerned, and a new era 
 with new leaders was inaugurated. 
 
 During all this time the fight had been niaile by the Xorth to prevent the 
 extension of slavery rather than its extinction. It was only the rampant 
 Abolitionists that were willing to sacrifice even the integrity of the I'nion. in 
 their eiiforts to destroy the institution. 
 
 In 1854 began the struggle for the ]iossession of Kansas, and upon this 
 blood\- ground was settled for the time being, at least, the question of the ad- 
 mission of slavery into the territories. 
 
 In i85f> lames Ihichanau, a resident i>f I'ennsylvania, was noininatnl as 
 the Democratic candidate for the l'residenc\. lie was a man of distinction in 
 national politics and he had held many offices of high station, lie had been 
 elected to Congress in 1820; later he was sent to the United States Senate: 
 was appointed Minister to Russia, then Secretary of State under I'olk. and in 
 1853 was accredited as Minister to luigland. He was Sc(.)tch- Irish by descent. 
 and no doubt had those qualities that would have made an excellent official h.ad 
 it not been for the terrific struggle waged through his adnnnistration on tlie all- 
 absorbing question of slavery. 
 
 The campaign of 1856 was one of the most exciting that had ever taken 
 place in this country. Every orator wa> called into requisition, mass-meetings 
 were held in all of the cross roads and in Philadelphia the campaign was one 
 of unusual interest: marching clubs were formed, called "\Mde-.\wakes." The 
 men lx>re torches and were dressed in leather caps and cajies. This was the 
 organization that led to the formation of the " Invincibles." The whole conntry 
 indeed was wrought up to excessive enllui^iasm and "the wool\ horse ot l-re 
 mont" was used as the mascot for the Republicans. .l!uchanan was I'lected 
 to the presidency and entered upon the discharge of his duties, although ;i 
 Northerner and a nali\i- and resident of I'ennsylvania. he was a Southern s\ni- 
 pathizer and wa- willing to make any .sacrifice to establish more firmly than 
 ever the institution of .slavery. Xot long after he took the oath of office, judge 
 Taney, Chief Ju.stice of the Supreme Court of the United States, handed down 
 wliat is known as the Dred Scott Decision. Scott was a negro slave, born in the 
 South of slave parents. His master had taken him from llu' slave State of ^^is- 
 
268 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 si^iiri to tlie free State nt Illiiinis where lie reiiiaineil fur a period of two years. 
 .After a short soiourn in Minnesota, to wliich .State lie had lieen taken hy his mas- 
 ter, he linalU returned to Missouri. There he was soM at pnbHc auction, but de- 
 manded his hherty on the <jr(iund that he had hved for a considerable time on 
 free soil and that this habitation had given to him the rights and qualities of a 
 free man. The case was fought bitterly from beginning to end and the argu- 
 ments made were most exhaustive, the Bible itself being invoked in support of 
 both sides. -\t last it was carried for final judgment to t!ie Supreme Court of 
 the United States, wiiere after due consideration, the Court decided (on!)- two 
 justices dissenting) that a negro whether bond or free, who was a descendant 
 of slave parentage or ancestors was not an American citizen, that he had no 
 right to sue in the courts of the Cnited States and that his entry upon free soil 
 ilid not in an\- sense emancijiale him from slavery or loosen the shackles from 
 his limljs and finally he "had no right which the white man was l)oimil to 
 respect." The opinion culminated in the Ci\-il War, for it shocked the senti- 
 ments of the peo])le when they saw in liohl relief the hideous features of slav- 
 erv and how deejilv rooted the iniquitous s_\stem was in the institution of the 
 countrv. It gave a new phase to the question, for the South contended under 
 this interpretation, slavery could exist even in the free States if a master saw it to 
 his interest to reuKJVe his slaves from a slave State to a free one. 
 
 Although the opinit.m enraged and angered the Abolitionists and aroused 
 the thinking peo|)le of the Xorth it after all was a strict interpretation of the 
 law. Chief Justice Taney may have shocked the sentiments of the country, 
 but he laid down the law as it existed and was established by precedent. He 
 was right in his interpretation when he said a slave was a mere thing, a |iiece 
 of property without any civil or political rights: he could be owned and sold as 
 a mere chattel, and was but on a le\-el with the cattle of the plantation, and if 
 the Court was right then the institution was radicall\ wrong and there was only 
 one thing to do in the name of humanity and that was to destroy the system 
 which h;id l)linded men to justice, equity and right. 
 
 While these discussions were on. a business panic took place in 1857. The 
 ( )hio Land and Trust Company, of Cincinnati, failed through the fault of its 
 New ^'ork ;igent. in .\ugust <.}f that \ear, and a financial disturbance shook the 
 whole business world to its centre. .\ large number of houses failed. ncarl\- all 
 the banks in the countrv sus]K-nded jiaynients and were conqjelled to close their 
 d(«)rs while mills and factories in every direction had to slnU down. The 
 crisis -.pread rapidK over the entire nation. Loans could not be made at any 
 ])reminni anil the ruin was widespread. The chief cause of thi^ trouble re- 
 sulted from the discovery of gold in L'aliforina. The increased wealth of the 
 country had induced a reckless speculation. It was a clear case of <n-er-produc- 
 tion : the supply exceeded the demand. Merchants and inannf;icturers were 
 loaded with goods for wdiich they could find no customers, wdiilc the farmer 
 had no market for his grain. Philadelphia, one of the leading commercial and 
 manufacturing cities in the country, especially felt the effects of the shock and 
 it took man\- months before normal conditions were reached. 
 
 in 1S50 Colonel Drake sank the first successful oil well in this State: it was 
 located in Titusville, northwestern 1 'ennsylvania. It was not inilil fifteen years 
 after the discovery of petroleum, that natural gas was discovered in the same 
 
Warwick's kicystoxe c()^^Mo^■wEAI.TIr. 269 
 
 locality. Tlii> L;a< \\a^ ntilizt-il fur tlic lisiitiiiL; i>i stri-'.-t> and houses, for cookiiig 
 and for Incl in niann lacturinL; ]inr|)o>cs, and for several years llie towns in the 
 i;as belt were illiuiii)iated by i;reat torehe> or llanies of lit;!it that issued out of tall 
 iron pipes which at a distance looked like beacons. Pittsbiu'i; was espt-cially en- 
 riched and benefited liy the disc iver\. biU it wa> found impr.acticable to carry il 
 into di>taiu localities, especially in \iew nf the fad that the suppK was dinnn- 
 isliint;-. 
 
 The Conflict aj^ainst slaver\, not\vith>tandinL; the deprcN-iun in the birsjncss 
 world, still Continued, and in lS5<) John I'.riiwn. ni ( )s>aw atuniie, iiiaile an in- 
 cnrsiiiii into \ ir,L;ini;i, seized the public bnildiuL;s at 1 lai'per's l''err\ , .and at- 
 tempted to libt-r;ite the slave> in th.at \iciuit\. Mis canip.iit^n w.i^ unsuccessful 
 and he and six nf his companion^ were handed at ( 'h.ai lotun. \ iri^iuia. This 
 event was fallowed in iSOo li\ the ni nninal ii ni nf Abraham Linculn, of Tllinnis, 
 foi- the rre^idency ni the liiited States, auil the battle w.i^ now fairh' on 
 which was to result either in the destruction of slaver\ or in the I'uiou. 
 
 The ]» ipul.ation ol the conntr\ at tlii> ])erii)d wa> nver _:;().(« in.O(j<) ol pediile. 
 In material wealth she had L;rown so rapidU that she was the wonder and 
 marvel of the wurld. Railri lails. canals and >te,imslii|}s dii the ri\i'rs. lakes ,iud 
 coast-- made transportation cianpai-atively a cheap and eas\ matter, while the 
 teles^raph lirouL^ht the most distant sections within imniedi.ati' ci imiuuuicatinn 
 and the .\tlantic cable biiuiul the ^Id world to the new. 
 
 ( )mnibuses still rumbled over the cobble stotu s .jf 1 'hiladelphia. but efforts 
 were now beiui; made to seciu-e ch.irters for the la\ins;- of railways in the streets. 
 There was stremious nppositiMU ti > thi-- |]rop( jsitiou, lor it was contended that 
 they would LjrealK interfere with lra\el b\ reason ni haviniL; their tracks laid 
 in the middle of the streets, and. further than this, that the repose of the people 
 at ni,L;ht won'd be disturbed by tht' riui.;iny' of bells. A |iasseu,L;er r,-ulw.i\ w.is 
 laid from .Southwark to hh-ankford, on hifth and Sixth streets in 1S3S. This 
 line was foll.iwed by the Tenth and l-"leventh streets. .Market street. Second 
 and Third streets and the Race ,ind \ iue streets lines. .\lmiici|)al im|)ro\e- 
 ments were introduced in e\ery direction. The water suppK was extendi'd. 
 streets were better lighted and lielter pa\ed, while more ;im]ile police protection 
 was introduceil. The city was encroachini;' upon the suburbs and new streets 
 were beiuL,' opened in every direction. I'itlsburu;h was developiu;^ into the 
 SiTcatcst iron and steel centre in the countrv while the cities ;uid towns of I'enn- 
 sylvauia were increasing' in ])opulation and becoinini;" prosperous communilies. 
 
 In the decade precediui; the Civil War, this city had two sevi're winters, 
 those of 1834 and 1X5(1. .M.any people were out of work and the we.ither was 
 so bitter cold that there was L;reat suiTeriui; amout;- the ])oor. In the bei.;in- 
 niiii,' of I S56 the Delaware Ri\er was frozen from l)aid< to bank". .So dee]) 
 was the ice that bonfires were made n|)on it around which tlu' skaters Ljatlu'red 
 to warm their hands and feet. ( iamblers set u|> the " Thiinble-rini:;'" and the 
 "Three Card .Monte" ^anie. while venders had their stands f(]r the sale of 
 hot viands. ( )n the J'llh of January, when it was calculated twent\ thousand 
 peoi)Ie were enjoviiiijf themselves in winter s|)orts on tin- frozen surface of the 
 river, a dreadful accident took place. .\ slei.^hiiii,^ i)arl\ containin;.;' five persons 
 was speeding- nwr the ici- when suddenl\ the horses disajipL'ared by falliiiij 
 
270 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 intd an air hole. Rescuers rushed to the assistance, liut. notwithstanding all 
 the effiirts that were made, two women were drowned. This made the people 
 mure ])rndent in the future in indulging- in their winter sports, but it was not 
 until late in March the ice broke up and the river was cleared for navigation. 
 A ferr\- Iniat, while making its way through the floes of ice, suddenly tix)k fire, 
 and. iiut (if (inc hundred passengers on board, thirty were burned to death <ir 
 dr( iwncd. 
 
 ( )ne notable event nf this period was the visit of Jenny I^ind. called the 
 "Swedish Nightingale." She came to this country under a contract made by 
 Phineas T. P.arnum. He had been successful in intnjducing Fanny l-^Usler 
 and tieneral Tom Thumb and he thought he would pla\- for higher game. He 
 sent an agent to see her to provide the details, and he entered into an agree- 
 ment for one hundred and fiftv nights at ;i thousand dollars a night. All her 
 hotel and traveling expenses were to be paid as well as the wages of her ser- 
 vants and secretaries and she was to be provided with horses and carriages 
 wherever she went. She was also t<'> be accompanied by Julian .lienedict, a well 
 known music director, and Senor lieletti. an Italian baritone, r.arnum imme- 
 diatelv set about raising a sum covering the amount of the contract to be de- 
 posited with l)ankers in London on or before a sjjecitied date. After using 
 every efifort he was still short $5,000 and he was afraid the nightingale would 
 fl\- from his hand for she was being jiursuaded at home not to place herself 
 under the care of a man like pjarnum who was a recognized humbug. Having, 
 however, secured the full amount and having complied with every letter of his 
 agreement, Jenny Lind sailed fnim London and arrived in New York where 
 she was most warmly received. Everyone in society was anxious to entertain 
 her. Merchants named their goods after her, such as Jenny Lind gloves, Jenny 
 Lind boiniets. Jenny Lind shawls, etc. The keen showman saw there was 
 more money in the enterprise than he had at first anticipated and generously 
 increased the terms of the agreement, .\fter visiting New York and Boston 
 and arousing her audiences to the wildest enthusiasm, she came to Philadelphia, 
 where she made her first appearance in the Chestnut Street Theatre on the 
 night of ( )cti:iber 17th, 1850. So great was the demand i'-'r tickets to admis- 
 sion that it was decided to sell them at public auction, and Moses Thomas was 
 chosen as the auctioneer, one ticket bringing the enormous price of $625, which 
 was bought by a man named AI. A. Root, a well known daguerreotypist, with 
 a studio on Chestnut street. She gave several concerts in this city in Musical 
 b'und Hall and then began her southern tour. I'pon her return she appeared 
 in Purton's old National Theatre at Ninth and Chestnut streets. It was here in 
 Philadelphia that she asked to be released from her agreement. She saw that 
 Barnum. financially, had the better end of the contract. He had so success- 
 fulh' aih-ertised her and had raised public expectation ti.i such a height that his 
 profits were enormous and after making some concessions released her from 
 the contract, retaining as his share of the profits $535,486.25 as against her share 
 of !$[j<\()j^.o<). She returned to Europe dissatisfied and with a mortal dislike 
 not only for I'.arnum but for all Americans. Mme. Charles Moulton, in her 
 "Courts of Memory" describes a personal interview she had with the great 
 
WAkwicK s KF.^■ST()^■|•; com .Mn.\\\i: \i. in. 271 
 
 singer in the Duke de \'alIonil)r()>a's villa at Cannes. In the cmirse of the con- 
 versation she ex])resse(l herself as liatinL;- the .\nterieans ami as ahliorrini; the 
 very name of liarnuni. who. she said, "exhihited me iinieh as he did the big 
 giant or any nther of his mnnslmsitieN." ".I'.ut." said her visitor, "yon must 
 not forget how yon were idolized and appreciated in America, even ;i-- ;i chihl 
 T can reniemher how the\- worshii)ped \()u." ■'Wnrship, or not," she answered 
 sharply, "'1 was nothing more th.an a sh(_iw in a showman's hands, I can never 
 forget that." 
 
 In 1S57 Mlisha Kent Kane, a resident of Philadeljihia and .a memlier of an 
 old and respected famih, <d' that city, died in the West Indies w1um\' he ha<l 
 gone to recover his health which had l)een impaired by his e.xposnre in the Arc- 
 tic regions. It was one of the mo>t im|)ressive funeral i)rocessii ins that had 
 ever taken place in the city and men of the highest distinction took jiart in the 
 ceremony. Among the pall-bearers were Horace Binney. L'omnindore Reail, 
 ex-Governor Pollock, William B. Reed, Bishop Potter, judge ( Irear, Chief jus- 
 tice Lewis, Dr. Dunglison and Major C. J. Biddle. The l)ody lay in state in 
 Independence Hall, guarded by the Washington (irays. I-'lisha Ki-nt Kane 
 was a son of Judge Kent Kane. He graduated in medicine in the Cniversity 
 of Pennsylvania in 1843, but did not devote himself to an active practice, and 
 immediately began foreign explorations. He entered the Xavy in 1850 as a sur- 
 geon and ofifered his services tn the dellaxen Arctic b'xpedition, which was or- 
 ganized for the purpose ai rescuing Sir John h'ranklin, a British ])olar traveler, 
 from whom nothing had l)een heard since he entered the polar regions in 
 1S45. The exi)edition returned without finding an_\' trace of the British explorer 
 and Kane imuiediatelv interested Henry Grinnell, a New York merchanl. who 
 had made a large contrilnition to the deHaven expedition, to help him fit up a 
 ship under his own liirection. Kane's ship left Xew ^'(^rk in 1S53. hut owing 
 to the great accunudation of ice in the .Arctic regions, he was com|)elled to pass 
 the winter north of the 78th parallel. He spent the following >ummer in that 
 locality making scientific ex])eriments and discoveries, Init the ice wnnld not 
 release its hold of his vessel and the party was compelled to abandon il, and 
 after the most frightful iirivalions and sufferings they arrived in Xew \nvk in 
 the Fall of 1853, after an absence of two \ears and a half. It is needless to 
 sav that the retiu'n of the adventiu'crs was welconiecl with every expression of 
 delight. 
 
 His sojourn in the Arctic regions had so imdermined Kane's health he was 
 compelled to seek a warmer climate in which lo recuperate. In the nieanlinie 
 he wrote a- work called ".\rctic h'.xploralions" which was ea.gerly read through- 
 out the country and yielrled him in ro\ allies in the neighborhood of $65,000, 
 <.)ne of the most successful books up to that time th.at had ever been sold by 
 subscrii)tion in this country. The soft and balmy air of the West Indies couM 
 not restore him to health and he died there (_)f consumpliou in h'ebruary of 1857. 
 
 Two events worth noticing occurred during this period. The first was the 
 visit of the Japanese Embassy in June, i860. Perhaps no visiting delegation of 
 foreigners ever created a greater excitement and curiosity. The streets were 
 crowded with people and at every step of the way the jajianese were received 
 with the warmest welcome. iMirtimatelv, the Continental ilolel had lieen bui't 
 
2/2 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 and completed in all its appointments, and here was provided ample accommo- 
 dations up-to-<latc. Commodore Perry's visit to Japan had brought about this 
 event. It was the uniting of the far East with the modern West and an opening 
 of a new era in commerce and enterprise. 
 
 In Octdlier of that year, the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward 
 AIL. came t<"> the citv and was handsomelv entertained. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 AXDKICW CUIMIN Kr.lX Ti;i1 (,(i\KK\()K. LINCOLN ICLECTED TO Till-: I'RESIDIC.NC V. 
 OIM'.NINO III- Till-: II\1L WAK. Ol;i ;,\ N IZ A IION OF THE I'NKJX LEAGUE. 
 
 KAiiLi-: oi- i;i:rMsiu'ui,. iaik oi' iiii-; sanliarv co.m .mlssio.n. 
 
 A.^SAS.SiX A ITCIN OI' I'KESIDENT LINCOL.N. 
 
 TFIF". I'ri.-;iil(.-iitial cani|i;ii,un of iS(k) was fought with (.-xlrcnK- liittcrncss. 
 -Marcliiiig- clubs were assailed liv sliowcrs of stones as thc\ pas-ed 
 tliroiiL;li the streets while sometimes factions would meet each other 
 i:icc to face and indulge in a rough and Inmlile riot. 
 In the ( )clolier election Andrew Curtin. candidate for ( ioveruor on the Ke- 
 jmhlii-aii ti'-ket in renus\-]\ania. was gi\'en a majoritN' of more than 30,000. 
 
 In the {'residential election in Xo- 
 \unlier the total vote in this .State 
 was 47(1,442: Lincoln's vote was 268,- 
 o_^(): i'.reckinridge, ijS.^'ji: Uonglas, 
 I'l. 705, and liell. candidate of the C'on- 
 ^tiluiional Union i'art\'. i_».770. This 
 gave Lincoln a majority nwr all of 
 5i).3i)8. In the city, Lincoln iioUed 
 _^i»,_':;3: Douglas and l'irecl<inridge 
 jiolled together 30.05,^. while iiell had 
 hni 71,^1. 
 
 When the returns came in and the 
 I'lection of Mr. Lincoln was announced 
 the conntr\ apin'eciated the fact that 
 it wa^ to meet a crisis and men girded 
 ihemsclves for the fra\. 
 
 The attitude of the .South was 
 ihreatening in the extreme. .South 
 I aroliiia already declared il was her 
 intention to withdraw from the I'nioii 
 and in order to counteract this pur- 
 Iio>e, many meetings were held in 
 I 'iiiladelphia to give an assurance to 
 the .Southern Stales that there was no 
 intention upon the ]>art of the North 
 to deprive them of any constitutional 
 rights, or even to destrox the system of slavery which was recognized as an insti- 
 tution. < )n Januarv 3, 1861. in res])onse to a call signed h>' a mmiher of i)roniinein 
 citizens, among whom were Henry C". Carey. Morton Mc.Michael, William I). 
 Lewis, Daniel Dougherty, Ellis Lewis, Lewis C. Cassidy and Charles (li1]iin, a 
 meeting of citizens, irres])ective of party, assembled to consider the cpiestions of 
 the hour and to appeal to the South not to act im])ulsively nor to take any step 
 
 (IdVKiiMiit .\M)H]:\v ('.. CriiTLV. 
 
 -'7.^ 
 
2/4 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MUX WEAF/lir. 
 
 that wiiuld lead to a civil war; hut, m jtwithstanding these appeals. South Carolina 
 did not change her helliserent altitinle while her papers teemed with treasonable 
 utterances and her prominent men defiantly assailed the policy of the new 
 government and that L'nion which had cost so much blood and treasure in her 
 creation and preservation was at last threatened with disintegration at the 
 hands of her own sons. 
 
 The time was rapidly approaching when Uncoln was to he inaugurated and 
 he set oiU from his home to make a tour of the Eastern States on his way to 
 Washington. He reached Philadelphia on February 21st, He had been met by 
 a committee of citizens at Trenton who escorted him to the city. Public excite- 
 ment was so great and party spirit ran so high that it was feared the president- 
 elect might be assassinated and every precaution was taken to guard against so 
 unfortunate an event. The very moment he entered the precincts of the city he 
 was welcomed warmly, for Philadelphia was loyal to the core. The city was 
 decorated with flags and bunting and an arch was thrown over Chestnut street 
 which lx)re the words "Abraham Lincoln and tlie Whole L'nion." At night the 
 houses were ilhnninated. The ne.xt day he was accompanied to the State House 
 and rode in a barouche drawn by four white horses which was preceded by a 
 cavalcade. The sidewalks were thrc/mged with people who cheered him to the 
 echo. 
 
 Ma\- 1 digre-.s for a mciment to give a little personal reminiscence? I was 
 but a boy when Abraham Lincoln passed through this city on his way to the 
 Capitol. I had endeavored to go to Independence Hall where he was to raise the 
 Stars and Stripes, but, unforttniately, the streets were so crowded that I was 
 unable to reach that locality and I took my place at the corner of Twelfth and 
 Chestnut streets and waited for the procession. I had never seen a President, 
 and in anticipation was wn.>ught up to a state of anxious curiosity. I had 
 formed in niv youthful mind an idea of his appearance. (M course, it was all 
 in imagination, but I expected to see a man of magnificent presence, something 
 entireh (lut of the ordinary. In time, hciwever. the procession reached our cor- 
 ner and in a liarouche stood a tall, black-haired, lilack-whiskered man, awk- 
 wardlv bowing to the cheering crowds that lined both sides of the street. He 
 was so different in appearance from what I had expected to see that I stood be- 
 wildered and astonished in my disappointment, but when he turned in our direc- 
 tion I was instantly impressed by the gentle, kindly face wdiich seemed so fath- 
 erly and afTectionate. Thank God, my little cap was in the air and my voice 
 helped in its childish strength to swell the chorus of his welcome. 
 
 After remaining for a short time in this city arrangements were made for 
 him to continue his journey to Washington. Information had been received that 
 it was not safe to pass through Baltimore, for there was a conspirac\- on foot 
 against his life. Instead of taking the cars at the ann.nmced hour he secretly 
 boarded a train on the night of the 22d, at I'.road and Prime streets, and, arriv- 
 ing in Washington the next morning, took up his quarters at Willard's Hotel, 
 
 The South still continued defiant in its opposition and was deaf to every 
 patriotic appeal. The temper of the North, too, began to change and aban- 
 doned its spirit of conciliation. The question had passed beyond the limits of 
 compromise. 
 
WARWK K S KEYSTONE TOM .Ml IX WEAl.TH. 275 
 
 The InaiiquratiDn Icmk place mi March ihe tunrtli. and l.iiu-nln's wnrds 
 rani,' through tht' natiun when he |)leaile<l for tlie prcservatinn nf the L'ninn. 
 ''My countrymen," he said, '"one and all. think e;dnily and well upon this whole 
 suliject. Nothing valuable e;tn he lost liy taking time. If there he an\- ohjict 
 to luwry any of you in hot haste to a step which \ou wnuld never take delib- 
 erately, that object will be frustrated l)y taking lime, but no godd object can be 
 frustrated by it. * * * In ynur hands, niv dissatisfied coiuitrynien. and 
 
 not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The (invernment will not 
 assail }OU. )0u can have no conflict without being yourselves aggressors, ^'ou 
 have no oath registered in heaven tn destroy the (lovernnient while 1 shall 
 have the most solemn one to |)reserve, to prijtect and defend it. I am loath to 
 close. We are not enemies but friends. We must not be enemies. Though 
 passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affectinn. The 
 m\stic chor<ls of niemor\- stretching from every battle field and patriot grave 
 to every living lieart and hearth-stone, all nver this liroad land, will yet swell 
 the chorus of the Union when again touched, as >urel\ the\ will be, h\ the bel- 
 ter angels of our nature." 
 
 Piut this earnest appeal found no response btit jeers and derisinn. 
 
 On April 12th fire was opened on Fort Sumter, which was in command of 
 Major Anderson, and the first shells that flew across the harbor of L'h.arleston. 
 announced to the world that the war was fairly on. The President immeili- 
 ately made a call for 75,000 troops for three months' service and convened an 
 extra session of Congress. It was the general opinion of the people that the 
 conflict would be of short duration. No one at that time tlniught it would ex- 
 tend its drearv length to four long years of agonizing war, and, in fact, many 
 of the enlisted troops entered upon the cam]iaign as if it were a frolic, but the 
 l)eoi)le W"ere soon brought to a realizing sense of wdiat confronted the)ii. The 
 .*^outh seemed to have a contempt for the fighting qualities of her brothers of 
 the Xorth and claimed that one Southerner was worth three Yankees, and 
 there was at the be.ginning of the conflict, perhaps some reason for this proud 
 boast, because the .South was composed of farms and plantations and e\-erv 
 boy was brought U|) to horseback riding and to the u>e of firearms, (iame of 
 all kinds abounded and field sports were indidged in from bovhood. Tn the 
 Xorth the em|)loyees in the factories, mills .and sho])s were afl'orded no such 
 training and mo-t men knew about as much of ,i gun as the\- did oi a fiddk'. 
 
 When Ihe news reached Philadelphia of the firing uixm Fort Sumter, the 
 city was thrown into the grt-atest excitement, the streets were crowded with 
 people and the bulletin boards were siu-roiuideil by anxious in(|uirers, eager to 
 receive every piece of news. Crowds of men .'uhI hoys, bearing the .American 
 flag, paraded thnnigh the streets and compelled all suspected persons to hang 
 out the stars and stripes, luilistment booths were soon opened in every sec- 
 tion and the drum roll resounding through the streets made the citv somid like a 
 military encam])ment. Alajor ( leneral Patterson was put in conmiand of all 
 the Pennsylvania troops while the Philadelphia brigades were under the direc- 
 tion of General C'adwalader. .\s the troo])s from other States arrived, an op- 
 |)ortunity was given for the kind offices of women and there were established 
 two great refreshment saloons; one, "The I'nion \'oluntcer," was situated at 
 
276 Warwick's keystone commoxwealth. 
 
 the corner of W'ashini^ti in and Delawai'f avenues, and the other was the well 
 known "Cooper Shop." Here many tlioiiNand sol(iier> durin;;- the war were en- 
 tertained and refreshed, and thev had every reason to reniemher with gratitude 
 the kind attention the\ received from the women of Philadelphia who were as- 
 siduous in their efforts to provide refreshments for tired, hungry and dusty sol- 
 diers. 
 
 I )n the morning of April 19th, the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment and 
 several companies of Philadelphia troopis left this city for Washington. In all 
 the\ inmihered ahout 1,800 men. The train was composed of several sections 
 and the .Si.xth .Massachusetts Regiment was the first to reach ISaltimore, 
 which city was hllcd with Southern sympathizers. The}' were well uni- 
 formed and eipiipped and in an affr.ay with the moh four of them were 
 killed and thirty nr forty wnunded. The S()ldiers returned fire and killed 
 a number nf citizens, then f(.)rcing their way at the jioint of the liayo- 
 net, at last lioarded the train and started on their \va\ South. The I'enn- 
 s)lvania troniis that were in the rear were not well uniformed or equipped, 
 manv of them being withi.iut arm.^ of any kind. The mob which had grown 
 greater in numbers opened fire and hurled volleys of stones a.gainst the un- 
 armed Pennsylvania soldiers and it looked as if the latter would be over- 
 whelmed. The authorities pleaded with them not to continue on their wa\ , and 
 after consultation it was decided to return to Philadelphia, which cit\" thev 
 reached on the night of April loth. 'i'his treatment of the soldiers who were 
 hastening on their way to save the Capital, greatly exasperateil the citizens and 
 resulted in making man)' doubting men loyal to the L'nion cause. -Ml sorts of 
 rumors were put into circulation and it was said that an army of llaltimoreans 
 were making ]ireparations to invade Pennsylvania and to attempt the capture 
 of this citw 'idle Coimcils at once appropriated a >um of mi.ine\ for the organ- 
 ization of a home guard in order to .avoid a recurrence of the I'laltimore not, 
 tracks were laid around the city and the troops of the North after this were 
 conveyed direct to Washington without being cc.inii)elle(j to change cars and to 
 pass on foot thr<iugh the streets of I'.altiniore. 
 
 The assassination id' Colonel I'dlsworth, of the Xew \'ork Zouaves, at 
 Alexandria in \ irginia, was another event tliat stirred the North to the very 
 centre. When his body reached this city, it was carried through the streets 
 from the Paltimore station to the Kensington depot and every head was uncov- 
 ered as the cortege passed. 
 
 Pieutenant ( Irelile. a member of the well known family of this cit\. was 
 killed at the Pattle of Pig Pcthel. and on June 12th his remains reached Phila- 
 delphia. He was given a state funeral and imiiressive ceremonies took jilace in 
 Independence Hall. 
 
 The next step upon the part of the Ciovernment was to raise nione\- for 
 the prosecution of the war and the authorities found in Philadelphia a man 
 who in every wa\ was e(|ual to the emergency and wdiose name is as closely 
 identified with the War of the Rebellion as was that of Robert ^lorris with the 
 War of tile Revolution. During those days when men's hearts failed and the 
 future looked dark with disaster, jay Cooke never for a moment despaired of 
 the Republic and it was due to the energy ami confidence he :ns|)ired that the 
 
W'AUWUK S KICSSIOXK (OM M OX WKALIII. 277 
 
 liKins wiTc i|uickl\ niaikctcil. I'lic Drcxel firni must also come in for a sharr 
 of this gliiry. 
 
 While the armies were i^atluriiiL; in the tielil aii'l prepariiiL; for the eon- 
 tlict, qreat anxiety was fell in the Xorth as to the outcome of the tiist hattle 
 anil the effect it would have ujion tlu' issue. The hot-heads constantlv ur!;ed a 
 forward movement and on June Jist \va- fouj^ht the disastrous I'.allle of r.ull 
 Run. in which the I'nion .\rm\- was |)Ut io rout, ."soldiers in a state of panic 
 came pouring; into \\'a--hinL;ton with all sorts of wild storii's of the dreadful 
 slaughter and disaster. The defeat, however, instead ni disheartenin<;- the 
 Xorth only aroused it to greater exertion, for they now saw hefore them a l.isk 
 that Would retpiire all the efforts that could he made and all the resources upon 
 which the}- could draw to hriuL; it to an end. Idle Hattle of Hull Run taui;ht 
 the ( iovernment that the s, THirs must he lietter drilled, made moi'c el'ticient, 
 and placed under the command of more experienced ot'ticers. ( leneral ( leo. 
 I!. .McC'lellan was uri^ed 1)\ his friends as the man for the hour, lie was a son 
 of the distiuij^-uished physician. Dr. ( ieori;e AlcClellan, and was horn in I'hila- 
 delphia in 1826. He was educated at West Point, hut ahamlouiuL; a militar\ 
 career, devoted himself to civil and railroad enj^ineerini;. .\t the outhieak of 
 the Civil War he offered his services to the National (iovernment and was 
 ijiveu a command in western \'iri;inia, wdiere he distini;uished himself in sev- 
 eral minor battles. I'or some reason or other he had ohtained the reputation 
 amont^ his friends of heini; a ^reat military officer. alllnaiL^h he had never 
 given any proof of his special al)ilit\ and had not shown an\- ]iarticular genius 
 on the tield, in fact, he ne\er had had an o|)portunity in .actual warfare to show 
 his prowess. L'pon assmning his connnand of the .\rmy of the I'otouiac he 
 endeared himself ti> the sohhers and they ;iHectionatel\ hailed him as "Little 
 -Mac." He too had those (pialities that made him a ])o|)ular idol among the 
 pe<jple and he insi)ire(l great conlideiice throughout the country. llis admirers 
 lauded him to the skies, ranked him with the genius of Xapoleon and predicted 
 lor him an unparalleled success. L'pon his arrival in this citv on his wa\ to 
 Washington, he receixed a perfect ovation, -\ssuming connnand of tlu' arm\- 
 he soon proved himself an ahle tactician and a great militar\ enginei-r, hut 
 when it came to the (piestiou of aggressi\-e tigliting qualities, he did not meet 
 puhlic expectations, d'he camp was |iut in trim order and in ;i saintar\- condi- 
 tion. The soldiei's weri- hourl\ drilled, ilefeiisixe fortifications were erected, 
 hut no forward movement was made. "AH (|uiet on the Potomac" was the 
 news that came from the ,irni\ until it grew almost monotonous. "( >n to Rich- 
 mond" was the cry. ami the ])eo])le. because of the long <lela\- were growing im- 
 patient and impetuous. Lincoln and Stanton, the latter having succeeded Cam- 
 eron as Secretary of War, urged .McClellan with all their might to go forth to 
 hattle, hut his excuses were that his forces were insufficient and his sup])lies in- 
 afle(|uatc and that luider the circumstances it would he disastrous to begin an 
 offensive movement. I)a\ b\ day. week by week, month b\- month weiU b\- and 
 the camp was always l)usy in making preparations hut seemed never readv to 
 march, and at last Lincoln gave the command to the arnn to ino\e forward. 
 riu'U followed the nnsucct-ssful peninsular cami);iign. Disease attacked the 
 aiiiiy and most of .McClellan's time was spent in fighting malaria rather than 
 
278 Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 the cnc-iiiy. Heavy rains compened the Union Army tu wade throush mud and 
 water. The Chickohominey had overllowed its hanks and as the army was on 
 l),.tli sides .if the river it could not act to advanta-e. Lee and MeClellan en- 
 -a-ed in a numher of desperate battles around Richmond which battles resuUed 
 ni"^he loss to the I'nion troops of a great number of -nns and prisoners, i he 
 fnion forces had been in the sight of Richm.md but they were at last com- 
 pelled to retreat to the James River and to the defense of Washinston. The 
 campaign had resulted without any advantage to the I'nion cause. In August, 
 i,Sf.J, I'opc was defeated at the second Battle of Bull Run. It was not a repe- 
 tition <d' the scenes incident to the f^rst disastrous battle of that name for the 
 soldiers fell back in comparatively good order. 
 
 It was about this time when the outlook was so dark and omin.ius that the 
 Union League was organized. It was a period of general gloom when even 
 brave men's hearts failed. A number of prominent citizens met at the resi- 
 dence of I'.enjannn ( ierhard, 226 South Fourth street, on November 15th, 1862, 
 for the purpose of considering the question as to the organization of a loyal 
 elub composed of prominent citizens to uphold the hands of the Government at 
 Wa.shington. .\ week later the same gentlemen met at the home of George HL 
 Boker "Ij^o Walnut street, and formed what was called a I'nion Clul). The 
 original members were; Morton McMichael. Ad..lph E. .Borie. John Meredith 
 Read, ilenrv C. Carev, William Henry Ravvle. I'reilerick Fraley, E. Spencer 
 Miller lohn" .\shurst, Daniel Dougherty, I'airman Rogers, I-erdinand J. Dreer, 
 Clarence 11. Clark, Rdwin M. Lewis, James L. Claghorn, William D. Lewis, J. 
 B. Lippineott, 1. Gillingham Fell, A. J. .\ntelo, Thomas A. Biddle, John Rus- 
 sell N'oung, S. "W Merrick, General George Cadwalader, J. 1. Idark Hare, Wil- 
 liam SelkTs, Abraham P.arker, Dr. John F. Meigs, Horace Ihnney, Jr., Joseph 
 IIarris.,n. |r.. and lames W. I'aul. The ne.xt meeting was held at Dr. Ivle.gs's 
 li,.use I '(."1 Walnut street, where it was decided on December 27th. i8(.2, to 
 eall the club the -Cnion League" of Philadelphia. The house at 1118 Chestnut 
 street, formerly the residence of Mr. Kuhn. was selected as the headquarters 
 for the club, and William M. Meredith was chosen President, George H. Boker, 
 Secretary and ( ieorge H. Claghorn, Treasurer. It was in no sense of the word 
 a partisan organization for all men were called upon who were loyal to the 
 Union to become members of the organization. The -mly quahl^cations were 
 l,,vdty to the Govennnent of the Unite.l States and unwavering support ot its 
 et^-ort's for the suppression of the rebellion. It so,m had on its roll a thousand 
 members and sent .uit int.. the i^eld no less than nine regiments, fully eipupped. 
 Following its example a number of like a^.^oeiali. nis were b.nne.l throughout 
 
 "' Un'september 17th, 1862. was fought the Battle of Aniielam. After a 
 drea.lful carnage Lee was compelle.l t.. withdraw, but McClellan, who was m 
 cmmaiul of the rin..n forces, did n.,t foll..w .piickly en..ugh t,, salistv the au- 
 th,.rilies ,at Wasbingt.,n an.l he was rem,,ve.l from his cmm.an.l. He was suc- 
 cee.le.l by ( ienend lUirnsi.le wh<, sntfere.l a signal ,lefeat at the Battle ..t bred- 
 ericksburg on the Rappahann..ck an.l was compelle.l 1.. fall back on Washing- 
 ton General Hooker was assigned the c.mman.l. but after tw.. .lays hard 
 h-ditiii.. at ChancelLirsville was ba.llv beaten. Fncouraged bv his successes. 
 
wAKw u k's Kl■:^■STO^•l•: com MowviiAi/rn. 279 
 
 Lc'u ciuicaNi irc-il in iiivaiU- 1 'cnnsx Kania. lie- (.•anie (Liwii tlu' SlKuaiidi lali \al- 
 le\' with about sc\c)it\ llidiisaiiil nii-ii, crossiil tile I'dtomac in jinn,-, iS(i_^. and 
 it was his inlrntinii tn capture 1 iarrisbin\L;, then, if successful. In march nu tn 
 I'hilailelphia, but before these plan- could be carried otU he had to meet the 
 Union forces at Gettysburg', imdi-r ( lent'ral Meade, a natixe I 'enn-\ Kaniau, 
 and there was fouo-ht virtually the decisive battle of the w.ir. dhe I'nion 
 troops heretofore had f(_)U,y;lu on the soil of \'iri,Mnia : they were now on their 
 native heath and in defense eif their own hearlhstiines. The battle lasted lor 
 three days, July ist, 2d ami ,^1. in the llr-t da\ of the battle the Coufe<lerates 
 sustained a repulse, on the second day Lee endeavored to ca|itnre "Little Kound 
 Top" but was driven back with heavy loss. This was followed li\ an attack on 
 Gulp's Hill which the Gon federates sncceeiled in capturing but which they were 
 compelled soon to relinquish. .So the battle rat;ed. when, as a final el'fori. Lee 
 ordered General I'ickett with a force of fifteen thousand men to ;ittack ("en- 
 eral Hancock on Genietery Rid.fje. It was a bold, desperate coup .and if it had 
 been successful, no doubt the Union lines would have Ijeen broken and the arm\- 
 compelled to retreat. To reach the ])oim of attack. Pickett had to march under 
 a terrible tire, over a mile of open tjround. The Union cannon cut threat 
 gaps into the column of the advancing; troops but the .!;aps were immediately 
 filled up and the soldiers in close order held their line mitil they reached the 
 Ritlge. Silentlw boldly they moved forward, deiiendini;- upon the use of the 
 bayonet when they should reach the enemy. Shot and shell plowed throu.t^ii 
 their ranks, for the Union troops from every direction centered their artillery 
 upon the advancing column. At last under this storm of terrible tire they 
 reached the rising ground in front of the Union forces. Their coliunn was 
 still intact and with ti.xcd bayonet thev charged up the slope and part of the 
 Federal lines gave way but the rest held their ground and hurled back the Gon- 
 federate troops, defeated .-ind dismayeil. The charge had failed, the victory 
 was won anil from this point may be dated the ])rescrvation of the Union ,ind 
 the Gonstitution. The battK' was fought on 1 'ennsylvania soil, under the com- 
 mand (if a native Penns\'l\'anian, ( ieneral ( ieorcie G. .Me.ade. and I'ickett s charge 
 was repulsed b\- the C(jrps under (ieneral Hancock, another iininent Pennsyl- 
 vania soldier. 
 
 During the continuance of this battle. Philadelphia, as will may be imag- 
 ined, was in a state of panic ;md e.xcitenu'Ut. .Merchant- packed up their goods 
 for removal into the interior and those jieople who had ])laces of refuge, made 
 preparations to leave the town. The streets were crowded with the excited 
 mobs and the bidletin l)oards gave out the news every bom- of the day. tor if 
 anv special information was received it was issued in the torm of an extra, 
 and newslxns (;nly added to the general terror by cr\ing out the "Latest." 
 When at last olfieial information reached this city tliat the Confederates had 
 met with defeat and were <in a retreat to \irginia, the peo])le could not t'ontaiu 
 themselves. It was hard to realize after three (lays of such sus))ense that the 
 enemy had been finally reiiid.sed. for indet'd the people had been so wrought up 
 by the information from the tield of ballU'. that they would u.it hiwv been sm"- 
 I)rised to hear that the army of Lee was on its way to Philadelphia. It was the 
 last attempt to invade the Xorth and from this great crucial battle, fought 
 
28o Warwick's kf.vstone com^eonvvkai.th. 
 
 on the soil of Pennsylvania, may be dated the beo;inning of the end of the con- 
 flict. Had Lee won that battle there is no telling what the result might have 
 been. 
 
 The next day was the I'ourtli nf Jtd\ . ihe national anniversarv of Amer- 
 ica's independence and it goes withtiut saying that the country north of Ala- 
 son's and Dixon's line surrendered itself to general jubilation. 
 
 I'ollowing this day of thanksgiving came a |)eriod of sorrow and mourn- 
 ing, for when the lists of dead and wounded were scanned there was hardl\ a 
 household that had not sustained a loss. Thousands of wounded soliliers were 
 hurried to the city, and empt}' halls, engine lnjuses, churches, warehouses and 
 other buildings were tu'rned, temporarily, into hospitals. 
 
 The glorious news (if the capture of \'icksbnrg by ( Seueral (iraut. an the 
 fourth of July, reached this city on the 7th, and the |ieople ouce more were 
 wrought up to the highest state of enthusiasm notwithstanding the terrible loss 
 that had been sustained in the I'niou armies. When the news reached the city 
 of the fall of N'icksbnrg, the State House liell called the citizens to a meeting 
 in Independence Square. In answer to this call, five hundred members of the 
 I'uion League, preceded by a band, marched to the State House. Here the 
 Rev. Dr. IJoardman made a |>rayer while all heads were uncovered, and at its 
 Conclusion, the band that had been placed o\erhead in the .■■teeple "\ Indepen 
 deuce Hall plaved "l )ld Hundred." It was a most impressive scene: every 
 heart was touched au<l as the voices joined in the singing oi the old hymn 
 there was hardly a dry eye to be seen. 
 
 I'eace was some distance off, for there were tW(.i more \ears yet to follow 
 of terrible strife and the contest was to ebb and flow but the decisive strokes 
 at Gett\sburg and \'icksburg had been made and the result seemed now to be 
 oidv a (|uestion of time and endiu^ance. 
 
 The Presidential election in 18^)4 resulted in the success of Alirahani Lin- 
 coln, lie was nominated in June in the Republican Convention in I'.altimore. 
 -McC'lellau became a candiilate of the Heniocratic part\- in the Chicago Con- 
 vention that was held in August and on a platform antagonistic to the policies 
 of Lincoln's administration. ( Irant bad been transferred trom the West and 
 h.ad been given the connuand of the .\rmy of the I'otomac and had been pound- 
 ing awav at Lee with his characteristic determination and resolution. In the 
 summer of iS(i4. the C(jnfederates made another effort to carr\ the war int.:) 
 Pennsvlvania and bands of guerillas came s, 1 far north that they lore up rail- 
 roads and cut the wires between 1 'hiladelpbia and Washington. The fact 
 was soon a|)|)reciated, however, that these were simpK bands who were not act- 
 ing with Lee's army but were only sent Xorth to iniluce Crant to withdraw his 
 jiressure from the main body of the Coufeilerates. During all this time the po- 
 litical cam|)aign was bitterlx contested and gave great anxiet\- to the lo\al sup- 
 porters of the Lincoln administration, but the result, fortunately, was such as 
 to encourage the friends of the Cnion. and the adnnnistratiou was urged to 
 carr\- the war to an end. I iraut's contest in \ irgiuia and Sherman's "March 
 to the Sea" broke down the whole Confederate defense and at eleven o'clo:k 
 on the morning of April 3d, iS(i3. a simple dispatch reacheil I 'hilailelphia an- 
 nouncinir the i:lad news that "Richmond is < )nrs." Il was the end. Ihe news 
 
Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 281 
 
 was placed in the thrill i)f a Inilletin al a iiews|)a|>er (.ilTice nu 'riiird street and 
 spread like wild-tire tliriiuj;li the city. ISiisiiicss was suspended, cheers rent 
 the air, workmen threw ddwn their tools and the children weri' dismissed t'roni 
 the schools: judges adjourned the courts, jur\nien, witnesses and jittorneys 
 could not restrain their exuberance and even the court rooni> resoundcMl with 
 applause; Has"s were flung to the hreezc, processii>ns of men and hoys formed 
 in line and paraded through the streets all diri'Cting their sle])s into the centre 
 of the cit\' and tire companies dashed to the scene, clanging their Iiel's ;uid 
 blowing their whistles: the State House hell rang out the i;lad tidings and 
 above all could be heard the booming of cannon. There had bei-n exciting 
 scenes in the jiasl but the\ were as nothing eomi)ared with the scenes incident 
 to the fall of Richmond. d"he town went wild with, delight, strangers cbisped 
 hands and congratulated each other and men danced in the pnl)lic highways. 
 In a few da\s following, on Sunday. A]5ril (;tb. came the news of the surren- 
 der of Lee's army and the scenes just described were again repeated. 
 
 ( )ne of the most intluential organizations created during the war was the 
 Sanitarv I'oiumis-^ion, which was founded in the war iSoi and iliil n^ist impor- 
 tant work in ])rr>viding the hospital service. It was a national body and liad 
 branches throughout the Xorthern States and rai-~ed large sums of mnne\- for 
 the Government to provide for the comfort of sick and woinided soldiers. 7n 
 June, 1864. in Logan Square of this city, a great Central I'air was held to aid 
 the Cominission in its work. Large buildings were erected co\ering the sipiare 
 in which articles of all kinds and descriptions were offered for sale. Patriotic 
 citizens gave contributions and all benevolent institutions aided in one way or 
 another by gifts to make the fair a success. The principal bnililing was 540 
 feet long and 60 feet wide. The ground covered by all the liuilding> was aliout 
 6,500 feet, making altogether a mile in length by fio feet in width. The open- 
 ing day was a great event. The Governors of Xew Jersey and 1 )elaware as 
 well as Justices of the Supreme C<.)urt, and the Mayor of the city, took part in 
 the opening ceremonies. John G. Gresson. chairman of the committee on ;tr- 
 rangements, formally transferred the buildings to the Hon. John Welsh, chair- 
 man of the Executive Gommittee. which buildings wcvv accepted in .1 most 
 thoughtful and eloquent speech on behalf of the connnittee by one of the most 
 distinguished lawyers of the country. Theodore t'nyler. I'.ishop Sini|)son had 
 been delegated by .Abraham Lincoln as his personal representative, and to h\< 
 care in turn the Ijuildings were transferred to the Xalional Government. .Mr. 
 Lincoln with Mrs. Lincoln made a per>onal \isil to the fair and upon that occa- 
 sion the buildings weri.' so crowded with eiithiisiaslic citizens that the President 
 had but little opportunity to examine the exhibits. The I'air w;is most suc- 
 cessfully conducted and yielded in return over one million doll:irs. 
 
 Just as daylight was beginning to break and i)eopIe began to look into the 
 future with hope, the country was suddenlv shocked b\- the news of the death 
 of President Lincoln. It was <.)n the morning of Saturday, .\pril 15th, that news 
 of the assassination reached this city and the citizens were thrown into a state 
 of consternation. Having guided the vessel safely through the storm, and 
 just as it was reaching j)ort, the great captain was stricken down. Xo one who 
 did not witness the scenes of that da\- can have any conce|)tion of the sorrow 
 
 18 
 
282 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 expressed by the people. Men seemed to speak in a whisper, there was no feel- 
 ing of anger or vindictiveness but only that depth of woe that could not find 
 utterance nor expression in words. Men upon the public streets who knew 
 each other, would stop, clasp hands and while tears gushed from their eyes not 
 being able to utter a word, would shake hands, part and go on their different 
 ways. 
 
 On Saturilay afternoon, April 22d, the remains of Lincoln reached Phila- 
 delphia on their way to Springfield. Thev were met at the Baltimore depot bv 
 military bodies and by a great procession of citizens. The tolling <.)f bells and 
 the booming of cannon announced the arrival of the train and the hearse was 
 escorted through the city to Independence Hall which it reached about eight 
 o'clock. From ten o'cluck until midnight those persons who were given tickets 
 of admission were allowed to view the remains which lay in state in that his- 
 toric building. The next day was Sunday and the hall was thrown open to the 
 general public. As early as four o'clock in the morning the streets were crowded 
 and the line e.xtended almust to the Schuylkill River. The doors, however, 
 were not opened until si.x o'clock and it was midnight before they were closed. 
 I remember distinctly the event and toc>k my place in the line at an earh hour 
 in the morning in the neighborhood of Broad street and it was long past noon 
 before I reached the hall. The streets on all sides were crowded with people 
 anxious to get an entrance to look upon the face of the man whom they now all 
 loved. Early the next morning before daylight, the body was again carried to 
 the funeral car and the cortege proceeded on its way to New York. 
 
 Troops now began to pour into the city on their way home and the scenes 
 at times were most exciting and the welcome given most sincere. The "Cooper 
 Shop," the refreshment saloon, which was still conducted by patriotic women, 
 furnished refreshments to the returning soldiers and, it is computed that during 
 the continuance of its history it furnished food and refreshments to over 600,000 
 troops. 
 
CHAP'lER XXVII. 
 
 PK()(;RF.SS Al-'lER THE WAK. SclCli:iV. SPARROWS. S.Mlrn's ISLAM). .MIIICI) 
 
 cii AUA(ri;RS. 
 
 TMMEDIA'^1•'.L^' after tin- wnv s|)c-i-iilati()ii ran rife in every direelinn. 
 Railroads were l)uilt and enterprises of all kinds were f<.istered and the 
 eoniUry entered upon what it snpposed was to he a great era of jiros- 
 perity. 
 
 Anth'ew Ji>lin.son, who was President liy reason .if tlie death of Pincuhi. 
 had fallen out with the leaders of his party and had undertaken to earr\- out a 
 campaign of conciliation which gax-e great offense to the radical men of ihe 
 country. 
 
 After the declaration of peace, a nullion men who composed the armies 
 of the rehellion, threw down their arms and returned to t'.ieir former pur->uits 
 and many timid people feared that this vast IhmK nf men smldenly released from 
 military service would hring ahout periloir^ limes, hut without any shock or dis- 
 tiu-hance. men returned to their vocation^ without creating a crisis. 
 
 In 1809 t_;rant came to the Presidency. lie was not a statesman in the 
 broad sense of the term and was aj)! to place too lun.ch conhdence in men who 
 were not worthy of his trust. .V luimher of scandals, n.itahlx' the t'redit .Mo- 
 bilier and ISelkuap's disgrace, sulijecled his administration to severe condennia- 
 tion. 'Jdie great soldier, however, had won the love and confidence of the ])eo- 
 ])le hy his great accomplishments and they (Aerlooked and forgave his mistakes 
 and relieved him. personally, of any respousihililies. The disastrous faihu'e of 
 Jay Cooke &: Company thnw the money market into a |)anic. I'.anks closed 
 their doors and tirm after hrin was compelled to suspend. The Xew >'ork 
 Stock Exchange remained closed for upwards of a week and it was sometime 
 before confidence was again restored. 
 
 Philadelphia, immediately afti'r (he war. returned lo the ro\\(l\ism th.al 
 prevailed prior to i8()o. Municipal offices were doled out 1)\ the bosses ;ind 
 elections were scenes of the wildest disorder. Part\- s|)irit ran high and it was 
 bitter. Daniel M. Fox was elected .Mayor of the city, and the police force he- 
 came a scandal. Xow a])peared upon the scene men who .ai'rog.ated unto them- 
 selves great political power. It wa- believed by all conservative citizens that 
 the time had come when political reforms had ti» be inaugurated, and among 
 these reforms, the first was the re-organization of the lire (lei)artment. \'olnn- 
 teer firemen opposed the mo\-ement with all their might, for the lire housi' in 
 every section of the city had become an institution: it was in the nature of a 
 chtb house, a general rendezvous wdiere men met and loimged and enjoved 
 their leisure. Many of the fire houses had handsomel>- furnislu'd sitting rooms 
 on the second floor, where cards and other games of chance were indidged in, 
 and on the third floor were the bimk rooms, so called, where beds wt-re pro- 
 vided for tlKj.se who desired to stay on guard to answer a call of tin- during- 
 
 283 
 
284 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 the iiig-ht. Tn main localities the iiillueiice of the fire-house was demoralizing. 
 When the hill came up in Coiuiciis. William .'^. Stokle\- was the presiding offi- 
 cer of the common chamber and he announced hijnself -strongly in favor of the 
 establishment of a paid fire department, lie was threatened with all sorts of 
 violence, but he never hesitated in m;<,dng the passage of the bill, and (in the day 
 of its consideration the galleries of the council chamber were crowded with 
 roughs, who in every way endeavored to intimidate those members who were 
 in favor of the reform. The pavements in front of the State House, where 
 Councils met at that time, were also crowded and it re(piired great courage to 
 meet so forimidable an opposition. When the vote was put it was carried in 
 favor of a paitl fire department and the days of a volunteer fireman were at an 
 end. 
 
 We have traced the history of Philadel])hia thi-ough her varied career. 
 As a settlement she had been tolerant and libera! and in many respects had out- 
 stripped, in progress, her sister colonies, b'or many years she had lieen the 
 leading commercial city on the continent: her merchants had a world-wide 
 reputation; for some time she had been the largest in population, and by all 
 odds the wealthiest. Her merchant marine whitened every sea and rode at 
 anchor in ever\- port. For some time she hail been not only the leading city 
 but the capital of the Repuljlic. L'nfortunately, however, she did not main- 
 tain her supremacv, and althouL;h one of tlie principal cities of the nation to- 
 dav, she is not the fir^t as she \va> once in commerce, wealth and ]iopulation. 
 She lost her prestige and supremacy in these particulars and to-day is the 
 third in population and far iu the rear in commerce. It is hard to account 
 for these changes for while she has lost her supremacy in >ome directions she 
 has won and gained it in others and is at this time the leading manufacturing 
 city on the continent. Philadelphia is frequently compared with other cities 
 and is criticised liecause of her slowness. These reflections ujion her are not 
 true and we do an injustice to our own when we admit without argument the 
 verit\ of these statements. We lack in this cit}', in a great measure, civic pride 
 anil we patiently submit to adverse criticism, in other words we do not lioom 
 our town as do the citizens of other large municipalities. Xew ^'ork, Chica.go 
 and Boston never tire of dwelling uiion their advantages. There was a time 
 when we were all getting into a fault-hnding condition, but I am glad to see 
 that there is a change in this matter and that the citizens have taken on a new 
 lease of life. Chicagijans often appear almost grotesque in their exaggera- 
 tions and boastfulness, while .Bostonians never tire of lauding their own. If 
 thev have a librarv it is the best: if they have a building of historical interest, it 
 is the greatest in their opinion : their colleges, their preachers, their orators, 
 their men of letters, surpass all others. Xow, this is the proper spirit to evince. 
 Our city needs no apologists and when defamed she should not want for brave 
 defenders. We are not a slow or non-progressive peojile, although half the 
 time we admit the truth of the assertion by a cowardly silence in the presence 
 of those cheap wits who delight to slur us. It is singularl}' true that we are 
 lacking in adequate appreciation of our cit_\'. There must be a reason for our 
 modesty in this matter, and it comes no douljt from the Quaker inlluence that 
 prevailed in the early days of the city and ■^tate. The (juaker was a non-resis- 
 
w aiuvu:k"s kkvstoxe com M(i\\\i-:ai.tii. 285 
 
 U'lit : lif axoidcil anta<;()nisnis ; he was siKiit luidcr critit'isiii and did lint liavc 
 those H<;htiiii; quahties that draw the swnrd in defense. The (Jnaker was not 
 ijiveii to show, to vain Ijoastins^s. to arrogance or to self as>erlion and these 
 intlnenees permeated nur h\(> and it is owini;- to this featnre of onr character, 
 tliat patienth having; ^nliniitted to ahn^e. the assailant takes it for i;ranti'(l that 
 there is no answer to lii^ comment. ( )nr own snnit;- self-satisl'action. has been 
 taken as an acknowled.i;inent of the truth oi' the criticisms. 
 
 No histor\- of 1 'hiladel]ihia would be coinplete without a consideration of 
 her social life, or wh.it may be called her fashionable life. Socit-ty is exclusive 
 in the extreme. So exclusive is it that its \'olaries live in ,a prescribed section 
 and never venture beyoinl its limits in the discharge ot any social duty. 'J"he 
 fashionable social locality is bound on the ea-t by "MeU's J fall Acre," on the 
 we.-t bv a localitx borderintj on the Schuylkill l\i\er known as the "(iut," on 
 the north 1)\- .Market street and 011 the south l)y Lomliard. There are a few 
 localities extending to the eastward where the votaries of S(]ciety may still 
 linger, for instance auKjng the old homesteads on Third and h'onrth streets, 
 but the above locality virtually contains the social circle, although it must not 
 be considered for a moment that all within this exclusive circle belongs to the 
 social set. A fashionable lady found outside these limits on a visiting tour 
 would, no doubt, be subjected to investigation or at least, to an inquiry, Xo 
 fashionable lady's visiting circle extends beyond these limits. The chii>en spot 
 of this social circle is Rittenhouse Square, one of the beautiful and l)icture^(pu■ 
 places of the city. Philadelphia has not a residential ipiarter like the Tack 
 iSav in Boston, Fifth Avenue in Xew York, Euclid or Trospect .Avenue in 
 Cleveland or Rhode Island Avenue in W,-ishingtou. Here all fashionables are 
 crowded within the limits described but in these other cities a man may change 
 or occupy a location other than within a prescribed limit without losing his 
 social prominence, Philadelphia i^ not wanting in beautiful residences but 
 thev are to be found, not within the cit\- limits, but in the suburbs, and in this 
 respect she will compare f.avorably with any city in the world. Broad Street 
 is the natural Fifth .\venue of Philadelphia, auil not man) yt'ars ago, Mr. 
 Widener and .Mr. h'.lkins, two wealthy citizens, built at Broad street and I drard 
 avenue two maguiliccnt, palatial residences of brown stone, no doubt hoping 
 to make Broad strt-et a leading residential highwa\-, but, if that was theii i)ur- 
 pose thev met with no success for the two hou.-^es which the\ built are to-day 
 used, one as a library and the other as a hotel. Not long since when Mr. 
 Ilammcrstein l)uilt the Metropolitan ( )|)era Ibmse at the corner of Broad and 
 I\>plar streets, it was a grave (piestion before the opening night whether the 
 fashionables would stray so far from home. The attraction was too great, 
 iiowever, and the\ crowded the ojiera in numbers. .M;m\ of them who h.ad 
 never been north of Market street no d.inbt w're sm-]>rised to hml that the 
 opera house was not in the woods and the cili/eus who resided in that localit\- 
 lived in substantial and handsome homes. 
 
 Philadelphia is the greatest city in the comury ni so far ;is historical recol- 
 lections and associations are concerned. It is here the .-econd Continental L'on- 
 gress met, the Declaration of Independenct' w.is signed and the Constitution 
 of the Cnite<l States was established, ll wa-> the centre of the conflict when 
 
286 Warwick's keystone commonwealt}i. 
 
 the American troojjs were i|iiartcred in \alley Forge. It was here the Repub- 
 Uc was estabUshed. It was here Washington was inangiirated and took the 
 oath of office as President of the L'nited States. It was witliin her Ijorders at 
 Gettysburo- that the hosts of the rel>elhi)n were tm'ned bacl< and Lee compelled 
 ti> al)anil()n his pnijecl of northern invasinn. Althnugh one (if the yonngest of 
 tile colnnies in the matter of the date of settlement, she was the most trilerant 
 and liberal in her rule. Religious liberty was the law of the land and at a 
 time wdien .Massachusetts and several other colnnies liad statutes on their 
 bociks which punished heresy with death; at a time when in England there 
 were over two hundred capital ofienses and when the Ijooks of Massachusetts 
 bore about the same number of cases. 
 
 Prison ref(jrnis were earlv considered and humane care given to the in- 
 mates of hos|)itals. Roger Williams and Ami Hutchinson who suffered perse- 
 cution Would have found an atniosphcri.' of toleration and a refuge in Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Science, too, furnished at an early date I'ranklin and Rittenhouse, two 
 of the leading philosophers (if their age, and in their rank we may place Tiionias 
 Godfrey. T'emisylvania may claim Alexander Wilson, John llartraiii, and al- 
 though Audulion was born in Louisiana, his best work was il(jne in Pennsyl- 
 vania and much of the work done by Thomas Xuttall in his stud}' of .Wirtli 
 .'\nierican silva was compiled in this cit>'. Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of 
 o.xygen, who was compelled to flee from persecution, f(_iund a refuge here in 
 Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, too, was the centre of medical science and Dr. 
 Kane, the great x'Vrctic explorer, was a native of Philadelphia and made this 
 always his home. Institutions of science and learning were early established, 
 notably the I-'ranklin Institution. Shi]) building early Iiecaiiie a leading indus- 
 try and Roach's yards at Chester and Cramp's at Pliiladel];ihia turned out 
 some of the largest vessels of the day, and the lialdwin Locomotive Works, es- 
 tablished in iS2<), gradually grew to lie the largest locomotive works of its 
 kind in the world. 
 
 Philadelphia is one of the greatest industrial centres in the world and the 
 greatest home comniunity. In no city are the people si> well housed, not in 
 tenement houses but in dwellings that truly ma\' lie called homes, where a man 
 after his day's labor will close the door of his Ik.iusc (Ui the world and retire 
 within its sacred precincts to enjiiy the seclusion, comforts and convenience 
 of a home. It has no h'ast .Side with its clumsy and filthy tenements. Every 
 • ipportunitv is given to the thrift}, industrious man to lie the owner of his 
 dwelling. lUiilding and loan associations help to house him and give him that 
 independence that a man enjoys wdio has a title to his dwelling. 
 
 A great annoyance amounting alm(_ist t(j a pest, was the annual appear- 
 ance, in the summer time, of what was called the measuring worm. There 
 were many trees in Philadelphia in the streets and public scpiares and they 
 were all filled with these worms. They would average about an inch in 
 length and in their bodies they are aliout the width of an angle worm. Tliey 
 were filled with a green li(|ni(l. They descended upon a w-eb wdiich reachetl 
 from the liranches of the trees to the pavement below. There were millions 
 and millions in number and when crushed under foot by passers-by, formed a 
 
Warwick's keystoxi-: co^[^IO^•wEALTTI. 287 
 
 slippc-ry surface and al times it was diftk-ult for [ledestrians tn avoid fallinn;-. 
 'I'hey would aligfht in their descent upon the hat or elolhins;- of the i)assers-bv 
 and many men as well as women carried umlirelhis as a |irolection against 
 them. livery device and remeily was re>orled to, ti_) <;et rid of them and at 
 last it was suggested that the l-".nghsh >parro\v he introilnced, which sugges- 
 tion was adopted and in a >hort time the worms entirely disapiieared. It was 
 a case of clear extermination. Some peojjle have regretted that such a remedy 
 was introdnceil. for the ]>elligerent English birds have driven out all the songs- 
 ters and l)eaulifnl little birds that swarmed in our S(|uare> : Inil as lietween the 
 absence of the >ong birds an<l the presence of the worms, those people who 
 knew what a pest the latter had become, would glaillv favor the change. 
 
 In the late sixties Philadelphia hail not thoroughly awakened to her com- 
 mercial and industrial possibilities and the cit\' still preserxed the old-time 
 quiet atmosphere which has since been replaced by the bustle and aetivit\- of an 
 aroused determination. 'I'he streets lying adjacent to the Delaware River, in 
 the district between \"ine and .South streets were still occujiied with stores and 
 warehouses of merchants who were conteni[)oraneous with Stephen (iirard; 
 and Walnut street wharf was yet the docking place of the famous Cope line of 
 huge wooden vessels that plied between Philadelphia and forei,gn ports, while 
 the entire river front was filled with brigs and barques whose conspicuous 
 figure heads faced the roadway while their huge bowsprits extended across 
 the street, almost to the house line on the western side. This gave to the city 
 an appearance of great maritime activity and the superseding of this style of 
 water craft was a source of keen re.grct to the people of that jjeriod. The old 
 East Indian merchant in the dark office of his huge warehouse, was still exist- 
 ent and the musty, tar-smelling stores of the ship chandler were lar.gely in 
 evidence. The Pennsylvania Railroad had not at that time absorbed the N'ew 
 Jersey railroads and at the foot of Walnut street stood Bloodgood's Hotel, at 
 which the passengers of the Camden and Aniboy Railroad, a corporation that 
 was said at the time to rule New Jersey's Legislature and Courts with an iron 
 hand, were landed from the ferry boats "States Rights" and "b'ashion." 
 
 Smith's Island, a famous resort in those days, was in the middle of the 
 river off .Market and Chestnut streets, and two cockle-shell steamer^ of small 
 capacity and with the wheels in the centre, Ixjre the bibulonsly inclint-d to a 
 spot where cool breezes and cold beer were the attractions. The winters at this 
 time seemed much more severe than in later years and the Delaware was fre- 
 quently frozen over. The ferry between .Market street anil b'ederal street, Cam- 
 den, was of a ])riniitive type and many a worker s|)ent the night on the old ferry- 
 boats "Dido" and ".Mary," which were frequently ice bound and [lowerless to 
 move in any direction. .Many old families still occupied the residences on lower 
 Walnut, Pine, Spruce, and the cross streets from Seventh street east, and it was 
 years afterwards before the inllux of forei.gners drove them westward. For a 
 long time the "Row," by which name tlie ,group of buildin.gs adjoining Indepen- 
 dence Hall was known, had been deemed inadecpiate for the needs of the city's 
 ofificial business and a moveinent was started io erect a suitable Municipal I'uild- 
 ing. After this had been determined upon the (|uestion of a site caused an almost 
 endless discussion. Some wanted it erected in Inde]x-ndence Square while others 
 
2iS8 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 favored \\'asliington Square and many favored the intersection of Broad and 
 Market streets, which was kn.iwn as Centre S(|nares and was a spot of historical 
 intere-t. ']"he matter was finallv sul)mitted to |>opular vote and the present loca- 
 tion was clujsen. Croniid was lin.ken fur tlie new edifice Auo-nst lo, 1871, and 
 the cornerstdne was laiil July 4, 1874. A ccmmission appointed l)y Act of the 
 State Legislature sui)erintended the construction and it was over a quarter of a 
 century before tlic Hall was turned over to the city. It cost over $26,000,000 and 
 at the ])resent time many people advocate its alteration or complete demolition, 
 claiming that it was a stupendmis error of the original projectors to block off 
 two of the most important streets in the city with the huge pile, which has been 
 completely dwarfed and hedged in by sky-scrapers, whose sites, they contend, 
 should have been acipiired years ago as a plaza in order that the costlv building 
 could have a proper setting. 
 
 ( )n the same day that the cornerstone of the City Hall was laid, 
 ground was broken for the buildings of the Centennial Exposition. This 
 was the fir.-t exhibition of magnitude ever attempted in this countrv and 
 the citizens of I'liiladelidiia assumed the responsibilitv and pledged the money 
 necessary to erect tlie buildings and. pay the running expenses. Congress appro- 
 priated $1,500,000, but the Su]ireme Court decided this was only a loan and it 
 had to be returned. The Exp.isition was opened by President ('.rant on Alay 10, 
 1870. (.)ver 100,000 people witnessed the opening exercises. Theodore Thoinas' 
 Orchestra rendered Richard Wagner's "Centennial Inauguration March," and a 
 grand chorus sang W'hittier's "Centennial Hymn." During the six months of the 
 Exposition's continuance, the city presented a decidedly gala appearance. Visi- 
 tors from every (piarter of the gkibe were present and the many-colored cos- 
 tumes of the different nationalitie> were a constant source of interest and gave 
 the city a decided cosmopolitan appearance. .Many conventions were held in the 
 city during this [leriod and "State Days" were inaugurated to swell the attend- 
 ance at the Exposition. "I'enn.sylvania Day" was the largest of these, the attend- 
 ance being 275,000. The effect of the Exposition was to greatly increase our ex- 
 port trade and to give a wonderful impetus to the study of the arts of design. 
 
 The State House Bell which took the place of the Liberty I'.ell. was hung in 
 tile tower of Independence Hall in 1875 ^"I'i "'^i^ fir'^t rung on januarv i, 1876, to 
 usher in the Centeimial year. It wa< cast from copper and tin fused with metal 
 from four historic cannon, two that hail lieen used in the battle of Saratoga 
 by the opposing forces and iwn useil by the conflicting armies at the battle of 
 Cettysliurg. ( )n May 15, 1877, President Crant k-ft Philadelphia on his famous 
 trip around the world and was given a farewell reception in Independence Hall. 
 On December lO. i87(), he returned and a procession that numbered 40,000 met 
 and escorted him to his hotel. In the summer of 1877, labor disturbances 
 among railroad employees began in different parts of the State and these cul- 
 minated in scenes of riot and bloodshed in Eittsburgli and Philadelphia. Prompt 
 action by the militia suppressed those in the western section of the State and 
 the police, aided l)y a detail of marines and regulars, restored peace in Phila- 
 delphia. Following the Centennial. Philadelphia made rapid progress in trans- 
 portation, manufacturing and building. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad se- 
 cured e)itrance into the city and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ac- 
 
WARWICK s ki;nst<i.\i-: iommoxweai.tii. 289 
 
 (| Hired llie I'mhiikI I in .ok mad wliich oavc il a direct route to Xew York City, 
 iiie l'eniH\lvania Railroad L'oni|)any purchased a controlliu-' interest in tlie 
 riul.-.delpliia, Wilmington and llaltiniore line and ilie IiandMnne terminals ,,1 
 the two last named companies were erected. In 1SS5, tile •■lUillill Ihll" was 
 passed hy the Le.uislalnre and hecame effective April 1, 1SS7, i'.v llii- charti-r 
 the -MayorV term was extended to lour year- and the office was endowed with 
 more power and dioiuiy. Re-election was prohibited. Tlie twenty five se].ar- 
 ate hnreaus existin- hel'ore the pas.a.^e o|' the hill, were consolidated and mne 
 new depart.ment- were created. idle new hill le-i-lated the ( ias 'I'nistees out of 
 office an.l placed the li,i;lnin^- of tln' cit\ in the hands of the Department of 
 Fulilic Works. 'J'he Sinkino I'nnd remaiiud a- it was and comicils coiuinued 
 m two hranches as bi'fore. hnt with mi:cli dinunished powers. On lamiary k;, 
 iSSf,. the C'oiumiltee of ( )ne llimdred. which hail heui organized to" oppose the 
 re-election of May,,r .St,,kK-\, wa- .lishanded. It had succee.led in electin- 
 Saiuuel (i. Kint;-. .Mayor and John Hmiter to the office of Receiver of Taxes, 
 and helievin- that the "i'.idlitt I'.ill" would remedy the conditions for which it 
 liad been ti-hlini;-. it ceased to exi>t. j'he spirit <jf pro-res- that ha.l com- 
 menced with the .-tartins' .,f the new City Hall and the lannchiiiL;- of the Cm- 
 tennial l':x])osition. continued. Vast im]irovements alon"' all line- were started. 
 Lhrysahs-hke the city was emer-in.-;- and the chan.i^v wa- marked. .\'eu htiild- 
 in-s were t;oin- up in every section. The ■■sky->craper" had made its appear- 
 ance and the lawyer- who had offices in private dwellin-s adjacent to the .^tate 
 House and the old Ci.nrts, were preparint;- to move westward. I'.road and 
 Cllestmit. Walnut and .\rcli -treet- were looked upon as the lulure centres of 
 business activity and a scramble for oftiees in incompleted buildinos ensued. 
 I he city was clian£,dni;- and the metamor])hosis was great. Jn the outer sec- 
 tions the -laid lirick dwellings with white marble steps, that h.ad i;iven I'liila- 
 (lelphia the name of the --red bell" were being supplanted bv house- of fawn 
 colored bricks and lime-tone, with |)orches ,.f ornate <lesign, which in additKiU 
 to furnishing sheltered breathing spot-, were made beautiful hv box-gardens 
 of attractive plants. The I'lhversity of I'ennsvlvania had removed h> West 
 Thiladelphia and its former ,-ite wa> occupied by the imposing l',.-i ( )ffice build- 
 mg. Xunierou.s churches ni the various denominations were built in every 
 section while mills were erected on the v.acant acreage from the north citv line 
 to Darby Creek. It was an era of |)rosperity and it was hard to rec.guize the 
 old city, not only architecturally, but in the many characteristics for which it 
 had been famous. 
 
 The old "Hot-corn" woiuau had deiiarted along with the vender of 
 "rei)])ery-pot." The old li>b woman who carried a green trav upon her 
 head and cried her wares in a -brill falsetto voice was mi-sing as was the 
 itinerant seller of tea-berries and the anticpialed negro who vended clams from 
 tin cans, carried in each hand, .\uotlier das- that had disappeared from the 
 .Ur.els were the mildlv insane men and wnuun and tliost' with exaggerated ec- 
 centricities who attracted the attention of all visitors. fhe-e were characters 
 like "Crazy Xorah" and "Crazy Kate." The latter carried a portfolio of 
 .scraps of paper which she imagined were deeds of the entire citv and at stated 
 intervals .she appeared at the variou.s city offices and demanded her rights. 
 
290 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 Then there was "Steamboat Frank" who threshed his arms like a paddle wheel 
 as he walked and latterly the "Corn Doctor," whose dress was made conspicu- 
 ous by a variety of colors and numerous buttons which were sewn on his hat, 
 across the front of his coat. up(in his cuffs and pants bottoms, giving- him the 
 appearance of a Coster of the most prominent type. All of these have gone and 
 those wdio have endeavored to emulate them have been cared for in retreats 
 provided for that purpose. The city had come into its own. Il was a place of 
 bustling activity and had not time or inclination to stand among gazing crowds 
 and be amused by the eccentricities of these characters. 
 
CHAPTER XXVTTT. 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF KLK(IKIC l.UiHT .\\l> TELKIMIONE. lU-CENTEN N I AF, OF TIIF. 
 FOUNDIXC, OF CKKM.WTOU .N. IM.IZZAKD OF I S8S. \ISrr Ol-' l.I lirXC. CHANG. 
 
 icKFcnoN OF piiiLAnKr.i'ii lA i;ocKsi;. DFOuAirox oi'- wAsinxcrox monu- 
 
 MlCSr. IMCAtK .IL'IULEF CICI.l'.KR AITON. CFIV ( ;o\EKN .M EN I 's Ri;.\lo\AL TO 
 NEW CM'V HALL. 
 
 Till'' intnuluctioti of electricit\- was a .^reat aid in tin- dcvelnpment of 
 the citv where over a cenUirv liefure I'.eiijaniin i'raiikhn hail de- 
 niiinsirated its existence \vitht)Ut reaUzing- its i)ossibiHties. The first 
 tele|)hone was demonstrated at the Centeiniial Exhilaition and the 
 first exclians^e was opened in 1878, but it was a long time before the telephone 
 became a business and social necessity. People regarded it as a toy and were 
 hard to convince that it had large commercial pi>ssibilities. As its value became 
 known several companies entered the local tield and long litigation followed be- 
 fore the Hell patents were upheld by the courts and the (ither companies com- 
 pelled to quit ojieratious. A year later the first demonstration of electric light- 
 ing was given in the store of John W'anamaker, and. in 1881, Chestnut street 
 was lighted from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill by Thomas Dolan. who 
 had to agree to remove the lights if unsatisfact()r\- after a test, before be was 
 allowed to install them, in 1884. an electrical exhibition was held under the 
 auspices of the Franklin Institute and the value of electricity being thoroughly 
 demonstrated, the people welcomed any i)r<;)ject where the energy was used and 
 the electrification of the street railways soon follo\ve<l. The application of elec- 
 tricity to street car propulsion brought opposition from the same class of ;)eo- 
 ple who opposed the introduction of gas. They were man\- who contended that 
 the overhead trolley wires woidd be a constant .menace. They thought tin- 
 snow and sleet would lireak them in winter and constantly jeopardize life. 
 Dthers ci.mtendeil that tlu- wires would never stand the climatic changes ami 
 would snap through contraction in cold wi'athcr. -Many of the older people 
 claimed that the attempt lo utilize electricit\ was harnessing an (.-nergx in oppo- 
 .sition to nature and that a gent-ral <li>turbance of weatlier condiiions would re- 
 sult in all manner of terrible horrors. When thev evenlualh found what an 
 obedient and helpful force electricity had come to lie. all opposition was with- 
 drawn. 
 
 'J'be bi-ceiUeimial of the founding of ( itrmantown was celebrated ( )ctoI)er 
 6th, 1882, with elaborate ceremonies, and during the week of ( )ctober jj-j" the 
 bi-ccntcnnial celebration of the landing of William I'cnn was held, d'he active 
 participants who represented the founder and other celebrated men of that da\' 
 came up the Delaware from Chester and lauding at tlie Ulue .\nchor tavern 
 gave an interesting portrayal of the scenes that marked IVnn's lirsl arrival. .\ 
 noteworthv part of the proceedings was the removal of the William I'enn's 
 
 201 
 
29i 
 
 WAUWICkV KlCVSXnXE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 cottage, the first lirick h.nise ImiU in llii> state, frnin it:- ..rioinal location on 
 Letiti^a street, near Second and .Market streets to Fairmount I'ark. 
 
 Many of the bnsiness and commercial interests were gradually working west- 
 ward from the Delaware River and the government recognizing this change 
 removed the ( ieneral I'nstoffice in 1SS4 from ChestmU street below Fifth to the 
 new building at Ninth and Chestnut. The I'ennsylvania Railroad station at 
 r.road and Market streets wa.> formally opened in 18S3 and trains of the entire 
 system brought passengers from every point of the country to the very heart of 
 
 the citv. 
 
 (.)n March 12. 188S. one of the greatest blizzards of the century occurred. 
 It was general in its scope and did great damage throughout tht entire country. 
 In this citv business was completely luiralyzed. The railroads were unabk- to 
 remove a train for several da> s while the street car tratiic was completely stop- 
 ped for a long period. 
 
 Always the originator and leader in matters pertaining to medical science, 
 Philadelphia \va> the first to have an In>titute of .\uatomy. This was made 
 possible bv the Wister luidowment to the L'niver>ity of I'ennsylvaina and in 
 1892, this useful and necessary school, the first of its kind in the world, was 
 founded. 
 
 In iSc)3. the Reading Railroad Company, which had for a long time been 
 endeavoring to reach the centre of the city, formally opened the Reading Ter- 
 minal, and the two great trunk lines reaching the main business street, near the 
 City Hall, were a great convenience to travellers. 
 
 One of the noteworthy events during the year 1895 was the visit c)f Li 
 Hung Chang, \iceroy of China and his suite to Philadelphia. As personal rep- 
 resentative of the Fmperor of that cmntry be bad come to .\inerica to investi- 
 gate the iu>titutions of the Western hemisphere with the idea of installing mod- 
 ern methods into the eii'ete East. He bad special instructions to visit Cramp's 
 ship yard, but through some error in the plans of reception, he was unable to 
 view that great industrial plant. Baldwin's Locomotive Works were also given 
 the go-bv because the illustrions guest would not forego his afternoon tea in 
 order to visit the establishment. Thus was lost to China a personal knowledge 
 of two great industrial works of the world. Despite these breaks m the pro- 
 granmie' Li Hung Chang greatly enjoyed his visit. He was accorded everv 
 honor by the citv officials and the prominent gentlemen wlio had been selected 
 to receive him. and left the city with the highest opinion of its hospitality and 
 the greatest respect for its institutions and industries. 
 
 The same vear marked an epoch in the city's commercial history. This was 
 the opening of the Philadelphia Bourse which was erected on the site of the old 
 Fifth Street Market. The Bourse, the only one in .Vmerica and the largest in 
 the w<irld, was the creation of George E. I'.artol. who after visiting all the 
 Bourse- of Europe organized a company for the erection of a building to shel- 
 ter all the exchanges of the city. While the original plan was not consum- 
 mated .several of the exchanges now use the building. The upper fiours are 
 used for office purposes and the lia-ement for machinery displays and it has 
 come to be one of the busiest marts in the enlire country. 
 
 The dedication of the \\ashington Monument l)r(Right President ALd<inley 
 
Warwick's kf.vsto.n'e coirMHN \vi-;.\r,in. 293 
 
 to the city when ihat haiKkoiiir .haft was iinvrilcil al ihr (irecii slrrrl iiilraiuT 
 to Fairniiiinu Park, and he wa. also present at the (le.licati.iii of the (.rant 
 Monument. ISotli these dceasioir-, were notable events in the eily's hist<.ry and 
 the large oatherin.iis denionsirateil the hive for the I're-ident who was renomi- 
 nated at tlie first National Repnhliean t.onventi.m lield here in iman\ \ears. That 
 convention, it mi.o-ht be .said, made Theodore l\oosevelt an internali. .nal charac- 
 ter, tie h;id been discredited li\ the contn .lliiis;- |iolilical powers in hi. own 
 state, but had developed a slrenj^th that his opponents conld not i-n,,re. !( was 
 deemed ex])edieni bv them to -ive him tlu' second place on the national ticket, 
 the belief, based ..n previou-, experience, bcin-- that a man consisne.j to the, 
 \ ice-presidency, was virlnallv rele-ated to oli>cnrity. a-~ few of the incnnilients 
 of the office were heard of during their term ami never afterwards. The im- 
 fortimate death of President AfcKinlex bron.-ht Roosevelt to the Presidency, 
 however, and he quickly upset precedent , and was nominated and elected to suc- 
 ceed himself four years later. 
 
 Speakino- of the visit r,f rresi<lent AlcKinley. recalls the visit of President 
 Cleveland to this city. He had come to Philadelphia to participate in a cele- 
 bration and was afterwards given a reception at the Citv Hall. The rooms 
 then occupied by the Puilding C'ommission, now used by the Recorder of J)eeds, 
 had been >et aside for the purpose and the long line of people who had come to 
 shake the distinguished visitor's hand entered by the door leading from the 
 liroad street corridor and the exit wa> by a temporary st.airway placed al .»ne 
 of the windows opening on South I'eim Square. The usual greetings, sedate and 
 di.gnified. were given the President as each visitor grasped his hand. btU it re- 
 mained for a red-haired woman ...f large pro|)ortions. to enliven the otherwise 
 (|uiet proceedings. This she did l)y thr.nving her amis around tlu' President's 
 neck and kissing him ,s,piarely in the niotuh. .Mr. Cleveland blu.hed and the 
 vast throng, after it had recovered from its surprise, broke into applause and 
 lau.ghter. while the best.iwer of the hearty kiss hastily departed, perhaps in after 
 years to tell her offspring h(,w .she had kissed the President of the Unite.l States. 
 The successful ending of the Spanish-. \merican War was an occasion of 
 thanksgiving in Philadelphia. Many of her sons had entered the armv and 
 navy and the event, of the fortunately short conflict was a m.atter of great in 
 terest in the city. When peace was declared it was decided to ai)proi,riatelv 
 observe the event and on October J.^th and jjth. iS(,S. a "Peace lubilee Cele- 
 bration" was held. The f.illowing vear ihe Xati.mal I'xport l-:.xpositi.>n was 
 held. It was the hrst event of it. kind in the commercial Instorv of the Cnited 
 States, and accomplished m,,re for the extension of American trade in foreign, 
 countries than had resulted from half a centm-y of previous effort. 
 
 The City Government had removed to the new City Hall in 1895. and in 
 i8(/; the building was magnificently illuminated by thousands of electric lights, 
 the occasion being the startin.g of the great clock, 'j-he officials and large cvrp.s 
 of employees had by this time adjusted themselves to their handsome and com- 
 modious offices and the vast business of the municipality was moving smoothly 
 and without friction. The immen.se building has never ceased to be^ a sort of 
 wonder to visitors, who <laily Hock to the lower, where the magnificent view of 
 
294 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 the vast i"it_\' and the surroundino- territory, teeming with industrial activity 
 is one of the finest in the entire country. 
 
 The first mayor under the lUvlhtt .Bill was Edwin H. Fitler, a manufacturer 
 who had previously taken little interest in politics. .A.> the new charter made 
 many changes in the city government it was deemed expedient to start the new 
 regime under the direction of a man of known business ability, and Air. Fitler 
 was selected. He was succeeded by Edwin S. Stuart, afterwards Governor of 
 the State. Then followed Charles 1*". Warwick, a la\v\er who had previously 
 been Assistant District Attorney and City Solicitor. The next incumbent of the 
 office was Samuel H. Ashbridge who had been Coroner for several years, and he 
 was followed In- another lawyer, John Weaver. These were all Republicans in 
 politics, but the control of the city government l.)y that party passed with the elec- 
 tion of Rudolph E)lankenl>urg. Mayor Blankenburg was a merchant who had been 
 identified originallv with the Conimitee of One Hundred and e\-ery reform move- 
 ment since. < >f the Cdterie oi ex-mayors under the lUillitt IHll. but three survive: 
 Stuart, Weaver and Re\burn, while William B. Smith is the sole survivor of 
 those who sat in the mayor's chair previous to that i.ieriod. Since the adoption 
 of the form of govermiient jirovided bv the Bullitt Bill, there have been some 
 changes effected bv legislation, but as a whole it has withstood criticism. It is, 
 however, a question whether the one term it stipulates for the mayor, is a good 
 feature. < 'f course, it is conceded that an astute politician, with a control over 
 all the political machinery incidental to the office, could remain indefinitely in 
 power, but on the other hand, a sound and progressive official linds the four- 
 vear term too short to institute and carry out the reforms or changes to which 
 he mav have l)een pledged for no sooner are his policies fairly under way than 
 he nnist retire. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 ERECTION OF LOFTV HUILDIXGS. CITY CLUBS. 1!IRTHPL.\CE OF THE FIRST I'.UII.DI NT, 
 ASSOCIATIOX. M-\NUF.\CTURING I.XTERESTS OF FII IL.\DELI'MI.\. EDUC.\ ITONAI, 
 IN'TERESTS. RE-UXION OF liLUE A.ND (IRAV I .\' I9I3. 
 
 STEEL constriictinii made the erection of lofty buildings pussilile, aiul, 
 advanced artistic taste cunipletely changed the old st>le of exterior dec- 
 oration so that in the decade following the closing of the (/entennial, the 
 appearance of the centre of the city was entirely changed. .\n appear- 
 ance of plain solidity had ])re\icinsly been sought after bnt the new schrjul e)f 
 construction was producti\e of hnililings of great beant\" and grace and what 
 was more essential, better light and ventilation. In this class are the Land Title 
 and Trust Companv building, that of the Real Estate Trust Company, the Ste- 
 phen Girard, the Lafayette, the Eranklin liank. the Morris, the I'onnnon wealth 
 Trust and scores of other structures that the con>tantl\- increasing arnu of 
 professional and business men has made necessary. The hotels have also under- 
 gone a wonderful change, the most improved type being represented by the 
 Bellevue-Stratford, the Ritz-Carlton. the \\'alton, the Adelphi and many com- 
 mercial hotels, the latest of these to be erected being the Vendig. The churches 
 have kept pace with the spirit of progress and many beautiful edifices have been 
 erected in various parts of the city. The colleges, hospitals and charitable insti- 
 tutions have spent large sums in erecting new buildings or adding to and rem(.)d- 
 eling old ones until those essential adjuncts to a large city are as com])lete a-^ it 
 is possible to make them. 
 
 The city parks are l)eing constantly added to, either liy Ijecpiest or pur- 
 chase and the movement for ;i "cit\ beautiful" has resulted in the oi>ening of 
 several boulevards that give I 'hiladelphia a decidedly European appearance. 
 
 The clubs of the city are among the best and most select in the I 'nited 
 States and many of them ha\e most luxurious homes. The LJnion League with 
 its new addition, running through to Fifteenth street, is one of the largest, most 
 homelike and the best patronized of any in the city, wdiile the handsome new 
 home of the Manufacturers' Club, costing $i,cxx),ooo, at liroad and W'.dinU 
 streets, is possibly the most advanced in appointments and conveniences. This 
 building was erected on the site of the old llellevne llotel, where the Clover Club 
 met for many years .and it was at the dinners of that famous organization that 
 the celebrities of the world gathered in the old building wdiich jiasseil out of 
 existence wdien the magnificent 15ellevue-Stratford was erected. 
 
 The ])roperty adjoining on the we^t, where the Maiuifacturers' Club was 
 formerly located, is now occiqjied by the new ."^tock Ivxchange I'.uilding, the 
 advent of which is gradually changin.g the character of the locality. When the 
 Stock Excliange removed from 'I'hird street on a former occasion and then 
 returned to that one-time famous financial centre, it was thought it wotdd ne\er 
 again depart from what was conceded a permanent home. .\o one dreamed 
 
 295 
 
296 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 it would go so tar westward and when the iiKive was finally decided upon it 
 was thought many <-if tlie old financial firms antl institutions would follow, but 
 there has been no general ni(.>\ement along that line and the district east of Filth 
 street remains the money centre, although Third street, long referred to as the 
 Wall s.treet of Philadelphia, gives little evidence of its once great p(_iwer in the 
 financial world. 
 
 The ceaseless changes in Ljcalities has naturally been attended by changes 
 in the character of the population. Xew and advanced methods have brought new 
 schools of professional and Inisiness men and this is es]>ecially noticeable in the 
 last score of years which ha> witnessed an evolutii)n in jjolitics and the passing 
 of such leaders as Stiikley, AlcManes, Leeds, Rowan, McMuUen and Ryan. In 
 running over the names of some of those prominent in political life of the past 
 decade. Col. William 11. Mann is recalled. He was noted for his wit and keen 
 repartee and was a raconteur of great merit. On one occasion he attended a 
 dinner at the House oi Correction at which (jeorge TI. .*^tuart, an ardent tem- 
 perance advocate, was alM> present. The occasion was one where an ( )hio Leg- 
 islative Delegation was visiting the city's penal institutions, and .Mr. .^tuart, in 
 explaining the absence of any li(|uor on the dinner table, stated ;hat never within 
 the histor\- of the institu,ti(in had wine or other strong; drink been served. He 
 commended the managers for this exclusion and (pioted Scripture to justify it. 
 After -Mr. Stuart finishe(l his remarks. Colonel Maim anjse and said that he had 
 read the liible from (iene^is to Rexelatiiiii and found n<i instanre where the T'a- 
 triarchs of old asked for water. "With but one exception," said Colonel Mann, 
 "and that was Dives who was in hades where he ought to be." 
 
 The state has also received the attention of the Grim Reajier and there are 
 but few survivors of its once notable men. ( )ut of its list of (iovernors there 
 are Ijut three living who retired after serving their terms. These are William A. 
 Stone, Samuel W. I'ennypacker and F.dwin H. Stuart. 
 
 The name "City of Homes" as a])plied to I'hiladelphia i> no misnomer. The 
 desire to own property which began in the da\s iif the thrifty colonists has been 
 fostered 1)\- the building associations which had their birthplace here. The first 
 in the Cnited States was organized here in 1S31, and since that time ownership 
 in _^oo,oo(3 h(_)mes and other buihlings has been ac(|uired b\ members of these co- 
 operative associations. The number of these societies in th- L'ommonwealth is 
 now about 1,800, with nearh $250,000,000 assets — a wonderful aid to the 
 thrifty in husljanding savings and accpiiring homes. Xaturalh a cit\ i.if large 
 population and immense Iiusiness interests, re(iuires a ci>mplete lianking sysiem 
 and this I'hiladelphia possesse>, having thirty-two banks anrl sixty trust com- 
 panies. 
 
 These concerns are all pr<.is[)erous, which is not wonderful when it is real- 
 ized that according to the last census Philadelphia had an annual production of 
 $746,076,000. The numlier of establishments were 8,370. and the number of 
 employees was 251,884, and the wages paid $126,381,000. When this is added to 
 the millions of dollars invested in stocks and outside corjiorations, it makes a sum 
 total that recjuires a vast amount of bank care. 
 
 While Philadelphia has been forging ahead and keei.iing pace with the com- 
 mercial marts of the world, the trade and industrial centres throughout the state 
 
WAKWH k's Kl-.N SiOM-. inM Ml IN \\ !■: \1. T H . ZQ/J 
 
 were imt n.'inaiiiin<; iiiaciiw. The maiu'.factui'c ut lai^'c curtain^ ami drcs-, laces, 
 a cnniparativeh new iiuliKtrv which was 'Hily started in i8i;i, has acliie\eil an 
 animal (.inti>nt ut .^hs.dod.ooo, the priidnet nf lO.OOO eni|)lovees in ten mills. I'lie 
 general clothing- untiiut amonnts tn $411,000,000. while tin- state makes 80 per cent, 
 of the worlds hal~. The coal iiut])m ha^ increased to 244.o()<),oou ions and 
 357,740 miners find emploxment in the inihi>try. 
 
 The amount of sugar retined here makes an interesting ^tuil\. I tne hillion 
 I)()unds i> the annual output, which i^ rlesen |iuunds for each m,an, wuiniui .and 
 child in the L'nited States. This produci is v.ilned at $4q,ooo.ooo. .Much of lhi> 
 sugar goes into the $13,000,000 worth of confectionery m;inu. f.aclured ni the 
 .state each \ear, which includes upwards of i)(j,noo pounik of chocolate m.ade in 
 Philadelphia each day. In the cement hell the increase in output is in pro]ioriion 
 to other hues. In iSijd the ])roductiou w,is 1,000.000 harreK. ,ind this h.ul in- 
 creased to 27.000,000 liarrels at the |iresem lime. 
 
 Tn upwards of 250 textile niilK manufacturing worsteds and woollens the 
 product is annually $77,447,000: in rugs ,$J4.ooo,ex)o. and hosier\ and knit good> 
 nearly $50,000,000. Xearly ~^ per cent, of the world's product of leather and 
 glazed kid is made in Philadelphia, the e.xcellence of the goods making them 
 sought after in ever\- civilized part of the globe. The railroads have lnc^ea-^ed 
 to 6,000 miles within the liorders of the state, while Pennsylvauia-made hridges 
 are known and used on four continents. 
 
 Pennsylvania started forestry conservation in 1X7(1, and the result of the edu- 
 cational work along this line has been concerted action on the parts of huge hold- 
 ing companies to restore the vast woodlands cut off for mannfactnring pur- 
 poses or destroyed 1)\ fre(|ueut fires, Pennsylvania was the first state to .assist in 
 fish propagation and now has a department devoted to that importaiu work. 
 The state system of public eilucation has lieen greatly improved, and it i> iiuw 
 rare to find a child above the age of ten years who is illiterate. 
 
 The .^tate lioard of Health, one of the best in the country, is using effec- 
 tively e\ery known scientific means for protecting the public health from com- 
 municable and ]ireventive diseases, and the result has been a two pi.-r cent, reduc- 
 tion in the annual death rate since the advanced methods have been adopted. 
 
 The Hoard of Public Charities has su|)ervisii)u over ,^jX penal. reform;itor\ 
 and charitable iustitutii ms which receive state aid, and these are models in their 
 
 wa\ . 
 
 In keeping with this ])rogress is the increase in the religions ~ccls which has 
 been remarkable and constant, demonstrating clearK the uplifting iullneuccs of 
 education. 
 
 The one stain on Peunsylvauia's name was the lynching of a negro at 
 Coatesville, Pa., in lijll. While the crime for which he suffered a hoi'rible death 
 was a most brutal one, the law-abiding citizens of that localil) objected lo ihe law- 
 less manner in which justice was nieled out and deplored the use of methods that 
 are now seldom resorted to in the .Southern states, where ihe\' originated. .\c- 
 ccjrding to the religiously inclined the nego did not die in vain, however, as the 
 lytiching caused a movement against the salooiis in the count \ which resulted 
 in the court's refusal to grant a single license. 
 
 The re-union of the iUue and the (iray ut (ietl\sburg, P;i.. on the 3rd. 4lh 
 
2()H Warwick's keystone commOxVwealth. 
 
 and 5th of July, 1913. was one of the most notable events in the world's history. 
 Here the grizzled veterans of two of the greatest contending forces that ever 
 met in battle assembled and fraternized. They fought over the battles of half 
 a century before and visited the spots where they had opposed each other valiantly 
 ;uiil parted at the end nf the re-union, friends, despite the rancor that had Idulged 
 in their hearts half a centur}- previously. 
 
 In reviewing the improvements in Philadelphia, mention must be made of 
 the water supply which now ranks among the best in the country. The move- 
 ment to improve this service started in i8qq, and since that time sand filter beds 
 have been equipped at Belmont, at Roxborough and at 'I'orresdale on the Dela- 
 ware River. 
 
 In its efforts for higher and mure thnrough education the city has spent vast 
 sums on new school buildings. These include the William Penn High School 
 for (iirls at I'^ifteenth and Mount \'ernon streets, the New Central High School 
 for. Hoys at Broad and Green streets, the West Philadelphia High School at Forty- 
 seventh and Walnut streets, and manual training schools in various parts of the 
 citw li ha> alsii in cimtemplation the erection of sectional High Schools in South 
 Philadelphia, (lermantown and Frankford. The Bureau of Compulsory Educa- 
 tion is most effective in its work and the next decade will probably witness the 
 passing of illiteracy among the children. 
 
 Philadelphians have much to boast of and should not remain quiescent when 
 the reputation of their city is assailed. The best paved streets are here. The best 
 homes are owned in large proportions by their occujiants and other things to 
 boast of are: a good and adequate water supply, well lighted thoroughfares, 
 ample educational facilities; good street railway service; efficient fire and 
 police departments ; good hospitals and charitable institutions, the best 
 hotels, fine churches, elegant club houses and all forms of indoor and outdoor 
 amusementN ; extensive parks and nearliv resorts. Can anv citv claim more? 
 
bi()c;raphy. 
 
 TN preparing a history of tlu greatest state in the Union, it is hnt natural 
 that more attention should be paid to the city where Teun first landed and 
 established his C(jlony. This city, commercially and industrially great, the 
 financial centre and one period, and for a long time the seat 
 of the National ( iovernmeut. has always led in niovenients that have 
 made history. The fir>t hanks, hre and life insurance companies, and 
 the earliest meilical college, were established here and tlie first demon- 
 strations of steam for water propulsion were made on the Delaware. In 
 fact. Philadelphia has been the leader in every scientific, cnimercial and social 
 movement. 
 
 .\n attempt has. therefore, been made in this work to give portraits and pen- 
 l)ictures of the men who have contributed to the up-building of the cily and made 
 it famous the world over. Those who were mighty in the financial and business 
 life of the last two centuries are given together with some of its famous physi- 
 cians and lawyers, its authors of high repute, its explorers and famous scientists 
 and those social leaders who formed an exclusive set so select as to give it an in- 
 ternational repute. 
 
 In the last half-century a new impetus has been given to business life here. 
 The city has expanded wonderfully and its institutions and factories have largely 
 increased wdiile efforts are being made to restore its lost maritime supremacy. 
 The men who labor assiduousl\- for these results are worthy of more than passing 
 note and it was the author's intention to present their histories and life work in 
 sucli form as to perpetuate them, and make their efTorts stand out as object les- 
 sons to future generations. 
 
 Of course, difificulties attaching to such a work are apparent. Many whi' 
 were asked to furnish biographies did not res|)ond in time to be included in the 
 work and others may have been overlooked, but enough are given in the pages 
 that follow to show the character of men wdio are vitally interested in the city's 
 progress. They are from various professions and engaged in all kinds of manu- 
 facturing, financial and commercial lines, and all are men who have done and are 
 continuing to do things, yet they find time to respond to every call where the city's 
 interests can be advanced and are entitled to full credit therefor. 
 
 299 
 
300 
 
 WAKWii K s Kp;^■STO^'l•: coNrMoxwKALrH. 
 
 .i:iiKi;i'; w . ij.ki.\> 
 
 'I'liroui;!! the sta.m-'s of i;railual devL-1- 
 opment, cnntinuirn^- fn>ni tlic at^c of cigli- 
 teen _\ears when he entered business lite, 
 (ieoroe W. l-'.lkins has l)ecnme a |)o\ver 
 in the C(}r|)i)rale and tinancial wurld. Air. 
 Elkins \va^ huni in I 'hihtdelpliia. Sep- 
 tenil}er Jdtli, 1S5S. llie son of the late 
 William L. I'dkins, and was edncated 
 in public and |)rivate se-hools in the eit\ 
 of his birth. He was eig'liteen years old 
 and fresh frijni school when he entered 
 the service of his father's tinn, William 
 L. Elkins & Cn. In a ver\ short time he 
 became famili.ir with e\er\ detail of the 
 business and in iSSo was made treasurer 
 of the ldkin-~ Manufacturing; and ! ias 
 Compan\. In 1S83 he liecnne a member 
 of the firm of .\I. 'I'.bret, Jr.. iS: Co., and 
 later was chosen president of the I'.arrett 
 -Manufacturint.; I'ompany, which suc- 
 ceedeil M . Idu'et. jr.. X: Co. in the nianu- 
 factiux- of co.il tar ]iroducts. Mr. Id- 
 kin.s's father died in 1003 .ind the threat 
 responsibilitx devoUin;.; upon the son. in 
 handling- his father's nianx interests, led 
 to his retirement from acli\e business in 
 1004. but he still conlinied as otficer and 
 
 director in \arious corporations. He is 
 a director of the United Lightini^- and 
 Jieating Co., vice-president and director 
 i>f the Wilcanite Portland Cement Co.. 
 the Crew-Eevick Co., the Eand Title and 
 dVust Co., L'nited Coke and Gas Co., 
 Huston Manufacturing Co., of Chester, 
 I'a., riiiladelphia Traction Co., Union 
 'Id-action Co., and is a trustee of the Hah- 
 nemann Hospital. In 1881 Air. Elkins 
 married Miss Stella E. Mclntire, daugh- 
 ter of Col. John K. Mclntire, of Dayton. 
 ( )hio, and the\ have four children — Wil- 
 liam .M. Idkins. Mrs. (ieo. F. Tyler, 
 ( ieorge W . I'dkins, jr.. and Airs. Wharton 
 .Sinkler. Although devoting the major 
 part of bis time to the management of bis 
 lai'ge interests. Air. Idkins finds time for 
 social recreation. He is a member of the 
 I nion League, Art. Racipiet, Corinthian 
 >'acht. I'hiladelplda Country. Philadel- 
 phia ('ricket and the Himtingdon A'alle\ 
 clul.)s of Philadelphia, and the Metropoli- 
 t;m. .\'ew ^'ork Whist. .\ew York ^'achl 
 .and Lambs clubs of \ew ^'ork City. Me 
 is a member of the .Masonic fraternitx' and 
 is an honor.ary member of the .Vcacia 
 I'raternit}- of Philadelphia. 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 301 
 
 GEOUGI-: I). WIDIC.NKK. 
 
302 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMON' WEALTH. 
 
 GEORGE D. WIDENER. 
 
 George D. Widener, who with his son 
 Harry Elkins Widener, was numbered 
 among the heroes, who on April 15th, 
 191 2, sacrificed their Hves that the wo- 
 men and children of the ill-fated Titanic 
 might be saved, exhibited in death the in- 
 born chivalry of his nature. To the 
 world he was known as the successful 
 financier but his intimates knew him as a 
 man who. when called upon, would enact 
 the hero's role and welcome death in pre- 
 ference to dishonor. This knowledge 
 was comforting to his relatives and large 
 circle of friends, who although shocked 
 li\ his untimely fate, knew that he died as 
 he liad lived — ^brave and self-sacrificing. 
 Mr. Widener was born in Philadelphia, 
 June loth, 1 861, the son of Peter A. B. 
 and Josephine Widener. He was educat- 
 ed in the public schools and commenced 
 his active business career with a grocery 
 house, shortly afterwards entering the of- 
 fice of his father, where he took up the 
 study <)f transit problems. The elder 
 Widener's large interests in passenger 
 transportation lines oiTered the son unex- 
 celled facilities for gratifying a taste that 
 seemed inherent and he devoted his entire 
 time and energy in familiarizing himself 
 with the details of traction inanagement. 
 .'-^tep by step he advanced in knowledge 
 and to positions of increasing responsi- 
 l)ility. until he became recognized 
 thri.iiighout the entire country as a tran- 
 sit expert. At this period the father prac- 
 tically placed the entire management of 
 his huge interests in his son's hands. 
 I'nder bis direction the controlled roails 
 were skillfully bandied and greatly im- 
 ].)roved l)oth in e(|uipnient and service. 
 When the old street railwa\' system in 
 Philadelphia was changed from horse to 
 cable propulsion, it was ("leorge D. Wid- 
 ener who mapped out the details of the 
 change .and when this system was suc- 
 
 ceeded b\- the newly discovered elec- 
 tric power, he in connection with 
 the engineering department, worked 
 out the plans for the change and 
 within an incredibly short time and 
 without delay or inconvenience to 
 the public, installed the trolley system 
 which to-day is unsurpassed by that of 
 any other city in the country. He was 
 most active in the organization of the lo- 
 cal elevated and subway systems and the 
 advanced methods embodied in the con- 
 struction of these lines are monuments 
 to his genius. He was at this time vice- 
 president of the company and a member 
 of the Board of Directors but resigned 
 upon the entrance of K. T. Stotesbury 
 and the selection of Thomas V.. Alitten as 
 general manager, although both he and 
 his father retained their holdings in the 
 corporation. The acti\e interest Mr. 
 Widener took in traction alifairs is shown 
 hv his many connections, being at the 
 time of his death president of eighteen 
 lines. These were the Philadelphia Troc- 
 tion Compan>% Catherine and .Bainbridge 
 Streets Railway Company, Continental 
 Passenger Railway, Doylestown and \\'il- 
 low Grove Railway, Empire Passenger 
 Railway, Fairmount Park Passenger 
 Railway, Huntingdon Street Connecting 
 Railway, Park .\venue and Carlisle Street 
 Railway, Ridge Avenue Passenger Rail- 
 way, Seventeenth and Nineteenth Streets 
 Railway, Tioga and Venango Streets 
 Passenger Railway, Twenty-second 
 Street and Allegheny .Avenue Railway, 
 L'nion Passenger Railway, Walnut Street 
 Connecting Railway, West Philadelphia 
 I^assenger Railway and the Doylestown 
 and Willow Grove Tiu-npike Company. 
 He was a director of the Land Title and 
 Trust Com]3any, Electric Storage Battery 
 Compan\-, Jarden Brick Company. \'ul- 
 canite Portland Cement Company. He 
 
WARWICK S KKYSTONK- COM MC)\ WK ALIII. 
 
 303 
 
 was also one of the Commissioners of 
 Cheltenham Township, where he resided. 
 One of the last matters in which Air. 
 Widener was interested, was the erection 
 of the Ritz-Carlton hotel, at Broad and 
 Walnut streets, Philadelphia. He was 
 president of the company that financed 
 the operation and ilcvoted consideral)Ie 
 time to the plans of constructinn and 
 equipment of the liuildini;,'- which is the 
 best-appointed and most luxurious in the 
 country. Mr. Widener was thoroughly 
 democratic in his tastes and was ver\' 
 philanthropic, being interested in various 
 charities. He was a large donor to the 
 Young Men's Christian Association. Al- 
 though his father endowed the W^idener 
 Memorial Home, the son superintended 
 its construction and organization and was 
 greatly interested in the Menmrial 
 Chapel. He was a welcome visi- 
 tor to the little inmates of the home 
 and frequently stopped his automobile 
 while on his wav to the city, for a chat 
 with them. He w,-is a member nf the 
 Episcopal Church, being a \'estryman 
 of St. Paul's, CXgontz. He was a great 
 patron of art and was the possessor of 
 
 man\ treasures by did masters. Ik- also 
 devoted much of his s|)are time to the 
 collection of books and was the owner of 
 manv rare editions. His clubs were the 
 Union League, Philadelphia Country, 
 Art. Racquet, Himtingdon \'alle.\', Corin- 
 thian Yacht and ( lermanlown (ricket. of 
 Philadelphia, and the Xew York \'acht 
 Club of New York City. .Mr. Widener 
 married Miss Eleanor b'.lkins, daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs. William L. Elkins. of 
 Elkins Park, and they had three children : 
 Miss Eleanor Widener, (ieorge D. Wid- 
 ener, Jr., and Harry Elkins Widener, 
 who was lost with his father in tlie wreck 
 of the Titanic. Mrs. Widener, who ac- 
 companied her hnsliand and son on the 
 fated vovage, was among those saved 
 through the self-sacrifice of her loved 
 ones and the other brave men who met 
 death unflinchingly. A celebrated local 
 divine recently remarked that the biog- 
 raphies of notable men should be .a part 
 of every school curricidmn. If this were 
 (lone, the story of Ceorge IX \\'i(lener's 
 tnisv and useful life and hemic deatli 
 would afford a valuable lesson for emu- 
 lation. 
 
304 
 
 WARWICK S KEVSLOXr: cnMMdXWIiALTlI. 
 
 imiX IlDWAKIi MClAIHil-, ,\. 
 
 John 11. Mcl'"a(l(k-n. well known in art, 
 scientific and commercial circles tliroutili- 
 out the world, resnnied his residence in 
 Philadelphia in 1904 after an absence of 
 twenty-one years which was principally 
 spent in England, bnt his long stay abroad 
 was interspersed with frequent tri])s 
 through all parts of b'.urope and an an- 
 nual visit to America to look after his in- 
 terests here. Mr. McFadden was born 
 in Pliiladelphia, December 3d, 1830, the 
 son of (ieorge .Mclvidden, who founded 
 the business in wliich his sons are still en- 
 gaged. He was educated at the I'"]msco- 
 pal Academy and thoroughly prepared 
 for a collegiate course. He graduated in 
 1868, but his father dying that year caus- 
 ed him to forego additional study and de- 
 vote himself to mercantile lines. His 
 brother, ( ieorge 11. AlcFadden, ha<l for 
 
 some time l)een ccjnnected with the busi- 
 ness and tliree years after the father's 
 demisi.', the firm of George H. McFadden 
 X: ilro, was organized, and John H. Mc- 
 h'adden liecame a partner in what has 
 grown to be one of the greatest cotton 
 liouses in the world, with branches in 
 everv countr\-. This was in 1871, and 
 twelve \ears later Mr. McFadden took 
 u]) his residence in London to look after 
 the firm's foreign interests, as senior 
 member of the firm of I'rederic Zerega & 
 L'o. The two houses, whose interests 
 are collateral, are most extensive hand- 
 lers of American and Egyptian cr>tton, 
 their product going to every ixiint of the 
 com])ass where spindles turn. I'rom 
 earlv manhood Mr. McFadden had been 
 intensely interested in art and science and 
 upon taking up his residence in i'"ngland, 
 
WAKWUK S KEYSTONE. ( < i M .M( I.N W KAL HI . 
 
 305 
 
 was immediately admitted to association 
 and companionship with the most noted 
 savants of the world. .\t this peril xl his 
 attention was called to the alarniini; 
 growth of cancer and ^erm diseases, and 
 after investigation he fmnided a large 
 private laboratory, known as the "Jnhn 
 Howard Mcl*"adden Research I'lnid." at 
 the Lister Institute of Preventative .Medi- 
 cine, located at Chelsea ( iardens, Lon- 
 don, of which .Mr. McFadden is the sole 
 patron. Merc a corps of able scientists 
 are constantly searching fur the cause of 
 these dreailed maladio and the work thus 
 far has been highly successful and en- 
 couraging. 
 
 The ultimate knowledge ni the prmlnc- 
 tive conditions of cancer will lie followed 
 by an education in avoidance that will 
 eventually eradicate this destroyer i.if 
 mankind. Mr. ^^c^^■lddeu's wurk in be- 
 half of sutf'ering humanity has been fa- 
 vorably luentiiiued by the medical press 
 thriiughiint the world and cnnuueuded lj\ 
 tlu' prnfessiiin everywhere. L'pon his re- 
 turn to I'hiladelphia. .Mr. AL-b"adden pur- 
 chased the palatial residence of .-\lexan- 
 der lirown, the banker, at .Vineteenth and 
 Walnut streets, where he has a superb 
 collection of art works that is almost 
 priceless. .About thirty years ago he 
 started to collect Eighteenth century 
 paintings by old English masters and his 
 gallery of these works is one of the most 
 important in the world. Occupying a 
 conspicuous corner in Mr. McFadden's 
 home is a remarkable globe which he 
 prizes highl_\-. .\t the spot indicated as 
 the North Pole on this miniature replica 
 of the w^orld, is traced .\dmiral Pearv's 
 route to the location where he planted the 
 .American flag and the signature of this 
 intre|)id explnrer. The Snuth Pule, 
 
 reached li\- Captain Roald .\nnnidsen. 
 bears that discnverer's signature while 
 .Sir b'.ruest .Shackletnii h;is affixed bi> 
 signature t<i the .\ntarctic m.ignetic piiU\ 
 which hr reached, 'jhe spot where the 
 white Eskimo were fnund is marked b\ 
 Stefanson's signature. During Sir Er- 
 nest Shackleton's last visit to tlii> cnun- 
 try he was entertained by Dr. .Mcl'adilen 
 at his hi line and dui-iug his sta\ iiresented 
 his lidsl with his cmnplete Cl^llectil)n of 
 speci)uens ,inil .Mr. .Mcl'adden has pre- 
 sented it intact to the Pennsylvani.i .Mu- 
 seum and Schiiol of Industrial .\rt, of 
 which he is iine of the fluard nf Trustees. 
 The ciillectiou is the accuiuulatinn of 
 several voyages tn the .Antarctic reginn 
 and is very valuable from the view|)oint 
 of the naturalist .and minerali igist. cnn- 
 taining, as it dues, specimens not <Iu]ili- 
 cated in any other kmiwn collection. 
 .Moss, grass, flowers, shrubs, siiecimeus 
 lit insect life, minerals and rock and mag- 
 nificent photographs of the bii'- glacier 
 that blocks the way tn the South Pole, are 
 included in the collectinn. Mr. .Mch'ad- 
 den is well known in club circles .-inil 
 holds membership in some of the must 
 exclusive scientific, art and social organi- 
 zations in this Country and abrn.-id. 
 .Among these are: Tlie jnninr I'arltnn. 
 of London. England: tlu' .Metropolitan, 
 Xew \'iirk ^'acht C Inb, l'la\ers, and .Vew 
 ^'ork chilis, of .Xew YkvU City : the L'ninii 
 League, Philadelphia, Racipiet and Art 
 clubs of Philadelphia, being president of 
 tlu- last named, lie is n trustee of |ef- 
 fer.son College and Hospital, and the 
 I 'ennsylvania Museum and School of In- 
 •histrial .\rt and is a member of the Ceo- 
 grajihical and llisuii-ical .Societies of 
 Philadelphia, and the .Xatinnal Ceogra- 
 pliical Si'cietx iif Washington. D. C. 
 
3or) 
 
 W \K\\I( KS KKYSTCiXI-: fOM MUX WKALT H . 
 
 A genuine love fur hanl. persistent 
 work — tlie kind that surmounts ever\ ob- 
 stacle : is tireless in its energ}- and unsati- 
 ated until attainment, which, although 
 sometimes uncertain in the beginning, is 
 finalh- reached, is a characteristic that has 
 helped make Jeremiah J. Sullivan one of 
 the most notable figures in the railway 
 hisldrv of Philadelphia, and a factur in 
 the traction, heating, lighting and water 
 power affairs in upwards of a dozen 
 States of the Union. His versatility' and 
 power of accomplishment are shown by 
 his transition from merchant to financier. 
 for he handled the intricate problems that 
 confront the ca])italist with as much ease 
 as he did the business to which he had 
 been educated by long )'ears of jiersistent 
 effort. Mr. .Sullivan was born on his 
 father's farm in Irelanil, January stb. 
 1838. and came In America with his wid- 
 owed mother, brotlurs and si>ters. when 
 he was fifteen years uf age. His educa- 
 tion was received in private schools in his 
 native land, and during the winter sea- 
 son a teacher was kept in his own home. 
 His mother, who was highly cultured 
 and most worth v, was devoted to the 
 
 family, and so was his father, who died 
 when the son was ten vears of age. H>is 
 grandfather was a member of the legal 
 profession, and contributed largely to 
 Mr. Sullivan's mental training. 
 
 After arriving in Philadelphia, he at- 
 tended the public schools here, and sub- 
 >equently entered the Crittenden Business 
 College, from which he graduated in 
 1 85g, vviith a thorough knowledge of 
 bookkeeping and other studies necessary 
 to a business career. After graduation, 
 he became connected with a wdiolesale 
 hosierv and notion house, and his tire- 
 less energy and (|uick absorption of de- 
 tad carried him through the successive 
 gradesof bookkeeper, salesman and buyer. 
 I le had determined to learn every phase 
 of the business and become a wholesale 
 merchant. This self imposed task, al- 
 though seemingly Herculean, was accom- 
 plished in just six years, for on January 
 1st, 186^). the firm of Sullivan & Brother 
 was launched, his partner being Air. 
 fames F. Sullivan, now president of the 
 Market Street National Bank. The high 
 esteem in which Mr. Sullivan was held by 
 bis old employer was attested by the nam- 
 ing of a son for him, two years after he 
 had left his service. The new firm, al- 
 though starting business at the close of 
 the Civil War, a period when conditions 
 were considerablv lielow normal, was 
 successful from the start. The store 
 was at Nos. 112 and 114 X. 4th street, 
 and in 1868 the business had grown to 
 such proportions that a larger building 
 was leased at No. 236 Market street. In 
 1878 the building at 410 Market street 
 was purchased, and this accommodated 
 the cnnstantU gr(iwiiig trade until i8c)[, 
 wl:en the building No. h2ij Market street 
 was jnirchased, and the business was con- 
 tinued at this location until igof). when 
 Mr. Sullivan and his brother retired from 
 mercantile pursuits. During the forty- 
 seven years they had been connected 
 with the business, they had built up a 
 reputation enjoyed by few firms. It was 
 a cardinal principle of the house to ]5ay 
 cash for all go<Tds purchased, never to 
 give a note or to make settlement in 
 any way except by cash payment. This 
 unusual promptness gained for them the 
 highest rating fir honorable dealing ;uid 
 strict business integrit\, with the result 
 
WARWICK 
 
 KK^■S■|(IM. 
 
 iM Mil\\\ I'.AI.TII. 
 
 307 
 
 tliat, (luriiiL;' llir panic yrars of 187,^ 
 1883 and 1893, men wlio had goods to sell 
 anxiously- soiig-lu Sullivan & Brother, be- 
 cause they knew the firm always dis- 
 counted its i)urchases. In 1872, Mr. Sul- 
 livan became the owner, 1)_\- purchase, of 
 some street railway stock, and in 1881, he 
 was chosen a director of the Frankfoni 
 and Southwark Street Railway Company. 
 In 1884 he was tentleretl the presidency 
 of the company, but refused to accept 
 the position, preferring to gi\e his un- 
 divided attention to his mercantile inter- 
 ests. In January, 1889, he was induced 
 to reconsider his declination, and finally 
 accepted the presidency, a position he 
 has held for twenty-five years. This was 
 the parting of the ways, and eventually 
 led to his retirement as a merchant and 
 his active entry into street railway af- 
 fairs. In 1891 the Frankford and South- 
 wark Company bought the Lehigh Ave- 
 nue Passenger Railway, and the same 
 year the Lombard and South Street Com- 
 pany was merged with the Frankford and 
 Southwark Company. In 1892 this com- 
 pany leased the Citizens Passenger Rail- 
 way Company, which operated the Tenth 
 and Eleventh Street Line, and one year 
 later it acquired control of the Second 
 and Third Street Line. At that time il 
 had become ap]iarent that electricity was 
 to be the motive power of the future for 
 street car proi>ulsi(jn, and in order to meet 
 the new conditions a charter was obtained 
 from the State of Pennsylvania for the 
 Electric Traction Comjjany, of which Mr. 
 Sullivan Ijecame ])resident. This new 
 corporation was capitalized at $8,750,- 
 000. When a lease was made of the 
 Frankford and Southwark Line, and all 
 of its leased companies, the entire sys- 
 tem was rebuilt, streets were repaved. 
 power houses erected and equipped with 
 machinery for generating electricity, and 
 new cars purchased. In financing iliis 
 project, the management acted most lib- 
 erally, every shareholder of the leased 
 lines being given the right to subscribe. 
 pro rata, to the stock of the Electric 
 Traction Com])any. Most of the stock- 
 holders of the underlying companies 
 availed themselves of this privilege. This 
 put them into the Electric Traction Com- 
 pany on perfect equality, with uniform 
 interests, and resulted in the stock of the 
 
 couipanx aKva\> comm.inding a preniinni. 
 In 1895 the L'nion 'i'raction Company 
 was formed bv the leasing of the i'hila- 
 delphia, the Peoples and the I'llectric 
 Traction Companies. Mr. .Sulliv.an was 
 one of the incorporators, and ui>on the 
 merging, he turned over to the leasing 
 company the sum of $325,cxx). which the 
 b'.lcctric Traction Company had left after 
 the completion of its final conslrnctiou 
 Work. Mr. Sullivan has retained an in- 
 terest in the LTnion Traction ("omii.any 
 since its formation, and has been its 
 president since 190<). He is also a direc- 
 tor of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit 
 Ciimpany. 
 
 In iSgr) Mr. Sullivan was tendered, and 
 accepted, a directorship in the American 
 Railways Company. This is a holding 
 Company, and, as such, controls .street 
 railways, electric light, gas and water 
 ])ower companies in ten .States. In 1902 
 lie was made president of the company, 
 and still retains that position. I'nder his 
 wise and careful guidance, the com[);iny 
 has been remarkably prosperous, and for 
 the past eleven years has paid dividends 
 of si.x ])cr cent, and made a good sur|)lus 
 from the earnings. In addition to these 
 connections. Mr. .Sullivan has been one of 
 llie managers of the I'.euefici.al .Savings 
 I'mid since i88_>. and a director of the 
 l'hiladeli)hia Electric C'omi)any since its 
 organization. He is the owner of several 
 parcels of valuable cit\' pro|)erly, and is 
 interested in. and a director of. .alunit 
 eighty companies. I ie is an ardent mem- 
 ber of the Catholic Clmrcli. and is inler- 
 estc<l in man\ charities. Mf rolmst con- 
 stitution and perfect health. .Mr. Sullivan 
 is tireless in his routine duties, which. ;is 
 may be imagined, are nndtitudinons. \'et 
 in spite of this activity, he always finds 
 time to do his fellowman a good turn, 
 when possible. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War, in 
 \X(>\. he joined the (IraN- Reserves, as 
 .Sergeant of Company C. and was in the 
 service of the I'niled .States at the time 
 the liattle of .\ntietam w;is fought, 
 lie belongs to the ( i. .\. R. In 1876 Mr. 
 Sullivan married Miss .Ann \'. Patterson, 
 and the union has been blessed by nine 
 children, eight of whom are living. His 
 eldest son is a member of the Philadel- 
 phia Bar. The two sons next in age are 
 
3o8 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 in tile Ijankintr firm of Sullivan Brothers 
 li: Company, and the youngest two are at 
 college. There are five sons and three 
 daughters. 
 
 His city home is at U)io Walnut street. 
 He thinks that Pennsylvania is the best 
 -State in the L'nion, and Philadelphia the 
 best citv in tlie world. 
 
 man\ 
 East'. 
 
 ICDWAKI) T. DAVIS. 
 
 b'dward T. Davis, whose interests are 
 varied l)nth in the West and 
 native 1 'hiladclphian, having 
 
 been born in tlie old district of Xc^rlhcrn 
 Liberties, November 19. 1849. He was 
 educated in the public schools, afterwards 
 entering the Central High School and 
 completing his education at the Philadel- 
 phia Business College, where he took a 
 course in bookkeeping and finance. His 
 entry into business life was as clerk and 
 bookkeeper with the firm of Young. 
 Moore & Co., and upon its dissolution as 
 head bookkeeper with the succeeding 
 house of Henr\ C. Moore & Co., where 
 
 he remained until the business wa> dis- 
 continueil, near the close of the Civil 
 War. 
 
 -Mr. Davis then enlisted in the L'n- 
 ion .\rmy and was made Sergeant of 
 ( )rdnance, under Colonel Woodward, and 
 stationed at \\'ashington, D. C. He was 
 subsecjuently in charge of the Record and 
 Revision division of the Surgeon Gener- 
 al's office until 1873, when he was honor- 
 ably discharged and returned to Phila- 
 delphia, where he entered the wholesale 
 tobacco business, but was compelled to re- 
 tire in 1876 on account of ill health. Two 
 years later he entered the employ of Pow- 
 ers & Weightman and was soon after- 
 wards made secretary to 'Sir. Weightman, 
 a position he filled for twenty-six years, 
 up to the time of Mr. Weigbtman's death 
 in August, 1894. In this position he was 
 given charge of the vast financial invest- 
 ments of Mr. Weightman, and after that 
 gentleman's death, continued in the same 
 capacitv with the executrix of the estate, 
 until he decided to retire, January i, 
 1905, and devote his time to individual in- 
 terests. Mr. Davis had been a fortunate 
 investor in real estate, mining and West- 
 ern ranches and at this period he made 
 a tri]) to .\rizona where the Twin Buttes 
 .Mining and Smelting L'o., of which he is 
 ])resident, and his ranch of 17.500 acres, 
 needed his personal attention. This ranch, 
 which includes some of the finest grazing 
 land in the Western country, is thirty 
 miles from Tacoma and twelve miles dis- 
 tant from Mr. Davis' mine. In addition 
 to these interests he is vice-president of 
 the Delaware Storage and Freezing Co., 
 of Philadelphia, and is a director in sev- 
 eral financial and manufacturing corpora- 
 tions throughout the East. He is a Ma- 
 son of high degree, a member of the Mys- 
 tic Shrine, the Odd Fellows, and Ancient 
 Order United Workmen. He was chair- 
 man of the Building Committee of the 
 .Athletic Club of the Schuylkill Navy and 
 is a member of the Art, Columbia, Phila- 
 delphia Turf, Belmont Driving, Philadel- 
 phia -Vutomobile, Philadelphia Yacht and 
 Pen and Pencil Clubs of Philadelphia, 
 and the Automobile Club of .\merica, the 
 National .\rts Club, the Lambs Club of 
 New York, Milwaukee Club of Milwau- 
 kee, and the old Pueblo Club of Tucson. 
 .\rizona. 
 
W AHW UK S Kl£V.STO.ND C( )M Mi )\ W i: Al, I 11 . 
 
 309 
 
 ■ Ai; 
 
 IK. 
 
 ( )iic t)f the Ijest known financiers of 
 Philadelphia, whose rei)utation as a con- 
 servative banker had become national, 
 and who was locally known for his phil- 
 anthropies, was James W. Paul. Jr.. 
 whose nntiniely death removed a forceful 
 figure from the financial worlil. 
 
 Mr. l';inl was born in 1 'hiladelpliia. 
 .\n.i;nst (jth. iX=,\. the son of James W. 
 and Hannah C. ( lUnikerl Paul. .After a 
 thoroutjh education in the city's institu- 
 tions, he commenced his business career 
 as an attache of a bankini^ house and after 
 gaininsT^ the recjuired experience became a 
 member of the exchan<ve brokerage firm 
 of James (". ^'oun.<i iK: t'o. ( )n X'ovemhcr 
 6lh. 1X77. lu- married Miss I'rancis Cath- 
 erine Drexel. a daui^diter of .\nthony J. 
 Drexel. founder of the famous banking 
 hou.se of Drexel & Co. He had attained 
 a ])osition of prominence in the financial 
 world and recoj^nition as a most conser- 
 vative banker, when in 1S84. he became 
 identified with the Drexel interests, l)ein<,'' 
 made a member of the firms of Drexel ^' 
 
 Co.. Philadelphia: J. P. .\lor-au \- C'o.. 
 Xew York City, and Drexel, llarje> i*v; 
 Co., Paris. He was a valued addition to 
 the coterie of able men wdio have made 
 the name of Drexel known throu.i;lioni 
 the entire world, and added greatly to tlu- 
 reputation of Philadeli)hia haukci's for 
 >oli(ht\ and conservatism. Mrs. I'anl. 
 who was a sister of Mrs. .Mexander \ ;in 
 Rensselaer. Geor-e W. Childs Drexel. 
 John R. Drexel. .\. J. Drexel and .\lr>. 
 I'.dward Morrell. died in Carlsbad. I ler- 
 niauv. |une i6th, 1892. leaviny^ three cliil 
 dren'. "Mrs. Pan! Denckla -Mills, .\. J. 
 Drexel Paul and .Mrs. Charles .\. .\lunn, 
 Jr. Mr. Paul died at Hot .Sprin.n-. \ a.. 
 Sejjtember 25. i(;c)8, beiut:; survived b\ 
 his three children and two brothers: 
 I'rank W. and Lawrence J. P;iul. lli> 
 death w;is a great shock to hi-- friends 
 and business associates and his funeral 
 was largelv attended. The honorary 
 jiall-bearers included the most ))roniinent 
 men in financial and social circles. Thev 
 were: J. Pierjiont Morgan. Charle^ 
 
3IO 
 
 WAKWICK's keystone COMMO.WVEALTIi. 
 
 Steele, E. T. Stotesbury, Arthur Xew- 
 bold, George C. Thomas, luhvard .Nhn.rc 
 Robinson, Effingham B. Alorri>, Rmhilph 
 ElHs, Charles Etting, Andrew lira\. Al- 
 exander Krunibhaar, Herman Dcrcum 
 and Dr. James AlacAlister. 
 
 Mr. Paul was at the time of his death 
 a director in the Fidelity Trust Company 
 and the Huntington and' Broad Top Rail- 
 road Compaiiy and a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of Dre.xel Institute. 
 He was a member of the Philadelphia. 
 Rittenhouse, Rabbit, Union League. 
 Alerion Cricket, Radnor Hunt, Corin- 
 thian Yacht and Art Clubs. His town 
 hduse was located al Xo. -3809 L< 
 street, but in late years he spent hi.> 
 tire time at "Woodcrest." one of 
 beautiful homes of Philadelphia's 
 urhs. which he erected in 19OJ. 
 were housed valuable paintings ani 
 objects and a large quantity of 
 stamps, of which he 
 collector. 
 
 CU st 
 
 en- 
 
 Ihe 
 
 sub- 
 
 lere 
 
 art 
 
 rare 
 
 m L'nthu>iastic 
 
 I. ll.XKl.ES K. ITGII. 
 
 I'rnminent in that coterie of men lliai 
 made the Pennsylvania Railroad one of 
 the greatest transportation companies of 
 the time was Charles E. Pugh, ■ at tin 
 time of his retirement its second vice 
 president. Mr. Pugh was born at Union- 
 ville, Chester Co., Penn.sylvania. l*"ebru- 
 arv 25th, 1841, and wa^ educated in tlie 
 district school of his native town and at 
 the State Normal School, at Millersville, 
 Lancaster Co., Pa., from which he grad- 
 uated after a thorough course. L^pon the 
 completion of his schooling, he entered 
 the office of his father, Elijah Pugh, but 
 relinquished commercial pursuits to be- 
 come agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 Company at Newport, He afterwards 
 served as passenger conductor for si.x 
 months to familiarize himself with the 
 running of trains and in 1864 he was ap- 
 pointed train dispatcher of the Philadel- 
 phia Division. ( )n .\ugust ist, 1870, he 
 was made General .\gent at Philadelphia, 
 and August ist, 1879, he was appointed 
 ( ieneral Superintendent of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad Division. On October 
 1st, 1882. he was advanced to the posi- 
 tion of (ieneral Mana.i^er, and on March 
 1st, i8i)3, to the Thinl \'ice-Presidency. 
 
 ( )n l-'ebruary loth. 1897, he was chosen 
 Second Nice-President, his duties in this 
 pcisition being the management of the 
 ( )perating Department of the railroad, 
 and in this work Mr. Pugh's practical ex- 
 perience was of inestimable value to him. 
 His advancement to the position of First 
 \'ice-President occurred on March 24th. 
 I goo, and in this connection he had 
 charge of the purchasing, insurance, real 
 
 l-HARLES E. Pl'Gll 
 
 estate and pension departments. At the 
 time of his retirement he was First \'ice- 
 President of the Northern Central Rail- 
 way and the Philadelphia, Baltimore and 
 Washington Railway companies, the West 
 Jersey and Seashore Railroad Company, 
 the Manor Real Estate and Trust Com- 
 jjanv and a director in a score of the sub- 
 sidiary lines. 
 
 In addition, Mr. Pugh was a director 
 in the Centennial National J^ank and the 
 Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company. 
 His death occurred at Old Point Com- 
 fort, \'a., .\pril 8th, 1913, 
 
WARWICK 
 
 Ki;\S|ilM, 
 
 i.M M().\wi:.\i. I n. 
 
 311 
 
 The commercial greatness of Philailel- 
 phia is largely due to the unblemished in- 
 tegrity of the old time merchant, whose 
 commendable methods were the founda- 
 tion of a mercantile reputation that is now 
 nation wide. Of this class was J. Frailey 
 Smith, merchant and philanthropist, who 
 was for thirty years a prominent figure in 
 the textile trade of the city. He was 
 born in Reading, Pa.. January 10. 1834, 
 the son of John Frederick .Smith. His 
 grandfather. Frederick .Smith, was an 
 eminent jurist and was .Vttorney General 
 of Pennsylvania from 1823 until 1828, 
 ten years later being made .\ssociatc 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, 
 which honorable position he held until the 
 time of his death. His great grand- 
 father. Rev. Johann Frederick .Smith, a 
 graduate of the I'niversity of Halle, an 
 astronomer, and a master of Greek, .\rali- 
 ic and Hebrew languages, w-as the first 
 of this familv to come to this country. 
 FTe became eminent as a divine in the hu- 
 theran Church of Pennsylvania, and was 
 one of the pioneers of that denomination 
 in .America. .Seventeen vcars of his lonir 
 
 p:i>tor:il >ervice were >peiit a> niinisler ol 
 ."^i. .Mieliael's Lutheran C hurch, ( ierni;in- 
 tiiwn, where his term of service included 
 the period of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 j. Frailey Smith received his ]>relimi- 
 nary education in the public schools o. 
 I 'hiladel|)hia, and graduated frcim the 
 Central High .Sehnn] in 1X50, when but 
 sixteen year^ nf age. Cpon lea\ing 
 schot)], he secured employment willi llie 
 mercantile house ■>\ \\\elh, ■l\<iger> & 
 Co., where he remained two years and 
 llien entered the ilry-gonds house of 
 .■^lade. (lemmil & Pratt, at that period one 
 <if the leading houses in lliis line. In llie 
 six \ears that he retained ihis connection, 
 he gained a most ihorongh and coinpre- 
 liensive knowledge of e\ery detail of the 
 liusiness and in 1858 was admitted as a 
 partner in the firm, its name being chang- 
 ed to Alfred Slade & Compau}-. Cpon 
 the death of 'Sir. Slade. some years later. 
 .Mr. .Smith forme<l an association with 
 .Mr. Jarvis Slade. under the firm name 01' 
 Slade, Smith & Co., and after the disso- 
 lution of this firm, he became a special 
 partner in the dry-goods commission 
 house of Lewis, Pioardman & Wharton. 
 In 1866, this firm was succeeded b\' Lew- 
 is, Wharton & Co., in which Mr. .Smith 
 was an active partner until he retireil 
 from business in 18^)7. 
 
 During the trying period of the L'i\-il 
 War, he was most earnest ;in(l loyal in 
 his su|)])ort <if the Go\ennnent and al- 
 ways responded generously to all de- 
 mands on his patriotism and charitv. 
 When the L'nion League was organized. 
 .Mr. Smith's intense loyalty led him to 
 join that famous association of patriotic 
 men .and he. in addition to being one of 
 its first members, was on the Hoard of 1 )i 
 rectors from an early period until the 
 time of his death. In 1871), Mr. .'-^niith 
 was offered the presidency of the League, 
 but declined, preferring to retire in favor 
 of the Hon. ("leorge PL P.oker. .\mliassa- 
 dor to Russia, who had recentiv relm-ned 
 to this country, an older ;md, in .Mr. 
 .Smith's view, a better qualified man. .Mr. 
 .Smith was thereupfju elected b'irst \'ice- 
 President, and continued as such until 
 his death. 
 
 l'[)on the reorganization of the North- 
 ern Pacific Railwa\-, following the failure 
 of Jay Cooke & Cn.. in 1873. Mr. ."^mitli 
 
WARWICK s KEVSTONli: COM MOXWEALTII. 
 
 was elected a member of the Lluaril nt 
 Directors, and continued to serve in that 
 capacity until his death. His personal 
 interest in the road was great, and it was 
 larfjelv due to his efforts that the valu- 
 able land grants <if the mad were saved 
 to it. ( )nly a few years after his death, 
 the work was completed as a transconti- 
 nental ro;id. 
 
 ^Ir. Smith was also a director of the 
 Merchants .\ational I'.ank of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 .Mr. Smith was strongly urged for the 
 |)osition of postmaster of Philadelijhia. at 
 the time ex-Governor John F. llartranft 
 was ajiixiinted. and at the expiration of 
 General Hartranft's term, was again 
 backed for the succession by the com- 
 mercial interests of the city. Air. Smith, 
 however, declined to be a candidate. In 
 spite of his declination, the evening be- 
 fore he died, he was notified of his ap- 
 pointment to the position. .Mr. Smith 
 died June 2h. 1880, a comparativelx- 
 young man, but his life, from early man- 
 hood, teemed with activity, and his ster- 
 ling qualities left an ineft'aceable imprint 
 on the citv's commerce. Me was a man 
 of unsullied honor and wide popularity, 
 and one whose acts were always guided 
 by those fine instincts which characterize 
 the true gentlem.an. 
 
 J.VMES 1;. W.M.KEK. M. I). 
 
 James 11. Walker was born in Mont- 
 gomery Count\-, I'a., in 1846. and having 
 from early youth a desire to become a 
 physician, he, after a public school course, 
 entered the Friends' High School and 
 completed his education at the Iniver- 
 sitv of I'ennsylyania. He graduated 
 from the High School in i8^52 and from 
 the University in 1872, receiving from the 
 latter institution the degree of Ph. D.. in 
 1874. .\fter graduation he served a term 
 a- interne in the Philadelphia General 
 Hospital and in 1880 was appointed visit- 
 ing plnsician to the same institution, serv- 
 ing several years in this position. }fe was 
 for a long time Professor of the Practice 
 of .\redicine in the Women's Medical Col- 
 lege of Pennsylvania and also acted as 
 consulting; i)li\sician .at the West I'hila- 
 delphia Hospital for Women ami to the 
 
 Women's Medical College Hospital of 
 Philadelphia. He was President of the 
 Mutual Aid Association of the Philadel- 
 phia County Medical Society and for ten 
 years was secretary and treasurer of the 
 .\merican Climatological Association, 
 which he helped organize in 1884. Dr. 
 Walker was a direct descendant of Lewis 
 
 and Mar\ W alker who came to America 
 from England in 1(186 and settled in Re- 
 hoboth, in the Chester Valley, where nine 
 generations of the family have resided 
 continuously since. They were Quakers 
 and came to this country to escape Eng- 
 lish oppression. Dr. Walker was a mem- 
 ber of the L'nion League, of which he 
 was at one time a director, a Fellow of 
 the .Vmerican Academy of Medicine, 
 member of the College of Physicians of 
 Philadelphia, the State .Board of Medical 
 Mxaminers and president of the Medical 
 Club. He was also a member of the Ma- 
 sonic and .\lpha Mu Pi Omega fraterni- 
 ties and was at one time president of the 
 Xorthern .Medical Society of Philadel- 
 pliia. He died ( )ctober 21. loin. 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMON' WEALTH. 
 
 313 
 
 MA I I HEW I'.AlKll, 
 
 P>y his personal relations through 
 many years to one of the greatest loco- 
 motive manufacturing establishments of 
 the world, by the application of his in- 
 ventive genius to tlie improvement of va- 
 rious railway appliances, and l)y the in- 
 vestment of capital for the development 
 of railway enterprises. Matthew Baird. 
 for years one of the honored citizens of 
 Philadelphia, well earned a place among 
 the prominent railroad men of America. 
 He began luanhood at a time when the 
 steam-horse made his advent in America, 
 and was one of those industrious and 
 inventive young men who took the crude 
 and cumber.some ideas of the jjioneers of 
 steam and developed them into the fin- 
 ished and practically perfect machines 
 that to-dav traverse the continents, climb 
 the mountains of East and West and 
 perform miracles of speed and strength 
 with such certainty that the wonder of it 
 is lost in the case with which it seems to 
 be performed. He fully performed his 
 share of the labor re(|in'red to produce 
 
 these wonderful results, and to him a 
 portion of the honor belongs. 
 
 Mr. Baird w'as born near London- 
 derry, Ireland, in 1817, the son of .Scotch- 
 Irish parents, from wlioin he inherited 
 the best qualities of both races. W'lien 
 he was but four years of age, the iamily 
 removed to .■\merica and, coming to I'hil- 
 adelphia. made their home on Lombard 
 street. 'J"be father was a skilled work- 
 man, a cojipersmitb bv trade, and benig 
 desirous tliat the son should commence 
 lite with as good ei|uipment as his me.ms 
 would allow, he was educated in tlir com- 
 mon schools of the day. His first em- 
 ployment was in a brickyard, but an 
 opening of a more congenial character 
 came, when he became an assistant to one 
 of the professors of chemistrv in the I'ni- 
 versitv of Pennsylvania. In iS_^4 he 
 went to Xew Castle, j^elaware. and en- 
 tered the employ of the N'ew Castle Man- 
 ufacturing Company, which owned and 
 operated copper and sheet iron works. 
 He was soon after made superintendent 
 
314 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 of the railroad shops located there, but in 
 June, 1838, entered upon the main work 
 of his life, by accepting the position of 
 foreman of the sheet iron and toiler de- 
 partment of the Rakhvin Locomotive 
 Works at Philadelphia. He remained in 
 this establishment until 1850, advancing 
 all the time in skill and mechanical knowl- 
 edge, and performing his important du- 
 ties with a faithfulness and industry that 
 won him the confidence and regard of all 
 about him. While yet employed with Mr. 
 I'.aldwin, in March. 1845, he entered into 
 co-partnership with Richard French, Sr., 
 Superintendent of Motive Power of the 
 Philadelphia, Germantown and Norris- 
 town Railroad Company, and Harry R. 
 Campbell, an attorney at law, under the 
 firm name of French & Baird, for the 
 manufacture of locomotive spark arrest- 
 ers. These were made under a combina- 
 tion of three patents, issued to James 
 Stimpson of Baltimore. Maryland, .\pril 
 17, 1837; William C. Grimes of York. 
 Pennsylvania, February 12. 1842; and 
 Richard French of I*hiladelphia, Penn- 
 sylvania, March 28, 1845. The combina- 
 tion of these patented improvements 
 made a thoroughly efticient spark ar- 
 rester, which was extensively used 
 throughout the United States. Canada 
 and other countries, being of especial ser- 
 vice in the cotton growing States of the 
 .South. The patents and business was 
 sold to Radley and Hunter of Xcw York 
 in August, 1850. 
 
 From 1850 to 1852. Mr. Baird was en- 
 gaged in the marble business with his 
 brother, John Baird, in Philadelphia : but 
 in 1854, he returned to the establishment 
 where he had been so long employed, as 
 partner with Mr. Baldwin, under the firm 
 name of M. W. Baldwin & Co., ]\Ir. Bald- 
 win, from the founding of the works in 
 I S3 1 up to that time, having remained in 
 business by himself. His sound business 
 judgment, combined with unusual me- 
 chanical skill, made him a valued mem- 
 ber of the firm, and many instances might 
 be related of the manner in which he 
 made his presence effectively felt. One 
 nnly will suffice: By 1854 the use of coal, 
 bnth bituminous and anthracite, as a fuel 
 for locomotives, had become a practical 
 success. The economical combustion of 
 the bituminous, however, engaged consid- 
 
 erable attention. It was felt that much 
 remained to be accomplished in consum- 
 ing the smoke and deriving the maximum 
 of useful effect from the fuel. Mr. Baird 
 made this matter a subject of careful 
 study and investigation. An experiment 
 was conducted under his direction by 
 placing a sheet iron deflector in the fire- 
 box of an engine on the Germantown 
 and Norristown Railroad. The success 
 of the trial was such as to show conclu- 
 sively that a more complete combustion 
 resulted. As, however, a deflector form- 
 ed by a single plate of iron would soon be 
 destroyed by the action of the fire, Mr. 
 Baird proposed to use a water-leg pro- 
 jecting upward and backward from the 
 front of the fire-box under the flues. 
 Drawings and a model of the device were 
 prepared, with a view of patenting it, but 
 >ubsequently the intention was abandon- 
 ed, Mr. Baird concluding that a fire-brick 
 arch as a deflector, to accomplish the 
 ^ame object, was preferable. This was 
 accordingly tried on two locomotives 
 built for the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 ]iany in 1854, and was found so valuable 
 an appliance that its use was at once es- 
 tablished, and it was put on a number of 
 engines built for railroads in Cuba and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Baldwin, when 
 Mr. Baird had become sole proprietor oi 
 the works, the business was reorganized 
 in 1867. under the name of the Baldwin 
 Locomotive Works, M. .Baird & Co.. pro- 
 prietors. Air. Baird associated with him- 
 self as partners. George Burnham and 
 Charles T. Parry, who had been connect- 
 ed with the establishment from an early 
 period, the former in charge of the fi- 
 nances and the latter as general superin- 
 tendent. Three years later, Alessrs. Ed- 
 ward H. Williams, William P. Henszey 
 and Edward Longstreth also became 
 members of the firm. 
 
 Early in 1873, Mr. Baird sold his in- 
 terest in the works to his five partners 
 and retired from active business life, al- 
 though still retaining his interests in nu- 
 merous public and private enterprises. 
 He was for years a member of the Board 
 of Directors of the Central NatponaJ 
 Bank of Philadelphia, and at the time of 
 his death was director of the Texas and 
 Pacific Railway Company, the Pennsyl- 
 \-ania .'^teel Company, the .^ndover Iron 
 
WAKWUK S KEYSrONK. (dM M( l\ W T \l,l 1 1 . 
 
 315 
 
 Com[5any, tlu- I 'hilailL'l])hi,i am! W \>t 
 ChesttT Railriiad iDiiipam aiiil tlir I'hil- 
 adel|3hia Academy of Imik- Arts. I Ic was 
 one of the incorporators and directors of 
 the American Steamship L'ompany and 
 was a lari,^e investor in the I'ennsylvania 
 Railroad Company, lie was recoi;;nized 
 by all as a citizen of eniinent public spirit, 
 and there were few enterprises for the 
 general good, or of a charitable character, 
 in the city of his home, among whose 
 promoters and supporters he was not 
 numbered. He was a manager of the 
 Northern Home for Friendless Children, 
 and contributed tiiuch to other benevolent 
 institutions. To borrow the language of 
 one who knew' him well, uttered when at 
 the head of the great concern that will 
 forever be associated with his name : — 
 "Mr. .]>aird. by reason of long and inti- 
 mate connectit)n with the trade, practic- 
 al experience as a manufacturer, wealth 
 and social position, rightfidly is the head 
 of the establishment and referred to in all 
 matters of importance, both in the ]>v 
 duction and selling of engines. 1 le began 
 his efforts in these works in their infanrx 
 and his own earlv manb.nid. ,ind tlu\ 
 have literally grown with bis duii mental 
 and bodily powers. He shared all the re- 
 sponsiliilities and hopes of the illnstrious 
 Baldwin, whose mantle has with entire 
 ai)propriateness fallen updU his shcutld 
 ers. Air. I laird is a man of large figure, 
 with a head in massive ])roportions to suit 
 his ami^le body. His features are regidar, 
 and expressive of a far-reaching mind 
 and of agreeable c|ualit!es of character. 
 His manners are (|uiet ancl self-possessed. 
 He is not inclined to show or boast ful- 
 ness in any particular, but delights in the 
 exhibition of honest virtues and noble 
 purposes. Rising to his ]iresent position 
 of l)usiness and social influence by indus- 
 try and an honorable life, his sympathii-^ 
 are always with the toiling masses. In 
 the midst of his vast interests and the ir 
 resistible tide of business, he shows him- 
 self constantlv thoughtful of his arm\- of 
 workmen, and does much bv coinisel and 
 benevolence to encourage them in their 
 station. He is esteenied and beloved b\ 
 all wdio know him in jjersonal relations, 
 and his mechanical labors and enterprise 
 inake him worthy of an enduring fame." 
 His busy and useful life c.-ime to an end 
 on May i<), 1877, 
 
 J. i;r.\i:.'-i kk iiakhs. 
 
 In a little over a decade, J. I*"rne-l 
 Richards, vice-president .-ind director of 
 the West End Trust Lom]iaH\. has be- 
 come an important figure in the indus- 
 trial, financial and social ciix'Ies of I'hil- 
 adelphia. Mr. Richards was horn in 
 Elizabeth, X. ].. in iSSi ,ind was edu- 
 cated at the L'nixeisitv of I'ennsylvania 
 from which he graduated in njij. .\fler 
 the com])leti(in of his edncalion In- Ik' 
 came interested in the Ridge Avenue 
 l!;nik, and became its cashier, a jiosition 
 be relin(|ui-hed to become .assistant to the 
 1 'resident and ;i director of the 
 West b'.nd Trust Coni|iauy. Cpon 
 the organization of the lnde|>endence 
 Trust Company, he became the vice- 
 president and an active director. 
 Recognizing the vast possibilities of con- 
 solidation and centralization of capital, 
 he was one of the prime movers in the 
 sn-,-cessfnl effort to consolidate the Inde- 
 ])endence ;ind West b'.nd Trust com|)an- 
 ies. When this w;is finally completed, on 
 .May 1st. 1913. .Mr. Richards became 
 vice-president of the West luid Trust 
 Conijiany and was gratified to see the 
 
3i6 
 
 Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 latter coin[)anv bccdiix-. b\- reason ut the 
 jointure, ijne of tlie important financial 
 institutions of the city. Mr. Richards i^ 
 a son of Joseph T. Richards, Chief I'.n- 
 gineer of Maintenance of Way of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company and i^ 
 of Quaker ancestry, one of his fore- 
 bears, Joseph Richards, coming to tlii-> 
 country from Oxford, England, and 
 landing at Plymouth in 1660. From that 
 period the family was prominent in the 
 social life of -New England and active in 
 the Colonial wars and all pre-Revolutinn- 
 ary events. Subsequently branches ol 
 the family were established in Delaw;irc 
 County, Pa., and Cecil County, JVId. Mr. 
 Richards's mother was Miss Martha 
 P'lizabeth Ernest, and she' was also de- 
 scended from one of the oldest families, 
 her' father having large iron interests in 
 Maryland and being related to the Coop- 
 ers of New Jersey. While a student al 
 the Cniversity, Mr. Richards was \er\ 
 active and popular. He took part in the 
 Mask and Wig Dramatic Club's produc- 
 tions and in his Freshman year rowed on 
 his class crew which won the Intercol- 
 leg-iate races at Poughkeepsie. .At the 
 preliminary school which he attended he 
 was captain of both the football and base- 
 ball teams, but after entering college cur- 
 tailed his sports to devote more time to 
 studv. He is a member of the Zeta Psi 
 Fraternity and president of the graduate 
 body of the Sphinx Senior Societ\-. an 
 unusual honor ;is only twenty men out 
 of each senior class are elected to (his 
 position. Mr. Richards's phenomenal 
 success in the business world, in the 
 short period that has ensued since at- 
 taining his majoritx is attested by his 
 manv connections. He is a director of 
 the .\nierican Pipe and Construction 
 Conii)an\, the ( ieorge I!. Xewton Coal 
 Company, the Central, We.st Virginia and 
 Southern Railroad Company, the Xew 
 York Interurban Water Company and the 
 Buffalo and Oepew Railroad Company, 
 in New ^'ork State, and >e\eral other 
 corporations. Ills clubs are the Union 
 League, Racipiet. Marklrini, I'hilaiiel- 
 phia Piarge and Merion L'rijkct. He is 
 also a member of the Xew EuLjland Si- 
 ciet\- and the Sons of the .-\nierican Rev- 
 olution. 
 
 .MJ'.I'IKT E. TUK.VEK. 
 
 -\lbert [■;. Turner, who has been active 
 in civic affairs for over twenty years was 
 born in Philadelphia, January 22d, 1865, 
 the son of Charles P.rinckley and Mar- 
 garet (Bow- 
 en ) Turner. 
 He was edu- 
 cated in the 
 public schools, 
 after wards 
 t a k i n g a 
 Course in the 
 I n ternational 
 Y. M. C. A. 
 College, of 
 S p r i ngfield, 
 Mass. He was 
 general secre- 
 tar\- for the 
 \'oung Men's 
 Christian .As- 
 sociation for 
 several years 
 and then entered the e'liployment of the 
 lialtimore and (Miio Railroad Company at 
 Columbus, Ohio. He returned to Phila- 
 delphia in 1892 and became a newspaper 
 reporter and later was financial editor of 
 one of the morning dailies. 
 
 In loofi he entered the banking busi- 
 ness with E. I'l. Smith & Company, 
 and in ii)i_' he became a member of 
 the Stock Exchange and of the firm 
 of Harper aufl Turner. Mr. Turner 
 was active in the old Munici|)al 
 League, the Committee of Sevent_\- and 
 the City Park movement. He is ]iresi- 
 dent of the Home and School League, a 
 director of the City Club, the Keswick 
 Colony of Mercy, the Pastorius .Build- 
 ing and Loan .Association and the Cen- 
 tral Branch of the Y. AL C. .A. His clubs 
 are the Art, Overbrook Golf, City Club 
 of New A'ork and the Rotary Club. He 
 also holds membership in the American 
 -\cademy of Political and Social Science 
 and the Civil Service Reform .Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 He has devoted much time to writ- 
 ing and has been a voluminous contribu- 
 tor to campaign literature. Air. Turner 
 married Miss Dora E. Botsforcl, of T,ock- 
 port, X. A'., in 1887 and has six children. 
 His home is at Overbrook. 
 
W AKW U K S KE'iSIIIMO I. O.M M(IN WEALTH . 
 
 317 
 
 II. 1 1 1 1 1 • s I n \ . 
 
 1 Icnry Howard Iloustoii came; fi'Diii 
 an hcjiiorable and distinijiiishcMl ancestry 
 and traced his lineage back to the days 
 of chivalry in Scotland when the brave 
 and fearless Wallace attempted to win 
 in(lei)endence for the Scottish people. 
 The clan of lionston originated, how- 
 ever, in the time of Sir lingo dc I'ad- 
 vinian, the laird of the lands of Kilpeter 
 in Strathgrief, abont the year of iifw. 
 The baronetcy is now held by (leorge 
 L.ndovic Houston, of Johnstone. Ren- 
 frewshire. Scotland. The younger sons 
 of the original family migrated from 
 their native land to the north of Ireland 
 in the earl\- part of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury and their descendants are now to be 
 found in the counties of .-\ntrim, Tyrone 
 and I.ondonderry. I'rom Ireland came 
 the descendants of the family in Lan- 
 caster County. Pennsylvania, where set- 
 tlement was made between 17,^0 and 
 1735. From this same Irish branch was 
 descended the llonstons of Teimessee 
 and the famous .Sam Houston, the first 
 
 president of the Krpuhlic of Texas, 
 Henry Howard Houston was born near 
 Wrightsville, York Counts, I'a., nctnlier 
 3, 1820. and was the _\'ouTige>l son ol 
 .Samuel Nelson Houston and the last liv- 
 ing grandson of Dr. John lionston. ol 
 l.ancaster County, who ;ifter stiid\ing at 
 ( ilasgow University in Scotland, return- 
 ed to his Pennsylvania home in ijdf). 
 lie later graduated from wdiat is now the 
 Medical Departnient of the Cniversity 
 nf Pennsylvania in \J(ui .-md four years 
 later married Susanna, daughter of 
 John Wright, of \nrk County. When 
 the Colonists attempted to win indi'pen- 
 dence from Kngland. Dr. John lliuislon 
 joined the armv as a surgeon ;ind with 
 ff)nr brothers fought through the war. 
 thus aiding in establishing the l\e])ublic. 
 His son. Samuel Xelson llonslon. was 
 distinguished for his siilendid phvsical 
 manhooil. .\fter attending liurlington 
 College, he stuclied medicine and phar- 
 macv but relintpiished a prosi)ective pro- 
 fessional career to bec(»me an active 
 
3i« 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MU.N WEALTH. 
 
 member of Captain Shippen's Troop of 
 Horse in Lancaster County to take part 
 in the War of i8i2. In 1817 he married 
 Susan Strickler, a daugliter of Colonel 
 Jacob Strickler and became the father of 
 John James, Henry Howard, Emily 
 Strickler, Eleanor \\'riglit and Martha 
 Mifflin Houston, .^.t an early age Henry 
 Howard Houston left school and for sev- 
 eral years thereafter was connected with 
 mercantile pursuits in his native town. 
 He was a young man of twenty years 
 when he went to Lucinda Furnace, Cla- 
 rion County, where he spent three years 
 in the employ of James Buchanan, after- 
 wards President of the United States. 
 He then joined Edmund Evans with 
 whiim he went to the abandoned Horse 
 Creek Furnace on the Allegheny River, 
 in Venango County, which they put in 
 successful operation. Air. Houston, in 
 February, 1847, entered the Philadelphia 
 ofifice of D. Leech & Co., which was then 
 the leading canal and transportation firm 
 in the State. lie remained with this 
 concern until the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 had completed the line to Hollidaysburg 
 and the State Portage road was con- 
 structed over the mountains. These with 
 the State canal from Johnstown to Pitts- 
 burgh formed a through line from the 
 eastern terminus of the road at Philadel- 
 phia to the Ohio River. Air. Houston's 
 business ability had attracted the atten- 
 tion of Colonel ^^''illiam C. Patterson, at 
 that time president of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, and he was selected to organ- 
 ize the freight department of the new 
 road. It was the right man in the right 
 place. There was an intense and bitter 
 rivalry and the most vigorous and unre- 
 mitting etTorts were re(|uired to secure 
 and maintain tratle. The Pennsylvania 
 Railroad was coni])leled to I'ittsburgh in 
 1853 and from that time until 1865, Mr. 
 Houston's labors were arduous and in- 
 cessant. He was fortunate in possessing 
 sound health and the constant strain did 
 not seriously aft'ect him. For fifteen 
 years he managed these departments with 
 satisfaction to the company and credit 
 to himself. In 1865 Mr. Houston entered 
 into special transjjortation on local and 
 trans-continental railroads and in this 
 enterprise was connected with several 
 Sfpntlcmen with whom he continued the 
 
 association until death separatetl them. 
 Together they organized the first through 
 freight lines, which phenomenally in- 
 creased transportation and aided materi- 
 ally in the development of the country. 
 They were also engaged in lake and 
 ocean transportation on a large scale. 
 In the early days of the oil excitement, 
 Mr. Houston made careful investments 
 and soon became known as a prosperous 
 operator in petroleum. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Co., the Pitts- 
 burgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad 
 Co., the American Steamship Co., the 
 Erie and Western Transportation Co.. 
 and a number of smaller corporations. 
 Mr. Houston married Aliss Sallie S. 
 Bonnell, of F'hiladelphia, in 1856 and they 
 had six children, the first, a daughter, dy- 
 ing in infancy. The eldest son, Henry 
 Howard Houston, Jr., was graduated 
 from the University of Pennsylvania in 
 the Class of '78. While on a tour of Eu- 
 rope he died in Rome, in June, 1879, '^^ 
 the age of twenty years. It was in his 
 memory that Mr. and Mrs. Houston built 
 Houston Hall at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, which has been so eminently 
 successful that the plans have been copied 
 by a n.umber of other educational institu-. 
 tiuns tliniughdut the countr^■. The 
 fourth child, Eleanor Anna, died at the 
 age of twelve years, in January, 1875. 
 The surviving children are: Sallie P>., 
 widow (jf Charles Wolcott Henrv ; .Sam- 
 uel Frederic and Gertrude, wife of Dr. 
 (leorge Woodward. The family home is 
 at Chestnut Hill, one of the city's most 
 beautiful suburbs. Mr. Houston w'as a 
 member of St. Peter's Protestant Church 
 of (iermantown and was Rector's Ward- 
 en from the organization of the parish 
 until his death. He also aided in the 
 erection of St. Martins-in-the-I'"ields, at 
 St. Martins Station, Chestnut Hill. He 
 was a man of forceful character and was 
 ipiick in his estimate of men and meas- 
 ures. He was of robust physique and 
 very active mentally and physically. He 
 took great interest in developing and 
 improving the historic parts of German- 
 town and Chestnut Hill and was munifi- 
 cent in his benevolence and charities. 
 He was a trustee of the University of 
 Pennsyh-ania and of Washington and 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTONE. COM M0.\ WEALTH. 
 
 3'0 
 
 Lee University, Lexington. X'irginia. 
 The Houston family is identified with 
 the Mifflins of Pennsylvania, whose an- 
 cestors came over with William Penn, 
 and who have become famous in the po- 
 litical and judicial history of the State. 
 Joseph Alifflin having married Martha 
 Houston, an aunt of Henr\- Howard 
 Houston. Mr. ffoustim died June Ji, 
 1895, and the best eulogy that ctjuld be 
 written of him would be that he was the 
 worthy descendant nf an illustrious and 
 honorable ancestrx'. 
 
 C'lenieiit A. ( Irisconi. who \\a~ a promi- 
 nent figure in trans Allanlic sliipjiing and 
 interested in ni.mv industrial corpora- 
 tions, was horn in Philadelphia, March 
 15. 1841, .-md was educated in the ])ublic 
 schools and at llie b'riends' .\cademy. 
 His ancestors were hriends and Thomas 
 Lloyd, a maternal forebear, was at one 
 time Deputy (Governor of the Common- 
 wealth and President (jf the Pennsylvania 
 Council from 1684 until T6g8. His fath- 
 er. Dr. lohn (Iriscom, was a prominent 
 physician. 
 
 After leaving school. .\lr. Cri^coni ob- 
 tained a clerk^lii]) in the office of I'eter 
 Wright & -Sons, and in l8f>3. when but 
 twenty-two years of age, he bail won 
 admission to the firm and gradually a.-<- 
 sumed entire direction of the business. 
 'Idle firm wa> appointed agent of 
 the old American Line and subse- 
 ipiently, after direct negotiations with 
 King Leopold, of .Pelgium, .Mr. (iriscom 
 organized the International Navigation 
 Companv which absorbed the American 
 Line. He was elected vice-president of 
 the new company and became its presi- 
 dent January 4, 1888, the Heet then com- 
 ]>rising twenty-six ocean steamships. The 
 Inman Line was then piircli.T^ed and the 
 steamships Xew York and I'ans addeil 
 to the line. These were the first twin 
 screw steamships used in passenger traf- 
 fic and were unsinkable. They sailed un- 
 der American registry by s])ecial Act of 
 Citngress. Mr. Griscom awarded the 
 contracts to Cramps for the steamships 
 St. Louis and St. Paul and during the 
 Spanish-Ainerican War these and several 
 other of the liners were used by the Gov- 
 ernment and figured in various naval en- 
 gagements. In 1902, the name of the 
 company was changed to the Interna- 
 tional .Mercantile Alarine Company .and 
 the Wdiite Star, the Atlantic Tnuispori. 
 the Leyland and Old Dominion Lines 
 were acquired. Mr. (iriscom \\;is elected 
 to the presidenc\- of the company but re- 
 signed in 1904 to become cliairman of 
 the ISoard of Directors. 
 
 In i88(^ Mr. (iriscom was a dele- 
 :_;ate to tile International .Marine Con- 
 ■ress for revising the "Rules of the 
 Roads at Sea." at which twenty-eight 
 nations were rciireseiited. In recog- 
 nition of the jjerfect discipline main- 
 tained on the ships of the International 
 Navigation Company, Queen W'ilhelmina, 
 of liolland, made Mr. Griscom a Knight 
 of the ( )rder of Orange-Xassan. her at- 
 tention being directed to the line b\" the 
 rescue of two hundred men, women and 
 children from the disabled Dutch liner 
 X'eeiidam, by the steamship St. Lnnis, 
 the X'eendam sinking immediately after 
 the last rescue boat had left llie wreck. 
 The Prencli Government m.ade him a 
 Chev.alier of the Leijion of Honor, and 
 
3-20 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 the liritish Jnstitute of Xaval Architects 
 made him an honorary member. Mr. 
 (iriscom was one of the organizers of the 
 National Transit Company, which was 
 formed to pump oil from the wells to 
 the refinery. He was a director of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the 
 Fourth Street National Bank, the United 
 Gas Improvement Company and the 
 L'nited States Steel Corporation. He was 
 one of the managers of the Western Sav- 
 ings Fund Society of Philadelphia, a trus- 
 tee I if the Atlantic Mutual Insurance 
 Cii:npan\-. and director of the Mercantile 
 Trust Ciinipauy, of New York City. He 
 was a niemlier of the Union League. 
 Philadelphia. Rittenhouse. IMerion Crick- 
 et. Ralihit, Philadelphia Cmuitry. Corin- 
 thian Vacht and Fanners' Clubs (if 1'hila- 
 di'lphia, the Union, MetrDpiilitan. City 
 Midday and Xew Vurk Vacht clubs, of 
 Xew S'ork City, the .Metropolitan Club 
 of Washington. I). C.. and the Marlbor- 
 ough and ."^t. Janie> clubs of London, 
 l-jigland. Mr. ( Iriscom died November 
 iJth. ii)i-'- 
 
 lK.\.NeiS B. UEEVES. 
 
 I-KAN'CIS B. REEVES. 
 
 I'or years a prominent figure in the 
 commercial life of Philadelphia and since 
 earU manhood interested in every move- 
 ment for civic bettertnent, l^rancis 11. 
 Reeves lias rendered efifiicent service both 
 to the city and state. He was born in 
 Bridgeton, New Jersey, October lo. 1836, 
 the son of Johnson and Elizabeth ( Riley) 
 Reeves, who were of English ancestry, 
 the .\merican branch being founded on 
 Long Island in the early part of the eigh- 
 teenth century, Mr. Reeves's immediate 
 forebears afterward removing to Cum- 
 lierland County, New Jersey. He was 
 educated in private schools and after the 
 completion of his education entered the 
 einplov of his father, who conducted a 
 general store at Bridgeton, and subse- 
 ,i|uentlv for aljout two years worked in a 
 je\\"elr\- >hop iu the same town. In March. 
 .1S54, -Mr. Reeves was called from the 
 bench and c(junter of the jewelry shop to 
 a clerkship in the Cjirard Bank of Phila- 
 delpliia, in whose affairs he was destined 
 to pl.iy an important part a half century 
 later. .\t this period his thoughts turned 
 ti.i commercial pursuits and he resigned 
 his clerkship in the bank to enter the em- 
 plov of N. B. Thompson & Co., a whole- 
 sale grocery firm that had been in exist- 
 ence since 1828. He was familiar with 
 this line by reason of his experience in his 
 father's store and within a year he was 
 admitted to partnershijx (_)ne month 
 later the hrni wa^ <liss<jlved b\ reason (if 
 .Mr. Thomjison's death, and Mr. Reeves, 
 although but twenty-two years of age, 
 was made executor of the estate, which 
 in those days, was considered a large one. 
 Mr. Reeves proceeded at once to organize 
 a new firm to carr\- on the old business, so 
 that ~ince |85() he has continued a mem- 
 ber of the original firm and its successors, 
 now. — and since 1(865, known as Reeves, 
 Parvin S: Co. In 1881, Mr. Reeves was 
 elected a director of the Girard National 
 P.ank. which he had entered as an inex- 
 perienced clerk twenty-seven years pre- 
 viously. He was re-elected to this ini- 
 [Kirtant position for seventeen consecu- 
 tive years and on January 3, t8*)(), he was 
 made vice-president of the institution. 
 (In luh' 18. i8(ji). he was unanimoush' 
 
WARWICK S Kiev STONE- COM -\IO.\ WE Al, lli . 
 
 321 
 
 elected pre-idcm and luis cniiiiimed in 
 that position since. .\[r. Rce\es lias hiw^ 
 been active in the commercial and imhlii- 
 affairs of Philadelphia. He is the presi- 
 dent of the I'lnladelphia Belt Line Rail- 
 road C'iini]ian\. first vice-president df ihr 
 Ptoadelphia Umirse, a director ni ilic 
 Philadeljihia Mortgage and Trust lUni- 
 pany, the liell Telephone Com])any (if 
 Pennsylvania, one of the managers of the 
 Merchants' lumd and the ?ilercantile 
 Beneficial Associatimi and of the tier 
 mantown Saving Iniiid Societ\. He i> 
 also a ineniher nf the .\dvisor_\' Hoard n\ 
 the Germaiitdwn Trust Company, one <it 
 the trusteees of the (ieneral .\sseml)ly df 
 the Presbyterian Church in the I'liited 
 States of America and treasurer (if the 
 Thomas W. Rvans .Museum and Dental 
 Institute Society, which is now attilialed 
 with the L'niversity of Pennsylvania. IP 
 was chairman df the Executive Coniniii 
 tee of the ■'Coniniittee of One Hundred" 
 which was so active in correcting muni 
 cipal irregularities from 1881 to 188.:; 
 and in 1888 he was appointed by the 
 Judges of the Courts of Common I'leas, 
 to nieiiitnTship in the Board of Educa- 
 tion. In 1881) he was appointed by the 
 Mayor a member of the "Citizens' Per- 
 manent Relief Committee" on the occa- 
 sion of the Johnstown flood and 1)\ ap- 
 pointment of (Idvernor Pieaver, he be- 
 came the chairman of the "C(iniiiiittee on 
 Annuities to jdhn--ldwn Mddd ( )rplian>" 
 of the State Relief Coniniittee. In i!^()J. 
 as representative df the t'ity (if I'lnla- 
 delphia and the Peniianeiil Relief Cdiii- 
 niittee, he visited Russia to deliver and 
 distribute a cargo of food sujiplies sent 
 on the steamshi]^ "C(jnemaugh" for the 
 relief of the sufferers by famine in that 
 country. For that service I'juperor .\1- 
 e.xander HI. jjresented Id Mr. Reeves a 
 costly silver and gdld i>nncli set of >e\en 
 pieces. Mr. Reeves is fond of literature 
 and devotes much of his spare time to 
 this pursuit. He is the author of "The 
 Reeves Cenealogy" and the "I''v(ilulion of 
 ( )ur Christian Hymnology." The latter 
 work has a wide circulation and received 
 favorable coniment from news and relig- 
 ious pajiers thrdiighdiil the Cduntry. 
 
 IlDW AKIl .\. sen .M 11)1. 
 
 Edward A. Schmidt. |)residenl nf the 
 .Viirthwestern Xatidiial Rank, \\;is bdrn in 
 Philadelphia. July d. i8(i_:;. the son of 
 Christian and Anna Margaret ( ( Iruhler I 
 Schmidt and was educated in the public 
 schools. His first emjiloyment was in 
 the lirewtTV estalilished by his fatliei'. 
 the tirni being C. Schmidt X: .Sons, when 
 he and lii> two brothers, lieiiry C'., ,ind 
 h'rederick W'.. were admitted to uariner- 
 sliip. After the death df the f.ather. the 
 bnsine.^s was incor]idrate(l under tlie 
 name of C. Schmidt iJt .Sons P>rewing 
 Coiupany. with Edward .\. Schmidt as 
 president. The company later purchased 
 the Robert .Smith lirewery, which was 
 established in 1774, and iucorixirated it 
 under the name of the Robert .Smith .Ale 
 llrewing Company. The product of this 
 concern has had a National repntaiion 
 for over one hundred years. .Mr. 
 Schmidt is also president of this com- 
 pany, which in 1908, purchased the Peter 
 Scliemm & .Son lirewery. The combined 
 output of these plants is o\-er tliree Inni- 
 
322 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 (Ired tliousaiul barrels annually. Mr. 
 Schmidt is also a director of the I'otli 
 Brewing Company, being elected to that 
 position after the death of Frederick A. 
 Poth, who was his father-in-law. In 
 igo5 he was elected president of the 
 Northwestern National Bank, and under 
 his management that institution has 
 been very sccessful. He is also a di- 
 rector of the Commonwealth Trust 
 Companv. ]\Ir. Schmidt is well known 
 in clubdom, being a member of the Union 
 League, the ]\Ianufacturers' Club, the 
 Philadel])hia Country Club and the Mar- 
 ion Cricket Clul). 
 
 FRr.riERU K r. cii woeer. 
 
 iM'eilerick T. Chandler, who is pmnii- 
 nent in financial, social and political cir- 
 cles, was born in the Friends" settlement 
 of Hamorton. near Kennett Square. 
 r'enns\lvania, December 5, 1863, but was 
 taken to Philadelphia when a child and 
 educated in the public schools of that city. 
 .\t the age of fifteen years he obtained a 
 positi(-in in the brokerage house of Thom- 
 as L. Lawson & Sons, where he remained 
 until 1883 at which time he liecame a>so- 
 ciated with the firm of L. 11. Taylor & Co. 
 L']ir)n the retirement from business of this 
 firm ;\[r. Chandler organized the broker- 
 age firm of Chandler Brothers and Com- 
 pany, with offices at Fifth and Chestnut 
 streets, but afterwards removed to their 
 present handsome f|uarters at No. 1338 
 Chestnut street. Mr. Chandler has been 
 a uieniher oi the Stock Exchange since 
 I So-', was its ])resident from 1905 mitil 
 KjO/. He was re-elected in ii)i- and i^ 
 at the present time its President, and a 
 niember of the Coverning Commit- 
 tee. He also holds memberslii]) in 
 the New York Stock Exchange, the 
 Chicag<> Board of Trade and the 
 New York Cotton Exchange. He 
 formerly resided in Delaware County 
 during wdiich time he was active in Re- 
 publican politics, rendering efficient aid to 
 John 1'.. I^obinson and the late William L. 
 Mathues during their regimes as political 
 directors in that localitx'. In 1004 he rep- 
 
 1 lillH KK K I . < IIA Mil IK. 
 
 resented the district as a delegate to the 
 Repulilican National Convention which 
 nominated Col. Theodore Roosevelt for 
 the Presidency. Upon taking up resi- 
 dence in Philadelphia he continued his po- 
 litical activitv and was a niember of the 
 Committee of Twenty-one which helped 
 secure the nomination and election of 
 Samuel P. Rotan to the position of Dis- 
 trict Attorney. He was also a Presiden- 
 tial elector in 1908. ^fr. Chandler has 
 been active in the Masonic fraternity for 
 nianv years, being a niember of Corinth- 
 ian i.odge, Corinthian Chapter and Cor- 
 inthian Chasseur Conimandery. He is a 
 member of the Union League, Racquet, 
 riiiladelphia. Country, Clover. Philadel- 
 phia (inn. Huntingdon \'alley Country. 
 Rumson Country. Manufacturers and 
 Merion Cricket chilis; Rose Tree Hunt, 
 I'lachelor's llarge of Philadelphia, Penn- 
 svlvania .'Society, Historical Society of 
 Pennsxlvania, National (ieographic So- 
 ciet\'. .\merican Institute of Banking and 
 others. ;ind the Lambs Club of New York 
 Citv. 
 
WARWK K S KliVSro.NK. COM MON'WKAI. T li. 
 
 323 
 
 KFFINGHA.M H. MORRIS. 
 
 In assuiiiin;:;' tlu- prcsiclcncv of the < lir- 
 ard Trust Company in 1SS7, I''rtin,t;liani 
 H. Morris brought to that oFticc the Ici^al 
 training which is essential in the man- 
 agement of a trust coni])any, and als.i 
 exhibited an executive and business al)il- 
 ity which has made the omiitany success- 
 ful under his direction. i)i\idend> ha\e 
 increased from ten per ceiU. in 1SS7 ti 
 thirt\-si.\ per cent, in iwi-'. -Mr. .Mur 
 ris. wiio is the fourth presideiU of the 
 ( iirard Trust Company since its incor- 
 poration in 1836, was born in Philadel 
 phia, August 23d. 1856. and received 
 his preliminary training at Dr. bihn W . 
 Faires Classical School, afterwards en- 
 tering the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He graduated from the Department i<\ 
 -\rts in 1875 and from the Departnieni 
 of Law in 1878. .\fter ailmi^>i(in Id the 
 P>ar he was associated with P. I 'ember- 
 ton Morris. LT^. D., professor of pi-actice 
 and pleading at law and eipiity at the 
 L'niversity if Pennsylvania, and upon 
 Professor ]\Iorris's retirement he suc- 
 ceeded to his practice. Pie was general 
 attorney for the Lehigh \'alley Railroad 
 from 188 1 to 1887 and counsel for the 
 (iirard Trust Company. He was chosen 
 President of the (iirard Trust Com- 
 pany to succeed John P>. (iarrett, 
 who resigned to become vice-nresident 
 of the Lehigh X'alley Railroad, nnring 
 Mr. .Morris's term as presideni, the build- 
 ing at the northeast corner of I'.road and 
 Chestnut slr^-els, the first modern high 
 office building in that localit\, was erei'l- 
 eil and occupied, and the rapid growth of 
 fniance anil business iiUercsts there wv\- 
 fied his judgmenl. Tn 1005 the i)reseni 
 location at the northwest corner wa^ 
 !)urchased and the magnificent strncture 
 designed from .Mr. Morris's suggestions 
 and devoted entirely to the conipany"> 
 own use, was erected and occupied in 
 11J08. The business has greatly increased 
 in the last few years, especially the testa- 
 mentary and corporate trusts and funds 
 on (leiM)sit subject to check. In addi- 
 tion to the presidency of the (iirard Trust 
 Com[)any. .Mr. .Morris is a director of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and its 
 allied lines, of the Philadelphia National 
 P.ank. Fourth Street Xalional I lank. 
 Franklin National Hank. Philadelphia 
 Saving Fund Societx, Penns\Ivania Fire 
 
 ^^K^Ku 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^ V'; 
 
 K'L 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 fM 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 Insurance Companv. Keystone Watch 
 Case Company. Mutual .Vssurance Com- 
 pany, Pennsylvania-Maryland Coal Com- 
 pany. Spanisli-American iron ('oin|)an\', 
 Cambria Iron Comjiany, .Maryland Steel 
 Company, Pittsburgh, Cinciiuiati, C'hica- 
 go and St. Louis Railway, .Mahoning 
 Iron and Steel Company, chairman of the 
 I'.xecutive Committees of hoih the (';nn- 
 bria Steel Company and 1 'einisyhauia 
 Steel Com|)any, tru-tee of the Instate of 
 \nthony J. Drexel, deceased, and other 
 corporations. He is a trustee of the Cni- 
 \ersity of Pennsylvania. .Mr. .Morris is 
 an Independent Republican in politics 
 and rei^resented the F.igbth Ward in 
 Common Councils as the candidate of the 
 ■"Committee of 100" in 1880 and 1881. 
 He was trustee of Citv P>onds secured on 
 the City Gas Works from 1882 to 1887. 
 defeating .Mr. David H. Lane for that of- 
 fice : and was receiver of the Schuvlkill 
 Navigation (.'onipany, by appointment of 
 the Cnited States (.'ourl in 188(1, arrang- 
 ing for a settlement of its affairs in tlie 
 reorganization of the Rt'ading Railroad 
 in 1888. Mr. Morris is a member of the 
 I'nion League Club, and of the Philadel- 
 nhia, Rittcnbousc, LnivtTsitw Rac(|net. 
 .Merion Cricket, I!r\u Mawr Polo, Rad- 
 nor I lunt and other clubs. 
 
324 
 
 WAKWU'KS KEYSTONE COM Ml I.N WEALTH. 
 
 E-DWARI) 1!. S.MITH. 
 
 Edward B. Smith, head nf tlic firm of 
 Edward \i. Smith & Company, I'hilack-l- 
 phia and .\e\v \'iirk. has heen in the hank- 
 injj; busines.s for twenty-six years. .Mr. 
 SmitlT^vVas'Uorn in Philadelphia, Septem- 
 her 23d. 1861. His fatherj.was Dr. .\1- 
 hert 11. .Smith, 6ne~of'the leadhig physi- 
 cians of the citv,*"\vho' for'manv vears 
 resided at Broad and Walnut streets. 
 
 Edward B.''Smith was educated in the 
 William I'enn Charter School and the 
 I'niversiiy of 1 'ennsylvania. -\fter a pre- 
 liminary training- in a banking house, he 
 heeanie a ]iartner (d' Thomas 1\. Tunis, 
 under the firm name of Tunis & .Smith. 
 in i88f). Mr. Smith liecoming a memlier 
 of the I'hiladelpiia Stock l-'xchange. In 
 i8i)2 the present house of Edward B. 
 Smith (S: Company was established, the 
 firm then consisting of lulward B. Smith, 
 
 I.UWAKli 1; 
 
 Francis E. Bond and George W. Norris. 
 The two latter have since retired. The 
 firm now consists of three resident Phila- 
 ilelpliia partners, and two resident Xew 
 ^'ork partners. 
 
 .\rr. .Smith has been engaged in many 
 prominent financial undertakin,gs. He 
 was among those who was deeply inter- 
 ested in the rehabilitation of the Choctaw, 
 < )klahoma «.^ (iulf Railroad, which became 
 one of the most successful properties in 
 the Southwest. He later became identi- 
 fied with the Lehigh Valley Railroad, en- 
 tering the Hoard of Directors some years 
 ago. He is a member of the Board of 
 Directors of numerous banking and 
 financial in.-titntions. including the Frank- 
 hn .Xational Hank, ( lirard Fire & ^Marine 
 Insurance Ci.impany, .Vmerican (las 
 Company, Lehigh \'alley Transit L'om- 
 ]iany and other corporations. He was 
 named b\ tlie Board of judges a member 
 of the Iniaril of Cit\- Trusts in 1906, and 
 has taken a deep interest in its work ever 
 since. -Mr. .^niith has irom time to time 
 participated in movements for civic bet- 
 terment, notably in 1005. He was re- 
 cently appointed by Mayor Blankenburg 
 a member of an -\<lvisor\- Committee on 
 City I'inance, the committee including 
 leading Ijankers of the city. 
 
 Mr. .^mith is a member of most of the 
 leading clubs of the cit\", including the 
 I 'hiladelphia, Rittenhouse. C n i o n 
 League,. I\aci|uet and other clubs, and 
 the Radnor. Ro>e 'J'ree. and White 
 .M.arsli \alley Hunt Club. He is |)resi- 
 ilent of the Lhiladelphia l-"our-in-l land 
 Cluli, having for many years ])een a lead- 
 er in sustaining the traditional four-in- 
 h;md coach. 
 
 iM-om 1882 to i8()0 he was a luember 
 of the First City Troop. .Mr. Smith's 
 town house is at .^ofi S. loth street, and 
 his country home at < iwynedd X'alley. 
 although he usually spends the greater 
 part of his summers yachting. In addi- 
 
W AkW KK S KKVSTO.NIO COM MOX W 1". \l .T 1 1 . 
 
 325 
 
 tion III various I'mard^ ami C'lulis w itli 
 which Mr. Smith is iiluiititiLMl, he lias al- 
 ways i^iven a large --hare nt atti-ntinii a-- 
 a citizen to philanthmpic umlertakini;-. 
 and ilevdtes a larg;e [lart nf his time [■' 
 charitahle enter]irises. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^B/##^ 
 
 HH 
 
 ^^H ' 
 
 ^1^ .„ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^^^^^L -aak/ '^^^^^^^^^1 
 
 ^1 
 
 i;. ruLi-;si;i:ivi<s i'ii<\i-:s. 
 
 Retirini;- frum the practice of law tn 
 take uj) financial iiursnils, ( i. ("olesherrv 
 Piirves lias hecome a nutalile tii^iire in tlu 
 moneyed affairs of the city, i le was h'lni 
 in Philadelphia, l)ecend)tr iXtli. 1843. the 
 son of William and .\mia (Kennedy) 
 Purve.s. The father was secretary and 
 treasurer and afterwards vice-president 
 of the I'hiladelphia Savintjs I'liiui Socielv. 
 of wdiich the son is now the executive 
 head. Afr. Purvcs attended scIukjIs in his 
 native citv and after careful prejjaration 
 entered Yale from which he graduated in 
 i(Sr)4 with the IJachelor of .\rts degree. 
 
 The .Master nf .\rts degree was cnnferred 
 upiin him in 18(17 anil the same year he 
 graduated fnun the rni\ersity nf I'enn- 
 sylvama with the 1-1.. I'l. degree. I'.eing 
 admitted t(i the Har he cnnuiienced , prac- 
 tice and continued acti\-e in his |)riilessicin 
 until January l>t, 1885. when he accepted 
 the piisitinn of assistant secretary and 
 treasurer of the I 'hila(lel|ihia Savings 
 JMUid Society. Three years later he wa- 
 advanced to secretary and treasiu'er and 
 in I !)<)-' was elected vice-president. In 
 1003, when the office nf President liecanie 
 vacant, he was imanininusly elected tn the 
 pnsiiicn. which he still holds, and the wis- 
 clnm nf his selectinn i> shnwn liy \hv cnn- 
 tinned prnsperit\- nf the .^nciet\. whicli is 
 recognized as one nf the umst slalile tin.an- 
 cial institutions in the cnuntrv. In addi- 
 tinn tn his activity as a lawyer and tinan- 
 cier. .Mr. Purves is interested in pliilan 
 thrnpy and chiu-ch work and has alsn been 
 active in l(jcal |inlitics. lie is an ai"denl 
 1 )emocrat in national affairs. hiU Incall\ 
 he is an aggressive refnrmer. lie was ;ii 
 niie time president of the Seventh Ward 
 .School lioard and since his retirement 
 from that position has C(.intinued to be in- 
 terested in the intellectual ])rogress of tl'e 
 city. Tie has alwa\s refused tn be a can- 
 didate fnr another office but is always 
 ready to aid any movement that will im- 
 prove civic cnuilitinus. In a<lditinn tn hi-, 
 cnmiectioii with the Philadelphia Savings 
 l''mid .Snciet\. Mr. Purves is a director of 
 the 1-armers and Mechanics National 
 I '.auk. the Insurance Company of Xorth 
 .\merica and the Mortgage Trust Com- 
 pany of Pennsylvania. He is president of 
 the I'nion lienevolent .'~lociet\ and the 
 Pliiladel|)hia I,\ing-in Charit\ and a trus- 
 tee of the Jefferson Hospital, lie is a 
 member nt se\iTal college fraternities, 
 the Rittenhouse and I'niversity clubs and 
 is president of the lioard of Trustees of 
 Calvary Presbyterian Church. Mr. Pur- 
 ves was married at l)obI)s Ferrv, .Xew 
 
326 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 \'()rk. to ,Miss Elizabeth Cowan, a daugh- 
 tLT of Anthony and Fanny (Edwards) 
 (iilkison of llrooklyn, New York. The 
 m(_)ther wa.s a direct descendant of Jona- 
 than Edwards, the eminent Xew England 
 divine. 
 
 1 IlEliDliRK I'.nWARI) W lEIlERSHEIM. 
 
 (lencral Tlicodnrc K. \\'iedcrsheini 
 who for ncarK half a century has been 
 prominent in financial and military cir- 
 cles, was horn in rcterslnirj;, Ohio, hut 
 was bronght to I'hiladelphia by his yia- 
 rents when a child. He attended the 
 public schools here and afterwards grad- 
 uated from the Central High School. 
 Upon the comj)letion of his education he 
 entered the rinploy of a mercantile house 
 but in iSdj he responded to President 
 Lincoln's call for troops and entered the 
 Union .\rmv as a private in Company V 
 of the Grav Reserves and rose through 
 the intermediate grades to a captaincy. 
 .\s a member of the t.2(\ Resriment he 
 
 participated in the campaign in the Cum- 
 berland Valley and was present at the 
 shelling of Carlisle, Pa., by General 
 Fitzhueh Lee, on July i, 1863. After 
 the war he became a member of Com- 
 l)any 1), h'irst Regiment and served con- 
 tiiniously in the National Guard for 
 twenty-five years. He was a Second 
 Lieutenant during the riots at Susque- 
 hanna Depot in 1874 and was in com- 
 mand of his company during the labor 
 disturbances at Eckley, Pa., in 1875 ; also 
 acting as Provost Marshal during the 
 riots and strikes in Luzerne County. He 
 was elected to a captaincy in 1876 and 
 with his company took an active part in 
 the restoration of peace at Scranton and 
 Pittsburgh in 1877. He was chosen Col- 
 onel of the First Regiment in 1878 and 
 was re-elected in 1883. General W'ieder- 
 sheim was a member of the First Bri- 
 gade Board which examined all the offi- 
 cers commissioned at the time of its cre- 
 ation and those subsequently elected, 
 lie was also active in the preliminary 
 work which led to the building of the 
 regijment's new armory and was a mem- 
 l)er of the military committee of fifty that 
 arranged for the Bi-Centennial parade in 
 1882. He was secretary of the Citizens' 
 Committee having in charge the Consti- 
 tutional Centennial Celebration in 1887, 
 and was Adjutant-General on the staff 
 of (ieneral Nelson A. ]\Iiles, V. S. A., in 
 the Peace Jubilee Parade in 1898. Gen- 
 eral Wiedersheim was for many years a 
 member of the well known banking and 
 stock brokerage firm of Fell, Wray & 
 Co., and retired from this connection to 
 become cashier of the Independence Na- 
 tional liank. When that institution was 
 merged with the Girard National Bank, 
 he became one of the vice-presidents of 
 the last naimed concern and still occupies 
 that position. He was elected a director 
 of the Union League in 1880 and was 
 vice-president and chairman of its House 
 Committee from i88(> to 1903. Business 
 duties led to General Wiedersheim's res- 
 ignation from the National Guard some 
 \ ears ago, but he still retained his inter- 
 est in his old command, and in 1803 was 
 elected commander of the First Regiment 
 X'eteran Corps. 
 
WARW l( K 
 
 Ki:\s I ( I \ i; t ( ).\i .\[( ).\ u i-:.\i, r 1 1 . 
 
 327 
 
 DIM .\EU IiKi:lli;K. 
 
 IVoniiiifin f(ir ycar-^ in llu' |inlilic af 
 fairs of his native State, the eareer .if 
 Dininer I'.eeher lias l)een characterized 
 h\ an iniswervino- adherence l.> the hii;h- 
 est ideals of citizenship. lie was Imi-ii 
 at .Mnncv. r.yconiin.^- C nunt\ . I'a., Marcli 
 Xtli. [S54. the son of Teter 1). and .Mar\ 
 jane ( Artley ) lieeber. wIid were of ( ar- 
 nian ancestry. His threat -rand-father, 
 John iSeeher. whn had settled in I'.erks 
 County, Pa., in ijhS, fought in the .\nier- 
 ican rank-, during the War of the l-Jev. ihi- 
 tion. Hi> services were rewarded liv 
 a grant of land in the vallev nf the W est 
 Branch of the Susquehanna River, in 
 what is now Lycoming Countx'. L']!. m 
 tliis tract he established his home after the 
 war, and for three generations his de- 
 scendants lived there. Mr. lieeher at- 
 tended the Selinsgrove Academy and then 
 entered Pennsylvania College, Gettvs- 
 hurg. from which he graduated in 1874 
 with the B. A, degree. While a student 
 he developed a taste for the study of 
 English classics and became interested in 
 history and biography, making special 
 study of the lives of great lawyers and 
 public men. Upon graduation in i,S74, 
 he began the study of law with his 
 brother, J. Artley Beeber, at Williams- 
 port, Pa., and was admitted to the Bar 
 in l.SjG. [Ic moved to I 'hil;idel|)hia al- 
 most immediately and began jtractice. In 
 1884 he became a member of the law firm 
 of Jones, CarMin & Ueeber — his partners 
 being nami)loii I,. Carson, afterwards 
 .Attornev ( ieneral <d' the State, and I. 
 Levering Jones, a well known jurist. 
 
 The firm was subsef|ueutly <lis>olved 
 and Mr. P.eeber jiracticed alone. I fe was 
 appninlt'd Jmlge of the Superior Court to 
 fill a vacancy by (lovernor Mastings in 
 1899 and served until the office was filled 
 by election. Judge Beeber is a Republican 
 in politics, but has not hesitated to act in- 
 dependentlx-, when, in his judgnn'nt. sui-'i 
 
 ir\i,NKU [ii:i:iiF-ii 
 
 a course would best serve the public good. 
 He is an eloquent speaker and has been 
 prominent in every political campaign 
 since the election of Carfield in 1881). 
 Princeton University conferred the de- 
 .gree of A. Af. upon him in ic;o_' and ho 
 has lieen honored with the 1.1.. 1). de- 
 gree by his Alma .Mater. In 1S81) he was 
 urged for the nomination of District .\l- 
 lorney and the testimonial urging bis can- 
 didacy was signed by seven luuidred law- 
 \ers. He is president of the Common- 
 wealth Trust Company and a director of 
 the Tradesmen's National Bank and the 
 I'ire Association of Philadelphia. He has 
 been a member of the Hoard of Lducalii>n 
 since U)\o. Jud.ge ISeeber is a mem- 
 ber of the American Bar Association, 
 the .Stale l!ar .Association and is 
 an honorary member of the Phi Beta 
 Kanna Society. He is also a membt'r of 
 the Ihiion T,eague, of which he was presi- 
 ilent from i()o6 to 1908. and of the Rit- 
 lenhouseaml I 'hiladc-lphia Country Clubs. 
 
3-'*< 
 
 wakwrk's kI':ystone commonwealth. 
 
 SYDNEY r,. WKICHT. 
 
 'I'lu' senior member of one of Phila- 
 delphia's most conservative bankinc^ 
 firms, Sydne_v Lontjstreet Wright, has 
 been identified with some very important 
 financial transactions thronghout the 
 conntr\. Mr. Wright, who is a member 
 of the firm of S. L. and W. R. Wright, 
 was born in ( iermantovvn, Philadel])hia, 
 August 4th, 1S52, and was educated in 
 the public schools and at Calvary Church 
 Academv. When eighteen years of age 
 he entered the employ of William P. 
 Chde & Co., steamship agents, as a clerk 
 in tlie Phila(lel|)hia otTice. This was in 
 iSjo, ;uul nine >ears later he had so fa- 
 miliarized himself with every detail of 
 steamship transportation, that Peter 
 Wright & Sons made him their Balti- 
 more manager. This firm was the largest 
 in its line in the country and the position 
 was ctne of great responsibility. In 1883 
 Mr. Wright resigned the position to ac- 
 cept the presidency of a mining and 
 smelting enterprise in Idaho in which 
 large sums of l'hiladel]'hia money had 
 been invested. l"or eight years he han- 
 dled the we^tern company in a most suc- 
 cessful manner and in iS<)0 entered the 
 banking business, specializing in and giv- 
 ing particular attention to bonds and 
 other investment securities and becoming 
 a niemlier of the Philadelphia .^tock I'lx- 
 change in i8o5- ''"'"" y^^'ars Mr. Wright 
 has been interested in the iirganization 
 and management of iniblic utility cor- 
 porations and ha> been eminently success- 
 ful along this line of endeavor. He was 
 president of the lieaver \'alley Traction 
 Company, now part of the Pittsburgh 
 S_\-steni (d' Railways and the lialtimore 
 Electric Pight Company which was 
 merged in the formation of the Consoli- 
 dated l''.lectric Light and Power Com- 
 jianv of r>;iltinvore. Maryland, lie was 
 
 also vice-president and treasurer of the 
 Philadelphia E.xport E.xpositiuu in 1899 
 and held the same position with the Phil- 
 adelphia Commercial Museum of which 
 he is still a trustee. Mr. Wright is of 
 English ancestry and numbers among his 
 forebears, .Stephen P.achiler and Christo- 
 pher Hussey. who were among the orig- 
 inal founders of the Commonwealth of 
 Xew Hampshire; Richard P>orden, one 
 of the first settlers of PortsuKjuth, Rhode 
 Island, and John Fisher, who came to 
 Philadel|)hia in the ship "Welcome" in 
 168.2. and who figured prominently in the 
 foun<ling and subsecjuent history of the 
 co!on\ of which Penn was the <lirecting 
 head and spirit. Mr. Wright is a Repub- 
 lican in politics. He is a member of the 
 Rittenhouse and the Germantown Cricket 
 Clubs and the Welcome Society of Phila- 
 delphia, the Maryland Club of Baltimore. 
 Md., and the Lotus Club of Xew York 
 City. LPs home is on Carjienter Lane, 
 (jermantown, a beautiful section of Phil- 
 adelphia's ideal suburb. 
 
 ROLA.\n LESLIE T.WLOR. 
 
 As a banker and public-spirited citi- 
 zen. Roland L. Taylor stands hi.gh among 
 Philadelphia's notable men. He has been 
 active in financial affairs all his life, hav- 
 ing grown up in the banking business and 
 has been identified with several of the 
 largest institutions in I'ennsylvania. In 
 addition to his varied business interests, 
 he has found time to do his share in for- 
 warding the cause of good government. 
 Llis advice is sought in connection with 
 nearl\- every important nio\-ement and 
 his .-ittituile of unswerving probity has 
 made his intluence felt. He was born in 
 Philadelphia, July 3. i8r)8. the son of 1. 
 I. and Anne I^lizabeth ( .\lkins ) Taylor, 
 both of whom were of English ancestry. 
 
VVAKWICKS KEYSTONE- COM. M0,\ WEALTH. 
 
 329 
 
 His cducatioi! was received in tlie public 
 schools and the Central lli.tjh School. 
 and wlieii nineteen years of a,L;e he com- 
 menced his active business career, in 
 the employ of Barker llros. & Co., baiik- 
 ers and brokers, with whom he remained 
 until February. iS(ji. spending;- the next 
 
 Kor.AM) I.. TAVI.Olt. 
 
 five year-- with the Trust Department of 
 the Real Mstate Tru.st Company, serving 
 the latter part of this time as assistant 
 secretarv. ( )n June \J. \tjo6, he was 
 elected vice-president and a member of 
 the Board of Directors of the I^hiladel- 
 phia Trust, Safe Deposit and Insurance 
 Company, succeeding to the presidencv 
 on June 13, 1910. and retaining the posi- 
 tion until December, 191 1, when he re- 
 tired to become a member of the banking 
 firm of William A. Read & Co., of New 
 York City. Philadelphia. Boston, Chicago 
 and London. In addition to this connec- 
 
 tion, Mr. Taylor is a director of the In- 
 dependence Insurance Company and di- 
 rector and chairman of the iMuance Com- 
 mittee of the Young. .Smyth, h'ield Com- 
 l)any. He has served as a iiirmlier of the 
 h'.xecutive Committee of the Trust Com- 
 panv Section of the \nieric:ni Hankers' 
 Association and has always taken a deep 
 interest in the affairs of that organiza- 
 limi. He also served as a member of the 
 I'.xecutive Committee of the Pennsyl- 
 \ani,T liankers' Association. In ,\ationa! 
 .Tftair->. .Mr. Taylor is a Republican, but 
 in .State and Cit\- politics he is thoroughly- 
 independent and strongl) advocates anv 
 needed reform. He SLT\ed .as an officer 
 of the I-'irst Battahon of the .\aval Re- 
 serves for eleven year^. 1 le is a member 
 of the Episcopal Church and is deei)lv in- 
 terested in the Children's Seashore 
 Home. -Atlantic City, X. J., being one of 
 the managers and treasurer of that most 
 worthy charity. He is devoted to out 
 door sports and is a memljer of the ( ier- 
 mantown Cricket Club, of which he is 
 one of the Governors; the Huntingdon 
 \alley Country Club, the White .Marsh 
 X'alley Country Club, the Racquet Club 
 and the City Club. He was married Jan- 
 nary 27. 1897, to Miss Anita M. Stein- 
 metz and they have three children. He 
 resides in ( iermaniown, a beautiful su!)- 
 lu-b of the city, and hi< office is in the 
 .Morris Buildins:. 
 
 G. WALLACE SIMPSO.X. 
 
 .\ knowledge gained bv manv vears of 
 practical e.xperience. has made (J. Wal- 
 lace Simpson an ex|)ert in i'hiladelphia 
 real estate values. Mr. Simpson was 
 Ijorn in Philadelphia. July 22, 1877, and 
 was educated at the Lauterbach .Acade- 
 my, from which he graduated in 1897. 
 Immediately after the completion of his 
 .schooling, he entered the employment of 
 Simpson & Catanach, of which firm his 
 
330 
 
 wakwkk's KiasroM-; com mii\\\i-:.\li n. 
 
 father. I., i'. Sini])S(in, was senior mcni- 
 Ijcr. and u]h>n ilu- dissulution (if tliis 
 firm, liecanic a partner of his fatlier in 
 L. 1'. Sim|)-(.n X: Son. The father had 
 ^tarte<l tlie real estati- linsiness in 1870 
 in the lower sectiim of the cit\- and being 
 iini)resse<l with the possiliiHties in sonth- 
 ern reah\ , aeiptired hirije tracts of \a- 
 cant territory anil eontnienced luiihHnL;. 
 so(_in beint;- recognized as the |)inneer 
 creator of small homes (pf a better qnal- 
 it\' than had been bnilt in that section 
 previ.in>l\ . Tliese were intended for 
 families of moderate means and were as 
 handsomely aiiiJointed a^ the larger ones 
 in more exjien^ive localities. In all. 
 
 abont fi.ooo dwellings were erected and 
 when L. !'. Sinipxm died. April 22, HjoS. 
 the Son. I i. Wallace .Simpson, became the 
 sole directing head id' the Inisiness. In 
 addition to its large building operations, 
 the lirm had a large rental list, but in 
 the last few \ears .Mr. Sinijison has de- 
 
 voted nearly all of his time and energy 
 to the i)lacing of mortgages. His ex- 
 jierience as a bnilder and as the agent of 
 large realty interests has made him an 
 expert in the determination of values 
 throughout the city and country and his 
 opinions are seldom disputed. Mis busi- 
 ness in this one line alr)ne amounts to 
 abont Sfi,0(30,ooo per year and extends 
 throughout the entire L'nitcd States, one 
 of his latest negotiations being as far 
 awa>- as Salt Lake Cit\, I'tah, while a 
 large |iortion comes from Xew \'ork 
 lit\ and the Middle West, and .Mr. 
 Siin|)siin makes fre(|neiu trips to these 
 points to personally look after the busi- 
 ness. He married, in i<)00. .Miss Char- 
 lotte E. Livers, of P.oston, .Mass., a 
 daughter of Captain John I.i\-ers, of the 
 Cnited States .\rmy, ;inil the\ reside in 
 ( iermantow n, Philadelphia, lie is a Re- 
 imhlican in politics and holds meml)er- 
 ship in the -\rt Club. 
 
WAUWICK S KKS.STONE- COAr MdX WEALIII. 
 
 331 
 
 WILLIAM PDUia.L W ILSIIN. 
 
 I lie eminence (il)t,iineil 1)\' \ ears ot ae- 
 tiviu in scieiitifie and ednealinnal licMs 
 is hnt a >!nall jiart <if the life wnrk i>f Dr. 
 William i '. Wilxin, wild as uri^ani/er 
 and ilireetor of tin- rhiladelpliia I nni 
 niercial Mnseum has imparled to the en- 
 tire world a knowledi^e nf the exeellenee 
 of American manufactures and larm'l\ in 
 creased the export trade nf the cnnnir\. 
 
 Dr. W'il.Min was horn in ( )\fiird, .\lichi- 
 s;an, ( )ct()her 17. 1S44. lie ^radual.'d 
 from the High Schdol at I'.attle iriek. 
 Michigan, and began iiaehing in pulilic 
 scIl(X)]s in the \\e>t ahnut 1^(13: almut 
 two years later, entered the .Michigan 
 State Agricultural College, and fmni 
 there entered Harvard Universit\- from 
 which institution he graduated in 1S7S, 
 receiving the degree of I>. S. \\ hile at 
 Harvard he acted as instructor in Imtany 
 under Professor (leorge L. (ioodale, and 
 was tutor in zoology, i)aleontolog_\', com 
 parative anatomy and geography. IK 
 then went to ( lermany. entering the I'ni 
 versity of Tubingen, and graduated in 
 1880. receiving the degree of .Sc. D. .\tter 
 taking this degree. oi)portnnil\ wa> of- 
 fered for original iiue.-tigalion in line- 
 of ])lant i)hysiolo,g\ which he was alread) 
 conducting and he spent two \ears in 
 this work, the result of which was pub- 
 lished in (k'rmany. 
 
 I'pon his return from ( lermanw he was 
 aiiiiointed Professor of Plant Physiology 
 in the I'niversity of Peuns\ Ivania, and 
 after the death of Dr. Leidy. became Di- 
 rector of the School of lliol(jgy in that in- 
 stitution. 
 
 His sjiecial study has been in various 
 lines of natural history and work in plant 
 anatomy. |)hysiology. and fiber work, and 
 in economic l)otany and zoology. l-'or 
 two years, while occu])ying a i)rofessor- 
 shi]) at the L'niversity of I 'enns\ Ivania. 
 
 he made a series of investigations on the 
 etTect of climate on plants in the tropics, 
 for Professor Harrington, then Chief of 
 the Weather I'lUreau. lie has alwavs 
 been interested in social and e(lucalional 
 -uhjects. and with Dr. .\larv |. SalTord 
 an,l' .Mr. llvde. he established the tir-t 
 
 charit) kindergartens in I'loston, which 
 were ado|)ted by the city in iX/'i. 
 
 Dr. Wilson's life has been rejilete with 
 effort and acconijilishnieiU in tin- line of 
 research but the most lem.arkable work 
 in his career is the organization, develop- 
 ment and entire building up of the Phila- 
 delphia Commercial Museum, .^4th street 
 below Spruce. The idea presented in the 
 Commercial Museum, which is the exhi- 
 bition of all kind-, of i)rodncts and ma- 
 terials from a .given country, to show up 
 it< present condition, resources, progress 
 and ethnographic develo])nienl. is nni(|ue 
 in itself. Xo other institution in the 
 
33^ 
 
 Warwick's kicvstonk cu.mmon wkai. rii. 
 
 United States covers this ground, dhe 
 :\Iiiseum. possessing a collection of ex- 
 hibits valued at $2,000,000, is carried on 
 practically under three divisions : 
 
 First. ' A large museum with collec- 
 tions from more than fifty foreign coun- 
 tries, which attempts in each country to 
 show up the habits and customs of the 
 people, progress and resources of the 
 countrv and" raw materials of use to our 
 manufacturers. This division is support- 
 ed bv the city. 
 
 Second. A department of education, 
 in which lectures are given daily, except 
 Sunday, to any of the schools of the city, 
 private or public, on subjects selected bv 
 the teachers in a line with the work of 
 the classes. These lectures are beauti- 
 fullv illustrated with lantern slides, .\fter 
 the lecture, the children are taken in 
 groups to the exhibits from the countries 
 studied and the actual objects shown and 
 explained to them. Lectures, carefully 
 written, illustrated by lantern slides with 
 screen and lantern, are being circulated 
 all over the State of Pennsylvania to the 
 remote and small schools. 
 
 Small museums are sent to thousands 
 of schools, without cost to them, through- 
 out the State of Pennsylvania and wrU- 
 ten lectures illu^trated with lantern slides 
 are sent free to all the remote district 
 .schools in the state. This educatii^ud 
 work is supported bv the State. 
 
 Third. The Foreign Trade I'.urean. 
 with thirtv-five, often more, employes, is 
 working to aid .\merican manufacturers 
 to secure foreign trade. Ihis work is 
 not limited to JV-nnsylvania nr I'hiladel- 
 phia, but extends all over the L'nited 
 States. This P.ureau has put hundreds ' >i 
 manufacturers into foreign trade, who 
 had none bet. ire its skillful work aided 
 them. The Foreign Trade P.ureau ha.s 
 been copied by Jai)an and a number of 
 other countries. It stands alone ni its 
 methods over anv similar institution in 
 the world. This work is supported by the 
 nominal fees paid by the manufacturers 
 whom it is aiding. 
 
 In 1897, Dr. Wilson organized and car- 
 ried through the b'irst International Com- 
 mercial Congress. The Congress wa- 
 outlined and subjects suggested to dele- 
 o-ates from foreign chambers of com- 
 merce and others from each of the coun- 
 tries of South and Central .\merica and 
 
 Mexic.i, which delegates, fifty-one in 
 number, came together for a ten-day dis- 
 cussion and conference in Philadelphia 
 and were afterward taken by special train 
 to twenty of the largest cities of the 
 Cnited States. In 1899-1900. a Second 
 International Commercial Congress was 
 organized and carried through. This 
 largely exceeded the first, being attended 
 bv "about three hundred foreign delegates 
 and between four and five hundred repre- 
 sentatives from the United States. This 
 L'ongress was accompanied by the Na- 
 tional Export Exposition, Of which Dr. 
 Wilson was Director-General, and which 
 brought together from all parts of the 
 l'nited States, for the information of 
 these foreign delegates, the manufactur- 
 ed materials which were or might be ex- 
 ported from the United States. This 
 was the largest commercial Congress, 
 and second of its kind, both stimulated 
 and carried through under Dr. Wilson's 
 direction. 
 
 In 1002, President Roosevelt appointed 
 Dr. Wilson Commercial .\ttache to the 
 Pan .\merican Congress held in Mexico 
 City. He was also appointed by the Phil- 
 ippine Commissioners, Chairman of the 
 Philippine Government Board for the St. 
 Louis Fair in 1904, and had entire charge 
 of the exhibit made by this insular pos- 
 session. Under the direction of William 
 H. Taft. then Commissioner General of 
 the Lslands. Dr. W'ilson constructed the 
 necessarv buildings for the exhibit which 
 covered seventy acres of ground, with 
 fullv 100 buildings, including one for ag- 
 riculture, one for commerce, one for art, 
 one for education, one for a general ex- 
 liiljit, and full representation of more 
 than twentv tribes from the Philippines, 
 nianv of which constructed their own vil- 
 lages in native style. Dr. Wilson went to 
 the Philippines in 1903. and organized 
 committees and machinery to produce this 
 exhibit, perhaps the greatest single coun- 
 try exhibit which has ever been brought 
 together in a foreign or domestic exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 Dr. Wilson is a member of the Acade- 
 my of Natural Sciences of I'hiladelphia, 
 Die P.otanischen Gesellschaft, Germany, 
 The Botanical Society of .\merica. The 
 Washington Academy of Sciences, The 
 L"\t\ Club of Philadelphia, National Geo- 
 graphical Society, Geograiihical Society, 
 
WAKWU k's KE^■STO.\E■ ((JM -MOXWEALTH. 
 
 333 
 
 riiiladcliihia. AiiK-rican Aca(kniy of Po- 
 litical and Social Science. The American 
 Philosophical Society, Philadeli)liia, and 
 corresponding member of more than fifty 
 foreign societies and chambers of com- 
 merce in luu-ope and various parts of the 
 world. 
 
 I'ossessed of a natural beut for me- 
 chanics and having had a long practical 
 experience in railroad sho]).-, .Mr. Samuel 
 M. X'auclain entered the field of Ujco- 
 motive manufacture equipped with a 
 comprehensive knowledge of every iK- 
 tail and requirement of locomotive con- 
 struction. .\s the result of I his thor- 
 ough grotmding and the executi\r ability 
 which he has displayed, he has risen from 
 foreman of shops of The I'laldvvin I^oco- 
 motive Works to his present position of 
 vice-president, in which capacity lu- i-- 
 the efficient head of the manufacturing 
 and engineering departments of the cor- 
 poration, and occupies an im])ortaiU place 
 in the industrial world of the period. 
 
 Samuel Mathews \auclain was born 
 May iS, 1850, at Port Richmond. Phila- 
 delphia. Pennsylvania, the son of Andrew 
 
 L'. and Alary itampl)eli) \ auclain. 
 Through the paternal line of his ance>tr\ 
 he is of Prench, and through the maternal 
 line, of Scotch-Irish descent. 
 
 His education was obtained in the pub- 
 lic schools of his native place, and he has 
 since been honored by receiving the de- 
 cree of Doctor of Science from the I'ui- 
 \er>it\ of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. X'auclain began his active career at 
 an earl\- age. starting to work in iSjj in 
 tlie shops of the IVMinsylvania Railroad at 
 Altoona. Pennsylvania. His connection 
 with the firm of Pnirnham, Williams and 
 t'ompany, of Philadelphia, then proprie- 
 tors of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 
 began July i, 1883, when he took the po- 
 sition of foreman of the Seventeenth 
 sireei shi>p. In .\oveiul)er, 18S5. he was 
 ]iidmoted to be superintendent of equip- 
 ment of plant. an<l ou h'ebruary 10, 1886. 
 was advanced to the position of general 
 sn])erintendent of jjlant. He became a 
 member of the firm on January i. |8()5, 
 ,ind remained a partner until the reor- 
 L;anization of lUirnham, Williams and 
 ( ompanv, which, in 1909, was incorpor- 
 ated as The Baldwin Locomotive Works. 
 Mr. \'auclain was made vice-president of 
 the latter corporation July I, 1911, hav- 
 ing charge of engineering and manufac- 
 luring. and in this office he has since con- 
 limied to serve. 
 
 In addition to being vice-president and 
 ,1 director of The Paldwin Locomotive 
 Works. -Mr. Wanclain has many other 
 corporation interests, lie is a director of 
 tlie Standard Steel Works, the I'.ucyrus 
 I'ompany, director and half owner ol ihe 
 .Southwark Foimdry and .Machine (_ om- 
 panv-, director of the Philadel])hia Trust, 
 .Safe r)eposit and Insurance Company 
 ,aud of the Philadelphia Manufacturers' 
 .Mutual Fire Insurance rompan\-. 
 
 He is a member of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society. ( leograpliical Society. 
 IlistiH-ical .Society of Pennsylvania, 
 .American Society of .Mechanical I'"ngi- 
 neers. .American Society of Civil luigi- 
 neers, .\merican Societ\- of .Mining h'ngi- 
 ueers. Institution of Civil F.ngineers of 
 London, Franklin Institute. Concrete fn- 
 stitute, .\merican Railway blaster .Me- 
 chanics' .-\ssociation. Traveling I'.ngi- 
 neers' .Association and Fairmount I'ark 
 .\rt .Association. 
 
 His clubs include the I'niou League, 
 
334 
 
 WARWICK S KEVSTO.NE COMMl IX Wl'.ALT II. 
 
 Eiigineeers. Manufacturers' and the 
 Meriou Cricket Clulis, of Philadelphia : 
 the Railroad Cluh of Xew York, and the 
 Western Railroad Club, of Chicago. 
 
 Mr. X'auclain was married April 17, 
 1871). to Miss Annie Kearnev and has a 
 family consisting of two sons and three 
 dauiiiiters. 
 
 TH().M.\S M.\^" I'EIRCE, .\. M., PH. U. 
 
 The number of men throughout the 
 country, who owe their commercial suc- 
 cess to the careful business training im- 
 parted by Thomas May Peirce. are le- 
 gion : those who were the recipients of 
 his generous bounty are innumerable and 
 the young men and women who were in- 
 fluenced by his wise counsel and example 
 are many. Every moment that could be 
 spared from his business interests, was 
 devoted to the alleviation of suffering 
 and the uplift of mankind and his death 
 (in May i(>, 1896, was the occasion of 
 genuine grief by thousands whom Mr. 
 Peirce had befriended. He was born at 
 Chester, Pa., December 10. 1837, of Eng- 
 lish ancestry and was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Philadelphia, graduating 
 from the Central High School when but 
 sixteen years of age with the A. B. de- 
 gree and receiving the Master of Arts de- 
 gree from his Alma ^[ater five vears 
 later. Vyxjn attaining his niajoritv lie 
 taught school in Montgomery Countw 
 Pa., and the ability displayed brought him 
 the appointment of principal of the High 
 School at Xorristown. He filled similar 
 positions in several Philadelphia schools 
 and in 1865 he established the Peirce 
 School, which from a small beginning 
 has. according to the United States Com- 
 missioner of Education, grown to be the 
 largest private school in the United 
 States, with an annual enrolment of up- 
 wards of 3,000 students. The course of 
 the Peirce School includes everything 
 necessary to a thorough business training, 
 and it is estimated that more than 35,000 
 students have been benefited by the Peirce 
 method. Dr. Peirce was, earlv in his 
 career, a bank examiner and was also re- 
 garded as a handwriting expert, his 
 knowledge in these connections bringing 
 him as a witness in manv important 
 cases of a civil and criminal character. 
 He served as president of the P.usines- 
 
 Educators' Association and in recogni- 
 tion of the service rendered in the cause 
 of education, Dickinson College made 
 him a Doctor of Philosophy. He was 
 president of the Philadelphia Tract So- 
 ciety, a trustee of the Methodist Ejmsco- 
 pal Hospital, treasurer of tlie Philadel- 
 phia Sabbath Association, a trustee of 
 Temple College and a manager of the 
 Home Missionary Society and the Evan- 
 gelical x\lliance of America. Pie was a 
 Democrat in politics and his marked ora- 
 torical ability led, on many occasions, to 
 his selection for important campaign 
 work in Ohio, Indiana and Maryland. 
 Dr. Peirce married in 1861, Miss Emma 
 Louise Bisbing, who died in 1870, leaving 
 three children. His second marriage was 
 to Aliss Ruth Stong. The children living 
 at the time of Dr. Peirce's death were 
 Mary .B., Eda May, Ruth, Thomas May 
 and Caleb C. Peirce. Dr. Peirce's com- 
 paratively brief life was filled with good 
 deeds, and his death was deplored bv 
 hundreds of individuals and by his as- 
 sociations in every charitable and church 
 organization with which he was connect- 
 ed. His unblemished life and the school 
 that he fnumled arc enduriuij- nii inunient^. 
 
 riiciMAS M,\v I-KIRCE. 
 
WARWICK S Kl-nSTONIv ((IMMONW I'.ALIll. 
 
 335 
 
 i;iM,Ai; lAiis SMini. 
 
 Called to the I'ruvostship >if the L'ni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, after many years 
 of educational work in various collegiate 
 institutions througliout the country, Kd- 
 gar F. Smith is a worthy successor t<> the 
 noted men who previously held that hon- 
 orable i)osition. Mis scholarly attain- 
 ments and executive ability in university 
 administration, have made him most pop- 
 ular with the students anil added i;reatl\- 
 to the reputation and usefulness nf the 
 University. Dr. .Smith was born in ^'nI■k, 
 I'a., May 23, 1854, and was prejiared 
 for college at the York County Academy, 
 in which he subsef|ucntly taught. I le en- 
 tered I 'ennsylvania College, (Gettysburg, 
 I'a., in 1S72, and graduated from that in- 
 stitution in 1S74 with the degree of ISach- 
 elor of Science. The same year he went 
 abroad to further study and matriculated 
 at the L'niversitv of (joettingen. ( ier- 
 many, wdicre he devoted two years lo the 
 stndv of chemistry under W'oehler and 
 fluebner. lie also took a course in min- 
 eralogy under \'on Walters-hausen and 
 receiving the Doctor's degree in 1876, re- 
 turned to the United States. He was im- 
 
 niedialely made a^si-^lant to Professor F, 
 \. ( H-nlb, of tile Towne Scientilir .School 
 n\ the University of Pennsylvania and in 
 iSSi. was called' to AlleiUown, I'a., to fill 
 the -\sa Packer Professorship in eliemis- 
 try in .Muhlenburg College. lie was 
 111,-ide Professor of Chemistr\ in W'itten- 
 berg College, Springfield. ' 'bio. in 1S83, 
 and in 1888 returned to the Uni\ersit\- of 
 Pennsylvania to fill Ibe eliair of Analy- 
 tical Chcmistrx . \ae:ited by Professor 
 Gentb. In i8i)2 he became bead of the 
 whole Cbemi>tr\ I )e])artment. which be 
 thoroughly reorganized. He was made 
 \'ice-Provost of the University in 1898 
 and the following year that institution 
 Conferred upon bim the degree of Doctor 
 of Science. In ii)()'>. he was further hon- 
 ored by receiving the degree of Doctor 
 of Paws from the L'niver>ity and the 
 ^ame vear a like honor was received from 
 ilie Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 
 I'a., and the University of Wisconsin 
 made bim a Doctor of Laws in 1904. The 
 same degree was received from Franklin 
 and .Marshall College, from Rutgers Col- 
 lege, from the University of Pittsburgh, 
 from the University of North Carolina, 
 and from Cincinnati ( 1913) : wdiile from 
 .Muhlenberg College came the L. H. I). 
 degree and from Duvlin, S. C. I^., in 
 11)12. He filled the office of \'ice-Provost 
 at the L'niversit\- of Pennsylvania until 
 the resignation of I'rovost Harrison in 
 ii)io, when be was elected to fill the va- 
 cancv. In 181)9 be was elected to memlier- 
 ship in the Xational .\cademy of Science. 
 He is a member of the .\merican Chemic- 
 ,il Societv and was its president in i8r;8, 
 the same year being honored liy the vice- 
 presidency of the -Association for the 
 .\dvancement of Science. He w.as a 
 member of the Chemical Jury of Aw.ird 
 at the Columbian F.\])osition .and was in 
 1895 a member of tlu' Uniled Stales As- 
 say- Commission, ami again from ic)Ot 
 until 1905. He is also a member of the 
 .\merican Philosophical .Society, of which 
 he w.as president from 1902 to 1907. Dr. 
 .Smith has few equals as an investigator 
 in ibe field of electro-cbemistrv and the 
 result of bis many invest ig.at ions has 
 been of incstimal)le v.ahn' to the l'niver- 
 sitv of Pennsylvania. In recognition of 
 bis work as a scientist, his indefatigable 
 labors on behalf of the Universitv and 
 
33^^ 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMAKJN \VE,\LTH. 
 
 his popularity with the Facuhy and stu- 
 dents, the dorniitory erected in 1904 was 
 named for him. 
 
 HARRY WKloHT. 
 
 Even now, when liase baU lias attained 
 a development which was not dreamt of 
 by its nKist o]itimistic devotees ten years 
 apo ; when more mone\' is represented in 
 the equipment of one of the modern re- 
 inforced steel and concrete pavilions than 
 was represented in the combined parks 
 of both leagues than there was then, it is 
 customary to say "the national game is 
 only in its infancy." And those who have 
 watched the i)rogrcss of the great outdoor 
 ])astime since the American League be- 
 gan its expansion movement in lOOi will 
 unhesitatingly subscribe to its truth. 
 That the city of Philadelphia has played 
 its part — in fact, taking the initiative in 
 the matter of modern equii)ment — is par- 
 ticularly gratifying to local [jride, for 
 despite the claims of other cities. Phila- 
 
 delphia is generally regarded as the cra- 
 dle of the Xational game. But it must 
 not be supposed that the great impetus of 
 the past decade has been entirely due to 
 the men who were contemporary with it. 
 It is true they have shown splendid ca- 
 jiacity, and yet but for the seed sown by 
 the sportsmanlike and unselfish men who 
 preceded them anywhere from ten to 
 twenty years, their task would have been 
 a much harder ijne. .\nd of all of those 
 who sowed that others might reap, none 
 occupied so high a place in public esteem 
 as Harry Wright, who more than any- 
 one else was responsible for the re-estab- 
 lishment of the game in public favor here 
 in the Sos. ISorn in England, William 
 Henry Wright, or Harry Wright as he 
 was nationalh' known, was br(jught to 
 this ciiuntrv at a very early age. His 
 father was a pr(:ife>si(_inal cricketer, and 
 his tir>t athletic work was as an exemplar 
 of England's national game at the Elysian 
 Field at Hoboken. But it did not take 
 him long to discover the possibilities of 
 the -\merican game of base ball, and in 
 1803. he went to Cincinnati, where he 
 formed the first professional club in the 
 history of the game. From that time on 
 to the day of his death Harry Wright de- 
 veiled himself exclusively to the develop- 
 ment cif the national outdoor sport. In 
 i8(«> he had the distinction of managing 
 the Cincinnati Reds who did not lose a 
 game that year. From Cincinnati he went 
 to Boston, where he won three champion- 
 ships. Leaving Boston, he went to Provi- 
 dence, whipped the team oi that city into 
 championship form, and in 1884 he as- 
 sumed the management of the Philadel- 
 phia I'lulj, then i)laying at the old horse 
 market at Twenty- fourth street and 
 Ridge avenue. \\'hen he took the man- 
 agement of the Phillies they had little or 
 no following. l)ut in three years, bringing 
 the team u]) from last to second place in 
 the Xational League race, the patronage 
 increased to such an extent that the club 
 
W ANW U K S Kli'l'SruMi CUiM MUX WKALTH. 
 
 337 
 
 owners built what \va> iIk- f< ircruniicr of 
 the nioilern stands at Broad and 1 Inntinu;- 
 d(>n. Under j\lr. Wright's regime r. >\vd\- 
 isni (in the field was eliminated, hdiulhini- 
 ism in the bleachers was suppressed. I le 
 was the apostle of clean base ball. In 
 dealing with his plaxers he was inclined to 
 resort to moral suasion, but if the occa- 
 sion demanded it he could be the strong- 
 est of disciplinarians. The scoring rules 
 used by the reporters today, with the ex- 
 ception of such modifications as have been 
 made necessar\- by changes in the playing 
 rules from time to time, were formulated 
 by him in 1874, and the score book which 
 is used by about three fourths of the pro- 
 fessional scorers, was invented and pat- 
 ented by him. Mr. Wright died in 1S95, 
 his funeral being attended by prominent 
 baseball men from all parts of the coun- 
 try. A bronze statue, erected by popular 
 subscription stands to hi^ memory in 
 West Laurel Hill Cemetery, but his great- 
 est monument is the game which he did 
 so much to develop and ])erfect. His 
 fame is assured so long as it shall endure. 
 
 M.MILOX W. XEWTON. 
 
 Mahlon W. Xewton, who has made 
 I Ireen's Hotel famous for its homelike 
 and cheerful interior, its excellent cui- 
 sine and moderate charges, owes his suc- 
 cess as much to his genialit\- a,-- he does 
 to his long experience in the hotel busi- 
 ness. He was born in Xew Jersey and 
 came to Philadelphia from llurlington Lo. 
 in early youth to fill a position in a .Mar- 
 ket street hardware store, but this busi- 
 ness did not appeal to him and loaded 
 with inexperience he launched into ihe ho- 
 tel business at Woodbury, X. j., in i.SjH. 
 While he knew absolutely nothing of ho- 
 tel keeping he was genial and entertain- 
 ing and possessed a determination to ])ro- 
 vide his guests with good service and an 
 elaborate cuisine. His Woodbury hotel 
 was soon popular and quickly attained a 
 State-wide reputation. He later jnir- 
 chased the hotel at Wenonah. Xew Jer- 
 sey, and a few years afterwards became 
 one of three to purchase Green's Hotel. 
 He eventually bought his partners' inter- 
 ests and since 1898 has been sole proprie- 
 tor of the house, which has attained a 
 nation-wide reputation and has through 
 successive vears of enlargement and im- 
 provement been made one of the mo>t 
 pii])ular hotels in the city. 
 
 .M.MH.O.N U . .\l.« II 
 
 I AMi-;s F. iioi'i-:. 
 
 Ianie> V. Hope was born at Alcxan- 
 ilri.'i. Scotland. Sepli'mber _'f>lh. lS4,v and 
 c.inie with his i)arents to America in 
 1S47. He was educated at the public 
 schools of I'hiladelphia, and at the age of 
 fifteen began business in the grocery 
 house of James Woodside, on .Second 
 street. In 1861 he entered the manufac- 
 torv of Thomas Potter, and was connect- 
 ed with that business until the time of his 
 de.-ith. June 3. ii>i,^ filling the position 
 ■ ■f secretary and treasurer of Thomas 
 1 'otter, Sons & Co., Incoriiorated. for sev- 
 eral years. 
 
 Mr. lloi)e. in lS6^, entered the Cniled 
 St.ates .\rniy in the i()(ith l'enn>yl\ania 
 Ivlegiment. one of the I'nion League Reg- 
 iments in the war. and he served three 
 terms as ]iresidenl of the I'nion League 
 
338 
 
 wakwkk's ki-.vsi()\i-: cii.mm ox wealth. 
 
 Cavalry and in 1871 was made first lieu- 
 tenant. He served in many of the cam- 
 paigns against the Indians and was re- 
 tired for disability in 1879. returning to 
 Philadelphia. He served for thirteen 
 years on Common Councils, his work in 
 that chamber being endorsed by the Com- 
 mittee of One Hundred, the Committee of 
 Xinety-five and the Twenty-seventh 
 Ward Branch of the Municipal League. 
 His service as chairman of the Finance 
 Committee made him an authority on the 
 cit\'s monetary affairs and led to his ap- 
 pdintment to the City ComptroUership 
 when a vacancy occurred in 1895, ^^y ^^'^'^ 
 resignation of Thomas .\I. Thompson, to 
 accept the position of Director of Public 
 W'urks. He was subsequently nominated 
 for the full term on the Republican ticket 
 and has filled the office ever since. In 
 ii)o6 he was a candidate for Mayor but 
 failed to secure the nomination. Captain 
 Walton is a member of the American 
 Whist Club, the Hamilton Club and the 
 Cnion League. He is a vestrvman of St. 
 Marv's V/K. Church of We>t Philadel- 
 
 of Philadelphia. He was also a memliei 
 of Meade Lost, Grand Army of the Re- 
 public. He was president of the St. An- 
 drew's Society of Philadelphia for sev- 
 eral terms, and was a trustee of the Penn 
 ^Mutual Life Insurance Company, a direc- 
 tor (.)f the Philadelphia National Bank, 
 Keystone Watch Case Company. Fire 
 Association. Merchants' Fund and one of 
 Philadel])hia's representatives on th'- 
 Board of the 1 'hiladel])hia Rapid Transit 
 Company. 
 
 JOHN II. W.VLTOX. 
 
 Captain John .M. Walton, who has for 
 years so accept.ibly filled the office of Cilv 
 Com])troller, was born in Strouclsburg, 
 Monroe County, in 1842. and was educat- 
 ed at the famous Moravian School at Lit- 
 itz. Pa., but spent his earl}- manhood in 
 Philadelphia to which city his father re- 
 moved upon his appointment to the posi- 
 tion of treasurer of the L'nited States 
 Mint bv President Buchanan. In 1867 
 Mr. Walton was appointed to a second 
 lieutenancy in the Fourth United .States 
 
 l.N ,\1. WALU 
 
U AUWKK S KKVSIOM:. I IIMMIINWEAI.TII. 
 
 339 
 
 ARTHUR PETERSON'. 
 
 Arthur I'ctcrson, son of Henry ami 
 Sarah ( W'chb) Peterson, was born in 
 Philadelphia, September 20, 1851. Most 
 of his original ancestors in America, on 
 both his father's and mother's side, were 
 English Quakers, who, following- the 
 coming of William Penn. took up land in 
 and around Philadelphia between the 
 
 vears 1682 and 
 
 He was educatei 
 
 in private schools in Philadelphia, and 
 when about nineteen or twenty years of 
 age became Assistant Editor of The Sat- 
 urday Evening Post, of which his fathei' 
 was then editor and publisher. In 1877, 
 the "Post" having passed into other 
 hands, he entered the United States Navy 
 as a paymaster, and for the ne.xt twenty- 
 five years lived the usual life of a naval 
 ofificer, alternately at sea and on shore in 
 various parts of the world, especially m 
 the Far East, where he made three 
 cruises. His last cruise was in the Phil- 
 ippine Islands, on the U. S. S. Baltimore, 
 in the squadron commanded by Admiral 
 Dewey. He married. March 30. 1891. 
 Georgiana. daughter of the late Charles 
 J. Harrah. of Rio de Janeiro and Phila- 
 delphia. In September. 1902, he resigned 
 from the naval service, and has since de- 
 voted himself mainly to literar\- work. 
 His published books (all pnctr\ ) are 
 "Songs of Xew-Sw eden." 18S7: "Pen- 
 rhyn's Pilgrimage," i8()4: "Collected 
 Poems." igoo: and ".Sigurd." 1910. His 
 home, "Red Catcs," is in ( )verbrook. one 
 of the beautifid suburbs of Pliiladel|)hia. 
 on the Main Line of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. 
 
 Wir.l.lAM I'. TII.DEX. 
 
 .\ leader in political reform movt'iiients 
 and a successful merchant. William T. 
 Tilden. has for years been a pniminent 
 figure in the connnercial ;ind civic cir- 
 cles of Philadelphia. He was born at .St. 
 Georges. Newcastle Co., Delaware, and 
 was educated in private schools in his 
 native .State and the Centr.al High School. 
 
 WII.I.I.XM T. TU.DK.N. 
 
 lie came to l'hiladelphi:i in earl\ life 
 and entered the hair and wool business in 
 1880, building up one nf the strongest 
 hiiuses in this line in the coinUry. Al- 
 though a Republican in politics he has 
 always advocated reform within the 
 ])arty and tliough fre(|uentlv im|)ortuned 
 to become a candidate for elective office 
 has alway> refused, the only ])osition 
 w Inch he would accept being membership 
 in the Hoard of Education, lie is ;i di- 
 rector of the I'nion National liank and 
 the Fire .\ssociation. He has served as 
 president of the Delaware Society of 
 Philadelphia and the Sons of Delaware. 
 Is a member of the Pennsyh'.ania llistor- 
 ical .SocietN. the Philadelphia lioard of 
 Traile and is interested in the .\lumni 
 Association of the Central High School. 
 Afr. Tildcn is jiresident of the Cnion 
 League, and a member of the (lerman- 
 town C''icket and Penn clubs. 
 
340 
 
 Warwick's keystone common wealth. 
 
 HON. GEOUGE r.0.\L ORLADV. 
 
 George B. Orlacly, who is one of the 
 most conspicuous figures in legal and 
 Masonic circles in the State, was born 
 at Petersburg, Huntingdon County. Pa.. 
 February 22d. 1850. He was educated 
 at the State College and Washington and 
 Jeffer.son College, graduating from the 
 latter institution in 1869, after which he 
 entered Jefferson Medical College and 
 received the M. D. degree in March. 
 1871. After graduating he practiced 
 medicine for some time, but the profes- 
 sion of law appealing strongly to him he 
 relinquished his practice and took up a 
 course of legal study in the office of S. S. 
 Blair, of Hollidaysburg. Pa., and was ad- 
 mitted to practice February. 1S73. He 
 practiced law at Huntington fmni 1S73 
 to 1895 and was District Attorney of 
 Huntingdon County from 1878 to 1887. 
 When t"he Superior Court was created in 
 1S95, he was one of the first judges ap- 
 pointed and at the election in November 
 of the same year he was elected for a full 
 term and was subsequently re-elected fnr 
 aniither term of ten years. Judge ' )r- 
 
 lady is a man of commanding figure and 
 his' forcefulness while a practitioner at 
 the Bar, made him well known through- 
 out the entire State, his popularity being 
 largely added to by the deep interest he 
 has always taken in Masonic matters. He 
 has always been active in Lodge, Chapter, 
 Commandery and Consistory. He is a 
 thirty-third degree member of the Order 
 and 'was C.rand Master of Pennsylvania 
 in 1908-9. In every movement for the 
 relief of distressed members of the_ order 
 or the care of their orphaned children, 
 he has always been foremost. In the 
 gatherings o'f the State Bar Association 
 where questions of great moment are us- 
 ually discussed, he "has taken an active 
 part. . 
 
 Tudge ( )rlady is a memlier ot the 
 L'nion League, the Art Club, the Histor- 
 ical Societv'of Philadelphia and the Penn- 
 sylvania Society of New York City. He 
 married Miss ^larv Irvin Thomp.son, of 
 Curwensville, Clearfield Co.. Pa.. Febru- 
 ary 21. 1877, and has three children: 
 Edith T. Orlady, Frederick L. Orlady 
 and ("lenrge Phillips Orlady. 
 
WARWICK s Kiiisroxi;. niM Mi).\ w i;ai,i ii. 
 
 341 
 
 IX. lull \ I'. I.I.KI N. 
 
 I'ran.siuoii from a lot; cabin on a com- 
 paratively isolated farm, to a Judgeship 
 of the Sujireme Court of a great Com- 
 monwealth seems almost impossible. That 
 it can be accomplished by untiring en- 
 ergy, unblemished integrity and indomit- 
 able will is proven by the life story of 
 Honorable John 1'. Elkin. who was l)orn 
 in a cabin of unhewn timber in West 
 Mahoning Tow-nship, 1 'enns\ Ivaiiia. J.in- 
 uary I ith, i860, under conditions that did 
 not augur future success. He obtained 
 liis rudimentary training in the district 
 school, fully a mile from his humble 
 home, walking back and forth each school 
 (lay. of the four winter months this prim- 
 itive place of learning was o]ien. In 
 Smickshurg. to which his fatiier. I''rancis 
 F.lkin. removed to engage in the stove 
 and foundry business, the scliool was 
 more accessible, although the terms were 
 as short. Here his studies were contin- 
 
 ued until 1873, when his father associated 
 with several friends in the manufacture 
 of tin plate, erecting a plant at Wells- 
 vilh'. ( )hio. This wa^ the first attein|)t 
 to make this coinnioility in America and 
 the mill was compelled to shtil down in 
 
 1874, as the industry was 1 w eiit\ -ti\e 
 years ahead of its lime, lis f.ailure com- 
 pletely ruined the projectors, ^dung FA- 
 kin. though but fourteen years of age, 
 had worked in the mill as "hanimer-bov" 
 ;md through the intermediate grades to 
 finisher in the tin house. When llie works 
 shut down he determined to educate him- 
 self for a ])rofessionaI career and entered 
 the high scho,,! at Wellsville. Ohio. He 
 niaile rapid progress and finished the 
 course at the end of the school vear. 
 The family moved back to Smickshurg in 
 
 1875, .Mr. Klkin securing the position of 
 teacher in tlie borough school and, though 
 under sixteen vears of age, successfully 
 
34-' 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 taus^ht the buys anil skirls who two years 
 Ik- lore had been his classmates. I'"nini 
 this period nntil iSSo he attended scIum.I, 
 durins;^ the summer mimths and tauLjht 
 ihrougli the winter sessions, attending 
 the Normal School at Indiana, Pa., one 
 term each year until 1879. when he bor- 
 rowed sufficient muney to enable him to 
 study the entire year, lie graduated in 
 iSSo and cnntinued teaching until the 
 ball of 1881 when be entered the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan as a law student and 
 graduated in 1884. He was honored by 
 his selection as orator of his class at both 
 institutions. His father, who died in 
 1882, had been mentioned as a candidate 
 for the State Legislature and friends 
 suggested that the sun make the fight for 
 the nomination. This he decided tn do 
 and conducted his cainpaign l)y cnrres- 
 piindence while a student at Ann .Vrlxir. 
 The ])rimaries were held one week after 
 his graduati(_in and be was ncjniinated and 
 subsequently elected, serving during the 
 sessions of 1885 and 1887. While in the 
 Legislature he was chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Constitutional Reform and a 
 member of the Judiciary General. Re- 
 trenchment and Reform and Library 
 Committees. Lie was adrnitted to prac- 
 tice at the Indiana County Bar in 1885, 
 and at once commenced his legal work 
 there. He became active in Republican 
 politics and has been a delegate to many 
 State and National conventions. He was 
 President of the Indiana School iJoard 
 fur several years and for twenty-tive 
 years has been an active member of the 
 Hoard of Trustees of the State Normal 
 ScIkioI located there. He was Presi<1ent 
 • if the Farmers' I'.ank of Indiana from 
 i8i)j; ti> 181)5, when he resigned upon his 
 removal to 1 l.-irrisburg to become Heput)' 
 Attiirney I leneral of the State, lie was 
 a delegate to the St. Louis Convention 
 in 181/) when President McKinle\' was 
 nominated and as a sound money man, 
 stood with the majority of bis delegation 
 again--t the heresies of a free silver p.ri}- 
 jiaganda which threatened the destruction 
 of his party. This was the time when 
 Senators Teller of Colorado, DuPois of 
 Idaho, Cannon of LHah, and many other 
 like notable men withdrew from the con- 
 \'enti<in and left the Kepulilican ranks. 
 The same vear he was elected chairman 
 
 of the Republican State Committee and 
 conducted an educational campaign for 
 sound money which resulted in the larg- 
 est plurality ever given presidential elec- 
 tors in Pennsylvania up to that time. He 
 resigned the Deputy .\ttorney General- 
 ship in 1897 owing to differences with the 
 Hastings administration and in 1898 he 
 directed the campaign that placed Wil- 
 liam A. Stone in the gubernatorial chair, 
 being apixiinted Attorney General by that 
 official and serving four years. During 
 his term of office the opponents of Sena- 
 tor Quay challenged the right of (Gover- 
 nor Stone to appoint him to the Cnited 
 States Senate after the Legislature had 
 failed to re-elect him and denied the right 
 of Senator Quay to take the seat thus fill- 
 ed. Mr. Elkin was chosen to argue the 
 ([uestion before the Committee on Privi- 
 leges and Elections, of which Senator 
 Cliandler, of New Hampshire, was chair- 
 man, and Senator Hoar, of Massachu- 
 setts, was an active member. In repre- 
 senting the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
 vania, Mr. Elkin contended that under 
 our svstem of government, each State 
 was entitled to full representation in the 
 Senate and that it became the duty of the 
 (iovernor to appoint if the Legislature 
 failed to elect. The opposition was rep- 
 resented by Senator Edmunds of \"er- 
 mont, a recognized authority on Consti- 
 tutional law, and the Hon. Hampton L. 
 Carson and George Wharton Pepper, 
 leading members of the Philadelphia .Bar. 
 The contention of ^Ir. Elkin was sus- 
 tained by the committee, which re|Xirted 
 in favor of seating Senator Quay, but the 
 Senate, after a prolonged session, re- 
 jected the report by a majority of one, 
 and Senator Quay was not permitted to 
 take the seat until the Legislature in 1901 
 elected him for the full term. In 1902 
 Mr. Elkin was a candidate for (jovernor 
 and was opposed by Senator Quay, who 
 insisted that he retire from the contest. 
 This Mr. Elkin refused to do and one of 
 the most spirited political fights in the 
 State's history ensued. Refusing to take 
 orders to retire, Mr. Elkin made a direct 
 appeal to the people and as a residt lUair, 
 Chester, Dauphin, Lancaster, Northum- 
 berland and Tioga counties, the city <if 
 Wilkes-l'.arre and several other large dis- 
 tricts instructed their delegates for him. 
 
KiaSIONi:- COM MnNW i;.\l.l II. 
 
 343 
 
 Wlu-n the Coiivcnti.m nirl al I lairi>I)iir,^ 
 it was faiind that many nf tlic instnictnl 
 delegates had ignored their cnn^litiu'nt^ 
 and g-one over tci the ojipositinn and thi> 
 resulted in Mr. F.lkin's defeat, and the 
 nomination of Jmlge Sanniel \\ . I'enny- 
 packer. .\fter the e-xjiiration of his term 
 as Attorney (ieneral, he resnmed the 
 l)ractice of law until April. iiji)4. whin 
 the Harrisburg Convention unaninicinsl\ 
 nominated him to fill a vacancy in the 
 Supreme Court. Mr. I'.lkin was not a 
 candidate for the position and hail no 
 knowledge that he was to he named 
 until the day the Convention met. .\t the 
 election which followed he received 7,v .- 
 078 votes, the largest Reiiuhlican \'ole 
 ever cast for a nominee in Pennsylvania. 
 .Mr. Elkin took up his Judicial diuie- 
 lanuarv i, i<)05. and fiir eight \ear-- lia- 
 been one of the most useful and intelli- 
 gent memljers of the Supreme Comn oi 
 the State. 
 
 Soon after admission to the liar, .\lr, 
 Elkin became interested in the de\elop- 
 nient of the Indiana coal tiehls. being a 
 pioneer in the industr\- in that count\. 
 Willi Ilenr\- and ( ieorge I'rothero, he 
 maile plans for opening up the I'ush 
 Creek region in 1887 and has been inter- 
 ested in that section since. These asso- 
 ciates were instrumental in having the 
 Cush Creek branch of the railroad huill 
 from Mabaffey to Glen Crunpbell. and 
 they sold to the (jlenw.ioil ( oal t.'om- 
 |)any the lands now operated by tlieni near 
 (ilen Campbell and since that time the 
 operations have extended to every part of 
 the County. 
 
 ( )n June 17, 1884. .Mr. l-".lkin married 
 .Miss .\da I'., daughter of John I'rothero, 
 late ]5resident of the First .Valioual Hank 
 of Indiana. Pa., and the\ have three 
 cliildren : Helen I'rothero, l.aura Louise, 
 and -Stanlev Elkin, the first named being 
 the wife of W. .M. .Xmistrong. 
 
 .Mr. IClkin is a member of the Cnion 
 League of Philadelphia, the .\merican 
 Academy of Political and .Social Science, 
 the Clover Club and of other fraternal 
 and .social organizations, lb- is a nn'm- 
 ber of the Protestant Epi>co]}al Church, 
 the church of his ancestors, which be lib- 
 erally supijorts. 
 
 I'. .\ic( Ki' \m . 
 
 Though unswerving in his allegiance 
 to the Republican |jarty in .Xalional poli- 
 tics, George D. IMcCreary has one more 
 than one occasion waged relentless war- 
 fare on municipal abuses in Philadelphia 
 and ha^ thereby aided in establishing re- 
 forms that have resulted in his i)arty's 
 ujilifting. .Mr. Alc("rear\ was born al 
 ^'ork .Springs village, .\dams t'ounty, 
 Pennsylvania, Septeiuber _'(>, i84(), and is 
 the son of the late Jolni 1'.. .Met 're.iry, 
 who was a pioneer operator in the co;d 
 fields of Tremonl. Tamaipia .and .Miuu'b 
 Chunk. lli> e.arly youth was spent in 
 lhi> localil\ where he attended public ,ind 
 pri\';Ue schooK until 1 804 when he re 
 mo\ed to I 'hiladelpliia with his p.irenls, 
 rill- s.nue \e,-ir he eiitei-ed the I "niwrsity 
 of 1 'emis\ Ivania, rem.aining until his ju- 
 nior year. 1687. when he quit his studies 
 to take a jiosition with the IIone\- I'.rook 
 Coal Com|);my. of which his father was 
 president. In the three \ears lu- remain- 
 ed w ith this conii>any, he acquired a most 
 comprehensive knowledge of si-lling anil 
 shipping coal, and in 1870. he started ;m 
 independent career l)y becoming ;i part- 
 ner in the newlv urbanized coal firm of 
 
344 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwealth. 
 
 Whitney. AlcCrcary & Kemnu-rer. In 
 1879 he retired from this firm to assume 
 charge of his father's estate which was 
 large and required liis undivided atten- 
 tion. As early as 1882, Mr. ]\IcCreary 
 hecame interested in municipal affairs and 
 evincing a desire to correct the abuses 
 that existed at that time, he became an 
 original member of the Committee of One 
 Hundred and served actively on several 
 of its important committees. In 1891 the 
 reform element in his party was desirous 
 of nominating a business man of unblem- 
 ished character for the position of City 
 Treasurer and Air. McCreary was the 
 logical candidate. He was elected by a 
 large majority and during his term from 
 1892 to 1895, he reorganized the finances 
 of the citv and introduced and carried 
 into execution many needed measures, 
 which resulted in large money gains to 
 the citv and safety in the transaction of 
 its financial affairs. Mr. McCreary's 
 deep interest in local and national afifairs 
 led to his nomination for Congress in 
 1903 and he served continuously in that 
 body for ten years, and during that ser- 
 vice was member of the Banking and 
 Currency Committee. He was one of the 
 organizers and second vice-president of 
 the Market Street National Bank and is a 
 director of the Guarantee Trust and Safe 
 Deposit Company, the Westmoreland 
 Coal Company, Upper Lehigh Supiily 
 Company, Upper Lehigh Coal Company. 
 Nescopec Coal Company, .\lden Coal 
 Company, Whitehall Portland Cement 
 Manufacturing Company. the \ ir- 
 ginia Coal and Iron Company, and other 
 commercial organizations. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Hol\- Trinity P. E. Church, 
 and interested in church and philanthrop- 
 ic work. In June, 1873, he married Kate 
 R. Howell, daughter of the late William 
 and Rebecca Howell and they have four 
 children, all married. In the winter of 
 1873-74 he made an extended trip to 
 Cuba and Mexico with the late Bishop 
 Simpson of the Alethodist Episcopal 
 Church, revisiting Mexico some twelve 
 years later. He has traveled extensively 
 in this and foreign countries. He is a 
 member of the Union League of Philadel- 
 phia, the Philadelphia Sketch Club and 
 the Metropolitan Club of Washington. 
 D. C. 
 
 ROliEKT H. FOERDERER. 
 
 In the last decade Philadelphia has 
 produced no man of loftier aspirations, 
 nobler charitable tendencies or greater 
 commercial integrity than Robert H. 
 Foerderer, late Congressman-at-largte, 
 whose lamented death at an early age, 
 ended a career that accomplished much 
 for Philadelphia and its people and gave 
 promise of still greater achievement. Mr. 
 P'oerderer was born in Frankenhausen, 
 (jermany, while his parents, who were 
 citizens of the LTnited States at that time, 
 were re-visiting the place of their birth. 
 The father, Edward Foerderer, was a 
 tanner who had emigrated to America 
 some vears previously and established 
 himself in business in Philadelphia. 
 Robert H. Foerderer was educated in the 
 iniblic schools here and at a private 
 academv, and at the age of seventeen 
 years, his father secured him a position 
 as clerk in a bank. Financial pursuits, 
 however, did not accord with the young 
 man's tastes and upon an expressed de- 
 sire to work in the tannery, he w-as regis- 
 tered as an apprentice. He took a won- 
 derful interest in the trade and at the age 
 of twenty-one was a skilled workman, 
 with not only a complete knowledge of 
 the business, but an inventive taste and 
 an inquiring mind, that was not satisfied 
 with simply knowing that things were 
 done. He wanted to know how and why, 
 and if there was not a chance to simplify 
 and improve existing processes. He 
 earned eight dollars each week, four of 
 which he saved and at the age of twenty- 
 five years he had amassed a small capi- 
 tal which he determined to invest in a 
 business of bis own, wdiere he could un- 
 trammeled. try out his own theories. The 
 habit of thrift inherited from his father, 
 coupled with executive ability and thor- 
 ough knowledge of leather, assured his 
 success. At this period there was sub- 
 mitted to him a new method of treating 
 goat skins known as the "Chrome Pro- 
 cess." Other tanners had experimented 
 with it and had wasted vast sums in trv- 
 ing to successfully apply the new method 
 to the manufacture of morocco. Mr. 
 Foerderer knew the suggested process 
 was impracticable, but it was valuable 
 from the fact that it gave him a basic 
 
Ki;\sroMv coMMdXW EAi.rii. 
 
 345 
 
 Kl'lU.I;: II. I I ILKDI-.KI'.K. 
 
 idea iipDii whicli to work. He purcha.-^ed 
 the inventor's uii])erfected secret and then 
 commenced the ni.ijht and day strufjgle 
 of the skilled workman to bring about 
 perfection. Ht finally discovered the 
 lacking- condition that made the "Chmnie 
 Process" successful and eventually rc\ti- 
 lutionized the morocco business of the 
 world. ( )n the day that he finished this 
 task of international import, he thought 
 of C.-esar's historical utterance after the 
 victory at Mela, and the last word. "\'ici" 
 appealed ti> him sn strongi\', that he a])- 
 plied tin- name to his product and 
 made it known, in that connection, 
 throughout the civilized world. Suc- 
 cess always engenders jealousy and it 
 was natural that the perfection of the 
 process should be followed by litigation, 
 none of which, however, was efifective. 
 Other manufacturers were obliged to pav 
 
 royalties on the uncompleted process until 
 the original patents expired, but the 
 I'oerderer ])rocess was a secret one an<l 
 was never patented. It was. tlierefnre. 
 never subjected ti> surre]Uitii ms use liy 
 rivals and never placi-d at the mercy nf 
 expiring guvernmenlal lellei's. I'nder 
 Mr. h'derderer's able and sagacious direc- 
 tinn the business grew enormouslv each 
 year and tlie I'rankfunl ])lant was enlarg- 
 ed time and again In meet llie increasing 
 (lemaiicl fur "\'ici" kid. 'I'lie^e works 
 and the allied branch at llridesburg. 
 where the linest bide glue in the wurlil is 
 made and goat hair jirepared for commer- 
 cial use. employ u])wards of two thousand 
 persons and 50.000 goat skins are treated 
 each working day. The concern has 
 purchasing agents in China. Japan. Rus- 
 sia. .\sia. .\frica and South America .and 
 (ine millidu goal skins are ,-dw;i\> in 
 
346 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MOXWEALTH. 
 
 transit ti> tlu' I'ranktord works. Truly a 
 wonderful achievement in a reniarkablx 
 short time and by one man. \'ery earl\- 
 in life, Mr. Foerderer had become a 
 prominent figure in the mercantile world. 
 His sagacity and integrity were unques- 
 tioned and when the State enacted the 
 measure providing for the election of twn 
 Congressmen-at-large, Mr. Foerderer. as 
 a thoroughlv equipped business man and 
 successful manufacturer, was one of the 
 logical nominees. He was in no sense a 
 politician but brought to the position of 
 Congressman careful thought and indus- 
 trious attention which he applied to ever\ 
 business proposition that came before 
 that body. While a Representative at 
 Washington, no retiuest, however unim- 
 portant, failed to receive his personal at- 
 tention. He was a member of the Com- 
 mittee on Banking and Currency, and hi:- 
 foresight in financial matters made him a 
 recognized force. To his interest in mat 
 ters of local importance, is due the organ 
 ization of the Keystone Telephone Com- 
 pany, which has effectually checked an\ 
 possibility of monopoly in that important 
 service. His interest in labor was mark- 
 ed and always practical. At the time of 
 a serious financial panic, when business 
 interests were badly crippled and indus- 
 trial plants almost at a standstill he kept 
 his full force working three days each 
 week in making stock he had little sale 
 for at the time, and the other three days 
 he utilized them in erecting a storage 
 warehouse which he told them he '"would 
 need when times were better." This 
 kindly thought for those less fortunate 
 than himself, was carried out in many 
 charities. He invariably helped the de- 
 serving poor, furnishing them warm 
 clothing, food, medicines and in some in- 
 stances, surgical treatment. For genera- 
 tions Mr. Foerderer's ancestors had been 
 curers of hides. l)ut it remained for him 
 to bring a scientific knowledge to the 
 business that insured success and made 
 it possible for him to gratify his desire 
 to be, above all, helpful to his fellow man. 
 Mr. Foerderer died Jnly 26, 1903, deeply 
 regretted by all who knew him. Mis 
 success, upright career and philanthn)])y 
 furnish an object lesson that would be 
 useful to the yinmg were it incorporated 
 in everv school curriculum. 
 
 I'IKNI-.ST l.lvK.II TISTIX. 
 
 Frnest L. Tustin was born in Lewis- 
 burg, Union County, Pennsylvaina, De- 
 cember 20th, 1862, the son of Francis 
 Wayland Tustin, Ph. D., a man of high 
 attainments and one of the founders of 
 TUicknell L^niversity. Mr. Tustin's edu- 
 cation was obtained in that famous insti- 
 tution of learning and was supplemented 
 b>' a post graduate course at the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania. He studied law 
 with Simon P. Wolverton. of Sunbury. 
 Pa., and after admission to the liar in 
 1SS7 removed to Philadel])hia. where he 
 soon acquired a large practice in cor- 
 poration and Orphans" Court work. His 
 entry into public life was made in 1906 
 when he was elected to the State Senate 
 from the A\'est Philadelphia district. He 
 was re-elected in 1910 and resigned in 
 191 1 to become the Recorder of Deeds of 
 Philadelphia. He is vice-president and 
 treasurer of the William H. Hoskins 
 Company and vice-president of Henry A. 
 Fry & Co., and Alexander Reed & Co., a 
 director of the Quaker City National 
 I'.ank and the P>elmont Trust Company, a 
 member of the Executive Council of the 
 
UAUW UK S KinSTIlM:. I ( i \I M(i \ W l-.AI. I II. 
 
 .U7 
 
 I'xiard uf Trade, treasurer of the Wisler 
 Memorial Home and the l'enns\ hania 
 liaptist F.ducational Society, tnrstee ot' 
 JUicknclI I'niversity and the .American 
 Baptist Publication Society, president of 
 the Penn.sylvania State Uaptist Conven- 
 tion, chairman of the i 'eimsylvania Com- 
 mission of the Panama Mxposition, so- 
 licitor for the Young Women's Christian 
 Association and a member of the Cnion 
 League, University, Lincoln, Young Re- 
 publican. Lawyers and Overbrook (iolf 
 Clubs, the Masonic fraternitv and the 
 Sons of the Revolution ;ind Colonial So- 
 cietv. 
 
 CKOKCIi W. ICD.MO.VDS. 
 
 (ieor.ge VV. Iidnionds, member of the 
 63d Congress from the I'"ourth District of 
 Pennsylvania, is an avowed reformer in 
 politics and has waged many battles in 
 support of his views. He was born in 
 Pottsville. I'a.. on February 22(1, 1864, 
 and removed with bis parents to Philadel- 
 phia in 1871. His preliminary education 
 was received in the Public Schools of 
 Philadeli)bia. at the Wyoming. ( ierman- 
 
 lown and Meade schools, and also at the 
 CciUral High .School where he ;ittended 
 for two years, and is a member of the 
 71 nil class. He then decided upon the 
 >ln(ly ot pharmacy and eventually entered 
 the I'hiladelphia College of I'harmac)-, 
 from which he was .graduated with the 
 Class of 1885. During this i)erio(l be was 
 employed in the drug store of b'rench, 
 Richards iS: I'o.. and later bv Caswell, 
 Massey & Co., of Xevv York'City. lle 
 tlien entered the employ of Ceorge Mar- 
 tin in a retail dru.g store at 15th and (Ox- 
 ford streets. Philadelphia, later ac<|uiring 
 ;ui interest in the business. 
 
 In 1887 he decided to retire from the 
 drug business and so he organized the 
 I'.Iack Diamond Coal Co. After a .short 
 connection with this company he became 
 a joint-partner in the retail coal firm of 
 Warner, .Sinister & Co. In iSijj, this 
 coiiipaii)- became (;eor.ge W. b'.dmond-, iS: 
 ( o., with main office and yards at i>th and 
 r.erks streets, Philadelphia, and later four 
 branches in different parts of the citv. 
 b'or a number of years Mr. Edmonds was 
 also interested in the Harris Fertilizer 
 Co., whose plant occupies a large acreage 
 ;it the Tasker Street Wbarf. 
 
 Mr. Edmonds has always been inter- 
 ested in politics, and nationallv is a mem- 
 ber of the Republican jiarty, l)nt on local 
 tickets he has invariably es|). JUsed the 
 cause of honest government and vigor- 
 ously opposed bossism. In i8y6, he was 
 elected to Common Councils on the .'\nti- 
 Combine ticket in the 29th Ward, after 
 one of the most remarkable contests ever 
 witnessed in the city. He was re-elected 
 lo Common Council twice, serving in all 
 for si.x years, and his independence of 
 ihou.ght and action while ;i member of 
 that body brought him iiuo deserved 
 |)rominence. During the Spanisb-.Ameri- 
 can War, he served as chairman of a sj^e- 
 cial Coimcilmanic C'ommittee on Soldiers' 
 Relief, and mana.ged and conducted .1 
 series of relief trains foi- the purpose of 
 caring for the sick from the Pennsylvania 
 Regiments. In 1905, .Mr. ivlmonds be- 
 came active in opposilioti to the gas lease 
 of that year whose indefensible terms 
 aroused the deepest resentment of the 
 citizens of Philidelphia. He identified 
 himself with the City Party and served 
 for a mindier of years as Cilv Connnittee- 
 
348 
 
 W AKW H K 
 
 KEYSTONE COM .MOX W EAI, 1 I i . 
 
 man from tliu 2i)lh Ward. lli> pmmi- 
 iience in [trogressive politics made him an 
 available candidate for Congress in the 
 Fourth District, comprising 28th. 29th, 
 32d. 38th and 47th Wards, and to the 
 amazement of politicians he won both the 
 Keystone and Republican nominations, 
 and consequently was elected by a hand- 
 some majority. 
 
 He is a member of the I'hiladelphia 
 Turngemeinde. the Columbia Club, 
 Twentieth Century Club, Auto Club of 
 Philadelphia, City Club, ^lanufacturers' 
 Club, the Masonic fraternity, Northwe-t 
 Business Alen's Association, the IniK 
 pendent Order of Americans and is treas- 
 urer of the Xortheastern Hospital Asso 
 ciation. He is president of the Ko-Koal 
 Association, vice-president of the Phila- 
 delphia Coal Exchange and is connected 
 with main- charitable and business entcr- 
 ])rises in the Twenty-ninth \\"ard and 
 throughout the city. 
 
 Mr. Edmonds resides at 1543 X. irtli 
 33d street, in the 2i)th Ward. 
 
 MURRELL DOBIUNS. 
 
 It has long been conceded that the 
 treasury of the City of Philadelphia 
 should be presided over by a man of ster- 
 ling integrity and business acumen and 
 it was in keeping with this conclusion 
 that Murrell Dobbins was tendered the 
 Republican nomination for that impor- 
 tant office and elected by a large majority 
 in November, 1909. Air. Dobbins's se- 
 lection was not on account of his political 
 activity, for although a lifelong Repub- 
 lican, he had never held an elective office 
 except membership in the local school 
 board of the Twenty-third Ward over 
 thirt\- years a.go. He was chosen rather 
 fcjr his l)usiness experience, and his ad- 
 ministration of the City Treasury has 
 been along lines that brought success in 
 his own business. Mr. Dobbins was born 
 in Pemberton, Xew jersey, the son of 
 Joseph and Mary .\. ( Hilliard) Dobbins, 
 and is of Quaker ancestry. The father 
 was the owner of the historic mills at 
 Pemberton for years and was the owner 
 of nine of the finest farms in the county. 
 He was a man of the strictest integritv 
 
 MrilKNIl llDlilUNS. 
 
 and his large fortune was lost by fire 
 and in helping his friends. 
 
 Murrell Dobbins was educated in the 
 countv schools near the place of his birth 
 and tiien took up his residence in Phila- 
 delphia, where he served an apprentice- 
 ship with the bricklaying firm of Dobbins 
 & (iarman, of which his brother, Richard 
 J. Dobbins, was senior member. He was 
 afterwards connected with his brother in 
 the building business, and they erected 
 such well-known structures as the Ledger 
 lUiilding, the House of Correction and 
 Memorial Hall and the i\Iain Building 
 for the Centennial Exposition, the last 
 two contracts being for over $3,000,000. 
 Mr. Dobbins then turned his attention to 
 the manufacture of bricks and the man- 
 agement of his real estate interests and a 
 three-hundred-acre farm in Burlington 
 County near the place of his birth. At 
 this period he was the largest individual 
 manufacturer of bricks in the I'nited 
 States, the output of his four works be- 
 ing over 30,000.000 bricks annually. He 
 is president and owner of the Camden 
 Pottery, which is the fourth largest in the 
 
WAUW ICK S KICVSTOMi L (iM .M O.N WEALTH. 
 
 349 
 
 rnitL'<l Statc-s ami ilk- only nne owncil 1)_\ 
 one individual. -Mr. nubbins wa.s a mem- 
 ber of the lioard oi Port W'arden.s for 
 nineteen years and was one of the incor- 
 porators of the .Master llnilders' Ex- 
 cliange, of which he is at i)resent a di- 
 rector by virtue of being an e.x-president. 
 At the time of the failure of the Ke\- 
 .stone and Spring ( Sarden banks in 1891, 
 he was elected to the ])residency of the 
 Third .National I'lank, and his selection 
 at once restored confidence and prewntcd 
 a run on that institution that would Iku e 
 precipitated a local panic. He has been 
 a member of the ISoard of Education fur 
 seven years and was on three of its most 
 im])ortant committees — property, finance 
 and special schools. He has also been a 
 member of the Board of Inspectors of 
 the Eastern Penitentiary for many years 
 and is now president of the P>oard. He 
 is also president of the Board of Parole, 
 and as such has inaugurated a system of 
 mechanical education for first term men 
 that lessens the possibility of their return 
 to a criminal life upon their release. He 
 was one of the organizers of the Mechan- 
 ical Trades School of Phladelphia. which 
 educates the pu])il in various trades and 
 makes him acceptable, as a journeyman, 
 to the labor and trade organizations. Mr. 
 Dobbins has been a member of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity for forty-five years and 
 is also a member of the Pennsylvania 
 Sons of the Revolution, the Colonial .So- 
 ciety of Pennsylvania, the I'nion Eeague 
 and the Manufacturers' Club. 
 
 HF.XR'i- i-. w.\r,Tox. 
 
 Chosen Prothonotary of the Connnon 
 Pleas Courts, after a successful career a^ 
 a maker and expounder of laws. Henr\ 
 F. \\'alton brought to his new position a 
 knowledge that has largely increased the 
 department's efficiency. .\rr. Walton wa> 
 born October 2d. 185S. at .Stroudsburg, 
 Pa., and was educated in llie ])ublic 
 schools and bv private tutors. He after- 
 wards studied law with the Honorabk- 
 Wayne McX'cagh and the late Ceorgc 
 Tucker P.ispham. and being admitted tn 
 practice in October, 1870. immerliatel) 
 entered the law office of I'rancis l\awle. 
 In 1884, lion. Charles F. Warwick, wlni 
 
 was then Cit> Solicitor, made -Mr. Walton 
 an assistant and he occupied that jKjsition 
 umil elected to the Eegislature in 181/}. 
 lie was re-elected in 1892 and 1894 and 
 was urged for the Speaker.ship of the 
 House in 181^3 but declined the honor. 
 He was ap])ointed chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on judiciary (leneral and in 1895 
 was elected ."^iieaker without any party 
 tjjjposition. lie was appointed Solicitor 
 to the SheritT of Philadelphia County in 
 1S08, hut resigned when .igain ekn'ted to 
 the Eegisl.iture for the fourth tinu-. Mis 
 abilitv as the .S])t'aker in i8()3 made him 
 the logical candidate in i()0_^ and he was 
 unaniniouslv chosen and accorded the 
 same hmior in 11)05. -^f''- ^^altl>n's rec- 
 iignized fitness for the position <i\ Pro- 
 thonotary of the Common Pleas Courts, 
 led to his election bv the Board of Judges 
 and he is now filling that responsible po- 
 sition. He is a member of the L^nion 
 League, the hive () 'clock Club, the Penn 
 Club, the Historical .\ssociation of Phil- 
 adelphia and since 1908 has been presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of the 
 Medico-Chinu-gical College. 
 
350 
 
 w AKUK K s Ki-;vsr(>.MC COM Mii.\ w i:ali II. 
 
 l)A\"Ill MAKIIX. 
 
 Entering the political arena soon after 
 attaining liis majority, David Miartin, 
 the present Register of Wills, has been 
 a commanding figure in both city and 
 State politics for years and has filled 
 many positions of trust. He was born 
 on a farm in the suburban northeastern 
 section of I'hiladclphia, August 20th. 
 
 1S45, and worked as a farmer until twen- 
 ty \cars of age. He was educateil in the 
 pulilic schools during the winter terms 
 onl\-. He became politically active soon 
 after becoming of age and his efforts 
 along this line were rewarded by a posi- 
 tion in the Water Department. I'^rom 
 that time on he became a factor in Xine- 
 tecntli Ward Republican afTairs and for 
 lliirty-five years he was the recognized 
 and undisputed leader there. He was 
 first elected to membership in the Repul)- 
 lican Executive Committee of the Ward 
 in iSr/i, and has held a s,-at in tlnat body 
 ci iiitinunusl} sincr. Ik' also represented 
 
 the W ard in the City Committee for over 
 thirt\' years. lie was appointed Ser- 
 geant-at-Arnis of the I^ennsylvania 
 House of Representatives in 1873: was 
 elected County Commissioner of Phila- 
 delphia in 1875 and re-elected in 1878. 
 He has been a delegate to nearly every 
 State convention since 1872 and served 
 as Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms of the 
 Xational House of Representatives dur- 
 ing 1881 and 1882. He was a delegate 
 to the convention that nominated Harri- 
 son f(ir the presidency in 1888, and from 
 1892 until 1896 he was a member of the 
 Xational Republican Committee from 
 Pennsylvania. In the Xational Conven- 
 tions of 1892 and 1896 he was one of the 
 six Pennsylvania delegates who voted for 
 Major AIcKinley against President Har- 
 rison. He was appointed Collector of In- 
 ternal Revenue of the First Pennsylvania 
 1 listrict by President Harrison in 1889, 
 ])Ut resigned after two vears of service. 
 I he political alliance between Mr. Mar- 
 tin and Senator Oua\- was broken in 
 1895, when in coimection with the late 
 L'harles .\. Porter and others he wrested 
 the control of the citv from the lieaver 
 statesman and secured the nomination 
 I if Hon. Charles ¥. Warwick for Mayor, 
 defeating Boies Penrose for the honored 
 place. He was afterwards identified with 
 ( iovernor Hastings and the late C. L. 
 Magee, Attorney General H. C. McCor- 
 niick and others in the movement to re- 
 tire Senator Quay from the control of the 
 Republican State Organization. L'pim 
 the retirement nf Ceneral I'rank Reeder, 
 September. 1807, Mr. Martin was made 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth by Gov- 
 ernor Hastings. He was chairman of 
 the Campaign Committee of the Republi- 
 can City Committee for several terms 
 and was elected State Senator in 1898 
 and served in the sessions of i8()9 and 
 igoi. He was a delegate to the conven- 
 tions that nominated Theodore Roosevelt 
 for President in 1904 and William H. 
 Taft in 1908. In 1905 he was appointed 
 Insurance Commissioner bv Governor 
 Pennypacker. being reappointed bv Gov- 
 ernor Stuart. His last elective office was 
 Register nt Wills in which position he 
 i-> still ser\-ing. .Mr. Ahrtin was fnuufler 
 (if the Anti-Coli.!en Club. 
 
WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MO.\ \V I'lALTH. 
 
 REUBEX O. MOOX. 
 
 After alil\ rciJi'cseiUini^ the lourlli 
 I'ennsxlvania district in Cunyress lor ini 
 years, Reuben O. ■Moon resumed the ac 
 live practice of law in Philadelphia with 
 the consciousness that he had lahnreil in- 
 dcfatigably for his Imnie cit\ and the 
 country at large. As chairman of the 
 Committee on the Revision of Laws, he 
 devoted two years of almost incessant la- 
 bor in pre]5aring and perfecting a judici- 
 ary bill which was passed by the Sixty- 
 first Congress. This law made many 
 needed reforms in the old judicial system, 
 doing away with the United States Cir- 
 cuit Court and bringing into activity and 
 ])rominence the previously obscure Dis- 
 trict Court, which usurped the function> 
 of the first named body, expedited busi- 
 ness and inaugurated a complete judicial 
 system. He was also chairman of the 
 committee that pre]iared, perfected and 
 enacted the new Penal Code which was 
 passed by the Sixtieth Congress and 
 which gave to the United States, for tlie 
 first time, a complete system of criminal 
 jurisprudence. The bill has come to be 
 known as the "Moon Code" and those 
 who were violently opposed to it orig- 
 inallv are now unstinted in its ])raise. 
 Mr. Moon's speeches on these twM) meas- 
 ures were legal classics and can be found 
 in nearly every law office and library in 
 tile country. He also received separate 
 votes of thanks from Congress for his 
 work on the bills and when President 
 Taft affixed his signature to the Judiciary 
 I'lill, he sent Mr. Moon the following let- 
 ter: "1 have just signer! the bill making 
 law the new judicial code. This is a most 
 important measure. It is the result of the 
 hardest work on the part of yourself and 
 your collea.gues of the joint committee for 
 the revision of the laws. Every law'yer, 
 every judge and every citizen ought to 
 feel deeply grateful to you and to them 
 for this reform, lint for your patience, 
 persistence and parliamentary experience 
 and knowledge of the law and the Fed- 
 eral procedure this great accomplishment 
 would have been impossible. .Accept my 
 .gratitude and congratulations." In rec- 
 ognition of his successful w^irk on the 
 Penal Code, the Philadelphia P>ar ti-n- 
 dered him a receptii»n at the T.awyers" 
 
 Club, Ma_\- i8th, igog, which was attend- 
 ed by some of the most eminent jurists 
 in the country who were unanimous in 
 the opinion that the passage of the bill 
 was the most important legal legislation 
 enacted in years. Another hi.mor of a 
 most inui>ual character was conferred 
 upon Mr. Moon by the Law Association, 
 which, in a set of engrossed resolutions, 
 paid the highest possible tribute to his 
 lirilliant and successful work on the two 
 measures. The recipient of these honors 
 was born in lUndington Countw .W'W jer- 
 se\'. jul\- _'J(1. 1S47. llis ance>lors came 
 to this coinitry with William I'enu and 
 settled at I'enn's .Manor, I 'ennsyl\ania, 
 and one of his paternal forebears was 
 prominent as a judge in Colonial times. 
 Mr. ^^oon was educated in the public 
 scIkioIs of his native Slate and by his 
 father, .\aron L. .Moon, who was a noted 
 educator at that period. He afterwards 
 took a collegiale coiu-se in Philadelphia 
 and after teaching school for a short 
 time accei^ted a professorshi]) in the Na- 
 tional School of IClocution and ( )ra- 
 tory, Philadelphia. I'.eing a forceful 
 speaker and possessing the rare gift of 
 elocution he afterwards bei'anie a lecturer 
 
352 
 
 WARWR K S KEVSTO.Nli l( IM .M<l.\ WEALTH. 
 
 and atUiiiK'il an cnviabk- rcputatii m 
 throui^liout the duintry. 
 
 Relinquishini;- this work to take u]) the 
 study of law he was admitted to the liar 
 in 1805 and soon acquired a clientele that 
 included some of the largest corporations 
 in the city and he also figured in man\- 
 important criminal cases. Mr. Moon 
 is a Republican and has always taken an 
 active interest in his party's welfare. It 
 was this activity, coupled with his elo- 
 quence, marked personality, parliamen- 
 tary and legal knowledge that in luo,^ 
 made hini the successful candidate for 
 Congress, in w hich body he served for ten 
 vears. Mr. Moon practiced alone until 
 ills son. Harold 1 '. .Mnnn, gra.luated 
 from the Law School of the University 
 of Pennsylvania and was admitted to the 
 F5ar. since which time father and son 
 have been associated. Mr. Moon is a 
 member of the Union League, Lawyers', 
 Columbia and Penn clubs, and the His- 
 torical Societ_\- and is vice-president of 
 the Transatlantic Society. 
 
 JOHN w. FR.\ZIE1.:. 
 
 Colonel John W. Frazier was born in 
 LIpper Darby Township, Delaware 
 
 C ount\', 
 
 ^th. 
 
 18^7, the son 
 jf' Archibald 
 and Margaret 
 Bonsall (Rob- 
 inson) Fra- 
 zier. On the 
 maternal side 
 lie is descend- 
 ed from Pil- 
 g r i m ances- 
 tr\'. Soon 
 after the com- 
 pletion of his 
 education and 
 entry into 
 business life, 
 he enlisted in 
 the LI n i o n 
 .^rmy during 
 the Civil War 
 and retired 
 with an hon- 
 orable record 
 after service 
 in the 7 T St and 
 
 JOth Pennsylvania \'(jlunteer regiments. 
 Since the war he has filled many posi- 
 tions of trust and has taken great inter- 
 est in military affairs. While Command- 
 er of the Survivors' Association of the 
 Philadelphia Brigade he brought about 
 the reunion of the Blue and Gray at Get- 
 tysburg in 1887 — a reunion of the Phil- 
 adelpliia I'.rigade and Pickett's Division, 
 lie is [last commander of Colonel Wil- 
 liam S. Curry Post, No. 18, past master 
 of Mt. Moriah Lodge, F. & A. M., and 
 while its master started a widows' and 
 or])hans' fund and one for incapacitated 
 memliers of the lodge. It was due to 
 his efforts that the handsome monument 
 was erected on the .\ntietam battlefield in 
 memory of 545 comrades. He also in- 
 augurated the movement for a memorial 
 to ( icneral George G. ]\Ieade to be erected 
 in \\'ashington, D. C. He has filled many 
 positions of importance in the city gov- 
 ernment and is a member of the ^Lasonic 
 \'eterans' As.sociation. the War Veterans' 
 Club, the 46th Ward Republican Club, 
 and the First Methodist Church of At- 
 lantic City, N. J., the Dickens Fellow- 
 ship Club, etc. 
 
 EDW.XRD W. r'AITOX. 
 
 Thirty-si.x years c>f continuous service 
 as a member of Select Coimcil has equip- 
 ped Edward W. Patton with a knowledge 
 of the city's aft'airs that makes him inval- 
 ual)le in the local legislative body. Mr. 
 Patton was born in the Fifth \\'ard of 
 Philadelphia, June <). 1846, and his edu- 
 cation was received at the Locust Street 
 (iraniniar School and the Central High 
 .School. In June, 1863, he enlisted in 
 l.andis' Battery and served during Lee's 
 in\asion of Pennsylvania. In 1864, he 
 was appointed an officer in the Lhiited 
 States Navy and served on the steam- 
 ship "Donegal" and the steamship "Mas- 
 sachusetts." After being honorably dis- 
 charged in 1865, he was appointed pay- 
 master's clerk and subsequently served as 
 chief clerk to Colonel Etting in the mus- 
 tering out and paying oft' of the troops at 
 the close of the Rebellion. He resigned 
 from the service in 1867 and engaged in 
 building operations with his father. Price 
 T. Patton. Becoming interested in poli- 
 tics he was elected to Select Council in 
 
KEVSTOXE COMMON WE. \1.TH. 
 
 333 
 
 1877, and despitf numerous bitterly 
 fought battles since, has retained his seat 
 in that body and has become one of its 
 most useful members. For many years 
 he has been a member of the Finance 
 Committee of City Councils and of the 
 sul)-conimittee dealing with millions of 
 appropriations and vast public improve- 
 ments. He was for a short period a !\Tcr- 
 cantile Appraiser, the only salaried posi- 
 tion be ever held, ancl was president of 
 Select Council for three months. Mr. 
 I'atton is identified with many busincs> 
 enterprises. He is president of the Fern- 
 wood Cemetery Company and is a direc- 
 tor in the Creat Eastern Clay Company 
 and the Standard \'itrified Clay Com- 
 panv. Ijesidcs being interested in a real 
 estate com])any, a Iionding and security 
 corporation and mining companies in 
 Kew Mexico and the State of Washing- 
 ton. He was a member of the .America 
 Hose Company. Quartermaster of the 
 Third Regiment, National (luard. and is 
 a member of the Masonic fraterni'v and 
 a founder of the West Philadeliiliia Re- 
 ]iublican Club. 
 
 WILLIAM K. K.NlCnr. J K. 
 
 The positidu of Coroner of I'hiladel- 
 |.hia is aljly filled l)y W illiani U. Knight, 
 |r.. wliose wide experiencr in depart- 
 nieiital work i)ecu1i;irly fu^ Inni for this 
 important office. .Mr. Kuigbt wa- liorn 
 ni Philadelphia. .March iSlli. iS()i. and 
 received ln> eijucation in the |iulilic 
 scllo<-)ls of that cil_\. I lis earl)' life wa^ 
 not rosy or ideal, for at the a,L;e of iwelve 
 \ears he was working hard lor ,1 Ken- 
 sington brick manufacturer, that indus- 
 try being then a leading one in that sec- 
 tion. For five years his labor was of the 
 iiiosi .irdiious character and at the age of 
 Mveiiteeii he determined to learn a trade. 
 1 le became an a|i])rentice in the saw 
 wiirks of Henry l)i>stoii 6c Sons, at l-'roiit 
 and Laurel streets, where he remaineii 
 for seventeen years, severing his coniiec- 
 lion with that firm to accept a position as 
 clerk to a deputy in the office of Sherift 
 Cleiiienls. Mr. Knight's attention to bis 
 official duties and his keen grasp of de- 
 tail, led to his appointment as Deputy 
 Sheriff and he was for three years a val- 
 ued attache of that department of the 
 countv government. He then became a 
 clerk in" the office of the Clerk of the 
 Quarter Sessions Court, which was fol- 
 lowed bv his appointment as United 
 States Shipping Commissioner at the port 
 of Philadelphia. He was Assistant Di- 
 rector of Public Works under the Rey- 
 burn administration and in Xovember, 
 igii, while filling that position, he w.is 
 elected C<.>roner. which |)ositioii be now 
 fills. Mr. Knight is a lifelong Republi- 
 can and his unswerving allegiance is note- 
 worthv. The many reform movements, 
 that from time to time have swept over the 
 city, never teni|.)ted him to waver in his 
 lovallv, but, on the contrarx . they spurred 
 him on to additimial elTort ami some of 
 his most successful fights were won in 
 spite of adverse conditicins. his election 
 to the position he now holds aptl\' illus- 
 trating his [)ugnacily in politics ;md bis 
 popularitv with the r;ink- and file of bis 
 ■partv. He serverl as a mcniber of ('mn- 
 inon Councils from iIk- Tweiitx -fifth 
 Ward for twelve years, and during this 
 period was on some of the most im])or- 
 lant committees of that body. Mr. 
 KniLrbt's activil\- in jiolitical circles is 
 
WAKWKKS KE\ST()XK COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 hxed his status as a successful public 
 leader. Mr. McCurdy. who is always ag- 
 sjressive in combating any evil that threat- 
 ens the welfare of Philadelphia, has on 
 many occasions been the champion of 
 measures of public interest and in the 
 face of furious opposition, has fought 
 them til a successful finish. As the pre- 
 siding officer of Common Councils he is 
 most courteous and his rulings, which 
 sometimes appear peremptor\-, arc hon- 
 estly impartial and invariably result in 
 retaining the esteem of those who are op- 
 posed to him. Mr. McCurdy was Iwrn 
 Mav JO, 1862, at Jersey Shore. Lycoming 
 County, Pennsylvania, and is descended 
 from Scotch ancestors who settled above 
 W'illiamsport, Pa., in 1772. when the 
 countrv was a wilderness inhabited only 
 bv Indians. He was educated at tlie .Ter- 
 se v Shore .\cademy and subsequently en- 
 tered Lafayette College from which he 
 graduated in 1SS4 with the A. !'.. and A. 
 
 WIII.IAM 1!. KNKniT, JR. 
 
 shown bv his affiliation with Re|)ublic;ui 
 organizations. lie is i>resident of the 
 I'nited Republican Club of the TweiUy- 
 hfth Ward, and is a meniljer of the We-t- 
 niorelaud Republican Clnli of tlie l''ortv- 
 tiftb Ward, the I~orty-tiftb Ward Repub- 
 lican .Vssociation, the Araniingo Republi- 
 can .\ssociation and many others. He is 
 a memlier of Jerusalem Lodge. Xo. 50O. 
 V. and A. M.. ( )rder of L'nited Anierican 
 Mechanics, Loyal I )r(ler of Moose. 
 Knights of the Mystic Chain and tin 
 Keystone P)eneficial .Vssociation lA tlic 
 I3isston Saw Works. 
 
 (;i:ol<(iK MClTRDV. 
 
 In addition to l)eing one of the be^l 
 parliamentarians that ever presided over 
 a local legislative body, George AIcCunl> , 
 ])resident of Common Councils, possesse> 
 conspicuous characteristics that have 
 brought hiiu the respect of all classes and 
 
 irailiCK Mel fUDY. 
 
WAKWICK S Ki;VSIIl\i:. (DM MdXW i;.M,rli. 
 
 355 
 
 ^r. degrees. He won hr>i prize in ora- 
 tory in his junior year — une of the hit;;h- 
 
 est honors acconieil in 
 graduation he commeiu- 
 
 d the 
 
 .■. After 
 
 -Illdv of 
 
 law in the office of I'.iddle ^: Ward, his 
 preceptor being (ieorge W. IhiMle. of 
 that firm. He was adniitteil to the I'.ar in 
 1888 and has since been \cr\ successful 
 in practice. He was elected to represciu 
 the Tenth Ward in (oniiiioii (ouncil. 
 February, iSyf), and li.is hern I'l-elected 
 every two years since. In January, lono. 
 he was chosen President to succeed W en 
 eel Hartman and has filled the chair con- 
 tiiuiously since, with the exception of the 
 session from April, upr), to April. 1007, 
 when he was not a candidate. .\s Presi- 
 dent of Common Council. Mr. .McL'nrdy 
 is connected with the management of 
 Girard College, the Wills Hospit.il. tlir 
 Public Library and the Commercial .Mu- 
 seum. He is also a Commissioner oi" 
 Fairmount Park and a nieniher of the 
 ISoard of City Trusts, lie is a member 
 of the Masonic fraternit\ and has been ,1 
 trustee of the Stephen ( lirard heipiest and 
 of the Masonic I^ibrarv ,ind .Museum 
 Committee. .Among the social organiza- 
 tions in which he holds membership are 
 the Athletic Club of Philadelphia, the 
 William R. Feeds .\ssociation, the I'hoto- 
 graphic Society of 1 'hiladelphi;i. the 
 I'riendly Sons of .'~il. Patrick, .and the 
 Sons of the Revolution. 
 
 .101: \ 1:. KOIUXSOX. 
 
 John I!. Riibinsou was born in .\lle 
 gheny City, I'a., May J3, :S4(]. He was 
 thoroughly prejjared foi- a collegiate 
 course and matrictdated at .\niherst Col- 
 lege, in 1862, when but si.xteen \ears of 
 age. he enlisted in Captain Ridder's com- 
 pany attached to \hc 131I1 IVnusx Kani.i 
 iMiiergency RegimeiU, but was .ifier ,1 
 sliort service, discharged on accoiiiu of 
 youth. He was then appointed to the 
 Xaval .Academy at Annapolis and gradu- 
 ated in 1868. During his service in the 
 navy he visited almost every counlrv in 
 the world and advanced through all 
 grades, to a lieutenancy j)revions to his 
 resignation in 1875 to take up the stud\ 
 
 of law. He was ]irepare(l U'V his leg.al 
 I'ureer in the office of John C Johnson, 
 lvs(|., and after being admitted to prac- 
 tice ill the Philadelphia Courts, he remov- 
 ed to Delaware County where he eiUered 
 ])olitics and soitn became the Republican 
 leader. He was elected to the State Fe,g- 
 islature in 1884 and was re-elected in 
 181)6. l)eing particularlv conspicuous dur- 
 ing these sessions as a brilliant debater 
 and painstaking legislator. He was 
 elected to the .State Striate in 1881J and 
 while a member of this body, was, in 
 1890, elected to the h'ifty-second L'on- 
 gress and was returned for the J'"ifty- 
 lourth session, when he retired owing 
 li> the claim of Chester County to the seat. 
 In 1 89 1 lie was elected to the jjrcsidencv 
 of the State League of l\e|)ublican Clubs. 
 He was appointed Cnited States Marshal 
 for the Fasten! District of Penn.sylvania. 
 by President McKinley, was retained dtu-- 
 ing the administration of President 
 Roo.sevelt and Taft and is still occupving 
 the position. .Mr. Robinson is owner 
 and editor .if the .Media l.rdi^rr. 
 
356 
 
 WARWICK S KEVSTUXE CUM MU.N WEALTH. 
 
 l':NOCIt W . rEAKSliN'. 
 
 N'ocal sislit-reading- was introduced 
 into the ]nil)lic schools of Philadelphia in 
 i8<)7 by the 
 creation b \ 
 the Pxiard of 
 b'.ducation uf 
 n nepartmeni 
 iif .Music with 
 ich 
 the 
 i n - 
 
 K.NOCII W. PK.VKSON. 
 
 Director, eighteen assistants 
 sjiecial teachers. 
 
 In the elementary schools five twelve- 
 minute periods per week are devoted to 
 this sul)ject in each class-room, and in the 
 higher schools the si.xty minutes a week 
 devoted to the subject is given in a single 
 period. In most of the boys' schools the 
 work is handled with the pupils en masse, 
 and in the girls" >cho(.)ls, in divisions. In 
 the Normal School for Girls and in the 
 School of Pedago.gy the work includes 
 normal instruction and practice and ob- 
 servation work for the pupil teachers. 
 
 In the Boys" High School the weekly 
 work is done by resident teachers. In the 
 CiivW High Schools, Normal School and 
 School of Pedagogy, the work is carried 
 on b\- the assistants to the Director an<l 
 two special teachers. 
 
 The special activities of the Departmcrii 
 of Music embrace the organization and 
 fostering of school glee chilis and orche>- 
 tras, assisting with the music at \ari(ius 
 parents' meetings, llonie and .'school 
 League meetings, and with the music at 
 man\ ])uhlic and semi-|)ul)lic functions. 
 
 WILLIAM VAN OSTEN. 
 
 William \'an Osten who for many 
 ;ars was a member of Council 
 from the 
 Sixth Ward 
 seems to have 
 discovered the 
 secret of pe- 
 rennial \"(>uth. 
 Me is eighty- 
 seven yearsof 
 age and des- 
 pite a severe 
 att.ackdf pneu- 
 monia when 
 in his eighty- 
 --ixth year, is 
 
 as v-(.)ung and 
 \Mi,i.i.\,\i v.\.\ osTKN. : 
 
 active as a 
 
 man thirty years his junior. Mr. A'aii 
 listen was l.iorn in Philadelphia in 1X2^ 
 ,-uid cast his first Vdte in 184!). He 
 has been a restaurateur for sixtv-se\'en 
 \ears. si.xty i.if which was spent in his 
 present locati(.>n. I'ifth street above .Mar- 
 ket. 
 
 He "run with the hose'" in early 
 days and as natural sequence of that pe- 
 riod drifted into politics but held no of- 
 fice until he was elected to Councils in 
 1887. 
 
 He has known and fraternized with 
 all the local political celebrities since 
 the time of Robert T. Conrad, first 
 -Mayijr of the city after the Consolidation 
 and has been active in all the events that 
 marked the early history of the city. He 
 lias taken a great interest in turf matters 
 for furl} years and was for a long while 
 a starter and judge of trotting races (jii 
 maii\' iif the principal tracks of the cnun- 
 tr>-. 
 
 His interest in horse flesh is still 
 strong and he takes a spin in the jiark 
 everv morning. 
 
WARWICK S KEVSTO.XIi CO.M-MIIX \V I'.AI. I II. 
 
 357 
 
 WILLIAM II. Ki:^SICH. 
 
 William II. l\e\M,T \\a^ li. nn in I'liila- 
 (k-lphia. May icj. 1855, aiul was cdiicatcil 
 in tiie public .schools. He was (.-inplDyc 1 
 in Leary's Old Book Store, Fifth and 
 Walnin ■>treets. from iS-o tn 1870. when 
 he .started in business for himself. 1 le 
 ha.s always been an active hi^ure in l\e- 
 publican politics and in NSS4 was electe.I 
 to the State Legislature as a representa- 
 tive, serving eight terms and part of the 
 ninth, when he was elected to the .Sen- 
 ate to succeed -Senator ( )sborne. whi 1 
 died in i<)Oi, serving continuously in that 
 body for twelve years. Mr. Keyser has 
 been a member of the State Committee 
 and a delegate to many conventions of his 
 l)arty. He is a member of the I"idelit\ 
 and Young .Men's I'ie|)ublican t'lub of 
 the Twentieth Ward and the 'Fwentietli 
 Ward Rei)uhlican I'lnb. 
 
 jO.sEi'ii R. ((ix\i-;ll. 
 
 Jose])h \i. L'onnell. a progressive West 
 Philadelphian. is a representative scion 
 of a family, that has. since the last cen- 
 tury was in its teens, done things, big 
 things, for the good of the city, .State and 
 Nation. ISred to great activity and re- 
 sp(^nsibility. versed in the study of hu- 
 man nature, actively participating in ex- 
 tensive enterprises, the success of Mr. 
 Connell is conceded in the business world 
 to be due to the rare sagacity and original 
 methods he has displayed. I'ublic spir- 
 ited motives have always characterized 
 his affairs. As an instance of this there 
 stands at Oakmont. a beautiful suburb of 
 T'biladelphia. the massive Tligh School uf 
 }raverf()rd Township. When the jjcople 
 of that vicinity were per[)lexefl as to wavs 
 and means to acquire a suitable site for a 
 building for the education of their chil- 
 dren, Mr. Connell settled the r|uestion bv 
 donating two acres of valuable ground 
 and a portion of the money toward the 
 con.struction of this magnificent building. 
 which to-day is the pride of the entire 
 county. .Ml of his enterprises have been 
 eminently successful, and manv of his 
 companies have made i)ro(its of over one 
 hundred per cent, witln'n a year after 
 their formation. The increase in rcaltv 
 
 \ahies in some of his enterprises have 
 rcu'lu-d the two million dollar mark with- 
 in twii years, .•md others have forged 
 ahead more rapiiUy. Heredity had much 
 to do with .Mr. Lomiell's success. He 
 comes from Cdlonial stock, being a lineal 
 (lescendanl of Isaac I'ennock. an officer 
 in the ann\ of William, Prince of (Jr- 
 ange. who settled in C'hester (-'ounty. Pa., 
 in 1 085, and upon the paternal side the 
 first of his foreliears in this country was 
 the son of an Ejjiscopal clergyman. 
 ('iei>rge Connell. who settled at Marcirs 
 Hook, and at iiis own expense fitted out 
 a fleet to patrol the Delaware River dur- 
 ing the Revolutionary War. In the next 
 generation came John Connell. merchant 
 prince, man of affairs, scholar, traveler, 
 philanthropist .and servant of the people. 
 He it was who presided at the first great 
 meeting held in Philadelphia to raise 
 funds to carry on the War of 1812. The 
 L'onnell homestead in those days stood at 
 the Corner of Broad and Chestnut streets, 
 and there John Connell entertained La- 
 fayette on his memorable x'isit to the 
 United States. There, too. Web-ler. 
 Slay, (jallatin and President John Ouincy 
 .\danis were his frequent guests. It was 
 in his arms that John Ouincy Adams, in 
 the Speaker's room at the National Cajsi- 
 tol. breathed his last. George Connell. 
 the grandsire, a constructive statesman, 
 was elected to the Senate in i860. Cam- 
 eron. Curtin. Connell. was a trio that ren- 
 dered heroic service to the .State and Na- 
 tion at a time that "tried men's souls." 
 Colonel .Mexander .McClnre. the veteran 
 editor and historian, than whom no other 
 man 1iad more intimate and comprehen- 
 sive knowledge of the State's history, re- 
 ferri.-(l to .Senator Connell "as the liraini- 
 est man in the brainiest Senate of Peim- 
 syl\;inia." In truth, the aclivitv of this 
 man during the twelve years of his in- 
 cnmhencx was prodigious. His innuence 
 as a leader was incalculable and liis ac- 
 complishment, both for the State and for 
 the Nation, was a matter of signal good 
 fortune. Mark his sagacity at a critical 
 time of great excitement, when as chair- 
 man of the Finance (ommittee. a ])osition 
 he held until the time of his death, his 
 bill to place the .State of Pemusylvania 
 on a financial war footing was introduced 
 l)v him a full month before Fort .Sumter 
 
35^ 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTOXK COM Ml i.V WEALTH. 
 
 lOSKI'H K. ((IXM-.IJ. 
 
WARWICK S KEVSTO.VIO ( C).\I .\I( l.\ W K Al. I 1 1 . 
 
 359 
 
 was fircnl iijion. 'I'liis hill, wliile (k-fratcd, 
 was i)assc(l by the same Iwdy within 
 thirty days after the above unha[>i)\- 
 event, at an extra session of the Lei^isla- 
 ture u])on the urgfcnt recommendation of 
 Governor Ciirtin. Mis also was the bill 
 for a stay law to save innocent debtors 
 from sacrifice. Among the many other 
 measures introduced and advocated b\- 
 him, which would in themselves estab- 
 lish his far-seeing statesmanship, were 
 the repeal of the State tax upon real es- 
 tate and imposing in lieu thereof a tax 
 upon banks and gross receipts of railroad 
 companies: An Act for the payment of 
 the interest of State debts in National 
 currency in place of coin, and, the re- 
 demption of the odious tax upon our 
 State loans. \'erily to interpret the 
 signs of the times is the prerogative of 
 statesmanship. Among many of the great 
 things accomplished by Senator Connell 
 in the interest of Philadelphia was the 
 extension of Fairmount Park, from a lit- 
 tle parcel of ground of about three acres, 
 to over three thousand acres, in which 
 Philadelphians pride themselves todax . 
 As a part of this magnificent plan, there 
 grew out of his fertile brain, the Fair- 
 mount i'ark Commission, which has since 
 administered the atifairs of this great 
 holding of the city. It was largely due to 
 his influence that something like adequate 
 compensation was secured to the Judges 
 of the Courts of Philadelphia. Realizing 
 that the ofifice should be one of dignitv 
 and pemianency, he made earnest efforts 
 to have a similar bill enacted in favor of 
 the Judges of the Supreme Court. The 
 handling of the City Trusts and the re- 
 forming of the management of Girard 
 College, "were footprints" which he left 
 "upon the sands of time." His heroic 
 battle which resulted in the taking of 
 Girard Colle.ge out of politics, placed 
 that great institution upon the basis 
 where it stands today, the greatest of its 
 kind in the world. 
 
 The father of Joseph K. Connell is 
 Horatio P. Connell, one of Philadelphia^ 
 most esteemed citizens, who, through the 
 persuasion of his friends, took up the 
 work of his distinguished sire. Possess- 
 ing the quiet demeanor of "William, the 
 Silent." the loyalty of a Macflregor. a 
 will iron, a deep sen.se of knightly honor 
 
 and an indefatigable purpose, he easily 
 anil nalnrallv look his i)lace as a leader 
 ani.ing men. During his four terms in 
 the Asseiubly, he was one of the most 
 popular and influential members, where 
 honorable success characterized his legis- 
 lative c-ireer. Sub.scquently, as Sherifif 
 of I'hil.idelphia. lie estabfished moral 
 business standards in that office which 
 were quickly recognized and most grate- 
 fully appreciated by the members of the 
 legal profession, and at the expiration of 
 his term of office he was highly eulogized 
 by the newspaper press of the cit\. His 
 heart is as tender as that of a child and 
 the act.s of charity and benevolence that 
 have rained from his hand, have endeared 
 him to countless numbers. He is a life 
 member of St. Albans Lodge. F. & .A. 
 AI., many clubs and societies, and in anv 
 of these bodies where wits assemble, his 
 versatility and originality fairly flows and 
 sparkles. His repartee comes' with equal 
 rapidity and ease, either from his own re- 
 sources, or from a mind well-stored with 
 the best in English literature. When he 
 puts his whole soul into jest, it leaves no 
 sting, but rather makes happy and bright- 
 er the lives of those about him. His 
 memory is truly remarkable. As an in- 
 stance, he familiarized himself with a 
 very lengthy judicial opinion. Thirtv 
 years later, when the subject was touched 
 upon, he quoted it verbatim from the be- 
 ginning to the end. Burns he has from 
 cover to cover. It is indeed a treat to 
 hear him read, in true Scottish dialect, 
 his favorite bard or from the prose of Ian' 
 MacLaren. On one occasion, while licing 
 entertained by the Caledoiii;in Club, the 
 members were so charmed with his ren- 
 derings of Hums, that they forthwith 
 made him an honorary member, a distinc- 
 tion shared in Penn.sylvania with the late 
 Siiiiou Cameron only. If Horatio P. 
 Connell loves the les.ser literary lights, he 
 lairly worships the name of Shakespeare, 
 and as he reads and interprets the works 
 ol the "Myriad Minded," one cannot for- 
 .get the treat it gives, to weep with him 
 over the .grave of Ophelia; to go off into 
 fields of side-splitting laughter witli Sir 
 John or ti> follow the mclancholv Dane 
 through his dark speculations, 'if he 
 loves the I'.ard of .\von, this poet in turn 
 has described Horatio P. Connell in the.se 
 
36o 
 
 WAKWUKS KEVSroXE COiMMOX WEALTH. 
 
 wiirds. which thiiu,y;li hackneyed, fit liini 
 so ajitly : "His life was gentle and the ele- 
 ments so mixed in him that nature might 
 stand up and say to all the world, this 
 was a man." .Modesty has always been 
 one of his distinguishing characteristics 
 and although having passed the patri- 
 archal three score years and ten, he dis- 
 likes comment upon his deeds, which have 
 made his life so beautiful and so replete 
 with benefits to his fellow men. Such 
 charming personality, sterling integrity 
 and nobility of character, must of neces- 
 sity influence progeny and these inherited 
 traits, coupled with a genial personalitx- 
 and a soul filled with faith in his Creator, 
 have made Joseph R. Connell popular 
 with his friends and acquaintances and 
 successful in his Inisiness. 
 
 er of the Philadelphia Trailing and Mor- 
 ris Realty Companies. He is also a di- 
 rector of the Cnliiiiial Trust Company. 
 
 F.nwAuri HL'Tt iiixso.x. jr. 
 
 Ivdward Hutchinson, Jr., now so 
 prominent in the real estate world, was 
 born in Philadelphia, January 28, 1872. 
 He was educated in the public schools 
 and 1888 began his career with the firm 
 of Carey Bros., manufacturers of wall 
 papers, and after eleven years of steady 
 advancement he was made \'ice-Presi- 
 dent of the company, a position which he 
 still retains. In 1890 he started as a real 
 estate broker, this being made compara- 
 tively easy by R. Davis Carey, who, ap- 
 preciating his ability and integrity, placed 
 him in charge of his vast real estate hold- 
 ing.s, and it was this close as.sociation 
 with Mr. Carey to which Mr. Hutchin- 
 son attributes his present success. By 
 careful and sagacious management, he in- 
 creased and expanded his business until 
 now he is one of the largest operators in 
 this line, controlling about four hundred 
 high class apartments. He alsi.i special- 
 izes in mortgage securities and has com- 
 mand of sufficient capital to take anv 
 loans. His judgment in these matters is 
 considered by investors infallible. In 
 19 1 2 he erected the Hutchinson Building, 
 122 South Thirteenth street, to accom- 
 modate his e.xtensive interests. In addi- 
 tion to the real estate business, he is 
 President of the Marley and Beaver 
 Dam Mills, \'ice-President and Treasur- 
 
 IHTCIllNSd.N. .11!. 
 
 He is a member of the Manufacturers, 
 .\thletic. Pen and Pencil and Automobile 
 Clubs. His home is in Queen Lane Ma- 
 nor, (iermantown. 
 
 JOHX r,. PATTOX. 
 
 Ji.>hn 1!. Pattiin was born in Philadel- 
 phia, January i(\ 1874, the son of Mat- 
 thew Patton, wdio was a Highway Com- 
 missioner for twenty-one vears. i\Ir. Pat- 
 ton was educated in the public schools 
 and his first entry into business life was 
 as a clerk with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road Company. Seeing little prospect 
 for advancement with this corporation, 
 he turned his attention to mercantile pur- 
 suits and became president of the Ran- 
 cocas Sand and Gravel Company. He 
 afterwards became president of the Phil- 
 adelphia Observation Company, which 
 
WARWICK S KICVSTOMO ( ( IM -MOX W I-.Al. I II. 
 
 361 
 
 o]K'rati'(l the sit^lu-sc-ciiig auloiii. )l)il(.-s 
 
 arouiul tlic citv. lie cvcntualls ciUcrcil 
 
 the hrokcrai;c 
 
 lit Smcillcv Darlini^tiiii, wIim wnn in tlic 
 convention 1)\ tlie narrow margin nl one 
 \ote and was elected in a tliree enmered 
 fi'^hl at the t,'eneral election, lie became 
 ^ecretarv to Congressman Darlington in 
 icSS" and was appointed clerk to the Pres- 
 ada|)ted and iilent pro teni of the Senate of I'emisyl- 
 
 business, lor 
 which he \va> 
 e ~ 1) e c i a 11\ 
 
 Soon became 
 the largest in- 
 di\idnalhand 
 ler of com- 
 mercial paper 
 in the cit\. 
 lie is now lo- 
 cated in a 
 h a n d s o m e 
 suite of offi- 
 c e s in the 
 1' eiinsylvania 
 I'luilding and 
 specializes in 
 annuities, incomes, estates, and bills pa\- 
 able. .Mr. Patton is a Republican in 
 politics and he is a member of the Maim- 
 facturers", the Chelsea Yacht and the 
 West Philadelphia Republican Clubs. 
 
 lania in i88(). .At the expiration of th 
 session, he was made Collector ol .Statis 
 
 .lUIIN I!. TATTON. 
 
 T. LAl-Ki:..\( !•; ICVUE. 
 
 r. Laurence I\vre, active in Repulilicai^ 
 State politics and prominent in commer- 
 cial lines, was born in Birmingham 
 Township. Delaware County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, ^^ay 24, i8()2. I lis early education 
 was obtained in the public sch(M>ls of 
 Coatesville and West Chester, where bi^ 
 parents resided at different periods, and 
 he afterwards took an optional course at 
 the State .Normal ScIkxjI, West Chester, 
 Pa. .\t the age of fifteen years be secur- 
 ed a position as clerk in a general store 
 at Rising .Sun, .Maryland, where he re- 
 mained for one \ear and then became 
 traveling salesman for a wholesale groc- 
 ery firm in Philadelphia. lie remained 
 in this position until he was twenty-one 
 years old when he engaged in the slock 
 brokerage business at West Chester, Pa. 
 Mr. Eyre cast liis first vote for the Re- 
 publican ticket and since that time he has 
 always exerted an influence in Chester 
 County political affairs. TFis first contest 
 was in the Congressional campaign of 
 1886 when be was arraved on the side 
 
 ^^^^Vv 
 
 
 ^^■L 
 
 ^ ij^ ^^H 
 
 ^^K. 
 
 ^^M 
 
 
 ^Wl/9^' ^^^^^^^H 
 
 ar 
 
 ^^^^H 
 
 
 ^^PB^I^^H^^^^TTS^^H 
 
 
 
 tics in the Deparlmenl of Internal Af- 
 fairs, Init resigned in 18(^5 to acce|)t the 
 [)osition of Deputy .Secretar\- of Internal 
 Affairs. He retired frcjm this office to 
 become a candidate for Recorder of 
 Deeds of Chester County but \\a> defeat- 
 ed for the nomination by one delegate 
 and returned to Harrisburg to resume 
 the position of Collector of .Statistics. lie 
 was made .Sergeant at .\rms of the Sen- 
 ate in i8()7 and was appointed Dei)uty 
 Collector of the Port of Philadelphia in 
 |8()8, at the same lime filling the jiosition 
 of assistant to the chairman of the Re- 
 pul)lican .State Committee. In .May, i8()(), 
 (iovernor Stone made him .Superinlen- 
 
362 
 
 Kl■;^■STO^'E com mon wealth. 
 
 (k'li't of I'liblic drouiuls and I'.uildings 
 at the State Capital and at the expiration 
 of the Stone Administration, he retired 
 from official life to enter the contracting 
 business, organizing the Eyre Construc- 
 tion Company, of which he became presi- 
 dent. In igo'i. the l'"\ re I'onstruction 
 Com])an\ became Myrc-.shuemaker, Inc., 
 i\lr. Eyre continuing as president after 
 the merging. .Since that time the coni- 
 panv has constructed a vast amount of 
 heavy railroad work, including some of 
 the largest bridges on the Middle and 
 Pittsburgh Divisions of the I'ennsylvania 
 Railroad Company, the railroad yard at 
 Northumberland, I'a.. which is said to be 
 the largest and most complete distribut- 
 ing yard in this country: the bridge 
 across the Susi|uehanna River at Havre 
 de Grace, Md.. for the Baltimore and 
 (31iio Railroad Company: the bridge 
 across the .Schuylkill River at Philadel- 
 phia, on the Xew York Division of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad and much other 
 large work of a similar character. Air. 
 Eyre is of English ancestry, being de- 
 scended from Roliert Eyre, who, in 1648, 
 came to this coiuitr\ under appointment 
 by the Crown to fill the position of Judge 
 of the Court theri held at Chester, Dela- 
 ware County, Pa. Mr. h'yre has numer- 
 ous business conneclio)is aside from his 
 interest in Eyre-Shoemaker, Inc. He is 
 ])resident of the Sapulpa Refining Com- 
 pany, vice-president of the Laurel < )il 
 and Gas Company. trea-.in-er of the Cnit- 
 ed States Eand and Lumber Company, 
 president of the Indiana County Street 
 Railway Comjjany, director of the Earm- 
 ers and .Mechanics Tnrst Company of 
 West Chester, I^a.. and is a trustee of the 
 West Chester State Normal School. He 
 is a member of the .\'ew ^'or]< Club of 
 Xew York City, the .Manufacturers CIul) 
 of Philadelphia, the West Clie-ter Golf 
 and Countrv Club, llie I'hester Coiint\- 
 Republican Club and the Che>ter Count\ 
 Historical Snciet\. 
 
 KDW.VRD F. 
 
 that sectii:)n and in the ten years that have 
 ensued has probably accomplished more 
 than any other single individual in de- 
 veloping the territory west of the Schuyl- 
 kill River. Mr. Gorman was born in 
 I'hiladel|>hia, May 24, 1882, and was edu- 
 cated at La Salle College. He graduated 
 in 1903 and his first entry into business 
 life was with his father, whom he even- 
 tually succeeded. He devoted his entire 
 time to the erection of substantial houses 
 of ornate design at nioijerate prices, in all 
 
 Recogiii/ing the unlimited |)ossibilities 
 in We-t I'hiladelpliia realty, luhvard E. 
 (lornian, inimediateh' n])on lea\ing col- 
 lege, turned his ;ittenti'in to liuihHiiv- in 
 
 1 |i\\ .Mill r. CClIiMAN, 
 
 erecting alioiit 1,500 dwellings and con- 
 verting much barren acreage into beauti- 
 fid residential sections. In addition to 
 his other interests he is a member of the 
 firm of JMarshall, Gortnan and Wilson, 
 which is now erecting 112 houses in that 
 section. He is also president of the West 
 .\rch Piuilding and Loan As.sociation, and 
 the Adelphia AFotor Car Company, and is 
 a stockholder in several banks and trust 
 companies. Mr. Gorman is a member of 
 the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, 
 the Belmont Road Drivers" .Association 
 and the Hperative i'>uil:Iers' .\ssociation. 
 
WAUW'ICK S KKYSTONK- ( ( IM Mf )X W F.AI. T 11 . 
 
 363 
 
 SAMUEL UICA. 
 
3<^n 
 
 UARW UK S KEVSTOXE COM -\roX WEALTH. 
 
 SA.ML'KL KKA. 
 
 Samuel Rea, president of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad Company, was born at 
 Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, September 
 21, 1855. He comes of an illustrious an- 
 cestry, his grandfather, John Rea, having 
 been an officer in the Revolutionary Army 
 and also during the War of 1812. Sam- 
 uel Rea. after a thorough schooling, en- 
 tered the employ of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company as chainman and rod- 
 man in 1871 ; but the panic of 1873 stop- 
 ping all engineering work, he left the ser- 
 vice, which he re-entered in 1875, taking 
 a position in the engineering corps. 
 From that time until 1877, he was assist- 
 ant engineer in construction work, short- 
 ly afterwards being appointed assistant 
 engineer of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie 
 Railroad Company, then in course of con- 
 struction. In 1879 he returned to the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company as as- 
 sistant engii.eer in- charge of the con- 
 struction of the extension of the Pitts- 
 burgh, \'irginia and Charleston Railway. 
 He was transferred to Philadelphia in 
 1883 as assistant to \'ice-President Du- 
 Barry, with the title of Principal Assist- 
 ant Engineer. He was made assistant to 
 the Second \'ice- President in 1888, but 
 resigned the following year tn go to I'.al- 
 timore as Vice-President of the .Maryland 
 Central Railway Company, and Chief lui- 
 gineer of the Baltimore Belt Rail- 
 road Company. In 1892, he return- 
 ed to the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 panv as assistant to President Rob- 
 erts. He inunediately left for London t'> 
 make an examination of the railways ter- 
 minating there and of the underground 
 svstems of the I^^nglish metropolis. L'pon 
 his return he made an exhaustive report 
 which was of incalculable value when the 
 company started its New York tunnel ex- 
 tension. After the death of X'ice-Presi- 
 dent DuUarry in i8i)2. Mr. Rea was as- 
 signed to general construction work then 
 in progress and in 1807 was ai)pi:iuted 
 
 I-'irst .\>sista!it to the Pre-ident. On 
 Jime 14. i8i>j, Mr. Rea was elected 
 Eourlh \'ice-iVesident and on October 
 10, 1905, he was advanced to the position 
 of Third Vice-President. He was made 
 Second \^ice-President May 24, 1909, and 
 in addition to his former duties he was 
 ]:>laced in charge of the engineering and 
 accounting departments. He was selected 
 I'^irst \'ice- President on Alarch 3, 1911, 
 and on Mav 8, 1912, when the practice of 
 designating vice-presidents numerically 
 was discontinued, he was elected \'ice- 
 President and succeeded to the 
 Presidency on January i. 1913, upon 
 the resignation of James McCrea. 
 Mr. Rea is also president of the 
 Northern Central Railway, Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore and Washington Railroad, the 
 West Jersey and Seashore Railroad and 
 of the Pennsylvania Company, the Pitts- 
 Intrgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis 
 Railway Company, and of other com- 
 ])anies in the Pennsylvania System: and 
 is a director in many other railroad cor- 
 porations. For manv years Mr. Rea was 
 interested in the project to bridge the 
 Hudson River from Hoboken, N. J., to 
 Xew York City, and he was one of the 
 incorporators of the North River Bridge 
 Company, chartered by Act of Congress. 
 When other railroads failed to join the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company in the 
 project that company determined to build 
 its own tunnels under the rivers with a 
 large station in the heart of New York 
 City. Mr. Rea was given direct charge 
 of the work, which is conceded to be the 
 most important piece of engineering in 
 t'i^e country, and carried it to a success- 
 ful completion. In recognition of this 
 acconi]jlishment, the L'niversit\- of Penn- 
 sylvan.ia conferred upon Mr. Rea the 
 degree of Doctor of Science. He is a 
 member of the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers and of the Institution of Civil 
 Engineers of London, England. Pie is 
 the author of "The Railways Terjiiinat- 
 inc in Londi m." 
 
WAKWKK 
 
 Ki;^ skim:. 
 
 i.\I M(lN W I:AI. 111. 
 
 365 
 
 JOSEl'H BALDWIN HUTCIIIXS( IN. 
 
 Jjeginning as a rodman in the vni- 
 ploy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 pany, Joseph ]>. Hutchinson has filled 
 many . important engineering positions 
 with that corporation and is now the 
 assistant to the vice-president in charge 
 of real estate, ])urchases and insurance. 
 He was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania, 
 on March 20th, 1844, and after a pre- 
 paratory education entered the Poly- 
 technic College of Pennsylvania, gradu- 
 ating in 1861. After his graduation he 
 entered the Delamater Iron Works in 
 New York City in the Spring of i8C)2. 
 and continued there until the Fall of 
 that year, when he passed an examina- 
 tion by the Board of lns]x;ctors in the 
 same city, and received a certificate as 
 Third Assistant I'.ngincer. He at once 
 entered the service of Ilargous & Co., as 
 Third .\ssistant iMigineer on one of their 
 steamers plying between New York and 
 Havana, where he continued until the 
 steamer was sold to the United States 
 Government in the early ])art of i8(\^. 
 
 In June, i8r)3, Mr. Hutchinson enter- 
 ed the service of The Pennb\lvania Bail- 
 
 rnad ( nnipan\, a^ r.idiiiaii nii llu- .\lil- 
 llm and Centre County Railroad. Willi- 
 in two wetk^ thereafter, under leave of 
 a1)Miu-e, he volunteered in the armv, 
 served thniiiglioiu the Cicttysburg cam- 
 p;iigii. anil was honorably discharged in 
 August. iS<i3, 
 
 .Mr. HiiU-liinson returned to the rail- 
 road service as rodnuin in the Construc- 
 tion Corps on the Western Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, in September, i8()_^. In .\ii- 
 gust, 1864, he was ])roiuotcil to .Assis- 
 tant Engineer of that road, and in May, 
 1865, to Assistant Engineer of .Mainte- 
 nance of Way and Construction. In 
 18(18 he was transferred to the Colum- 
 bia and Port Deposit Railroad as Assis- 
 tant Engineer, and remained there until 
 [aiuiarv. i8fi(), when he was made .As- 
 sistant Engineer on the Butler E.xteii- 
 sioii. In March, 1869, he returned to 
 the Columbia and Port Deposit Rail- 
 road, as Assistant Engineer in charge 
 of that road and the Columbia Bridge. 
 
 In July, 1870, Air. Hutchinson was 
 jjromoted to Princi])al Assistant Engi- 
 neer of the Columbia and Port Deposit 
 Railroad, serving in that capacity until 
 July 1st, 1877, when he was ai)pointed As- 
 sistant Superintendent of that road. He 
 was promoted on January 1st, 1879, to 
 .Superintendent of the Lewistovvn Di- 
 vision; July 1st, 1881, to Superintendent 
 <.)f the Frederick Division; December 
 8th, 1884, to Sui)erintendent of the Al- 
 toona Division; January 1st, t8()o, to 
 Superintendent of the Western Pennsyl- 
 vania Division; January ist, 1891, to 
 Superintendent of the Alaryland Divi- 
 sion of the l'hiladelphi;i. Wilmington 
 and Baltimore Railroad, I'.allimore and 
 Potomac Railro.ad and W;i>hington 
 .Southern Railroad. 
 
 On March ist, i8<)3, Air. Hutchinson 
 was made (ieneral Superinleiident of 
 Trans])ortation, Pennsylvania Railroad 
 .S\stein. and on l'\'bruary lotb. 1897, 
 ( ieneral .Manager. ( )n jaini.iry 1st, 
 1903, he was ajipointed to the newly cre- 
 ated position of .Assistant to the Second 
 \'ice-President of The Pennsylvaina 
 Railroad Company, and on the same date 
 to corresponding positions on the North- 
 ern Central Railway, the Philadelphia, 
 l'.;iltimore and \\'ashington Railroad and 
 We-t lerse\- and .'-^easbore Railroad Com- 
 
366 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 panics. U])im the election of Air. I'w^h 
 as I'^irst Mce-President on March J41I1, 
 igoy. Air. Hutchinson w'as advanced witli 
 him as Assistant to the First \'ice-Presi- 
 dcnt, and on Alarch 3d, 191 1, by a change 
 in the organization, he became Assistant 
 to the Fifth Vice-President. 
 
 \\'hen the practice of designating the 
 vice-presidents numerically was discon- 
 tinued on Alay 8th, IQ12. Air. Hutchin- 
 son was appointed Assistant to the Mce- 
 President in charge of Real Estate, Pur- 
 chases and Insurance. Mr. Hutchinson i^ 
 also President and Director of the Mu- 
 tual Fire, Alarine and Inland Insurance 
 Company: the (lirard Point Storage 
 Company; and a number of water com- 
 panies. .\lso Director of I'.altimore. 
 Chesapeake and .Atlantic and Marylaml. 
 Delaware and A'irginia Railway om- 
 panies, and the Alerchants Warehous.' 
 Company. He is chairman of the I'oard 
 of Managers of the Washington Ter- 
 minal Company. He is a member of the 
 Aletropolitan Club, Country Club. Frank- 
 lin Institute, Academy of Fine .Arts i>\ 
 Philadelphia and a ntmiber of other as- 
 sociations. His residence is at 1304 
 Spruce street. Pliiladelphia. 
 
 J.AMES FKEDEUICK FA II NESTOCK. 
 
 The wide experience gained by nearl\- 
 thirty years of service in the execiUive de- 
 partment of transportation companio 
 was of material aid to James l<"rederick 
 I'ahnestock when he was appointed to the 
 treasury department of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company. Air. Fahnestock was 
 l>()ni in Getty.sburg, Pa., October lOth. 
 iS3(>. He is the son of James F. ['ahne- 
 stock, descended from the early German 
 settlers of Pemisxlvania, and Sarah (Jates 
 Lord, a direct descendant from Elder 
 William .Brewster, of "Alayflower" fame. 
 and one of the five signers of the com- 
 pact, and also in direct descent from ( iov- 
 ernor Haynes and Governor Willis, two 
 of the earliest Colonial • lovernors in 
 New England. 
 
 Afr. Fahnestock moved to Philadelphia 
 soon after the ISattle of Gettysbiu-g and 
 received his education in the ])nbli.- 
 schools. lie was graduated from the 
 Phila<lel|)liia High .School, in June. 1X70. 
 
 In September. 1870, .Mr. I'ahnestock 
 
 .lAMKS FUIIIKHICK FA H N KS icll K. 
 
 entered the employ of Peter Wright & 
 .Sons, General .Agents for the .American 
 Line of steamships, and the International 
 Navigation Company, operating the Red 
 Star Line. In July, 1884, upon the acqui- 
 sition of the Inman Line b\- the Interna- 
 tional .Vavigation Company, he inaugur- 
 ated their \'oiiclur system and was jilaced 
 in charge of the adjustment of through 
 freights between the ocean carriers and 
 the railroads. In Januar\, i8g2, when 
 the International Navigation Company 
 assumed full charge of its own affairs, he 
 was made .Assistant Treasurer at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 In December, 1902, upon the merger of 
 the various steamship lines and the for- 
 mation of the International Alercantile 
 Com]iany, Mr. Fahnestock was appointed 
 .Assistant Treasurer and removed to Xew' 
 A'ork. In ( )ctober, 1907. upon the retire- 
 ment of Mr. James S. Swartz, who had 
 been Treasurer of the International Nav- 
 igation Comijany and its successors more 
 than thirty years, he succeeded to the 
 Treastirership of the International Aler- 
 cantile Alarine Company. 
 
 C_)n Decemlier oth, 11)08, Mr. Fahne- 
 
VVAKWRK S KICVSrONK- 
 
 IM Ml IN W 1-. \l. I II. 
 
 367 
 
 Stuck was appoiiitcil Assistant 'l"roasiin.T 
 of 'I'lio IVnnsylvania Railroad (.'ompaiiy, 
 and assi.<>;ned to dnty at the Xcw \'ork 
 office. ()n March J^d. ii)():i. he was elect- 
 ed Trea,sufer of 'I'lic rcnii^ylvaiiia Kail- 
 road Company, succeediiiii Mr. Henry 
 'j'atnall, who, in turn, succeeded (.. a|ilain 
 Inhn 1'. Clreen. as \ ice-Pre.sidenl. in 
 cliartje of I'inanco. 
 
 Mr. l'"ahnestock is a member of the So- 
 cietv of .Mavflower Descendants, .Society 
 of Colonial Wars, the ( )rpheus and Meri- 
 on Cricket Clnbs and Kac(|uet Chili <<i 
 Plhladelidiia. 
 
 (■,Koi{(a-; F. I'.Ai'.K. 
 
 As the directing head of the Reailin- 
 Railway System," George F. Uaer has 
 shown an ability that ranks him with the 
 o-reat railroad managers of the country, 
 despite the fact that he did not become af- 
 filiated with transportation matters until 
 1870 and then only in a legal caiiacity. 
 Mr. I'laer was horn near the village nt 
 Levansville, Somerset duuity, I'enn^yl- 
 vania, September 2(1. 1H4-'. ''"-' -'"^ '.'' 
 Major Solomon and Anna .Maria 
 (.Baker) Baer, who were .if Cei- 
 man ancestry. He was educated at 
 Somer.set Academy and l-'ranklin antl 
 Mar.shall College, 'being h.m.ired b> tin- 
 A, M. and LI-. D. degrees and the presi- 
 dency nf the Hoard of Trustees of the 
 college in 1894. Mr. Baer enlisted in the 
 L'ni(in .Army dm-ing the battle nf I'.ull 
 Run and participated in that and in many 
 of the other u. liable battles of the Re- 
 bellion u]) to and including t'hancellor>- 
 ville, at which time he had risen 10 the 
 rank of .Adjutant Ceneral of the Second 
 Brigade, .-\fter retiring from the arni\ 
 he studied law and took up active prac 
 tice at Reading. I'a., in 1868. Two year> 
 later he was made counsel of the I'hila- 
 delphia and Reading Railroad Company 
 and had charge of much important litiga- 
 tion. He was sid)seqnenlly elected t' 1 
 the .I'.oard of Directors of ihe comjianv 
 but retired from that position during llu- 
 Mcl-eod administration. In iS(>,^ he be- 
 came affiliated with J. Bierjiont Morgan 
 in the re-organization oT the I'hiladelphia 
 and Reading Railroad Company. In ii)()i 
 he was elected |)resident of the Reading 
 Company, the i'hiladelphia and Reading 
 
 Railw.-iv Company. The I'hiladelphia and 
 Reading Coal ami Inm C'ompan\ and the 
 (■enlral isailr.iad t ompany of -\'ew Jer- 
 sey. Cniler hi- able uianagenienl the 
 business of lhe>e companies has been 
 greatly improyed and their earnings 
 largely increased. In addition to these 
 connections, .Mr. I'.aer i- president ot the 
 I'erkiomen Railroad Company, the Cata- 
 sa(|ua and Fogelsyille Railroad Coiniiany 
 the East Pennsylyania Railro.id ( oin 
 pan\ the Shaniokin. Snnburx and Cewi- 
 ■ i>. -1 I • ,1,.." Pi,;!-,,i,.ii,li;-: 
 
 burg Railway Company, the I'lnkadelphia 
 anil Reading Terminal Railroad Com- 
 pany, the Atlantic City Railroad Com- 
 pany, the Reading I'aper .Mills and the 
 Keystone Coal Company. He is a di- 
 rector in the Reading Compan\ , I'hiladel- 
 phia and Reading Railway Company, 
 
 i,. ., , , . • I I'l _ t! <•'... 1 1 t...... 
 
 pllia anci iveainnt; ixcuiwdv >. oiii|«iii_i , 
 Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron 
 Company, Central Railroad Company of 
 New lersey, I.ehigh and W'ilkes-P.arre 
 Coal Company. Keystone Coal Company, 
 Reading Paper Mills, I.ehigh \:dley 
 Railroad Company. I.ehi-h and Hud-on 
 Riyer R.iilw.ay Company, Allentown Ter- 
 
368 
 
 Warwick's kevstoxe commonwealth. 
 
 minal Railway Company. I'ennsvlvania 
 Steel Company. Cambria' Steel Company. 
 Cambria Iron Company, Allentown Iron 
 Company, Pennsylvania Company for In- 
 surance on Lives and Granting' Annui- 
 ties. Reading- Trust Com]janv and chair- 
 man and Director of the Reading- Iron 
 Company. Mr. Baer is a member and 
 former president of the Pennsylvania 
 German Society and is a member' of the 
 ReadinsT Park Commission and was active 
 in the establishment of the Reading Pub- 
 lic Library. He is deeply interested in 
 literature and historical research and is 
 the author of several papers on the early 
 lii-^tiirx- (if Peiuisylvania (iermaus. 
 
 As le 
 
 lllAKI.ES II. r.I-KR 
 
 advi 
 
 .-iser (it many large cor- 
 porations, as an author (if National repu- 
 tation and a political speaker of great 
 force, the many phases of Charles H. 
 Burr"s versatile qualities are aptlv shown. 
 Mr. Purr who is deeply interested in Na- 
 tional and local politics, was born in 
 Philadelphia. September 28. 1869, and 
 
 was educated at the I'enn Charter School, 
 llaverford College and the University 
 Law School. He graduated from Hav- 
 erford College in the Class of '89 with the 
 degree of M. A., and was the recipient 
 of the LL. .B. degree upon his gradua- 
 tion from the University. He afterwards 
 filled a professorship in the Law School 
 of the last named institution for three 
 years but relinquished the position to en- 
 ter upon the active practice of his pro- 
 fession. After admission to the .Bar he 
 was for some time associated with Thom- 
 as Learning in the practice of law for a 
 period of nine years, but subsequently 
 urganized the legal firm of Burr, Brown 
 and Lloyd. His private practice growing 
 t(i large proportions he severed his part'^ 
 nership connections and has since prac- 
 ticed alone. Mr. Burr is possibly one of 
 the busiest men in the city engaged in 
 corporation work. His ex'tcnsive prac- 
 tice is nation wide and makes his ab- 
 sence from Philadelphia very frequent. 
 His scholarly attainments are attested by 
 his work along literary lines. The Amer- 
 ican Philosophical Society awarded him 
 $2,000 for a prize essay entitled 'The 
 Treaty Making Powers' of the United 
 States and the Methods of Its Enforce- 
 ment as Affecting the Police Power of 
 the States." Mr. Burr is of Colonial an- 
 cestry, one of his forebears being Wil- 
 liam Paca. a member of the Congress 
 from Alaryland. in pre-RevoIutionary 
 days, wdio was one of the original sign- 
 ers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 He married May 27. 1899, Miss Anna 
 Robeson .Brown, a daughter of Henry 
 Armitt Brown, the famous orator who 
 was considered one of the most finished 
 and forceful speakers of his time, and 
 they have two daughters, Dorothy and 
 Pamela. Mrs. Burr, who inherits many of 
 the traits of her illustrious father, is' the 
 author of "The Autobiography," a com- 
 prehensive work dealing with the lives of 
 famous characters and" has also written 
 several novels which have established her 
 ability in the realm of fiction. Mr. Burr 
 i< a member of the Beta Kappa frater- 
 nity, of Haverford College. The Law- 
 yers' Club. University Club, Philadelphia 
 Country Club. Huntingdon \'allev Coun- 
 try Club and the Mrginia Club. 
 
WAUWKK S KEVSrOXB (.( )M MON WEALIH . 
 
 3'''9 
 
 TIK l-M AS IIDI.AX. 
 
 After a lite nf miiisual acli\-ity ami 
 success. 'I'homas Dulan rcccnlly retired 
 fr. 'Ill the ])residency nf The I'nited l'ia> 
 liiil>n>vcment Comiianv. which lii^ el 
 forts had helped to make one of the nicis-, 
 important corporations in the country. 
 
 Mr. Dolan was lioni in Monts^omer) 
 County, Pennsylvania, ( )ctoher i"/ , i)^,?4. 
 and received his education in the i)ul)li.- 
 schools of that county. His first employ- 
 ment was in a retail dry goods store in 
 Philadelphia, and he remained in that po- 
 sition until 1856, when he formed a con- 
 nection with a large importing comnii.s- 
 sion house that handled English hosier) 
 and Germantown knit goods. He \\a~ 
 given charge of the latter line, and snon 
 built up a large business. The hrni failed 
 during the depression incident to the Civil 
 War. and Mr. Dolan determined to sfirt 
 in business for himself. He arranged 
 with one of the creditors of his formei- 
 employers for a small but comp!etel\ 
 equipped plant, which he called the Key- 
 stone Knitting Mills. Despite the pre- 
 carious state of trade at that time, he 
 trebled the business in three years, but 
 keen competition and general stagna- 
 tion caused him to discontinue the manu- 
 facture of knit goods in 1867. and he 
 turned his attention to shawls, which were 
 in large demand at that time. The new 
 venture was successful, but change in 
 fashion gradually lessened the demand, 
 and in 1872 he installed machinery for 
 the manufacture of worsted suitings. The 
 name of the firm at this time was Thomas 
 Dolan & Company, and the business grew 
 to sucli proportions that when he retired 
 in i8g7 to devote his time to other inter- 
 ests he had 4,000 em])loyees. 
 
 Mr. Dolan was one of the organizers 
 of the I'rusli Electric Companies of Phil 
 adelphia. New York and Raltimore. and 
 was the first to install an electric plant in 
 a factory. The city of Philadelphia at 
 that time was badly lighted, and he was 
 the pioneer in the introduction of elec- 
 tricity for that purpose. There was 
 much opposition when he offered to light 
 Chestnut street from river to river, hut 
 when he guaranteed lo take flown the 
 poles at the end of a \ear if tlie service 
 was not satisfactory, he was allowed to 
 carry out his project. In i8()_' lie was 
 
 offered and accepted the presidency of 
 The United Gas Improvement Company, 
 and in 1897 he secured the lease of the 
 Philadelphia Gas Works. Under munici- 
 pal control the works had an annual defi- 
 cit of nearly $400,000, but under the man- 
 agement of the lessees the city receives 
 a revenue of nearly $2,000,000. Mr. Do- 
 lan is a pronounced Republican in ])oli- 
 tics, but has never held office. In 18SS 
 he organized an advisory committee 
 under the Republican National Commit- 
 tee, and acting as its chairman aided 
 largely in the election of Presidents ii;ir- 
 risoii and McKinley. 
 
 Mr. Dolan has been I'resj.lent of the 
 National .Association of Manufacturers 
 and was one of the organizers and the 
 first President of the Manufacturers" 
 Club. He was also one of the first mem- 
 bers of the Union League, and was vice- 
 president for several years. He is a di- 
 rector in The L^nited Gas Ini))rov^'nient 
 Company, the Philadel|)hia bdeetric C'oni- 
 pan\', the Eidclity Trust Company and 
 the I'^inance Company of Pennsylvania, 
 and is a Trustee of the School of Indus- 
 trial .\rl. 
 
370 
 
 W AKWUK S KKYSTOXI-; t ( I M M I )X WI-.AL r II. 
 
 Sanuiel T. I'xidiiK'. I'rusidcnt nf The 
 United (las lm]irnvenient Company, was 
 born in Philadelphia, Aui^aist 2t,. 1854. 
 the son of Samuel Tucker and Louisa 
 Wylie (Millikin) I'.odinc. He is de- 
 scended from the did JM-ench family oi 
 Le.Baudain. prominent in Cambray. 
 France, in the twelfth century. H'is 
 forebears removed to Enti^land in 1^145. 
 The American branch of the family \va^ 
 founded by I'Vancis iiodine, who hail an- 
 glicized the name, and who settled on 
 Staten Island in the Ein-hleenth ccnlur\. 
 He subsct|uently removed to Middlesex 
 County, New Jersey, ani.l was the faihir 
 of two sons, Francis and Jnhn, the lat- 
 ter, grandfather of Samuel T. liodine. 
 served with distinction in the Cdlniiial 
 Army duriiiL;- thr l\e\ 1 ihitii inar\- War. 
 Samuel Tucker i'Mxliiie, father i)f Sanuiel 
 Taylor Bodine. was an important figure 
 in the early histnry of Fbiladelpbia and 
 was Mayor of Kensington, previous to 
 the consolidation. Mr. I^jdine was edu- 
 cated at the (iermantown .\cadem\- and 
 subsequenth' entereil the I'niversity of 
 Pennsylvania, graduating with tlie Class 
 of 'JT,. aui] being hnUMred with the de- 
 
 gree iif Master of .\rts in nSjb. Hi.^ 
 lirst l)U>iness cimnection was as shipping 
 clerk with the Rii\ersford (Pa.) Iron 
 I'oundry where he remained two years 
 and then accepted a similar position 
 with the Cohansey Glass Company, of 
 llridgeton, New Jersey. In 1876 he be- 
 came associated with the shipping firm 
 of Peter Wright & Sons, and was placed 
 in charge of the commercial work of the 
 I'.ngineering Department and repair shops 
 .if the .-Vmerican and Red Star steamship 
 lines. He remained in this capacity until 
 1882, severing his connection to become 
 Secretary and Treasurer of The United 
 ( ias Improvement Company, which had 
 iust been organized. This corporation 
 furnished Mr. Bodine with an excellent 
 held for the exercise of his abilities and 
 in 1888 he had risen to the General Man- 
 agership I if the com|)any. In February, 
 iSc)_', Ik- was luade Second \'ice-Presi- 
 deiit and was advanced to the First \'ice- 
 1 'residency in 1904, continuing to act 
 also as General Manager. When Thomas 
 Dolan resigned the Presidency in March, 
 i()i2, Mr. Bodine was elected his succes- 
 sor and has since directed tlie afTairs of 
 that important corporation along lines 
 that are constantly increasing its useful- 
 ness to the public. In addition to his du- 
 ties as executive head of The United Gas 
 Improvement Company he is a Director 
 in the Franklin National Bank, the Com- 
 mercial Trust Company, the Pennsxl- 
 vania Company fi.ir Insurances on Lives 
 and Granting Annuities, and the Western 
 Saving Fund Society. He is a Trustee 
 of the Estate of William G. Warden and 
 the Academy of the Episcopal Church in 
 Philadelphia. He is a member of the 
 Sons of the American Revolution, Frank- 
 lin Institute, the Rittenhoiise and L'ni- 
 \ersity Clubs of Philadelphia, the L'ni- 
 \crsity Club of New York Cit\-, the Ger- 
 mantown Cricket and the Merion Cricket 
 Clubs and the Essex County Club of 
 Manchester, Mass. Mr. .Bodine's inter- 
 est in education generally, and his Alma 
 Mater particularly, is shown by his gift 
 of the "Bodine Dormitory" to the L^ni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. He married in 
 Philadelphia, November 15. 1883, Miss 
 Eleanor G., daughter of the late William 
 G. ^^'arden, who was a well known mer- 
 chant. 
 
\\ AKW UK S Kia SIONE. CUM MO.\ WEALT H. 
 
 371 
 
 RAMiAI. MUKCAX. 
 
 Randal .\Kii\naii \\a> l)i)rn in I'liiladrl- 
 phia. Dci.ilicr iS, lS5_^. llis fallu-r was 
 Charles i'.ldrid-c .\l..r-an. <.f I'dack- 
 woodtown. New jiTsex'. and his niotlicr 
 was lane llnwon l!ncl<, nf l'>ridt;(.Ii m, 
 Xcw Jersey. In 1844 his parcnls canu- li> 
 Plliladelphia, where hi- father entered the 
 wholesale dry t^ciods hu-iness. I'hey re- 
 sided in ( icrniantown. and it was at the 
 
 ( iermanlown Academy that he received 
 his early education, and prepared tor the 
 L'nivcrsity of i'cniisylvania. which he en^ 
 teretl in i86y, hcin.i; a menther of the 
 Class of '73. 
 
 After the rei^Milar four years' course, 
 he received the de.t^ree of I'.achelor of 
 Arts. L'i)on tfradiiating he spent one 
 year in the Lancaster Iron Works. Lan- 
 caster, Pennsylvania, retnrninf.;^ to Phila- 
 delj)hia in 1874, to take np the study of 
 law in the office of his elder hrother. 
 
 Charles E. Mor,L;an, jr. Three years 
 later, in 1877, he was adniilled to the 
 Philadelphia liar, later hecoiiiini;- a nietii- 
 lier of his lirother's hrni. Morgan & 
 Lewis. As a lawyer he de\-oted his at- 
 tention chiefl\' to corporation law. and 
 when, in iSSj, the lei;al hnsiness of The 
 Cnited ( i.'is Improvement Company re- 
 quired the nndix-ided attention of one 
 man. he w.is selected to Hll the position. 
 Since that time he has heen connected 
 with The Cnited Gas Improvement Coni- 
 |)any. hrst as Counsel, and later as Ceii- 
 eral t onn-.el. In iSi)2 he was chosen 
 Third \ ice-President and ( leneral Coun- 
 sel: in 11)04 he hecanie Seceuid Nice- 
 President. ;ind in li)l2 First \"ice-Presi- 
 deiit. 
 
 While he has always t;iii<letl and close- 
 1\ followed the o])erations of the Legal 
 l)epartment of The L'nited Cas Lnprvoe- 
 ment Company, his attention has not heen 
 entirely confined to the legal features 
 of the business. ( )n the coiUrarv, his 
 field has gradually heen extended, and 
 he ha> assumeil a leading part in the 
 financial affairs of that corporation. 
 
 Mr. Morgan was elected a Director of 
 the ( iirard Trust Compaii) in Hjoi : the 
 h'irst .National Hank of Philadelphia in 
 11)04: of the Western Sa\ings h'nnd in 
 11)03: and of the Philadelphia Xation.al 
 P>auk in 11)05. ''i i^')*' he w;is elected a 
 Trustee of the Cniversity of Pennsyl- 
 \'ania. and he now is chairman of the 
 Standing Committee on h'iiiance and 
 Property of that institution. 
 
 Mr. .Morgan was married June 17. 
 iJ^So. to Anna Sh,i])leigh. daughter n\ 
 .Marshall S])ring Sh.apleigh. She die<l in 
 July, 11)05. and in Mtio .Mr. Morgan 
 married iM-ances Piddle Williaius, daugh- 
 ter of Charles Williams, lie has tw.) 
 children li\ing. .Marshall Shapleigh .Mor- 
 gan and Jane .Morgan X'avasseur-Fisher. 
 
 Mr. Morgan resides at Chestnut Mill, 
 a suhurl) of Philadelphia, where he iias 
 a comtfirtahle home and couiitr\ place. 
 
y/2 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 WALTON CLARK. 
 
 Tlic (levotiiin of his entire busiiH'SS 
 life to one line of endeavor has brouii;ht 
 to Walton Clark the invariable reward of 
 application and adaptability, for he has 
 risen, by his own efforts, from a posi- 
 tion of comparative obscurity in the 
 lighting and general utility field to a 
 place of honor in the scientific world and 
 to the Second Vice-Presidency of The 
 United Gas Improvement Company. 
 
 Mr. Clark was born in Utica, New- 
 York. April 15. 1856, the son of Erastus 
 and Frances C). (Beardsley) Clark. The 
 family is of English ancestry, the Ameri- 
 can branch being founded in 1645. '^'^ 
 which period and subsequently, both of 
 Mr. Clark's paternal and maternal fore- 
 bears were prominent in Colonial af- 
 fairs. He was educated in the public 
 schools of L'tica. and at the age of sev- 
 enteen year;; became associated with a 
 gas producing company in New <^)r- 
 leans, La., going to Chicago in 1887, 
 where he was engaged in the same line 
 of work, and to Kansas City in 1888. 
 The same year he removed to Philadel- 
 phia to accept a position with the United 
 (ias Improvement Company and it was 
 with this corporation that his broad ex- 
 perience and knowledge won recogni- 
 tion. Jtlr. Clark's education was not 
 completed by his Utica training, and for 
 vears following this period and after 
 his entry into commercial life, he was an 
 ardent student and devoted much time 
 to scientific research with the result that 
 the Stevens Institute of Technology hon- 
 ored him with the M. E. degree in 1904 
 and the LTniversity of Pennsylvania con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
 Science in 191 1. His close application 
 to study and the resultant knowledge 
 brought speedy advancement after he 
 became connected with The United (!as 
 Improvement Companv and he was ad- 
 vanced to the assistant general superin- 
 tcndency. shortlv afterwards being made 
 general superintendent, then to the Third 
 X'ice-Presidency and eventually Second 
 V'ice-President, which position he still 
 fills. His labors along the line of scien- 
 tific research have brought him in touch 
 with the eminent men of the country 
 who are engaged in the various lines of 
 engineering and led to his selection as 
 
 president of the Franklin Institute, an 
 lionor that is appreciated by scientists all 
 over the world. In addition to these 
 connections Mr. Clark is president and 
 director of the Equitable Illuminating 
 Company ; vice-president and director of 
 the \\'elsbach Company and director of 
 the I'nited Lighting and Heating Com- 
 
 WAl.KIN el.AliK. 
 
 pan_\- anil many other corjiorations. He 
 was at one time president of the Ameri- 
 can Gas Institute of which he is still an 
 active member and also holds member- 
 ship in the American Society of Mechan- 
 ical Engineers, the American Institute 
 of Electrical Engineers, the American 
 Society of Mining Engineers and other 
 scientific bodies. He is a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of several educational 
 institutions and his interest in the vast 
 armv of employes of The United Gas 
 Improvement Company is attested by his 
 energetic work in aiding in the organi- 
 zation of the Free Correspondence 
 School for C_;as \\'orks Employees, of 
 which he is chairman of the Board of 
 Trustees. His clubs are the Union 
 League. University, Rac(|uet. luigineers. 
 
wAKw uiv s k::\ sro.Ni-: i ommoxw kai.iii. 
 
 373 
 
 Mrri<iii C'rickcl. i'liihulclphia L'rii.-k(.-l. 
 W liitc .Marsh X'allev CDimtrv ami WliitL' 
 Marsh \"alley Hunt nf Philadelphia, anil 
 Engineers of New Xnvk lily. lie is 
 also a member of the Soeiety nf the t'in- 
 cinnati. .Mr. Clark has been twice mar- 
 ried. His first wife to whom he was 
 united in 1880 was .\lice M. .Shaw, since 
 deceased. His second wife was .Miss 
 Louise Pieauvais, whom he married in 
 i88t. He has five chiUlren : h'rank Shaw 
 Clark. Walton Clark. Jr.. Thnhal.l h'nr- 
 stall Clark. I'.eaiivais L'lark and I )arlhela 
 Clark. 
 
 iiEXRV ]:e.\ti;s, jk.. m. d. 
 
 Dr. Henry Beates, Jr.. was hnrn in 
 Philadelphia. December 20. 1837. Ik- 
 was educated in the public schools, at the 
 Eastburn .Acadeiny, the West Philadel- 
 phia and the Medical Department of the 
 I'niversity of Pennsylvania from which 
 he graduated as a physician in 1871). He 
 acted as clinical assistant to Professors 
 D. Playes Agnew, William Pepper, John 
 .^shurst and William Goodell and his as- 
 sociation with these eminent men was of 
 inestimable value to him. In January, 
 1804, Governor Pattison appointed him a 
 member of the State Board of Medical 
 Examiners and he has been re-appointed 
 by every Governor since. Dr. Beates is 
 a member of the Philadelphia Medical 
 Club, the Philadelphia County .Medical 
 Society, the State Medical Society, the 
 N'orthern Medical Society and is a Eellow 
 of the College of Physicians. He is also 
 a member of the Union League, the 
 .•\cademy of Natural .Science and the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity. In recognition of his 
 high attainments in his i)rofession, Wash- 
 ington and Jefferson College honori'd him 
 with the degree of Master of .Science in 
 KjQf;, and Sc. D. in 191 1. 
 
 i,i-:\\ IS 1. 11. 1. 11:. 
 
 Among the alile men who h;i\e made 
 The United Gas Improvement Company 
 line of the most active and useful organi- 
 zations operating jniblic lUilities is I.cw'is 
 Lillie, its Third \ ice-Pre-ident and 
 Treasurer. 
 
 lie was l)orn in Tr.iy. \. \'.. < )ct<iber 
 ■3- ''^'•3. the Son of Lewis Converse 
 Lillie. Among his earlv ancestors were 
 I .ieutenant Edward Morris, pioneer set- 
 tler and land owner (1652) of Roxbury. 
 Mass., and Isaac Morris who took part 
 in the t'attle of Germantown and win- 
 tered at Valley Forge. Sanniel Lillie 
 (great grandfather), farmer and mer- 
 chant, and Brigadier-(_leneral of the \ er- 
 niont Militia, represented the town of 
 Bethel in the General .A.ssembly of \'er- 
 mont from 1815 to 1819. Lewis Lillie 
 & Son (grandfather and father) were 
 large manufacturers of the "Lillie L'hill- 
 ed Iron Safes." prominently known fort\' 
 years ago. 
 
 Mr. Lillie began his business career at 
 the age of sixteen as a clerk in the legal 
 department of the Northern Pacific Kail- 
 road, New York City. In 1887 he re- 
 moved to Philadelphia to take a ])osition 
 as auditor of The United Gas rmi)nne- 
 ment Company, .\fter six years of ser- 
 vice he was made assistant treasurer : in 
 1804 comptroller; in n>oo secretary and 
 treasurer: in 11)05 fourth vice-president, 
 and in 1012 third vice-president. 
 
 He is a member of the .Merion Cricket. 
 Racquet. Bachelors' ISarge. Whitemarsh 
 Country and other clubs, New England 
 .Society, Pennsylvania .Societv of the Car- 
 der of Founders and Patriots of .Ameri- 
 ca, etc. He is ;ui enthusiastic golfer. 
 
 Mr. Lillie married, in i8qo. Miss Eni- 
 1\- Murray, of Philadelphia, and has two 
 daughters. The only son. Lewis, died in 
 i<jCK). His home is in llaverford. Pa. 
 
.v4 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM M(.IN WEALTH . 
 
 W 1 1, 1. 1 AM \\l-;i<;,ll I'MA.N. 
 
 A hi^tury of chemical manufacturing 
 \v<iul(l he incomplete without reference 
 til the late William Weightman, who for 
 nearly seventy-five years was closely iden- 
 tified with that industry. Mr. Weight- 
 man was Imrn in W'altham. Lincolnshire, 
 England, September 30. 1813, and when 
 sixteen years of age came to America at 
 the suggestion of his uncle, John Farr, 
 who was founder of the firm of Farr & 
 Kunzi, chemists. This uncle was the first 
 manufacturer of sulphate of quinine. 
 When Mr. Kunzi retired from the firm 
 in 1836, Thomas Powers and William 
 Weightman were admitted to partner- 
 ship, the name being changed to Farr, 
 Powers & Weightman and upon the 
 death of Mr. Farr in 1847, the firm was 
 again changed to Powers & Weightman. 
 This house soon won international recog- 
 nition for the quality of its products and 
 the immense business continued without 
 interru])tiiin until 1878 when Mr. Pow- 
 ers died, at which time Mr. Weightman 
 assumed full direction of the business in 
 addition to his duties as chemist, ffis 
 two siMis. Dr. Jiihn l-'arr Weiglitman and 
 Dr. \\'illiani Weightman. jr., \\ ere ad- 
 
 mitted to partnership in 1883 and were 
 active in the conduct of the business until 
 the time of their deaths. In 1893, Rob- 
 ert J. C. Walker, IMr, Weightman's son- 
 in-law was made a partner in the firm 
 and so continued until his death in 1903, 
 when his widow became a partner of her 
 father and assumed full control of the 
 gigantic business upon Mr. Weightman's 
 death, which occurred August 25, 1004. 
 In December of the same year the busi- 
 ness was consolidated with Rosengarten 
 & Sons, former competitors, under the 
 name of Powers-Weightman-Rosengar- 
 ten Company. Mr. Weightman was a 
 skilled chemist and many of the firm's 
 products were his discoveries. It was 
 due to his efforts that sulphate of cin- 
 chona became widely used as a substi- 
 tute for quinine at a time when the price 
 of the latter drug was almost prohibitive. 
 In 1875 the firm was awarded the Elliott 
 Cresson gold medal by the Franklin In- 
 stitute for the introduction of an industry 
 new in the United States and perfection 
 of the result in the product obtained in 
 the manufacture of citric acid. The same 
 medal was awarded for the ingenuity and 
 skill shown in the manufacture and for 
 the perfection of workmanship displayed 
 in the perfection of the cheaper alkaloids 
 of the cinchona bark. Mr. Weightman 
 made large investments in both im])roved 
 and unimproved realty, which appreciated 
 til a niarvelrius extent during his life- 
 time ami he became one of the largest 
 property owners in the city and one of 
 the wealthiest men in the State. He con- 
 tinued in active command of the business 
 until the time of his last illness when he 
 was ninety-one years of age. On the 
 17th of March, 1841, he married Aliss 
 Louise Stelwagon, and of three chil- 
 dren by this union but one survives, Mrs. 
 Frederick C. Penfield, who is one of the 
 wealthiest women in the United States. 
 
 Mr. Weightman was a director of the 
 Philadelphia Trust Companv, the North- 
 ern Trust Company and the Commercial 
 National Bank. He was a member of 
 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy for 
 forty-eight years. His recreation from 
 active business was obtained at his beau- 
 tiful country seat. Raven Hill, School 
 Lane, Germantown, the grounds of which 
 were beautifull\' laid nut and under the 
 hiiihest state of cultivation. 
 
Warwick's keystonb commo.n'wealiii. 
 
 375 
 
 w . A I [j:i-: liUKPEE. 
 
 Washin.t^tcm Atlce I'.urpLT, wlm is cnn- 
 ceded to he the le,i(hiiLC iiiaihi>riler seed- 
 man in this country and who^e jirodnet 
 lias achieved an international reputation 
 for its excellence, was horn .\|)ril 5. iS5(S. 
 at Sheffield, New F.runsw irk. the stiu of 
 David and Ann Catherine (AlU't-) I'.ur- 
 pee. lie was hroug-hl to I 'liiladeli)hia 
 when a child and received his (■ducation 
 at the h'riends School and the I'niversity 
 of Pennsylvania. He started the seed 
 business in 1X76. with two partners, hut 
 two years later embarked alone undt'r 
 the firm name of W. .\tlee I'.urpee i<: Co. 
 ^fr. Burpee determined at the commence- 
 ment of his bnsine>s career, th.at the ex- 
 cellence of his ])roduct should be his sole 
 aiijieal to the users of seeds. This wa> a 
 
 stupendous task at tliat time, for in the 
 earl\- days he did not r.aise his own seeds 
 and to secure the j^rade he insisted on 
 meant hard work in careful inspection 
 of, and selection from cro|)s ;;;rowu by 
 others. The result of his .accurate jud.y;- 
 menl is shown by the ])henomen;d i^rowth 
 of the business. "Ilur])ee Oualit\" was 
 recotj-nized from the st;irt. .Success made 
 it [lossihle for .Mr. jJurpee to i;row seed 
 on his own farms and mider his owu su- 
 pervision, and the tbirtx -se\eu years th;it 
 have ensued since his humble bet^inuiuiL;-. 
 have been tirelessly spent in experimenta- 
 tion that h;is produce<l .almost perfection. 
 The business has in cousei|uence i^fown 
 to be the L;reatest of its character in the 
 world. .Mr. r.ui'i)ei' h;is now six farnts 
 
376 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMON WEALTH. 
 
 when.' all tests and trials are made in or- 
 der to produce high grade seeds. These 
 farms are located at Doylestown. Pa., 
 Swedeshoro. X. J., and in the Lompoc 
 \'alley, California. The Doylestown 
 farms, called "Fordhook"' after Mr. Hiu-- 
 pee's ancestors' estate in England, con- 
 tain nver 200 acres, devoted to tlie cul- 
 tivatinn of tomatoes, corn, sweet peas, 
 the smaller vegetables and flowers. '"Sun- 
 n\brouk," the Swede.sboro farm, is used 
 for the development (_)f tomatoes and mel- 
 ons, the soil and climate being best adapt- 
 ed for that i^nrpose. The California 
 farm, known as "hdnradale," is at Eom- 
 poc in Santa Barbara County, where the 
 Burpees grow one hundred and fifty 
 acres of sweet peas alone each season. 
 
 The warehouses in Philadelphia, like 
 the farms, are large and particularly 
 adapted to the business. They include 
 a large block of buildings at the inter- 
 section oi York Road and b'ifth street, 
 where three hundred employees are kept 
 busy handling the large daily business, 
 using a system formulated by Mr. Bur- 
 pee, to ensure the highest degree of effi- 
 ciency. Between five and six thousand 
 mail orders are received dail\' and none 
 are allowed to remain unfilled more than 
 twenty-four hours. This is one of Mr. 
 Burpee's inflexible rules and adherence 
 to it has greatly added to the reputation 
 of the house. 
 
 The progressiveness of thi-^ model 
 business house is not only shown in the 
 conduct of the vast business, but in the 
 consideration and treatment of its em- 
 plovees it has kejjt ahead, not merely 
 abreast, of the times. .Mr. Burpee has 
 not waited for humanitarians t(_i tell him 
 what should be done along this line, for 
 he solved the problem himself, and when 
 he fitted up the warehouses he made every 
 provision for the comfort of his work- 
 people. Rest rooms were |)rovided for 
 
 the women emiiluyees and smoking rooms 
 for the men. .\ dining room was installed 
 where meals can be obtained at actual 
 cost. L'mlirellas are provided for the em- 
 l)lo_\ees in case of suilden storms and 
 the lounging rooins contain rocking 
 chairs, tables and couches, newspapers, 
 magazines and writing materials. Each 
 year ]\Ir. Burpee issues a handsomely il- 
 lustrated catalogue and oiifers prizes that 
 keep the users of seeds constantly inter- 
 ested. 
 
 In addition t'j his seed business, 
 Mr. Burpee has many other interests and 
 is a director in the Market Street Na- 
 tional liank. the Xorthern Trust Com- 
 pany, and the Colgate Company. He is a 
 director of the Wholesale Seedmen's 
 League, ex-president of the American 
 Seed Trade Association, director and ex- 
 president of the American Sw-eet 
 Pea Association, and vice-president 
 of the National Sweet Pea Society of 
 Great Britain. He is a member of the 
 Chamber of Commerce and the Philadel- 
 phia Board of Trade and is a trustee of 
 the Howard Hospital, the Sanitarium .As- 
 sociation and the National Farm School. 
 He is a director and ex-president of the 
 Canadian Society of Philadelphia and is 
 a life member of the Royal Horticultural 
 Society of Great Britain, the Societie 
 Nationale Horticulture de France, and 
 the Transatlantic Society. His clubs are 
 the Union League, Art, I'niversitw City, 
 Racquet, Bachelors' Barge and Poor 
 Richard, cif Philadelphia, the Country 
 Clul) of Lansdowne. Pa., the .Merion 
 Cricket Club, and the National .\rts 
 and City Clubs of New ^'ork City. Mr. 
 lUirpee married Miss l^danche Simons in 
 i8i)J, and the\' have three children: Da- 
 vid, Washington Atlee, Jr., and Stuart 
 .Mexander lUirpee. He resides at "b'ord- 
 hook." his beautiful estate near Doyles- 
 town. l'enn>\ Ivania. 
 
WARWICK S KEVSTOM;- I iiM .Ml iXW 1;.\I, 111. 
 
 jdiiN i;Kii;i;ia.. 
 
 J.ilm (irihliL-l, snlc pniprietDr ni tlic i;a> 
 nu-ter maiuifactiiriiii;- plant of John j. 
 (Iriffin & Co., \\a.s bi>rii in Hudson C'it\. 
 X. J.. March 2<), 1858. Hi.s education wa.s 
 received in the Lolle^e of the City of 
 New York and the \\esle\an L'niversity, 
 the latter institution conferrint;- the M. A. 
 degree upon him. After the CDmplction 
 of his schooling he entered the employ of 
 the Importers and Traders Uank, .\e\v 
 York City, in 1876 and remaineil with 
 that concern until 1877 when he acce]>tcd 
 an advanced position with the I,catlier 
 Manufacturers Xational Itank. He re- 
 tained this connection initil 1883 when lie 
 was appointed Xew \'ork agent for Har- 
 ris, (iriftin & Co. John J. Griffin & Co. 
 succeeded tliis firm in the manufacture of 
 gas meters and Mr. (jribhel was ailniii- 
 ted to partnership in 1890. Mr. (Iriffin 
 was taken seriously ill the same year and 
 Mr. (jribbel removed to l-'hiladelphia tn 
 give his personal attention to the finiiV 
 interests, and upon the death of .Mr. (irif- 
 fin, he became sole owner of the e.xtensivc 
 works. Tn addition to the business of 
 John I. (iriffin & Co., which has been 
 largely e.xtended under Mr. (iriljbel'^ 
 personal supervision, he is interested in a 
 score of financial and commercial enter- 
 prises. He is a director and second vice- 
 president of the Curtis Publishing Com- 
 pany of Philadelphia, director and vice- 
 president of the Pirooklyn P)orough Cas 
 Company of Xew York, president of the 
 Royal Electrotype Comjiany of Philailel- 
 phia, president of the Helena (ia> and 
 Electric Coni|)anv of Helena, .Arkansas. 
 ])residcnt of the .Vthens (ias Company of 
 Athens, (ieorgia, director of the (iirard 
 Xational Pank and Real Estate Trust 
 Conijiany, of Pliiladel])hia, president of 
 the [•"ainiiount Savings Trust Companx. 
 of Philadelphia, director and vice-presi- 
 dent of the "Public Ledger," director of 
 the L'nited (!as and Electric Corj^oration 
 of Xew \'ork, director of the Lancaster 
 Gas and Electric Coni])any, of Lancaster, 
 Pa., and ])resident of the Tampa (ias 
 Company, of Tampa, Elorida. 
 
 Mr. Gribbel is of English ancestry and 
 is a son of James and .\mia (.Simmons) 
 (iribbel. C)n January 8, 1880, he was mar- 
 
 24 
 
 ried to .Miss h:iizalK-tli P.. Wood, of .\ew 
 ^'ork City. He is deejily interested in 
 Colonial and early English history, and 
 has a valuable collection of .American 
 portraits, documents and autograjjli let- 
 ters. 1 lis collection of early English ob- 
 jects includes seventeenth century engrav- 
 ings and rare books of the fifteenth, six- 
 teeiitli. -i'\ I'liteeiilli and ci^litceiit'i cen- 
 
 turies. .Mr. (irihl)i'l h.a^ a liaiidsoiiK- resi- 
 dence at Wynccjte, I'a., in wliich is housed 
 the almost priceless oljjects which he has 
 s])ent years in collecting, lie has a smii- 
 nier home at Camden, Me., where he 
 spends <a part of each year and being fond 
 of outdo.ir life \m(\s recreation between 
 seasons in the wihU'sl .md most jiictur- 
 cs(|ue spots in the cnuiitiN. i le is a mem- 
 ber of the Cnion League, of Philadel- 
 l)hia, and the Lotus Club, of .Xew Vnrk 
 (^'ily. lie is a Republican of a pronounc- 
 ed type but takes no |)art in i)olitics be- 
 yond giving his moral and financial sup- 
 port to the p.'irty whose principK'> he ad- 
 vocates. 
 
37^ 
 
 VVARWKKS KI•.^SIO^•E COMNIOXWEALI II. 
 
 • AXIEL BAUGH. 
 
WARWICK S KICYSIOXli CO.M M(J.\ \\ KAI . I II. 
 
 379 
 
 i)A.\ii:i. p.Arcir. 
 
 Devoting every spare iiionieni fr. mi an 
 active business career for the advance- 
 ment of Art and Science, Daniel .Raugh 
 has been rewarded by the progress made 
 in the fields in which he has labored as- 
 siduously. Mr. Baugh was born in Ches- 
 ter County, Pa., October 22d, 1836, the 
 son of John Pugh and Hannah (Krauser) 
 Baugh. His ancestors on both sides 
 were German and the families have been 
 prominent in Chester County for nearlv 
 three centuries. He was educated in a 
 private academy in the locality in which 
 he was born and then attended Tremont 
 Seminary, Norristown, Pa., for several 
 terms but did not enter college as his 
 father's business demanded his attention 
 at this period. The family had been for 
 generations engaged in the tanning busi- 
 ness, but the introduction of improved 
 machinery made [primitive methods un- 
 profitable and his father turned his at- 
 tention to crop fertilization by chemical 
 process. For the manufacture of this 
 commodity, known as super-phosphates, 
 tile firm of Baugh and Sons, consisting 
 of the father and the sons Edward P. 
 and Daniel, was formed in 1855. The 
 l^roduct became at once popular and one 
 year later a special plant was erected at 
 Downingtown, Va.. In i8fio the plant 
 was moved to Philadelphia and the Dela- 
 ware River Chemical Works established. 
 The father died in 1881 and in 1887 the 
 business was incorjmrated with Edwin 
 P. Baugh as ])resident. The latter died 
 in 1888, and since that time Daniel 
 Baugh has been the active head of I'.augh 
 & Sons and the subsidiary companies, 
 which includes, in addition to the Dela- 
 ware River Chemical Works, the Tiaugh 
 Chemical Company, of Baltimore, .Md., 
 and the Chemical Works at Norfolk. \'a. 
 Under Mr. Jiaugh's direction the bu^i- 
 ncss has e.xpanded wondcrfullv and the 
 products have attained a world-wide rep- 
 utation. Despite his business activity, 
 Mr. P>augh has found time to devote to 
 many objects for the betterment of man- 
 kind. He is a trustee of the Rush Hos- 
 pital, was a member of the I'oard of 
 Managers of the Howard II(jsi)ital, and 
 
 is a trustee nf the .letYersdU .Medical Col- 
 lege and Hospital. His wnrk for this 
 institution was of such a character that 
 President William Potter referred to 
 him as the most valuable man ever on the 
 Board, and this is unquestionably so, for 
 ill addition to his interest in the institu- 
 tion's welfare he has helped it in a ma- 
 terial way. When the faculty fdiind the 
 college building inade<iuate for the pro- 
 per teaching of anatomy, .Mr. I'.augh pur- 
 chased the property at Eleventh aiid Clin- 
 ton streets and fitted it up with every 
 modern scientific apparatus at a cost of 
 nearly $200,000. This was turned over 
 to the college September 26th, ujir, and 
 at the dedicatory services it was named 
 by special action of the trustees the 
 Paitid Banish Institute of Auatom\< of 
 the Jefferson Medieal College as a ''Me- 
 morial to a man who is true, generous, 
 sympathetic and a prince among men." 
 
 Mr. Baugh is a member of the Per- 
 manent Relief Committee, was ])resident 
 of the Sanitarium Association for twelve 
 vears and has been president of the 
 School of Design for ^^'or^len for twen- 
 ty-five years. His devotion tn .Art has 
 been shown by his work as one of the or- 
 ganizers of the .Art Club and hi- activitv 
 as its treasurer and as i)resideiit for a pe- 
 riod of ten years. He was also one <if the 
 organizers and first president of the Art 
 Federation which had for its ohjrct the 
 beautification of the city ;in(l tlie cmi 
 struction of a Boulevard to h'airniount 
 Park. This has since been inergt'd with 
 ilie Parkway Association and a portion of 
 its objects consummated. .Mr. liaugli 
 is ex-president of the Department of .Ar- 
 chaeology and Palaeontology of the Cni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania and during- his 
 term of ofifice a new building was erected 
 in which is housed a large collection of 
 I'-.gyptian. P.abylonian and .Mediterranean 
 objects. He also aided in the establish- 
 ment of the Philadelphia Medical jour- 
 nal. .Mr. P.augh is a director of the" Cir- 
 ard National .Bank, the Delaware Insur- 
 ance Company, the Philadelphia Bourse, 
 the J'liiladeli)hia Museum.s and the P.elt 
 Pine Railroad Com])any. His clubs are 
 the I'nion Eeague, .Art, Penii. Rac(|uet, 
 Merion Cricket, Corinthian \;n-\\l and 
 I'hiladelpliia Country. 
 
38o 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM MUN WEALTH. 
 
 STEPHEX CREE.XE. 
 
 Stephen (Jreene was 1)orn in I'.ain- 
 liridge, Chenango County. New York. 
 September 25th. 1831. lie was three 
 \ears old when his parents removed to 
 Pennsylvania and three years later he 
 was sent to the piihlic schools which s\s- 
 
 teni hail licen Drganized in the State one 
 \ear |)revi(iu^ly. l-"niiii that peril )d until 
 I1S45, he attended schnnls in .Marietta, Cn- 
 lumhia and W'a^hingtim, in Lancaster 
 Ci)UUt\ and during t'.'.e vacatinn period 
 was given [irix-ate instructinn. He taught 
 a district school in llellam Tnwuship. 
 York County, for a term and deciding to 
 become a printer, he secm-ed eni])loyment 
 in the office of the Pciiiisylz'ania Iiitcili- 
 i^ciicc-r, at Lancaster. He had become an 
 expert printer wdien in .May. 1848. he re- 
 moved to Philadelphia and entered the 
 
 printing establishment of W illiam S. 
 ^'oung. as a compositor, "subbing" at 
 night nn the Daily Xcics. then published 
 on Third street below Chestnut. In the 
 I'all of the same year he returned to L'n- 
 Innibia. Pa., to take charge of the me- 
 chanical department of the Columbia Spy. 
 and in 1853 became one of its editors and 
 proprietors, acquiring sole ownership in 
 1855. He sold the plant in 1856, and two 
 years later returned to Philadelphia and 
 organized the firm of Ringwalt & Rrown. 
 He retired from this firm in i860 and 
 tlien l)ccame superintendent of the print- 
 ing hnuse <if the late Henry G. Leisen- 
 ring. He introdticed in Philailel])hia the 
 first presses for [)rinting consecutively 
 numbered railroad and other tickets, and 
 in 1871 became a member of the firm of 
 1 lelfenstein, Lewis and Greene, eventu- 
 allv becoming sole proprietor of the ex- 
 tensive business, which he incorporated 
 in 1900 as the Stephen (ireene Compaii) , 
 becoming the president and retaining the 
 pnsitinn until the time of his death. The 
 large plant at i()th and .\rch streets was 
 i.recteil in 1002 and the business largely 
 extended under Mr. ( Ireene's careful 
 management. In iSoo he became inter- 
 esteil in the develoimient uf \\ cnnnah. X. 
 J., instituting the \\'eniinah -Military 
 Academy there, and accpiiriiig much real 
 estate in that locality. He was a mem- 
 ber iif the hranklin Institute fur m;ni\' 
 \ears and was for a lung time a member 
 I if its Hoard of Managers. He was for 
 twenty-five years one of the trustees of 
 Drew Theological Seminarv and long ac- 
 tive in the affairs of Philadelphia School 
 of Design, being at one time its presi- 
 dent. He was a member nf the -\cademy 
 lit Xatural Sciences, the Pennsylvania 
 Historical -Society, the I'nion League, 
 Manufacturers' L'lub and the Masonic 
 fraternity. .Mr. (ireene married in 1853, 
 Miss Martha Mifllin Houston, of Colum- 
 bia, Pa. 
 
Kl■:^■s■ll)\l■:. ( i im mon we \i. i ii. 
 
 3'^' 
 
 IKiWAKI) IIAKCL.W FRENCH. 
 
 Howard L!arclay French, who has, for 
 more than forty-five years, taken a lead- 
 ing- jiart in promoting the civic, commer- 
 cial and political advancement of I'hil.a- 
 del])hia, was horn in Sali'ni, C'nhimhiana 
 County. ( )hi(i. Septcmhcr ^h 11^4''^. the 
 son of Samuel IlarriMiu and Angelina 
 ( Dunseth ) hVench. ( )n the paternal side 
 he is descended from Thomas French, a 
 memher of the Society of Friends, who. 
 in 1680. iu order to escape religions perse- 
 cution, came fnim Xorthani]>tonshire, 
 luigland. and settled near Ihirlington, 
 X. J. 
 
 Mr. hrench was educated iu ■•"rieiids" 
 schools, and graduated from the College 
 of I'harniacy. He then entered the em- 
 ploy of his father's firm. French. Rich- 
 ards & Company, wholesilc druggists and 
 paint manufacturers, estahlished in 1844. 
 In January. 188.^. the manufactm-iug and 
 drug departments of the concern were 
 separate<l. and Howard I!. French witli 
 his hrother W'illi'un .\.. joined with tlu'ir 
 father. Sanniel II. I'reiich. and fohu [,. 
 Longstretli in forming the firm of .Sanniel 
 
 II. l-rcnch &■ C(>inpan\, which ^uccee<k-d 
 the manufacturing hranch of the olil firm. 
 William A. French dic'il in i88(). and 
 .Sanniel II. I'"reiu-li in l8i;3. Cpoii the re- 
 tireiiU'iit of John I,. I .. ino>ti\tli in iwoi. 
 .Mr. I-'reiich liicame sole ])ri]prictiir "f the 
 l)nsine-.s. under the name nt Samuel II. 
 French & I '1 iiup.aiu . 
 
 Mr. l-'reiich i- ;i uieinliei' nf the I'liila- 
 delphia I 'aim .\laiuif;ictiirers' (Jul), and 
 wa> ]iresiilent of the .Vatioual I'aiiil. Mi] 
 ;iiiil \ arni^li .XsMH-iatimi. lie i> tna^iir 
 er 'if the Central Lommittee of the I'aiiit 
 and \ arnish Manufacturers' .Associations 
 ..f the L'nited .States, and treasurer and 
 directiir iif the I'aint Trade .Mutual h'ire 
 In-urance Cuinpany. He was president of 
 the l''.i|iiit,'il>le Trust Cuinpany from li)o_' 
 until ii)[J. lie is a director of the 
 t liamher of t'ommerce, of which he is 
 lirst vice-president. In 1896 he was ap- 
 piiinted hy the Covernor a delegate to the 
 I'nnvention at Tam])a, l<"lorida, to devise 
 coast ilefenses for the Cmlf and South .\t- 
 l.mtic I larfjors : also a member of the li.x- 
 ecutive Committee of the Tennessee Cen- 
 tennial Commission of I'hiladelphia. He 
 lia> served a> secretary of the L'nion 
 Committee on Transportation, .Manufac- 
 turing and Commercial Interests of Phila- 
 deliihia : as a member of the .\dvisor\ 
 lioard of the Commercial .Museums, and 
 is now a memher of its I'lO.ard of Tru>- 
 tees. He was a director of the .Manufac- 
 turers" Club, of the hranklin ln-^titute and 
 served on the sub-committee in the selec- 
 tion of a ^ite fur the new Cnited States 
 .Mint. He was ;i member of different 
 ciiuimittees proinineiit iu the Founders' 
 Week L'elebratioii, ( )ctnbcr, kjoS. of the 
 Committee on Transportation and R.ail- 
 road Terminals ci > oper.itiug with the 
 .Ma_\dr in an effort to provide facilities for 
 the enlargemem of trade, of the connnit- 
 tee of the organizing Commission for the 
 Twelfth Congress of the I'ennaneut In- 
 ternational Association of .\a\igatioii 
 Congresses, and a delegate to the Fifth 
 .\innial Convention of the Atlantic Deep 
 er Waterways .\ssociatiou. New I.ondon. 
 Conn.. 11J12. at which he also re])reseule<I 
 the Commercial Museum and Chamber 
 of C'ommerce. He w;is cli;iirmau of the 
 I''iu;uice C'omniittee of the Historical I'a- 
 
j;Sj 
 
 WARWK K S KEVSTOXIC COM -Ml )-\ WEALTH. 
 
 ,t;(.'aiit of I'hilailclphia, ii)i2, chairman of 
 tile Citizens' C'dnmiittee nf Xinel_\-tive for 
 t iood L'itv ( Idvernnient, a member nf the 
 llusiness Men's Repuhhcan Leafiue, <if 
 the Civil Service Commission of I'hila- 
 delphia, of the McKinlev and Hohart 
 I'usiness Men's Xatinnal Campaign L'om- 
 mittee, president nf the National Repnh- 
 lican League of Jhisiness men. of several 
 committees superintending arrangements 
 for the National Republican Convention 
 held in Philadelphia, delegate to the Na- 
 tional Republican Convention, Chicago, 
 and chairman of the Taft and Sherman 
 Business Men's National Campaign Cmu- 
 mittee. 
 
 He is one of the managers and trus- 
 tees of the Philadelphia Southern Home 
 for Destitute Children ; a manager of the 
 Home Missionary Society: a member nf 
 the Pennsylvania State Board of Chari- 
 ties, trustee nf the Philadelphia College 
 of Pharmac\- an<l fnr the past thirteen 
 years, its president. 
 
 He is a member of the Cnion 
 League of which he was a direc- 
 tor and second vice-president; tlirec- 
 tor of the Piath Portland Cement Com- 
 pany, and the (.'nutinental Equitable Title 
 and Trust Cnmpany. member of the At- 
 lantic Deeiier Waterways Association, a 
 director and fnrnier president of the New 
 jersey Societv of Pennsylvania, a member 
 of the Ohio Society of Philadelphia, mem- 
 ber of the .American Pharmaceutical As- 
 sociation, the Historical S'iciety of Penn- 
 s\lvania, the Cnlniiial Society, the Merinn 
 Cricket Club, Philadelphia Skating Club 
 and I Unnane Snciet\. and the Pen and 
 Pencil elub i>i Philadelphia. He is deep- 
 1\ interested in genealogical research, and 
 has published the "(Genealogy of the De- 
 scendants nf Thomas French, I'l^o- 
 l()I,:i," 2 vols. 
 
 Mr. I'rencb marriid in 1S82, Miss Ida 
 Colket, daughter nf Cnt¥ln I'nlket nf Phil- 
 adelphia. One child, a d.iugbter is living, 
 and a snn died in infancv. 
 
 MIWIN II. mi, Kit. 
 
 EDWIN IT. FITLEK. 
 
 I'Idwin H. Pitler, first .Mayor of Phila- 
 delphia under the Pullitt Pill, was born 
 in that city, December 2, 1S25. He re- 
 ceived an acadenu'c education and began 
 
 the study of 
 
 law in the of- 
 fice nf Charles 
 1-:. Le.x. but 
 laid aside his 
 le.xt bnoks for 
 m e r c a n tile 
 ])ursuits and 
 eiUered t h e 
 Cordage bouse 
 of Cieorge J. 
 Weaver, mas- 
 tering every 
 detail of the 
 business and 
 becoming a 
 member <_if the firm in two years. He 
 later purchased Mr. W'eaver's interest 
 and changed the firm name to Edwin 
 H. ]'"itler & Co. The business grew 
 to such prnpi;irti(.)ns that a mammoth 
 plant was built at P)ridesburg where 
 nincli labor saving machinery of Air. 
 I'itler's designing was installed. Mr. 
 iMtler was a Republican in politics and 
 was at one time mentioned for the United 
 States Senatorship and for the Governor- 
 ship of the State. At the National Con- 
 vention in 1888 his name was presented 
 fnr the presidential nomination and he re- 
 ceived the solid vote of the Philadelphia 
 delegation. Mr. Fitler was a director of 
 the National Bank nf Northern Liberties 
 ,ind w;is vice-president and president of 
 the Cnion League. .\t the time of his 
 nnmination for Mayor he received the en- 
 dorsement of nearly all the representative 
 business men as a candidate whose wide 
 experience and integrity would enable 
 him tn carr_\' into effect the radical .gov- 
 ernmental features contained in the new 
 cit\- charter. 
 
WAKWKK S KEYSTONE lO.M Ml IN \\ ICAL r 1 ] . 
 
 383 
 
 SAML'EL IIEH.M'.U. 
 
 Saniucl llciliKT. President rif iV'rc\- 
 Heilner & Sons, Inc., extensive miners 
 and shi])pers of coal, has had a inn>t ac- 
 tive experience in let^^al and business af- 
 fairs, lie was horn in I'hiladelphia and 
 hi.s preparatdry edncation wa^ ol)tained 
 
 S.VMIKI. 111:11. Nil!. 
 
 in the I'rieiids Central lli.^h Schdol. after 
 which he t-ntered the I'niversity of I'enn- 
 sylvania. lie siradnated in 1877 with 
 the (Icfjree nf liachelor of Law^ ami was 
 shortly afterwards adniitte<l td tlie I'.ar. 
 He took U|) his residence in ('cili >radi >. 
 where he practiced hi- professinii fur 
 four years ant! had nhtaineil a le^al prac 
 ticc in that s/rdwinL; .^tale, when the ill 
 
 ness of his father necessitated his return 
 luist and he relini|nished law t.i liecunie a 
 partner in the lirni of I'ercy I I'eilner and 
 Sun, (if which he hecame president after 
 it> inciirpi iratii 111 fnlldwinL; his father's 
 .lealh. 
 
 ■Mr. Ileilner's nidther was one of the 
 .\'ew jersey \ an (.'amp's, ,i f.imily that 
 was prominent in the iidrthern part nf 
 that State, and se\'eral df its male mem- 
 bers took active |iart in the Revdlntidiiary 
 W'.ar. I lis acti\it\ in public matters is at- 
 tested li\ his prdininence in .State and Xa- 
 tidual affairs. He has a hamlsdme bdiue 
 at -Sprino- Lake. X. J.. ;ind is a member 
 df the ( 'cean I'.dulexard tdiiiniittee by 
 appdintment df ( invernor h'drt and the 
 same executive made him a representative 
 df the State at the annual encampment oi 
 the ( Irand .\niiy df the Republic held in 
 
 \tlantic (,'ily in loio. Althnutjli a Re- 
 ]iulilic;m in pdlitics, l^resident Wilsdii, 
 then ( Idverudr df Xew Jersey, selected 
 him as a delef^ate-at-large to represent 
 that State at the Waterways Cduventidus 
 at Richnidiid. N'ir.i^inia ; \\'ashin£;tdn, 1 ). 
 ('..and .\'ew 1 .unddn, I'dun. .Xnioiii; .Mr. 
 I leilue^'■^ business CduneCtidUS. aside frum 
 ihr presideiic) df l'erc\ 1 leilner i!v .Sdus. 
 
 ■i-.. are the fdlldwiuL;' cunipanies df 
 .\iiich lu' i- ;i (lirector: Huntiui^tdU and 
 llrd.id I'dp Railniad (.'diiipain. l'enus\l- 
 vania (. dal (.ditipam. ( 'diiimc niwealth 
 L'lial C'duipany ;mil numerdus dtlier coni- 
 panies uperalins.; in the Cdal rej^idiis. 
 1 lis clubs inclmle the rninu Lea,L;iie. I'ni- 
 versity. and 1 'hiladelphi;i Cduntrx df 
 l'hilailel|iliia ; the .\'ew N'.irk ^'acht .and 
 se\eral ciuintry ;md L;dlf clubs in the 
 northern sectinn df .\o\v Jerse\-. He is 
 ;ilsd active in the affairs df the Xetlier- 
 lancN .Sdciety df I'hil.ulelphia. 
 
3«4 
 
 W'AKWU K S Kl':'s'Sr()XE COMMOXWEALTH. 
 
 jdSIIIA 1.. I'.AII.V. 
 
 jii>liiia L. Hail)', niL-rchant, Ijorn in 
 I'hiladelphia, Pennsylvania, June ^"tli. 
 1826, son of Josluia llailv. Junitir, and 
 Elizabeth (Lloyd) llaily. He was edu- 
 cated at the Friends' Select School, Phil- 
 adelphia, and at W'esttovvn Boarding 
 School, Chester Cnunty. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Me entered the dry goods business at 
 the age nf sixteen and has been continu- 
 ously in that line to this time — a peril ul 
 covering over seventy \ears. He i■^ the 
 senior member of the dry goods commis- 
 sion house of Joshua L. Baily & Co.. es- 
 tablished in 1S-3. headquarters in Phila- 
 delphia with a branch house in .\e\v 
 \ ork I'ity and offices in several other of 
 the principal cities of the United States. 
 
 -Mr. ISaily has not only attained a prom- 
 inent [josition as a merchant but he has 
 been e(pially prominent in political, eco- 
 nomic and charitable organizations. He 
 is president of the Philadelphia Societv 
 for the Employment and Instruction of 
 the Poor, and is also president of the 
 Pennsylvania Prison Society, in each of 
 which organizations he has been an active 
 member for over sixty years. Jfe has 
 been for thirty years president of the 
 l'hiladeli)hia l-'ountain Society, and was 
 one of the original members of the Com- 
 mittee <:if ( )ne Hundred founded in iHjn. 
 and to(.)k an active part in its campaigns. 
 He was also one of the founders of the 
 Philadelphia Society for Organizing 
 Charity, and was for eighteen years its 
 president. He was chairman of Citizens' 
 Relief Committee apjjointed by the Mavor 
 of Philadelphia, notably on the lloods in 
 the ( )hio \'alle\. the \ellow fever scourge 
 in the South and tlie Charleston cartli- 
 (|uake. and as far hack as 1846 he served 
 
 (jn a committee to collect funds to relieve 
 the sufferers by the famine in Ireland. 
 He was a member of the National Relief 
 Commission during the Spanish-,\meri- 
 can War and gave active and valuable 
 service to the Government, acting as 
 chairman of the Committee on Supplies, 
 and made frecpient visits to the camps and 
 hospitals. He is at this time vice-presi- 
 dent of a number of important societies 
 among which are the American Tract 
 .Society, the .\merican Peace Societv, the 
 -American Bible Society, the National 
 Temperance Society and the .\merican 
 Forestry Association. He is also a mem- 
 ber of the Pioards of Managers of a 
 number of other benevolent, educational 
 and patri(jtic organizations. 
 
 He has been a life-long friend of the 
 colored people and is a member of sev- 
 eral societies organized and maintained 
 for their education and improvement, and 
 has contributed liberally to their support. 
 
 -Mtbough now past his 87th year, he 
 enjoys a degree of health and vigor un- 
 usual for one of his age. He continues 
 his active interest in the business of his 
 firm as well as to the duties of the vari- 
 ous organizations of which he is a mem- 
 ber. 
 
 Air. Bail\- married in 185^) Theodate. 
 daughter of John D. Lang, a woolen 
 manufacturer of X'as.selb. .ro, Maine. 
 They have five sons, four of wliom are 
 his partners in business and the other .son 
 is an architect. 
 
 -Although his residence has been for 
 the most of bis life in his native cit\ 
 (Philadelphia), he has recently removed 
 from the city and now resides at what 
 was for a number of years his countrv 
 home "Langniere." near .Xrdniore. Mont- 
 gomery Countv. Pennsvlvania. 
 
WARWK K S KK'lSIONi;. C ( I M Ml IN U KAL lU. 
 
 385 
 
 JIISIIUA L. UAILV. 
 
386 
 
 W AKW ICK S KEYSTOXE LU.M MO.N WEALTH. 
 
 IIENKV K. SHOtll. 
 
 Prominent in the real estate and build- 
 ing lines. Henry R. Shoch has done much 
 to iinprove and beautify the residential 
 sections of the city of Philadelphia. Mr. 
 Shoch was burn in L'pper .\lerion. .Mnnt- 
 
 KKNKY H. SIKKII. 
 
 gonicrv County, Pennsylvania. Septem- 
 ber 1 6th, 1844, of (German and Eng- 
 lish ancestry, but the family has been 
 long established in America and one 
 of his forebears fought with the 
 patriot army in the Revolutionary 
 War. Mr. Shoch's early education was 
 received in the public schools and when 
 eighteen years of age, he came to Phila- 
 deljihia and learned the carpenter's trade. 
 For ten years he worked as a journev- 
 man and then started building on his own 
 account, h'rom 1871 to i8r>i, he erected 
 some of the handsomest homes in the citv. 
 .•\fter this period he devoted his time to 
 real estate operations and became one nf 
 the largest holders of building sites in the 
 eastern part of the State. Previous h> 
 his retirement from active building, lie 
 
 became interested in politics, and in I1SS4 
 was elected as the Republican represen- 
 tative in Select Council from the Twenty- 
 ninth Ward and served as a member of 
 that body for three terms. He was elect- 
 ed City Treasurer and filled that office for 
 one term after which he was returned to 
 .Select Council as the representative from 
 the new Forty-seventh Ward. Mr. Shoch 
 has manv other business interests and is 
 one of the directors of the Tenth Na- 
 tional liank and the Commonwealth 
 Trust Company. He is a member of the 
 Cnion League and several other social 
 and political organizations and the Ma- 
 sonic fraternitv. 
 
 WILLIAM .SELLERS. 
 
 rile life i)f William Sellers, covering 
 o\er a half century of scientific research 
 and mechanical development, contributed 
 an important chapter to the history of en- 
 gineering, both in America and Europe. 
 Mr. Sellers, who was born in Upper Dar- 
 by, Delaware County, Pa., September 
 U), 1824 was a descendant of one 
 of the oldest families in the State, 
 liis ancestor. Samuel Sellers, coming to 
 -America from Eelper, Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, in 1682. Samuel Sellers took up a 
 tract of land in Upper Darby, under a 
 patent from William Penn, and this prop- 
 ertv has remained in the hands of the 
 family ever since. This original founder 
 was a member of the American Philoso- 
 pliical Society, to which organization 
 each generation has since contributed a 
 member. John Sellers, grandfather of 
 \\'illiam, was a mcmlicr of the Pennsyl- 
 \ania .\sseni])ly and was appointed by 
 the American Philosophical Society, to- 
 gether with Williatn Poole, to observe the 
 transit of \'enus in 1761. Mr. Sellers's 
 father and two relatives built a private 
 school house near their Delaware County 
 homes and it was there that William Sel- 
 lers W'as educated. Upon the completion 
 of his schooling, he became an apprentice 
 to the machinists" trade, serving seven 
 years under his uncle, John Morton 
 Poole, of Wilmington, Del., and at that 
 time acquired the basic knowledge that 
 was to make him one of the most notable 
 
ki:n sidm;. 
 
 iMMU.NW llAl.Tll. 
 
 .3H7 
 
 iiK'clianical fiitiiiiccrs nf lii^ linic. Attrr 
 bccoiiiint;- a journcymaii. In- was cni]>lii\ i.'il 
 in the machine shop nf l''airl)aiik>. Han- 
 croft & Co., I'niviilence, Khn.li.- I^lan(l. 
 for three years and in 1X48 he be^an ihe 
 manufacture of tools :in<l macliine _L;ear- 
 ing- in I'hiladelpliia. He subse(|nently be- 
 came a memlier of the firm of llancroft 
 
 & Sellers, his pai'tnci" bein<; I'.ilward Han- 
 croft, one of his fijrmer employers. .\ 
 plant was established in Kensington and 
 the business growing rapidly the firm 
 removed to new shojis at Sixteenth 
 street and Pennsylvania avenue in 1853. 
 Mr. Bancroft died in 1856 and the firm 
 name was changed to William .Sellers iH: 
 Co., which was incorporated thirty years 
 later witli William Sellers as president. 
 In 1868 Mr. Sellers organized, and be- 
 came president of the Edgnioor Iron 
 Company, the largest concern in the 
 world at tliat time devoted to structural 
 iron and steel work. Ft fin-nished all tlie 
 material, except the cables, for the l!rr)ok-- 
 
 lyn bridge and the ir(.in work for the Cen- 
 tinnial E.xposition buildings. In 1873, 
 .\lr. Sellers became iiresident of the Mid- 
 \ale Steel Comiiany. l)in'ing this period 
 of active executive work, he kept |)ace 
 with the requirements of advanced meth- 
 o(l> and devel<_)i)ed many new devices. 
 Ills accomplishment in mechanical crea- 
 tion and ajjplication was marvelous and 
 the Franklin Institute joui'nal. for .May, 
 i<;05, paid a high tribute to his mechan- 
 ical genius and fertilit\' of resources. It 
 spoke of the spiral gear planer drive as 
 the best known of his inventions. This 
 tnacbine was patented in 1802 and is gen- 
 erally used in this and man\- foreign 
 countries. His best known individual 
 achievement was his development of the 
 Sellers, afterward known as The United 
 States Standard .Screw thread. Eminent 
 authorities pronounced Mr. Sellers "the 
 greatest mechanical engineer in the 
 world." His firm received medals 
 fi'om the leading- scientific institu- 
 tions of the world and from all the 
 |)rincipal expositions where its product 
 was exhibited. Mr. .Sellers was a most 
 enthusiastic supporter of the Centennial 
 h'.xposition held at Philadelphia in 1876, 
 and was one of the vice-presidents of its 
 I'.oard of Finance. He was one of the 
 organizers of the Union League, a man- 
 ager of the old F'hiladelj)hia and Reading 
 Railroad Conipanx'. a director of the P. 
 W. &■ li. R. R. Co.. a trustee of 
 the Uni\-ersit\' of I 'eims\ Ivania for 
 thirty-seven years and for a long time 
 was iiresident of the l'"i-anklin Institute. 
 1 le was for five years a Commissioner of 
 l''airmouin Park and at the time of his 
 death was a member of the .American 
 I'hilosophical Society, .Academy of \a- 
 tural Science, .American .Societv of Me- 
 chanical Engineers, the National Acad- 
 emy of .Science, the Institute of Mechani- 
 cal Engineers and the Iron and Steel In- 
 stitute of Great Pritain. a corres- 
 ponding meinl)er of the Sociele d'l'Ji- 
 courageinent pour I, 'Industrie Xalionale 
 in Paris, and after the I'aris Exposition 
 the I'rench (iovernment conferred uixin 
 him the decoration of Chevalier de la Le- 
 gion d'Honneur. He died Laimary 24, 
 1005, at the advanced ;ige of eighty-onf 
 vears. 
 
388 
 
 WARWICK S KEVSTOXE CO.M .Mu.\ WEALTH. 
 
 LEWIS I). ZIEGLER. 
 
 Lewis Davis Zicj^ler, son of Cjeorge J. 
 and Anna B. Ziegler. was born in Ches- 
 ter County, Pa., [•"eliruary lOth, 1846. 
 He was the youngest of five brothers, all 
 of whom in i86(; founded the shoe man- 
 ufacturing house I if Ziegler .BrLithers, 
 which still exists in full pnwer under In- 
 sole ownership. 
 
 Tile early life uf tile subject was spent 
 with hi^ father who was a competent 
 German .-shoemaker, who tlioroughly 
 trained his sons in this craft, .so that by 
 the time thev were cjf sufficient age the\' 
 enga.ged in the manufacture of ladies" 
 and cliildren's shoes on a larger scale 
 through the use of machinery. Their 
 capita! was small at the start, but the 
 practical skill and active energy of the 
 brothers soon established a reputation 
 for making reliable shcies. and the busi- 
 ness grew rapidly, so that seven years 
 after starting the\ built the large fac- 
 tory 117, 119 and 121 Xiirth 5th street, 
 which at the time was more than ample. 
 But, in a few years it had to be enlarged 
 and later again enlarged to meet the wid 
 ening demand for their goods. In time, 
 through retirement and death, all df tlv 
 older brothers discontinued. Since uii" 
 Lewis Davis Ziegler has been sole owner 
 and under his management the business 
 lias widened into still higher grades of 
 women's footwear, the full capacity of 
 the plant is always crowded, so that the 
 volume and character uf the output ex- 
 ceeds that of anv former ])eriod. Mr. 
 Ziegler has had from the beginning inti- 
 mate knowledge and direction of the 
 manufacturing end. He is also widely- 
 known as a salesman of the first rank. 
 He has been blessed with a rugged cnu- 
 stitution, together with a sunny cheerful 
 optimistic temper and being thoroughlv 
 familiar with the mechanics of shoe- 
 making he has built up an organization 
 of loyal and capable employees, who are 
 glad to partake of his advice and lead- 
 ership in his most successful business. 
 
 His education was mainly at the coun- 
 tr\ schiKil near his father's hcinie. He 
 
 was janitor of this school when a bov, 
 receiving seventy-five cents a month, and 
 takes pleasure in relating his experiences 
 in wading through snow and storm in 
 order to make the fire and clean up ready 
 
 H^^^II^^'^^^^BH 
 
 r 
 
 f ■■^'^1^0 
 
 m 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 "^' 4^ A A 
 
 ^H 
 
 JK^gt^^ • >*a^^H^^C^^^^^H 
 
 ^B 
 
 for the school session. ;\Ir. Ziegler. 
 wiiile most genial among men is quiet in 
 his taste and is pre-eminently a church 
 and home man. He is a member of the 
 Mascmic fraternity, the Historical .So- 
 ciety, Manufacturers' Club, I'eii and Pen- 
 cil Club, and is active in the Philadel])hia 
 Boot and Shoe Manufacturers^ As.socia- 
 tion, being also a member of the Joint 
 Board of .Arbitration, and takes great in- 
 terest in the success of this association, 
 which has contributed so much U< the en- 
 joyment of its members and the harmdu- 
 ious relatiiins existing among its em- 
 plm ees in this citw 
 
KI-;VSI().\i:. C(_)M .VKIXWEAI.TII. 
 
 3«U 
 
 WILLIAM S. IHl.l M;. 
 
 William S. l^iilinL;. whu a> an aclivc 
 member nf thr linn nf [.ainl. Schobcr 
 and Co.. is wcU-kni >\\ n in the niannfac- 
 turinsj and commercial lite of the cil\. 
 was horn in Philadelphia, November _>S, 
 1854, and was educated in the public 
 schools. .At an early ai;e he became a 
 clerk in a drygoods jobbing house, but 
 in 1875. he quit mercantile pursuits to ally 
 himself with manufacturing interests and 
 became a designer fur the shoe manufac- 
 turing firm of Laird. Sclmber and Milch- 
 ell. This was in 1875, when the tlrni had 
 just been organized for active entry inti> 
 the manufacture of high-class shues fur 
 women. For nineteen _\ears Mr. Duling 
 put forth his best efforts for this linuse 
 and was gratified to see it become a lead- 
 er in its line and its business largely aug- 
 mented. During his long years of ser- 
 vice, he tilled many positions of steadily 
 increasing importance and responsibility, 
 and in 1894 his valuable service.s were re- 
 warded by admissicin to partnership, llu- 
 firm name lieing changed tn f^aird, Schn- 
 ber and Co.. the ntlu-r nienibers being 
 Samuel .S. I.aird. the fiuuider of the busi- 
 ness. ( ieorge 1'. .Schober and John I,. 
 Laird. The business of Laird. Schober 
 and Co. is contemporaneous with the his- 
 tory of perfected shoemaking in I'hila- 
 delphia. In the early days the tanners 
 and shoemakers of the colony were rec- 
 ogiiized as the best in their respective 
 crafts and as time passed and conditions 
 changed, they kept j^ace with, and oft- 
 times led, in improved methods. After the 
 Civil War this city held a high position 
 in the .shoe manufacturing indusirw 
 There were localities wdiere the output 
 was larger, but in none was the (|ualil\' 
 of the product higlier. It was at this 
 period, in i86t). that Samuel S. Laird 
 started a small factory in the northeast- 
 ern section of the citv. Lfe devoted his 
 
 efforts to making children's shoes and 
 was successful because of the excellence 
 of his product. .\t that time his output 
 was Confined to the State and the nearb\- 
 western territory, but he was far>eeing, 
 and recognizing the nee<ls of the growing 
 trade, he decided upon a radical change. 
 To carry this out he. in 1875. organized 
 
 the firm of Laird. Schober and .Mitchell 
 and connnenced the manufacture of a fine 
 line of ladies' hand-sewn welts and hand- 
 sewn turns. "High grade" was the aim 
 of the new firm and the excellence of its 
 product soon brought a large trade in all 
 sections of the L'nited States. .After the 
 formation of the new firm, of which Mr. 
 Duling had become a member, the manu- 
 facture of ladies' fine footwear was con- 
 tinued and improved and the ra])id 
 growth of the business made fre(piein en- 
 largements of the ijlant necessarv and. 
 
390 
 
 W AKW U K S KEVSTONi; COM .M(_).\ WEALT 11 . 
 
 eventually, its removal t<i the large and 
 modern factory building at Nineteenth 
 and Buttonwood streets. The firm has 
 never deviated from its policy of produc- 
 ing only high-class goods and has added 
 largely to the reputation of Philadelphia 
 as the home of the best in footwear. Its 
 product is now confined to no one coun- 
 try, but reaches every corner of the 
 world where modern shoes are worn. 
 
 Mr. Duling, whose entire life has been 
 spent in this one business connection, is 
 a member of the Union League and finds 
 enjoyment in the social environments of 
 that famous organization. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Executive Committee of the 
 National .Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' 
 Association of the United States and the 
 Executive Committee of the Philadel- 
 phia Boot and Shoe Alanufacturers' As- 
 sociation, lie has a wide circle of 
 friends and is deeply interested in the 
 commercial development of the city. 
 
 SAMUEL HELL, JR. 
 
 Since early manhood, a period of fort\ 
 years. Samuel Bell, Jr., has been identi- 
 fied with the commercial and manufac- 
 turing interests of Philadelphia and has 
 alwavs been active in advancing the city's 
 industrial supremacy. He was born in 
 Philadelphia, October 23, 1852, and was 
 educated in the public schools, complet- 
 ing his mental training by a course at the 
 Central High School. When sixteen 
 years of age he entered the employ of his 
 father, Samuel Bell, who was at that 
 time one of the largest handlers of flour 
 in the city. After becoming famil'ar 
 with the business, he and his brother 
 were admitted to partnership, the firm be- 
 coming Samuel Bell & Sons. With the 
 admission of the sons to the business, 
 the trade of the house increased largely 
 and during the intervening years it has 
 grown to such an extent that it is a recog- 
 nized leader in its line. The large volume 
 of business secured made it necessary to 
 have large producing plants and the firm 
 acquired an interest in the mammoth 
 ^^'asb1)unl-Crosby plant at Minneapolis. 
 
 and later the (_)uaker Citv I-'lour Mills in 
 West Philadelphia. Of the first named 
 company, ]Mr. .Bell's brother, James S., 
 became president and Samuel Bell, Jr., 
 who was one of the original stockhold- 
 ers, became a member of the Board of 
 I^irectors. The latter is also president 
 of the Quaker City Flour Mills Company, 
 which has one of the most complete and 
 modern mills in the I'^ast. The output of 
 
 iAMUhX liKLI., .JR. 
 
 these two plants is very large and a great 
 portion of it is handled by the firm of 
 Samuel Bell & Sons. In addition to these 
 interests, ]Mr. Bell is vice-president of the 
 Eighth National Bank and the Mer- 
 chants' Warehouse Company, a member 
 of the Board of City Trusts and a direc- 
 tor of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit 
 Company. Pie is also a Trustee of the 
 Medico-'Chirurgical College. His clubs 
 are the Union League, Racquet, Country, 
 (jermantown Cricket and Bachelors' 
 Barge. 
 
\\.\ia\ Ilk s Ki■:^•STnM•;■ i.u.\i moxw i; ai.tii. 
 
 391 
 
 THOMAS SHAW OF S II AW MOXT. 
 
 'J'lioniias Shaw. M. E.. of Sliawmont. 
 inventor and scientist, who was ,>;rantcd 
 187 patents by tlie United States Govern- 
 ment and W'on over i(xi medals for Iiis 
 inventions, was born in I'iiiladelphia. 
 May 5th, 1838, and ihcd |;nniary ndh. 
 H)Oi. He was the inventor of the mcrciir\ 
 
 steam tfauije, the standard of [)ressnre 
 of the work! ; tlie noiseless steam exhaust, 
 which mut'tlcs the sound of escapinsj;- 
 steam, and which is now used univer- 
 sally on all locomotives and steamships. 
 One of his siiui)lest but most useful in- 
 ventions was the X'erona Lock Xnl 
 Washer, commonly known as the Sprint;' 
 Pawl Washer, wdiich tjoes between the 
 nut and the fish plate for holding; the 
 rails in place, and to Mr, Shaw and this 
 device humanity is indebted for safety in 
 railroad travel all over the world. There 
 arc thousands of millions of these wash- 
 ers in use. 
 
 Franklin ]'.. flcnven. who was presi- 
 dent of tlie T'hiladeli)hia & Readinj^ Rail- 
 W'av Coiupany, tiioutjhl so much of Mr. 
 
 .Shaw that he named the station adjoin- 
 ing- Mr. Shaw's property "Shawmont," 
 and the Pennsylvania Railroad paid the 
 saiue tribute. Shawmont avenue is nam- 
 ed after him. likewise Shawmont Dam, 
 on the Schuylkill River. 
 
 His estate at .Shawmont was one of the 
 ninst beautiful in the country. There 
 were seventeen building's on it. inclndin<;' 
 the manor house and the farmer's house, 
 all used by Mr. Shaw for dififerent pur- 
 poses. He raised deer, bred foxes, and 
 took a deep interest in scientific agricul- 
 ture and horticulture. His gardens were 
 the joy of all who visited Shawimont. 
 Attached to the manor house was a large 
 music hall built by Mr. Shaw specially 
 fur his daughters, only one of whoni sur- 
 vives him, however, Cora Irene, now 
 Mrs. J.iseph R. Wilson. 
 
 It is interesting to note that Mr. Shaw- 
 rolled the first steel tire ever produced in 
 America. He also made the first elli])tic 
 s])rings in America, and lx>th at the 
 ilutcher Steel Works, Philadelphia. ( now 
 Midvale Steel Works), of which he was 
 superintendent when he was less than 30 
 years of age. 
 
 Mr. Shaw was the confidential adviser 
 of Captain Eads, who built the great Mis- 
 sissippi bridge. It was Mr. Shaw who 
 solved for him the problem of founda- 
 tions throngli the great de])th of soft 
 mud. 
 
 Mr. Shaw had many prominent ofters 
 from foreign governments, all of which 
 he declined. The Bmperor Napoleon HI. 
 invited him to France to change the sys- 
 tem of generating steam on the I'rench 
 warships from coal to oil fuel. Alexan- 
 der II., the father of the present Czar of 
 Russia, invited him to that country to 
 take charge of its railroad system. Mr. 
 Shaw- was tixi busy at home, how-ever. to 
 consider any foreign work. 
 
 I"or twenty-five years he was a mem- 
 ber of the Committee on Science and 
 .Arts of the Franklin Institute, and was 
 granted the Elliott-Cresson Medal and 
 the .Scott Legacy Medal for his inven- 
 tions, being the highest awards in gifts 
 of that institution. 
 
 Mr. Shaw made million.- and sjjent 
 millions in the interest of science. The 
 invention which he placed ahead of all 
 others, however, and on whieli he spent a 
 
392 
 
 W AKW U K S Ki:\STO.\E COM MOX WEALTH. 
 
 quarter of a niillion dollars, was the he decided to devote his entire time to 
 
 Shaw Gas Tester for detecting the pres- commercial ancl industrial pursuits. He 
 
 ence and percentage of gas in coal mines, was the sole owner of E. E. Brown & 
 
 This device has unquestionably prevented Co., Philadelphia : president of the Bu- 
 
 hundreds of explosions of gas, and saved chanan Foundry Company, Lebanon, Pa. ; 
 
 thousands of lives by indicating its pres- president of the Cedar Farm Company, 
 
 ence in advance. It is the ofificial 
 ard of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Shaw came from a long and dis- 
 tinguished line of Colonial ancestry, and 
 beyond this he was able to trace his de 
 scent back to Michelet, treasurer to tlu 
 Prankish King Chlodwig, A. D. ^t,(>. .Mr, 
 Shaw married Matilda ^Miller ( iarber, ;i 
 descendant of Benedict (iarber, one ot 
 the earliest settlers of Collegeville, Pa. 
 Mrs. Shaw died in i')02. Their only li\-- 
 ing descendants are -Mrs. JiKcph R. Wil- 
 son, of Overbrriiik. Philadel|)hia, and he: 
 children, Alary Michelet. John Hawkes 
 Svdnev ^'iolel and Cora P.. H. Wilson. 
 
 tand- Rising .Sun. Marxland : vice-president of 
 
 KI.-MKK ELLSWORTH DKoWX. M. I). 
 
 Dr. Brown was born in Cecil County. 
 Maryland, Ma}' b. i86r, and is a lineal de- 
 scendant of both James and William 
 Brown who in 1701, were tlie first settlers 
 of .\ottinghani I-ots. The forebears 
 were ministers of the Society of Friends, 
 and were the founders of the congrega- 
 tion that still worships in Brick Meeting 
 Mouse. Cornelius S. .Brown, father of 
 Dr. lirown, was a farmer who was killed 
 while serving in the I^nion .Vrmy during 
 the Civil \\'ar. Dr. Lirown's early edu- 
 cation was received at the Soldiers' ( )r- 
 phan School, Mount Joy. Pennsylvania, 
 and his first empldynient was on a farm. 
 .\fterwards he became an apprentice in 
 an iron foundry, becoming successively 
 foreman, su[)erintendent and finally a 
 partner. In 1897 he received the degree 
 of Doctor of Aledicine from TefTers.-m 
 Medical College, Philadelphia. After 
 practicing his profession for a few years 
 
 i>K. KL.Mi'.K 1;. liwiw.x, i)t:ei:.\sEi>. 
 
 Temple I'niversity, Philadelphia, and 
 vice-president of the Philadelphia Foun- 
 drymen's Association. Fie was also a di- 
 rector in the Waterbury Foundry Com- 
 pany, Waterbury. Conn. ; Peoples Na- 
 tional Fire Insurance Company, United 
 I'^ire Insurance Company, Independence 
 b'ire Insurance Security Company and the 
 Quaker City Xational .Bank, Philadelphia. 
 Dr. IJrown was a Republican in poli- 
 tics and was a member of the Manufac- 
 turers Club, Masonic fraternity and sev- 
 eral other social and fraternal organiza- 
 tions. His death occurred May 2^, 191 3. 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTUNIi fOM M( )N" WF.AI. I 1 1 . 
 
 393 
 
 An indefatigablf worker fur the L'nni- 
 mercial advancement of I'hiladelphia is 
 Charles J. Webb, head of Charles J. 
 Webb & Co., leading; wool merchants, 
 whose labors along unostentatious lines 
 will leave their impress upon the mercan- 
 tile history of the city. He was born in 
 Wilmino-ton, Delaware, July 31, 1858, the 
 son of James Lamborn and Susan l\a|)p 
 (Graefif) Webb, the former of l-".nj;lish 
 and the latter of German extraction. Tiie 
 paternal branch of the family was f(.)un- 
 ed in .America by ISenjamin Webb, who 
 settled here in 1713. The maternal brancli 
 was established here earlier for the rec- 
 ords show that Daniel Graefi. -Mr. 
 Webb's great grandfather, served as .1 
 Captain in the Revolutionary War, while 
 George Maris, another maternal fore- 
 bear, was a member of the Colonial As- 
 sembly in 1684-88 and 1690-93, Provin- 
 cial Counsellor in 1695 and a Justice of 
 the Peace in 1684-89 and 1691-93. Air. 
 Webb's father was a leather merchant 
 and in addition to Charles J., his chil- 
 dren were .Renjamin, now deceased, >lar- 
 riet, now Mrs. -S. S. .Safifold, and Mar- 
 garet .\., now Mrs. James G. Kitchen. 
 Charles J. Webb was educated in the 
 public schools of Burlington, X. J., ami 
 began his business career as a clerk in a 
 grocery store. This position, however, 
 did not afiford the o])portunities his am- 
 bition craved and in 1873 he came lo 
 Philadelphia and entered the empkjy of 
 James (i. Kitchen, at that time the lead- 
 ing wool merchant in the country. .Mr. 
 Webb was but fifteen years old at this 
 time but he applied himself zealously to 
 his work and soon mastered every detail 
 of the business. .\ few years later he 
 started in business for himself and after- 
 wards founded the house of Charles J. 
 Webb & Co. That firm's almost immedi- 
 ate success was due to his comprehensive 
 knowledge of the business coupled with 
 an inborn executive abilitv. lender his 
 able directi(jn the business expanded to 
 such an extent that the i)lant has been 
 enlarged several times and the house has 
 attained first rank in the wool business. 
 enjoying a high reputation for integrity 
 and occupying an enviable position in 
 the mercantile affairs of Philadelphia. 
 
 25 
 
 .Mr. Wei)]) is keenly ali\e to ever_\ thing 
 of \ilal importance to the eitv and firmly 
 believes riiiladelphia is destined to even- 
 tually regain its old lime conmiercial su- 
 l)remacy. This optimistic xiew li;is bet'n 
 strengthened b\ the return of the wool 
 trade lo its tornier ]iositi,>ii. In i|iiiel :ini| 
 
 indirect \\;iys .Mr. W el)li lias done much 
 for tile ad\aiicenieiit of the cit\'s mer- 
 cantile and social interests and the i-steeiii 
 in which he is held was shown recentl\ 
 upon his return from .-i foreign tour, 
 when he was given a heartc rece]>lion by 
 his business associates and friends, and 
 those who witnesseil the demonstration 
 were greatl\' impressed b\' the recogni- 
 tion ol his worth as a niercli.ant and pro- 
 gressive citizen. .Mr. W'ebh takes no in- 
 terest in politics hut is .-ilwaxs .ictive in 
 ,iny concerted movement that stands for 
 ailvancement. lie is a member of the 
 Inion League, the Manufacturers Club 
 and other organizations and is a trustee 
 of the llethlehcm I'resliyterian C'lnn-ch of 
 I'hiladelphia. He is an ardent golf |)layer 
 and fond of all outdoor si>orls, serving 
 as first Commodore of the Island I leights 
 
394 
 
 U AUWICK S KKYSTOXl-: C(.).M MUX WEAL TH. 
 
 ^'acIn Clul). (liirin.i; iSc>S atiil lSi)i)- I'l'iid 
 of traveling;", lie lias travcTseiJ the I'nited 
 Slates several tinie>. made inie tri]> 
 ariiund the world and ^peiit some time in 
 the (Jrieiit. Mr. Welih married Miss 
 .Mary Kate SpaiiL^ler, datit;hter of An- 
 drew M. and .Mar\ M. ( SehaefFer ) 
 Span-!er. ( )ctolier 3th. 1X8-'. Mrs. 
 Webb is a L'ulnnial Dame and Daugh- 
 ter (if the American Re\'olntion. The 
 ehildren 1)\' this union are Charles Ed- 
 win. Andrew Spangler and Herbert 
 Keene \\'el)b. 
 
 i;E(JI<C.1£ 1-. IIOFFM A.V. 
 
 There is no man more prominent in the 
 coniniercial lii'e of I'liiladelphia than 
 George T. llottnian. president of the 
 HofTman-L'orr CUmpany. I'.orn in Ash- 
 liurnham. Mass.. in iSh^, he received his 
 education in the ]niblic schools and then 
 took a c;)inmercial course in T'oughkeen- 
 
 >ie, Xew ^'ork. His first position was a 
 clerkshi].) in the freiglit otTice of the Bos- 
 ton and -Maine Railroad Compaiiv at 
 l'"itchburg, Mass.. from whence he came 
 to Philadel])hia as manager of the Steel 
 1 l(;rse Collar Company. Finding this po- 
 ^ition ottered little chance for business 
 advancement, he became salesman for a 
 Cordage house and seven years later, hav- 
 ing acquired a thorough knowledge of 
 that line, started in business for himself. 
 In i8<)0 he organizer! the Hofifman-Corr 
 Compaii}-, for the mamifactiire and sale 
 of cordage products and the business has 
 grown to such proportions that large 
 stores are maintained in Chihidelphia and 
 Xew ^'ork. Mr. Hoffman is a member 
 of the Ciiion I^eague of I'liiladelphia and 
 the I'nioii League Club of .\'ew York 
 City, the ( iermantow n Cricket Club. Man- 
 ufactllrcr^' Club. Xew luigiand Societv. 
 I-"riendl\ Sons of St. Patrick and the .Ma- 
 sonic fraternity. He is very cliarital)h 
 inclined an<l during several cold weather 
 pei'iods of Inisiness depression he su])- 
 phed the poor of ( iermantown with coal 
 and flour. He has at different times en- 
 tertained the inmates of the Masonic 
 llonie and has taken bodies of newsboys 
 to the Zoological (iardens, on which oc- 
 casions he supplied each l)o\' with a pair 
 <if new gloves. He also gave a series of 
 concerts in \ernon Park. Cermantown, 
 and donated a cup to the .Schuylkill -Xav\" 
 to hi.- rowed for by the chilis at the annual 
 regatta. He used his intlnence to make 
 the Italian language an elective >tudy in 
 the Central High .School and ottered a 
 ]irize <if a round trip to Italy f<ir the boy 
 taking the stud\ who wrote the best essay 
 on "Italy." and he received notice from 
 the .\merican minister at Pome that the 
 succe>sfnl --tndent would be ]jresented to 
 the King. .Mr, 1 loffmaii wa^ a Pre^idell- 
 lial elector in njoo and has been men- 
 tioned for the Ma\oralty noinin.ation on 
 the Republican ticket. 
 
WAKW ILK S KI-:\STHM:. (IJMMII.VW eali h. 
 
 395 
 
 IIAMI'TIIN 1, 
 
 II AM I'IdX L. CARSON. 
 
 A.- lawyiT. autli'U- an,l (iratnr tlif fame 
 of llainptnii I.. lai-Min has spread lie- 
 \(iii<l the iMniincs nf lii- own Slalo and 
 is aIniDst naliniial in its scii|ie. Mr. C ar 
 sun was liiini in I 'liilailclpliia. l-'cl)rnar\ 
 21. iSt2, the sun uf I )r. Joseph and Marx 
 ( HoUini^swurth ) Carson, the father he- 
 injj for twenty-ti\e years Prolessur ul 
 Materia Medica at the I'niversitN of 
 I'ennsN Ivania. The paternal ance-^lurs 
 were Scoteh I 'reshyterians, who settled 
 in the north of Ireland un aeconnl of 
 persecinion. finally inigratini; to thi^ 
 country and loealni.i; in I'hiladelphia he 
 tvveen the years of 1740 and 1745. Idle 
 maternal forehears were of I'Jii^lish and 
 Welsh extraction and tii^nred e\tensi\el\ 
 in the State's historx from the time ol 
 William Tenn. .Mr. ( 'arson received hi- 
 ])re])arator\- training; in the j)rivate school 
 of ivev. John W . h'aire> and then entered 
 the L'niversit\ of Pennsylvania where he 
 achieved honors in declamatiun and I'-n;;- 
 lish composition. 1 k- i;raduated from the torne\ 1 ieneralship of the .State. I le ac- 
 l)el)artment of .\rt> in 1X71, and from cei)ted the i)osition and hron.i.;lU lu the uf- 
 the Law .'school in 1S74 with the decrrce-- hce an ahilit\- and resonrcefnlness of 
 of .\. .M. anil 1. 1.. r>. lie prepared lor mind that enahled him to view imjiarti- 
 ihe I'.arin the office (jf William .M . Tilyh- ally the mumenton- i|ne-tion- th.it arose 
 man and after admission entered npon ac- dnrint; hi- incinnheiuA. While \ttorne\ 
 five practice as a memher id' the firm o| ( .eiieral he wrote o\er li\e luin Ired opin 
 Reddiiii,'^. Jones and Larson. liis last ions and hi- argmneiits liefi;re the Sn- 
 connectiun was with the firm of Jones. preme I unrt of the .^tale and the I'nited 
 Carson and lleeher, since which time he States ."supreme C'onrt, ari.' contained in 
 has practiced alone. h'roni 1X1^5 mitil thirty-two volnmes. .Mr. (ar-on has 
 i(;oi , he filled a profes.sorship in the Law heen a prolihc writer, lie was at om- 
 School of the University of Pennsxlvania. tinu' editor of the /.r.;'"/ (i<i':cttc and hi- 
 Lafa\etle Colleije conferred npon him the law articles in that jonrnal were widel\ 
 LI,. 1). dei^ree in l8i>8. and in iSoJ read. I lis moiiu;.;raph on "Law of t rimi 
 t'.ie Western University of I'enn->1- nal (. 'ons|)iracies" attracted widespread 
 vania hesluwed a similar honor, while attention as it was the first work on 
 he won the same distinction fruiii strikes and hoycotts, from a le;,'al as|)ect. 
 his .\lina .Mater in 1005. Dtirint;- hi.s loiii,^ that had e\er ajipeared. and his '■[li-i ir\ 
 career, Mr. Carson has been freqiieiitlv of the Supreme t onrt of the 
 urged to accept public office, but he jier- Cnited .States" holds a hi^h place 
 sistenllv refused until ( iovenior .Samuel in le;;al literalnre. .\s an orator 
 W. l'eim\i)acker |)rofl'ered liini the .\t- he has been called npon to place in nuiii- 
 
.W6 
 
 WAKW K K S KKVSTOXE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 iiiatiiin many jiuli^x-s and ntlu-r nfficials. 
 to deliver eulogies upon departeil jurists 
 and statesmen, to make addresses at col- 
 lege and nniversit\ c nimenceinents and 
 before tlie liar .\>S( leiations of man\ 
 States. In an address on "Judicial Re- 
 call" made recently before the Circuit 
 Court of AjipeaN. .Mr. (.'arsnn se\erely 
 denc)imced the doctrine of I'ecall and paid 
 a high tribute to the indepenilence of the 
 judiciary, predicting "That never will a 
 Sober, righteous and self-respecting peo- 
 ple, with a full knowledge <if it> danger, 
 ])erniit the measureless abomination ;uiil 
 the uns[)eakable sacrilege of the 'judicial 
 Recall.' " Mr. Carson is a member of the 
 Union League. L'niversity, La\\\er>, 
 Manufacturers, Legal and h'ranklin Inn 
 clubs; the Law Association, \\'i.>tar As- 
 .sociation, American Philosophical So- 
 ciety, Pennsylvania Societx' of the Sons 
 of the Revolution, .\merican Historical 
 Society and the Swedish Historical So- 
 cietv. He is ncnv President of the .State 
 I'.ar .\ssociation and the Chancell<jr of the 
 Law .Xssiiciation of Philadelphia. 
 
 josiii'ii w. c Ai ii.\Ri.\"i-:. 
 
 .\lthough a roident of Philadelphia 
 since childhood. Joseph W. L'ath.arine was 
 born on the .\tlantic ( )cean, while his pa- 
 rents were on a voyage in the clipper ship 
 "Carrier Dove," of which hi^ father was 
 captain. The elder latharine, who was 
 one of the old line <d' .Maine seafaring 
 men, afterward-- commanded steamers 
 pKing between Philadelphia and South 
 ern ports, and also L'nion transport 
 steamers dm'ing the War of the Rebel- 
 lion. .Mr. latharine was educated in the 
 public schools and s.nm .after reaching 
 manh(H)d became acti\e in Thirtieth wanl 
 politics. lie was admitted to the I'.ar 
 December iSlh. iSXcj. ;iiid \\,is .app.)inted 
 .-\ssistant City Solicitor in iSo,V to suc- 
 ceed Charles P. Mc.Michael, who bad been 
 
 elevated to the Pencil. .Since being ad- 
 mitted to the Par, .Mr. Catharine has 
 l)een most acti\e and has won a reputa- 
 tion that places him among the leaders 
 at the liar. Mis success in the City So- 
 licitor's ottice was nolalile. .Mr. L'athar- 
 ine has been counsel in many ini[)or- 
 tant cases and his carefid preparation 
 and able presentation have brought 
 most favorable comment. He has al- 
 ways lieen interested in educational 
 matters and for twenty-five }ears was 
 a member and finally president of the 
 Thirtieth Ward Sectional School 
 I'loard. In looo he was apptiinted to 
 membership in the Poard of Education 
 ;uid served three terms, a part iif the 
 time being chairman of the Committee 
 on the (iirls High SchonI, He is a 
 member of the Alasonic fraternity and 
 the ( )rder of I-'.lks. His clubs are the 
 l'nion League, Penn and \'oung Re- 
 iniblican. He is also a member of the 
 Law Assnciation. 
 
WARWICK S KEVSIdN"]:. I OM .M( IN W KAI. I 1 1 . 
 
 3')- 
 
 Jiiliii (. . I'.cll, who has been hmiDrcd 
 by city and state with high offices, is one 
 of the foremost and most popular mem- 
 bers of the Bar of Philadeljihia. He was 
 born at Miller's Ridge, Indiana County, 
 Pennsxlvania. ( )ctober 3. iH(>2, and after 
 ]5reliminary training in the public schools 
 came to i'hiladelphia when fourteen 
 years of age and entered the Central 
 High School, from which he graduated 
 with the A. li. degree in 1880. He had 
 remained at the head of his class during 
 the entire term of four years and later the 
 institution honored him with the degree 
 of A. yi. He entered the Law .School of 
 the University of Pennsylvani;i in iSSj 
 and was the recipient nf tw.) huuurs 
 which are rarely bestowed on one gradu- 
 ate : these were tlie Meredith Essay prize 
 and his selection to deliver the law ora- 
 tion on Commencement Day. During his 
 course at the University he was popular 
 in athletic sports and was half-back en 
 the football team during the seasons nf 
 1882. 1883 and 18S4. I le was afterwards 
 elected a member of the Board of Direc- 
 tors of the Athletic Association and re- 
 tired after twenty years of service in that 
 capacity. Upon his admission to the Bar 
 he attained almost immediate jjrominence 
 and his advancement since has been con- 
 tinuous, especially along the line of cor- 
 poration work, and in this line he has 
 represented some of the largest concerns 
 in the city and state. .Mthough a Repub- 
 lican in politics, Mr. Bell for years re- 
 fused to accejjt office and declined the ap- 
 pointment as first assistant District .At- 
 torney and a f)lace on the .Bench when 
 Conmi(;n Pleas Court No. 5 was estab- 
 lished. .\fter the election of November, 
 1902, however, he listened t(j the ])ersis- 
 tent demands of the public and the insis- 
 tent request of fifteen lumdred fellow- 
 members of the Bar, and accejited the 
 appointment to the imc-xpired term of 
 District .Attorney John Weaver, who had 
 been elected Mayor. Mr. Ikdl conducted 
 the affairs of the District .Attorney's of- 
 fice with great ability and in 1903 he was 
 elected to a full term. .\s District .Attor- 
 ney liis enforcement of the I'ure Food 
 laws attracted National attention and his 
 mastcrh' cunduct nf the faninns Danz 
 
 |)iiisoning case, in which he (ibtained a 
 conviction that was sustained by the .Su- 
 l>reme Court, are two of the manv nota- 
 ble cases which he handled so ably. He 
 retired from the District .Attorney's office 
 in 1907 and resumed private ])ractice, but 
 was again induced to accept office in 
 l<)il. when Covernor lohn K. Tener 
 
 proffered him llie pusitiim of Attorney 
 Ceneral of the Stale. Mr. I'-ell is a mem- 
 ber of the Racquet, Lhiiversity, Country. 
 Merion Cricket and Law\ers' Clubs of 
 Philadelphia. He is also a mrniln-r of 
 the .State and American l'>ar Associa- 
 tions, and in 1911, was elected a 
 trustee of the University of Peniis\l- 
 vania. .Mr. liell's abilit)- and |)i)pularit\' 
 were sliown in KJ04, when he was elected 
 to make the animal address before the 
 Law .Academy. He w.is bm fort\-t\vo 
 years of age at thai time ;uid \\;is the 
 voungest man upon whom the honor had 
 been conferred. He selected as his sub- 
 ject ''The Sever.-d Modes of Instituting 
 ("riniin;d I 'n u'eedings in 1 'ennsyl\;mi;i" 
 
3^)^ 
 
 W AKW UK S KHVSTONI-: TOM .MON \V i:.\I, i 1 1 . 
 
 ;iii(I Weill a]i|irnl)atiiiii l)y his iiKisleiiv 
 hanilliiis;- .if the theme. He \va~ married 
 in |S()() til Miss I'leurette ile i'lenneville 
 .M\ers. (laushter of the late Hun. Leon- 
 ard .M\ers, and they have t\v. i child- 
 ren, juhn rrumwell, Jr.. and de I'.enne- 
 viUe r.ell. 
 
 .s,\.\ni;i, w . ricx .vi'i'.M Ki.K. 
 
 'Idle unK instance in the hi>t(iry id 
 1 'enns\ Ivania when a judge was taken 
 fmni the lU-ncli tu hecume a Go\crniir 
 lit the ."^tate. was when Samuel W. J'en- 
 n\]iacl<er wa^ t;i\"en that distinctiun, and 
 the wisdiim nf his selection was shi iwn 1)\ 
 hi> ahle administration. Mr. Penny- 
 packer \\a> hum in I'hoeni.xville. I'a.. 
 April i)th, iS4_^. and i-> a direct descend- 
 ant nf llendrick I'annehecker, one of the 
 Hutch patroons of I'ennsylvania and 
 owner of ISehher's Township, a tract of 
 ten S(|uare miles in the conntv of I'hila- 
 dclphia. W hen t\\ent\ years of atje he 
 enlisted in the -'dth I'ennsylvania Kmer- 
 L;ency KcLjiment which was organized to 
 repel the Confederate invasion of I'enn 
 syKania. Returning to Philadelphia Ik 
 read law with Hon. Peter McCall and at 
 the Pni\ersit\ of 1 'ennsylvania. being ad- 
 niitteil to the I'.ar in i8(i(i. He was ap- 
 pointed a judge of Lomnion Pleas Couri 
 .\'o. _', in iSSij. and wa^ twice electe<l tij 
 that ])osition 1)\ hoth jiolitical partie-. and 
 was for several years presiding Judge of 
 that Court. His decisions were seldom 
 altered on appeaK and for that reason his 
 court was popular with litigants who were 
 opposed to successi\-e trials. He was 
 elected Ciovernor of the State in njoj h\ 
 the largest vote ever given a gubernator- 
 ial candidate. While Mr. Peiui\packer 
 wa> Covernor man\ measures for public 
 good were enacted. Idle "Good Roads" 
 system was inaugurated: the Forestry 
 Reserve doubled: the State was appor- 
 tioned in .Senatorial and Representative 
 
 district>. which had not been done for 
 thirtv \ear^ : the State Constabulary was 
 established : a great coal strike was avert- 
 ed : the most thorough system of health 
 laws in the L'nited States was enacted : 
 "(ireater Pittsburgh'" was created: \ al- 
 ley l-'orge Park was made successful: the 
 creation of corporations and their |iow- 
 
 ers of eminent domain were restricted: 
 the Capitol at Harrisburg erected and 
 the State Treasurx l.)alance increased to 
 $13,000,000. 
 
 Since (putting the ( ioxernorship. Mr. 
 Penn\ packer has resided on his propert) 
 at l'enny|>acker's Mills, Pa. He is a 
 trustee of the L"niversity of Pennsylvania, 
 president of the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania and the Philabiblon Club, 
 and vice-president of the Pennsxlvania 
 Society, Sons of the Revolution. He was 
 president of the Law Academy in 1888. 
 
WARWICK S KiaSI'CIMC. I I IM M I I \ W I'.AI , I 11. 
 
 399 
 
 liu-l;mtl> rnnsciitcil tn run fur |)iil)lic 
 iirticr, aoci-ptiiiL; \\\v iii iiiini.iliciu of Dis- 
 Irirt Alt.iriK'V at the i.'ai'ncst snlicitation 
 III' many |iiililic iiu-n. lie was rlcctrd li\ 
 a lari;r iiiajurily ami scr\c<l tin- city most 
 accc|)lalil\ . \iii.ini; tlic cclcliratcd cases 
 
 p. !■•. RnrUKKMI-J.. J K. 
 
 i'. v. Ivitlicniicl. jr. was burn in I'hil 
 adelphia. September Jjth. [StO. the son 
 of the cHstin<;-uishecl artist wliuse siiiierb 
 paintin.t^- ni the I'.attle uf (iettysbur- add- 
 ed larijely ti> the internatinnal reputation 
 he had gained previuus to its execution. 
 
 When eleven \ears of a,L;e Mr. Rother- 
 mel was taken to h'urope by his father 
 and while abroad studied in educational 
 iujtitutions in h'rance. ( ierman\ and 
 Italy. L'pon his return to I'hiladelphia 
 he took a classical course at the C.'eulral 
 High ScIkxiI from which he t;raiiuated 
 in 1867. 
 
 Haviiio- determined to enter the le- 
 thal ]5rofesNion he entered the law of- 
 fice of the Hon. James T. Mitchell, after- 
 wards a Justice of the Supreme L'ourt of 
 Pennsylvania and upon admission to the 
 bar at once commenced practice. At the 
 commencement of his lesfal career, hi^ 
 practice was of a general character l)ut 
 he .cfraclually drifted into civil work an.l 
 at the present lime devotes his entiri 
 time to cori)oraliiin work, nnniberiuL; 
 man\- lar<.;e concerns amonj.;' his clients 
 and is regarded as one of the most capa- 
 ble and eminent ci.)rporation law\er> in 
 the city. 
 
 Mr. Rothermel is of ,,ld Holland 
 ancestry and the .\meric;iu branch of 
 
 the failllK" located in the WAomiui; thai he comlucled duruii; hi> administra- 
 \'alley of I'ennsx Ivania in 1743. lie is tion \\a> the trial of I'nited .States .^eiia- 
 a Republican in jjolitics and has alwa\^ tor .Matthew Slanle\ ',jua\' and he was 
 been an ardent supjiorler of that jiartv's hi!.;hl\ connnended for his ener.L;etic and 
 principle^. In 1SS4 he v\as prouiiuentl\ able el't'ort^ to .secure' a conviction. Sena 
 mentioned for the position of (_'it\ So- tor Ouay, however, pleaded the statiUe of 
 licitor but he |)ersistently refu'-ed to Ix- limitation ami was ac(piitled. 
 a candidate and sub.sequently refused Mr. Kothermil is a nieiuher of the 
 
 many tenders of notninations to elective I'nion Lea.y;ue, the l'>achelors' I'.arj^v and 
 offices. It was not until lXc)S that he re- tlu' Clover Clubs. 
 
 r. 1. iccn iii.iiNHi . .11!. 
 
400 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 i<[V.\ K. \ALE. 
 
 The reputation (if Ruby R. \'ale as a 
 prominent and successful lawyer has been 
 largely added to bv his contributions to 
 legal literature. Mr. \'a\c was born in 
 Carlisle, Reinisylvania. October njth, 
 1874, and lii> naturally logical mind is 
 probably due to heredity, as his grand- 
 
 father, father, uncle and several other rel- 
 atives were niembers of the Bar. He was 
 educated in the I'arlislc public schools, at 
 Dickinson preparatory school and Dicl<- 
 in--ou I'ollei^e, gra<luating from the lat- 
 ter in iSo'i- tie was given the Master of 
 Arts degree at graduation and Doctor of 
 Laws in hjio. After leaving college he 
 taught classics at the Milford Academy. 
 Delaware, lie tlirn took up the study of 
 law and ])v'.))<^ admitted to the Bar, enter- 
 ed upon active practice in Philadelphia. 
 He is the author of 'A'ale's Dioest of 
 
 Pennsylvania Decisions," "Vale's Supple- 
 ment to Brightly 's Digest" and "Elemen- 
 tary Principles of Pennsylvania Law." 
 He also indexed and arranged the "Penn- 
 sylvania Law of Negotiable Instruments" 
 and was annotator of "Rules of the Su- 
 perior Court of Pennsylvania." He is a 
 member of the Masonic order, the Phi 
 Kappa Psi and Theta Nu Epsilon fra- 
 ternities, the Union League, Racquet and 
 Pen and Pencil Clubs, the Law Associa- 
 tion. Law Academy of Philadelphia, the 
 American and Pennsylvania Bar Associa- 
 tions. .\merican Acarlemy of Political and 
 Social .Science and the American Geo- 
 graphical Society. He was a delegate 
 to the Republican National Convention, 
 held in Chicago in loi^ and during the 
 recent deadlock in the Delaware Legisla- 
 ture, received complimentary votes for 
 L'nited States Senator, although not a 
 candidate for the position. 
 
 THOMAS KNIGHT FINLBTTER. 
 
 The late Thomas K. Finletter, who 
 died April lit, ii)Oj, while tilling the of- 
 fice of P'rothonotary, was conceded to be 
 one of the ablest jurists of his time. He 
 was born in Philadelphia, December 31, 
 1 82 1, and after a preparatory education, 
 entered Lafayette College in 1838, but 
 after the Freshman year enrolled at the 
 University of Pennsylvania from which 
 he graduated in 1843 "'•t''' the degree of 
 iSacheltir of Laws. He read law in the 
 office of Judge William A. Porter and 
 sipi'in after his admission to the Bar in 
 1845, he was elected to the State Legisla- 
 ture, drafting and introducing the Ten- 
 hour Labor Bill which became a law. 
 He afterwards served five years as a 
 school director and from i860 to 1865 
 as Assistant City Solicitor. He was 
 elected a Common Pleas Judge in 1870 
 and was re-elected in 1880. He was 
 
Warwick's kkvstoxe commonwkaltii. 
 
 401 
 
 made President Jiuige of Court .\'>i. 3 in 
 1886 and served continuously in that po- 
 sition imtil the Board of Judges elected 
 him IVothonotary, October I, iqoi). 
 Judge Finletter was on the Dench con- 
 tinuously for thirty-six years, and his 
 ability and integrity were attested by his 
 being, on three occasions, the imaninions 
 
 IIO\. THOMAS K. FINI.rTTI-.fi. 
 
 choice of both the Democratic and i\c- 
 publican jiarties. 
 
 As I'rothonotary be used his wide ex- 
 perience and training for the betterment 
 of the work in that office and made a 
 thorough revision of the laws governing 
 Court costs. Judge I'iidetter was hon- 
 ored by the degree of Doctor of Laws 
 by the Jefferson College in 1871. 'i'honias 
 1). iMuletler, a mcnil)er of the I'hiladel- 
 phia ilar, is a son of Judge Finletter. 
 imder whose able tutelage he was care- 
 fidh- trained. 
 
 WH.LIA.M .S. I'RICE. 
 
 William Sampson i'rici\ who died De- 
 cember 18. 1()12. was the oldest meml)er 
 of the Philadelphia I5ar, and although 
 ninety-live years of age, he practiced his 
 l)rofession up to ten days of the time of 
 his death. -Mr. Price was born in Phila- 
 delphia, .\ugust i<), 1817, and after a 
 course in the public schools, entered the 
 field of journalism. While thus engaged 
 he studied law and was admitted to the 
 Par. May 11. 1842. He began practice 
 m the old Mercantile Library .Puilding 
 on b'ifth street, where be remained twen- 
 t\-one years and in i8(),^ built the resi- 
 dence Xo. 633 Walnut street, which he 
 occupied and used for an office for 
 forty-five years. He was always inter- 
 ested in [wlitics and was twice a Demo- 
 cratic candidate for a judgeship. Dur- 
 ing his vears of successful practice, Mr. 
 Price api^eared in man\- famous cases. 
 He was counsel for ."Singleton .Mercer 
 who shot and killetl a man named He- 
 berton on a ferry boat on the Delawtire 
 Isixer. The trial took place at Wood- 
 l)ury, X. J., in 1843, and Mercer was ac- 
 cpiitted on the plea of emotional insanity, 
 the first time such a y>lea w-as advanced 
 in this country. Mr. Price mnnbered 
 among his acquaintances and Iriends 
 -tich notables as Ceneral Lafayette. Ste- 
 ])hen Cirard, Jenny Lind, Hen Ptitler, 
 Ilenjamin H. Brewster and James Cor- 
 don Bennett. He attended the funerals 
 of President Madi.son and Bisbo]) White, 
 of Revolutionary fame, by whom he was 
 confirmed. Mr. Price was a member of 
 St. .Stephen's Protestant b'piscopal 
 Church and was for many years chancel- 
 lor of the Diocese of I'emisylvania. .As 
 such he represented the Church in many 
 noted ecclesiastical trials. He was au- 
 thor of a paper entitled "Matrimony and 
 Divrjrce in tlie Protestant K])i.scopal 
 ("hurch.'" 
 
402 
 
 KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 JoSIOI'II R. \\'ILS(JN. 
 
 HIS LIFE \\OUI-; 
 "A CHAPEL IN ENERV HI).\rE." 
 
 l-\-\v nun are inspired with such en- 
 thusiasm for a lofty ideal or pursue it 
 with such zeal as Joseph R. \\'ilson, 
 of the Philadelphia Bar, whose earnest 
 plea for "A Chapel in Every Home" has 
 aroused the sympathetic attention of the 
 world. 
 
 The trcmcndmis significance of this 
 momentous movement is strikingiv ex- 
 pressed in a letter of the late Dr. George 
 Dana Boardman, commending Mr. Wil- 
 son's suggestion, in which he says: "If 
 pagan Rome had domestic shrines for 
 household gods, surely Christian .Amer- 
 ica ought to have domestic shrines for 
 one Cod." 
 
 The moral influence of such an ideal is 
 incalculable. It may be realization of the 
 dream which has filled the hearts and 
 lives of reverent millions — the dream of 
 Christianizing the world. 
 
 Mr. Wilson has published a btiok with 
 the title conveying the full proposition : 
 "A Chapel in Every Home." It is ad- 
 dressed to all denominations. Here he 
 has explained its beneficence and indi- 
 cated how it may be made practicable. 
 He is now planning a universal move- 
 ment. 
 
 Letters of enilorscment ha\e been re- 
 ceived by the author from three Cardi- 
 nals, thirteen archbishops, 157 bishops, 
 the presidents of twenty-eight of the lead- 
 ing universities, colleges and seminaries 
 of the United States, and from leading 
 churchmen of all denominations through- 
 out the world. 
 
 Mr. Wilson submits that a chapel in 
 every house is intended to strengthen the 
 love for religious worshi() by providing 
 a link between home and church. It 
 would institute a religious center in everv 
 home, around whicli the domestic life 
 could revolve. It would distill an at- 
 mosphere of incalculable purity and up- 
 lift unobtainable from an\ other source. 
 
 A room if only 6 feet long and 4 feet 
 wide with a colored glass window at the 
 end to suggest its sacred character would 
 probablv suffice for <)0 per cent of the 
 
 homes in America. The larger the home, 
 however, the larger the chapel. 
 
 The man who conceived and gave to 
 the world this great thought cannot fail to 
 be of public interest. He was born in Liv- 
 erpool, England, September 6, 1866, the 
 son of Joseph and Mary Amanda \'ic- 
 toria (Hawkes) \\ilson. His father was 
 an extensive ship owner. He was etlucat- 
 ed at Allsops Preparatory School, Hoy- 
 lake. Cheshire, England ; Strathallan Hall, 
 Douglas, Isle of Alan, and at the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania. Upon the death of 
 his father in 1888, he came to America 
 and located in Philadelphia, two years 
 later marrying Miss Cora Irene Shaw, 
 daughter of the late Thomas .Shaw, of 
 Shawmont, one of the foremost invent- 
 ors and engineers of the age, with whom 
 he became associated in business. Dur- 
 ing this period Mr. Wilson was engaged 
 in scientific research. In 1894, he was 
 requested by the Committee on \'entila- 
 tion and .\coustics of the Xational House 
 of Representatives, to report on the ven- 
 tilation of the Cai)itol. including the two 
 chambers and the conmiittee rooms. In 
 1895, he conducted a series of experi- 
 ments at the Polyclinic Hospital, Phila- 
 delphia, to demonstrate his theory that 
 anv stage of consumption could be deter- 
 mined by analyzing the exhalations of the 
 patient for CO.- or Carbonic .Acid Cas. 
 The same year he lectured to the stu- 
 dents of the School of Mines, Columbia 
 University, in New York City, on the 
 "Detection of Eire Damp in Coal Alines," 
 and at the Philadelphia College of Phar- 
 macy on "The Effect of Noxious Gases 
 on Animal Economv," based on his own 
 experiments. In i8<)6, while a lawsuit, 
 involving an engineering contract in 
 which he was plaintiff, was pending, he 
 became the Financial and Railroad Edi- 
 tor of the Evening Bulletin. In 1898 
 he entered the office of the ex-.Attorney 
 General, Hampton L. Carson, as a law 
 student, and in 1899, the Law Scho<i! of 
 the I'niversitv of Pennsylvania, from 
 which he was graduated with the degree 
 of LL.P>.. being admitted to the Bar in 
 i<)02. since which time has has made a 
 success of the chosen profession for 
 which he was so well qualified bv his 
 wide experience. 
 
 While a student Air. Wilson was elect- 
 
WARWICK s KFASKiM-: ( iiNrNraN'\VE.\r/iii. 
 
 403 
 
 lUsKI'll U. W ll.SON". 
 
404 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COM Mf>.\ WEALTH. 
 
 ed President of his law class in i89<)- 
 i<)00, again for 1900-01, and in 1902 be- 
 came senior class president of the Law 
 School of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, being the first student in one hun- 
 dred and ten years upon whom was con- 
 ferred the triple honor of being presi- 
 dent of his class for three succeeding 
 years. In 1901 he was elected President 
 of the Miller Law Club of the University, 
 and after his graduation was made 
 Chairman of its Advisory Board to serve 
 from 1909 to 1911. He organized the 
 Students' Legal Historical Society of the 
 University and wrote its Constitution and 
 By-Laws. He was Chairman of the Re- 
 ception Committee of the Law Alumni 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, when 
 Mr. Justice Potter of the Supreme Cnurt 
 of Pennsylvania was entertained on April 
 23d, 1909. He presided over the annual 
 banquet of the Miller Law Club to the 
 Judges of the Philadelphia County and 
 the Federal District of Pennsylvania, 
 April 1st, 1910, and also at its twenty- 
 ninth annual banquet, March ist, 191 1. 
 In 1912 he was Chairman of the Recep- 
 tion Committee of the Trustees and of 
 the Society of the Law Alumni of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, when Attor- 
 ney General Wickersham was the guest 
 of honor, and also presided over the 
 dinner at the University Clul) which pre- 
 ceded it. 
 
 He was Chairman nf the Committci.' of 
 the Trans-Atlantic Society of America, 
 which tendered a reception and farewell 
 dinner to the Hon. James Bryce, the re- 
 tiring r>ritish Ambassador to the L'nited 
 States. 
 
 Air. Wilson was appointed by Provost 
 Smith, of the LIniversity of Pennsylvania, 
 Chairman of the Citizens" Committee to 
 welcome the Eighth International Con- 
 gress of Students to Philadelphia in Sep- 
 tember, 1913. 
 
 Mr. Wilson is a Thirty-sec<inil Degree 
 Mason, being a member of the Univer- 
 sity Lodge, No. 610 F. and .-V. AI. and 
 the Philadelphia Consistory. He has 
 twice served as National President of the 
 .Acacia Fraternity, which draws its mem- 
 bership exclusively, from among college 
 men who are Alaster ATasons. The Fra- 
 ternity has chapters in all the large imi- 
 versities of the l'nited States. 
 
 In i(p8 he was a delegate from the 
 University of Pennsylvania Chapter to 
 the Grand Conclave of the Acacia Fra- 
 ternity held at the University of Illinois 
 upon which occasion he was elected Na- 
 tional President. In 1909 he received 
 the high distinction of being re-elected 
 at the Conclave held at the LTniversity of 
 Pennsylvania. He is an honorary mem- 
 ber of Harvard Chapter, of Harvard 
 University, Yale Chapter of Yale Uni- 
 versity, and Columbia Chapter of Colum- 
 bia University of the Acacia Fraternity 
 and for four years served as Chairman of 
 the Board of Trustees of Franklin Chap- 
 ter of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Air. Wilson is a Trustee of the .Ameri- 
 can Oncologic Hospital, and Chairman 
 of its Finance Committee ; director of the 
 Philadelphia Rescue Home ; member of 
 the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science; the Trans-.Vtlantic So- 
 ciety of America of which he has been 
 one of the Governors since 1909; the 
 Permanent International Association of 
 Navigation Congresses ; the Atlantic 
 Deeper Waterways Association ; the Na- 
 ti(inal Alunicipal League : the Historical 
 Society of Pennsylvania ; the I'ublic Ed- 
 ucation Association; the National Geo- 
 graphical Society ; the Geographical So- 
 ciety of Philadelphia ; American Univer- 
 sity E.xtension Society ; Pennsylvania Ar- 
 bitration and Peace Societv ; American 
 Bar Association; Pennsylvania Bar As- 
 sociation; the Law Acadenu' ; the Law 
 .Association; Society of the Law Alumni 
 of the I'niversity of Pennsylvania, of 
 which he has been one of the Board of 
 Alanagers since 1906. He is also a mem- 
 Ijer of the Delta Upsilon Fraternity. As 
 a member of the Atlantic Deeper Water- 
 ways Association he was a delegate to 
 the National Congress of Harbors and 
 Rivers held in Washington in HfCX), loio, 
 iqii and 191 J. 
 
 His clubs are the L'niversity, Manufac- 
 turers, City, A^oung Republicans, Hous- 
 ton. A'achtman's, Delta LTpsilon, Acacia, 
 ( )verbrook Golf. Church and Scranton. 
 
 Air. \\'ilson has four children. Alary 
 Alicliclet, John Hawkes. Sydney Violet 
 and Cora B. H. He resides at Over- 
 brook. Pa., and has a summer home at 
 .Sea Side Park. New Jersev. 
 
W AKW U k's KEVSTOM-; COM MON \\K.\L 1 H . 
 
 405 
 
 antho.n'i' a. iiiusr. 
 
 Anth()ii> A. Ilir-t, ulio lia> Imiil; \>vvn 
 liniiniiR-m in Ic.s^al. [(nliiical and rliurcli 
 affairs in i'hiladclphia, was i>orn januar\ 
 i8th, 1S46. at Xii. 1524 C'liostnnt street. 
 i'hiladi'liihia. wiu-re tin.' \\'rit;litinan 
 iUiildinij- now stantis. a 1. icaliun wliicli al 
 that peril id was an imposing residential 
 section. After a careful preparator\ 
 trainini^-. he entered (_ieor,<;-etri\\n I 'ni- 
 versity. Washington. I). I'., in iSdi. and 
 was there when the Civil W'.ar lie.^an. 
 He graduated in 18(15 and has receiveil 
 the degrees of A. B., A. M., an,l LL. 1 ). 
 Shortly after graduation Mr. Hirst made 
 a western tour and crossed the plains 
 from Atchison. Kansas, to Salt Hake 
 Citv, Utah, in the Ben Holliday ( )verland 
 Stage, when it took thirteen days antl 
 nights of steady traveling. He remained 
 in Salt Lake City for over two years, 
 and upon his return to Philadelphia en- 
 tered the oiiiice of his father, the late 
 William L. Hirst, wdio was the first C'it\ 
 Solicitor of Philadelphia, after consolida- 
 tion in 1854. Admitted to the .l'>ar in 
 1870 he began at once active practice, 
 and after 1874 devoted a portion of his 
 time to a membership of the JSoard ot 
 Health, then located at Sixth and San 
 som streets, was secretary for many years 
 and was eventually made president ot 
 that body and his service in that im|inr 
 tant branch of the city government con- 
 tinued until i8gg, during and since which 
 time he has devoted his energies to his 
 profession and the various institutions 
 with which he is connected, ^fr. I first 
 has always taken an active interest in 
 church affairs and was one of nineteen 
 who founded the Catholic Church h'.xten- 
 sion Society in Chicago, October i8th. 
 T903. He enjoys the distinction of liav- 
 ing been legal adviser to the last three 
 heads of the Catliolic Cluirch in Phila- 
 delphia. .\rchl)ishops W'ood, Ryan and 
 Prendergast, and counsel for most of the 
 Catholic charitable institutions. Mr. 
 Ilirst is also connected with several finan- 
 cial institutions, being president and di- 
 rector of the I'.ryn Mawr Trust Com- 
 pany, director of the Continental-Equit- 
 able Trust Company, director and coun- 
 sel of the P.cncficial Saving Fund .Society, 
 and director of the P>ryn Mawr National 
 
 r.ank. director of the Ardniwre and 1 -l.ui- 
 erch Street Railway Company, the I'hila 
 delphia and West Chester Traction tnm- 
 pan\. and the h'astern Securities Com- 
 p,in\. lie i> .1 member nf the lioard of 
 .M.magers of the 1 'Inladelplna Theolog- 
 ical Seminary of St. Charles liorromeo. 
 the Catholic Home for Destitute Chil- 
 <lren. St. loseph's ( )rj)han Asvdum. St. 
 Anne's Wiilows' As\him and the t atholic 
 
 l'.o\s' High School, being also counsel 
 for the latter institution. .Mr. Hirst is a 
 Democrat in politics but aside from his 
 connection with the I5oar(l of Health, 
 when he rendered the most efficient ser- 
 vice to the city, has held no jniblic posi- 
 tion. His clubs are tlie Mcrion Cricket, 
 I'.ryn Mawr Polo, and Radnor Hunt. 
 
 ilis practice is principally in tlie (Ar- 
 l)hans" Court in connection with estates, 
 lie is, and has been, execut<ir and trustee 
 of many estates, including the I'.state. in 
 lialtimorc, of the late Duchess of Leeds, 
 one of the grand-daughters of Charles 
 Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 Mr. Hirst is an active member of Phil- 
 
4o6 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE CU.M MOX WEALTH. 
 
 adclpliia L'.Jiincil dt the Knights of Co- 
 luinhiis and of the Archbishop Rvan As- 
 scnilily I'nurth L)e.L;ree. His home for 
 iiian\ \ear> has lieeii at Haverford, I'a. 
 
 IIAKKV A. MACKl-:'!', 
 
 A thorough lethal e(|nipnienl, the power 
 of quick (h^ceninient and rare oratorical 
 aljility has made I larrv A. .Mackev one of 
 
 the most popular niemhers of the Phila- 
 delphia l)ar. 
 
 ^Fr. Mackev was horn in Sns(|nehanna 
 County, rennsylva)iia. in iXdcj. and re- 
 ceived his earl\ schoiiliiiir in tile rural 
 sch(.)ols of the county. lie afterwanl- 
 entered the Scranton I li<;li .School. i;rad- 
 uatint^ winner id' the mathematical prize 
 in 18S4 and deli\erin.i.; the nralion. 
 
 He later t^raduated from the Key- 
 stone .\cademy, winnin.t^' the I.eig'hton 
 i^'old medal for the best examination in 
 Latin grammar and delivering the class- 
 ical oration. 
 
 In i8(;o .Mr. .Mackey graduated 
 from Lafayette College and then en- 
 tered the Law School of the L'niversity 
 of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1893 and 
 returning the following term for a post- 
 graduate course. Mr. .Mackey represents 
 ihe Forty-si.xth Ward in Common Coun- 
 cil and was a candidate for Congress in 
 
 I'M-'. 
 
 lie was a director nf l'ul)lic Works 
 din'ing the closing days of .Mayor Rey- 
 hurn's term and during the short period 
 "f his service instituted many reforms 
 and saved the city much money in con- 
 tract awards. lie is a director of the 
 I laddingtiin Trust Company and is finan- 
 cially interested in some of the largest 
 -late i|uarries in the State. He recently 
 eiid'iweil the '.MackeN Memorial Uaptist 
 Church" at I'.angor. I'a.. in niemor_\ of his 
 parents. 
 
 Mr. Mackey is a member of the 
 West I'hiladelphia Republican Clul). the 
 l-'ortv-sixth Ward Republican Club, the 
 I'riend.s'hip Club, the Thirty-fourth Ward 
 Republican Clul> and the Young .Men's 
 Republican Club. He also holds niemlier- 
 -hip in the Theta Xn Epsilon and I 'hi 
 Kappa I'si fraternities, the .Alumni .\s- 
 sociations of Lafayette College ami the 
 L'niversit\' of Pennsylvania, the .Masons, 
 Jr. ( ). C. A. M., Patriotic Order Sons of 
 .\nierica. * Irder of Artisans, h'oresters of 
 .\inerica, P. ( ). .S. of .\.. and the Crand 
 b^raternitx-. His clubs are the Lawyers. 
 Atlantic Cit\- Country and \\'hitemarsh 
 \'alle\ C'litintry clubs. In addition he be- 
 longs to the various business associations 
 .if West Philadelphia. 
 
WANWHK S KI£V.STONE COM MdX WEALI 1 1 . 
 
 407 
 
 ( ii,\Ki.i-:s :•;. monlax. 
 
 (_'h;irlcs I-'.. -Mcir,i;an 1 foniicii\ C'haiK's 
 E. Morijan, |r. ) was l).>ni in I 'liilaiicl- 
 pliia, Sc|)ti-iiil)c.T 23, 11^44. IK' \\a^ ilu- 
 clilcM lit" ^ix children n\ CliarK-N I-".. .M..r- 
 gan and jane lUick Mnr^an, nuw rlr- 
 ceascd. Tliesc arc: ( liarlr- !■",. M.ir-an. 
 John I'l. Miirgan. Jane I'.. Mur^an, 
 Sarah K. Morgan, Ivandal Mnrgan, anii 
 William B. Morgan. 
 
 lie was prejiared fur college al ihe 
 schoiil of Henry I), (iregor\, and entered 
 tile I'niversity iif 1 'ennsvKania in iSiio. 
 heconiing a member of the Class of '04. 
 At the end of the fonr years' rni\er>ily 
 course he gradnated. receiving the de- 
 gree of Hachel'ir of Arts, and snhse- 
 i|nently that ni Master of Arts. 
 
 ( )n jnne 24. i^'>T,. he enti-red the 
 I'nited States Arnn and ^er\ed as a 
 nieniher of Landis I'latlery. or hirst I'hil- 
 adelijliia Uattery. commanded by tap- 
 tain Landis in the snmmer of iSd,^ re- 
 maining in service until the compan\ 
 was mnstered out July 30, iSO^, sulise- 
 qnent to the (iett\^l)nrg campaign. 
 
 lie studied law in the olfice iif the latt 
 
 llAia.ls I. MdlK 
 
 .Mr. .Morgan reside-- in ( lermanlown. 
 in the C'ity of I'hiladelphia, where he 
 has lived for man\ \ears. lie has three 
 Ih.n. William .\. I'orter. and was a.l- ^■'"''Ir^'H : Charles V.. .Morgan, .^d. hdi/.a 
 nntted to tlie liar in I 'hila.lel]ihia in iSf.S. ''^■''" ■^'- -M-r.^an and liallowell \ . .\lor- 
 
 Several vears alter his admission, with 
 
 jan. ( )ne of them, the eldest, Charles 
 
 I'rancis 1). Lewis, he f.^rmed the firm of '■-■ -M'Tgan. 3d. is a.s.sociated with him in 
 
 Morgan tS: Lewis, which has since lu'eii 
 succeeded by Morgan. Lt'wis iS: llockins. 
 and lias been conlinnoirsly and is now en- 
 gaged in the general ))ractice of law in 
 the City of l'hiladel])liia. 
 
 In 1878 he was apiioiiUed l-'irst .\ssis- 
 tant City Solicitor, and held that office 
 until 18S4. 
 
 the practice of law and is a niembir of 
 the present firm of .Morgan. Lewis iX: 
 I'lockiiis. 
 
 s. ii.wis I'.via-:. 
 
 h'or nearly half a century, S. Davis 
 I 'age has licen a prominent figure at the 
 
 lie was a member of the I'-oard of h'.d- liar, and for over tliirtx \ears has been 
 
 ucation of I'hiladelphia for live years. identified with the civic, political and 
 
 He is now a member of the Hoard of linaticial history of l'hiladeli)hia. where 
 
 City Trusts of I'hiladelphia. he was born, September 22. 1840. His 
 
 ( )n .April 2J. 1875. he married Lillie early training was at the (Iregors Latin 
 
 Merrick, dait.ghter of the late Thomas I'.. Schonl and the Classical .\cadciiiv. eon- 
 
 -Merrick, of Philadelphia. ducted b\ Dr. Williams. He entered 
 
4o8 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTOXE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 Yiilc L'niversity when luily fifteen years 
 of age and gradnated with honors in the 
 class of "59. with the B. A. degree, at the 
 age of nineteen. He was commodore of 
 the Yale Xavy while in college and train- 
 ed the first crew that ever won from Har- 
 vard. In 1S59 lie tO(jk up the study of 
 
 law in the office of Hon. I'etcr McCall, 
 and in i860 entered Har\ard Law Sclio<il. 
 but did not graduate, lie \\a^ admitted 
 to the Bar December, 1864, and at once 
 commenced practice. In 1877 he was 
 elected to Common (,'ouncil. as a Demo- 
 crat, from the Fifth Ward and served 
 until i88[. lie was a candidate for City 
 Treasurer in 1871) ;uid 1882. and in the 
 latter year was again elected to Common 
 Council, but resigned to accept the City 
 Controllershi[) by appointment of Qivcr- 
 nor Pattison. He served in this position 
 
 until januar\, 1XS4, lieing defeated as the 
 Democratic candidate at the regular elec- 
 tion. In 1886 President Cleveland ap- 
 pointed him Assistant United States 
 Treasurer at Philadelphia and he served 
 four years, two of which was under the 
 Harrison administration. He served on 
 the Commission appointed by Governor 
 Pattison to investigate the City Treasury 
 and its business relations with the Key- 
 ^tiMie .liank. He was president of the 
 (Jnaker City National Hank until 1892, 
 and after his retirement he was in 1893 a 
 delegate from Penns_\'lvania to the Bank- 
 ers' convention held in Chicago during 
 the \\orld\ Fair, and delivered an ad- 
 dress on the "Resources, I'inances and 
 r.anking Laws of 1 'eims\lvania." Mr. 
 I 'ago Conies from an illustrious ancestrv. 
 Mis maternal forebears included Roger 
 Williams and I'aleb Carr, (iovernors of 
 Rhode l>land, and John Crecn, Jr., wdno 
 wa-- a Lieutenant I mvernor of the same 
 .^tate. while the paternal side was de- 
 scended from such eminent men as Wil- 
 liam Xelson and Robert Carter, (iover- 
 nors of X'irginia, and I'.dward Shippen, 
 at one lime Lieutenant I io\ernor of 
 I 'enn>\lvania. 
 
 lie is a director in the Quaker City 
 Xational Bank, the Merchants-Union 
 Trust C'o., and the Kenniore Pulp and Pa- 
 per l'(.i. Me is a vestryman in .'-It. Peter's 
 Church. Third and Pine streets, a mem- 
 ber of the S..ciety of Colonial Wars, the 
 Colonial Society, Suns of the Revolution, 
 Pennsylvania Societ\- of Colonial Clover- 
 nors, the Hist(irical Societies of Pennsyl- 
 vania and \'irginia. American Bar Asso- 
 ciation, Pennsylvania Bar Association, 
 Law Association of Philadelphia, the Rit- 
 lenhouse, Lhiiversity, Lawyers, Demo- 
 cratic and Harvard cluljs. the Reform 
 Committees of Seventy and of One 
 ITtmdred, the Yale Alumni Association 
 of Pennsylvania and the Delta Kappa Ep- 
 silon and Phi Beta Kappa fraternities. 
 
WAUW II K 
 
 Ki;\ sriiM 
 
 l.\l Ml IN W i:.\l. 111. 
 
 -in.) 
 
 W II.I.IAM I. SCIIAFI-IIR. 
 
 As a leailint; mcniher of tlic Delaware 
 (_"<}UiUy r.ar anil an active partieipaiii in 
 Repuhlicaii affairs. William 1. .""^chaffer. 
 of Chester, has attained a state-wide rep- 
 utatimi for legal acumen, forensic si<ill 
 and keen knowledge i>f snccessfnl nrgan- 
 izatiiin. 
 
 lie was hiini in ( lermanlnw n. I'liila- 
 delphia. I'"e1)niar\ il. iShj. ihe >< m nf 
 ( leorge .\. and .Mar\ II. I Irwin I Schaf- 
 fer and i,-- nf Scntch-lrish ancestry. Mi'- 
 education was received in the pulilic 
 schools of Chester, to which city his pa- 
 rents removed when he was seven years 
 of age and his first employment was as 
 clerk. He determined, however, tn take 
 u]) a professional career and a lack of 
 sufficient funds was all that i>revented him 
 froim I)ecoming a medical slndent. At this 
 period the opportunity to study law in the 
 office of William Fl. nrcxmiall. h".si|.. turn- 
 ed his thoughts to that professimi and 
 shaped his career along legal lines. His 
 ipiick perception and unflagging industry 
 enabled him to master the stuijent wnrk 
 with apparent ease and in addition to his 
 legal studies he became proficient in 
 stenography and was made Court !\e 
 [wrter within a year. He was admitted 
 to the Bar, February i ith. i<S88. his twen- 
 ty-first birthday, and one year later was 
 admitted to the Supreme Court one of the 
 youngest men of his generation ever ;id- 
 mitted to practice in that tribunal, lie 
 continued his association with .\lr. 
 r>ro(jmall as first assistant to that legal 
 giant and with his preceptor he found 
 every opportunity for valuable experience 
 in cases involving every |)hase of legal 
 procedure and the advantage of asso- 
 ciation with a man of the greatest ability. 
 Mr. Schaffer's re|nitation as a trial law- 
 yer was won by his defense in the fa- 
 mous "I'lre-bug Case" and since that 
 time he has figured in most of the imi)iir- 
 tant cases tried in the county. 
 
 l'"arlv in life Mr. Schaffer became in- 
 terested in politics and as a life-long Re- 
 publican, his broad experience and exten- 
 sive knowledge of national and state af 
 fairs has made him a valuable addition 
 to the counselors of his party. .As a cam- 
 paign speaker iif force and conviction, his 
 
 26 
 
 services have bec'ii soui.;hl in many na- 
 tional, -l.ale and local contents, lie lia~ 
 ^er\-eil main tenn> as a memlu'r anil 
 chairman of the Counts I onimittee and 
 has been a freijuenl delegale to ^t;ite and 
 cinmt\' Conventions, lie was a staunch 
 sU])porter of ( leiieral 1 bastings ;ind made 
 
 UirilAM I. S( llAHI-.H. 
 
 an eloipient s|)eecli in secomling the nom- 
 in;itioii of that genllem.an for (lovernor. 
 1 le m;iile ihe speech ])lacing John 11. Rob- 
 inson in nomination for the presidency of 
 the .Stale League of Repul)lican t'lubs. 
 and at 1 larrisburg made ihe speech which 
 nominati'd the ex-Congressman for I.ieii- 
 ten:uu < iovernor. lie w .as a delegate 
 from Delaware County to ihe ."^tate Con- 
 vention and nominated William L. Math- 
 ues for .State Treasurer, and in iSiji he 
 was nominateil as a delc^ate-at-large to 
 the Constitutional Convention. In iSi)_^. 
 .Mr. SchalTer was elected District .\tlor- 
 ne\- of Delaware Count) and ser\-ed con- 
 tinuously in that position for six years. 
 In ri/x) he was ai)pointed reporter of the 
 
410 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTONE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 SiiprciiiL' Court cif Pennsylvania and still 
 occupies that position. He is a member 
 of the Union League of Philadelphia, the 
 Masonic fraternit\-. the -\nierican liar 
 Association, the .'^tate liar -Associa- 
 tion, the Delaware County Bar As- 
 sociation and many legal societies and 
 clubs, lie ;niarried. December 2^, 1893, 
 Miss Susan .\., daughter of Charles F. 
 Cross, of Towanda. I 'a. 
 
 .1. l'i<.\.\KLI\ SHIKl.DS. 
 
 J. l-'ranklin Shields, a corporation 
 lawver who has achieved success in his 
 line and who represents many interests 
 in Philadelphia and throughout the 
 Southern States, was born in Chester. 
 Pennsylvania, June 25th. 1868. His early 
 training was in the public and pri- 
 vate schools, after which he enter- 
 ed the I'emisvlvania State College 
 
 from which he graduated in 1892 
 as first honor man and winner of the 
 mathematical prize. This was supple- 
 mented by graduation from the Depart- 
 ment of Philosophy of the University of 
 Pennsylvania and he then registered as a 
 student in the Law School of the same in- 
 stitution. After graduation from this 
 department and admission to the P)ar. he 
 entered actively upon the i)ractice of his 
 profession and soon secured a large cli- 
 entele, being a member of the successful 
 legal firm of Peck. Shields and Clarke. 
 Mr. Shields's forebears on the paternal 
 side were among the early settlers in Lou- 
 isiana and his maternal ancestors figured 
 extensively in the early history of Mary- 
 land and \ irginia. His interest in the 
 Southern States led to his selection by the 
 Attorney (General of Tennessee as an as- 
 sistant in important litigation before the 
 Supreme Court, involving the boundary 
 line between that State and North Caro- 
 lina which had been in dispute for several 
 years. He is an oiScer or director in sev- 
 eral Southern lumber and timber com- 
 panies for which his firm is counsel and 
 is a trustee of the Pennsylvania State 
 College. He is a member of the Univer- 
 sity, Union League and Pen and Pencil 
 clubs ; the Sharswood Law Club of the 
 LTniversity of Pennsylvania and the Beta 
 Theta Pi I'raternity. Mr. Shields has 
 been a contributor to the literature of his 
 |)rofession, one of his articles published 
 in the Annals of Surgery on the "Neces- 
 sity of Consent in Surgical ( tperations." 
 bcinsr an able treatise and widclv read. 
 
 HENRY R. HATFIELD. 
 
 (jne of the most highly esteemed mem- 
 bers of the Philadelphia Bar who had. 
 previous to taking up legal work, been 
 successful in the medical profession, is 
 Henry R. TLttfield. born in Philadelphia, 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTOXF. COM MON WEAL T 1 1 . 
 
 411 
 
 llU' son <if 1 )r. Xiithan 1 .cwi> 1 latficlil. fnr ami I lcnr\ I 'awliiit;-. his descendants were 
 nearly sixt\ xi-ar^ a distinmiishcd ])racti Justices oi the Peace in 1 'hiladelijhia and 
 tiuner ni medicine, u In > graduated I'nmi were ci inteinpiiraneiuis \\ jtli Isaac Mcir- 
 Jcfferson Collei^e in 182(1 and became ri^. Samnel Mit'llin and Th.ima^ W'illini^. 
 President nf the \lumni Assdciation in AmUher branch .if the I'amih- njierated 
 ItSjs. Mr. llattield's paternal i^rand- the old bir^e. known as \allev b'ori^e. 
 father and his ^real-grandfather, wt-re. maile famous as \\'ashinL;ton's headi|nar- 
 
 ters ilnriui; the Kevolution. julm 1 lat- 
 field. ;ui:ither ancestor, had in 17.^4. a 
 plaiUation in Matfield Township. .Mont 
 ^omerv L'ounty, which took its name from 
 the family, 
 
 .After a tboroui^di jireiiaratioii Mr. I lal- 
 fielil entered the l"niversil\ of Pemisvl- 
 \ania, from which he Ljradnated with the 
 Class of 1878. I'nder the .i^uidance of 
 his father he matriculated at the jefter- 
 son Medical College and graduated in 
 1S81, shortly afterwards beini::- api)ointed 
 .Assistant Surgeon in the I'nited State> 
 Xavy. lie served some time in this ca- 
 pacity Init his iiredilection for the ])rofes- 
 sion of law residted in bis relinquishing;' 
 what looked to be a promising; career in 
 the medical ])ri.)fession and he rci^dstered 
 as a law student. .After adinission to tlu 
 liar he en.i.,M.£fed in jiractice in Philadel- 
 phia and soon attained a his^'h position in 
 his new calling, his medical-legal training 
 giving him a decided advantage in the 
 advice to clients and his jiractice m the 
 courts. .Mr. Hatfield was treasurer of 
 rcs])ectively. officers in the War of i8[_> the Law .Academy of i'hiladelphia from 
 and in the Revolution. 1885 to 191 j and is connected with sev- 
 
 .Aiiiong the taxable jiroperties in New eral of the exclusive local clubs. He is a 
 \'ork and New Jersey, as early as 1(170. member of the Society of tlie War of 
 appears the family ijlantations and in 181 j, of the Delta I'si fraternity, the l\it- 
 1682. one of his ancestors. Col. 1 lenr\ tenbouse, Radnor I liuit. I'l'un, Cniversily 
 Pawling, who came to this country wtth and ."^t. .\ntbony clubs. He married 
 Ciovernor .Vicbols, in the service of the .Miss .Alice Darling (.'raig. a daughter of 
 English crown, was given a grant of sev- llugb Craig, of Pbil;ideli)hia. and resides 
 era] tboii.sand acres of land near l*l.so])iis. al i7-'3 Walnut street, and has a liaud- 
 I'lster (.'ounty. Xew N'ork, for meritor- some summer home at liar Harbor, 
 ions military service rendered in the Co- Maine. .Mr. Hatfield m.akes fre(|uent 
 lonial wars and in amicable settlement tri])s abroad and is intensely interested 
 with the Indians. Siibserjuently Jobii in out-door sports. 
 
 IIKNUV It. 11 ATHKI.I). 
 
41 J 
 
 w AKw u k's kkvskixi-: commu.wvkaltu. 
 
 JllllX W KAVEK. 
 
 John \\\a\iT. 'iiie of the few lawyers 
 to be elected li' the mavLiraUy in recent 
 years, was litirn in W'nrcestershire, Iuil;- 
 iand, Octiiher 5th, iS'n. and oniini; ti 1 
 thi> cit\' when eii;hteen years of age, 
 started his career as a hiw stenographer. 
 He was Recorder of the Law Academy, 
 subsequently serving as treasin-ci-, \ice- 
 president and president anil during; his 
 leisure time studied law in tile ottice ol 
 |iihn Sparhawk, jr.. l)eing admitted Vi 
 the r>ar in iSiji. In jiuie. ii)oi. lie re- 
 ceived the Republican iioininatioii for 
 District Attornev and was electeil by a 
 large majority. He continued in this po- 
 sition until bis election as Mayor in Feb- 
 ruary. 11)03. li\ the largest majurity ever 
 given a municipal candidate. L'])iiii the 
 completion of hi- term he returned to the 
 practice of law. In Kjofi he was a<l\oeat- 
 ed as the logical candidate fi)r (lover- 
 iior by the Lincoln Party, hut a fusion 
 with the Democrats was found impos- 
 sible. o\vin<' to internal bickerini.;s in the 
 
 two parties, ami the movement that 
 would have made Air. Weaver a reform 
 candidate, had to be abandoned. It was 
 C( uiceded at this period that the ex-mayor 
 would have bad a gixxl chance of elec- 
 tion as the reform movement was strong. 
 Mr. \\"ea\-er's attitude on reform C|ues- 
 lioiis was in keeping with the political 
 idiiditions at that time. He is president 
 of the Thomas W. Evans Museum and 
 I )ental Institute Society, secretary of the 
 M(.irrison and McCargo Company, and is 
 .1 member of the L'nion League, the 
 I 'enn. Seaside Park Yacht and ( )verbrook 
 (lolf clubs, the American Bar. Pennsyl- 
 vania r>ar and Philadelphia Law .Asso- 
 ciations, is a tbirt\-second degree Mason. 
 .Liifl is aftiliated with the Independent Or- 
 der of ()dd Fellows. 
 
 lOSI-ll'Jl MELLOKS. 
 
 Joseph .Mellors was born in Philadel- 
 ]ihia. March ^t. if^57. and recei\ed lii^ 
 ji r e i^ aratiiry 
 education in 
 the p u b 1 i c 
 schools and at 
 a select acad- 
 e ni \ a f t e r 
 which he en- 
 tered colle-e 
 but left he- 
 fore gradua- 
 tion, as he had 
 no inclination 
 for academic 
 routine. 1 le. 
 bowe\"er. de- 
 voted the ma- 
 jor portii 111 I if 
 his time to 
 
 private study and having determined to 
 adopt law as a profession, became profi- 
 cient in that line and was admitted to 
 the I'lar in 1S74. He commenced prac- 
 tice at Xo. 5jS Walnut street, a district 
 which for nearly a century included the 
 offices of the leading members of the 
 earlv Par. .Mr. Mellors is now located 
 in the Drexel Building and in addition 
 to having a large general practice, is one 
 of the Referees in Piankruptcx', 
 
WARWICK S KEVSrONK IdM Mi i\ WKAI.T H. 
 
 413 
 
 M AJdK lil-;.\KUAI. U l-.Ml|-.l,l, I' I I 1 1.1.1 I'S KnW- 
 .\1 A \ , 
 
 Major (iciu-nil Wfii.lell I'liiUip^ .I'.nw- 
 man. \. C. 1'.. retin-d, a distini^ui.shed 
 .'ioldier of IV'im.'^ylvania and one of tlie 
 leading practitioner.-, of tiic I'hiladclpliia 
 liar, is the .second son of Henry and 
 (irace i'lownian. 
 
 Ili> ])aternal ancestors were l''.nt;"li>li 
 and iii> maternal ancestors were I'^rencli. 
 llistory records distinguished men of af- 
 fairs in civil and military life, and ac- 
 complished women, in both lines, w'hose 
 lives were devoted to the uplifting of 
 mankind and to the advancement of civ- 
 ilization. 
 
 His father was a life-long temperance 
 advocate and was also aggressix'e and ac- 
 tive in the cause of human lil)ert\-, being 
 one of the early abolitionists in this coun- 
 try. Wendell Phillips was his personal 
 friend and collaborator, after whom he 
 named his secouil son. 
 
 -Major ( ienerjil llowman has had an 
 active, eventful, honorable, successful 
 career, from early boyhood, in the mili- 
 tarv service of his State and C.'ountrx'. 
 likewise in the legal profession ami in 
 the performance of civic duties. I le is in 
 the active practice of law and is also ac- 
 tively identified with financial and other 
 institutions in his native city of T'liila 
 (lel|)liia. lie has never .sought public of- 
 fice, but has always taken an active haml 
 in every movement in civic affairs for the 
 public good. He is .i member of man\ 
 militar\- orders and as.sociations. lie lia^ 
 served as Judge Advocate (Sener.al of the 
 (irand .\rmv of the J^e]iublic, Oepartment 
 of Pennsylvania, and has occu])ied man\- 
 other positions of honor anil responsi- 
 bility in both military and civil bodies. .\s 
 an executive officer hv ha> an enviable 
 record. 
 
 The I'lowman h'.stale, in .Merion. on the 
 Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 has been in the continuous possession of 
 the Piowman familv since the early Co- 
 lonial (lays, and is one of the oldest titles 
 in Montgomery County. The (jeneral's 
 residence thereon is known as "Elm 1 fall" 
 and is one of the most attractive old 
 ])laces in this section of the coimlrv. 
 
 I lis wife. Lizzie ^\ . .M. I'.owni.an. i- 
 
 the acconipli.-~Iied daughter of ihc late 
 I\e\erend Thomas Shields and Marg.aret 
 .\'. X'anDyke Malcolm. Iler father was a 
 man of rare scholarly attainments and 
 noted for the same originalit\ of thought 
 that distinguished his father, the i\e\-er- 
 end Howard .Malcolm. D. I).. l.L. 1).. who 
 wa.-, a distinguished divine ;ind author and 
 President of ( Ic. M-ijetow n ('.illc'c. Ken- 
 
 lucky, from iS_:5()t,, iS4i)andof the Cni- 
 \ersity of Le\\i->liurg from 1S31 to 1S5S. 
 Her mother was Miss \;nd)yke. of 
 Princeton. Xew jerse>. who.-~e uncle. Dr. 
 James Carnahan, was President of 
 Princeton College for forty years, and 
 w ho is also admireil and noted for her ar- 
 tistic accomplishments and literary at- 
 tainments, being in the full use of her 
 mental and physical powers and a h.ard 
 student in lliblical and Theological Ion- at 
 the age of H<j years, with every prospect 
 of many years to spare in active work, a 
 rare record worthy of enndation and a 
 place in historv. 
 
414 
 
 WARWICK S KEVSTOXE tu.\l Ml i.\ WliAL I U. 
 
 HORACE PETTIT. 
 
 A recognized authority on corporation 
 hiw and for three years a lecturer of pat- 
 ent law in the L'niversity of Pennsyl- 
 vania, it is Init natural that Horace Pet- 
 tit should he a leader among the practi- 
 tioners in those lines at the Philadelphia 
 liar. 
 
 -Mr. Pettit comes of old Colonial an- 
 
 IIIIUAI 1. I'KITIl. 
 
 cestry, his grandfather, John Pettit, who 
 was known as the "Big Colonel."' locat- 
 ing in Pennsylvania immediately after 
 the Reviilntionary War. 
 
 Mr. Peltit was h(jrn in Phila<lelphia, 
 lune 27th, i860, and was educated at Dr. 
 I'aeres Classical School and at the Chel- 
 tenham Military Academy. After grad- 
 uation he determined to adopt the legal 
 profession a^ hi,-, life work and coni- 
 mence<l the study of law in the office of 
 his brother, Silas \V. Pettit. at that time 
 a member of the firm of Read and Pettit. 
 He then entered the Law School of the 
 I'niversitv oi Pennsylvania and after 
 
 giaduation was admitted to the Par in 
 1S83. Air. Pettit was successful from the 
 outstart and soon numbered several cor- 
 ]5orations among his clients. Prominent 
 among these was the Victor Talking Ma- 
 chine Company, wdiich he organized in 
 igoi and which he has represented as 
 general coimsel ever since. His careful 
 preparation and comprehensive knowl- 
 edge has been of the greatest value to 
 the \ ictor Company in sustaining the 
 patents and defending it agair.st the at- 
 tacks ot other concerns. Other corpora- 
 tions which Air. Pettit represents have 
 lieen equally fortunate through the ad- 
 \antage of his sound judgment, Air, Pet- 
 tit is a member of the L'nion League, and 
 the Racquet, L'niversity and Lawyers' 
 clubs. He also holds membership in the 
 I 'ennsylvania State and the National Bar 
 Associations and is a member of the 
 Board of Alanagers of the Franklin In- 
 stitute. He is deeply interested in the 
 work of the Young Alen's Christian .As- 
 sociation and for years has been a sup- 
 porter of the Central Branch. 
 
 WII.r.TA.M (.;0KM AX. 
 
 I his city has no more ardent supporter 
 tiian William (^rman, the well-known 
 lawyer, who, although not born here, has 
 been a resident of Philadelphia since in- 
 fancy, lie has travelled extensively and 
 lias come to the conclusion that there is 
 no place that affords so nianv facilities 
 for forging ahead as the city of his adop- 
 tion. He claims that a man who cannot 
 succeed here would be a failure every- 
 where and deprecates the practice of 
 I 'hiladelphians of allowing their citv to 
 be unjustly criticised, whicli he contemls, 
 does incalculalile harm. Air. ( iorman 
 was horn in Ireland and is descended 
 from an old and distinguished family. He 
 was hrought to Philadelphia by his pa- 
 rents, when three years old. His educa- 
 tion was received in public and private 
 schools and his legal training was in the 
 Law .School of the L'niversity of Penn- 
 sylvania. .After admission to the Bar he 
 became at once active in his chosen pro- 
 fession and has figured prominentlv in 
 nian\ important cases, is cospecialisf 
 in Real Estate Law and in convevanc- 
 
WAKW U k's KEVSTdXE COMMO.NW KALTll. 
 
 415 
 
 Society. Ill- was also uiu' of the or,s;aii- 
 izcrs i')f Ilk' I'omnioiiwcallh Tilk- Insur- 
 anco and Trust C'oniiKiny. 
 
 SAMUI-X 1'.. SCOTT. 
 
 ( )iK' of the niemhers of the younger 
 I'.ar who is proinineiit in |)olitieal a.-, well 
 as le,!;al circles, is Samuel 1'.. Scott, who 
 is a member of the Legislature fr. mi the 
 ( lerniantown district. Mr. Smtt was 
 horn in .Mlesheny City, I'a.. Aii,!.;ust _'Olh. 
 1S7S. and was educated in the public 
 scbonl> there and the Sh.adyside .\cad- 
 emv after which be entered Princeton 
 I'niversitv and graduated in the Class of 
 ic)(K>. .\ ]lo^t-i;rudnate course in moi 
 brought him the .\. M. decree and be 
 tbenuitered the law office of John Hous- 
 ton Merrill, in Philadelphia, as a student, 
 beiui;- admitted to the P.ar in i<)()5. .Mr. 
 Scott began practice at once and has been 
 verv successful, specializinj;- in civil law. 
 -Mr. Scott is an Independent F-iepublican 
 in politics and was connected with the 
 old Municipal League in the Twenty-see- 
 
 ing, to which be ba^ given much tune 
 and attention. For many years he acted 
 as counsel for the Hibernian Society 
 and the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, 
 and in that capacity secured, in the ear- 
 lier (lavs, manv reforms in the distribn- 
 ti.)n of" tiie funds awarded the Commi- 
 sioners of Emigration. He was at one 
 time president of the Friendly Sons ot 
 St. Patrick and counsel for the P.oard (ii 
 Presidents of the Lhiited Charitable So 
 cicties for the relief of the subjects of all 
 nations landing in Philadelphia. In ad- 
 dition to these connections, Mr. dornian 
 is a member of the Manufacturers" Club, 
 the .\mcrican .\cademy of I'olitical and 
 Social Science, the .\merican Irish His- 
 torical Society, the Hoard of Managers 
 of the Rush Hospital and the Stomach 
 Hospital, the Fairmount Park .\rt .As- 
 sociation, the Department of Archaeology 
 and the .•Mumni .Association of the Ihn 
 versity of Pcnnsvlvania, the National 
 Geographic Society, the Pennsylvania 
 P.ar'^Association, the P.ar Association ol 
 the United States and the Penn.sylvania 
 
4ifj 
 
 w Auw R K s Kl■:^•STO^■E cij.m mux wealth. 
 
 iind Waril and with tin.' Chy Tarty since 
 its inci]>ie-nc\ . lie aiileil materially in the 
 ;;r(i\vth (if that |iart\' in his ward and on 
 acciiinit (if his activity in the cause of 
 .t;'(i()d gdvernnient was made its success- 
 ful candidate for the Legislature in 1906. 
 and has heen re-elected at each successive 
 election since. His career at Ilarrishm-L; 
 has been marked hy his courage and ahil- 
 itv in opixisinL;- all vicious legislation. 
 When serving hi^ fmu-th term, during 
 the session of 1913. although still young 
 in years, he was a veteran member and 
 was elected tn the chairmanship of the 
 Committee L'pou Connnittees, the power- 
 ful body that selected the chairmen and 
 members of the standing committees, se- 
 lected the eniploye> of the House and re- 
 vised the rules. 
 
 delphia in Kioj. llis ])ractice is entirelv 
 criminal and he has been 'counsel in 
 thirty-three murder cases and has never 
 had a client condemned to death. 
 
 ;Tf.\Kr i'.\rrERSo\, \k. 
 
 C Stuart I'attersou. jr.. was born in 
 
 Iplua. 
 
 necemlier in. 1871, and 
 after complet- 
 ing his educa- 
 tion at the 
 ( "i e rmant( iwn 
 .\cademy. en- 
 tered the Law 
 School of the 
 I'niversit}" of 
 1 ' eunsylvania 
 fr( lUi which he 
 graduated in 
 1S71 and was 
 admitted t o 
 the P.ar the 
 same year. In 
 1898 he relin- 
 <|uished his 
 
 ]) r a c tice to 
 ( . XI r \K 1 I'A I II Ks(i\. .11;. , 
 
 accept a sec- 
 ond [Jeutenancy in the Regular Army 
 and wa> st;Uioned at I'ort Tampa 
 with the Se\'i'nth L'. .^. I'avalry diu'- 
 iug the .^i^anish War. lie was after- 
 wards transferred to the Sixth .\rtillery 
 and accomisanied that command to Hono- 
 lulu and the l'hili]>[jines. He resigned in 
 i()02 and after spending five years in rail- 
 road contracting and engineering work, 
 returned to the jiractice of law in I^hila- 
 
 William -\. (iray, who is one of the 
 most capable members of theyoiniger J!ar, 
 was born in Philadelphia, June 21st, 1875. 
 and received his education in the public 
 scIkkiIs, Central High School, and the 
 Cniver>ity of Pennsylvania, graduating 
 (■)/);; huidc from the last named institu- 
 tion in i(8()7, winning the degree of LL. 
 I')., and the I'emberton Morris prize. He 
 liad been a student in the law office of 
 Warwick, Miller and Tustin previous \o 
 • ■mering the law schocil of the L^niversity 
 of Pennsylvania and continued with that 
 firm after adiuission to the P>ar until he 
 began to practice independently. He was 
 a|>pointed .Assistant District .\ttorne> in 
 1902 and for ten \ears. until his retire- 
 ment from that position was one of the 
 mo^t active and energetic attaches of the 
 'itlice. .^ince relincpiishing municipal 
 work he has been engaged in some verv 
 
W AKW UK 
 
 KI-:\ STDXE COMMONW I-, \1. I II. 
 
 41; 
 
 uiipi iilaiit liiigatiiin in wIiIl-Ii Ik- lias 
 most successful. Air. < iray i> a mc 
 of the Law .\ssiiciati"n. Law Acac 
 I'ennsylvania State Uar Assi.ci: 
 Sons of N'eterans. Lcik-ni ileiil ami 
 tective Order of P:il<s and llic .Ma 
 and i'lii Delta Phi JM-aternities. IL 
 Kepnblican in politic^ but has ne\'er 
 a candidate for an elective ottice. 
 force as a S])eaker has materially ; 
 his party in many local campaig'iis. 
 
 S.\MUEL .M. ] i ^' X i: M .\ .\ . 
 
 Samuel M. Ilynenian, whu has tor 
 thirty-five years been eni^aged in snnie nt 
 the most important litigation in ilu' I 'b 
 delphia Courts, was born .Ma\ _''ith, iS,=;4. 
 He received a thorough training in tlu- 
 public schools of Philadeljihia and at 
 the Central High Sehonl. Ilavin- 
 a ])redilection for the legal ]iriifcssiiin, 
 Mr. 1 lyneman regi^tereil a> a law student 
 in the office of Hon. 1". Carroll I'.rewster, 
 and was admitted to the liar, June 2<Sth. 
 1878. His practice has been a general 
 one, although he has been emplo>ed as 
 counsel bv many cc.irporations during bi-~ 
 long service at the liar and b,-is acted as 
 referee in several eases ot national im- 
 |iortance. lie is recognized as an nntisu- 
 allv well-e(|uipped and forceful lawyer 
 and has been exceptionally successful in 
 his work. ( in |une 4. i')i,^. Mr. Hvne- 
 man was .appointed to a judgeship of the 
 Common Pleas C'onrt by ( lovernor Tener. 
 under the law which created five addi- 
 tional jtid.ges for the city. 
 
 Mr. Ilyneman's maternal forebears 
 were natives of .Spain, which country ihey 
 left under the liu|uisiiii)n and settled in 
 Holland, finally coming to .\merica. 
 Many of these ancestors were buried in 
 the old jewisli Cemetery on .Spruce 
 street between Eighth and \'inth streets. 
 He is a member of the Cnion l.iague. 
 ^'ercantile. Racijuet. Pinn. Law\c-rs'. 
 Clover and Philadelphia Country clubs. 
 In pf)litics Mr. I lyneman is a Re|)nblican 
 but has never been a candidate for an 
 elective ofifiee. He was president of the 
 Young Men's Hebrew .\ssociation in 
 1880 and 188? and of tlie Hebrew Con- 
 gregation Mikve Israel from 1887 to 
 
 SAM I I I \l. II VMM \ \. 
 
 iSijo. lie is ,1 member of ihe I'.o.ard of 
 ( iovernors of the Lawyer.s' (.'hib, treasur- 
 er of the Hoard of Trustees of ( iratz Col 
 lege and one of the lioard of Law Lx- 
 aniiners of l'hiladeli)hia L'ountv. 
 
 .T. LEE P.VI'TOX. 
 
 j. Lee I'atton. a pioiiiineiU member of 
 the liar, was born in Pliil;idel|)lha. June 
 ■ nil. iS(H). He is ,-1 son of C'olonel" I'.d- 
 ward W. and .Mary 1 Lee ) Patton. and 
 was educated in the I'rieiids' and public 
 schools and at the Central High .School, 
 from which he graduated in l'"ebruary. 
 1888, being a member of the 8()th gradu- 
 ating class and receiving the .\. .M. de- 
 gree. .After this thorough preparation 
 he entered the Law Sehool of the Ciiiver- 
 sit\ of Peiinsyhania. rect'iving the LL. 
 1). de.grie upon his graduation in iScji. 
 .\fter admission to the I'.ar. .Mr. Patton 
 Continued with his i)rece])tor. .Samuel 11. 
 lluey. Ls(|.. until i8<;_^, when he be.gaii 
 jiractice alone with offices in the liclz 
 liuilding. where he is still located. .VIr. 
 
4i8 
 
 WAKURKS KEYSTONE COM Ml ).\ WEAL r H . 
 
 I'attnn has specialized in Land Damage 
 Proceedings, and for eleven _\ears was 
 engaged in that character of work for the 
 city of Philadelphia. He was appointed 
 Assistant City Solicitor. January ist, 
 1893, and served in that capacity until 
 
 Ma\, igo4. when he resigned to heconie 
 counsel for the Commonwealth of Penn- 
 sylvania in collateral tax matters. At the 
 request of the Law School of Pennsyl- 
 vania he, several years ago, delivered a 
 course of six lectures on "Practice in 
 Road and Street Opening Proceedings." 
 Mr. Pattou has always taken a deep in- 
 terest in church work and is treasurer 01 
 the Protestant Episcopal Sunday Schocil 
 Association of the Diocese of Pennsyl- 
 vania. \'e^iryman and Superintendent 01 
 
 the Sunday School of St. Peter"s Church. 
 Germantown; Directing Vice-President 
 of the Drexel Biddle Bible Class ; mem- 
 ber C'f the Executive Coir.mittee of the 
 Brotherhood of St. Andrew and is coun- 
 sel for the Philadelphia Protestant Epis- 
 copal City Mission. He is a member of 
 the L^nion League, The Church, West 
 Philadelphia Republican, Germantown 
 Republican, Lincoln, "444" and Pedes- 
 trian Clubs, the Sons of the Revolution, 
 ( Irand Liidge of Pennsylvania E. & .\. 
 .\1.. Philadelphia Lodge 444 and Phila- 
 del|.)hia Royal .\rch Chapter 169. 
 
 GEORCE 1'. RICH. 
 
 ( )ne of the oldest and most resi)ected 
 members of the Philadelphia Bar, who 
 has built up a large general practice since 
 his admission, is George P. Rich, who 
 was born in Montgomerx County, in 
 1S47, the son of S. X. and ^L'lrv H. 
 ( Pawling ) Rich, his mother being a 
 granddaughter of General Hiester who 
 was at one time Governor of Pennsyl- 
 \ania. Mr. Rich was educated in the 
 public schools of Norristown, Pennsyl- 
 \ ania, and at John Locke's Academy also 
 located in Norristown. L^pon the com- 
 pletion (if his studies he registered as a 
 student in the ofifice of his father, who 
 was a jirominent member of the Bar. 
 He was admitted to ])ractice in Philadel- 
 phia County in 1870. F.ike most of the 
 lawyers of the old school, Mr. Rich has 
 ne\er specialized in any particular line, 
 believing that a thoroughly trained law- 
 yer is capable of cc)nducting any of the 
 so-called special branches of the profes- 
 sion. Lie was at one time associated with 
 Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, now a Judge 
 of the Common Pleas Courts. He has 
 been engaged in some very important liti- 
 gation and is one of the best-known 
 members of the Bar. He is a member of 
 tlie Lawyers' Club, the Penn Club and 
 the (iermantown Cricket Club. 
 
^KJM-: KiMMOWVl-.AL I 11. 
 
 419 
 
 iKAM 1.- 1. Ill \mi;i;k>. 
 
 An ackno\\iedt;c(l aiulmrity mi pau-iii 
 law, Francis T. L'hamhcrs, has been ccin- 
 nected with some of the most important 
 (-a<c< inv. ilxiiiL;- the n\viU'rshi]i nl" jiatents 
 in this ci^nn- 
 lr\ and has 
 attained a Xa- 
 lioiial rc])uta- 
 
 li.in 
 
 tiironj^h 
 
 his 
 
 research 
 
 and 
 
 cx|)rri- 
 
 r]]Cr 
 
 alnn- 
 
 Ihl. 
 
 nir. Mr. 
 
 I hail 
 
 hi-rs wa^ 
 
 hnril 
 
 in (in- 
 
 cmnati. ( Miic 1. 
 
 \l a 
 
 c h ;v 
 
 iS:;^ 
 
 ihc Mill 
 
 .i'K 
 
 •ancis T. 
 
 ,,:id 
 
 ■dizahftli 
 
 1 . c a 
 
 ( !• cb- 
 
 i-crj 
 
 Cham- 
 
 her 
 
 s . His 
 
 was 
 
 received 
 
 nan was liorn in ( il.iiicester, \. j., jnne 
 jSth. iSf)^. and was e(hicated in tile pnh- 
 lic >clio(ils 111 that section. lie com- 
 menced new.-'pa|)er work with a country 
 jjaper and was afterwards attached to the 
 t'amden Daily Courier. L'pon his entry 
 into journali^m in Philadelphia as a mem- 
 ber of the local slalT ni the Tress he was 
 assigned to imniicipal wirk and smm be- 
 came an aiilliciiiu mi tilings puliiical, act- 
 int; at one tinu- as the 1 larrishiirL;" cor- 
 respondent. He studied law during this 
 period and was admitted In the I'.ar, De- 
 cember, iS(/i. He is an .\s>ist;mt City 
 Solicitor and his wurk in the City's l.;iw 
 Department ha> l)een fri'(|urntly cnm- 
 mendcd. He has been lur ^exeral year> 
 a niemlier of the ('nnnty llnard nf l,;i\\ 
 l*".xaminer<. 
 
 )irc'liniinary ediicatiim 
 at the West Chester ( I'a. ) .\cademy, 
 after which he entered N'ale I'liiversitv 
 and graduated in 1875 with the degree 
 of Bachelor of Science. He read law 
 under the direction of W'illiani lleiir\ 
 Kawle and sup])lemented his legal knowl- 
 edge by a course in the Daw Sclionl di' 
 the L'niversity of Pennsylvania. He h;i> 
 always specialized in jjateiil law and ha- 
 been connected with some \er\ impdriant 
 cases. He holds membershi]) in the 
 l'hiladel[)hia. Rittenhouse, Ivacipiet. 
 renn. .\ntomobiIe. City ;ind 1 'hiladelphia 
 Conntrv Clubs. Mr. ChambiTs married 
 Miss Xaiinette Schuyler lloltoii, of West 
 Chester, June 10, iS<;o. and they have 
 three children. He is a member of the 
 b'.pisco])al Church and is a I'rogressivc 
 in politics. 
 
 Kiini-.i; r i:k.\.\ .\.\.\. 
 
 When Robert iirannan was admitted 
 to practice in the I 'hiladelphia courts, he 
 needed no introduction to the judges or 
 tile attaches thereof, for his hmg connec- 
 tion with a leading dailv had made them 
 all ac(|uaintances <ir friends. .Mr. I'.ran 
 
 ij.wii) I. s.\niii. 
 
 David J. Smyth was burn in the old 
 district of Southwark, I 'hiladi-lphia. furlx 
 \ears ago. He atunded the public 
 schixils in the 
 liiwer section 
 (if the city, 
 'hell entere<l 
 the euiplny of 
 :i legal firm as 
 i.ffice b.i\. be- 
 came .a stu- 
 dent 01" law 
 and then eii- 
 lered the Cn 
 ixersity o f 
 ('enns\ hania. 
 He w'as ad- 
 mitted t(i the 
 I'll il.adelphia 
 I'.ar in iSc/) 
 D-wiii .1. sMvi M. a n d si 11 c e 
 
 that tinu- has 
 been very active in his profession and in 
 politics. He was elected as a Repul)licaii 
 member of the State Legislature in iqoi, 
 and the following year was appointed 
 h'irst .Assistant District .\ttorney. Tn 
 1003 he served as Director of Tublic 
 .Safety. Since his retirement from the 
 last named office Mr. Smyth li.as devoted 
 his entiri- time to bis firaclice. 
 
420 
 
 Warwick's keystone common wealth. 
 
 r. FOSTER IHOMAS. 
 
 ticket in 1 V'iiiis\ ivania 
 
 'I'hc descendant of a long Hue of 
 vers, it was tit it strange that '1. I' 
 Thomas shonlil heconie a 
 
 aw 
 
 iter 
 niemher of the 
 legal ])rofes- 
 > ion. Mr. 
 Thonia--. who 
 is thirt\-tive 
 \ears of a.ge. 
 h a s 1) e e n 
 practicing" in 
 t h e criminal 
 and divorce 
 courts of 
 r h iladelphia 
 for over ten 
 y ears. II e 
 studied engi- 
 neering h e - 
 fiire deciding 
 to take up the 
 study of law 
 and graduat- 
 ed from the 
 L'niver^it\ uf I'ennsx hania in H)02. He is 
 a son of iCdvvard j. 11. Thomas, who was 
 one of the leaders of the Bar fifty years 
 ago, and is a grandsoia of General 
 Thomas i'oster I'ctrie, who was at one 
 time a Juilgc in .Madismi L'ciunty, New 
 York. I lis male ancestors in England 
 and Scotland were lawyers for many gen- 
 erations. .Mr. 'i'hoiiias served as a mem- 
 her i>f the I'irst Pennsylvania X'olnntccrs 
 in the war w'ith Spain. He is a well- 
 kn. iwn geiieakigist and is also an ati 
 tlioritx' I in n.'itural hist( iv\. 
 
 ilKl! TIKIMA.'- 
 
 J(iSi;i'll I'. MCCfLLEN. 
 
 Joseph r. -Mit'ullen was liorn Feliru- 
 ar\' 7, iSdi, in I'hiladelphia, and was edu- 
 cated in tlu' public schools. He studied 
 law under the direction of the late George 
 II. Marie and Ricliard 1'. White, and was 
 admitted to the i'.ar, July i, 1882. .\t the 
 hanipict in this city, tendered to ( irover 
 ne\eland. Jainiary S, l8i)l, he re.--]ionde(l 
 1(1 the toast "The \'oinig Democracy." 
 1 le was a candidate for Congress in 1894 
 and was counsel for Cit>' Treasurer 
 Wright in the investigations and i.)rosecu- 
 tions following the removal from <if1ice of 
 C'itv 'treasurer John llardslcy. He head- 
 ed the |)emocraiic {'residential electoral 
 
 1908 and in 
 1912 was ap- 
 pointed First 
 .\ssistant City 
 Solicitor. L'n- 
 der the -Vet 
 of June 4th, 
 11)13, he was 
 (ine of the five 
 a d d i t i o nal 
 Judges a p - 
 ))t.iinted to the 
 C (I m 111 o n 
 Fleas Courts 
 of I'hiladcl- 
 ])liia, hut re- 
 tired when 
 the Supreme 
 Court hy a di- 
 vided vote (if 4 to 3 declared the Act in- 
 creasing the number uf Judges unconsti- 
 iniioiial. 
 
 JAMES W. KINO. 
 
 In taking up the study of law after 
 he had become successful in journalism, 
 lames A. King, gratified a desire he had 
 fiirmed in bii\li.iod. .Mi". King was born 
 and educated 
 in Fhiladel- 
 ]i h i a a n d 
 w o r k e d oil 
 various pa- 
 pers there un- 
 til he rose to 
 the position of 
 Citv Eilitor 
 of 'the I'rrss 
 and was tin- 
 all\- advanced 
 to the Man- 
 aging liditor- 
 siiip of that 
 paper. I le has 
 alwavs been 
 
 .1 A M IS \\ . l\l N<i. . - 
 
 active in jio- 
 litical circles and 011 several occasions 
 has taken part in important reli.gious 
 movements. He was a member of the 
 l'"..\ecutive I'liiiimittee appointed for the 
 celebration of the late Archbishop Ryan's 
 .Silver Jubilee and was active in the cele- 
 bration of the Centenary of this Catholic 
 dioce>e. -Mr. King received an honorary 
 degree from Lafayette College and is a 
 memVier of the Fhiiversitv and other 
 
W AkW It k"s KKVSTO.N1-: (( L\l .\r (1 \ W KAl. 1 1 1. 
 
 421 
 
 J A.\ii:s A. I LAlii;i':i \ . 
 
 laiiH-s A. Flaherty \va> Imvu in I'hila- 
 k-ipliia. July 3. 1X53, and rrcciwd hi- 
 
 cai"l\ <. 
 
 <lnea- 
 
 li.in \u 
 
 tlu- 
 
 ].nhl i^ 
 
 and 
 h i a 1 
 
 >di."il> . 
 
 ,1" ihe 
 
 cilv. Ik 
 
 ■ read 
 
 law in tl 
 
 le nt- 
 
 tier of tl 
 
 e late 
 
 r.,l,,nrl 
 
 W'il- 
 
 liam 11. 
 
 Mann 
 
 and a 1 
 
 1 e r - 
 
 ward- t 
 
 i.ik a 
 
 lamrsc : 
 
 It the 
 
 I'nivcrs 
 
 tV (it 
 
 IV-nn-sl 
 
 vania. 
 
 lie \va 
 
 ^ ad- 
 
 milled t 
 
 ,. the 
 
 I'lar in 
 
 1S74 
 
 and at 
 
 once 
 
 started ijeiieral practice, specializing; 
 in ( )r|iha)is' Court work and the sei- 
 ilenient nf estates in which lines he ha- 
 heen hii^hly sncccssfnl. Mr. I'daherly i- 
 well-known and active in Catholic cir- 
 cles. He is Supreme Knight of the 
 Knio;hts of Columbus and vice-president 
 of the American Society for X'isitint;' 
 Catholic I'risoners. He is a member of 
 the Lawyers' and Philopatrian Clubs, the 
 .American Catholic Historical Societv and 
 a director of the C"ontinent.al-Ri|nital)le 
 Trn-t Company. 
 
 iii.\i<i.i;s Li.\( ()r,.\ I'.ROWN. 
 
 IX'spite bis lonsj; activit\- in ])olitics and 
 the many years spent in |)ublic life. 
 Charles L. P.rown has built U|) an exten- 
 sive practice as a lawver and is one of 
 the best known jiractitioners at the Par. 
 He was horn in Pbiladel|>hia. |nl\ >>. 
 1864. and after preparation in the pub- 
 lic schools entered Lebiq'h L'niversity to 
 stud\' civil eug^ineeriii.s:. Illness coni|)ell- 
 ed bis retireiucnt from this institution. 
 but after a rest be entered the Universit\ 
 of I'ennsvlvania for a course in law. 
 After graduation and admission to the 
 Bar. be commenced practice and sbortl\- 
 afterwards was elected to the Common 
 Council from the l*"ifteentb Ward. He 
 served in the lower chamber from iSiM 
 
 to l8y_^ and one year later was elected to 
 Select Council. In i8</) be was elecleil 
 to represent the l''iftb District, coiupris- 
 ing the Fifteenth, Twenl>-eightb. Twen- 
 t\--ninth. Thirty-second, 'riiirty-seventh 
 and Thirty-eighth wards, in the State 
 Senate, but declined re-election in moo. 
 Three years later he was again chosen to 
 re|)resent his ward in C(.)mm()n I'ouncil 
 and in 11)04 he was again elected to the 
 State .Senate by a majority of 27.283 over 
 bis Uemocratic opponent. Mr. lirown 
 has always taken an active interest in Rc- 
 ])ublican politics and was a delegate to the 
 State Conventions in 181)5, '</'• '97- ''8. 
 iQoo. '02, '03 and i0O4- He was Chair- 
 man of the Republican Citv Campaign 
 Committee in i<)0()-oj. and has been for 
 a number of vears one of counsel for the 
 State Pure Food De|)artment and active 
 in prosecuting violations of Pure I'ood 
 Paws. While Mr. P.rown was Chairman 
 of the City Committee, the Hon. John I".. 
 keyburn received the Mayoralty nomina- 
 tion which was largely due to .Mr. 
 Prown's fricndsbi]) for the e\-Congrcss- 
 nian and the work which be did in bis 
 behalf. 
 
422 
 
 WARWICK S KEYSTOXF. COM MON" WEALT 1 1 . 
 
 JdllX T. McriFAITT. JR. 
 
 .Vniuiis:,'' tile ninst [jruniineiit and well 
 known lawyers i:)f the city is John J. Mc- 
 Devitt. who was associated with the edi- 
 tor of this volume in the preparation 
 and trial of nnniermis ca^^es of import- 
 ance. 
 
 Mr. McDevitt is a native of Philadel- 
 phia, having been born in this city on 
 April 9th, 1879. His paternal ancestors 
 emigrated to this country from County 
 Tyrone, Ireland, and his maternal grand- 
 father from the I'rovince of Alsace, now 
 ]iart of the ( lerman I'.mpire. His mater- 
 nal grandmother was a native of Penn- 
 sylvania, being descended from ( lerman 
 ancestry. 
 
 His early education he derived from 
 private and public schools and also by 
 private tutors. When fifteen years of 
 age he became an assistant in the man- 
 aeement of his f ither's extensive shoe 
 
 an^l griicer\ business and later assisted in 
 the direction of a large commercial ho- 
 tel in Philadelphia. 
 
 He severed his connection with 
 these enterprises to enter the I'ni- 
 \ersity of J'ennsylvania Law School, 
 for Justice as guaranteed by law attract- 
 ed and induced him to select as his life 
 work this profession. Having success- 
 fully completed his course he was gradu- 
 ated from the University in June, irpo. 
 
 .'^incc his admission to the ISar. ^fr. 
 McDevitt has met with success and has 
 established a wide and extensive clientele. 
 
 In 1903 he married Miss Lillian Pfeif- 
 fer. of Philadelphia. Mr. ^IcDevitt is a 
 member of the American Bar .\ssocia- 
 tion : the Law Association; the National 
 h!conomic League and numerous other 
 social, political and fraternal organiza- 
 tions. In politics he is a Republican. 
 
WARWICK S KEVSTONE COM .\I().\ Wi:AL TI 1 . 
 
 423 
 
 IKANCIS j. MANHEL"!'. 
 
 (il.d.MCL KDltlCUT i;. liEA'lll. 
 
 Enf^agi'il in i^cncral practice >incc lii^ 
 admission to tlie .P.ar in 1805. I'rancis |. 
 Maneelv has attained a position of prom- 
 inence anions;- tlie city's able practitioners. 
 Mr. Maneelv was liorn in I'liiladelphia, 
 
 ( )ctoher iS. \Xy^]. and was educated at 1 .a 
 Salle ('oUej^e, from which he j^raduated 
 with the A. I'., dej^jree, afterwards beins' 
 lionored with the A. M. desj;ree by his 
 Alma Mater. Upon the coni])letion of 
 his collegiate course he entered the Law 
 School of the L'niversity of Pennsylvania, 
 from which he graduated in 18(^5 and 
 was admitted to practice the same \ear. 
 s])ecializing in no branch and forming no 
 legal partnershi]j, his success being due to 
 genera! work and individual effort. Ik- 
 is a prominent member of the Knights of 
 Columbus, the Philadeljihia and Merion 
 Cricket Clubs, the Philo[)atrian Society, 
 the Scheutzen \ erein and the Societe 
 Francaise de IJienfaisance. Mr. .\ranee- 
 ly's offices are in the Pennsylvania I'.uild- 
 ing and hi< home is in Cermantown. 
 
 Robert 1'). r.eath, president of the I'nit- 
 ed I'"irenien"s Insurance (ompain. was 
 born in Pliiladeliihia, |anuar\ jO, iS.^i). 
 1 le was edu- 
 
 cated 
 
 m 
 
 the 
 chooK 
 which 
 
 immis- 
 
 ■■iltt 
 
 he w a s ap- 
 prenticed t o 
 t h e machine 
 li 1 a cksmith'v 
 trade. At the 
 outbreak o f 
 the Civil 
 \\ ar. he en 
 li>le(l as a pn- 
 cale in llie 
 Cnion Army 
 and scr\ed in 
 many engage- 
 ments until 
 the close of 
 
 host il it ie> ""■ '""•'■" 
 
 when he re- 
 lii-eil with a Lieutenant Cole 
 sion. 
 
 lie was slightlx woimded at the 
 second battle of llidl Run and in the fight 
 at New ^Market Heights, \'a., received in- 
 juries that necessitated the amputation of 
 the right foot. 
 
 .\fter the war he removed to Pott-- 
 ville. Pa., where he became a l<ical 
 insurance agent until i8(iS, when he 
 returned to l'hiladel])hia and in 1881 was 
 made secretary of tlie Uniti'cl l'"iremen"s 
 Insurance Company, becoming its presi- 
 dent in 1892. Tie was Surveyor (jencral 
 of the Commonwealth from 1872 until 
 1875 ;uid after serving as Department 
 Ci>m)uander of the Crand .\rniy of the 
 Republic, was, in 1883, elected Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of that organization. I le 
 is the author of the "History of the 
 (irand .Army of the Republic"' and first 
 vice-president of the lioard of Trustees 
 of tile Penu<\lvania .Soldiers and Sailors 
 Home. 
 
 He is also vice-president of the 
 I'eoplc's National Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany and historian of .St. .Andrews (Scot- 
 tish) Societv of Pennsvlvania. 
 
424 
 
 W AKU U K S KICVSTONE COM MUX WKALTI i. 
 
 lOLoxia. K. DAI.:-; i;i-;xs(.i.\. 
 
 ( )ne of the m(_)st [irdminent figures in 
 the financial, social and military circles 
 in Philadelphia, is I'lri^adier-deneral R. 
 Dale lienson. (ieneral ISenson was born 
 in I 'liila<leliihia. Decemher Oth. 1S41, the 
 sun i)f (instavns S, l'iens(jn, who was 
 one of the founders of the banking- house 
 of Alexander lienson & Co. All of Gen- 
 eral .Benson's ancestors were fmrn Tal- 
 bot County, Maryland, where they were 
 socially prominent and several nf them 
 served with distinctinn in the Kevi ilutic in- 
 ar\ War and the War of iSij. (Ieneral 
 Benson was educated in private schools 
 and at the Episcopal Academy. He af- 
 terwards entered the University of Penn- 
 sylvania from which he graduated in 
 i860 when only nineteen years of age. 
 W^hile acting as clerk in a wholesale gro- 
 cery he responded to President Lincoln's 
 call for troops and was mustered into 
 service as a private in the Commonwealth 
 Artillery, stationed at Fort Delaware. 
 Me was afterwards commissioned Second 
 Lieutenant in the 114th Pennsylvania In 
 fantry, and on January ist, 1863, wa-^ 
 made First Lieutenant and detailed as an 
 aide on the staff of (ieneral Charles K. 
 Ciraham, ])articipating- in the Battle of 
 (iettysburg and other famous engage- 
 ments. He was mustered out Alav 2gth, 
 iSd^. with the brevet of Captain ami 
 .Major, I'nited States \'olunteers, for 
 conspicuous gallantry at Chancellorsville, 
 \ ;i. H'e also served in the National 
 ( luard and was Colonel of the I'^irst Regi- 
 nieiU which performed active dutv at 
 the .Susquehanna depot, Thizlelon and vi- 
 cinity and Pittsburgh and Scranton. He 
 displayed high soldierly qualities in all 
 these campaigns and received special 
 mention in general orders, .\fter the 
 War of the Rebellion, he re-entered mer- 
 cantile life as a member of the firm en- 
 gaged in the importation of teas, biu 
 severed his connection with this concern 
 in 18S1, to accept the vice-presidencv of 
 the 1 'eimsylvania I'ire Insurance Com- 
 pany, fen years later he succeeded 
 John Devereux as president. In 1895, 
 (ieneral I'.enson was asked to accept the 
 Republican nomination for mavor but de- 
 clined the honor. He also declined on 
 several occasions to be a candidate for 
 
 ])resident of the L'ni<.in League. In (012 
 he was made ISrigadier Ceneral on re- 
 tired list, the honor being conferred by 
 (iovernor Tener, under an act of the Leg- 
 islature, which provides that a retired 
 State ofificer who served honorablv in the 
 (_ivil War, shall be advanced to the next 
 highest grade. (Ieneral Benson is iiresi- 
 
 \\:\. v.. ii.\i.K i;k\> 
 
 dent ni the Merchants l'"und Societ\ , and 
 manager of the Western h'nnd Society, 
 is a director in the Philadelphia National 
 liank. Real Estate Trust Company, Unit- 
 ed .\'ew Jersey Railroad and Canal Com- 
 pany, Nesquehoning \'alley Railroad 
 (^'ompany. Philadelphia, Baltimore and 
 Washington Railroad Company, .\ortli 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Com])any, Lehigh 
 Coal and Navigation Company, Belle- 
 fonte Central Railroad Company, Tresc- 
 kow Railroad Company, and the Penn- 
 sylvania Salt Manufacturing Company. 
 He is a member of the Union League, 
 .\rt Club, Philadelphia Country Club and 
 the ^Fcrion Cricket Club. He is a mem- 
 
UARW UK S KiaSKPM'. lO.M MON W ICAI. r H . 
 
 4-25 
 
 ber of \\»\ \i>. _', (.. A. I\.. and i- a 
 member n\ tbr l.oyal l.e.^ion. ilr ba- 
 been fur wars a trustee of tbc- l\iiih 
 I'resbx lerian L'biircli and was a trn>tee 
 i)f tbe I're^bv tL-riaii l/biircli nf Anieriea. 
 
 |i)ii.\ I. KiYi.i-: 
 
 Jobn j. I'liyle, tnrnier State l\e|in.-- 
 seiitalive and Slate Senator, is nnc of 
 those rare indiviiUials to whom obstaeles, 
 insurmountable to less fortunate men. be- 
 come steijpinsj stones to all that is most 
 desirable in life — position, inllueuce. 
 leadership and character. Me is a man 
 of restless and vigorous energy, posse>> 
 ing remarkable intellectual acumen and 
 naturally assuming by virtue of his con 
 manding talent, a foremost place auionu 
 his fellowmen. whether in the halls of tbr 
 Legislature or in the more ])rosaic bin 
 equally important walks of business. 
 
 There is one circumstance which is par 
 ticidarly characteristic of the lives of 
 most truly great and representative 
 Americans which is also prominentl\- 
 present in the career of Senator Coyle. 
 It is that the journey from ob.scurity to 
 success is not laid along the primrose 
 path of dalliance but is rather one beset 
 with real and tremendous difficulties and 
 obstacles apparently, and for most men 
 unfortunately, virtually insuperable. It 
 is to there unusual men who overcome 
 the difficulties and reiuove the obstacles 
 from their paths that the work! owes its 
 advancement and who stand as inspira- 
 tion, real and substantial, to those "god- 
 like boys" who follow in their wake. 'i"he 
 watchword of everyone of them has been 
 "Excelsior," and it is they wdio have 
 planted that insi)iring banner on the 
 highest crags an(I pinnacles of fame. 
 
 Senator Coyle was born in .Sebnvlkill 
 County, Pennsylvania. Xovember lo. 
 1863, the son of'i'hilip and Julia ( Duffy ) 
 Covle. His grandfather. I'hilip (/oyle. a 
 native of Ireland, was one of the original 
 settlers of Ncsquehoning, Carbon County, 
 Pa., in iHt,i,. His father, Phili]) Coyle. 
 Jr., removed to Xorwegian Township. 
 Schuylkill ComUy. in the early forties, 
 and there married Miss Julia Duffy. .\t 
 the age of eleven, the fiUiu'c Senator was 
 
 .loiiN .1. eovi.i;. 
 
 already working in the mines, but e\en 
 at that tender age ambition was strong 
 within him and his desire for an educa- 
 tion was >o consuming that after the ar- 
 duous toil of the da\', he atteniled school 
 at night. To such good jniriMjse did he 
 devote the spare moments snatched from 
 his daily toil and so remarkable was his 
 progress that at the astonishingly early 
 age of thirteen, he qualified to leach and 
 actually held a teacher's certificate. lie- 
 cause of his extreme youth, however, he 
 was refused permission to teach, and it 
 was not until three years later, wlien he 
 was sixteen, that he was finall\' jilaeed in 
 charge of a -chool. In all, he tau.ght 
 school for six years, three years in 
 ATahanoy Townshi]i. Schuylkill County 
 and tliree years in i'"oster Township. Lu- 
 zerne County. 
 
 .•\t the end of his sixth term he retired 
 from the teaciiing |)rofession. and aeee])! 
 ed a position as bookkei'per for J. I'. .Mc 
 Donald, of I'Veeland. i'a. The next year, 
 however, he returned to .\Iahanny City 
 and engaged in the real esl.tte an<l insiu'- 
 
426 
 
 WANWUKS KEYSTO.VE CUM M ( IN WEAL r 1 1. 
 
 ance husiiR-ss. In 1889, ( iovernor Beaver 
 appointed liini a niatjistrate t<i fill a va- 
 cancy, and in 18(10 he was elected for the 
 full term of five years. In 1891. the Leg- 
 islature suhniitted to the people the cpies- 
 tion whether a constitutional convention 
 was desired by them and at the same time 
 delegates were elected to the proposed 
 convention. Senator Coyle was elected 
 to the convention from tlie Thirtieth Sen- 
 atorial district. He was already, how- 
 ever, one of the most prominent men in 
 Schuylkill County, and in i8()2 he was 
 sent to the State Legislature from the 
 First district. Two years later, in 18174, 
 he was sent to the upper house as Sena- 
 tor from the Thirtieth district. Senator 
 Covle was extremely active in both 
 branches of the Legislature in espousing 
 the cause of the man who toils and his 
 energies were especially directed toward 
 alleviating- the burden of the miner, 
 among whom he was born and reared 
 and with whom he had a natural and sin- 
 cere sympathy. While in the Senate he 
 introduced and had passed a bill creating 
 the Department of Mines. This measure 
 was a tremendous advance in mining leg- 
 i^latiiin up to that time and its introduc- 
 tion and successful passage was a ]ierson- 
 al triumph for .Senator Coyle. He was 
 also largely instrumental in the passage 
 of the present law making it obligattjry 
 for miners to qualify by passing an exam- 
 ination. This measure materially lessened 
 the danger of accidents since the ]5erson- 
 nel of the miners was greatly improved 
 by the elimination from their ranks of 
 the ignorant and unfit. 
 
 Realizing the larger op]iortunities of 
 the metropolis of the State. Senator 
 Coyle removed to Philadelphia in 1897 
 and established a real estate ofifice, but in 
 i8f)<7 he sold his business and organized 
 the American Catholic Union, a fraternal 
 insurance organization which is to-day 
 one of the most influential auil iiowerful 
 insurance companies in the couiUrv. In 
 1902. President Roosevelt appointed Sen- 
 ator Coyle special agent in charge of the 
 salmon fisheries of .Maska. but the call 
 of business was so urgent and insistent 
 that at t!ie end of two years as Fish 
 Couimissioner, he re^ii^^ned to devote him- 
 self more closely to the young but flour- 
 
 ishing insurance conipan\. In \qo() he 
 bought the stock of the Pennsylvania Mu- 
 tual Life Insurance Company, became its 
 Ijresident. and after a com])lete reor- 
 ganization he placed that corporation on 
 a sound basis and is making it one of the 
 leading companies of the country. 
 
 He is president of the American Cath- 
 olic i'nion, vice-president and chairman 
 of the Executive Hoard of the Xew Jer- 
 sey Rapid Transit Company, and holds a 
 similar position with the Electric Light 
 and Power Company of Sea Isle Cit>-. 
 Xew Jersey. He is also treasurer, direc- 
 tor and general manager of the l'>ell Un- 
 ion Coal and Mining Company with mine 
 located at Curlew, Ky. 
 
 In Mahanoy City, he married Miss 
 Mary Groody, daughter of Michael 
 (jroody. a prominent Schuylkill Count) 
 ])olitician. and they have two children. 
 Margaret M. and Julia M. R. Coyle. 
 
 Senator Coyle is still a comparativelx- 
 young man of vigorous physique and in- 
 exhaustible energy, and his nnfltitude of 
 friends and admirers look for even more 
 remarkable achievements from the talent- 
 ed son of Pennsylvania in the future. 
 His whole career has been one of remark- 
 able inspiration, particularly to ambitious 
 \ouths wh()se opportunities are few and 
 limited and who need just such example- 
 of signal achievement as the life of Sen- 
 ator John J. Coyle supplies. 
 
 P ATRICUS MCM.\.\rS. 
 
 An important factor in the develop- 
 ment of a country is the capable railroad 
 contractor who successfully battles with 
 every adverse condition and overcomes 
 apparently insurmountable obstacles that 
 stand in the way of line construction. For 
 riearly half a century Patricius McManus 
 has been engaged in every branch of rail- 
 road building and his success is due to 
 his inherent constructive ability. Mr. 
 McManus was born in Pottsville, Peiui- 
 svlvania. Xovember 22, 1847, the son of 
 John and Anna (McGovern) ^McManus. 
 His inclination for contracting work was 
 inherited, for his lUdther's father was a 
 pioneer contractnr in the eastern part of 
 
WAUw UK s Kli^•s^o^•I•: r(iM.\i(i\\\iLALTii. 427 
 
 Uu' L'nitfd Si.iiL-> anil played an ini|)iir- omslriKnion was the perfect sy>leni of 
 tant i)art in ilie eunstruetion of the I'.rie tracks at IJroad Street Station, which was 
 t.'anal. the Hudson Kiver Railroad and devised and constructed eiitirelv by him. 
 the famous old rorta,i;v road over the 1 lis other work for this company was the 
 Alleijlieny .Mountains t^ 1 'iltsl)urL;h, I'a. huildino- of the tunnel for the I'hiladel- 
 His father was also a succe^slul contrac- phia. I'.altimore and \Vashini;ton Division 
 tor wlio was engat^ed in much impnrtant under the main line in West' l'hil;idel])hia 
 work throu.gllout the StaU-. in the early ,ind the tuiuiel under the .\e\v \'ork Di- 
 days of raih-oads and ^,lnal^. Mr. Mc- \i-ion tracks at Thirty-tiflh street. Ik' 
 .Manus was educated at the .Macuiii^ie In- has also constructed a large amount (.)f 
 stitute. in Lehigh ('omuy. 1 'emis\ Ivaui.i. macadam work in and around I'hiladel- 
 and in the pithlic schooU of l.anca-ter phia. I Ii> un. re recent work included the 
 County, in the saiur State. After li^aving track -\stem in the 1 'hiladelphia and 
 school, he was t'uiphpxed 1)\ his maternal Reading subway and the reconstruction 
 grandfather .and i|uickl\ familiarized of the old Disural .Swamp Canal in \'ir- 
 himself with ever\ branch of the con- ginia and South Carolina and the making 
 tracting business. His quick .grasp of i<i a waterway from tlie Chcsajjeake l'.a\ 
 detail and his determination and energy to .Mhemarle .Soiuiil. l'"rom 1884 uiUil 
 are shown in bis earliest work. In iSd'i. 1804. .Mr. .\lc.M;niiis w.i> in partin^rship 
 when but nineteen years of age. he enter- with his half-br. ither. J,inn-s 1 1. l\eill\, 
 ed into a contract to build a section of under the lirni name nf .McAlamt> and 
 eleven miles of the Sunbury and Lewis- l\eill>. In the la^t named \ear be pur- 
 town Railroad, and despite his youth and chased .Mr. Reill\'> interest and conduct- 
 to tlie amazement of his friends, he sue- ed the business alone mitil 181)7, when be 
 cessfully com])leted the work within the organized the .Mc.Mauus Construction 
 prescribed time. This was his first \eu- ( ompan\. i>i which he i^ pre^ideiU .-md 
 ture and the knowded.ge gained by its fitl- general manager. Mr. .Mc.Manus also 
 fillment brought him into a prominence made all the excavations ami double- 
 that rai)idly secured for him many impor- tracked the electric road to .\tlantic C_'it\- 
 tant atid intricate railroad contracts. tor the I'cini.sylvania Railroad Conipam. 
 .\nu)ng his first important work in I'hil- completing the fortv-mile stretch, from 
 adeljjhia was the erection of the I'hila- .Vewficld to the seashore in four months. 
 del])hia Stock Yard> and the construe- The large wnrk he has now under wa\ 
 tion of the entire track >ystem .at tlie includes tWM secli(in< nf the l.nw tirade 
 E.vposition grotmds during the Centeii- Division of the I 'eimsyhania Railroad, 
 nial in 187'). and the building of the sta- the tirsi west of Dow ningt. >wn. I'.i.. .-md 
 tion and track system for the I'ennsyl- the nther ;il (Juarr\\-ille. I'a.. and the 
 vania Railroad at Thirlx ->ec(ind and c. ni-tructii m of the cnt-olT f(ir the Dela- 
 .Markil streets. .Mr. .Mc.Mamis was at ware. I.ackawainia and \\'e>tern Rail 
 one time roadmaster of the I'ittsburgli road, between I 'ark Summit and .Mil ford, 
 and Lake V.r'w Railroad and he later I'a. This is considered one of the hea\- 
 double-tracked the .\tlantic City system iest pieces of construction work ever un- 
 for the I'iiiladelphia and i-Jeading Rail- dertaken. bnth on account of the rock 
 road Com[)an\-. He also constructed the formation and the e.xtremelv high eleva- 
 mason work for two bridges o\er the li'in ol' the road, smne of the bridges 
 Susquehanna River and reconstructed the being o\er two hundred and fiftv feet 
 roadbed and waterways at .South b'ork above the water level. .Mr. .McManus, in 
 and Johnstown. I'a., after the awful flood addition to being the oldest contractor in 
 that was so destructive to life and pro])- the State, in jioint of contimious service, 
 ertv. .Some of the heaviest and most dif- is one of the l)cst known and most suc- 
 ticuh work on the line of the Pcnnsyl- cessful and there is probal)lv no man in 
 vania Railroad was executed by .Mr. the business that has so comprehensive a 
 ^rcj.\ranns. 'Idiis included the changing knowledge of the intricacies of s\stem- 
 of the line at Conewago. Hillsdale, I'.ix- atic track laving. He is a nieml)er of the 
 ler. I'ennington and X'ewton-Hannlton. bjigineers' Club, the .\thletic Club and 
 but his greatest achievement in railroad the l''rien(ll\- Sons of St. Patrick. Mr. 
 
28 
 
 Warwick's keystone commonwicai/i ii. 
 
 Mc.Mamis iiKirried in 1867, Miss ^lary 
 lane Swent;lc and by this union there 
 were four children: Regina, John A., 
 Edward J., and Josephine. His second 
 marriage was to Miss Ehzabeth Mcdnv- 
 ern. iin January 4, 1888, and they have 
 six children: Herbert, Anna, Marie Jo- 
 seph, Leo Patricius. Fllizabeth and ("lert- 
 rude. 
 
 ii<ii^\( 
 
 IRrMIiAUER, 
 
 Mr. llorace Trunil)auer is one of the 
 vounQ-er ^eni-ration nf architects, whose 
 rare attain- 
 nients in his 
 p r o f e s > i< >n 
 have lirdu^iit 
 iiini inti.i na- 
 tional |ir(inii- 
 nence. 
 
 He has been 
 the architect 
 fur numerous 
 ]> r 1 1 ni i n r nt 
 buildings in 
 many sections 
 of this coun- 
 try, and en- 
 joys the im- 
 tronage of a 
 large and ex- 
 ■'"' ntrMi^AriK. elusive clien- 
 tele at his offices in Xew York City and 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 at (ine time Secretary and afterwards 
 President uf the old JJoard of Health. 
 Upon the organization of the I'lUreau 
 of Plealth, he was made it^ temporary 
 chief. This position was hually made 
 pcrnKment and he was at the same time 
 made I're-ident of the I'.oard. ( ieneral 
 (l.Hiil h.is been cnunected with the Xa- 
 liiinal ( iuard since 1871, and rose from 
 the ranks to the Colonelcy of the iMrst 
 Regiment. He served as Colonel of the 
 First Pennsylvania Volunteeers during 
 the Spanish-American War. He is a 
 former president of the Young Republi- 
 can Club and is a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity, the Manufacturers' Club, the 
 Philadelphia Yacht Cluli and President 
 of the State Poard of L'ndertakers. He 
 has been for ten years president of the 
 Xinth Ward Building Association, No. 
 _', and is president of the .Arlington Ceme- 
 ter\- C'dUipany, at I.^ansdi.iwne. 
 
 (■,E.\ER.\L J. LEWIS GOOD. 
 
 Brigadier ( ieneral J. Lewis Ciood. w ho 
 for over f(irt\- years has been closely iden- 
 tified with the business, social and mili- 
 tary life of Philadelphia, was born in 
 that city February 3, 1853, and was edu- 
 cated in the public schools, .\fter mas- 
 tering every detail of the undertaking 
 business, he was admitted to partnership 
 in the business which his father, John 
 (iniid, had established in 1832, becoming 
 siile proprietor upon the death of the 
 elder Good. General Good served as a 
 member of the Eighth Ward Sectional 
 School Hoard for twenty years and was 
 
 WII.T.r.VM TEPPER, M. P.. LL. D. 
 
 William Pepper was born .\ugust 21, 
 1843. He was the son of Dr. William 
 Pepper, line of the leading practitioners 
 of his dav in Philadelphia. Dr. Pepper 
 graduated from the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1862 and from the Medical 
 School in 1864. The establishment of 
 the University Hospital in 1874 was 
 largely due to his eiiforts. Dr. Pejiper 
 was appointed Professor of Clinical Med- 
 icine in 1874 and in 1876 he served as 
 Medical Director of the Centennial Ex- 
 hibition held in Philadelphia. Li 1877 he 
 delivered an address entitled, "Higher 
 .Medical Education the True Interest of 
 the Public .and of the Profession," and in 
 iSi)3 on the inauguration of the four- 
 vear course at the University he delivered 
 under the same title another equally im- 
 portant address. These two addresses 
 are land marks in the progress of medical 
 education in America. Sir William Os- 
 ier has said: "Were I asked to name the 
 most satisfying single piece of work in 
 Dr. Pepper's life, I should say imhesitat- 
 inglv, 'That which related to the ])romo- 
 tion of higher medical education.' " 
 
 In 1881 Dr. Pepper was in.augurated 
 
Ki;\ SKJXE I ()M Ml )N WKALIIl. 
 
 4-2'' 
 
 as Provost (_>f thu L'niv(.-rsit> of l'c.-nns\l- 
 vaiiin. 1 \c resigned in i8(;4 and the tabid 
 on the pedestal of his statue tersely tells 
 what he aeconiplished during; these thir- 
 teen years. As J'rii\-cist he eslahlislied the 
 following L'niversity l)ei)artnients : 
 
 The Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy, The Tniversity Liljrary. Tlu' 
 Biological nepartmenl. The (Iradnate 
 
 u ir.ir \ \i I'l I'l'iH, .\i. 
 
 Department for Women, The hepartinent 
 of I'hilosophy, The Department (if I I >■ 
 .giene. The X'eterinary De])artnieni, The 
 Department of Architecture, Tlie Train- 
 ing .School for .Nurses, The Wistar In- 
 stitute of .\natomy and ISiology. 'l"he De- 
 partment of Physical Rducation. The 
 William I'epper I.ahoratory of Clinical 
 Medicine. The Department ni Archae- 
 olfigy and Palaeontolngy. 
 
 And tile fiilliiwing public iuslitute-- 
 
 were his creations : The h'ree l.ibrarx ni 
 Philadelphia. The \-\w Mu>euni .if Sci- 
 ence and Art. I'lu- Philadelphia .Muse- 
 ums. 
 
 I )r. Pepper held the chair nf Theory 
 anil Practice of .Medicine in the .Medical 
 SchiKil iif the University ><i I 'enn^x Ivania 
 fmni iS,S4 until his death iu iSi|S. This 
 chair had been held by his father fmm 
 iSdo ti) lX'14. He al-ii edited in 1 SS5 a 
 ti\e-Vi>lume "S\-tem nf .Medicine." In 
 which he was a cnpi.ius cintribntiir. Thi- 
 wiirk h.id an interuatinnal success. ll 
 was fi)lliiweil in lSi)3 by ".\ Text-liook 
 (if .Medicine by .American Teacher>." 
 
 in i8(>2 Dr. Pejjper was elected jiresi- 
 deut of the Pan-.\merican .Medical (.'on- 
 gress, which held its first meeting in i.Sg,:; 
 in Washington, and in 1896 attended as 
 president, the second meeting in the C"it\ 
 of .Mexico. 
 
 .\t the suggestion of Dr. I'e])per, his 
 uncle. George S. Pepper, bequeathed 
 about $225.ocx) to found a Free Library 
 in Philadelphia and the credit fnr f(_iund- 
 iug this institutidU is largely due t( 1 1 'r. 
 1 'epper. 
 
 During the latter \ears of his life Dr. 
 I'e])per labored unceasingly f(ir the es- 
 tablishment of the Philadelphia fnni- 
 mcrcial Museum. 
 
 .\n e])itome of his jinblic achie\enients 
 may be fnund in his biograpbx' li\ b'r.iu- 
 cis .\'ewt(in Thor])e: "Institutinns fnuud- 
 ed : The I'niversity Hospital, the t'om- 
 mercial Museums, and the Philadeli)hi;i 
 Free Library. Institution reorganized 
 and recreated: The Lhiiversity of Penn- 
 sylvania. Public Reforms: The imjirove 
 nient of the city's water supply and an en- 
 tire change in the attitude of the public 
 mind towards education and the ideals nf 
 life. T(i carry nnt these plans Dr. IV'])- 
 jjer raised above ten million dollars and 
 secured aljout a hundred acres of laml 
 from the nninici])ality, lying near the 
 heart of Philadelphia. To the execution 
 of this task he .gave the service of one of 
 the most acute and at the same time the 
 most practical minds ever vouchsafed to 
 man." Dr. Pei)])er died July _>8, i8()8. 
 aged 53 >ears. 
 
IN MEM OR 1AM. 
 
 Laboriiif;" ilurint^ jicriods oi acute bnd- 
 ily pain, wliun it wmild -ecni imp. i^sihk- 
 for his iiu-ntal (.■ipiii)niein ti> remain nor- 
 mal Mr. Warwick struggled tei complete 
 this, hi.s last work, with a fortitude that 
 was heroic. At times his suffering was 
 so iinense that he h.ul to stop dictating, 
 hut after a few moments' rest he would 
 resume work with an apology for his 
 seeming weakness, lie never com])lain- 
 ed, but ]ireserved the same genial tem- 
 perament that marked his entire life. 
 .Vone of his many friends could possibly 
 realize the intensit\' of the suffering he 
 bore uncomplainingly for years for his 
 cheerfulness was seldom overcome 1)\ his 
 physical ailments and it was only on rare 
 occasions that he let it be known how* 
 keenly he felt the blight that sickness had 
 ])ut upon his career. The visit of old 
 friends was greatly appreciated by the pa- 
 tient sufferer and letters from former as- 
 sociates were read eagerly and cheerfulh 
 answered. One from Judge John l\ El- 
 kin, of the Supreme Court of the State, 
 brought a reply that shows how stoicallx 
 Air. Warwick accepted the situation and 
 how bravely he faced the adverse coiidi- 
 tious. Judge Elkiu's letter was one of 
 s\nipathv and enc( juragement and Mr. 
 Warwick replied as follows: 
 "Ah- I)e.\r JuDCi:: — 
 
 "I have received \our letter of the i it'.i 
 inst. I cannot tell \ciu how \our kind 
 words touched my heart and ga\e me 
 courage to face the future. T have tried 
 to be cheerful through my afHictiou and 
 to keep mv colors flying until they fall 
 imder the last volley that is discharged. 
 ( iod bless \on. nn dear Judge, and may 
 yoin' future be bright, prosperous and 
 happ\'. \'ou ma\ rest assured that T 
 shall ever remember you as an old time 
 frieu.l." 
 
 When death tinallx relieved him. it bore 
 no sting, but was welcomed, lor in its 
 calm repose he found the haven "where 
 the wearv are at rest." 
 
 .Mr. Warwick's death brought tele- 
 
 grams of regret and condolence from 
 everv i|uarter, for he possessed a person- 
 ality that attracted and his friends were 
 legion. His funeral was attended bv ac- 
 quaintances and friends in every walk of 
 life. Men distinguished in the affairs of 
 the State and city were, in their grief, 
 Ijrought in close contact with the humble 
 laborers who had come to pay their last 
 respects to one whom they loved and re- 
 vered for his kindly nature and thought- 
 ful consideration. The newspapers, the 
 Rench and Bar and various associations 
 with which Mr. Warwick was affiliated, 
 paid tribute to his sterling integrity and 
 worth and expressed deep regret at the 
 loss of a valued friend and co-worker. 
 His death was editorially noted in the 
 "Press" as follows: "Beginning early in 
 life and continuing up to the time when 
 his ])arty and jiublic service were reward- 
 ed by an election to the Mayoralty, 
 Charles F. Warwick had a very large part 
 in the public life of the city. His grace- 
 ful, ready and pleasing oratory was al- 
 ways in demand and his genial, hearty 
 manner and good fellow'ship made him 
 widely popular. I'our times he was 
 chosen City Solicitor and performed the 
 duties of that office acceptably for eleven 
 years. As Mayor he had behind him a 
 divided party and its political dissensions 
 seriouslv marred the harmony and suc- 
 cess of his administration. 
 
 ".\mong his notable ser\-ices as Mayor 
 was ihe part he took so well as master 
 of ceremonies when the city received dis- 
 tinguished visitors. When Li Hung 
 Chang and his suite visited Philadelphia, 
 Mayor Warwick gave tbein a great ;md 
 imjjressive welcome. When he accom- 
 panieil the Liberty Bell to Atlanta in 
 [81J3, the entire route was alive with 
 freshh- aroused ]iatriotism and the May- 
 or's frecpient and most hapjiy speeches 
 (piite won the hearts of the Southern peo- 
 ple, keenly appreciative of spontaneous, 
 graceful and appropriate orator\-. 
 
 "Since his retirement from the Ma\- 
 
 4,?o 
 
W AUWKK's KKVSTOXK (IIM MnWVKAl.TU. 4.^1 
 
 orahv, -Mr. Warwick lia.l hccii "ulv .k- Stuart ami Siuitli. aii<l al.-n WcavL-r. un\- 
 
 casionallv bcfnrr the public, illness, sc- each at the time <.l their election, _v..iiiiKer 
 
 vere, protracted and exhausting' almost than he \va> at the lime of his election, 
 
 incapacitated him for several years and .since he held the office there have been 
 
 never altotjether left him. In this inter- four .MtccesM>rs— Ashbridge. Weaver, 
 
 val his life took on a neu interest. .\1- Reybnru and lUankenburg— and m the 
 
 ways a reader, the ])ernsal <if the I'rench many mntalions that have taken place in 
 
 Revolution had received much of hi^ at l'hiladel])hia politics, as well as by reason 
 
 tention and in si)ite of illness he labored of the physical iulirmities which disabled 
 
 over that jieriod and wn.te at short inter- him, he had almost as much disapiiearecl 
 
 vals four volumes of vivid narra'ion from jjublic recollection during- most of 
 
 which make a valuable popular hi>torv of the interval a- if he had already ceased 
 
 that most exactin-' and interestiiiL; hi- to be of and anion- the hvui-. In tlu-> 
 
 torical period. respect— in the cruel blit^ht which belell 
 
 ■■.Mr. Warwick was a man who made the exercise of his pow^er.s at a time wdieii 
 
 friends and iiianv of them. The public din- he was in the fulness of his mental re- 
 
 ner ijiven to him when it was believed he sources and when many years of profe>- 
 
 was'finallv recovered from his illness bore sional and pulilic activity should have 
 
 testimonv t.> the ureal number of the-e been ahead of him— he was unlike any 
 
 friends and the streiislh of their attach- other man that ha-> cmie out of the office 
 
 ment. lie has died at a relatively early in the meridian of life. 
 
 a,L;e, but probably his life work was com- . _., 
 
 pleted and robust health was not perman- . ■ • 
 
 ently his portion. His life has been a full "Ihit when he was in the thish ,.1 hi> 
 
 one'and his memorv will long- survive." ambition, and e^iiecially long belore he 
 
 The "Evening i'.nlletin" thtts >-xpressed became Mayor of I 'biladelphia, his genial, 
 its opinion: "i'.v the <lealh of Charles enthusiastic and eager nature was like 
 b'ranklin Warwick, C'itv Solicitor for the ra<liance of cris|. and buoyant sun- 
 eleven vears and .\lav..r from \A)S to .shine, and no other young man at the bar 
 i,S<)9 Philadelphia lo>e> one of its most and in ]K>litics had more of a zest and ar- 
 attractive i>ublic orat.irs. Rarelv if ever dor in his hopes of a great career. He 
 didWarwickniakeaspeechthatwasii.it was i-ecuharly an example ot the .set- 
 
 listened to with keen interest .iiiil p 
 
 niai 
 
 lulh: he worked hard in tlu 
 
 ure. His addres.ses were full of wit and >tndie> which he imi)osed upon himselt, 
 
 classic allusions, but never tired his listen- and he never had any hesitation in avow- 
 
 ers bein<r alwavs eloquent and to the iiig his toil or the necessities which .si)ur- 
 
 point, lt7 the lUaine campaign of 1S84, red him to exertion. 1 first knew htm 
 
 when onlv thirtv-two vears of age, he de- when he was a Ki'i.ubhcan stumper 111 the 
 
 livered s.ime of'the most notable speeches campaign for I leinv M- I !;'>}_ I.'"' ' ■"^■- 
 that were made 
 
 iu ( )hio and Indiana." eriior against .\ndrew H. Dill in 1S7S, 
 
 the same paper on .\pril J. li)l. 
 
 Satnriku night, when he 
 
 ■•I'enn" under the caption ■■.Men and .sent to an open-air mass-meeting in Keii- 
 Tliin<'s-' wrote as follows of Mr. War- sington, in the vicinity of the old ■Xaniiy 
 wick'^ "The late Charles F. Warwick was Coat" market, he delivei-cd one ot the 
 the third Mavorof I'hiladelphia under the ni,>st liery -blocHly shirt" speeches, as the 
 I'.ullitt .Xct.'and onlv two citizens who term then went, that had been heard 111 
 held that office before him are now liv- the campai.gn. His glowing ])icture of 
 i„<r_Kdwiii S. Stuart and William I'., the heroism of the I'mou soldiers was as 
 Smith: and Smith is the onlv survivor of an electrical charge of vehement, lii.gh- 
 the Mavors under the Consolidation .\ct. pitched diction, and the api)lause of the 
 more tlian a (piarter of a ccnturv having crowd was tremendous. .\pi)arently the 
 passed since he went out of office. It has speech was as spontaneous as it was spir- 
 been said that Warwick was the voungest iled. hut after it was all over lie laugh- 
 man thai has ever served in the Mavor- ingly admitted to his friends of the |>res> 
 altv I'.ut this is inc.irrect. for both that he had been laboring for a week on 
 
43-2 
 
 W AKWICK S KEVSTOM-: C'lKM MUX WEALTH. 
 
 that specfli ami that he knew it so well 
 that he cmilil reiu-at it verl)atini. et litera- 
 tim et |iunctatini. 
 
 "At no time was he a [)olitician in the 
 seii.se of Ijeiiii; a leader: it was his ora- 
 torical facility that gave him a place in 
 Philadelphia politics, and his relations to 
 political leaders throughout his life were 
 wliolK secondary and responsive. Among 
 the juniiir niemhers of the bar he went 
 tci the frmu ver\' rapidly, first making a 
 repiitatiiiii in the old Quarter Sessions 
 Court house by trying desertion cases for 
 the Hoard of Guardians of the Poor when 
 the\- used to have their ofifice on Seventh 
 street and when his manner of enlivening 
 these proceedings easily facilitated the 
 production of reporters' 'copy.' He was 
 one of the young men who were clustered 
 around George S. Graham when Graham 
 first became District Attorney thirty-two 
 ago : and F. Amadee Bregy. John L. Kin- 
 sey and Charles F. Warwick were fore- 
 most among those who subsequently 
 reached higher distinction. When War- 
 wick about three years afterwards, first 
 ran for City Solicitor — '.Bill' Smith being 
 on the same ticket for ]Ma\-or against the 
 renomination of Mayor King and 'Hon- 
 est' John Hunter for his second term as 
 Receiver of Taxes at a time when (George 
 G. Pierie had been fairly entitled to that 
 nomination in point cif part}- regularity, 
 but had been constrained to retire because 
 of Hunter's seemingly exceptional popu- 
 larity — it was the eloquence of the young 
 candidate that went far to work up a ma- 
 jority for the ticket in the face of what 
 had apjieared to lie the odds against it 
 wlien it was hr>t put in the field. The 
 Democrats and the reformers who oppos- 
 ed him had a good deal to say about his 
 comparative youth in aspiring to be the 
 head of the Law Department of the city. 
 P)Ut Warwick in his speeches got ofT a 
 lot of his exuberant talk atout the second 
 Pitt and .-Mexander Hamilton and the cer- 
 taintv tliat time would cure the fault in 
 him. and then striking one of his energetic 
 attitudes, would call on the voters with 
 flashing eyes and in ringing tones to 
 "stand liv the voung men.' to remember 
 that in the niiuteentli century a man at 
 thirtv Could learn as nnicli as his father 
 
 did at sixt}-, and to wake up to Philadel- 
 phia's need of a release from the respect- 
 ;il)le tyranny of its nice old fossils. Quick 
 in repartee, a clever story teller, knowing 
 how to quote popular poetry efifectively, 
 he was then and long afterwards the best 
 all-around p<5litical speaker at campaign 
 meetings in Philadelphia. 
 
 "As City Solicitor he was iiK.ire suc- 
 cessful than some of his own supporters 
 thought he would be or could be, and 
 when he began his fourth term it almost 
 looked as if he was to be permanently 
 booked for the place, as Graham in the 
 District Attorneyship apparently was 
 after he had been holding it for six terms. 
 It might have been well for him if he 
 had been thus continued in the Solicitor- 
 ship, or if his subsequent lines in public 
 life had been in accord with his profes- 
 sional or legal pursuits. But wdien he 
 was taken up for ^Mayoralty with scarcely 
 any previous expectation on his part or 
 on the part of anybody else by the Mar- 
 tin-Porter leadership of the Republican 
 organization, with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road and the Cnion Traction interests in 
 the background, he was placed in a situa- 
 tion which he was not qualified to meet 
 in a large or commanding way, and which 
 those who were his sponsors did not ex- 
 |)ect or want to have met in that way by 
 any candidate whom they might have fa- 
 vored. Still he made an excellent impres- 
 sion on the public in the course of his 
 campaign : he was elected by a heavy ma- 
 jority, and it was thus that he first broke 
 the talismanic reputation which for eigh- 
 teen \ears had been enjoyed by his oppo- 
 nent at the polls — ^Robert E. Pattison. 
 ^'et it was Warwick's misfortune to be 
 elected in the midst of the rancor and re- 
 sentments wdiich had followed the rejec- 
 tion of Boies Penrose for the Mayoralty 
 by the Martin-Porter interests, and which 
 finally resulted in the bitterest rupture 
 and feud known in the Republican party 
 in Philadelphia : and at no time in the 
 course of the four years of his adminis- 
 tration was he able to restore peace or to 
 gain for his administration the unified 
 support of his party. Threatenings, con- 
 troversy, litigation, obstruction, the cross- 
 
^\•.■\u\\■lCK s KI■:^ siuMi com.mu.wvealtii. 
 
 433 
 
 purposi^ of lacliunal .>traU-t;_\ . ilic plots 
 of the anti-L'oiiibine at^aiiist the L'oiii- 
 biiic, the strifes over Oiuiy and his hold 
 schemes for estahlishiiiL; the >upreinaey 
 of his faction inider hiirhani and Me- 
 Xichol, the Lexowins^, the viliticalion on 
 all sides, the calls for reform ll])risinJ,^ 
 the first contest over the first lease of the 
 ( las Works when Dolan was in the sad- 
 dle, and the storm of unpopularity which 
 it let loose for the time heinj;-, all clouded 
 and hampered the Warwick administra- 
 tion and its plans, and made it a failure iu 
 many respects. But if the times had l)een 
 normal in Philadelphia i)olitics, and if the 
 .Ma\or had received the customar\- sup- 
 |)ort of his party, it could easil\" ha\c hi'en 
 a success, for his own instincts and ])ur- 
 poses were creditable, and outside of the 
 imn^ediate circles of the hostility of liis 
 factional opponents he had ]ilenty of ilu- 
 iiersonal trood will of the town. 
 
 "Not lonji- Ix'fore his term came to a 
 close he asked me to see him one winter 
 afternoon in his oflfice at the City Hall. 
 1 le was much disturbed over the g;ossip 
 that he had been well j)aid to sign the bill 
 for the gas lease and that the United (ias 
 Improvement Com|)anv would 'take care' 
 of him when he should go out of office. 
 He said he thought the time might come 
 when it would be in order to do justice 
 to him. and that he wanted it to be re- 
 membered that he had attem|)tcd to >et 
 himself right. He then ])roceeded at 
 length to review all the events of his ad 
 ministration, to exjiress his disa]>ix)int- 
 ment over the extraordinary course ot 
 circumstances by which his jjurposes had 
 been baffled, and to insist that, while he 
 had been grateful to his friends who had 
 put him in ofificc, he had done nothing of 
 which he would feel ashameil, even if 
 he had made mistakes or had been led 
 into follies, lie thought, too, that there 
 liad never been such a flood of scandal 
 in the politics of Philadelphia as the great 
 factional feud had caused in the revenge- 
 ful tactics of leaders and their followers 
 to blackguard and humiliate foes beyond 
 all the usual limits of personal warfare. 
 r>ut he was m<jst concerned in endeavor- 
 ing to relieve himself of the imputations 
 
 that he had been intliu-nced by au\ act. 
 and especially iu the signing of the gas 
 lease, by any venal consideration. Me 
 went on t' i sa}' how he had been 'pulled 
 and hauled' by each side, how he had 
 lain awake in hi;^ bed at night wijndering 
 what he ought to do. how he reached con- 
 scientiousK- his conclusion that his sig- 
 nature to the lease would be a good thing 
 for this city, and why it was he believed 
 that time would show that his decision 
 was jtist and pro])er. Then he laid his 
 hand solemnly on mv knee and. with a 
 Mirt of measured dramatic intensity in 
 his words as he leaned (n'er, he protested 
 that he had never a thought of yielding 
 to an illicit ])ersuasion. '1 can assure- 
 _\'ou.' he said, as nearly as bis woriK can 
 now be recalled, "that my hands are ab- 
 solutely clean, and Cod knows it. and 1 
 shall go out of th.is office in the spring a 
 poor man, and 1 will accept no favor then 
 or thereafter from auybod\ which I do 
 not honestly deserve.' 
 
 "Warwick was doubtlessly the best- 
 read Mayor that has occupied the office 
 since the time of Morton McMichael. 
 He once said in his later years that if he 
 had not been a lawyer he would have jire- 
 ferred to be an editor or author, lie wrote 
 with considerable fluency, although in the 
 style of a man whose warmth of tem])er- 
 ament is under the influence of the ora- 
 torical instinct. His books on Mirabeau, 
 Dantou, Robespierre and Napoleon are 
 pictnres(|ne narratives of the chief char- 
 acters of the French Revolution, and the 
 advent of the foremost figure among 
 mankind in the dawn of the nineteenth 
 century, and their production was associ- 
 ated with his often pathetic hopes and 
 yearnings in his manly struggle to over- 
 come pain and depression when the shad- 
 ow of his lingering fate first began to 
 hang over him. In a few years he had 
 outlived the animosities of his adminis- 
 tration and he came to view the finer am- 
 bitions of political life, as he had seen 
 them, with something of a sense of the 
 insubstantial value of the mere cha.se and 
 struggle for reputation or apiilanse. ITe 
 was always charitable in speech for the 
 failings or mistakes of others: indeed, 
 
434 
 
 WARWUK S KEYSTONE CO-M M0\ WEALTH . 
 
 there was a sort of almost boyish impulse 
 and candor at times in hi-- thotii^ht and 
 conduct even when he was in the Ma\- 
 oralty ; and when he was in hi> prime 
 there was no cheerier son of intellectual 
 and social fellowship in the town — a 
 spirit which often entered into his little 
 writings almost to the last, in the midst 
 of his long battle for strength and a re- 
 turn to the familiar faces of men and the 
 scenes he loved so well. 
 
 "Even when it used to be in formal 
 order to say 'Mr. Mayor' to him, he 
 would look as if he liked far more to be 
 hailed as 'L'harley' Warwick." 
 
 The "IiKiuirer" stated that: "He was 
 regarded as one of the most polished ora- 
 tors of the city, and early in his career 
 won fame as a Republican campaign 
 speaker. .Mr. Warwick was a deep stu- 
 dent of French Revolutionary historv, 
 and during his illness wrote several books 
 on this subject which won much praise." 
 
 From the "North American" came the 
 following tribute: "Charles F. Warwick 
 was one of Philadelphia's ablest orators, 
 one of its cleverest and most popular after 
 dinner speakers and an author of dis- 
 tinction. In his early days he was "the 
 boy orator,' and in later years he was 
 'Warwick, the silvertongued * * '■'' 
 Mr. Warwick was a popular after-dinner 
 speaker. He never attended a Clover 
 Club or a Five O'Clock Club affair that 
 he w'as not asked to speak and compelled 
 to do so." 
 
 The "Record" in its local columns 
 said: "The death of Charles I'ranklin 
 Warwick, who gained an enviable repu- 
 tation as a lawyer, orator and author, re- 
 moves from Philadelphia one of its most 
 picturesque and notable figures. A\'hile 
 incapacitated for business during the last 
 eight years, ex-Mayor Warwick devoted 
 his time to literar\- work. ••' " * " 
 His published works were received with 
 universal commendation because of their 
 vivacious style." 
 
 The same paper in editoriallv noticing 
 the death of the ex-Mayor, paid him the 
 following tribute :"E.x-Ma\or Charles F. 
 Warwick i)assed out <if pulilic life so 
 long ago that to the vounger generation 
 
 of I'hiladelphia he has been little more 
 than a name. To older citizens his death 
 will recall memories of a splendid orator 
 and of a political career that contained 
 the possibilities of much higher honors 
 which were never realized. 'Charley' 
 Warwick, as he was familiarly known, 
 had C(juntless friends, who have regret- 
 ted the wasting disease and troubles that 
 have marked his later days. A man of 
 many and unusual gifts, in his time he 
 filled a place in the political and public 
 life of Philadelphia that no one has since 
 claimed." 
 
 The Bench and r>ar, on .\ijril 7, took 
 official notice of the death of Air. War- 
 wick and appropriate minutes were en- 
 tered on the records of the various 
 Courts. Especially impressive were the 
 proceedings before Judge Staake, in 
 Court \o. 5, where the death of Mr. 
 Warwick was announced by ex-Judge 
 William W. Porter. In moving that a 
 minute be entered in the records, he 
 briefly eulogized the dead lawyer, and 
 was seconded by Frank R. Shattuck, who 
 also paid a touching tribute to the ex- 
 .Mayor. 
 
 In replying. Judge .^taake spoke warm- 
 ly of Mr. Warwick, whom he had known 
 intimately from the time of his admission 
 to the Bar. He related several touching 
 incidents of his acquaintance with "Char- 
 ley" Warwick and in conclusion said : 
 "Charles F. Warwick w-as a remarkable 
 man, and it has often been said that if 
 his lot had been cast as a member of 
 Congress at the beginning of his career 
 he would have been a man of great inter- 
 n;itional reputation. As an orator, as an 
 author, even in ordinary conversation, 
 there was always that exhibition of a 
 wonderful command of language, of a 
 degree of elegance that I have never 
 heard excelled by any man no matter 
 what has been his re]iutation as an ora- 
 tor. 
 
 "We know of his efFort> a> a lawyer, 
 we know of his success in the trial of 
 cases before juries, as well as his remark- 
 able power in addressing the Court in 
 anv important argument. He had a very 
 active life, a very successful life, serving 
 the community in so many ways, and I 
 know that it will be the thought not onlv 
 
WAKwicK s Ki;ssri)M-; i iiMMn.\\\[:Ai.in. 
 
 435 
 
 i*i liis l)ri.nln\-n al the liar, but cif evcr\ 
 citizen. 111)1 only in I'hiiadelpliia. hut 
 throughdiit tile COinnionwcaltli. where lie 
 was kiK>wii from his appearance on the 
 hustings in the various campaigns of liis 
 party, and he was i<ii(iwn e\'en hcMmd 
 the borders of the ( ■outuiouwealth — I 
 know that there will lie unixer'^al regret 
 that his career has eiiikd. but when we 
 tliiiik of his suffering and what he had to 
 undergo there will be a universal senti- 
 ment that it is well with him now that 
 he has actually entered into his rest." 
 
 The Court ordered that the minutes 
 be entered into the records. 
 
 The officers and trustees of the Phila- 
 delphia Coiiimercial JNluseum paid a high 
 tribute to the life and work of ^Ir. War- 
 wick in the following resolutions: 
 
 '■\V'hi-:re.\s. In the death of Charles 
 Franklin Warwick, for many years a 
 trustee, vice-president and counsel of the 
 Commercial Museum, the city of Phila- 
 delphia, and American commerce in gen- 
 eral, have lost an earnest and far-seeing- 
 advocate and supporter and the Moard of 
 Trustees have been deprived of an alile 
 counsel and associate, a companion of 
 
 liroad culture and of character both re- 
 spected and belo\ed. and 
 
 "Wiii'.m; \s. The remarkable historical 
 and literary work achieved by .Mr. War- 
 wick, under the most adverse conditions 
 of an exacting profession, and later of 
 bodily suffering through wdiich he re- 
 t.ained ,ill high brilliancy of mind and 
 kindliness of spirit, ])resent an unusual 
 example of fortitude, courage and hero- 
 ism : therefore be it 
 
 "Resolved, That we. the Hoard of 
 Trustees of the I 'hiladel|i]iia .Museum re- 
 cord our deep sorrow al the death of 
 Charles Franklin Warwick, our respect 
 and affection for his )iiemory and our 
 cordial sympathy for his family in their 
 
 These resolutions were signed by Wil- 
 liam S. Harvey, president: Wilfred 11. 
 Schoff. secretary, and the following trus- 
 tees : Daniel Baugh, Wilson H. Brown. 
 Theodore X. Ely,' W. W. I'oulkrod, Ellis 
 .\. ( iimbel. Simon Cratz. W. W. Supplee, 
 W. T. Tilden. W. P. Wilson, .Svdnev I.. 
 Wright. Charles R. Toothacker! [olin ]. 
 ^rcFarlane and Dudlev Bartlett. " 
 
INDEX TO HISTORY 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Adams, John 162 
 
 Aiulersun, Alajnr 275 
 
 Antlru, Major John 134 
 
 Arch Street Theatre 244 
 
 Arnold, J'.enedict 13<> 
 
 \shliri<li;e, Samuel IT 204 
 
 Bache, Benjamin h'ranklin 138 
 
 Baldwin, Matthias W 22T, 
 
 Bank of North America. The ijit 
 
 Barney, Captain Joshua 143 
 
 Barnuni, I'hineas T 270 
 
 Beissel, Conrad 4<S 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas 22n 
 
 Bingham, Mrs. \\'illiam 165 
 
 Binney. Horace 227-214 
 
 Blankenburrr, Rudolph 21)4 
 
 Boardman, Rev. Dr 280 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon 180 
 
 Braddock, (General i>4 
 
 Breckenridije, Henry u;4 
 
 Brown, John 261) 
 
 Burti>n. William V. 245 
 
 Carey, Matthew 242 
 
 Carroll. Charles 256 
 
 Channing'. Dr 240 
 
 Chase. Samuel IQ3 
 
 Clarkson, Matthew 159 
 
 Clinton. Sir Henry 134 
 
 Cook, Ja\' 276 
 
 Cooke. George Frederick 201 
 
 Cresson, John C 281 
 
 Curtin, Andrew (! 2J^^ 
 
 Darragh, Lydia 1 37 
 
 (leWies, David I ' 17 
 
 Dickinson, John 117 
 
 Drake, Colonel 2()S 
 
 Duane, William 171 
 
 Ellsworth, tolonel 2jf> 
 
 Fearon, Henr\ I'.radshaw igo 
 
 Fitch, John i 33 
 
 Forrest, Edwin ion 
 
 Fox, Daniel M 283 
 
 4.S6 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 l-"ox, tieorge 24 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin 84-151 
 
 Fulton. Robert 154 
 
 Gaines, General 182 
 
 Garrison, William Lloyd 249 
 
 Genet, Citizen 157 
 
 ( ierard, Sieur 142 
 
 ( iibson, John Bannister 196 
 
 ( iirard National Bank 186-189 
 
 ( Iirard, Stephen 172-225 
 
 ( iirard Trust Company 231-233 
 
 (irant, L". S 281-288 
 
 ( Irehle, Lieutenant 27'i 
 
 Hamilton, .\le.\ander 155 
 
 1 lamilton, .\ndrew 84-107 
 
 Harding, Jasper 244 
 
 Harrison, William Henry 257 
 
 Head, "Joe" 259 
 
 Hendricksen, Ca]:)tain 16 
 
 Hopper, Isaac T 250 
 
 Howe, General 130 
 
 1 hidson, Hendrick 15 
 
 lni|uirer. The 244 
 
 Jackson, .\ndrew 230 
 
 Jefferson. Joseph 245 
 
 Jeft'erson. Thomas 125-172 
 
 Jennings. John 70 
 
 lohnson, Andrew 283 
 
 Kane, Elislia Kent 271 
 
 Keith. ( loveruor 70 
 
 Kemble. F^anny 220 
 
 Keyser, John S 260 
 
 Klincken, .\nthoiiy 49 
 
 l\n\ phausen, ( ieneral 131 
 
 Kugler, Dr 205 
 
 Lal'ayette. Le Marquis de La. . 130-215 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry 124-280 
 
 Lelaud. Charles Godfrey 243 
 
 Lincoln, .\braliam 274-282 
 
 Lind. Jennv 270 
 
 Lloyd."David 59 
 
 1 .ogan, James 80 
 
WARWICK S KKVSTO.VK COM MOX WKAI.TIl. 437 
 
 PAGIO. I'AdK. 
 
 Lunil\, I'linjamiii _'4S l\^^ll. jacdh 195 
 
 Lii/t-nic, M. ilr la 14-' 
 
 Sarlaiii, Joliii 242 
 
 McClc'lhin, ( ieorgc 1! -'77-28(1 Siinpsoii, Bishop jXi 
 
 -McKcan, Tlionias i')-' Stacy. Malilon ji 
 
 .\lc|\inli.'\ , William _'i)_' Stevenson, ("icori;c 220 
 
 AK-.Micliacl. Mnrt.m _'44-J'i4 Stewart, Ca|)t. Lazanis 70 
 
 Madison, janies .... 17<) St.n-klcy, William .S 284 
 
 Mann. Coionel William 1". _")<i Stuart, (jeorge 11 296 
 
 .Mar(|uette. ['"ather i)i .^inyvesant. I'eter 20 
 
 -Marshall, John 257 "Sun." 'The 244 
 
 Mason. David JJ^ Suud.i} 1 )is|)atch 244 
 
 .M.'ison .-uul .\i\iin <>(> Swil't. John 251 
 
 .Mey. Cornelius | m 
 
 -Miniul. I'eter 18 TaneN'. Justice 267 
 
 Morris, "Doljhy" 127 TaNlor, (ieneral 2f)C> 
 
 .Morris. Rohert 27I1 [(>(> Tilj^-hman. William i()2 
 
 .\'a\lor. L'liarle-i 233 Tuiled 1 ia> Impn j\enienl t n. .. 234-31) 
 
 Xorris. William JJ-' 
 
 Xdrth American 244 \'aulluieu. .Martin 257 
 
 \ au\. Richard 264 
 
 ( ).i;den. Amos ( ) jo 
 
 W .iiren. William 2cx) 
 
 'astorius. h'rancis Daniel 47 Washington. llu>hrod n^^ 
 
 'atterson. M.ajor < ieneral JJ^ W;ishinL;"ton. ( leorL^e [4() 
 
 'enn, William 2_| Wayne, .Anthony 161 
 
 'hiladelphia I'-ank. The 17,5 Wehster, Daniel jjj 
 
 'hiladel])hia S.avin.^s Innid Suciety . iS,:; Welsh, lion. John 2S1 
 
 'oe. Ed^ar .\llcn 241 White. Josi.ah 205 
 
 'rintz, John iS W hiinev. h'.li 24S 
 
 'uhlic Led-er 24J W ilK. |osepli. Jr 22H 
 
 Wistar. 1 )r. C';is]iar 207 
 
 Randolph. John 2^<' Wnnd. William 200 
 
 Revere, 1 'anl i 1 '"^ 
 
 R(X)sevclt. Theodore -^n.', ^'eate^. Jasper l()4 
 
 Ross, ".P.ets\" 1.^7 
 
 Rush, Dr. laMijamin 213 /iuzendorf. Imuit 53 
 
INDEX IX) BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 PAGK. PAGE. 
 
 r.:K'r, ( icoi'i;c !•" ,V'7 ' iurnian, Edward F 362 
 
 llaily, Joshua L 31^4 ' inrman. William 414-5 
 
 ISair'd. Matthew .^i,V5 < iray. William A 416 
 
 I'.ank of Xi)rth AnK-rica. TIk- 17'' ( ireciu-. Stephen 380 
 
 ISautjh. Daniel .v""^'' (iribbel, John 377 
 
 i'.eates, |r.. I lriir\ , M. I ) 373 (Iriscom. Clement A 319-20 
 
 J'.eath, Oi.lnnel \<\>]>vn \< 4^3 
 
 r.celier. Dimner ^2J Hatfield. Henry A 410-11 
 
 r.ell. John C 397 Heilner. Samuel 383 
 
 r.ell. h".. Samuel 3')0 Hirst, Anthony A 405 
 
 r,ens()n, Lnli.nel R. Dale 424 Hoffman. George F 3()4 
 
 Undine. Samuel T .^jo 1 hipe. James F 337-8 
 
 r.owman, Wendell I' P3 IF'Uston, H. H 317-8 
 
 lirannan. Robert 410 1 lutchinson, Jr., Edward 360 
 
 llrown. Charles L 421 I lutchinson. Joseph F. 365 
 
 I'.riiwu, Dr. I'llnier F 31)2 1 lyneman, Jr.. Samuel 417 
 
 I'.nrpee, W. .\tlee ^J^l' 
 
 I'.urr, Charles 11 368 Keyser, William H 357 
 
 Kinsj. James W 420 
 
 Cars(in, HamptDU F 3<)5 Kni.qht. Jr., William R 353-4 
 
 Catherine, Joseph W ,V)'> 
 
 Chambers, b'rancis T 410 Fillie, Fe\vi.^ ^,7^ 
 
 Chandler, b'rederiek T ;',22 
 
 Clark. Walti.n ,^72 .McCreary, ( ieorge D 343 
 
 Connell, Ji>sei>h R ?,57-'''> -McCullen, Joseph 1' 420 
 
 Covle, juhn 1 425 McCurdy. (ieor.e^e 354 
 
 AlcDevitt. Jr., John J 422 
 
 Davis, b'.dwanl T 308 .McFadden. John Howard 304-5 
 
 I )ob])ins. .Murrell 348 .McManus, Patricius 426-8 
 
 Dolan, TlKimas ,V'') .Maekev, Harry .\ 406 
 
 Duling'. William S 380 .\laneely, bVancis J 423 
 
 Martin. David 350 
 
 lulniduds. ( leoroe W 347 Mellors, Joseph 412 
 
 Flkin. ih.n. J<.hn 1' 341-3 Moon. Reuben ( ) 351 
 
 Elkins, Ceorge W .^oo .\h>ro-an, Charles E 407 
 
 Evre. T. Faurenee 3(11 Morgan. Randal 371 
 
 Morris, I'ltifingham F. ^2^ 
 
 l''ahnestiick. Jame> 1" 3'i'i 
 
 l-'inletter, Thomas K 4""-i Xewtdii. Mahlmi W 3^7 
 
 JMtler. Edwin H 3'<2 
 
 I'laherty. James A . 421 ( )rlady. 1 Ion. (ieorge F. 340 
 
 Eoerderer. Robert II 344-'' 
 
 Erazier. John W 352 1 'age, S. Davis 407-8 
 
 I'rench, iloward I'. 3''^!-- Fatterson. Jr.. C. Stuart 41(1 
 
 I'atton. Edward W 352-3 
 
 (iirard Xational i'.ank i8(.-(i I'attnn. John F. 3()0 
 
 (iirard Trust Company 231-3 I'atton. J. Fee 417-8 
 
 Good, (General J. Lewis 42S Fan), Jr., lames W 30<) 
 
 438 
 
WARW UK S Ki:\STi 
 PACK. 
 
 Pearson, ICiiach \\ 33'i 
 
 Peirce. Thoinas .M.. 1 'li. 1 ) 3,^4 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Cn --,V5 
 
 ('cnnyijacker, Sanmcl W ,V)'^ 
 
 IV'ppcr. Dr. William 4_'S-i| 
 
 Peterson. Artliur ,^,Vi 
 
 Pettit, I lorai-e 414 
 
 Phila(lel])liia Xatioiial Hank 17.^ 
 
 Philadelphia Savings I'nnd Sociei\. 
 
 The i.'^.V'i 
 
 Price. William .S 401 
 
 Pnt;h, Charles K ,^!() 
 
 Pnrves. ( i. Colesherrv .^-'5 
 
 Rea, .Samuel .VkVA 
 
 Reeves. I-'raneis \'< .^jo 
 
 Rich. Ceoro-c 1' 41S 
 
 Richards, j. F.niest ,^ 1 .s-'i 
 
 Robinson. John 11 _^55 
 
 Ri itherniel. Jr.. I '. 1" V;i) 
 
 .Schatfer. William 1 4011 
 
 Schmidt. Ivlward A 3JI 
 
 Scott, Samuel 11 415 
 
 Sellers. William .^^''-J 
 
 .Shaw, 'rh<ima~. of .Shawmoiu ^^()i 
 
 Shields, J. h'ranklin 410 
 
 Shocli. 1-Ienry R 2,Xi> 
 
 Sim])son. (i. Wallace .^_'o ^o 
 
 .Smith, Mdgar !■" ,^^5 
 
 .Smith, Mdward .11 .^24 
 
 Smith, J. Frailey 311 
 
 Smyth, David J 4i() 
 
 ).M-: Ki.M.MO.WVEAI.Tll. 
 
 439 
 
 I'AGK. 
 
 .Sullivan. Jeremiah J 30^'-/ 
 
 Tayloi". Koland 1 328-9 
 
 The P.aiik of Xorlh .\merica 176 
 
 Thedirard National Hank rSfi-o 
 
 riu> ( iirard Trust Company -.^'3 
 
 The I'hilaiK-lpliia Savins^s l"und So- 
 ciet\ i^^-O 
 
 Thomas T. l-"osier 420 
 
 Tilden. William T 339 
 
 'frumb.-mer. I lorace 428 
 
 Tnrner. .Mhert I''. 316 
 
 Tustin. lu-nest 1 346 
 
 I'nited lias Improvement t."o. .. 234-31) 
 
 \'ale. kuliy k 400 
 
 \ an ( )sten. William t,~,(i 
 
 \ auclaiu. Samuel M 333 
 
 Walker. Dr. Janus II 312 
 
 Walton. I h-nrv 1' ^40 
 
 Walt. m. John 'M 338 
 
 Weaver. |olm 412 
 
 Wehl), Charles J 393 
 
 Weii^-htman. William 374 
 
 Widener. ( leorije D 3'J'-3 
 
 Wiedersheim. rhei>,lore \'. 326 
 
 Wilson. Joseph R 402-4 
 
 Wilson. William I' 33 '-2 
 
 Wri.ifht, Harrv 3^6 
 
 Wriirht, Sydney 1 328 
 
 /ie.^ler, l,e\vis 1) 388 
 
HK269-78