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 ALFRED ANTHONY, PRINTER, MARKET SQUARE. 
 
 1864. 
 
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 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, 
 
 BY GEORGE PALMER, 
 
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 JSY^L 
 
 HE Ancient Britons were a brave and 
 hardy people, resembling in their nature, 
 habits and customs, the North American 
 Indians. They lived in huts, were clothed with the 
 skins of beasts, and subsisted principally by hunting, 
 fishing and plunder. Their government was in form 
 Monarchical. Their religion was Druidical, and their 
 priests exercised an extensive civil and military juris- 
 diction. 
 
SJu iJUmaug 
 
 £SY$L 
 
 C. 55, the Romans under Julius Caesar, 
 invaded the island, expecting undoubt- 
 
 KJ/^J edly an easy conquest. But the Britons 
 fought so bravely that he accepted proposals for peace 
 and went away. He returned the next year with a 
 larger army, and after several desperate battles, terms 
 of peace were again agreed upon, and Caesar a second 
 time withdrew with his ships and men. The Britons 
 were now left to themselves for nearly a century, 
 during which time there was peace in Britain. 
 
 A. D. 43, the emperor Claudius, with an army of 
 fifty thousand men, made another attempt to subdue 
 the Britons. The Britons as before fought desperate- 
 ly, and under the lead of the brave Caractacus, con- 
 tinued the conflict with varied success for many years, 
 when Caractacus was taken prisoner and carried to 
 Rome. But so great respect had the emperor for his 
 
MONUMENT OF 
 
 bravery anil patriotism, that Caraetacus was soon re- 
 stored to freedom. 
 
 But the Britons were not yet subdued. They 
 rose, again and again, against the Roman invaders. 
 
 A. D. 61, Suetonius, another Roman General, 
 landed on the island of Anglesey, and destroyed the 
 sacred altars of the Druids. This, together with the 
 cruel treatment received by their queen, Boadicea, 
 aroused the Britons to swift revenge. Boadicea, at 
 the head of an army, gained a splendid victory over 
 the Romans, in which over seventy thousand Roman 
 soldiers were slain. The Britons were however soon 
 after vanquished with great slaughter, and Boadicea 
 destroyed herself by poison. Still the spirit of the 
 Britons was unbroken. And when Suetonius left the 
 country, they fell upon his troops, routed them, and re- 
 took the island of Anglesey. 
 
 A. D. 78, the Romans under Julius Agricola, took 
 possession of the country for a third time, and ex- 
 tended their conquests northward into Scotland. The 
 natives bravely disputed every inch of ground, and 
 many bloody battles were fought, in which vast num- 
 bers on both sides were slain. 
 
 A. D. 108, the Romans under the emperor Adrian, 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 again invaded the island, but met with the same ob- 
 stinate resistance from the native islanders. 
 
 A.. D. 200, the Roman emperor Severus, made 
 another attempt to subdue this hardy people. But 
 they worried, hunted and scattered his army like dogs ; 
 and it was not till Caracalla, son of Severus, entered 
 upon the work, that the Romans made any substantial 
 progress in bringing the Britons to terms. Caracalla 
 pursued a far wiser course than that of his predeces- 
 sors. He knew that arms alone, could never subdue 
 that brave and determined people ; and by yielding a 
 quantity of land, and granting them the same privi- 
 leges which the Romans possessed, he secured a meri- 
 torious peace, which remained unbroken for seventy 
 years. 
 
 The Romans remained masters of England for 
 nearly four centuries, or until about the period of the 
 decline of the Roman Empire ; when the civil wars at 
 home demanded the recall of the Roman armies, and 
 the Romans bade a final adieu to England. 
 
®Ju #ax flits 
 
 [^D ^ sooner were the Roman armies with- 
 (•;yr_L)' drawn from the island, than new enemies 
 ^L^KLs assailed the Britons. The Picts and Scots 
 from the north, poured down upon them, and they 
 were compelled to appeal to Rome for assistance. But 
 the Romans had all that they could attend to at 
 home. The Britons then invited to their assistance, 
 the Saxons, who were a warlike people in the north 
 of Germany. The Saxons accepted the invitation of 
 the Britons, assisted them to drive back the Picts 
 and Scots, and then formed an alliance with the 
 Picts and Scots, to take possession of the country they 
 had come to deliver. 
 
 A. D. 449, Hengist and Horsa, two chieftain 
 brothers, landed upon the island, took possession of a 
 portion of territory now known as the County of Kent, 
 and A. D. 451, established the kingdom of Kent ; the 
 first Saxon kingdom on the island. 
 
10 
 
 MONUMENT OF 
 
 Other Saxon generals followed, and assisted by- 
 some other of the German tribes, the Angles and the 
 Jutes, advanced their conquests, until in time seven 
 Saxon kingdoms were formed on the island, which 
 were called the Saxon Heptarchy. 
 
 These kingdoms, with the dates of their beginning, 
 were as follows, as seen by the steps to the monument : 
 
 The kingdom of Kent was founded by Hengist, 
 
 A. D. 451. 
 The kingdon of South Saxony was founded by- 
 Ella, A. D. 490. 
 The Kingdom of West Saxony was founded by 
 
 Cedric, A. D. 519. 
 The kingdom of East Saxony was founded by 
 
 Ercenwin, A. D. 527. 
 The kingdom of Northumbria was founded by 
 
 Ida, A. D. 547. 
 The kingdom of East Anglia was founded by 
 
 Uffa, A. D. 575. 
 The kingdom of Mercia was founded by Cridda, 
 
 A. D. 582. 
 
 The Britons falling back before their Saxon con- 
 querors, retired into Wales and Cornwall, which two 
 counties remained independent and unconquered 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 11 
 
 until the reign of Edward I, in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 The Saxons made common cause against the Britons, 
 until, their common purpose accomplished, they com- 
 menced quarrelling among themselves, and in the year 
 827, they were all conquered and united under 
 Egbert, king of Wessex, or West Saxony. It was 
 by this king's order that all that portion of the island 
 that had been settled by the Angles and Saxons or 
 Anglo-Saxons, should ever after be called Angle-land, 
 which has since been contracted to England. 
 
 The history of the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy 
 is confused, unreliable and of little interest. The only 
 important and memorable fact in connection with their 
 time is the introduction of Christianity among the 
 English Saxons, by Augustine, a monk who preached 
 the christian religion in the kingdom of Kent, about 
 the year 600, and soon made a convert of king 
 Ethelbert. From that time it spread rapidly over 
 the island. 
 
£ » X U 
 
 P o n » r jc ft $ 
 
 J3YS1 
 
 EGBERT. 
 
 «Cf gbert reigned as king thirty-seven years, viz : 
 ^^ twenty years as king of Wessex only ; seven 
 years as king or chief of the seven kingdoms ; and 
 ten years as king of all England. He died A. D. 
 838, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 ETHEL WOLF. 
 
 Ethelwolf died A. D. 857, leaving four sons, 
 Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Ethelred and Alfred. By his 
 will he divided the kingdom between his two sons, 
 
 ETHELBALD AND ETHELBERT. 
 
 Ethelbald died A. D. 860, and Ethelbert reigned 
 alone till his death A. D. 866. He was succeeded 
 by his brother, 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 13 
 
 ETHELRED I. 
 
 Etlielred died A. D. 871, and was succeeded by his 
 younger brother, 
 
 ALFRED, (The Great.) 
 
 Alfred, youngest son of Ethelwolf, died A. D. 901, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 EDWARD, (The Elder.) 
 
 Edward died A. D. 925, and was succeeded by 
 his natural son, 
 
 ATHELSTAN. 
 
 Athelstan died A. D. 941, and was succeeded by 
 the legitimate son of Edward the Elder, 
 
 EDMUND. 
 
 Edmund died A. D. 946, and was succeeded by 
 his brother, 
 
 EDRED. 
 
 Edred died A. D. 955, and was succeeded by his 
 nephew, 
 
 EDWT. 
 
 Edwy died A. D. 959, and was succeeded by his 
 younger brother, 
 
14 
 
 MONUMENT OF 
 
 EDGAR. 
 
 Edgar died A. D. 975, and was succeeded by bis 
 son, 
 
 EDWARD, (Tbe Martyr.) 
 
 Edward died A. D. 978, and was succeeded by bis 
 balf brother, 
 
 ETHELRED II. 
 
 From tbe reign of Egbert till tbe time of Etbelred 
 II, tbe Danes, wbo were a piratical people, bad com- 
 mitted frequent and serious depredations upon the 
 English; and during the reign of Etbelred II, Sweyn, 
 king of Norway, taking advantage of the cruelty, 
 treachery and cowardice of that monarch, ravaged tbe 
 country with fire and sword, and succeeded in gaining 
 the mastery over nearly the whole island. Etbelred 
 fled to Normandy, and Sweyn was proclaimed king, 
 A. D. 1013, and died A. D. 1014. His reign being 
 so short, and perhaps his being never crowned, are 
 the reasons why most historians have not ranked him 
 among the kings of England. Upon the death of 
 Sweyn, the Danes proclaimed his son, Canute, king 
 of England. The English in the mean time recalled 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 
 
 Ethelred. The war between Canute and Ethelred 
 continued until the death of the latter, A. D. 1016, 
 when his son, 
 
 EDMUND, (Ironside.) 
 
 Was proclaimed king by the English. There is 
 great confusion in English history in regard to the par- 
 ticulars of the war between Edmund and Canute. 
 Many battles were fought with varied success, when it 
 was finally agreed that the kingdom should be divided 
 between the two monarchs ; Edmund taking all south 
 of the Thames, with London and part of the ancient 
 kingdom of Wessex; and Canute, the remainder. 
 Edmund died suddenly, A. D. 1017, and it is sup- 
 posed that he was murdered. 
 
 With Edmund, the Saxon Monarchy in England in 
 a manner, ended ; having lasted about one hundred 
 and ninety years from Egbert's accession ; four hun- 
 dred and thirty-two from the founding of the Heptar- 
 chy ; and five hundred and sixty-six from the arrival 
 of Hengist. 
 
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 CANUTE, (The Great.) 
 
 /TUANute, who, as we have seen, was in possession of 
 ^ half of England, upon Edmund's death, soon 
 became master of the whole. He was crowned A. D 
 1017, died A. D. 1036, and was succeeded by his 
 son, 
 
 HAROLD. 
 
 Harold died A. D. 1039, and was succeeded by 
 his brother, 
 
 HARDIGANUTE. 
 
 Hardicanute ruled with extreme cruelty until his 
 death, A. D. 1041. He was a glutton and a drunk- 
 ard ; and died in a drunken fit, at a wedding. For 
 several centuries afterwards the English observed the 
 anniversary of his death as a holiday, 
 
17 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 With this king, expired the monarchy of the Danes 
 in England, after it had lasted about twenty-six years ; 
 but after they had harrassed the kingdom at intervals, 
 for two hundred and forty years. 
 
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 £3YSL 
 
 EDWARD, (The Confessor.) 
 
 ^Odward was the son of Etheldred II, and half 
 e ^* brother of Edmund Ironside. He ascended the 
 throne A, D. 1041. At this time Edward, son of 
 Edmund Ironside, was in exile in Hungary, and by 
 the rule of the succession, was rightful heir to the 
 throne ; and Sweyn, son of Canute, was yet living in 
 Norway. To avoid a renewal of hostilities between 
 the English and Danes, it was arranged that Edward, 
 the Confessor, who was the only prince then in 
 England who had any claim to the throne, should be 
 proclaimed. This result was owing in a great degree 
 to the influence of Earl Godwin, a powerful noble- 
 man, whose daughter Edward had married. Edward 
 died A. D. 1065, and was the last king of Egbert's 
 race. He was succeeded by 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 19 
 
 HAROLD II. 
 
 Harold IT, was a Saxon, but not of royal blood. 
 He was the son of Earl Godwin ; and upon the death 
 of Edward, usurped the crown, and was after- 
 wards acknowledged and obeyed as king of England. 
 
 At this time Edgar Athcling, grandson of Edmund 
 Ironside, by his son Edward, was the only person on 
 whom, by the law of succession, the crown should have 
 devolved. Harold had all the requisite qualities of a 
 great prince and ruler. He was killed in the battle of 
 Hastings, October 14th, A. D, 1066, after a reign of 
 nine months and nine days, and with him ended the 
 empire of the Anglo-Saxons, in England. 
 
 It is a singular fact that William, Duke of Nor- 
 mandy, in a single day, by this one fortunate battle, 
 became master of England ; whereas all the former 
 invaders, Romans, Saxons and Danes, conquered it as 
 it were by inches. 
 
®Ju $<muatt Jamil}} 
 
 WILLIAM I, (Surnamed the Conqueror.) 
 
 MHE battle of Hastings was entirely decisive, and 
 **" secured the crown of England to William, Duke 
 of Normandy. This revolution was followed by a 
 most remarkable change of laws, customs, manners 
 and language. England from this time received a 
 new race of kings, which either by the male or female 
 line has continued to the present time. William ruled 
 England iu the most arbitrary manner until his death, 
 A. D. 1087, when he was succeeded by his son, 
 
 WILLIAM II. (Surnamed Rufus.) 
 
 William II, ruled very much as his father had done, 
 until his death, A. D. 1100. He was accidentally 
 slain by an arrow, and was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 HENRY I, (Surnamed Beau Clerc.) 
 Henry died A. D. 1135, leaving a daughter, 
 
EXGLISH HISTOKT. 21 
 
 Matilda, who married for her second husband Geoffrey 
 Plantagenet. By the law of succession, Matilda was 
 rightful heir to the throne, but, 
 
 STEPHEN, (The Usurper,) 
 
 Son of Adela, fourth daughter of William the Con- 
 queror, usurped the throne upon the death of Henry. 
 A civil war was the consequence of the usurpation, 
 which was finally settled by compromise. It was 
 agreed that Stephen should hold the crown during his 
 life, and that it should then descend to the heirs of 
 Matilda. Stephen died the next year, viz : A. D. 
 1154, and the crown passed into the house of 
 
lite |j5Uttt»0*tt*tj8i. 
 
 HENRY II 
 
 6 *P|Penry II, the first Plantagenet who possessed the 
 c ^* 9 throne of England, was the son of Matilda, 
 daughter of Henry I, and Geoffrey Plantagenet He 
 married Matilda or Maud, great-grand-daughter of 
 Edmund Ironside, thus uniting the Saxon with the 
 Norman blood, a circumstance which gave great satis- 
 faction to ihe English. Henry died A. D. 1189, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 RICHARD I. (The Lion Hearted.) 
 
 Richard I, died A. D. 1199, and was succeeded by 
 his brother, 
 
 JOHN, (Lackland.) 
 
 Upon the death of Richard without heirs, the crown, 
 by the law of descent, belonged to Arthur, Duke of 
 Brittany, who was the son of Geoffrey, an elder broth- 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 23 
 
 er of John. John died A. D. 121G, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 HENRY III 
 Henry III, reigned for fifty-six years, died A. D. 
 1272, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 EDWARD I* 
 Edward I, died A. D. 1307, and was succeeded by 
 his son, 
 
 EDWARD II 
 Edward II, was murdered, A. B. 1327, and was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 EDWARD III 
 
 Edward III, reigned for fifty years, died A. D. 
 1377, and was succeeded by his grandson, 
 
 RICHARD II 
 
 Richard II, was the son of Edward the Black 
 Prince, the eldest son of Edward III. He was de- 
 posed A. D. 1399, and murdered, A. D. 1400. He 
 was the last king of the unbroken line of Plantagenets, 
 who had ruled England from the time of Henry II. 
 
 *The name of Edward has been mentioned several times in connection 
 with the crown of England, prior to the accession of Edward I. These 
 were all of the Saxon race, but Edward the son of Henry III, being 
 the first Edward of the Norman race, is known in history as Edward I 
 
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 i&y^i 
 
 ^ppon the deposition and death of Richard II, 
 ^* without heirs, the crown belonged to the Lionel 
 branch of the family of Edward III, whose children 
 were the hens of the oldest male blood of that monarch. 
 But Henry, Duke of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt, 
 fourth son of Edward III, usurped the throne, to the 
 exclusion of the heirs of Lionel. 
 
 HENRY IV, (Surnamed Bolenbroke.) 
 Henry IV, the first king of the House of Lancaster, 
 ascended the throne A. D. 1399, died 1413, and 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 HENRY V, (Prince Hal.) 
 Henry V, died A. D. 1422, and was suceeded by 
 his son, 
 
 HENRY VI 
 Henry YI, reigned until he was dethroned, A. D. 
 1461, by Edward, Earl of Marche. He was the last 
 king of the House of Lancaster. 
 
s has been observed, the heirs of the Lionel branch 
 of the family of Edward III, from whom the mon- 
 archs of the House of York were descended, were the 
 nearestof royal blood, afterthedeath of RichardIL But 
 the male heirs of this family having died, and Henry 
 IV being a powerful and popular sovereign, the na- 
 tion recognized his claim, and he was acknowledged 
 king. Little was said of the rival claim of the House 
 of York, during the reigns of Henry IV. and V., but 
 during the reign of Henry VI., Richard, Duke of 
 York, set up the claim of that family to the throne. 
 A. D. 1455, the battle of St. Albans was fought j 
 the first of twelve bloody battles in the contest be- 
 tween the Houses of Lancaster and York, which for 
 thirty years deluged England with blood, and which is 
 known in history as the " War of the Roses." 
 
 In the third of those battles, viz., the battle of 
 Wakeneld, fought in December, A. D. 1460, the 
 
26 
 
 MONUMENT OF 
 
 Duke of York was defeated and slain, when his son, 
 Edward, took up the cause of the house of York, and 
 succeeded in being proclaimed king, A. D. 14GL 
 
 EDWARD IV. 
 
 Edward IV. was descended from Lionel, Duke of 
 Clarence, third son of Edward III, as follows : Li- 
 onel left a daughter, Phillippa, who married Edmund 
 Mortimer, and left a son, Roger Mortimer, who left a 
 daughter, Ann Mortimer, who married Richard, Duke 
 of York, son of Edmund de Langley, fifth son of Ed- 
 ward III. The issue of the marriage of Ann Morti- 
 mer with Richard, was the Richard, Duke of York, 
 (killed in the batte of Wakefield, A. D. 1460,) and 
 the father of Edward IV. Thus the blood of two 
 branches of the family of Edward III, were united in 
 him. Edward IV. died A. D. 1483, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 EDWARD V. 
 
 Edward V. was never crowned. He bore the title 
 of king but two months and twelve days, when he, 
 with his younger brother Richard, was murdered by 
 Richard, Duke of Gloster, their uncle, A. D. 
 1483. 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 27 
 
 RICHARD III. 
 
 Richard III., brother of Edward IV., was killed in 
 the battle of Bosworth, A. D. 1485. He was the 
 last king of the House of York, and the last of the 
 family of Plantagenet, who had held the throne from 
 the time of Henry II. 
 
Sflu ®urt<r* gnmiUj. 
 
 JSY^L 
 
 HENRY VII. 
 
 «Hrv'ENRY VII. was the first king of the Tndor family. 
 
 ^^° He was son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret 
 
 Beaufort, grand-daughter of John Beaufort, Earl of 
 
 Somerset, an illegitimate eon of John of Gaunt, fourth 
 
 son of Edward III. He died, A. D. 1509, and 
 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 HENRY VIII. 
 
 Henry VIII. died A. D. 1547, and was succeeded 
 
 by his son, 
 
 EDWARD VI 
 
 Edward VI. died, A. D. 1553, and was succeeded 
 
 by his sister, 
 
 MARY. 
 
 Mary died, A. D. 1558, and was succeeded by 
 
 her sister, 
 
 ELIZABETH 
 
 Elizabeth, the last sovereign of the Tudor family, 
 
 died, A. D. 1603. 
 
Ift* $tna?i J^miltj. 
 
 j^v^t 
 
 JAMES I 
 
 wames I. succeeded Elizabeth, A. D. 1603, and died 
 & A. D. 1625. His mother was Mary, Queen of 
 Scots, the daughter of James V. of Scotland, the son 
 of James IV., of Scotland, who married Margaret 
 Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., of England. His 
 father was Henry Stuart, grand-son of Margaret 
 Tudor, daughter of Henry VII. James I. was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 CHARLES I 
 
 Charles I. was beheaded A. D. 1649, and then 
 followed the 
 
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 .fcsvsi 
 
 fter the death of Charles L, the government 
 was administered by Oliver Cromwell and his son 
 Richard, under the title of Protector, until monarchy- 
 was restored, A. D. 1660, in the person of, 
 
 CHARLES II. 
 
 Charles II. died A. D. 1685, and was succeeded 
 by his brother, 
 
 JAMES II. 
 
 James II. abdicated the throne A. D. 1688, and 
 was succeeded by 
 
 WILLIAM AND M ART. 
 
 Mary died, A. D. 1694, and William reigned alone, 
 as William III., till Ms death, A. D. 1702. Mary 
 was the daughter of James II., and William was 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 31 
 
 grandson of Charles L, by his daughter Mary, who 
 married William, Prince of Orange. 
 
 ANNE. 
 
 Anne, second daughter of James II., succeeded 
 William III., and died, A. D. 1714. She married 
 Prince George of Denmark, and left no issue. She 
 was the last Sovereign of the Stuart family. 
 
Sft* pong* *t ^xnnzwitl. 
 
 GEORGE I. 
 
 g% eorge I. was the son of Sophia, daughter of Eliz- 
 ^^ abeth, eldest daughter of James I. He died A. 
 D. 1727, and was succeeded by his son, 
 GEORGE II. 
 George II. died A. D. 1760, and was succeeded 
 by his grandson, 
 
 GEORGE III 
 George III. reigned sixty years, died A. D. 1820, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 GEORGE IV. 
 George IV. died, A D. 1830, and was succeeded 
 by his brother, 
 
 WILLIAM IV. 
 William IV. died, A. D. 1837, and was succeeded 
 by 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 Victoria, the present sovereign of England, was 
 daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of 
 George III. She ascended the throne A. D. 1837, 
 and A. D. 1840, was married to Albert Charles Au- 
 gustus Emanuel, Prince of Saxe, and Duke of Saxe- 
 Coburg. Prince Albert died, A. D. 1862.