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ENGLISH CLASSIC SERIES.— No. 107. 
 
 THE 
 
 TRAVELS 
 
 OF 
 
 SiK.JoHN MaNDEVILLE 
 
 AND THE 
 
 TEANSLATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT 
 
 BY 
 
 John Wycliffe. 
 
 SELECTIONS. 
 
 FROM THE TEXTS EDITED BY 
 
 EDUAED MATZNER. 
 
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 New Series, No. 71 September 5, 189-2. Published Semi-weekly. Subscription Price *10 
 Entered at Post Office, New York, as Second-clai Matter! * ^ ^' 
 
A Complete Course in the Study of English. 
 
 spelling. Language, Grammar, Composition, Literature. 
 
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 Reed's Introductory Language Work. 
 
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 Kellogg's Text-Book on Rhetoric. 
 
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 the study of English Literature. The troublesome contradictions 
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 :^ 
 
INTEODUCTION. 
 
 John Mandeville lias usually been called the ''father of 
 English prose/' but probably this title should be transferred to 
 Wycliffe. Recent investigations have shown that the English 
 version of the ''Travels" was not made by the original author, 
 the words at the end of the prologue attributing it to him being a 
 palpable interpolation. Even that there was such a man as John 
 Mandeville seems to be a matter of doubt. Nothing is known of 
 him outside of his book, and the personal adventures recorded in 
 his narrative must be regarded mainly as ingenious fabrications 
 for weaving together the stories of other writers and travelers. 
 Only a small portion of the book could have been written from 
 personal experience ; the description of Egypt and the Holy Land 
 bears evidence of some direct knowledge of the facts, and the 
 prologue seems to indicate that the original intention was limited 
 to a description of the objects of popular pilgrimages of the time ; 
 the account of marvels in the farther East was probably an after- 
 thought. 
 
 At Liege, in the abbey of the Guilelmites, there was in the six- 
 teenth century a tomb said to be that of Mandeville. The French 
 inscription showed no name, but the Latin inscription, apparently, 
 •tauch later, stated that the tomb was Mandeville's, and that he 
 died at Liege, November 17, 1371, at the same time confounding 
 him with a physician called " ad Barbam," one " Jehan de Bour- 
 goigne, dit a la Barbe," Avho, according to a statement in a Latin 
 edition of the " Travels," having met Mandeville at Cairo and 
 again at Liege, persuaded and helped him to write his book. 
 Nicholson, therefore, suggests the possibility that Jehan de 
 
 3 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Mandeville is only tlie assumed name of Jehan de Bourgoigne 
 {Encyclopcedia Britamiica, vol. xv. p. 478). 
 
 Whoever this John Mandeville may have been, he possessed a 
 happy faculty for catering to the tastes of his times. Even allow- 
 ing for the superstition and illimitable credulity of the age, it is 
 impossible to suppose that he believed his own stories. In com- 
 piling his narrative he skillfully appropriated the good things of 
 his contemporaries, with something more than the privilege of 
 genius, and embellished them according to his own judgment and 
 fancy. 
 
 The description of Cathay and India was taken largely from 
 the narrative of Odoric, a Lombard friar who traveled in those 
 regions between 1321 and 1330. So similar are the narratives 
 that Odoric and Mandeville have often been spoken of as traveling- 
 companions. Indeed Mandeville craftily hints at such a possibil- 
 ity, in one passage, by way of anticipating criticism. The passages 
 from Odoric are usually filled out with interpolated details and 
 extravagant fancies ; as in the passages about the large tortoises, 
 seen in Champa, which Mandeville describes as ''snails" with 
 shells as big as cottages. Much material was also borrowed from 
 Hayton, an Armenian, who dictated his book in French at 
 Poictiers, in 1307. Facts about the manners and customs of the 
 Tartars were drawn from the Franciscan, John de Piano Carpini. 
 The account of Prester John is from the famous " Epistle " of that 
 imaginary monarch, addressed to the Greek emperor Manuel, and 
 widely circulated in the thirteenth century. Even the most 
 veracious part of the narrative, that describing Egypt and the Holy 
 Land, is so suspiciously like the itinerary of the German knight 
 William of Boldensele, written in 1336, as to leave little doubt that 
 Mandeville had the German's account before him while he wrote. 
 
 It is a singular fact that only one passage can be traced to the 
 work of the famous Venetian traveler, Marco Polo, who visited 
 the court of Kubla Khan in 1275, and died in 1324. This passage 
 (about the people at Ormus lying in the water during great heat) 
 may have been an interpolation in the copy of Odoric used by 
 Mandeville, for had he taken it directly from Polo, he would not 
 have limited his borrowing to a single good incident. 
 
 The earliest known MS. of tlie *' Travels" is that of the Earl of 
 Ashburnham, written in French and dated 1371. Besides the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 Latin, Frencli, and Englisli versions, there were translations in 
 Italian, German, Flemish, and even Irish Celtic. The English ver- 
 sion was made by an unknown translator, probably at the beginning 
 of the fifteenth century, from a defective French MS. It was 
 completed and revised by two independent editors, neither of them 
 later than the first quarter of the fifteenth century. ** That none 
 of the forms of the English version," says Nicholson, ''can con- 
 ceivably be from the same hand which wrote the original work is 
 made patent to any critical reader by their glaring errors of trans- 
 lation." The same has been shown by Schonborn, Matzner, and 
 Vogels, in regard to current Latin versions. 
 
 John Wycliffe* was born at Ipreswel (Hipswell), near Rich- 
 mond, in Yorkshire, about 1320. Leland says that he " drew his 
 origin" from Wycliffe on-Tees, so that he was of the ancient 
 family celebrated by Scott in **Marmion." Nothing is known of 
 him until he was made master of Balliol College, Oxford, some 
 time between 1356 and 1360. About 1361 he accepted a college 
 living in Lincolnshire, but probably spent much of his time at 
 Oxford until, in 1378, he effected an exchange of his benefice for 
 a more convenient one at Ludgarshall, in Buckinghamshire. It 
 is believed that he was appointed, in 1365, to the wardenship of 
 Canterbury Hall, a house founded by Archbishop Islip for secular 
 clergymen. In 1367 Wycliffe and his colleagues were expelled 
 by Archbishop Langham, and the house filled with monks. This 
 event may have influenced his subsequent career of opposition to 
 the church, but it is not safe to argue such a connection, as the 
 warden of Canterbury Hall may have been another John Wycliffe 
 with whom the reformer has been confused. 
 
 It is more probable that his opinions upon the relation of 
 ■ church and state had been maturing for some years before he 
 issued the first of his several pamphlets '* De Dominio," in de- 
 fense of the action of parliament, in 1366, repudiating the tribute 
 due to the pope. Gradually he developed a system of beliefs, the 
 
 * The weight of authority is in favor of this spelUiig of the name; it is 
 preferred by the editors of the Wycliffe Bible, by Milman, and by Bishop 
 Stubbs. On the other hand, the form Wydif is that adopted by the VVycIif 
 Society, and Wiclifis the popular form in Germany. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 main principles of wliicli were that sin deprived a man of all 
 right to possess anything ; that all property should be held in 
 common ; that the spiritual power is entirely separate from the 
 civil ; that the church should hold no property ; that excommu- 
 nication is of no effect unless justified by the sin of him against 
 whom it is directed ; and that in no case should it be pronounced 
 for any offense connjected with temporal affairs. 
 
 He entered the service of the court as king's chaplain, where 
 his learning and skill as a writer were eminently serviceable to 
 John of Gaunt in his work of humbling the clergy. In 1370 he 
 received from the crown the rectory of Lutterworth, in Leicester- 
 shire, which he held until his death. Soon after he was sent as 
 one of the royal ambassadors to treat with the pope's representa- 
 tives at Bruges, his name being placed second on the commission, 
 for which service he received twenty shillings per diem. For 
 some years he continued to spread his doctrines, preaching elo- 
 quently in London and elsewhere against the corrupt and power- 
 ful clergy. Twice he was summoned before the ecclesiastical 
 court, and escaped without condemnation. In 1377 five bulls were 
 issued against him by Gregory XI , but the English bishops were 
 slow to execute the papal bulls, as both the government and the 
 university were in favor of the reformer. His work became 
 more and more revolutionary, and in 1378 he determined to in- 
 crease the efficiency of his teachings by sending " simple priests " 
 throughout the country to preach true doctrine to the people, 
 and by giving them the Bible in their native tongue Finally, in 
 1381, he propounded at Oxford a set of theses m which he denied 
 the doctrine of transubstantiation. This aroused the theologians 
 of the university, and his theses were solemnly condemned. Al- 
 most immediately after, the Peasants' Revolt occurred, for which 
 Wycliffe was thought to be directly responsible ; but of this there 
 is no substantial evidence. He was again summoned before the 
 council, his works were condemned, and some of his followers 
 imprisoned ; but strangely he himself appears to have again 
 escaped. A national feeling had been aroused in his favor and 
 against Rome. It is probable that upon the overthrow of his 
 party at Oxford he retired to Lutterworth, and busied himself in 
 writing numerous tracts in both Latin and English, and his im- 
 portant book, the ** Trialogus." There he died and was buried in 
 
INTKODUOTION. 
 
 1384. By a decree of tlie council of Constance, 1415, his remains 
 were ordered to be dug up and burned, and the order was exe- 
 cuted by Bishop Fleming in 1428. 
 
 Wycliffe was our first Protestant. He was the first great Eng- 
 lishman to question the doctrines and condemn the practices of 
 Rome. '' Yet, powerful as was his influence in England, it was 
 but transient, and within forty years it was nearly extinct. His 
 true tradition is to be found not in his own country but in 
 Bohemia, where his works were eagerly read and multiplied, and 
 where his disciple John Huss, with less originality but greater 
 simplicity of character and greater spiritual force, raised Wycliff- 
 ism to the dignity of a national religion. To Huss, whose works 
 are to a great extent a cento of extracts from Wycliff e, Luther 
 owed much ; and thus the spirit of the English teacher had its 
 influence on the reformed churches of Europe." 
 
 The task of translating the Bible, it is believed, was mainly 
 accomplished by Wycliffe himself, his friend Nicholas Hereford 
 aiding him with a part of the Old Testament. The work was 
 probably completed in 1380. A version by John Purvey appeared 
 in 1388, which is thought to be merely a revision of Wycliffe's 
 version. As there was no knowledge of Greek and Hebrew in 
 England, the translation was made from the Latin Vulgate ver- 
 sion. Portions of the Scriptures had before been rendered in 
 Anglo-Saxon, but there had been no attempt to give a complete 
 version in the native tongue. Wycliffe's work became the founda- 
 tion for all subsequent translations, and has thus been the main 
 conservative influence in holding the mother-tongue to the simple 
 and stately English of our religious speech. 
 
 The text of these selections is that of Eduard Matzner in the 
 ''Altenglische Sprachproben." Halli well's edition of Mandeville 
 (1839) has been used for comparison. The Prologue and Chapter V. 
 of the ' ' Travels" and the first four chapters of the Gospel of St. John 
 are given,— quite enough, it is believed, to represent adequately 
 these two important monuments of early English prose. It is as- 
 sumed that these selections will be used in immediate connection 
 with Chaucer, and therefore it is not deemed necessary to add to 
 thi introduction explanations and illustrations of fourteenth- 
 century grammar. The selections from Chaucer included in the 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 English Classic Series are supplied witli full grammatical intro- 
 ductions, which will be found amply sufficient for the study of 
 Mandeville and Wycliffe. It must be remembered, while reading- 
 fourteenth- century English, that the spelling is not only phonetic 
 but subject often to the imperfect knowledge or whim of the 
 transcriber, and that certain letters, as i and y, u and v, are used 
 interchangeably. In these selections the old character 3 is rep- 
 resented by y g, or gJi, in italics. 
 
 The notes and glossary that accompany the text will be found 
 to contain explanations of all words presenting special difficulties. 
 No attempt, however, has been made to include all of those words 
 that differ from the modern forms only in the spelling. On the 
 last page of this introduction, passages are given from the prin- 
 cipal English versions of the New Testament, illustrating the 
 growth and changes of the language from the Anglo-Saxon period 
 to the present time, and showing the relation of Wycliffe's version 
 to the later versions. While reading Wycliffe's text in the class- 
 room, extended comparisons should be made, in the same manner, 
 with the Authorized Version and the Revised Version. 
 
OF SIR JOHX MAUNDEVILLE. 11 
 
 and alle he offred for us, that nevere did synne. A dere God, 
 what love hadde he to us his subjettes, whan he that nevere 
 trespaced, wolde for trespassours suffre dethe ! Righte wel 
 ougte us for to love and worschipe, to drede and serven suche 
 a lord ; and to worschipe and preyse suche an holy lond, that 5 
 broughte forthe suche fruyt, thorghe the whiche every man is 
 saved, but it be his owne defaute. Wel may that lond be 
 called delytable and a fructuous lond, that was bebledd and 
 moysted with the precyouse blode of oure Lord Jesu Crist ; the 
 whiche is the same loud, that oure Lord behigten us in heri- lo 
 tage. And in that lond he wolde dye, as seised, for to leve it 
 to us his children. AYherfore every gode cristene man that is 
 of powere, and hathe whereof, scholde peynen him with all his 
 strengthe for to conquere oure righte heritage, and chacen out 
 alle the mysbelee\'yuge men. For wee ben clept cristene men, 15 
 aftre Crist oure fad re. And git wee ben righte children of 
 Crist, we oughte for to chalenge the heritage, that oure fadre 
 lafte us, and do it out of hethene mennes hondes. But nowe 
 pryde, covetyse, and envye han so enflawmed the hertes of 
 lordes of the world, that thei are more besy for to disherite 20 
 here neyghbores, more than for to chalenge or to conquere 
 here righte heritage before seyd. And the comoun peple, 
 that wolde putte here bodyes and here catelle for to conquere 
 oure heritage, thei may not don it withouten the lordes. For 
 a semblee of peple withouten a cheventeyn, or a chief lord, is 25 
 as a flock of scheep withouten a schepperde ; the which depart- 
 eth and desparpleth, and wyten never whidre to go. But . 
 wolde God, that the temporel lordes and alle worldly lordes 
 weren at gode accord, and with the comen peple woul den taken 
 this holy viage over the see. Thanne I trowe wel, that within 30 
 a lityl tyme oure righte heritage before seyd scholde be recon- 
 syled and put in the hondes of the righte heires of Jesu Crist. 
 
 11. As seised. As seized, put in possession of, having possession of it. 
 
 18. Do it out, etc. Take it out of heathen men's hands. 
 
 26. Tlie which dei>arteth, etc. W^hich divides and scatters. Desparp- 
 leth is from O. Fr. desparpiller, whence eparpiller ; h. papilio. So in Wyc- 
 liffe: " I schal smyte the scheperde, and the scheep of the flocke schulen 
 be disparplide.'\ 
 
 28. Wolde God that. ^Vould to God that, etc. 
 
12 THE VOIAGE AND TEAVAILE 
 
 And for als moche as it is longe tyme passed, that ther was 
 no generalle passage ne vyage over the see, and many men de- 
 siren for to here speke of the holy lond, and han thereof gret 
 solace and comfort ; I John Maundevylle, knyght, alle be it I 
 
 5 be not worthi, that was born in Englond, in the town of Seynt 
 Albones, passed the see, in the ^eer of our Lord Jesu Crist 
 MCCCXXIL, in the day of Seynt Michelle ; and hidreto have 
 ben longe tyme over the see, and have seyn and gon thorghe 
 manye dy verse londes, and many provynees and kingdomes and 
 
 lo iles, and have passed thorghe Tartarye, Percye, Ermonye the 
 lityile and the grete, thorghe Lybye, Caldee and a gret partie 
 of Ethiope, thorghe Amazoyne, Inde the lasse and the more, a 
 gret partie, and thorgheout many othere iles, that ben abouten 
 Inde; wdiere dwellen many dy verse folkes, 'and of dy verse 
 
 15 maneres and lawes, and of dyverse schappes of men. Of 
 whiche londes and iles I sclialle speke more pleynly hereaftre. 
 And I schalle devise you sum partie of thinges that there ben, 
 w^han time schalle ben, aftre it may best come to my mynde ; 
 and specyally for hem that wylle and are in purpos for to vis- 
 
 20 ite the holy citee of Jerusalem, and the holy places that are 
 
 thereaboute. iVnd I shalle telle the weye, that tliei schuUe 
 
 holden thidre. For I have often tymes passed and ryden the 
 
 way, with gode companye of many lordes, God be thonked. 
 
 And yee schulle undirstonde, that I have put this boke out 
 
 25 of Latyn into Frensche, and translated it ap'en out of Frensche 
 into Englyssche, that every man of my nacioun may undir- 
 stonde it; but lordes and knyghtes and othere noble and 
 w^orthi men, that conne Latyn but lityile, and han ben be- 
 2/onde the see, knowen and undirstonden, git I erre in de- 
 
 5. Town of Seynt Albones. St. Albans, in Hertfordshire. 
 
 10. Ermonye the Htylle, etc. Armenia, major and minor. 
 
 12. Amazoyne. Amazonia, " that is the lond of Femynye, where that no 
 man is but only alle wommen." Chaucer's " regne of Femenye/' the king- 
 dom of the Amazons. 
 
 12. Inde the lasse, etc. Afterwards thus described: "Yndeis devj^ded 
 in 3 princypalle parties, that is, the more, that is a fulle hoot contree; and 
 Ynde the lasse, that is a fulle atempree contrey, that strecchethe to the lond 
 of Mede; and the 3 part toward theSeptentrion is fulle cold/' ''It is cleped 
 ynde for a flom that rennethe thorgheout the contree, that is clept V/K/e 
 [Indus]." 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 13 
 
 visynge, for for^/etynge, or elles, that thei mowe redresse it 
 and amende it. For thinges passed out of longe tyme from a 
 mannes mynde or from his syght, turnen sone into for^etynge; 
 because that mynde of man ne may not ben comprehended ne 
 witheholden, for the freeltee of mankynde. 5 
 
 CAP. V. 
 
 OF MANYE NAMES OF SOUDANS, AND OF THE TOUR OF BABILOYN. 
 
 And whoso wille go be londe thorghe the lond of Babyloyne, 
 where the sowdan dwellethe comonly, he moste gete grace of 
 him and leve, to go more silcerly thorghe tho londes and con- 
 trees. And for to go to the mount of Synay, before that men 
 gon to Jerusalem, thei schalle go fro Gaza to the castelle of 10 
 Daire. And after that, men com en out of Surry e, and entren 
 into wyldernesse, and there the weye is sondy. And that 
 wyldernesse and desert lastethe 8 journeyes. But alleweyes 
 men fynden gode innes, and alle that hem nedethe of vytaylle. 
 And men clepen that wyldernesse Achelleke. And vvhan a 15 
 man comethe out of that desert, he entrethe into Egypt, that 
 men clepen Egypt Canopac: and aftre other langage, men 
 clepen it Morsyn. And there first men fynden a gode toun, 
 that is clept Belethe; and it is at the ende of the kyngdom of 
 Halappee. And from thens men gon to Babyloyne and to 20 
 Cayre. 
 
 At Babyloyne there is a faire chirche of oure Lady, where 
 
 2. For tliinges passed out, etc. The writer's English is uot so good 
 as the French here, which i eads : " Car chose de longe temps passe par le 
 vewe tournet en obli, et memorie de homme ne poet mie tout tenir et coin- 
 prehendre." Comprehended and in'fheholden are synonyms, used with their 
 original meanings: L. conipre)tendere, to seize, lay hold of, retain; A.S. 
 tvitli-Jtealdan. to hold back, restrain. 
 
 13. Lastethe 8 journeyes. Lasts eight days' journey; Fr. journee, a 
 day's work or travel. 
 
 14. Hem nedetlie. Is necessary for them. 
 
 17. Egypt Caiioijac. A name apparently derived from the city Cano- 
 pufi, Gi'eek Kavca/3o?. 
 
 18. Morsyn. Pet haps Xhe o]d Mi zr aim. 
 
 20. Halappee. Ah ppo; a few lines below it is Alappe. 
 20. Babyloyne and to Cayre. Babylon in Egypt, near Cairo. Its posi- 
 tion is said to be marked by a quarter of old Cairo called BabouL or Babilon, 
 
14 THE VOIAGE AND TKAVAILE 
 
 sche dwelled 7 ^/^er, whan sclie fleyghe out of the loud of 
 Judee, for clrede of kyng Heroude. And there lythe the body 
 of Seynt Barbre the virgine and martyr. And there duelled 
 Josephe, whan he was sold of his bretheren. And there made 
 5 Nabngodonozor the kyng putte three children into the forneys 
 of fuyr, for the! weren in the righte trouthe of beleeve: the 
 which e children men cleped Ananya, Azaria, Mizaelle, as the 
 psalm of Benedicite seythe; but Nabugodonozor cleped hem 
 other wise, Sydrak, Misak, and Abdenago, that is to seye, God 
 
 lo glorious, God victorious, and God over alle thinges and remes. 
 And that was for the myracle, that he saughe Goddes sone go 
 with the children thorghe the fuyr, as he seyde. There 
 duellethe the soudan in his Calahelyke (for there is comounly 
 his see), in a fayr castelle strong and gret and wel sett upon a 
 
 15 roche. In that castelle duellen alle wey, to kepe it and to 
 serve the sowdan, mo than 6000 persones, that taken alle here 
 necessaries of the sowdanes court. I oughte right wel to 
 knowen it, for I duelled with him as soudyour in his werres 
 a gret while, a^en the Bedoynes. And he wolde have maryed 
 
 20 me fuUe highely, to a gret princes daughtre, .^^if I wolde ban 
 forsaken my lawe and my beleve. But I thanke God, I had 
 no wille to don it, for no thing that he behigten me. . And ?/ee 
 schulle undrestonde, that the soudan is lord of 5 kyngdomes, 
 that he hathe conquered and apropred to him be strengthe; 
 
 25 and theise ben the names: the kyngdom of Canapak, that is 
 
 3. Seynt Barbre. Saint Barbara, who is said to have suffered martyr- 
 dom at Hehopohs by order of her own father, a.d. 306. See Butler's 
 " Lives of the Saints." 
 
 4. And there made . . . putte, etc. And there . . . caused to be 
 put, etc. The author here confuses the Chaldaean Babylon with the Egypt- 
 ian. See 1. 14. p. 18. 
 
 8. Psalm of Benedicite. The Song of the three H0I5" Children in the 
 fiery furnace, an apocryphal addition to the Book of Daniel, given in the 
 Vulgate (chap. iii. 24-90), used as a hymn in the Christian Church since the 
 fourth century. Many of the verses begin with Benedicite, as: Benedicite 
 fontes Domino, Bless the Lord, O ye fountains. The Hebrew names are 
 Ananias, Azarias, and IMisael. The author's interpretation of the Chal- 
 daean names is more ingenious than etymological. 
 
 13. Calahelyke. The imperial castle, or citadel; Arabic, A^n 7a, a castle, 
 and the suffix lik. holding, belonging to. 
 
 14. His see. His -seat, principal (l\v«^l ling-place, where he holds his court; 
 L. sedes, a seat : O. Fr. se. 
 
 24. Apropred to him be strengthe. Appropriated to himself by force. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 15 
 
 Egypt; and the kyngdom of Jeriisalein, where that David 
 and Salomon were kynges; and the kyngdom of Surrye, of 
 the whiche the cytee of Damasc was chief; and the kyngdom 
 of Alappe, in the lond of Mathe, and the kyngdom of Ara- 
 bye, that was to on of the 3 kynges, that made offryng to s 
 oure Lord, whan he was born. And many othere londes he 
 holdethe in his hond. And there withalle he holdethe ealyffes, 
 that is a fulle gret thing in here langage, and it is als meche 
 to seye as kyng. And there were wont to ben 5 soudans, but 
 now there is no mo but he of Egypt. And the firste soudan jo 
 was Zarocon, that was of Mede (as was fadre to Sahaladyn), 
 that toke the caliife of Egypt and slonghe him, and was made 
 soudan be strengthe. Aftre that was soudan, Sahaladyn. in 
 whoos tyme the kyng of Englonde, Richarde the firste, with 
 manye othere, kepten the passage, that Sahaladyn ne myghte 15 
 not passen. Aftre Sahaladyn regned his sone Boradyn; and 
 aftre him his nephewe. Aftre that the comaynz, that weren 
 in servage in Egypt, felten hemself, that thei weren of gret 
 power, thei chesen hem a soudain amonges hem; the whiche 
 made him to ben cleped Melethesalan. And in his tyme en- 20 
 tred in to the contree, of the kj'uges of France, Seynt Lowyz, 
 and foughte with him, and the soudan toke him and en- 
 prisound him. And this was slayn of his owne servauntes. 
 And aft re thei chosen an other to be soudan, that thei cleped 
 Tympieman. And he let delyveren Seynt Lowys out of pre- 25 
 soun, for certeyn ransoum. And aftre, on of theise comaynz 
 regned, that highte Cachas, and sloughe Tympieman, for to be 
 soudan, and made him ben cleped Melechemes; and aftre, 
 another that hadde to name Bendochdare, that sloughe Mele- 
 
 ll. As was fadre, etc. AVho was father of Saladin. 
 
 17. The comaynz, that vreren in servage, etc. This refers to the 
 Mamelukes, a body of soldiery who began to rule in Eg-ypt in the 13th 
 century under the sultan Malek el-Adel. The Arabic woid mamhik means 
 slave. Mandeville's word comaynz is a pecuhar formation, perhaps directly 
 from the L. comunitas: probably the same as comynfi, or the comen %)€pJe, 
 as in 1. 29, p. 11. It pcciu-s elsewiiere as a race nanie : " On this half is the 
 kyngdom of Comanye, whereof the Comanys that dwelleden in Grece som- 
 tyme weren chased out.'' 
 
 20. Made him ben cleped. Caused himself to be called. So in 1 19 
 p. 16.. ' * 
 
16 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 cliemes, for to be soudan, and cleped himself Melechdare. In 
 his tyme, entred the gode kyng Edward of Englond in Syrye, 
 and dide gret barm to the Sarrazines. And aft re was this 
 soudan enpoysound at Damasce, and his sone thoghte to regne 
 5 aftre him be heritage, and made him to ben clept Melesch- 
 sache. But another, that had to name Elphy, chaced him out of 
 the contree, and made him soudan. This man toke the cytee 
 of Tripollee, and destroy ede manye of the cristene men, the 
 peer of grace 1289, but he w^as anon slayn. Aftre that was the 
 
 losone of Elphy chosen to ben soudan, and cleped him Melle- 
 thasseraff ; and he toke the citee of Akoun, and chaced out the 
 cristene men. And this was also enpoysond. And than was 
 his brother ymade soudan, and was cleped Melechnasser. 
 And aftre, on that was clept Guytoga, toke him and put him 
 
 15 in prisoun, in the castelle of Mountryvalle; and made him 
 soudan be strengthe, and cleped him Melechcadelle: and he 
 was of Tartaryne. But the comaynz chaced him out of the 
 contree, and diden hym meche sorwe, and maden on of hem- 
 self soudan, that hadde to name Lachyn, and he made him to 
 
 2o ben clept Melechmanser; the whiche on a day pleyed at the 
 chesse, and his swerd lay besyde him; and so befelle, that on 
 wratthed him, and with his owne propre swerd he was slayn. 
 And aftre that, thei weren at gret discord, for to make a sou- 
 dan. And fynally thei accordeden to Melechnasser, that Guy- 
 
 25 toga had put in prisoun at Mountrivalle. And this regnede 
 longe and governed wisely, so that his eldest sone was chosen 
 aftre him, Melechemader; the whiche his brother leet sle 
 prevyly, for to have the lordschipe, and made him to ben clept 
 Melechmadabron. And he was soudan, whan I departed fro 
 
 9. Was anon slayn. On the contrary, he died a natural death at the 
 a^e of seventy. So, too, the " soudan " mentioned in 1. 4 was not poisoned, 
 but was killed by three rebellious subjects while hunting. IMandeville had 
 a genius for facts, but did not feel responsible for their correctness. 
 
 15. Castelle of Mountryvalle. The 'Laiin "MS. has, de Monte regalL A 
 more consistent corruption would have been Mountryalle, like ryalle. as in 
 1. 6, p. 20, Ills rydlle estate. Tlie citadel of Cairo is probably intended. 
 
 17. Of Tartaryne. Apparently intended for of Tartarye. 
 
 21. On wratthed him. One provoked him. 
 
 94. Thei accordeden to. They agreed upon. 
 
 27. Ijeet sle prevyly. Caused, or permitted, to be slain secretly. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. . 17 
 
 the contrees. And wyte ^ee wel, that the soudan may lede 
 out of Egypt mo than 20,000 men of armes; and out of Surrye, 
 and out of Turkye, and out of other contrees, that he holt, he 
 may arrere mo than 50,000. And alle tho ben at his wages, 
 and thei ben alle weys at him, withouten the folke of his con- 5 
 tree, that is withouten nombre. And everyche of hem hath 
 be i/ere the mountance of 6 score floreynes. But it behovethe, 
 that every of hem holde 3 hors and a cameylle. And be the 
 cytees and be the townes ben amyralles, that han the govern- 
 ance of the peple. On hath to govern e 4, and another hath to 10 
 governe 5, another mo, and another wel mo. And als moche 
 takethe the amyralle be him allone, as alle the other sould- 
 yours han undre hym. And therfore, whan the soudan wille 
 avance ony worthi knyghte, he makethe him a amyralle. 
 And whan it is ony derthe, the knyghtes ben right pore, and 15 
 thanne thei sellen bothe here hors and here barneys. And 
 the soudan hathe 4 wyfes, on cristene and 3 Sarrazines, 
 of the whiche on dwellethe at Jerusalem, and another at 
 Damasce, and another at Ascalon; and whan hem lyst, thei 
 remewen to other cytees. And whan the soudan wille, he 20 
 may go visite hem. And he hathe as many paramours, as 
 hym lykethe. For he makethe to come before him the fairest 
 and the nobleste of birth e and the gentylleste damyseles of 
 his contree, and he makethe hem to ben kept and served fulle 
 honourabely. . . . Andbefore the soudan comethe no strangier, 25 
 but ^if he be clothed in clothe of gold or of Tartarye or of 
 camaka in the Sarazines guyse, and as the Sarazines usen. And 
 it behovethe, that anon at the firste sight that men see the 
 soudan, be it in wyndowe, or in what place elles, that men knele 
 to him and kysse the erthe: for that is the man ere to do rever- 30 
 
 6. Hath be yere, etc. Hath by year (yearly) the amount of six score 
 florins. 
 
 12. Be him allone. By hirnfself alone. 
 
 26. Of Tartarye or of" camaka. Tartarin and camaco were kinds of 
 fine silk cloth. The autlior mentions them frequently, as " clothes of gold 
 and of camakans and Tartarynes.'' Tartarin (also cloth of Tors), was sup- 
 posed to be made by the Tartars, but was probably broiiglit overland by 
 tliem from China and India. The name Camaca first appears in the four- 
 teenth century; Low Lat. camoca, Gr. xa/ixovxa?. 
 
18 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 ence to the soudanne, of hem that speken with him. And 
 whan that messangeres of straiinge contrees comeu before 
 him, the meynee of the soudan, whan the straungeres speken 
 to hym, thei ben aboute the souldan with swerdes drawen and 
 
 sgysarmez and axes, here armes lift up in highe with the 
 wepenes, for to smyte upon hem, ^if thei seye ony woord, that 
 is displesance to the soudan. And also, no straungere comethe 
 before him, but that he makethe him sum promys and graunt 
 of that the straungere askethe resonabely, be so it be not 
 
 lo ap'enst his lawe. And so don othere prynces be^/onden. For 
 
 thei seyn, that no man schalle come before no prynce, but 
 
 that he be bettre, and schalle be more gladdere in departynge 
 
 from his presence, thanne he was at the comynge before hym. 
 
 And undirstonde 2/ee, that that Babyloyne that I have 
 
 IS spoken offe, where that the soudan duellethe, is not that gret 
 Babyloyne, where the dyversitee of langages was first made 
 for vengeance, by the myracle of God, when the grete tour of 
 Babel was begonnen to ben made; of the whiche the walles 
 weren 64 furlonges of heighthe; that is in the grete desertes 
 
 20 of Arabye, upon the weye as men gon toward the kyngdom of 
 Caldee. But it is fulle longe sithe that ony man durste neyhe 
 to the tour, for it is alle deserte and fulle of dragouns and 
 grete serpentes, and fulle of dyverse venymouse bestes alle 
 abouten. That tour, with the cytee, was of 25 myle in cyrcuyt 
 
 25 of the walles, as thei of the contree seyn, and as men may 
 demen by estymatioun, aftre that men tellen of the contree. 
 
 6. That is displesance. That pives displeasure. 
 
 9. Be so it be, etc. So that it be, if it be In old English so in this 
 sense is frequently accompanied by a preposition by, be, or for. See Matz- 
 ner's English Grammar, II. 2, p. 458. 
 
 10. Otliere prynces beyonden. Beyond the sea, i.e. in the East. So 
 parties beyonde in 1. 1, p. 20. 
 
 12. Bettre. Better off, in a better condition. 
 
 19. 64 furlonges of heiglite. So in both Latin and French 31 SS Cf. 
 Trevisa's account (Higden's Polychronicon): " Tli^ citee is icleped Babylon, 
 and the londe Babylonia; they that oon be wel ofte itake for that otlier; 
 bote the tour is icleped and hatte Babel. Orosius libro secundo. Babylon 
 was ibuld as a castel, and iwalled with foure walles square al abonres; 
 eueriche wel was fifty cubites in brede, and foure time so moche in h^-ithp; 
 tiie lengthe of euery wal from oon coi-ner to another was sixtene myle. The 
 walles were all aboute foure hondred (nid foure score forlong {= stadioriim), 
 that is /oiir and four ty myle.'' 
 
 2(>. Aftre that men tellen. According to that which men tell. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. , 19 
 
 And thoughe it be clept the tour of Babiloyne, yit natheles 
 there were ordeyned withinne many mansiouns and many 
 gret duellyiige places, in lengthe and brede. And that tour 
 conteyned gret contree in circuyt, for the tour all one con- 
 teyned 10 myle sqware. That tour founded kyng Nembrothe, ^ 
 that was kyng of that contree, and he was firste kyng of the 
 world. And he leet make an ymage in the lyknesse of his 
 fadre, and constreyned alle his subgettes for to worschipe it, 
 and anon begonnen othere lordes to do the same, and so be- 
 gonnen the ydoles and the symulacres first. The town and ^^ 
 the cytee weren fulle wel sett in a fair contree and a playn, 
 that men clepen the contree of Samar, of the whiche the 
 walles of the cytee werein 200 cabytes in heighte, and 50 
 cubytes in breadthe. And the ry vere of Euphrate ran thorghe- 
 out the cytee and aboute the tour also. But Cirus, the kyng ^5 
 of Perse, toke from hem the ryvere, and destroyede alle the 
 cytee and the tour also. For he departed that ryvere in 360 
 smale ryveres, because that he had sworn, that he scholde 
 putte the ryvere in suche poynt, that a woman myghte wel 
 passe there, withouten castynge of of hire clothes; for als 20 
 moche as he hadde lost many worthi men, that troweden to 
 passen that ryvere by swymmynge. 
 
 And from Babyloyne, where the soudan dwellethe, to go 
 right betwene the oryent and tlie septemtryon, toward the 
 grete Babyloyne, is 40 journeyes to passen be desart. But^s 
 it is not the grete Babiloyne in the lond and in the powere of 
 the seyd soudan, but it is in the power and the lordschipe of 
 Persye. But he holdethe it of the grete Cham, that is the 
 gretteste emperour and the most sovereyn lord of alle the 
 
 5. Nembrothe. Nirnrod. This name occurs in writers of the period as 
 Memhrot, Nemprot. Nemjyroot^ Nemproth, etc. 
 
 11. In a fair contree and a playn. This form of double qualification 
 is very common in Mandeville, as " a fulle fair cliirche and a jjracyouse." 
 "a fair tour and a highe," "a faire castelle and a strongs," "a fulle fair 
 place and a delicyous," " a fulle fair vale and a fructuouse." 
 
 12. Saniar. Also Sennar. The Biblical "land of Shinar/"' Gen. x. 10. 
 
 13. AVerein. hov iceren. were. 
 
 10. In suche poynt. In such condition. Cf. Chaucer's "in good poynt," 
 Prol. 200. ^ V ' 
 
 28. the grete Cham. The great Khan. 
 
20 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 parties be2/onde, and he is lord of the iles of Cathay and of 
 many othere iles, and of a gret partie of Inde. And his lond 
 marchethe unto prestre Johnes lond, and he holt so moche 
 lond, that he knowethe not the ende. And he is more myghty 
 
 5 and grettre lord withoute comparisoun, than is the soudan. Of 
 his ryalle estate and of his myghte I schalle speke more 
 plenerly, whan I schalle speke of the lond and of the eontree 
 of Ynde. 
 
 Also the cytee of Methone where Machomet lythe, is of the 
 
 lo grete desertes of Arabye. And there lithe the body of hym 
 f Lille hononrabely in here temple, that the Sarazines clepen 
 Muskethe. And it is fro Babyloyne the lesse, where the soudan 
 duellethe, unto Methon aboveseyd, into a 32 journeyes. And 
 wytethe wel, that the rewme of Arabye is a fulle gret eontree, 
 
 15 but therein is over moche dysert. And no man may dwelle 
 there in that desert, for defaute of watre. For that lond is 
 
 1. lies of Cathay. The regions or lands of China. Cathay is the name 
 by which China was known to mediaeval Europe, originally Kitiii, from a 
 race of Tartars called Khitdn, by whom the northern part of China was 
 subdued in the tenth century. 
 
 3. Prestre Johnes lond. Presbyt^^r, i.e. Priest, John's laud. For an 
 iccount of the literature concerning this fabulous Christian sovereign, see 
 EncyclopcBdia Britannica and Yule's Cathay and the Way Thither. See 
 also " Travels " of Marco Polo. Mandeville describes his *' roj^al estate '' in 
 Chap. XXVII. Of his palace he says: "He duellethe comounly in the cytee 
 of Suse; and there is his principaile palays. that is so riche and so noble, 
 that no man will trowe it by estymacioun, but he had seen it. And aboven 
 the chief tour of the palays ben 2 rounde pomeles of gold; and in everj^che 
 of hem ben 2 carboncles grete and large, that schyneu fulle brighte upon 
 the njght. And the principaile gates of his palays ben of precious ston, 
 that men clepen sardoyne: and the bordure and the barres ben of ivorye: 
 and the wyndowes of the halles and chambres ben of cristalle: and the 
 tables, where on men eten, some ben of emeraudes. sume of amatyst and 
 some of gold, fulle of precious stones; and the pileres. that beren up the 
 tables, ben of the same precious stones. And the degrees to gon up to his 
 throne, where he sittethe at the mete, on is of oniche, another is of cristalle, 
 and another of jaspre grene, another of amatyst, another of sardyne, 
 another of cor eliue. and the sevene that he settethe on his feet, is cf criso- 
 lyte. And alle theise degrees ben bordmed with fyn gold, with the tother 
 V)recious stones, sett with grete perles oryent. And the sydes of the sege of 
 his throne ben of emeraudes, and bordured with gold fulle nobely, and 
 dubbed with other pi-ecious stones and grete perles. And alle the pileres in 
 his chambre ben of fyne gold with precious stones, and with many carbon- 
 cles, that geven gret lyght upon the nj^ght to alie peple," etc. 
 
 9. Methone. Medina, the earher Jathreb. Its mosque is supposed to 
 contain the tomb of Mahomet. 
 
 13. Into a 33 journeyes. About a 32 days' journey. This construction 
 occurs frequently in Mandeville, as " a 15 journej^es," •' an 8 ionrneyes." '" a 
 30 myle," '* a 14,000 olifauntz," " a 3 bow shote," etc. See Matzner's Gram- 
 mar, II. 2, p. 179. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 21 
 
 alle gravelly and f alle of send, and it is drye and nothing fruc- 
 tuous, because that it hathe no moysture, and therfore is 
 there so meche desart. And ^if it hadde ryveres and welles, 
 and the lond also were, as it is in other parties, it scholde ben 
 als fulle of peple and als fulle enhabyted with folk, as in 5 
 other places. For there is fulle gret multitude of peple, 
 where as the lond is enhabyted. Arabye durethe fro the 
 endes of the reme of Caldee, unto the laste ende of Affryk, 
 and marchethe to the lond of Ydumee, toward the ende of 
 Botron. And in Caldee, the chief cytee is Baldak. And of 10 
 Affryk, the chief cytee is Cartage, that Dydo, that was Eneas 
 wyf^ founded ; the whiche Eneas was of the cytee of Troye, 
 and aftre was kyng of Itaylle. Mesopotamye strecchethe also 
 unto the desertes of Arabye, and it is a gret contree. In this 
 contree is the cytee of Araym, where Abrahames fadree 15 
 duelled, and from whens Abraham departed, be commande- 
 ment of the aungelle. And of that cytee was Effraym, that 
 was a gret clerk and a gret doctour. And Theophylus was 
 of that cytee also, that oure ladye savede from oure enemye. 
 And Mesopotame durethe fro the ryvere of Eufrates unto the 20 
 ry vere of Tygris, for it is betwene tho 2 ryveres. And bei/onde 
 the ryvere of Tygre, is Caldee, that is a fulle gret kyngdom. 
 In that rewme, at Baldak aboveseyd, was wont to duelle the 
 calyffeez, that was wont to ben bothe as emperour and pope of 
 the Arabyenez, so that he was lord spirituelle and temporelle. 25 
 
 10. Botron. Probably for Bostrum, Bosra, now El Biiseirah in Edom. 
 
 10. Baldak. Bagdad; ^\)e\\ed. 0X9,0 Baudac, Baldacli, Baydachyelc. 
 
 15. Araym. Araui, or Haran. Genesis xi, 31, xii. 4. 
 
 17. Eftrayin. Epbraem Syrus, a celebrated church father of the fourth 
 century, whose writings were so highly esteemed, according to Jerome, as 
 to be read in the churches with the Scriptures. He was from Nisibis, not 
 Haran. 
 
 19. That oure ladye savede. This is the Faust legend of the Middle 
 Ages, according to which Theophilus, clerk to a bishop in Sicily, pledged his 
 so 1 to the Devil by a written compact, and was saved by the interposition 
 of the Blessed Virgin. A metrical version of the story in early English is 
 described in Morley's English Writers, Vol. IV^. pp. 27.3-278. It was the 
 subject of one of the earliest dramas in Low German. See the " Golden 
 Legends " of Jacques de Voragine. 
 
 22. Tygre. The same as Ti/gri.^i, immediately preceding. 
 
 24. Calyfteez. In Mandeville a singular verb is often used with a plural 
 subject when the verb precedes the subject. So in 1. 4, p. 27, below, '' there 
 is no mo briddes.'* So also "In that reme is alle wommen and no man," 
 "There is ymade large nettes of sylk," etc. 
 
22 THE VOIAGE AND TKAVAILE 
 
 And he was successour to Macliomete, and of his genera- 
 tioun. That cytee of Baldak was wont to ben doped Sutis, and 
 Nabiigodonozor founded it. And there duelled the holy pro- 
 phete Daniel, and there he saughe visionnes of hevene, and 
 5 there he made the expositioun of dremes. And in old tyme, 
 there were wont to be 3 calyffez, and thei dwelleden in the 
 cytee of Baldak aboveseyd. 
 
 And at Cayre besides Babyloyne duelled the calyffee of 
 Egypt. And at Marrok, upon the west see, duelte the calyffee 
 
 lo of Barbaryenes and of Alf rycanes. And now is there non of 
 the calyffeez, ne noughte han ben, sithe the tyme of sowdan 
 Sahaladyn. For from that tyme hidre, the sowdan clepethe 
 himself calyffee, and so han the calytfeez ylost here name. 
 Also wytethe wel, that Babyloyne the lesse, where the soudan 
 
 ^5 duellethe, and at the cytee of Cayr, that is nyghe besyde it, 
 ben grete huge cytees [manye] and fayr, and that on sytt 
 nyghe that other. Babyloyne sytt upon the ryvere Gyson, 
 somtyme clept Nyle, that comethe out of paradys terrestre. 
 
 2. Sutis. For Susis, or Susa. 
 
 9. Marrok. Marocco, a cirj- of 700,000 inhabitants in the twelfth century. 
 
 9. The west see. The Atlantic ocean. Trevisa saj's: "Africa . . . hath 
 in the west side the luest occean.'" 
 
 10. Barbaryenes. The Berebers, lil^e Arabyenez, the Arabians, in 1. 25, 
 p. 21. 
 
 14. Babyloyne . , . and at the cytee of Cayr. The force of the adverb 
 where seems to be carried forward to the next clause, making che " soudan " 
 dwell in both cities. The author evidentl.y intended to say that Babylon, 
 ivhere the sultan divells. and the city of C((iro, that is near it, are great huge 
 cities and fair. Matzner remarks that the word manye clearly belongs only 
 to the careless transcriber. 
 
 17. Ryvere Gyson. River Gihon. See Gen. ii. 10-14. 
 
 18. Paradys terrestre. The location of the garden of Eden, and the 
 identification of the rivers mentioned in Genesis ii. 8-"24. has been a sub- 
 ject of tireless speculation in all ages. The earthly paradise of mediaeval 
 fancy was a place somewhere in the far East, beyond the great ocean stream 
 which was supposed to encompass the earth, raised upon mountain heights 
 so high that the deluge did not reach it; here Enoch. Elijah, and especially 
 favored saints were believed to be dwelling. The conception was a mixture 
 of Biblical statements and classical reminiscences of Elysium and the Isl- 
 ands of the Blest. In Chap XXX. Mandeville says modestly: " Of paradys 
 ne can not I speken propurly; for I was not there. It is fer beyonde: and 
 that forthinkethe me; and also I was not woithi. But as I have herd seye 
 of wyse men bej^onde, I schalle telle you with gode wille. Paradys terrestre, 
 as wise men seyn. is the liighest place of erthe. that is in alle the world ; and 
 it is so hiehe, that it touchethe nyghe to the cercle of the mone, there as the 
 mone makethe hire torn. For she is so highe. thnt the fl(^de of Noe ne myght 
 not come to hire, that wolde have covered alle the erthe of the world alle 
 aboute, and aboven and benethen, saf paradys only allone. And this para- 
 dys is enclosed alle aboute with a walle; and men wyte not wherof it is. 
 For the walles ben covered alle over with mosse, as it semethe. And it 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 23 
 
 That ryvere of Nyle, alle the yeev, wlian the fcoune entrethe 
 into the signe of Cancer, it begynnethe to wexe, and it wex- 
 ethe alle weys, als longe as the sonne is in Cancro, and in the 
 signe of Lyoune. And it wexethe in suche manere, that it is 
 somtyine so gret, that it is 20 eubytes or more of dcpnesse, 5 
 and thanne it dothe gret harm to the godes that ben upon the 
 lond. For thanne may no man travaylle to ere the londes, 
 for the grete moystnesse : and therfore is there dere tyme in 
 that contree. And also whan it wexethe lytylle, it is dere 
 tyme in that contree, for defaute of moj^sture. And whan the 10 
 Sonne is in the signe of Virgo, thanne begynnethe the ryvere 
 for to wane and to decrece lytyl and lytylle ; so that whan the 
 Sonne is entred in to the signe of Libra, thanne thei entren 
 betwene theise ryveres. This ryvere comethe rennynge from 
 paradys terrestre, betwene the desertes of Ynde, and aftre it is 
 smytt unto londe, and rennethe longe tyme many grete contrees 
 undre erthe. And aftre it gothe out undre an highe hille, 
 that men clepen Alothe, that is betwene Ynde and Ethiope, 
 
 semethe not that the walle is ston of nature. And that walle stiecchethe 
 fro the southe to the northe; and it hathe not but on entree, that is closed 
 with fyre brenuynge; so that no man that is luortalle ne dar not entren. 
 And in the moste highe place of pardys, evene in the myddel place, is a 
 welle, that castethe out the 4 flodes. that rennen be dyverse londes; of the 
 whiche the first is clept Phison or Ganges, that is alle on; and it rennethe 
 thorghe out Ynde or Emlak: in the whiche ryvere ben manye preciouse 
 stones, and inochel of lignu aloes, and moche gravelle of gold. And that 
 other ryvere is clept Nilus or Gyson, that gothe be Ethiope. and aftre be 
 Egypt. And that other is clept Tigris, that rennethe be Assirj-e and be 
 Arrnenye the grete. And that other is clept Eufrate, that rennethe also be 
 Medee and be Arn^.onye and be Persye. And men there beyonde seyn that 
 all the swete watres of the world aboven and benethen. taken hire begyn- 
 nynge of the welle of paradj's; and out of that welle alle watres conien «nd 
 gon," etc. 
 
 6. Thfe godes. The ciops. In the north of England the word cioods was 
 applied to cattle, and the products of the dairy. 
 
 13. Thanne tliei entren . . . ryvere.s. Other versions show that the 
 author intended to describe here the i-eceding of the river to its proper chan- 
 nel. Pliny makes a similar statement: ''In totum autem vevocaUir intra 
 ripas in Libra."" Matzner therefore conjectures that the passage should read, 
 thanne it entretlie bettctne hifie ryveres ; the word ryveres would then lefer 
 to the river-banks, a use justified by the O. Fr. riviere. 
 
 15. It smytt unto londe. It rushes into the land. Smyft. smites, 
 dashes, rushes; A. S. smitan. So in Robert of Gloucester: '"He smot 
 out of toune.'"' 
 
 18. Alothe. Other versions have Aloch and AJat. Probably Atlas is in- 
 tended. Trevisa says : ' And they me rede in bookes that Nilus cometh out 
 of Paradys, yit Borii men affermeth and seith that Nilus springeth in the 
 west side of the londe of Ethiopia, nought fer from the hil that is iclepod 
 Atlas, and goth aboute Ethiopia and downw^ard by Egipt." 
 
24 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 the distance of five moneths journeyes fro the entree of 
 Ethiope. And aftre it envyronnethe alle Ethiope and More- 
 kane, and gothe alle along fro the lond of Egipte, unto the 
 cytee of Alisandre, to the ende of Egipte ; and there it fallethe 
 
 5 into the see. Aboute this ryvere ben man ye briddes and 
 foules, as sikonyes, that thei clepen ibes. 
 
 Egypt is a long contree, ,but it is streyt, that is to seye, 
 narow ; for thei may not enlargen it toward the desert, for 
 defaute of watre. And the contree is sett along upon the 
 
 lo ryvere of Nyle, be als moche as that ryvere may serve be 
 llodes or otherwise, that whanne it flowethe, it may spreden 
 abrood thorghe the contree : so is the contree large of lengthe. 
 For there it reyneth not but litylle in that contree, and for 
 that cause they have no watre, but git it be of that flood of 
 
 15 that ryvere. And for als moche as it ne reynethe not in that 
 contree, but the eyr is alwey pure and cleer, tlierfore in that 
 contree ben the gode astronomyeres, for thei fynde there no 
 cloudes to let ten hem. Also the cytee of Cayre is righte gret, 
 and more huge than that of Babyloyne the lesse, and it sytt 
 
 20 aboven toward the desert of Syrye, a lytille aboven the ryvere 
 aboveseyd. In Egipt there ben 2 parties : the heghte, that is 
 toward Ethiope, and the lowenesse, that is towardes Arabye. 
 In Egypt is the lond of Ramasses and the lond of Gessen. 
 Egipt is a strong contree, for it hathe man ye schrewede 
 
 25 havenes, because of the grete roches, that ben stronge and 
 daungerouse to passe by. And at Egipt, toward the est, is 
 the Eede See, that durethe unto the cytee of Coston; and 
 toward the west, is the contree of Lybye, that is a ful\p drye 
 lond, and litylle of fruyt, for it is overmoche plentee of hete. 
 
 2. Morekane. Apparently for Mauritania. 
 
 10. Be flodes or otherwise. By overflows or (perhaps) by canals and 
 other methods of irrigation. 
 
 23. The lond of Kauiasses, etc. The land of Rameses and the land of 
 Goshen. 
 
 24. Schrewede havenes. Bad or dangerous harbors. Schreiced is lit- 
 erally accursed^ fri)Mi schruen, to curse ; from A. S. screaica., a shrew-mouse, 
 the belief being that its bite was fatal ; whence Eng. shrew. Bacon says an 
 ant " is a shrewd thing in an orchard or garden." 
 
 27. Cytee of Coston. This must be Colsiuii, another name for Suez. 
 29. For it is overmoche. For there is overmuch. 
 
OP SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 25 
 
 And that lond is clept Fusthe. And toward the partie meri- 
 dionalle is Ethiope ; and toward the northe is the desert, that 
 durethe unto Syrye. And so is the contree strong on alle 
 sydes. And it is wel a 15 journey es of lengthe, and more 
 than two so moche of desert ; and it is but two journeyes in 5 
 largenesse. And betwene Egipt and ISTubye, it hathe wel a 
 12 journees of desert. And men of Nubye ben cristene, but 
 thei ben blake as the Mowres, for grete hete of the sonne. 
 
 In Egipt there ben 5 provynces : that on highte Sahythe, 
 that other highte Demeseer, another Kesithe, that is an ile in to 
 Nyle, another Alisandre, and another the lond of Damiete. 
 That cytee was wont to be righte strong, but it was twyes 
 wonnen of the cristene men ; and therfore after that the 
 Sarazines beten down the walles. And with the walles and 
 the tour thereof, the Sarazines maden another cytee more fer 15 
 from the see, and clepeden it the newe Damyete, so that now 
 no man duellethe at the rathere toun of Damyete. And that 
 cytee of Damyete is on of the havenes on Egypt ; and at 
 Alisandre is that other, that is a fulle strong cytee. But 
 there is no watre to drynke, but ^if it come be condyt from 20 
 Nyle, that entrethe into here cisternes, and who so stopped 
 that watre from hem, thei myghte not endure there. In 
 Egypt there ben but fewe forcelettes or castelles, because that 
 the contree is so strong of himself. At the desertes of Egypte 
 was a worthi man, that was an holy heremyte ; and there 25 
 mette with hym a monstre (that is to seyne, a monstre is a 
 thing difformed a^en kynde both of man or of best or of ony 
 
 1. Fusthe. Cf. Trevisa : "That womman Libya reig:ned in tliat lond 
 Lib.ya, and the peple of that lond hitte Fhiitei of Phut, Chamys [Ham's] 
 sone." See Gen. x. 6. 
 
 1. Partie meridioiialle. The southern part. 
 
 9. 5 provynces. These five "provynces" appear to be confined to 
 Lower Egrypt. SaJiyfhe may be the old Sms, and Demeseer the Damanhur 
 of crusading times; Resithe is Rascliid or Rosetta, and Danuete is Damiat 
 or Damietta. 
 
 17. The rathere toun. The former town. So in Robert of Gloucester : 
 *'Seynt Edward the marter . . . was ys sone By ys rathere wyf.'' Rathere 
 is the comp. of rathe, A. S. hraedh^ soon, quick. Cf. Milton's "rathe prim- 
 rose," early primrose. 
 
 2b. An holy heremyte. This story is from the life of the holy Paiilus, 
 the -first hermit," written by St. Jerome, a kind of religious Robinson 
 Crusoe. 
 
26 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 thing elles, and that is cleped a monstre). Aiid this monstre, 
 that mette witli this holy heremyte, was as it hadde ben a 
 man, that hadde 2 homes trenchant on his forhede, and he 
 hadde a body lyk a man, unto the navele, and benethe he 
 5 hadde the body lyche a goot. And the heremyte asked him, 
 what he was. And the monstre answerde him, and ^eyde, he 
 was a dedly creature, suche as God hadde formed, and duelled 
 in the desertes, in purchasynge his sustynance; and besoughte 
 the heremyte, that he wolde preye God for him, the whiche 
 
 lo that cam from hevene for to saven alle mankynde, and was 
 
 born of a mayijen^ and suffred passioun and dethe (as we well 
 
 knowen), be whom we lyven and ben. And yit is the hede 
 
 with the 2 homes of that monstre at Alisandre for a marveyle. 
 
 In Egypt is the cytee of Elyople, that is to seyne, the cytee 
 
 15 of the Sonne. In that cytee there is a temple made round, 
 
 ' aftre the schappe of the temple of Jerusalem. The prestes of 
 
 that temple han alle here wrylynges, undre the date of the foul 
 
 that is clept Fenix ; and there is non but on in alle the world. 
 
 And he comethe to brenne himself upon the awtere of the 
 
 20 temple, at the ende of 5 hundred yeer : for so longe he 
 lyvethe. And at the 500 yeres ende, the prestes arrayen here 
 awtere honestly, and putten thereupon spices and sulphur vif 
 and other thinges, that wolen brenne lightly. And than the 
 brid Fenix comethe, and brennethe himself to askes. And the 
 
 3. Homes trenchant. Sharp horns. Fr. trencher, to cut. 
 
 5. liyche a goot. Like a goat. 
 
 7. Dedly creature. Mortal creature. 
 
 14. Elyople. Heliopolis (Gr. i^Ato?, sun, ttoAi?, city), in the Bible called 
 On. Gen. xli. 45. 
 
 18. Fenix. The fable of the Phoenix was widely circulated in ancient 
 and mediBBval times. The account in the text is fiom Pliny's Natural His- 
 tory, Bk. X. 2, who remarks, 'I am not quite sure that its existence is not 
 alia fable " Herodotus (II, 73) obtained the story in Egypt, "which to me 
 is not credible," he says. Tacitus examined the story critically (Annals, 
 Bk. VI. 28) and concluded that "these accounts are not entitled to unquali- 
 fied credit ; . . . but that this bird has been ar some time seen in Egypt is 
 not questioned." See also Hesiod, L 4; Ovid's INletamorphoses, XV; 
 Seneca's Epistles, 42; Sir T. Browne's Vulgar PZrrors. Bk. HI. 12. For origin 
 of the myth, see Encycl. Britannica. The Anglo-Saxon poem, '' The 
 Phoenix," is a paraphrase of the ''Carmen de Phenice," attributed to 
 Lactantius. 
 
 22. Sulphur vif. Quick, living sulphur; L. vivv.s, alive. So in Virgil, 
 Georg. 3, 449 : " Spumas miscent aigenri, vivaqite siUphura.'' And in Ovid, 
 Metdm. 3, 374: " Ad motain rapiunt vivacia sulphurd tlammam." 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNBEVILLE. 27 
 
 first day next aftre, men fynden in the askes a worm ; and 
 the secunde day next aftre, men funden a brid quyk and 
 perfyt ; and the thridde day next aftre, he fleethe his wey. 
 And so there is no mo briddes of that kynde in alle the world, 
 but it allone. And treuly that is a gret myracle of God. s 
 And men may well lykne that bryd unto God, because that 
 there nys no God but on, and also, that oure Lord aroos fro 
 dethe to lyve, the thridde day. This bryd men seen often 
 tyme fleen in tho contrees. And he is not mecheles more 
 than an egle, and he hathe a crest of fedres upon his hed lo 
 more gret than the poocok hathe ; and his nekke is 2/alowe, 
 aftre colour of an orielle, that is a ston well schynynge ; and 
 his bek is coloured blew, as ynde ; and his w^enges ben of 
 purpre colour, and the taylle is yelow and red, castynge his 
 tayle a<7en in travers. And he is a fulle fair brid to loken 15 
 upon, a^enst the sonne : for he schynethe fully gloriously and 
 nobely. 
 
 Also in Egypt ben gardyns, that han trees and herbes, the 
 whiche beren frutes 7 tymes in the yeer. And in that lond 
 men fynden many fayre emeraudes and ynowe. And there- 20 
 fore thei ben there grettere cheep. Also w^han it reynethe 
 ones in the somer, in the lond of Egipt, thanne is alle the 
 contree fulle of grete myrs. Aso at Cayre, that I spak of 
 before, sellen men comounly bothe men and wommen of other 
 lawe, as w^e don here bestes in the markat. And there is a 25 
 comoun hows in that cytee, that is alle fulle of smale furneys ; 
 
 9. Not mecheles more. Not much larger. Mecheles is for mocheles, 
 from the A. S adverbial greuitive micles. 
 
 13. Blew, as ynde. We find in the Cursor Mundi : "The tother hew 
 next ro fynde Is al hleiv, men callen ynde.''^ O. Fr. inde, from Indus. 
 
 U. The taylle ... in travers. The construction here is doubtful, 
 but the meaning seems to be simply that the tail is marked crosswise with 
 yellow and red. The Latin text reids: "habens alas purpureas, caudam 
 duobus color ibus per transiiersum croceo & rubeo regulafcim.'" The word 
 castynge seems to represent the L. regulatam, in the sense of marking, 
 lining, or perhaps disposing in divisions, as in Hanipole (Pricke of Con- 
 science, 432): "Alle man's lyfe casten may be ... in this partes thre." 
 Per transversum is equivalent to in transversum, Fr. en travers, whence in 
 travers, crosswise. IMatzner suggests that the adverb again may be ex- 
 plained by the fact that the two colors have already been given to other 
 parts of the bird's body. 
 
 21. Thei hen there g:rettere cheep. They are cheaper there. Man- 
 deville has also " better cheep." 
 
28 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 and thidre bryiigen wommen of the touii here eyreii of 
 hennes, of gees and of dokes, for to ben put into tho furneyses. 
 And thei that kepen that hows coveren hem ^vith liete of hors 
 dong, withouten henne, goos or doke or ony other foul ; and 
 
 5 at the ende of 3 wekes or of a monethe, thei comen a^en and 
 taken here chickenes and norissche hem and bryngen hem 
 forthe, so that alle the contree is f ulle of hem. And so men 
 don there bothe wyntre and somer. 
 
 Also in that contree, and in othere also, men fynden longe 
 
 lo apples to selle, in hire cesoun : and men clepen hem apples of 
 paradys, and thei ben righte swete and of gode savour. And 
 thoghe y^Q kutte hem in never so many gobettes or parties, 
 overthwart or endlonges, everemore ^ee schulle fynden in the 
 myddes the figure of the holy cros of oure Lord lesu. But 
 
 15 thei wil roten within 8 days, and for that cause men may not 
 carye of the apples to no fer contrees. And thei han grete 
 leves, of a fote and a half of lengthe, and thei ben covenably 
 
 I large. And men fynden there also the appulle tree of Adam, 
 that han a byte at on of the sydes. And there ben also fyge 
 
 20 trees, that beren no leves, but fyges upon the smale braunches: 
 and men clepen hem figes of Pharoon. Also besyde Cayre, 
 withouten that cytee, is the feld where bawme growethe. 
 And it comethe out on smale trees, that ben non hyere than a 
 mannes breek girdille; and thei semen as wode that is of the 
 
 25 wylde vyne. And in that feld ben 7 welles, that oure Lord 
 
 6. Bryngen liem forthe. Bring: up. brin^ to maturitj^. 
 
 10. Apples of paradys. The plantain (Musa paradisiaca), which to the 
 mediaeval mind was the tree of knowledge in the garden of Eden. The 
 legendary fancies mentioned by Mandeville were also sometimes associated 
 with the Unie. 
 
 13. Overthwart or e2idlong:es. Crosswise or lengthwise. 
 
 19. That han a hyte, etc. That is, each apple has a bite in one side. 
 The plantain is called by the Italians '• Adam's apple." 
 
 21. Figes of Pharoon. Fi^s of Pharaoh; th-' sycamore fig. The wood 
 of this tree was used by the Egyptians for ilieir mummy-cases. 
 
 22. Where bawme growethe. According to the tradition recorded by 
 Josephus (Ant. YIII. (5), ihe balm or balsam tree (Biblical balm of Gilead) 
 was presented to Solomon by the Queen of Sheba, and thence was carried to 
 Egypt by Cleopatra and cultivated in a special garden with great care. See 
 Piiny, Nat. History, XII. 54; Tacitus, His. V. 6. 
 
 23. That ben non hyere. That are not higher. For this use of non 
 (none), see Malzner's Gr. II. 1, p. 129. Breek girdille. Breech girdle; O. 
 Eng. breek, breeches, A. S. pi. brec. 
 
 25. Welles. See the apocryphal " Gospel of the Infancy." In chap. viii. 
 it is recorded that " in IMatatea the Lord Jesus caused a well to spring 
 forth, iu which St. Mary washed his coat," etc. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 29 
 
 lesu Crist made with on of his feet, whan he wente to pleyen 
 with other children. That feld is not so well closed, but that 
 men may entren at here owne list. But in that cesoune, that 
 the bawme is growynge, men put thereto gode kepynge, that 
 no man dar ben hardy to entre. This bawme growethe in no s 
 place, but only there. And thoughe that men bryngen of the 
 plauntes, for to planten in other contrees, thei growen wel 
 and fayre, but thei bryngen forthe no fructuous thing. And 
 the leves of bawme ne fallen noughte. And men kutten the 
 braunches with a scharp flyntston or with a scharp bon, lo 
 whanne men wil go to kutte hem; for who so kutte hem with 
 iren, it wolde destroye his vertue and his nature. And the 
 Sarazines clepen the wode enonch balse; and the fruyt, the 
 whiche is as quybybes, thei clepen abebissam; and the lycour, 
 that droppethe fro the braunches, thei clepen guybalse. And ^5 
 men maken alle weys that bawme to ben tjied of the cristene 
 men, or elles it wolde non fructifye, as the Sarazines seyn 
 hemself ; for it hathe ben often tyme preved. Men seyn also, 
 that the bawme growethe in Ynde the more, in that dester 
 wliere the trees of the sonne and of the mone spak to Ali- 20 
 saundre; but I have not seen it, for I have not ben so fer 
 aboven upward, because that there ben to many perilouse 
 passages. And wyte 2/ee wel, that a man oughte to take gode 
 kepe for to bye bawme, but ^if he cone knowe it righte wel; 
 for he may righte lyghtely be disceyved. For men sellen a ^5 
 gome, that men clepen turbentyne, in stede of bawme; and 
 thei putten thereto a littille bawme for to ^even gode odour. 
 And sume putten wax in oyle of the wode and of the fruyt of 
 
 9. Men kutten, etc. Pliny says: "Incisions are made in it either with 
 grlass, or else a sharp stone, or knives -made of bone, it bein^ highly injuri- 
 ous to touch the vital parts with iron, for in such case it will inmiediately 
 wither away and die."" — Nat. His. XII. 54. 
 
 14. Quybybes. Cubebs; Arab, kubabah. 
 
 20. Trevisa says of these trees : " In Ynde beeth trees that beeth icieped 
 the trees of the sonne and of the mone; preostes that ete of the apples of 
 th like trees lyued fyue hondr^d yere. They were icieped the trees of the 
 sonne for euerich of hem quaked and schoke as sone as the sonne beem 
 touched his cop, and answered men that stood aboute. The same doynge was 
 of the trees of [the] mone. By these trees the grete Alexander was forbode 
 that he schulde neuere come in Babylon." The story is from Pseudo-CaUis- 
 thcnts (III. IT}. 
 
30 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 bawme, and seyn that it is bawme; and snrae dest y lien cl owes 
 of gylofre and of spykenard of Spayne and of othere spices, 
 that ben well smelly nge; and the lykour that gothe out thereof, 
 thei clepe it bawme; and thei wenen, that thei han bawme, and 
 5 thei have non. For the Sarazines countrefeten it be sotyltee 
 of craft, for to disceyven tbe'cristene men, as I have seen fulle 
 many a tyrae; and aftre hem, the marchanntis and the apote- 
 caries countrefeten it eftsones, and than it islasse worthe, and 
 a gret del worse. But ^if it lyke ?/ou, I schalle schewe, how 
 
 lo 2^ee schullc knowe and preve, to the ende that yee schulle not 
 ben disceyved. First, ?/ee schulle wel knowe, that the natu- 
 relle bawme is fulle cleer, and of cytrine colour, and stronge 
 smellynge; and .g'if it be thykke or reed or blak, it is sophisti- 
 cate, that is to seyne, contrefeted and made lyke it, for dis- 
 
 15 ceyt. And undrestondethe, that git yee wil putte a litylle 
 bawme in the pawme of ?/oure bond, a^/en the sonne, ^if it 
 be fyn and gode, yee ne schulle not suffre yoiive hand a^enst 
 the hete of the sonne. Also takethe a lytille bawme, with the 
 poynt of a knif, and touch e it to the fuyr, and git it brenne, 
 
 20 it is a gode signe. Aftre, take also a drope of bawme, and put 
 it into a dissche or in a cuppe with mylk of a goot; and ^if it 
 be naturelle bawme, anon it wole take and beclippe the mylk. 
 Or put a drope of bawme in clere watre, in a cuppe of sylver 
 or in a clere bacyn, and stere it wel with the clere watre; and 
 
 25 ^'if that the bawme be fyn and of his owne kynde, the watre 
 schalle nevere trouble; and ^if the bawme be sophisticate, 
 that is to seyne, countrefeted, the watre schalle become anon 
 trouble. And also, ^if the bawme be fyn, it schahe falle to 
 the botme of the vesselle, as thoughe it were quyksylver; for 
 
 30 the fyn bawme is more hevy twyes, than is the bawme that is 
 sophisticate and countrefeted. -jSTow T have spoken of bawme. 
 
 2. Clowes of gylofre. Cloves. The O. En^. clone is for the earlier 
 cloice gilofre (clove-gillyflower); O. Fr. clou de girofle. Cf. clove-pink, or 
 gillyflower. Mandeville says elsewhere: "In that contree growen many 
 trees that beren clowe-gilofres and notemiigs." 
 
 22. Take and beclippe. The French (se) prendre and cailler, thicken 
 and curdle. A. S. beclyppan, to embrace. These tests are from Pliny. 
 
 ^5. Of his owne kynde. Of its own nature. Jlis \s tbe n^u. gen. of tUe 
 A, ^. pronoun he, heo, hit^ 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 31 
 
 and now also I schalle speke of another thing, that is beyonde 
 Babyloyne, above the flode of Nyle, toward the desert, be- 
 twene Affrik and Egypt: that is to seyn, of the gerneres of 
 Joseph, that he leet make, for to kepe the greynes for the 
 perile of the dere yeres. And thei ben made of ston, fulle s 
 wel made of masonnes craft; of the whiche two ben merveyl- 
 ouse grete and hye, and the tothere ne ben not so grete. 
 And every gerner hathe a ^ate, for to entre withinne, a lytille 
 hyghe fro the erthe. For the lond is wasted and fallen, sithe 
 the gerneres were made. And withinne thei ben alle fulle of lo 
 serpentes. And aboven the gerneres withouten ben many 
 scriptures of dyverse langages. And sum men seyn, that thei 
 ben sepultures of grete lordes, that weren somtyme; but that 
 is not trewe, for alle the comoun rymour and speche is of alle 
 the peple there, bothe fer and nere, that thei ben thegarneres 15 
 of Joseph. And so fynden thei in here scriptures and in here 
 cronycles. On that other partie, git thei werein sepultures, 
 thei scholden not ben voyd withinne. For yee may well 
 knowe, that tombes and sepultures ne ben not made of suche 
 gretnesse, ne of suche highnesse. Wh erf ore it is not to beleve, 20 
 that thei ben tombes or sepultures. In Egypt also there ben 
 dyverse langages and dyverse lettres, and of other manere 
 condicioun, than there ben in other parties. As I schalle de- 
 vyse ?/ou, suche as thei ben, and the names how thei clepen 
 hem, to suche entent, that yee mowe knowe the difference of 25 
 hem and of othere: Athoimis, Bunchi, Chinok, Durain, Eni, 
 Fin, Gomor, Heket, Janny, Karacta, Luzanim, Miche, Naryn, 
 Oldache, Pilon, Quyn, Yron, Sichen, Thola, Urmron, Yph and 
 Zarm, Thoit. 
 Now will I retourne a^en, or I procede ony ferthere, for to 30 
 
 3. Gerneres of Joseph. The pyramids. 
 5. Dere yeres. Years of famine. See Genesis xli. 
 17. Oh that other partie. On the other hand, 
 
 22. Other manere condicioun. Other goes with ^/i07i following. *0f. 
 Hampole's "one this manere wyse." Of was frequently omitted after 
 manere, as in Chaucer, Prol. 71, '• unto no maner wight," and in Piers Plow- 
 man, V. 25. "with somme manere crafte." See Matzner's Gr. 11. 2, p. 309. 
 
 26. Athoimis, etc. Halliwell says that "in many MSS. the characters 
 of the Egyptian letters are given, though generally somewhat rudely," 
 
33 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVATLE 
 
 declare you the othere weyes, that drawen toward Babiloyne, 
 where the soudan himself duellethe, that is at the entree of 
 Egypt; for als moche as many folk gon thidre first, and aftre 
 that to the mount Synay, and aftre retournen to Jerusalem, 
 5 as I have seyd yon here beforn. For thei fulfillen first the 
 more longe pilgrymage, and aftre retournen e^gen be the nexte 
 weyes, because that the more nye weye is the more worthi, 
 and that is Jerusalem. For no other pylgrymage is not lyk, 
 in comparisoun to it. But for to fullefiUe here pilgrymages 
 
 lo more esily and more sykerly, men gon first the longer weye. 
 But whoso wil go to Babyloyne be another weye, more schort 
 from the contrees of the west, that I have reherced before, 
 or from other contrees next fro hem, than men gon by 
 Fraunce, be Burgoyne and be Lombardye. It nedethe not to 
 
 15 telle you the names of the cytees, ne of the townes that ben 
 in that weye; for the weye is comoun, and it is knowen of 
 many naciouns. And there ben many havenes, that men 
 taken the see. Sume men taken the see at Gene, some at 
 Yenyce, and passen by the See Adryatyk, that is clept the 
 
 20 goulf of Yenyse, that departethe Ytaylle and Greece on that 
 syde. And some gon to Naples, some to Rome, and from 
 Rome to Brandys, and there thei taken the see, and in many 
 othere places, where that havenes ben. And men gon be 
 Tussye, be Champayne, be Calabre, be Appuille, and be the 
 
 25 hilles of Ytaylle, Cliorisqe, be Sardyne, and be Cycile, that is 
 a gret ile and a gode. In that ile of Cycile there ys a maner 
 
 8. No . . . not. Of the permanence of this doubhng of neg:atives in 
 Germanic languages, see Matzner's Gr. I[. 2. p. 132. Mandeville has fre- 
 quently such forms as " non other C3'tee is not lyche in comparisoun," *' the 
 iSaraziiies ne tylen not no vynes," " no gode man sholde not duellen in that 
 contree," "that none of hem ne schalle not here speke no contrarious 
 thing." 
 
 14. 15urgoyne. Burgundy; Fr. Bourqogne. 
 
 17. That men taken, etc. For xchere that, etc., as in 1. 23, tvhere that 
 havenes ben. 
 
 18^ Gene. Genoa; Fr. Genes. 
 
 22. Brandys Brindisi; L. Brundnsinm. 
 
 24. Tussye'. Tuscia (Tuscany). Champayne, Campania. Calabre, 
 Calabria. Appuille, Apulia. Chorisqe, Corsica. Sardyne, Sardinia. 
 
 26. A maner of a gardyn. The author had in mind, possibly, the 
 fields of Enna, celebrated for their beauty and fruitfulness, whence Proser- 
 pine was carried off by Pluto while gathering flowers. Ovid, Met. V. 385. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDKVILLE. 33 
 
 of a gardyn, in the whiche ben many dyverse frutes. And 
 the gardyn is alweys grene and florisshing, alle the cesouns 
 of the ?/eer, als wel in wyntre as in somer. That ile holt in 
 eompas aboute 350 frensche myles. And betwene Cycele and 
 Itaylle there is not but a lytille arm of the see, that men clepen 5 
 the farde of Mescyne. And Cycile is betwene the see Adryatyk 
 and the see of Lombard ye. And fro Cyeyle into Calabre is but 
 8 myles of Lombardye. And in Cycile there is a manere of 
 serpcntes, be the whiche men assayen and preven, where here 
 children ben bastardis or none, or of lawefulle mariage. For 10 
 ^if thei ben born in righte mariage, the serpentes gon aboute 
 hem, and don hem non harm ; and ^if thei ben born in avow- 
 trie, the serpentes byten hem and envenyme hem. And thus 
 manye wedded men preve, ^if the children ben here owne. 
 Also in that ile is the mount Ethna, that men clepen mount 15 
 Gy belle, and the wlcancs, that ben evereraore brennynge. 
 And there ben 7 places, that brennen and that casten out dy- 
 verse flawmes and dyverse colour. And be the chaungynge 
 of tho flawmes, men of that contree knowen, whanne it schalle 
 be derthe or gode tyme, or cold or hoot, or moyst or drye, or 20 
 in alle othere maneres, how the tyme schalle be governed. 
 And from Itaille unto the wlcanes nys but 25 myle. And men 
 seyn, that the wlcanes ben weyes of helle. 
 
 Also whoso gothe be Pyse, git that men list to go that weye, 
 there is an arm of the see, where that men gon to othere 25 
 havenes in tho marches. And than men passen be the ile of 
 Greaf, that is at Gene ; and aftre arryvethe men in Grece at 
 the havene of the cytee of Myrok, or at the havene of Yalone, 
 
 6. Farde of Mescyne. Strait of Messina. Fr. phare (O. Fr. fare) de 
 Mf'ssine: It. faro di Messina: L. /re htm Siculum. 
 
 15. Mount Gybelle. It. Monte Gibello, fivm the Arabic, meaning high 
 mountain. 
 
 16. Cf. Trevisa's description: "The lond of Sicilia is holow and ful of 
 dennes. and hathe nioche brvmstone and glewe. so that the eier and feire 
 hath wey inow thereto, and fiiyre iclosed in the dennesand cheneswithynne 
 the erthe stryuetli with the aver and with other rhinges that beeth contrarye 
 to the fayre. and maketh ofte and in many places breke out a smoke and 
 brennynge leie." 
 
 26. lie of Greaf. It is impossible to locate this *'ile."" So also the 
 " cytee of Myrok ;" it may be for Ericho, the ancient Oricum. 
 
 2S. Valone. Valona, Avlona, or Anion, on the strait of Otranto. Duras 
 is Durazzo, the a-Qcient Epidamuus, called b^ the Romans Dyrrhuchimn, 
 
'34: THE YOIAGf; AJSD TRAVAILE 
 
 or at the cytee of Duras, and there is a duk at Duras, or at 
 othere havenes in tho marces ; and so men gon to Constanty- 
 noble. And aftre gon men be watre to the ile of Crete and to 
 the ile of Kodes, and so to Cypre, and so to Athens, and fro 
 5 thens to Costantynoble. 
 
 To holde the more righte weye be see, it is wel a 1880 myle 
 of Lombardye. And aftre fro Cipre men gon be see, and 
 leven Jerusalem and alle the contree on the left bond, unto 
 Egypt, and arryven at the cytee of Damyete, that was wont 
 
 lo to be fulle strong, and it sytt at the entree of Egypt. And fro 
 Damyete gon men to the cytee of Alizandre, that sytt also 
 upon the see. In that cytee was seynte Kateryne beheded, 
 and there was seynt Mark the evangelist martyred and buryed ; 
 but the emperour Leoiin made his bones to ben broughte to 
 
 15 Yenyse. And yit there is at Alizandre a faire chirche, alle 
 white withouten peynture, and so ben alle the othere chirches, 
 that wercn of the cristene men, alle white withinne. For the 
 panemes and the Sarrazynes maden hem white, for to fordon 
 the ymages of seyntes, that weren peynted on the walles, 
 
 2D That cytee of Alizandre is wel 30 furlonges in lengthe, but it 
 is but 10 on largenesse ; and it is a fulle noble cytee and a 
 fayr. At that cytee entrethe the ryvere of Nyle into the see, 
 as I to yon have seyd before. In that ryvere men fynden 
 many precyouse stones, and meche also of lignum aloes : and 
 
 12. Seynte Kateryne. According^ to the legend, St. Catharine was a 
 wise and beautiful maiden, martyred by the Emperor Maximin. She con- 
 verted the philosophers with whom she held a disputation by. order of the 
 emperor; also the empress, the emperor's chief general, two hundied sol- 
 diers, and many otliers. She was placed on a torturing wheel (hence 
 Catharine-wheel), but her bonds v ere miraculously broken: immediately, 
 however, she was beheaded and her remains carried by angels to Mt. Sinai, 
 where the Emperor Justinian I. built a monastery in her honor. The old 
 painters represent her with crown, book, wheel, ere. See Butler's " Lives 
 of the Saints.'' 
 
 13. Seynt Mark. It was believed that St. Mark suffered martyrdom at 
 Alexandria, whence the Venetians, by a pious stratagem, obtained his 
 remains and conveyed them to Venice, 827, a.d. The city was then sol- 
 emnly placed imder his protection, and the lion, which mediaeval theology 
 had selected from the apocalyptic beasts as his emblem, became the stand- 
 ard of the republic. 
 
 21. On largenesse. In breadth. See 1. 26-p. 35. 
 
 24. Lignum aloes. Aloes-wood, agallochum ; O. Fr. ligne aloea ; L. 
 lignum, wood, and aloes, gen. of aloe, aloes. It is a fragrant wood (the 
 aloes or lign-aloes of the Scriptures), much used by the Orientals as incense. 
 
OF SIR JOHN MAUNDEYILLE. 3o 
 
 it is a manere of wode, that comethe out of Paradys terrestre, 
 the whiche is good for manye dyverse medicynes, and it is 
 righte dereworthe. And fro Alizandre men gon to Baby- 
 loyne, where the soudan dwellethe ; that sytt also upon the 
 ryvere of Nyle. And this weye is most schort, for to go 5 
 streyghte unto Babiloyne. 
 
 Now schall I seye yon also the weye, that gothe fro Babi- 
 loyne to the mount of Synay, where seynte Kateryne lythe. 
 He moste passe be the desertes of Arabye, be the whiche 
 desertes Moyses ladde the peple of Israel ; and thanne passe 10 
 men be the welle, th^t Moyses made with his bond in the 
 desertes, whan the people grucched, for thei fownden no 
 thing to drynke. And than passe men be the welle of 
 Marache, of the whiche the watre was first byttre ; but the 
 children of Israel putten thereinne a tree, and anon the 15 
 watre was swete and gode for to drynke. And thanne gon 
 men be desart unto the vale of Elyn, in the whiche vale be 
 12 welles ; and there ben 72 trees of palme, that beren the 
 dates, the whiche Moyses fond with the children of Israel. 
 And fro that valeye is but a gode journeye to the mount of 20 
 Synay. 
 
 And whoso wil go be another weye fro Babiloyne, than men 
 gothe be the Rede See, that is an arm of the see Occean. 
 And there passed Moyses, with the children of Israel, over- 
 thwart the see, alle drye, whan Pharao the kyng of Egypt 25 
 chaced hem. And that see is wel a 6 myle of largenesse in 
 bredthe. And in that see was Pharao drowned and alle his 
 boost, that he ladde. That see is not more reed than another 
 
 11. The welle that Moyses made. See Exodus xvii. 2-7. 
 
 14. Marache. Marah. See Exodus xv. 23-25. 
 
 17. Vale of Elyn. Elim. Exodus xv. 27. 
 
 23. Cf. Trevisa's explanation. " The Rede See is nought rede of kynde, 
 but aflascheth and wascheth oon rede clyues and stones, and so is idied rede 
 as a rose." See Pliny, Nat. His. VI. 23; Smith's Die. of Greek and Roman 
 Geography. 
 
 28. The see Occean. The ancients conceived Oceanus to be a mighty 
 stream encircling the earth, in which all other streams had their source. 
 Herodotus ridiculed the notion, and called the waters beyond the Pillars of 
 Hercules the "Sea of Atlas" (hence Atlantic). The word came to be ap- 
 plied (as in the text) to any outer body of water, as opposed to the inland 
 geas, particularly the Mediterranean, 
 
36 THE YOIAGE AND TRAV^AILE 
 
 see ; but in some place thereof is the gravelle reede : and 
 therfore men clepen it the Rede See. That see rennethe to 
 the endes of Arabye and of Palestyne. That see lastethe 
 more than 4 journeyes. And then gon men be desert unto 
 5 the vale of Elyn, and fro thens to the mount of Synay. And 
 ?/ee may wel undirstonde, that be this desert no man may go 
 on hors back, because that there n\'s nouther mete for hors 
 ne watre to drynke. And for that cause men passen that 
 desert with camelle. For the camaylle fynt alle wey mete in 
 
 lo trees and on busshes, that he fedethe him with. And he 
 may well faste fro drynk 2 dayes or 3, and that may non hors 
 don. 
 
 And wyte wel, that from Babiloyne to the mount Synay is 
 wel a 12 gode journeyes, and some men maken hem more ; 
 
 15 and some men hasten hem and peynen hem, and therefore 
 thei maken hem lesse. And alle weys fynden men latyneres 
 to go with hem in the contrees, and ferthere be^onde, into 
 tyme that men conne the langage. And it behovethe men 
 to bere vitaille with hem, that schalle duren hem in tho 
 
 20 desert es, and other necessaries for to lyve by. 
 
 And the mount of Synay is clept the desert of Syne, that is 
 for to seyne, the bussche brennynge, because there Moyses 
 sawghe oure Lord God many tymes, in forme of fuyr bren- 
 nynge upon that hille, and also in a bussche brennynge, and 
 
 25 spak to him. And that was at the foot of the hille. There is 
 an abbeye of monkes, wel bylded and wel closed with ^ates of 
 iren, for drede of the wyld bestes. And the monkes ben 
 Arrabyenes, or men of Greece ; and there is a gret covent ; 
 and alle thei ben as heremytes, and thei drynken no wyn, but 
 
 ^ogif. it be on principalle testes; and thei ben fulle devoute 
 men, and lyven porely and sympely, with joutes and with 
 dates, and thei don gret abstynence and penaunce. There is 
 the chirche of seynte Kateryne, in the whiche ben manye 
 
 17. Into tyme that, etc. Until (unto the time that) men know the 
 languag:e. 
 
 21. There is a co'ifusion here; the desert of Sin is between EJim and 
 Sinai (Exodus xvi. 1), but the immediate region of Sinai is calied a desert 
 £ind a wmern^$s (Num. xxxiii. 15, 16). 
 
OP SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 37 
 
 lampes brennj^nge. For tliei ban of oyle of olyves ynow, 
 botbe for to brerine in bere lampes, and to ete also, and tbat 
 plentee bave thei be tbe myracle of God. For the ravenes 
 and tbe crowes and tbe cbougbes, and otber foiiles of tbe 
 contree assemblen bem tbere every yi^er ones, and fleen tbider^ 
 as in pilgrymage, and everyche of hem bringethe a brauncbe 
 of tbe bayes or of olyve, in bere bekes, in stede of offryng, 
 and leven bem tbere ; of tbe wbicbe tbe monkes maken gret 
 plentee of oyle, and this is a gret marvaylle. And sitbe that 
 foules, tbat ban no kyndely wytt ne resoun, gon thidre to lo 
 seche tbat gloriouse virgyne, wel more ougliten men than to 
 seche hire and to worschipen hire. Also bebynde the awtier 
 of tbat cbircbe is tbe place where Moyses sangbe oure Lord 
 God in a brennynge busscbe. And whanne tbe monkes entren 
 into that place, thei don of botbe hosen and schoon or botes ^5 
 alweys, because tbat oure Lord seyde to Moyses, Bo of thin 
 hosen and thi schon ; for the place that thou stondest on is 
 lond holy and blessed. And the monkes clepen tbat place 
 Bezeleel, tbat is to seyne, the schadew of God. And besyde 
 the bighe awtiere, 3 degrees of beighte, is the fertre of ala- 20 
 bastre, where tbe bones of seynte Kateryne ly^n. And tbe 
 prelate of the monkes schewethe the relykes to the pilgrymes, 
 and with an instrument of sylver, be frotethe the bones ; and 
 thanne ther gothe out a lytylle oyle, as thougbe it were a 
 maner swetynge, tbat is noutber lyche to oyle ne to bawme, 25 
 but it is fulle swete of smelle. And of that thei gcven a 
 litylle to the pilgrymes, for ther gothe out but litylle quantitee 
 of the likour. And aftre that, thei schewen the heed of 
 seynte Kateryne, and the clothe tbat sche was wrapped inne, 
 that is y\i alle blody. And in tbat same clothe so ywrapped, 30 
 the aungeles beren hire body to the mount Synay, and there 
 thei buryed hire with it. And thanne thei schewen the 
 busscbe, that brenned and wasted nought, in the wbicbe oure 
 
 19. Bezeleel. Bezaleel, froin the Hebrew, meaning in the shadow of 
 God. See Exodus xxxi. *J. 
 
 22. Prelate. That is, the superior, or abbot. L. prcelatiis, preferred, 
 advanced before others. 
 
38 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 Lord spak to Moyses, and othere relikes ynowe. Also whan 
 the prelate of the abbeye is ded, I have undirstonden be in- 
 formacioun, that his lampe quenchethe. And whan thei 
 chesen another prelate, ^if he be a gode man and w^orthi to 
 
 5 be prelate, his lampe schal lighte, with the grace of God, 
 withouten touchinge of ony man. For everyche of hem hathe 
 a lampe be himself. And be here lampes thei knowen wel 
 whan ony of hem schalle dye. For wiian ony schalle dye, the 
 lyghte begynnethe to chaunge and to wexe dym. And ^if he 
 
 lobe chosen to ben prelate, and is not w^orthi, is lampe quench- , 
 ethe anon. And other men han told me, that he that 
 syngethe the masse for the prelate that is ded, be schalle 
 fynde upon the awtier the name w^riten of him that schalle be 
 prelate chosen. And so upon a day I asked of the monkes, 
 
 IS bothe on and other, how this befelle. But thei wolde not 
 telle me nothing, into the tyme that I seyde, that thei scholde 
 not hyde the grace, that God did hem, but that thei scholde 
 publissche it, to make the peple to have the more devocioun ; 
 and that thei diden synne, to hide Goddis myracle, as me 
 
 20 seemed. For the myracles, that God hatlie don, and yit 
 dothe every day, ben the wytnesse of his myghte and of his 
 merveylles ; as David seythe in the psaultere, MirahiUa testi- 
 monia tua domine ; that is to seyn, Loi'd, tlii merveyles hen 
 till wytnesse. And thanne thei tolde me, bothe on and other, 
 
 25 how it befelle fulle many a tyme ; but more I mj^ghte . not 
 have of hem. In that abbeye ne enterethe not no flye ne 
 todes ne ewtes, ne suche foule veny mouse bestes, ne lyi/s ne 
 flees, be the myracle of God and of oure Lady. For there 
 w^re wont to ben many suche manere of filthes, that the 
 
 30 monkes wherein in wille to leve the place and the abbeye, and 
 weren gon fro thens, upon the mount ay ne aboven, for to 
 eschewe that place ; and oure Lady cam to hem, and bad hem 
 
 10. Is. His. So in Robert of Gloucester, " is dede vor to amende." 
 16. Into the tyme that, etc. Until I said that they ought not to hide 
 the grace that God had given them. etc. 
 19. As me seemed. As it seemed to me. 
 22. Mirabilia testimonia, etc. Psalms cxix. 129. 
 
OF SIR JOHK^ MAtrNDEVILLE. 30 
 
 tournen a^en. And fro this forewardes nevere entred suche 
 filthe ill that place amonges hem, ne nevere schalle entre 
 here aftre. Also before the ^ate is the welle, where Moyses 
 smot the ston, of the whiche the watre cam out plenteously. 
 
 Fro that abbeye men gon up the mountayne of Moyses, be s 
 many degrees, and there men fynden first a chirche of oure 
 Lady, where that sche mette the monkes, whan thei fledden 
 awey for the vermyn aboveseyd. And more highe npon that 
 mountayne is the chapelle of Helye the prophete. And that 
 place thei clepen Oreb, whereof holy writt spekethe, Et amhu- '° 
 lavit in fortitudine cibi illms, usque ad montem Oreb ; that is 
 to seyne, And lie wente in strengthe of that mete, unto the 
 Mile of God, Oreb. And there nyghe is the vyne that seynt 
 Johne the evaungelist planted, that men clepen reisins, sta- 
 phis. And a lytille aboven is the chapelle of Moyses, and the 15 
 roche where Moyses fleyhe to, for drede, whan he saughe oure 
 Lord face to face. And in that roche is prented the forme of 
 his body ; for he smot so strongly and so harde himself in that 
 roche, that alle his body was dolven withinne, thorghe th& 
 myracle of God. And there besyde is the place where oure -^o 
 Lord toke to Moyses the 10 comandementes of the lawe. And 
 there is the cave undre the roche, where Moyses duelte, whan 
 he fasted 40 dayes and 40 nyghtes. And from that moun- 
 tayne men passen a gret valeye, for to gon to another moun- 
 tayne, where seynt Kateryne was buryed of the aungelesofa^ 
 oure Lord. And in that valey is a chirche of 40 martyres, 
 and there singen the monkes of the abbeye often tyme. And 
 that valey is right cold. And aftre men gon up the moun- 
 tayne of seynt Kateryne ; that is more highe then the mount 
 of Moyses. And there, where seynt Kateryne was buryed, is 30 
 nouther chirche ne chapelle, ne other duellynge place, but 
 there is an heep of stones aboute the place, where the body of 
 
 1. Fro this forewardes. From this forward, henceforth. 
 
 10. "Whereof holy writt spekethe. 1 Kings xix. 8. 
 
 1.3. The vyne. The vineyard; O. 1^'r. viqiie, L. vinea. So elsewhere: 
 " There ben fayre vtjiies aboute the cytee." Keisins, staphis. Both words 
 mean raisins, the one from L. rocemus, the other, the Gr. o-rac^i?. Tlie 
 words are evidently intended to describe the chief pi-oduct of the vineyard. 
 
40 THE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE. 
 
 hire was put of the angles. There was wont to ben a ehapelle, 
 but it was casten dovvne, and y\t lyggen the stones there. 
 
 . And alle be it that the collect of seynt Kateryne seye, that it 
 is the place where oure Lord betaughten the ten comande- 
 
 smentes to Moyses, and there where the blessed virgyne seynte 
 Kateryne was buryed, that is to undrestonde, in o contree, or 
 in o place berynge o name ; for bothe that on and that othre 
 is clept the mount of Synay. But there is a gret weye from 
 that on to that othre, and a gret deep valeye betwene hem. 
 
 6. That is to undrestonde. This is to be construed with the preceding 
 alle be it that, etc. 
 
THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 1. 1. In the bygynnynge was the worde, that is, Goddis 
 sone, and the worde was at God, and God was the worde. 
 
 2. This was in the bigynnynge at God. 
 
 3. Alle thingis ben made by hym, and withouten hym is 
 made woxxght, that thing that is made. 
 
 4. In hym was lijf, and the lijf was the Wghie of men. 
 
 5. And the WglitQ schyneth in dirkenessis, and dirkenessis 
 comprehenden, or taken, not it. 
 
 6. A man was sente fro God, to whom the name was loon. 
 
 7. This man came into witnessynge, that he schulde here 
 witnessynge of the WgM, that alle men schulde bileue by hym. 
 
 8. He was not the \\glii, bnt that he schulde here witness- 
 ynge of the \\glii. 
 
 9. It was verrey Wghi^ the whiche li^/^teneth eche man com- 
 ynge into this worlde. 
 
 10. He was in the worlde, and the worlde was made by hym, 
 and the worlde knewe hym not. 
 
 11. He came into his owne thingis, and his receyueden hym 
 not. 
 
 12. Forsothe how manye euer receyueden hym, he ^aue to 
 hem power for to be made the sones of God, to hem that bi- 
 leueden in his name; 
 
 13. The whiche not of bloodis, nether of wille of fleysche, 
 nether of wille of man, but ben borne of God. 
 
 5. Dirkenessis. For the L. plur. tenebrce of the Vulgate. 
 
 11. Into his owne thingis. For the L. in propria of the Vulgate. 
 
 12. How manye euer. Vulgate quotquot. Tyndale's translation has 
 'as many as.'' _ , , , , ^^, i ,» 
 
 13 Of bloodis. Yulg. ex sanguinibus. Tyndale has '"of bloude. 
 
 41 
 
42 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 14. And the worde, that is Goddis sone, is made fleysche, 
 or man^ and liatli dwellide in vs, and we hane seen the glorie 
 of hym, the glorie as of the one b goten of the fadir, the soiie 
 ful of grace and treuthe. 
 
 15. Jon berith wiinessynge of hym, and crieth, seyinge, 
 This it was of whom I seyde, He that is to come aftir me, is 
 made bifore me, for he was the former than I; 
 
 16. And of the plenty of hym we alle hane taken, and grace 
 for grace. 
 
 17. For the lawe is ^ouen by Moyses, forsothe grace and 
 treuthe is made by Ihesu Crist. 
 
 18. Xo man euer ^\ghQ God, no but the one bigoten sone, 
 that is in the bosum of the fadir, he hath tolde oute. 
 
 19. And this is the witnessynge of Joon whanne Jewis 
 senten fro lerusalem prist is and dekenes to hym, that thei 
 schulden axe hym, Who art thou ? 
 
 20. And he knowelechide and denyede not, and he knowel- 
 echide, For I am not Crist. 
 
 21. And thei axiden hym, What therfore ? art thou Helie ? 
 And he seyde, I am not. Art thou a prophete? And he 
 answeride, Xay. 
 
 22. Therfore thei seyden to hym. Who art thou? that we 
 ^yue answere to thes that senten vs. What seist thou of thi- 
 self ? 
 
 28. He seith, I am a voyce of a vian cryinge in deserte, 
 Dresse ?/ee the weye of the Lorde, as Ysaie the prophete seyde. 
 
 24. And thei that weren sente, weren of the Pharisees. 
 
 25. And thei axiden hym, and seyden to hym, What ther- 
 fore baptisist thou, ^if thou art not Crist, nether Helie, nether 
 a prophete ? 
 
 15. The former than I. This translates the Vulg. prior me. 
 
 18. Tolde oute. Vulg. enarravit. The Revised Version has "declared 
 
 20. For I am. Wyclifife uses the particle for to represent the Latin con- 
 nectives quia, qnoniam, quod, in both causal and substantive constructions. 
 Thus it often occiu-s in direct discourse, as here, for the Vulgate quia. So 
 in 3'3 below. 
 
 23. I am a Yoyce, etc. Vulg. Ego vox clamant is. 
 
 
THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 43 
 
 26. Joon aiisweride to hem, seyinge, I baptise in water, 
 sothely the myclil man of yovi stood, whom ?/ee knevveii not ; 
 
 27. He it is, that aftir me is to come, that is made bifore 
 me, of whom I am not worthi that I vnbynde the thwonge of 
 his schoo. 
 
 28. Thes thingis ben done in Bethanye ouer Jordan, where 
 Joon was baptisynge. 
 
 29. Another day Joon si^/ie Ihesu comynge to hym, and he 
 seith, Lo ! the lombe of God ; lo ! that doith awey the synnes 
 of the worlde. 
 
 30. This is he of whom I seyde, Aftir me cometh a man, 
 that is made bifore me, for he was the former than I. 
 
 31. And I knewe hym not, but that he be schewide in Israel, 
 therfore I came baptisynge in water. 
 
 32. And Joon bare witnessynge, seyinge. For I si^Tie the 
 spirit comynge doune as* a culuer from heuene, and dwellynge 
 ypon hym. 
 
 33. And I knewe hym not ; but he that sente me for to 
 baptise in water, seyde to me, Vpon whom thou schalt se the 
 spirit comynge doune and dwellynge vpon hym, this is it, 
 that baptisith in the holy goost. 
 
 34. And I si^/ie, and bare witnessynge, for this is the sone 
 of God. 
 
 35. Another day Joon stode, and two of his disciplis ; 
 
 36. And he biholdynge Ihesu walkynge, seith, Lo ! the 
 lombe of God. 
 
 37. And two disciplis herden hym spekynge, and folowiden 
 Ihesu. 
 
 38. Sothely Ihesus conuertide, or turnyde agen, and seinge 
 hem suyinge hym, seith to hem. What seeken ?/ee? The 
 whiche seyden to hym, Eaby, that is interpretide, Mayster, 
 where dwellest thou ? 
 
 26. The mydil man of you stood. Vulg. medius autem vestrum stetit ; 
 Tynd. "oue is come amonge you;" Rev. Ver. *' in the midst of you standeth 
 one."" 
 
 38. Conuertide, or turnyde agen. Vulg. conversus ; Rev. Ver. 
 ''turned." 
 
44 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 39. He seith to hem, Come ^/ee, and se ?/ee. Tliei eamen 
 and si^/^en where he dwellide, anddwelten at hym in that day. 
 Sothely the houre was at the tenthe. 
 
 40. Forsothe Andrew, brother of Symount Petre, was one 
 of the two, that herden of Joon, and hadden suede hym. 
 
 41. This fonde firste his brother Symount, and he seith, 
 We haue founden Messias, that is interpretide, Crist ; 
 
 42. And he ledde hym to Jhesu. Sothely Ihesus biholdynge 
 hym, seyde. Thou art Symount, the sone of Johanna ; thou 
 schalt be clepide Cephas, that is interpretide, Petre. 
 
 43. Fforsothe on the morowe he wolde gon oute into Galilee, 
 and he fonde Philip ; and Jhesus seith to hym, Sue thou me. 
 
 44. Philip was of Bethsayda, the cytee of Andre we and 
 Petre. 
 
 45. Philip fonde Nathanael, and he seith to hym. We haue 
 founden Jhesu, the sone of Joseph, of Nazareth, whom Moyses 
 wrote in the la we, and prophetis. 
 
 46. And Nathanael seyde to hym, Of Nazareth may sum 
 thing of good be ? Philip seith to hym. Come, and se. 
 
 47. And Jhesus sigJie Nathanael comynge to hym, and seith 
 to hym, Lo ! verreyley a man of Israel, in whom is no gile. 
 
 48. Nathanael seith to hym, Wherof hast thou knowen me ? 
 Jhesus answeride, and seith to hym, Bifore that Philip clepide 
 thee, whanne thou were vndre the fyge tree, I sigJie thee. 
 
 49. Nathanael answeride to hym, and seith, Kaby, thou art 
 the sone of God, thou art kyng of Israel. 
 
 50. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hym, Fori seyde to thee, 
 I si^7ie thee vndre the fyge tree, thou bileuest ; thou schalt se 
 more than thes thingis. 
 
 51. And he seyde to hem, Treuely I seye to ?/ou, yee schulen 
 se heuene openyde, and the aungels of God stey^ynge vp and 
 comynge doune vpon mannes sone. 
 
 39. At the tenthe. Vulg:. quasi decima. 
 ^ 40. That herden of- Joon. Vulg. qui audierant a Joanne; Tynd. 
 *' whych herde Jhon speake." 
 
 42. Jhesu. The usual spelling of the word when used in objective cases 
 after the Latin. 
 
 45. Whom . . . wrote. Vulg. quern scripsit ; Tynd. " off whom " 
 
 46. Sum thing of good. Vulg. aliquid boni. 
 
 48. Wherof. Vulg. unde ; Tynd., "from whence.' 
 
THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 45 
 
 n. 1. And the thridde day weddyngis ben made in the 
 Chaae or cuntre of Galilee ; and the modir of Jhesu was 
 there. 
 
 2. Sothely Jhesns is clepide, and his disciplis, to the 
 weddyngis. 
 
 3. And wijn faylynge, the modir of Jhesu seyde to hym, 
 Thei haue not wijn. 
 
 4. And Jhesns seith to hire, What to me and to thee, 
 w^omman ? myn houre came not y'li, 
 
 5. The modir of hym seith to the mynystres, What euer 
 thing he schal seye to ?/ou, do ?/ee. 
 
 6. Forsothe there weren putte sixe stonen pottis, aftir the 
 clensing of lewis, takyng eche two or tbre mesures. 
 
 7. Jhesus seith to hem, Fille ?/ee the pottis with water. 
 And thei filliden hem vnto the highest parte. 
 
 8. And Jhesus seyde to hem, Draw^ ye^ now and berith to 
 architriclyn, that is ^ pry nee ofthehous of thre stagis. And 
 thei tooken. 
 
 9. And as architriclyn tastide the w^ater made wijn, and he 
 wiste not wherof it was, sothely the mynj^stres wisten, that 
 drowen the water, architriclyn clepith the spouse, 
 
 10. And seith to hym, Eche man puttith firste good wijn, 
 and whanne men schulen be f ulfilde, than that that is worse ; 
 sothely thou hast kepte good w^yn vnto nowe. 
 
 11. Jhesus dide this bigynnynge of signes in the Chane of 
 Galilee, and schewide his glorie ; and his disciplis bileueden 
 into hym. 
 
 1. In tlie Chane, etc. Another copy has " in the Cane or ioirn of Galilee." 
 Tyndale has " in Cana, a citie of Galile." 
 
 6. Mesures. Vul^. metretas : Tynd. " fyrkyns." 
 
 G. Aftir the clensing, etc. Rev. Ver. ' "Rafter the Jews' manner of puri- 
 fying.' 
 
 7. Unto the highest parte. Tynd. " up to the harde brym." 
 
 8. Architriclyn. Ruler of the feast In interpreting this word the trans- 
 lator evidently confuses the Greek words rpiKAiro?, with three couches 
 (Roman triclinium, a dining-room with three couches\ and Tpt'sTeyo?, with 
 three stories. In Lydgate"s poems we find : " Lyke the watyr of Archide- 
 clyne, Wiche be meracle were turned into wyne." 
 
 9. Sothely the mynystres, etc. But the servants that drew the water 
 knew. Sothely stands for the Vulg. autem. 
 
 10. Whanne men schulen, etc. Rev. Ver. "when ynen have drunk 
 freely;" Vulg. inebriati f iter int. 
 
46 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 12. Aftir thes thingis he came cloune to Capharnaum, and 
 his modir, and his bretheren, and his disci])lis ; and thei 
 dwehen there not man ye dayes. 
 
 13. And the paske of lewis was nygh, and Jhesus wente vp 
 to lerusalem. 
 
 14. And he fonde in the temple men sellynge scheep, and 
 oxen, and cuhieris, and money chaungers sittynge. 
 
 15. And whanne he hadde made of smale coordis as a 
 scourge, he caste oute alle of the temple, and scheep, and 
 oxen ; and he schedde oute money of chaungers, and turnede 
 ypsodoune the boordis. 
 
 16. And he seyde to hem that solden culuers, Takith awey 
 hens thes thingis, and nyl ^ee make the hous of my fadir an 
 hous of marchaundise. 
 
 17. Forsothe his disciplis hadden mynde, for it is writ en, 
 thee zeele, or feruonre of loue, of thin hous hath eten me. 
 
 18. Therfore the lewes answeriden, and seyden to hyra, 
 What signe, o?- toke7i^ schewist thou to ys, for thou doist thes 
 thingis ? 
 
 19. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hem, Vndo yee this 
 temple, and in thre dayes I schal reyse it a^en. 
 
 20. Therfore the lewis seyden, In fourty and sixe yeer this 
 temple is bildide, and thou in thre dayes schalt reyse it a^en ? 
 
 21. Forsothe he seyde of the temple of his body, tJiat with- 
 oitten comparisoune was more. 
 
 22. Therfore whanne he had risen fro deade men, his dis- 
 ciplis hadden mynde, for he seyde this thing ; and thei bileue- 
 den to the scripture, and to the worde that Jhesus seyde. 
 
 15. As a scourge. These words come from the Vul?. quasi flaqellum. 
 He caste oute alle, etc. He cast all out of the temple, both sheep and 
 oxen. Turnede vpsodoune. Yv\^. svbvertit. Piers Plowman says (14030): 
 "Antecrist . . . al the crop of Trwihe, Tor m^d it iip-so-doun.'''' Gower has 
 (I. 218) : '• The lond was torned up so downed 
 
 17. Hadden mynde, for. Remembered that. Vulg. recordati sunt 
 quia. For zeele other texts have simply the equivalent expression fervour 
 of love. 
 
 21. That "withouten, etc. The translator's addition. 
 
 22. Fro deade men. Vulg. a mortuis. liileueden to the scripture. 
 Vulg. crediderunt scriptures. 
 
THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 47 
 
 28. Fforsothe whanne Jhesus was at Jerusalem in paske, in 
 the feest day, many bileueden in his name, seinge the signes 
 of hym that he dide. 
 
 24. Sothely Jhesus hymself bileefede not hymself to hem, 
 for that he knewe alle men ; 
 
 25. And for it ^Yas not neede to hym, that any man schulde 
 bere witnessynge of man, sothely he wiste what was in man. 
 
 III. 1. Forsothe ther was a man of the Pharisees, Nychodeme 
 by name, a prynce of Jewis. 
 
 2. He came to Jhesu in the i\yg?it, and seyde to hym, Raby, 
 we witen, for of God thou hast comen mayster ; sothely no 
 man may do thes signes that thou doist, but git God were with 
 hym. 
 
 3. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hym, Treuly, treuly, I 
 seye to thee, but ,9'if a man schal be borne a^en, he may not 
 se the kyngdom of God. 
 
 4. Nychodeme seyde to hym, How may a man be borne, 
 whanne he is olde ? wher he may entre a^en into his modir 
 wombe, and be borne a.^'en ? 
 
 5. Jhesus answeride, Treuly, treuly, I seye to thee, but ,9'if 
 a man schal be borne a^en of water and the holy gost, he may 
 not entre into the kyngdom of God. 
 
 6. That that is borne of fleysche, is fleysche ; and that that 
 is borne of the spirit, is spirit. 
 
 7. Wondre thou not, for I seyde to thee. It bihoueth you 
 for to be borne a^en. 
 
 8. The spirit bretheth, or quykeneth, where it wole, and 
 thou herest his voyce, but thou woste not fro whens he com- 
 eth, or whidir it goith ; so is eche man that is borne of the 
 spirit. 
 
 24. Bileefede not himself to hem. Vulg. non credehat semetipsum 
 eis. Tynd. " putt Dot hym silfe in their hondes." Auth. Yer. " did not com- 
 mit himself unto them.'' Rev. Ver. '' did not trust himself unto them." 
 
 2. But gif. If not, except. L. nisi. 
 
 4. His modir wombe. The words mocler, brother, suster, etc., were 
 indeclinable in the sing^ular, so we have such g^enitive constructions as " his 
 avven modt^r body (Hanipole, 447), ''by my fader soule" (Chaucer, Prol. 
 781), " on the moder side'' (Govver, Coiif. Am. I. 352). 
 
 8. The spirit bretheth, etc. A confusion of literal and figurative 
 meanings. L. spiritus spirat, the wind bloweth. 
 
48 THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 
 
 9. Nychodeme ausweride, and seyde to hym, How mowne 
 thes thingis be done ? 
 
 10. Jhesus answeride, and seyde to hyai, Art thou a mays- 
 ter in Israel, and knowest not thes thingis ? 
 
 11. Treuely, treuly, I seye to thee, for that that we witen, 
 we speken, and that that we haue seen, we witnessen, and ?/ee 
 taken not oure witnessyng. 
 
 12. 6^if I haue seyde to yon erthely thingis, and yee bileuen 
 not, how% ^if I schal seye to you heuenely thingis, schulen 
 yee bileue ? 
 
 13. And no man stey^eth vp into heuene, but he that came 
 doune fro heuene, mannes sone that is in heuene. 
 
 14. And as Moyses reride vp a serpent in deserte, so it bi- 
 houes mannes sone for to be reyside vp, 
 
 15. That eche man that bileueth into hym, perische not, but 
 haue euerlastynge lijf. 
 
 16. Fforsothe God louede so the worlde, that he gaue his 
 one bigotten sone, that eche man that bileueth into hym, per- 
 ische not, but haue euerlastynge lijf. 
 
 17. Sothely God sente not his sone into the worlde, that he 
 iuge the worlde, but that the worlde be sauede by hym. 
 
 18. He that bileueth into hym, is not demyde, or datapnyde ; 
 forsothe he that bileueth not, is now demyde, for he bileueth 
 not in the name of the one bigotten sone of God. 
 
 19. Sothely this is the doom, for \\gli\e came into the 
 worlde, and men louede n more dirkenessis than li^//te ; for- 
 sothe here werkis weren euyl. 
 
 20. Sothely eche man that doith euyl, hatith \\gM, and 
 cometh not to li^At, that his werke be not reprouyde, or vndir- 
 nomen. 
 
 21. Sothely he that doith treuthe, cometh to li^At, that his 
 werkis be schewide, for thei ben done in God. 
 
 22. Aftir thes thingis Ihesus came, and his disciplis into 
 the lande of Jude, and there he dwellide with hem, and bap- 
 tizide. 
 
 14. Keri<le vp, etc. Vulg. ^Icid Moses exaltavit serpentem in deserto, 
 itaexaltari oportet filium hominis. 
 
THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 49 
 
 23. Sothely Joon was baptisynge in Eiinoii bisidis Salym, 
 for manye watris weren there ; and tliei camen, and weren 
 baptiside. 
 
 24. Solbely Jon was not y'lt sente into prisoune. 
 
 25. Sothely a question, o?' axinge, is made of Jones disciplis 
 with the Jewis, of the puriiicacioun, or clensynge, 
 
 26. And thei camen to Joon, and seyden to hym, Raby or 
 mayster^ he that was with thee ouer Jordan, to whom thou 
 hast borne witnessynge, lo ! he baptisith, and alle men comen 
 to hym. 
 
 27. Jon answeride, and seyde, A man may not take any 
 thing, but ^if it be ^ouen to hym from heuene. 
 
 28. Fee ?/oure self beren witnessynge to me, that I seyde, 
 I am not Cri&t, but for I am sente bifore hym. 
 
 29. He that hath a spouse, or wijf^ is the spouse, or lious- 
 honde; forsothe a frende of the spouse, that stondith and 
 herith hym, ioyeth in ioye for the voyce of the spouse. Ther- 
 fore in this thing my ioye is fulfilde. 
 
 30. It bihoueth hym for to waxe, forsothe me for to be 
 mynuschide, or made lasse. 
 
 31. He that came from aboue, is vpon alle ; he that is of 
 the erthe, spekith of the erthe ; he that cometh fro heuene, is 
 aboue alle. 
 
 32. And this thing that he si^/^e and herde, he witnessith, 
 and no man takith his witnessynge. 
 
 33. Forsothe he that hath taken his witnessynge, hath 
 markide that God is sothefast. 
 
 23. In Ennon bisidis, etc. Rev. Ver. " in ^non near to Snlim, because 
 there was much water there."" Many waters is from the Greek; Vulg. 
 aquce mitltce. 
 
 29. A spovise, or wijf. Another text reads, " He that hath a spousesse, or 
 tcyf.'''' Wycliffe has many such feminines, as discipUsse, thrallessf, dwel- 
 leresse^ ireilereasis, that is, wyvimen th<tt weilen. In this thing: my ioye, 
 etc. Vulg. Hoc ergo (/audiiim meinn impletum est 
 
 31. Vpon alle. Another text has above alle. Vulg. super. He that is of 
 the erthe, etc. The Vulg. texts generally read here. Qui est de terra, de 
 terra est, et de terra loquitur. Wychffe's omission of the words de terra est, 
 et may have been due to an imperfect MS. 
 
 33. Hath markide. Vulg. signavit ; 'I'ynd. " hath sealed; " Auth. Ver. 
 '* hath set to his seal; " Rev. Ver. " hath set his seal to this, that, etc." 
 
^^ THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 34. Forsothe he whom God sente, spekith the wordis of 
 God ; forsothe not to mesure God ^yueth the spirit. 
 
 35. The fadir loueth the sone, and he hath ^ouen alle 
 thingis in his hande. 
 
 36. He that bileveth into the sone, hath euerlastynge lijf • 
 forsothe he that is vnbileueful to the sone, schal not se euer- 
 lastynge lijf, but the wraththe of God dwellith on hym. 
 
 IV. 1. Therfore as Ihesu knewe, that Pharisees herden 
 that Ihesu makith mo disciplis and baptisith than Jon, 
 
 2. Though Ihesus baptiside not, but his disciplis, 
 
 3. He lefte Jude, and wente a^en into Galilee. 
 
 4. Sothely it bihouede hym to passe by Samarie. 
 
 5. Therfore Ihesus came by a cytee of Samarie, that is seyde 
 Sicar, bisidis the maner, or feelde, that Jacob ^aue to Joseph 
 his sone. ' 
 
 6. Forsothe the welle of Jacob was there, sothely Ihesus 
 made wery, or faynte, of the iourney, satte thus at the welle. 
 Sothely the houre was as the sixte, or vnclrun, 
 
 7. A womman came of Samarie, for to drawe water. Ihesus 
 seith to hire, Gyiie me for to drynke. 
 
 8. Forsothe his disciplis hadden gon into the cytee, that 
 thei schulden bye metis. 
 
 9. Therfore the ilke womman of Samarie seith to hym, 
 How thou, whanne thou art a Jewe, axist of me for to dryncke^ 
 that am a womman of Samarie ? forsothe Jewis vsen not to 
 comoune with Samaritans. 
 
 10. Ihesus answeride, and seyde to hire, 6^if thou wistist 
 the .^ifte of God, and who it is that seith to thee, 6^yue to me 
 for to drynke, parauenture thou schuldist haue axide of hym, 
 and he schulde haue ^yue to thee quycke water. 
 
 Sycha/ ^ ^''^^- '"^ ^^^^^«^^"^- That is seyd Sicar. That is called 
 
THE GOSPEL OP JOHN. 51 
 
 11. Tlie womman seith to hyra, Sire, nether thou hast in 
 what thing thou schalt drawe, and the pitte is deep ; therfore 
 whereof hast thou quycke water ? 
 
 12. Wher thou art more than oure fadir Jacob, that .^aue 
 to vs the pitte, and he dranke thereof, and his sones, and his 
 beestis ? 
 
 13. Ihesus answeride, and seyde to hir, Eche man that 
 drynckith of this water, schal thirste eftesones ; 
 
 14. Forsothe he that schal dryncke of the water that I schal 
 ^yue to hym, schal not thriste into withouten ende ; but the 
 water that I schal ^yue to hym, schal be made to hym a w^elle 
 of spryngyng vp water into euerlastyng lijf. 
 
 15. The womman seith to hym, Sire, ^yue to me this water, 
 that I thriste not, nether come hidir for to drawe. 
 
 16. Ihesus seith to hire. Go, clepe thin housbonde, and 
 come hidir. 
 
 17. The womman answeride, and seyde, I haue not an hous- 
 bonde. Ihesus seith to hire, Thou seydist wel, For I haue 
 not an housbonde ; 
 
 18. For thou hast hadde fyue housbondis, and he whom 
 thou hast, is not thin housbonde. This thing thou seydist 
 sothely. 
 
 19. The womman seith to hym, Lorde, I se, for thou art a 
 prophete. 
 
 20. Oure faderis worschipeden in this hil, and i/ee seyn, for 
 at Jerusalem is place, where it bihoueth for to worschip. 
 
 21. Ihesus seith to hire, Womman, bileue thou to me, for 
 the houre schal come, whanne nether in this hil, nether in 
 Jerusalem, ^ee schulen preye, or worscMp, the fadir. 
 
 22. Fee worschipen that ^/ee witen not ; we worchipen that 
 we witen ; for helthe is of Jewis. 
 
 in S^i*^*' ^^^^ art more. Whether art thou greater. 
 
 13. iLftesones. Soon after. Vulg. iterum. 
 
 14. Into withouten ende. Unto eternity; Vulff. in ceternum Of 
 spryngyng vp water. Vu]^. nquoe salientis. ^ ceiemnm. ut 
 
 9o S"""' I ^.^^^ "?*' ^t? ^^^ °^^^ P- '^"-- So also in 19 and 20. 
 ^. For helthe, etc. For salvation is from the Jews. 
 
52 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 23. But the houre cometh, and now it is, whan trewe wor- 
 schipers schulen worschip the fadir iu spirit and treuthe ; 
 forwhi and the fadir seekith suche that schulen worschip hym, 
 
 24. God is a spirit, and it bihoueth hem that worschipen 
 hym, for to worschip in spirit and treuthe. 
 
 25. The womman seith to hym, I wote for Messyas is comen, 
 that is seyde Crist ; therfore whanne he schal come, he schal 
 telle to vs alle thingis. 
 
 26. Ihesus seith to hire, I am, that speke with thee. 
 
 27. And anone his disciplis camen, and wondriden for he 
 spac with the womman ; netheles no man seyde, What sekist 
 thou, or, What spekist thou with hire. 
 
 28. Therfore the womman lefte hire water potte, and wente 
 into the cytee, and seith to the men, 
 
 29. Come t/ee, and se ^/ee a man, that seyde to me alle thingis 
 what euer thingis I haue done ; wher he is Crist ? 
 
 30. And thei wenten oute of the cytee, and thei camen to 
 hym. 
 
 31. In the menewhile his disciplis preyeden hym, seyinge, 
 Raby, or mayste?\ ete. 
 
 32. Sothely he seyde to hem, I haue mete for to ete, that 
 yee witen not. 
 
 33. Therfore disciplis seyden to gedir, Wher any man 
 brou^/ite to hym for to ete ? 
 
 34. Ihesus seith to hem. My mete is, that I do the wille of 
 hym that sente me, and that I parfourme the werke of hym. 
 
 35. Wher yee seyn not, for yit foure monethes ben, and 
 ripe corn cometh ? Lo ! I seye to you, lifte vp youre yghen, and 
 se yee the regiouns, or cuntrees, for nowe thei ben whijt to ripe 
 corne. 
 
 23. Forwhi and, etc. Vulg. nam et pater tales qucerit, for such also 
 the father seeketh. 
 
 26. I am. The Vulg. Ego sum, in the sense of / ain he or it is /, is gener- 
 "ally rendered by Wycliffe as here, I am. 
 
 35. Whijt to ripe corn. White unto harvest. Ripe corne is for the L. 
 messis. 
 
THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 53 
 
 36. And he that reepith takith hijre, or meede^ and he that 
 gedirith, f ruyte into euerlastynge lijf ; that and he that sowith 
 haue ioye to gedir, and he that reepith. 
 
 37. In this thing sothely is the worde trewe, for another is 
 that sowith, and another that reepith. 
 
 38. I sente yow for to reepe that that ^/ee traueyliden not, 
 other men traueyliden, and ^/ee entriden into here Iraueylis. 
 
 39. Forsothe of that cytee manye Samaritans bileueden into 
 hym, for the worde of the womman berynge witnessynge, For 
 he seyde to me alle thingis, what euer thingis I dide. 
 
 40. Therfore whanne Samaritans camen to hym, thei prey- 
 eden him, that he schulde dwelle there ; and he dwellide there 
 two dayes. 
 
 41. And many mo bileueden for his worde, 
 
 42. And seyden to the womman, For now not for thi speche 
 we bileuen ; forsothe we hane herde, and we witen, for this is 
 verreyly the saueour of the worlde. 
 
 43. Ff orsothe aftir two dayes he wente thens, and wente into 
 Galilee. 
 
 44. Sothely he bare witnessynge, for a prophete in his owne 
 cuntre hath not honoure, or tvorsdhip. 
 
 45. Therfore whanne he came into Galilee, men of Galilee 
 reeeyueden hym, whanne thei hadden seen alle thingis that he 
 hadde done in Jerusalem, in the feest day, or hdlyday; and 
 sothely thei hadden comen to the feest day. 
 
 46. Therfore he came eftesone into the Chane of Galilee, 
 wher he made the water wyn. And sum litil kyng was, whos 
 sone was sijk at Capharnaum. 
 
 47. Whanne he this had herde, that Ihesu schulde come fro 
 
 36. That and he that, etc. Rev. Ver. "that he that sowethand he that 
 reapeth may rejoice together." And . . . and are freonently equivalent to 
 both . . . and: L. et . . . et. 
 
 37. Another . . . another. One . . . another. 
 44. Sothely he. Vulgr. ipse enim Jesus. 
 
 46. Sum litil kyng was. There was a certain nobleman. Litil kynfj is 
 from the diminutive regulus in the Vulg., which mistra?islates the Gr. 
 /BacrtAtAcd?. 
 
 47. He this. The translation of the L. hie of the Vulgate. Forsothe he 
 higan, etc. For he was at the point of death; higan stands for the Vulg. 
 incipiehat. 
 
54 THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. 
 
 Jude into Galilee, he wente to hym, and preyede hym, that lie 
 schulde come doune and heele his sone ; forsothe he bigan for 
 to dye. 
 
 48. Therfore Ihesus seyde to hym, No but ?/ee schulen se 
 tokenes and grete wondris, ^ee bileuen not. 
 
 49. The litil kyng seith to hym, Lorde, come doune, bifore 
 my sone dye. 
 
 50. Ihesus seith to hym, Go, thi sone lyueth. The man bi- 
 leuede to the worde that Ihesu seyde to hym, and he wente. 
 
 51. Sothely now hym comynge doune, the seruauntis camen 
 a^enes hym, and tolden hym, seyiiige, for his sone lyuede. 
 
 52. Therfore he axide of hem the houre, in whiche he 
 hadde hym better. And thei seyden to hym. For ?/istirday in 
 the seueneth houre the feuer lefte hym. 
 
 53. Therfore the fadir knewe, that the ilke houre it was, in 
 whiche Ihesus seyde to hym, Thi sone lyueth ; and he bileuede 
 and al his hous. 
 
 54. Ihesus dide efte this secounde token, whanne he came 
 fro Jude into Galilee. 
 
 48. No but. Except. In Matthew we have: "gif this cuppe may not passe 
 no but git I drj^nke, thi wille be done." See note p. 47. 
 
 51. Now hym comynge doune. Latin absolute: as he was coming 
 down. Camen agenes liym, Vulg. occurrerunt ei. 
 
 52. ]EIadde hyin better. Vulg. melius habuerit. 
 
THE VOIAGE AND TKAVAILE OF SIR 
 JOHN MAUNDEVILLE. 
 
 THE PROLOGUE. 
 
 For als moche as the lond be?/onde the see, that is to sej^e, 
 the holy lond, that men callen the lond of promyssioun, or of 
 behesle, passynge alle othere londes, is the most worthi lond, 
 most excellent, and lady and sovereyn of alle othere londes, 
 and is blessed and halewed of the preeyous body and blood of 5 
 oiire Lord lesu Christ, in the whiche lond it lykede him to take 
 flesche and blood of the virgyne Marie, to envyrone that holy 
 lond with his blessede feet ; and there he wolde of his blessed- 
 nesse enoumbre him in the seyd blessed and gloriouse virgine 
 Marie, and become man, and worche many myracles, and lo 
 preche and teche the feythe and the lawe of cristene men unto 
 his children ; and there it lykede him to suffre many repre- 
 vinges and scornes for us ; and he that was kyng of hevene, of 
 eyr, of erthe, of see and of alle thinges that ben conteyned in 
 hem, wolde alle only ben cleped kyng of that lond, whanjhe ^5 
 seyde. Rex sum Judeoriim^ that is to seyne, lam hyng of 
 Jewes; and that lond he chees before alle other londes, as the 
 beste and most worthi lond, and the most vertuouse lond of 
 
 1. For als moche as. For as much as, because. The correlative part 
 of the senteDce is not reached until 1. 15J, p. 11 — " Wherfore every gode cris- 
 tene," etc. 
 
 4. Lady and Sovereyn. Trevisa (Higden's Polychronicon) says: "Auc- 
 tours telleth that Grees with the prouinces therof is lady of kyngdomsy 
 
 7. Envyrone. Wycliffe says: '' Ihesus enuyrounde al Galilee techynge 
 in the synagogis."" 
 
 15. Alle only. Only, exclusively. Warner's "Albion's England" has: 
 *' Whereof (omitting many things), my muse, alonely say." 
 
 9 
 
10 T!IE VOIAGE AND TRAVAILE 
 
 alle the world : for it is the herte and the myddes of all the 
 world ; wytiiessynge the philosophere, that seythe thus : Vir- 
 tus rerum in medio consistit: that is to seye, the vertue of 
 thinges is in the myddes; and in that lond he wolde lede his 
 5lyf, and suffre passioun and dethe, of Jewes, for us, for to 
 bye and to delyvere us from peynes of helle, and from dethe 
 withouten ende; the whiche was ordeyned for us, for the 
 synne of oure form ere fader Adam, and for oure owne synnes 
 also : for as for himself, he hadde non evylle deserved ; for he 
 
 to thoughte nevere evylle, and he that was kyng of glorie and of 
 joye, myghten best in that place suffre dethe ; because heches 
 in that lond, rathere than in ony othere, there to suffre his 
 passioun and his dethe : for he that wil pupplische ony thing 
 to make it openly knowen, he wil make it to ben cryed and 
 
 15 pronounced in the myddel place of a town, so that the thing 
 that is proclamed and pronounced, may evenly'strecche to alle 
 parties : righte so, he that was formyour of alle the world, 
 wolde suffre for us at Jerusalem, that is the myddes of the 
 world ; to that ende and entent, that his passioun and his dethe, 
 
 20 that was pupplischt there, myghte ben knowen evenly to alle 
 the parties of the world. See now how dere he boughte man, 
 that he made after his owne ymage, and how dere he a^en- 
 boghte us, for the grete love that he hadde to us, and we 
 nevere deserved it to him. For more precyous catelle ne gret- 
 
 25 ter ransoum ne myghte he put for us, than his blessede body, 
 his precyous blood, and his holy lyf, that he thralled for us, 
 
 1. Myddes of all the ivorld. The earth was supposed to be flat, and 
 Jerusalem was believed to be at its center, proof of which was derived from 
 Psalm Ixxiv. 12. '" Aboute Jerusalem this noumbryng: hebigan, Asin the 
 myddes of the world."— Z?o6ferf of Gloucester. "This lond Judea is riche 
 and fruitful . . . and hath in the myddel, as it were in the nauel of theerthe, the 
 cite Jerusalem." — Trevisa. See Josephus, Wars of the Jeics, Bk. III. ch. iii. 
 5. Curiously Mandeville himself argues, in Chap. XVII., that the earth is 
 globular, and that one may travel completely round it. 
 
 2, Wytnessynge tlie philosophere. The philosopher bearing witness. 
 The allusion is to Aristotle's doctrine of the mean. See Nicomachean Ethics, 
 Bk. 11. 6. "Virtue is conversant with passions and actions, in which the 
 excess indeed is erroneous, and the defect is blamed, but the medium is 
 praised and possesses rectitude; and both these pertain ta virtue. Hence 
 virtue is a certain medium, and tends to the middle as a boundary."— 2'ai/- 
 lor's Translation. 
 
 11. Myghten. Plural for the singular 7»igr7iYe. 
 26. That he thralled. Which he enslaved, in 
 
 inthralled for us. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 Abouten, about, 12. A. S ahutan. 
 
 Aflasclietli, is reflected, 35. 
 
 Agen, ageiies, agaiast, towards, 
 14, 25, A. S. onyean is both adv. 
 (again) and prep, (aga nst). 
 
 Ageiiboglite, bougiit back, re- 
 deemed, 10. So ayenbite for re- 
 morse. 
 
 Alle be, although, 40. 
 
 Alle only, only, alone, 9. 
 
 Alleweyes, alle wey. always, 17. 
 
 Als, as, a contraction of also. A. S. 
 alswa. 
 
 Amyralle, officer, 17. This word is 
 used especially in medigeval ro- 
 mances to signify a Saracen com- 
 mander. A corruption of the 
 Arab, amir, emir; Low L. ad- 
 mirallus; O. Fr. amirail; Eng. 
 admiral. 
 
 Anon, immediately, 16, 
 
 Arrayen, v. prepare, adorn, 26. 
 O. Fr. arroyer. 
 
 Arrere, v, to rear, raise, 17. A. S. 
 droiraii. 
 
 As. that, who, 
 
 Askes, ashes, 26. A. S. asce. 
 
 Assayen, v. to try, test, 33. Fr. 
 essay er; L. exagium, proof; exi^ 
 gere, to examine. 
 
 At, with, in, 41. 
 
 Avance, v. to advance, promote. 
 
 Avowtrie, adultery, 33. 
 
 Awtere, aw tier, altar, 26, 37. 
 
 Axe, t;. to ask, 42; pt. pi. axideii 
 A. S. dcsian, dxiaii. 
 
 Bare, pt. bore. A. S. beran; pt. 
 
 boer. 
 Bawme, balm, balsam, 28. 
 Bayes, berries; fruit of the bay, or 
 
 laurel tree, 37. Fr. bate; L, bacca. 
 Be, prep, by, 14, 
 
 Bebledd, covered with blood, 11. 
 lieclippe, V. to curdle. See note, 
 
 p. 30. 
 Hebighten, pt. promised {pi. for s 
 
 behight), 11. A. S, behoetan, to 
 
 vow, promise. I 
 
 Beleeve, belief, 14. 
 
 Bek, beak, 27. Fr. bee. 
 
 Ben, pi. be, are, 9. 
 
 Besides, beside, by-the-side of. 
 
 A. S. be sidan. 
 Betaughten, gave, delivered 40, 
 
 From betechen; A. S. betacan, to 
 
 show, impart, deUver to. See 
 
 Toke. 
 Beyonden, prep, beyond. A. S. 
 
 begeo}idan. 
 Bileue, v, believe, 
 Bisidis, beside, near to. 
 Bon, bone, 29, 
 Boordis, boards, tables, 46. 
 Brede, breadth, 18. A. S. br(zdu, 
 
 from brad, bi-oad. 
 Breek girdille, breech-girdle. 
 
 See note, p, 28. 
 Brenne, v. to burn, 26. 
 Briddes, birds, 24. A. S. brid, a 
 
 (young) bird; Low Ger. bridde, a 
 
 chicken. 
 But, unless, except, 11. 
 Bye, V. to buy, redeem, 10. 
 
 Calyffes, calyffeez, caliphs, gov- 
 ernors, 21. 
 
 Catelle, chattel, goods, property, 
 10, O. Fr. chatel, catel, any mov- 
 able property; L. capitate, 
 whence Eng. capital, 
 
 Cameylle, camel, 17. 
 
 Cesoun, season. 28. 
 
 Cbees, ches, v. pyt. chose. 9, 15. 
 A. S. ceosan, to choose, 
 
 Cbenes, chines, chinks, cracks, 33. 
 A, S. cinu, a chink. 
 
 Cheventeyn, chieftain, 11. Fr. 
 chevetaine. 
 
 Clepen, v. to call, 13 ; cleped, 9, 
 clept, 11, clepide, named, called; 
 clepith. calleth. A. S. clipian, to 
 call. 
 
 Clerk, a man of learning, a univer- 
 sity student, 21. See Chaucer^s 
 picture of the '' Clerk " in the Pro- 
 logue. O. Fr. clerc. 
 
 Clyves, cliffs, 35. 
 
 55 
 
56 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Cornell, comoiiii, common, 11. 
 Cone, conne, can, know, 29. A. S. 
 
 cunnan, to know, to be able; Ger. 
 
 kennen; Eng. con, to study, 
 
 peruse. 
 Cop, top, or head, 29. 
 Coriieliiie, cornelian, a kind of 
 
 chalcedony. 
 Coveiiably, conveniently. 28. 
 Covent, convent, 3G. 
 Covety.se, covetousness, 11. 
 Cristene, Christian, 9. 
 Cronycles, chronicles, histories, 
 
 31. 
 Culuer, a culver, dove, 43. A S. 
 
 culfre. 
 
 Danipnyde, condemned, 4S. L. 
 damnare, dampnare. 
 
 Defaute, want, default, 11. O. Fr. 
 deffaute. 
 
 Degrees, stairs, steps, 20, 39. 
 
 Del, deal, part; gret del. gieat deal, 
 30. A. S. c/oeZ, part; Ger, tlieil. 
 
 Delytable, delightful, 11. 
 
 Denien, v. to think, judge, 18; 
 <ie?}i?/de, judged, 48. A. S.deman, 
 to think, judge; dom, judgment, 
 doom; hence doomsday. 
 
 Departed, divided, 19: departethe, 
 divides, 11. 
 
 Dere, adv. dearly, 10. 
 
 Dere tyme, time of dearth, scarci- 
 ty, 22. 
 
 DereAvortlie, of great value, pre- 
 cious, 35. A. S. deore wnrdhe. 
 
 Derthe, scarcity, famine, 17. A. S. 
 deore, dear. 
 
 Desparpleth, scatters. See note, 
 p. 11. 
 
 Devise, v. to describe, 12 ; devis- 
 ynge, describing, 12. O. Fr. de- 
 viser, to plan, order, discourse; L. 
 visum. It. viso, view, opinion. 
 
 Disceyveii, v. deceive, 29; disceyt, 
 deception. 
 
 Dislierite, disinherit, deprive of ati 
 inheritance, 11. 
 
 Doctour, teacher, learned man, 21. 
 L. docere. to teach. 
 
 Dolven, buried, hid, 39. Pt. part, 
 of delven ; A. S. delfan, to delve, 
 dig; Dut. delven. 
 
 Don, v. inf. to do, 11. 
 
 Don of, put off, take off, 37. 
 
 Doom, judgment, 48. See Denien. 
 
 Drede, v. to fear, 11. AS. 
 droedan. 
 
 Dresse, v. make straight, 42. O. 
 Fr. dresser; L. directus. 
 
 Drowen, pt. pi: drew. 
 
 Dubbed, ornamented, 20. O. Fr. 
 duher, late A. S. dubhan, to 
 equip with arms, dress, adorn. 
 
 Duren, v. to last (continuance in 
 
 both space and time); durethe, ex- 
 tends, 21, 36. Fr. diirer. 
 
 Efte, again, 54. A. S. eff. 
 
 Eftesoiies, eftesone, adv. soon 
 after, 30. A. S. eftsona. 
 
 Eier, air. 33. 
 
 Elles, else, otherwise, 13. A. S. 
 elles. 
 
 Emerandes, emeralds, 20. 27. 
 
 Eiiflawined. inflamed. 11. 
 
 Enounibre him. overshadow him- 
 self, conceal himself, i e. be con- 
 ceived, 9. L. umbra, shadow. 
 
 Enpoysound. poisoned, 16. 
 
 Eiitent, intent, purpose. Fr. en- 
 tente. 
 
 Eiivyrone, v. to go about, 9. Fr. 
 virer, to turn. 
 
 Ere, v. to ear, till, plow, 22. A. S. 
 erian. See ear, Deut. xxi. 4; Is. 
 XXX. 24. 
 
 Eschewe, to eschew, flee from, 38. 
 O. F. escliever. to shun. 
 
 Everyclie. every one, each. Every 
 of hem. each of them. 
 
 Ewtes. newts, 38. 
 
 Eyr, air, 9, 24. 
 
 Eyren, eggs, 28. A. S. oeg, pi. CBgru. 
 
 Fadre, father, 11. A. ^.feeder. 
 
 Fedres, feathers. 
 
 Feire, fuyre, fay re, fire. 
 
 Fer, far, distant,* 25. --^ ^ 
 
 Fertre, shi'ine, 37. L. feretrum, a 
 bier. 
 
 Festes. feasts, 36. 
 
 Fey the. faith. 9. 
 
 Fleen, v. to fly, 27; fteethe, flies; 
 fleyghe, flew, fled, i4. 39. A. S. 
 fleah, from fleogan, to fly, flee. 
 
 Flom. river, 12. 1^. flumen. 
 
 Flyntston, flint-stone, 29. 
 
 Fonde, pt. found, 44. A. S. findan^ 
 pt. fand. 
 
 For, conj. because, for the reason 
 that, that. 
 
 Forbode, forelrarned, 29. 
 
 Forcelettes, fortresses, 25. Low 
 L. forcelletum, O. Fr. forceletj 
 fortelesce, forteresce. 
 
 Fordon, v. to undo, destroy, 34. 
 
 Form ere, first. 10. A comparative 
 formation from the A. S. superla- 
 tive /or>»a. Other common forms 
 in early English are forme and 
 form est. 
 
 Formyour, former, creator, 10. 
 
 Forthinke, v. to repent; fov' 
 thinkethe me, I repent, regret, 23. 
 
 Forwhi, wherefore. .%2. 
 
 P\>ules, fowls. A. S. fngol, bird. 
 
 Freeltee, frailty, 13. 
 
 Fro, prep, from, 13. A. S. fra. 
 
 Frotethe, rubs, 37. O. Fr. froier. 
 
GLOSS AKY. 
 
 57 
 
 Fructuous, fruitful, 11. L. fruc- 
 
 tus, fruit. 
 Fyiit, finds, 36. 
 
 Gerneres, garners, granaries, 31. 
 
 O. Fr. grenier, gernier : L. grana- 
 
 rium. 
 Gif, conj. if, 11 ; but if, if not, ex- 
 cept. A. S. gif. 
 Gobettes, pieces, 28. O. Fr. gobet, 
 
 8L morsel of food ; Prov. Eng. gob, 
 
 from Gael, gob, the mouth ; 
 
 whence gobble, gabble, etc. 
 Gode, good, 11. 
 Gome, gum, 29. 
 Gon, V. to go. A. S. gdn, contracted 
 
 form of gangan ; Ger. gehen. 
 Gotlie, goes, 30. 
 Gouen, pp. given. 
 Grete, adj. great, 10; sup. gretter, 
 
 10. 
 Grucclied, grudged, murmured, 
 
 35. O. Fr. groucher ; Low L. 
 
 groussare, to murmur. 
 Giiyse, guise, fashion, 17. 
 Gysarniez, broad-swords, 18. 
 
 Halewed, hallowed, 9. A. S. hdlig, 
 holy; whence Halloiceen, holiday, 
 etc. Cf. Chaucer's /e?'?ie halives. 
 
 Halyday, holiday, 53. A. S. hdlig- 
 doig. 
 
 Han, liane. v. have, 14. 
 
 Hardy, bold, 29. 
 
 Harneys, harness, the trapping's of 
 both horse and man, including 
 arms, armor, etc., 17. O. Fr. har- 
 
 Hatte, called, 18. See Higlite. 
 
 Heglite, liighte, height. 
 
 Hem, pron. pi. them, 9. A. S. him, 
 
 dat. pi. of he. 
 Hemself, themselves, 15. 
 Here, pron. their, 11. 
 Heremyte, eremite, hermit, 25. 
 Hete, heat, 28. 
 Hidre, hither, 22. 
 Hidreto, hitherto. 
 Higlite. was called, named, 15. 
 
 A. S. hdtan, to be called. 
 Hijre, hire, wages, 53. 
 Hire, pron. her. 
 His, its. Neu. ^Qn. of A. S. pronoun 
 
 he, heo, hit. 
 Holt, holdeth, holds, 17. 
 Honestly, honorably, fittingly, 26. 
 
 Ibuld, built, 18. The prefix i- or 
 2/- is frequently added to past par- 
 ticiples. A. S. and Ger. ge-. 
 
 Ibes. ibis, a kind of stork, 24. 
 
 Idled, dyed, 35. 
 
 Icleped, called. 
 
 lie, isle, 12. O. Fr. isle, later tie; 
 L. insula. This word has no con- 
 
 nection wiih isliind, which is A. S. 
 
 iglaiid, Early Eng. Hand (the s 
 
 having been inserted ignorantly, in 
 
 conformity with isle). 
 like, adj. same, 50. A. S. ilc. 
 In, on, 18. 
 
 Inow, enow, enough. 
 Into, unto, upon, 38. 
 
 J outes, pottage, 36. Low h. juta, 
 jutta. 
 
 Kepe, care, heed, 29. Take kepe, 
 take care. 
 
 Knowelecliide, pt. acknowledged, 
 4-,\ 
 
 Kynde, nature; a gen kynde, against 
 nature, 25; nf kynde, by nature, 
 naturally. A. S. cynd, nature. 
 
 Kyndely wytt, natural intelli- 
 gence, 37. 
 
 Lafte, V. pi. left, 11 ; pr. leve. 
 L.asse, less. A. S. Ices. 
 Latyneres, interpreters, 36. O. Fr. 
 
 latinier; Low. L. latinarius. The 
 
 word 'Latin was sometimes used 
 
 for a language in general. 
 Iieet, V. pi. let, permitted, caused, 
 
 16; leet make, caused to be made, 
 
 19. A. S. loetan. 
 lieie. lye, 33. A. S. leah. 
 Lietten, v. to hinder, prevent, 24. 
 
 A. S. lettan. 
 List, pleasure, 29. 
 Lycbe, like, 26. 
 Lycour, liquor, 29. 
 Lyglitely, lightl}', easil.y, 29. 
 Lygn, lyggen, v. pi. lie, 37, 40. 
 
 A. S. licgan, liggan, to lie. 
 Liyketlie, v. impers. it plea?es; 
 
 lykede, pleased, 9; hym lykethe, 
 
 it pleases him, 17; lyke yon, please 
 
 you, 30. A. S. lician. 
 Liykne, v. liken, 27. 
 Liy.st, V. impers. it pleases. Hem 
 
 lyst, it pleases them, 17. A. S. 
 
 iyst, lust, desire, love; lysfan, to 
 
 wish, desire; Eng. list, listless, 
 
 lust, lusty. 
 Lythe, lieth, lies, 14, 20. 
 Lyys, lice, 38. A. S. lus, pi. lys. 
 
 Maner, manor, 50. O. Fr. manoir, 
 
 Maner, manere. sort, kind, 32. 
 
 Marches, marces, boundaries, re- 
 gions, 33. A. S. mearc, limit, 
 boundary. 
 
 Marchetlie unto, borders on, is 
 contiguous to, 20. O. Fr. marchir; 
 A. S. mearc. 
 
 Marveyle, marvel, wonder, 26. 
 
 Meche, much, 15. 
 
 Meclieles, much, 27. 
 
58 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Mete, pL metis, meat, anj^ kind of 
 food. 36. A. S. mete, food. 
 
 Meyuee, ariendauts, 18. O. Fr. 
 niaisnie, meignie, company, 
 household ; whence Eng. menial. 
 
 Mo, adj. more, 14. A. S. md. 
 
 Moclie, much, 12. A. S. mycel, 
 great, mickle. 
 
 Mo we, niowiie. v. may, 13. 
 
 Mdystecl, moistened, 11. 
 
 Musketlie, mosque, 20. O. Fr. 
 musqiiette. 
 
 Myddes, midst, middle, 10. A. S. 
 (gen. case) micldes. 
 
 Myniiscliide, minished, lessened, 
 49; L. minui. 
 
 Myrs, marshes, bogs, 27. 
 
 3Ivsbeleevyii§:e, unbelieving, in- 
 fidel. 
 
 Natlieles, iietlieles, nevertheless, 
 
 19. 
 Ne, conj. nor, 10; adv. not, 15. 
 Nexte, super, nighest, nearest, 32. 
 Neylie, v. to approach, 18. ^ 
 Noil, no, none, 10. A. S. nan. 
 Noutlier . . . ne, neither^. . .nor. 
 Nye, nigh, near. A. S. neah. 
 Nyl ine-will», will not, 46. A. S. 
 
 nyllan; cf. L. nolle. 
 Nys (ne-is), is not, 27. 
 
 O, one (the same), 40. 
 
 Of. prep. by. 10; concerning, from. 
 
 On, prep, in, of. 
 
 On, one, 15. A. S. an. 
 
 Ones, once. 
 
 Oniclie, onyx, 20. 
 
 Ony, any, 10. 
 
 Or, ere, before, 31. 
 
 Orielle, a precious stone, appar 
 
 ently chrysolite, 27. O. Fr. oriol : 
 
 L. aureola. 
 Oryent, the East, 19. L. oriens, the 
 
 rising sun. 
 Ougte, ought. Impers. use. ougte 
 
 us, it belongs to us, it is our duty, 
 
 11. Ought and oiced are pi. forms 
 
 of the verb o?r€?, own- A. S. dgan. 
 Overtliwart, crosswise, 28; across, 
 
 35. 
 
 Panemes, painims, pagans, 31. 
 Paradys, paradise, 22. 
 Parties, parts, 10. Fr. partie. 
 Paske, passover, 46. 
 Passyiige, exceeding, surpassing. 9. 
 PaAvine, palm, 30. Fr. j^'funie; L. 
 
 palma. 
 Peynen, v. to take pains, endeavor, 
 
 exert oneself (used reflexively), 11, 
 
 36. 
 Peynture, painting (wall-painting, 
 
 frescoes), M. 
 
 Plenerly, plenarily, fully, 20. L. 
 plenus. 
 
 Pleynly, plainly, fully, 12. 
 
 Ponaeles, balls! knobs, 20. 
 
 Poocok, peacock, 27. 
 
 Preostes, priests. 
 
 Preve, prove, 29. 
 
 Proniyssioun, promise, 9. 
 
 Prented, printed, impressed. O. Fr. 
 preindre; L. p?e>y(ere. 
 
 Propre, own, 16. Fr. propre; L. 
 proprhis. 
 
 Propurly, properly, from ex- 
 perience, £3. L. proprius, one's 
 own. 
 
 Pupplisclie, publish. 10. 
 
 Purcliasynge, obtaining, 26. Fr. 
 pourchasser, to hunt after, chase. 
 
 Quenclietlie, goes out. 3S. A. S. 
 
 cv:encan, to vanish, quench. 
 Qnycke. adj. living, 27. 
 Qaykenetfe, to become alive, 47. 
 
 A. 8. cu-ic, quick. 
 
 Kathere, former, earlier. See note, 
 
 p. 25. 
 Reconsyled. restored, 11. 
 Kede, v. teach. 
 Renies. realms, kingdoms, 14. O. 
 
 Fr. roiaidme, Low L. regalimen^ 
 
 L, rego. I rule. 
 RemeWen. v. remove, 17. 
 Kepreviiiges. reproofs, reproaches, 
 
 9. 
 Keride.pf. reared, raised, 48. 
 RcAvme, realm. See Rtnies. 
 Reyneth, rains. 24. 
 Ryalle, royal, 20. O. Fr. reial ; L. 
 
 regalis. 
 Rymour, rumor, 31. 
 
 Saf save. 
 
 Sardoyne, sard, or sardine stone 
 
 (lit. Sardian stone, from Sardis in 
 
 Lydia), a variety of canielian, 20. 
 Sawghe, sauglie, v. pi. saw, 14. 
 
 A. S. sedli (3d p. sdwe). 
 Scliappes. shapes, 12. 
 Schedde. poured, 46. 
 Sclioon, shoes, 37. A. S. seed, a 
 
 shoe, pi. sceon. 
 Schrewde, dangerous. See note, 
 
 p. 24. 
 Schulen. pi. shall, 48. A. S. 1 p. 
 
 sceal. pi. accolon. 
 Scriptures, writings, 31. 
 Seclie, V. to s-eek, visit, 37., 
 Sege, seat. 20. Fr. .sieg^ ; L. sede.^. 
 Seniblee, assemblj^ 11. 
 Sep tern try on. the seven stars, or 
 
 Charles' wain, i e. the Nortli, 19. 
 
 L. .'^eptentriones. 
 Sepultures, sepulchres, 31. 
 Servjige, bondage, 15. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 59 
 
 Sett, situated, 14. 
 
 Seveiie, seventh, 20. 
 
 Seyne, v. to say, 9 ; seyde, said, 9 ; 
 
 called, 50. 
 Seyii, seen, 1'?. 
 Sighe, pt. saw, 42 ; pi. sighen, 44 ; 
 
 imp. se, 44. , ,o o^ 
 
 Sikerly, sykerly, securely, 13, 32. 
 
 Ger. sichey, certain. 
 Sikonyes, for cikonyes, storks, <;, 4. 
 
 O. Ff. c'qonie; L. ciconia. 
 Sitlie. since, 18. A. S. s/^/i, time; 
 
 sitJian, times. 
 Sle. u. slay; leet sle, caused to be 
 
 slain, 10. ,. . 
 
 Smot, pt. smote. A. S. smat ; sini- 
 
 tan, to smite. 
 Smytt, smites, rushes. See note, 
 
 p.' 21 
 Sondy, sandy, 13. 
 Sorwe, sorrow, 16. A. S. sorh, gen. 
 
 Sotliefast, true, 49. A.S. sodhfcBst 
 Sotliely, adv. truly, 51. A. S. 
 
 sodhlice. 
 Sotyltee, subtlety, 30. 
 Soudan, soAvdan, sultan, emperor, 
 
 13. Arabic, sult<in. 
 Soudyour, souldyour, soldier, 14. 
 
 O. Fr. soldoier, soudeer : Low L. 
 
 soUdarius, soldariiis. 
 Spac, spake. 
 Steygyiige up, ascending, 44 ; 
 
 stei/geth, ascend eth, 48. A. S, 
 
 sti'gan, to climb; whence stigel, a 
 
 stile. . ^ 
 
 Streyt, adj. strait, narrow, strict, 
 
 24. O. Fr. estroit; L. str ictus. 
 Subjettes, subjects, 11. 
 Suyinge, following, 43 ; pt. siLe^le, 
 
 followed, 44. Fr. sidvre ; L. sequi. 
 Sytt, sitteth, is situated, 22. 
 
 Taken, p. p?. took, comprehended, 
 
 41. 
 Terrestre, terrestial, earthly, 22. 
 Than, thaiine, then, 11. 
 Thei, they, 13. 
 Tliilke, the same, these, 29. 
 Tho, the, those, 13. A. S. tha. 
 Thorghe, through, by, 11. A. S. 
 
 tJtlDll. 
 
 Thorglieout, throughout, 19. 
 
 Thridde, third, 27. 
 
 Tliwonge, thong, latchet, 43. 
 
 To, toward, for, of, 10. 
 
 Toke, pt. gave, delivered, 39. A.S. 
 
 toecan. to teach. See He- 
 
 taugliten. Mandeville has al-o 
 
 betoke in the same sense. 
 Totliere, the other (corresponding 
 
 to ton, the one), 31. 
 Traveyliden, v. pt. labored, toiled, 
 
 53. Traveylis, n. pi. labors. Fr. 
 
 travaille. 
 
 Trespaced, trespassed, 11. 
 
 Trouble, turbid, 30. 
 
 Trowe, to believe, think, 11; pt. pi. 
 
 troweden, 19. A. S. treoiv, true; 
 
 treoician, to trust, believe; whence 
 
 Eng. truce. 
 Turbentyne, turpentine, 29. L. 
 
 terebintliina {resiiia). 
 Twyes, twice, 25. 
 Tyled, tilled, cultivated, 29. 
 
 Undirnonien, pp. reprehended, re- 
 proved, 48. A. S. under and ni- 
 man, to take, seize. 
 
 Undrun, the thii'd hour, or nine 
 o'clock, 50. A. S. undern. 
 
 Upsodoune, upside-down, 46. 
 
 Usen. V. pi. used, are accustomed 
 to do, 17. 
 
 Verrev, adj. true, 41. L. verus. 
 Viage^ voyage, journey (by land or 
 
 sea), 11. O. Fr. veiage, voiage; 
 
 L. via. 
 Vytaylle, victuals, food, 13, 36. 
 
 b. Fr. vitaille. 
 
 Waxe, to grow, increase, 49. A. S. 
 
 ireaxan. 
 AVel, full. 
 Well nio, many more, 17; much 
 
 more, 37. 
 Wenen, v. pi. think, suppose, 30. 
 
 A. S. icenan. 
 Werein, for iveren, were, 31. 
 Wexe. i'. to increase, grow, 22. 
 
 See Waxe. 
 Wlian, Avlianne, adv. when, 9. 
 What, why, 52. A. S. Jnccet. 
 Wliere. Avher, contracted form of 
 
 whether, 33, 52. A. S. Invoidher. 
 Wiste, knew, 45. 
 AViten, pi. know, 51; pt. iviste. 
 
 A. S. ivitan, to know. 
 AVitlieliolden, retained. See note, 
 
 p 13. 
 Witlioiiten, without, outside, 11. 
 AVlcanes, for vulcanes, volcanoes, 
 
 33. 
 W^ode, wood 
 Wole, V. will. 
 
 Woste, knowest. See Witen. 
 Wote. V. pr. know, 52. 
 Wyte, imp. know, 17; wytithe well, 
 
 know well, 20. 
 Wyten, pr. pi. know, 11. See 
 
 Witen. 
 
 Yalowe, yelow, yellow, 27. A. S. 
 
 qealcic. 
 Yglien, pi. eyne, eyes, 52. A. S. 
 
 edge, pi. edgan. 
 Yit, yet. A. S. get. 
 
^^ GLOSSARY. 
 
\ Text-Book on Rhetoric ; 
 
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