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\ 
 
 A CONCISE 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 BASED ON 
 
 SEAVEY'S GOODRICH'S HISTORY. 
 
 hi J. CAMP 
 
 iii 
 
 rattj JWaps attti otfjet Hlustratfona 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 TAINTOR BROTHERS, MERRILL & CO. 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 WILLIAM WARE & CO. 
 
 {Sl/CCESSORS TO BREWER & TILESTON.} 
 

 $1^ 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, 
 
 By BREWER AND TILESTON, 
 
 In the Office ot the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 
 
 
/ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In preparing this little book, the writer has endeavored to relate 
 briefly, but clearly and accurately, the leading events in the history of 
 our country. Much care and labor have been expended, with the 
 view not only to make a judicious selection of facts, but to present 
 them in such a form as to render the work acceptable as a lesson- 
 book. 
 
 The effort has been made not only to avoid statements erroneous in 
 themselves, but also those which might lead to wrong inferences, or 
 in any way give false impressions ; and although events are concisely 
 narrated, yet their relative importance has not been overlooked. 
 
 The writer believes that the history of our country deserves a prom- 
 inent place in the school-room ; but he is aware of the fact that the 
 time which can be devoted to this department of study in common 
 and grammar schools, and even in academies, is, in most cases, very 
 much limited. Therefore, without intending to dwarf his book to a 
 size which would admit "but little more than a full chronology, he has 
 kept the narrative within such bounds that the recitation of only two 
 pages a day would take the learner to the end of it in less than half 
 a year. 
 
 The work differs from many other school histories especially in a 
 more sparing use of dates, and in the omission of less important de- 
 tails, such as the losses in indecisive or minor battles. The History 
 is divided into five Periods, and at the close of each, except the last, is 
 found a chapter describing the condition of the country. In these 
 chapters much important information is given, which should not be 
 
 passed over by even the smallest histories. 
 
 <3) 
 
4 Preface. 
 
 The questions at the foot of the pages have heen carefully prepared. 
 
 Those teachers — and there are many such — who prefer to frame 
 their own questions, will, it is believed, find an advantage in the plan 
 which has been adopted, of printing the leading or key words of the 
 paragraphs in a more conspicuous type. This feature, by bringing 
 out prominently the leading topics, seems also well fitted to assist the 
 learner in preparing his lessons. 
 
 The teacher, it is suggested, should not require the scholar to com- 
 mit to memory and recite the language of the text, word for word, but 
 rather to gain clear and accurate ideas of the subject, and to express 
 them in his own language. 
 
 The maps, with which the work is fully supplied, should be put to 
 constant use in the preparation of the lessons. It will be a most 
 profitable exercise for the scholars to draw maps upon the blackboard, 
 showing the positions of the places named in each lesson. 
 
 Chronological Reviews have been scattered throughout the book, 
 one at the end of each Period. These are designed to be studied and 
 faithfully committed to memory. Some useful tables have been in- 
 serted after the narrative of the events ; also the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence and the Constitution of the United States. To the latter, 
 questions have been added, and such explanation of terms and other 
 information as might be needed. 
 
 Attention is particularly called to the Review Questions at the close 
 of the book. These are of the utmost importance for enabling schol- 
 ars to group events and gain a more comprehensive view of them. 
 They may be put to use after an entire Period has been studied, or 
 sooner, at the teacher's discretion. 
 
 This History is based, in part, on the excellent larger history pre- 
 pared, a short time before his death, by that experienced teacher, Mr. 
 William H. Seavey, late principal of the Girls' High and Normal 
 School of this city. Mrs. Wm. H. Seavey has aided in the prepara- 
 tion of this volume, especially by valuable suggestions and criticisms. 
 
 L. J. C. 
 Bostox, September 1, 1870. 
 
LIST OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 
 
 Pagt 
 
 Chronological Review from 1492 to 1606 22 
 
 Chronological Review from 1607 to 1763 72 
 
 Chronological Review from 1764 to 1788 112 
 
 Chronological Review from 1789 to 1861 165 
 
 Chronological Review from 1861 to 1879 221 
 
 LIST OF MAPS. 
 
 Known "World in the 15th century 7 
 
 Known "World in the 19th century 7 
 
 Discoveries 11 
 
 European Claims in America 19 
 
 Indian Families and principal Tribes facing 20 
 
 Jamestown and Vicinity 23 
 
 Eastern Colonies 28 
 
 Middle Colonies 43 
 
 Carolinas. • 52 
 
 Intercolonial Wars 56 
 
 Intercolonial Wars 57 
 
 Lake Champlain and Vicinity 64 
 
 War of the Revolution in the South 80 
 
 "War of the Revolution in the North 81 
 
 Boston and Vicinity. 84 
 
 New York and Vicinity 88 
 
 Philadelphia and Vicinity 92 
 
 Burgoyne's Expedition. Saratoga and Vicinity 94 
 
 Yorktown 107 
 
 Country east of the Mississippi at the beginning of Washing- 
 ton's administration facing 110 
 
 War of 1812 124 
 
 War of 1812 125 
 
 Baltimore and Vicinity 125 
 
 Niagara Frontier 125 
 
 Vicinity of Detroit 125 
 
 New Orleans and Vicinity 138 
 
 Florida War 142 
 
 Mexican War 149 
 
 General Taylor's March 149 
 
 General Scott's March 149 
 
 Seat of War in Virginia- 172 
 
 War of the Rebellion 184 
 
 Vicksburg and Vicinity 184 
 
 Georgia and South Carolina Coast 184 
 
 War of the Rebellion 185 
 
 Charleston and Vicinity 185 
 
 United States in 1870 following 212 
 
 Territorial Growth following 220 
 
 Review Questions, Appendix, p. 31. (5) 
 
THE NOKTHMEN IN AMERICA. 
 
 More than six hundred years before Columbus sailed 
 to America/ the Northmen, bold sea-rovers, discovered 
 Iceland, an island remote from their home in the north 
 of Europe, and peopled it. These colonists went from 
 Norway. Only a few years after they began to colonize 
 this island, one of their vessels was driven, by storms, 
 farther to the west, and came in sight of Greenland. 
 
 A little more than a hundred years later, in 986, Eric 
 (er'ik) the Red sailed from Iceland, and established a 
 colony in Greenland. A very few years afterwards an 
 Icelander, named Biorn (be-urn'), seeking Greenland, was 
 driven far out of his course by northern gales, and saw 
 a much more southern land, covered with forests. This 
 was some part of the north-eastern coast of the American 
 continent. 
 
 Afterwards exploring and trading voyages were made 
 from Greenland and Iceland to the unknown country in 
 the south-west. The first explorers, who went out in the 
 year 1000, named the most southern tract which they 
 visited, Vinland, from finding there vines and grapes. 
 Their Vinland was, it seems, the southern coast of New 
 England. 
 
 The Northmen found savage tribes in the new coun- 
 tries, probably the same race called by other discoverers, 
 at a much later date, Indians. They trafficked with the 
 savages for furs and skins, and from the " endless forests " 
 collected wood; but no permanent settlements were made. 
 Those formed in Greenland disappeared, after some cen- 
 turies, swept away, it is believed, by epidemics and con- 
 flicts with the savages. For a long time the country was 
 lost sight of, and remained to be discovered anew. 
 
 We should remember that the Northmen did not know 
 that they had discovered a New World. They supposed 
 the strange lands they had found, to be part of Europe. 
 
 (6) 
 
MAPS OF THE KNOWN WORLD. 
 
 THE KNOWN WORLD IN THE 19TH CENTURY. 
 
 THE KNOWN WORLD IN THE 15TH CENTURY. 
 
 The old geographers used to place upon their maps figures of strange 
 animals and headless men, as above, to denote that the regions thus 
 marked were unknown, and supposed to abound in horrible monsters. 
 
 (7) 
 
PERIOD I. — DISCOVERIES. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OF SAN SALVADOR, IN 1492, TO THE 
 SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, IN 1607. 
 
 I. SPANISH EXPEDITIONS. 
 
 1. Christopher Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci, 
 
 1. The discovery of America was made in the year 
 1492, by Christopher Columbus, a native of Gen'o-a, in 
 Italy. Believing the earth to be a globe, Columbus con- 
 ceived the project of sailing west, and thus reaching, by a 
 new route, the wealthy regions of the east, called India. 
 
 2. After seeking aid elsewhere 
 without success, he applied to 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, sover- 
 eigns of Spain, to furnish him 
 with ships to test his theory. 
 For years he fruitlessly urged his 
 project upon the attention of the 
 Spanish sovereigns. He was an 
 elderly man when, at last, the 
 queen, Isabella, was persuaded 
 to aid him. 
 
 3. On the morning of Friday, 
 August 12,* Columbus sailed 
 
 from the harbor Of PaloS [pah!- Christopher Columbua. 
 
 l~s) with three smalt vessels and ninety seamen, and on 
 the morning of Friday, October 21, f just ten weeks after 
 leaving Spain, he discovered one of the Baha'ma Islands. 
 Landing with his men, he set up the royal banner, and took 
 
 * August 3, O. S. 
 
 f October 12, O. S. 
 
 Questions. — 1. When and by whom was America discovered? What project 
 did Columbus conceive ? 
 
 2. What is said about his seeking aid ? Who, at length, aided bim? 
 
 3. What can you tell of the sailing of Columbus ? What did he discover ? What 
 
 more can you tell of this expedition i 
 
 (9) 
 
10 DISCOVERIES. [1492. 
 
 solemn possession of the island for the king and queen of 
 Spain, naming it San Salvador. He came to other islands 
 soon afterwards, among the rest to Cuba and Hayti (ha'ti). 
 
 4. Columbus supposed the islands which he had discov- 
 ered to be a part of India ; and as they lay west from Eu- 
 rope, they were called the "West Indies, and their inhabit- 
 ants Indians — a name which was afterwards also given to 
 She natives of the adjacent continent. 
 
 5. The news which Columbus carried back to Spain cre- 
 ated great excitement ; and soon ships, commanded by other 
 courageous mariners, sailed for the strange lands in th« 
 west. The great navigator himself made three other voy- 
 ages. On his third voyage, he reached, in 1498, the main 
 land of South America. He died in 1506, a few months 
 after his return from a fourth voyage. Long afterwards 
 his remains were carried to Cuba, where they now repose. 
 
 6. The New World was named America, from Amerigo 
 Vespucci (ah-md-re'go ves-poot'che), a Florentine merchant, 
 who accompanied a Spanish expedition which touched the 
 coast of South America some months after Columbus had 
 discovered it. A narrative written by Amerigo was the 
 cause of his name's being given to the western continent — 
 an honor which did not belong to him. 
 
 2. The Spaniards in the South. 
 
 *l. It was not long before the Spaniards had taken pos- 
 session of the principal islands of the West Indies, and 
 from their colonies there they despatched expeditions to 
 the main land. Balboa (bahl-bo'ah), in 1513, crossing the 
 isthmus which connects North and South America, dis- 
 covered the Pacific Ocean, at first called the South Sea. 
 
 8. Not very long afterwards Ma-geFlan, a Portuguese 
 in the service of Spain, sailing far south, passed through the 
 straits which bear his name, and entered this ocean. He 
 
 4. What names were given to the islands and the inhabitants, and why ? 
 
 5. Effect of the news of Columbus's discovery? What is said of his other voy- 
 
 ages and of his discovery of the main land ? Of his death ? 
 
 6. What can you tell about Amerigo Vespucci and the name America ? 
 
 7. What is said of the Spaniards in the West Indies ? Of Balboa ? 
 
 8. What can you tell of Magellan, and of the first voyage round the world ? 
 
1581] 
 
 SPANISH EXPEDITIONS. 
 
 11 
 
 called it the Pacific, because he found it so calm and free from 
 storms. Magellan was killed by the Indians ; but his vessel 
 doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Spain in 1522, 
 thus making the first voyage round the world. 
 
 9. Hernando Cortes (kor'tez), with a few hundred sol- 
 diers, conquered the rich and populous empire of Mexico 
 in 1521, and it became a province of Spain. With a smaller 
 force Francisco Pizarro (pe-zar'ro) subjugated Peru — a 
 land abounding in the precious metals. 
 
 3. The Spaniards in the United States. 
 
 10. Ponce de Leon (pone'tha da-la-one 1 ), an aged soldier, 
 was the first Spaniard who explored any part of what is 
 now the United States. He fitt ed out an expedition to 
 
 9. What can you tell of Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro ? 
 10. Give an account of Ponce de Leon's expedition. 
 
12 DISCOVERIES. [1512. 
 
 seek for gold, and also for a fountain whose waters were 
 fabled to restore youth. In 1512, on Easter Sunday, called 
 by the Spaniards Pascua Florida (pahs-koo'ah jlo-re'dah), 
 he came in sight of land, which, from its flowery appear- 
 ance and from the day, he named Florida. 
 
 ; 11. Some years later Ponce came again to colonize the 
 land he had discovered; but the Indians furiously attacked 
 the Spaniards, and forced them to take to their ships. Ponce 
 was mortally wounded. A Spanish leader, named Narvaez 
 (nar-vah'eth), afterwards sailing from Cuba with three hun- 
 dred men, attempted the conquest of Florida. Nearly all 
 perished. Only four of his company, after long wander- 
 ings, reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 
 
 12. A rich man named Ayllon (ile-ydne'), with the help 
 of a few associates in Hayti, fitted out an expedition in 1520, 
 which reached the coast of Carolina. Their object was to 
 capture the natives as -slaves. A few years afterwards 
 Ayllon endeavored to conquer the country, but was unsuc- 
 cessful. Most of his men sickened and died, or were slain 
 by the Indians. 
 
 13. The conquest of Florida was next attempted by 
 Fernando de Soto (da so' to), a famous commander, and a 
 companion of Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru. At the head 
 of more than six hundred brave soldiers, De Soto landed on 
 the western shore of Florida, and pushed inland. He be- 
 lieved that he should find opulent cities to plunder, and a 
 land abounding in gold. He found neither cities nor gold. 
 
 14. In the spring of 1541, after wandering two years, and 
 marking his course with the blood of the natives, De Soto 
 came to the Mississippi River, near the southern limit of 
 the present State of Tennessee. Broken in spirit by dis- 
 appointments and hardships, he died the next year by the 
 side of the great river he had discovered, and was buried 
 in its waters. A miserable remnant of the brilliant expedi- 
 
 11. What is said of Ponce's second expedition ? What of Narvaez ? 
 
 12. Give an account of Ayllon's expeditions to the coast of Carolina. 
 
 13. What is said of De Soto and the conquest of Florida ? What did he expect 
 
 to find ? 
 
 14. What is said of his discovery of the Mississippi ? His fate ? His followers? 
 
1524] FRENCH EXPEDITIONS. 13 
 
 tion that had set out with De Soto at last reached a 
 settlement which the Spaniards had already established on 
 the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 15. Nearly a quarter of a century later Menendez (ma- 
 nen'deth), a fierce warrior, received a commission from 
 the king of Spain to conquer and colonize Florida. He was 
 also ordered to destroy a colony of French Protestants who 
 had lately come into that country.* Immediately after land- 
 ing", in 1565, he founded St. Augustine {-teen'), the oldest 
 European town in the United States. He next surprised 
 the French fort, and put to the sword nearly all the colonists : 
 even those who surrendered were massacred. 
 
 16. From Mexico Spanish discovery was extended north- 
 ward. Coronado (ko-ro-nah! do) , departing from this prov- 
 ince in 1540, with a body of soldiers, explored the country 
 about the upper Rio Grande (ri'o grand).f At the same time 
 another Spaniard sailed along the coast of California. The 
 region which Coronado traversed was afterwards called New 
 Mexico, and possession of it was taken for Spain. Santa 
 Fe\ its chief town, is, next to St. Augustine, the oldest Eu- 
 ropean settlement in the United States. 
 
 II. FRENCH EXPEDITIONS. 
 1. Early Expeditions in the North, 
 
 1. The fishing-grounds off the north-eastern coast of 
 America were early visited by French ships ; but the first 
 explorer sent out by France to the New World was John 
 Verrazzano (yer-rat-sah! no) , a Florentine, who made a voy- 
 age of discovery, in the service of the French king, in 1524. 
 Reaching land, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Verrazzano 
 first sailed south some distance, and then north, along the 
 coast, to Newfoundland (nu 1 fund-land) . He named the 
 country New France. 
 
 * See p. 14, HIT 3, 4. f Spanishpron. re'o-grahn'da. 
 
 15. What commission did Menendez receive, and what was he ordered to do ? 
 
 What was done by him in Florida? Where is St. Augustine? (See Map, p. 19. 
 
 16. What is said of Coronado ? The coast of California ? Of New Mexico and 
 
 Santa Fe ? Where is Santa Fe ? (See Map, p. 19.) 
 1. What is said of the first expedition sent to the New World by France ? 
 
14 DISCOVERIES. [1534. 
 
 2. Ten years later, that is, in 1534, James Cartier (kar- 
 te-a') was sent to explore the northern coast of the New- 
 World. He entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and claimed 
 the adjacent country for his king. The next year he came 
 again, and ascended the River St. Lawrence till he reached 
 the spot where now is Montreal.- Several years afterwards, 
 Cartier and a French nobleman were unsuccessful in an 
 attempt to plant a colony in this region. The discoveries 
 of Verrazzano and Cartier gave France its claim to the 
 northern part of the American continent. 
 
 2, The Huguenots, 
 
 3. Coligny (ko-leen r ye), admiral of France, and a distin- 
 guished leader of the Huguenots, — as the French Protes- 
 tants were called, — desiring to plant a Protestant colony in 
 America, sent out an expedition to our shores in 1562. 
 A small fort was built near Port Royal entrance, in South 
 Carolina, and thirty men were left as colonists. They fell 
 into extreme want, and the next year sailed for France. 
 
 4. A second colony of Huguenots, in 1564, reached the 
 mouth of the St. John's, in Florida, and a few miles up the 
 river built a fort, which, in honor of their king, Charles (in 
 Latin Garolus), they named Fort Caroline. Several hun- 
 dred other colonists soon came over with Ribault (re-bo 1 ), 
 who had led the first expedition. But Spain claimed the 
 country, and the Spaniard, Menendez, as we have told, 
 captured the fort in 1565, and slaughtered the greater part 
 of the colonists in the most cruel manner. 
 
 A French nobleman, named Gourgues (goorg), who was 
 a deadly enemy to the Spaniards, fitted out an expedition 
 to avenge this horrible deed. He sailed to Florida, as- 
 sailed the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and put to death 
 the garrisons. Gourgues then sailed home again, and Florida 
 remained a Spanish province. 
 
 2. What is said of two voyages by James Cartier ? What was attempted several 
 
 years afterwards ? Upon what did the French base their claim to the 
 
 northern part of America ? 
 3.* Who sent out a colony of French Protestants, and when ? What can you tell 
 
 of this colony ? 
 4. Where and when was a second colony of Fuguenots established ? Fate of 
 
 this colony ? What revenge was taken for the cruel deed of Menendez? 
 
1497.] ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS. 15 
 
 3, Acadia, 
 
 5. A considerable period elapsed before the French at- 
 tempted to plant another colony in America. Early in the 
 seventeenth century, the king of France granted to Do 
 Monts (duh mawn[g'])* a territory, called Acadia, extending 
 from the southern part of Pennsylvania to the northern part 
 of Nova Scotia. Under this grant the first permanent French 
 settlement in America was made in 1605, on the western coast 
 of Nova Scotia, and named Port Royal. With the expedition 
 of De Monts came Samuel de Champlain [sham-plane'), 
 afterwards the able leader of the French colonists of Canada. 
 
 III. ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS. 
 1. The Cabots. Francis DraJce. 
 
 1. England was the first to compete with Spain for the 
 honors and advantages of western discovery. John Cab'ot 
 and his son Sebastian, sailing in behalf of the English king, 
 in the summer of 1497 fell in with land, which is believed 
 to have been the coast of Labrador'. Thus the continent 
 of America was discovered by Cabot more than a year 
 before Columbus saw it. The next year Sebastian Cabot 
 made another voyage, and explored the coast from Labrador 
 to Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. 
 
 2. The great sea-captain Francis Drake was the first 
 Englishman who visited the western coast of America. 
 Passing through the stormy Straits of Magellan, Drake sailed 
 along the coast of California. Claiming the country for Eng- 
 land, he named it New Albion. He then steered boldly out 
 into the Pacific, and reached home in 1579, by the way of 
 the Cape of Good Hope ; and thus has the honor of being 
 the first Englishman who sailed round the world. After hia 
 return home Queen Elizabeth knighted him. 
 
 * This nasal sound stops before the sound ng is formed. 
 
 5. What is said of Acadia ? Of Port Royal ? Of Samuel de Champlain ? 
 
 1. What is said of England in connection with western discovery ? Give a*, 
 
 account of Cabot's discovery of the continent of America. What is said of 
 another voyage ? 
 
 2. What can you tell of Francis (afterwards Sir Francis) Drake's voyage? 
 
DISCOVERIES. [1585. 
 
 2. Attempts to form Settlements, 
 
 3. About this time Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by permis- 
 sion of Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to plant a colony in 
 America. The enterprise was unsuccessful. On his homo 
 ward voyage, while a violent storm was raging-, Sir Hum- 
 phrey sat on deck calmly reading. To those in the other 
 and stronger vessel he cried out, "Be of good heart, my 
 friends ; we are as near to heaven by sea as by land." In that 
 storm his frail bark went down, and all on board perished. 
 
 4. His half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'li), another 
 adventurous sailor and accomplished gentleman, now ob- 
 tained a commission from Elizabeth, and despatched Am'idas 
 and Barlow, with two small vessels, to make explorations. 
 They reached the coast of North Carolina, and spent a short 
 time trafficking with the natives. On their return home they 
 gave a brilliant description of the country, and the name of 
 
 Virginia was bestowed upon it, in honor of Elizabeth, the 
 Virgin Queen. 
 
 5. The next year, namely/ in 1585, Raleigh sent out 
 a colony, with Ralph Lane as governor. They landed on 
 Roanoke Island, in Albemarle Sound, where they remained 
 nearly a year, when they were glad to be taken to England 
 by Sir Francis Drake, who stopped there on his way home 
 from the West Indies. Another colony sent out by 
 Raleigh, with John White as governor, arrived at Roanoke 
 in 1587. White soon went to England for supplies, leaving 
 more than a hundred colonists, among them his infant grand- 
 daughter, Virginia Dare, the first child born of English 
 parents within the limits of the present United States. 
 When he returned, after three years, the colonists had dis- 
 appeared. They were never heard of more. 
 
 6. In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (goz'nuld) visited the 
 coast of New England. He discovered Cape Cod, and 
 
 3. What can you tell of Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? 
 
 4. What is said of Sir Walter Raleigh, and the exploring expedition sent out by 
 
 him ? Why was Virginia so named ? 
 
 5. When did Raleigh send out his first colony, and what was the result ? When did 
 
 his second colony reach Roanoke ? What further is said of these colonists ? 
 6 What can you tell of Gosnold's voyage ? What of other explorers ? 
 
1602.] CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 17 
 
 named it from his catching a great number of codfish there. 
 On one of the Elizabeth Islands he built a fort and a store- 
 house, with the design of leaving a small colony ; but before 
 he sailed, those who were to remain became faint-hearted 
 and discontented ; so all embarked for England. Gosnold 
 carried home a very flattering account of the country, and 
 other explorers, after a year or two, followed in his track. 
 
 3. North and South Virginia, 
 
 7. England was now ready to take possession of her 
 claims in America. Accordingly James I. granted, under 
 the name of Virginia, a territory between the 34th and 45th 
 degrees of north latitude — that is, from Cape Fear to the 
 northern limit of the coast of Maine — to two companies. 
 The southern portion, called South Virginia, was granted 
 to the London Company, whose prominent members lived 
 in London. The northern portion, called North Virginia, 
 was granted to the Plymouth. Company, whose prominent 
 members lived in Plymouth. 
 
 8. Each company sent out colonists in 1607. Those 
 who came to the present Virginia effected .a permanent 
 settlement, those who landed in Maine abandoned the 
 country the next year. These events will be related in 
 the next Period. 
 
 CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHAT 
 IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1, Progress of Discovery . 
 
 1. At the beginning of this Period the existence of the 
 American Continent was unknown in Europe. When first 
 discovered, it was supposed to be a part of Asia ; but those 
 who sailed upon the Pacific Ocean proved it to be widely 
 separated from that country. A hundred years had elapsed 
 
 7. What is said of an English grant to territory in America? Name the com- 
 
 panies receiving the grant and give residence of prominent members. 
 
 8. What can you tell of colonists sent out by these companies ?. 
 
 1. When first discovered, what was America supposed to be ? What was aft- n 
 wards proved ? What was the object of many of the early navigators ? 
 
 2 
 
18 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 since the last voyage of Columbus, and the general outline 
 of the continent, except at the extreme north, had now been 
 determined. Various voyages, which we have not men- 
 tioned in this little History, had been made to the Western 
 World. The object of many of the early navigators was to 
 find a passage through to the Pacific Ocean. This was 
 called the North-west Passage, and was long sought for. 
 
 2. Claims of Spain, France, and England. 
 
 2. Spain, England, and France claimed, at the close of 
 this Period, in right of the discoveries and explorations of 
 their famous navigators, the immense region known as 
 North America. The Spanish claim above the southern 
 boundary of the present United States extended indefinitely 
 northward, under the name of Florida on the east, and New 
 Mexico in the interior and on the west. In these provinces 
 Spanish settlements had been made at St. Augustine and 
 Santa Fe\ 
 
 3. The French claim extended southward, under the 
 name of Acadia, to the latitude of Philadelphia, and under the 
 name of New France, indefinitely. The French had estab- 
 lished a colony at Port Koyal. The English claim, as 
 made by the charter of Virginia, was based on the discov- 
 eries of the Cabots, and included regions claimed by both 
 France and Spain, but not those actually occupied by them. 
 
 3, The Aborigines or Indians. 
 
 4. When the Europeans first landed upon the shores of 
 the New World they found it an almost unbroken wilder- 
 ness. There were herds of deer living in the depths of 
 the forests, together with bears, wolves, panthers, beavers, 
 foxes, and many other wild animals. A countless number 
 of buffaloes fed in the grassy plains. 
 
 5. This country was also the native home of numerous 
 tribes of men, called by the Europeans, Indians, each tribe 
 
 2. What nations claimed North America ? What is said of the Spanish claim J 
 
 3. What is said of the French claim? Of the English claim ? 
 
 4. What was the condition of the New World at the time of its discovery ? 
 6. Who inhabited America ? What is said of the number of the Indians i 
 
20 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 under its own sachem or chief. The number of the Indians, 
 when the English came to settle this country, is not known ; 
 but it probably did not exceed two hundred thousand in 
 that part of the United States east of the Mississippi. 
 
 6. The natives were generally tall, straight, and well- 
 formed. Their skin was of a cinnamon or copper-brown 
 color ; and from this reddish hue they are sometimes called 
 Red Men. They had long, black, coarse hair, a scant 
 beard, and high cheek-bones. Their eyes were small, deep- 
 set, and snaky. By way of ornament they sometimes 
 painted their faces and bodies with streaks and with 
 hideous devices. 
 
 *J. They lived in wigwams or huts, made of poles or 
 branches of trees, erected so as to converge at the top, and 
 covered with mats or pieces of bark. For their food they 
 depended, for the most part, upon the wild beasts they 
 killed and the fish they caught. Sometimes the women, 
 or squaws, would raise a little patch of corn or beans, 
 cultivated with a hoe, made, perhaps, from a clam-shell, or 
 a moose's shoulder-blade, fastened into a handle. The 
 squaws had to do all the work; they were the slaves and 
 drudges of their lazy lords. In summer the Indians wore 
 only a little piece of deer-skin around the loins ; but in 
 winter they clothed themselves with the undressed skins 
 of deer and other wild animals. 
 
 8. These men of the woods were very revengeful if any 
 injury was done them ; and, on the other hand, it is said, 
 they seldom forgot a benefit. War, they thought, was the 
 most honorable employment. Armed with war-clubs, toma- 
 hawks or stone hatchets, and bows and arrows, they would 
 go stealthily through the forest, to rush upon their enemy 
 when least expected. The one who could show the greatest 
 number of scalps, torn from the heads of his foes, was 
 considered the bravest warrior. 
 
 9. Sometimes, when they took a prisoner, they would 
 
 6. What is said of the bodily appearance of the Indians ? 
 
 7. Give some account of their dwellings. Their food. Squaws. Dress. 
 
 8. What is said of their disposition ? Their employment ? Their custom in war? 
 
 9. How would they sometimes torture a prisoner ? His behavior ? 
 
* 
 
 sr 
 
 "fd 
 
 ~n 
 
 INDIAN FAMILIES 
 
 prinoipal trues 
 
 East of the Mississippi. 
 
CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 21 
 
 burn him at the stake by a slow fire, and torture him horribly 
 in every way. It was great glory for the dying warrior to 
 bear all without any signs of anguish. He would shout out 
 his death-song, and with his last breath taunt his tor- 
 mentors with their want of skill in torturing, and deride 
 them as squaws and cowards. 
 
 10. They had no books, but they sometimes commu- 
 nicated with each other by rude figures traced on bark or 
 rocks. Their language being destitute of abstract terms, 
 caused the frequent use of metaphors in speech, such as 
 may be derived from familiar appearances of nature and the 
 habits of animals. 
 
 11. As to the religion of the Indians, we are told that 
 they believed there were good and bad spirits in the in- 
 visible world; that there was a superior Being, whom they 
 called the Great Spirit ; and that the human spirit, released 
 from the body, speeded away to the happy hunting-grounds. 
 The origin of the Indians is involved in obscurity. It is 
 most generally supposed, however, that they originated in 
 Asia, and migrated from that country to America across 
 Behring's (beer'ingz) Straits. 
 
 10. How did they sometimes communicate with each other ? What is said of 
 
 their language ? 
 
 11. What is said of the religion of the Indians ? Of the origin of the Indians ? 
 
 See Map facing p. 20. 
 
 The IndianB who lived in the United States, east of the Mississippi River, hava 
 been divided into eight groups or families. Three, the Natchez, the TJ'cnees, 
 and the Catawbas, possessed but a small space of territory. 
 
 The range of the Cher'okees was wider; that of the Iroquois (Ir'o-kwoi), or 
 Five Nations, wider still. This last group occupied the northern part of New 
 York, from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The names of the Five Nations were 
 the Mohawks, the Oneidas (o-nl'dahs), the Onondagas (on-on-daw'gahs), the 
 Cayu'gas, and the Sen'ecas. At a later period the Tuscaro'ras, a kindred nation, 
 from North Carolina and Virginia, joined them. 
 
 The Mobilians (mo-bil'yanz), composed of Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and 
 Seminoles (sem'i-nolz), lived in the extreme southern region, and occupied a space 
 of territory more extensive than that of the Iroquois. 
 
 But the largest domain of all was that of the Algonquins. It extended 
 entirely around that of the Iroquois, and on the Atlantic from the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence to Pamlico Sound. To this group belonged all the Indians living io 
 New England, the Powhatans', the Illinois, the Chippewas, the Sacs and Foxes, 
 the Ottawas, and many other well-known tribes. 
 
 The Da-ko'tas, or Sioux (soo), dwelt, for the most part, west of the Mississippi 
 but one tribe, the Winneba'goes, established itself east of the river and west o 
 Lake Michigan. — Chiefly from Dr. Palfrey's History of New England. 
 
22 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 
 
 Note. — The figures at the end of the paragraphs refer to the pages upon which 
 the events are mentione \. 
 
 1492. Columbus discovered America, 9. 
 
 1497. John and Sebastian Cabot discovered the continent of America, 
 
 probably Labrador, 15. 
 
 1498. Columbus discovered the continent of America, 10. 
 
 1499. Amerigo Vespucci, from whom America was named, visited the 
 
 Western Continent, 10. 
 
 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, 11. 
 
 1513. Balboa discovered the Pacific, at first called the South Sea, 10. 
 
 1520. Magellan discovered the Straits of Magellan, and entered and 
 
 named the Pacific Ocean. One of his ships completed the first 
 circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, 10. 
 
 1521. Cortes completed the subjugation of Mexico, 11. 
 
 1524. Verrazzano explored the coast of America from North Carolina 
 to Nova Scotia, 13. 
 
 1534. Cartier explored the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 14. 
 
 1541. Coronado explored the country about the upper Rio Grande, 13. 
 De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 12. 
 
 1562. The Huguenots attempted to form a settlement in South Car- 
 olina, 14. 
 
 1564. The Huguenots attempted to form a settlement in Florida, 14. 
 
 1565. St. Augustine, the oldest European town in the United States, 
 
 was founded by Menendez, 13. 
 1579. Drake visited the western coast of North America, named it 
 New Albion, and claimed it for England, 15. 
 
 1584. Raleigh sent out, under Amidas and Barlow, an expedition, which 
 
 reached the coast of North Carolina. The country was named 
 Virginia, 16. 
 
 1585. Raleigh attempted to plant a colony at Roanoke, 16. 
 1587. Raleigh again attempted to plant a colony at Roanoke, 16. 
 1602. Gosnold discovered and named Cape Cod, 16. 
 
 1605. Port Royal (now Annapolis), Nova Scotia, was settled by the 
 
 French, 15. 
 
 1606. James I. granted the Charter of Virginia, 17. 
 
1607] 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 23 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 SETTLEMENTS AND INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 
 FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, IN 1607, TO THE BEGIN* 
 NING OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, IN 1764. 
 
 I. VIRGINIA. 
 
 1. In May, 160 7, a colony of one hundred and five per- 
 sons, under the auspices of the London Company, began the 
 settlement of Jamestown, on the James River, in Virginia. 
 This was the first permanent English settlement in America. 
 
 2. It was not long be- 
 fore the colonists began 
 to experience severe trou- 
 bles. They were, for the 
 most part, poor gentlemen 
 and broken-down trades- 
 men, unused to labor, 
 many of them despising it. 
 Their provisions were un- 
 wholesome, and the spot 
 where they landed was un- 
 healthy. Soon the air was 
 filled with the complaints 
 and groans of the sick. 
 Before autumn near half 
 of their number had per- 
 ished, among them Bar- 
 tholomew Gosnold, a leading spirit of the enterprise. 
 
 3. Under the first charter the colony was governed by 
 two councils, the superior one resident in England, the 
 other, which managed local affairs, resident in the colony. 
 The local council had power to choose a president, who was 
 lo be the chief officer in the colony. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Name the first permanent English settlement in America, 
 
 When, where, and by whom was it made ? 
 I. What can you tell about the character of the colonists and the hardships they 
 
 had to undergo ? How many perished before autumn ? 
 ft. Under the first charter, how was the colony governed ? 
 
24 SETTLEMENTS. [1607. 
 
 4. Wingfield, the first president, was soon accused of 
 misconduct in office, and, although he vigorously defended 
 himself against the charges, was deposed. At length the 
 management of affairs was intrusted to Captain John Smith, 
 the ablest man of all. He was of a bold and roving dis- 
 position, and his life had been full of the most exciting and 
 romantic adventures. He became the master-spirit and 
 the preserver of the colony. 
 
 5. Smith explored the neighboring country, and forced 
 the Indians to supply him with corn. A well-known story- 
 is related of his escape from death at their hands. We 
 are told that on one of his expeditions he was taken 
 prisoner by the Indians, and brought before their great 
 chief, Pow-hat-an' ; and that a council of grim warriors, 
 arrayed in their best attire, was held to determine the 
 fate of the captive. They decided that he should be put 
 to death. His head was placed upon a stone, and two 
 strong Indians had raised their clubs to strike the fatal 
 blows, when Po-ca-hon'tas, Powhatan's daughter, a youjg 
 and beautiful girl, sprung to the side of Smith, clung to 
 his neck, and begged her father to spare his life. Her 
 prayer was granted, and Smith was allowed to return to 
 Jamestown. 
 
 6. We do not know that this story of Captain Smith and 
 the young Indian princess is true ; but we do know that 
 there was an Indian maiden by the name of Pocahontas, 
 who was a daughter of Powhatan, and that, several years 
 after this event is said to have occurred, she was married 
 to an Englishman named John Kolfe, with whom she visited 
 England, where she was treated with great favor. 
 
 7. More settlers came over from England, but they were 
 of the same sort as the former. They would neither build 
 nor plant, but wasted their time searching for gold. At 
 last Smith made a rule that all should work six hours a 
 
 4. What is said of the first president ? What of Captain John Smith ? 
 
 5. llelate the well-known story of Smith's capture by the Indians, and his 
 
 rescue by Pocahontas. 
 
 6. What is said of this story ? What do wc know about Pocahontas ? 
 
 7. What is said of new settlers ? What rule did Smith make ? 
 
I610.J VIRGINIA. 25 
 
 day. "He that will not work," Smith said, "shall not 
 eat." A better state of things soon began to prevail. 
 
 8. Two years after the founding of the colony the London 
 Company obtained a second charter from the king. The 
 territory granted by this charter extended along the coast 
 two hundred miles north of Old Point Comfort, and the 
 same distance south, and throughout the land from sea to 
 sea. The council in England was now authorized to ap- 
 point a governor for the colony. 
 
 9. About this time Smith returned to England, and his 
 departure was the signal for disorder and idleness. The 
 Indians became hostile. All the provisions were quickly 
 consumed, and the horrors of famine ensued. This period, 
 in 1610, was long remembered as the starving time. Some 
 of the English were killed by the savages ; others sailed 
 away to turn pirates. Smith left in the colony near five 
 hundred persons; within a few months the number was 
 reduced to sixty. 
 
 10. In this time of extreme distress Lord Delaware, the 
 new governor, arrived with men and provisions, just in sea- 
 son to prevent the wretched colonists from abandoning the 
 country. By his judicious management matters presently 
 wore a better aspect. From time to time the company 
 sent over emigrants, by whom the soil was successfully 
 cultivated and new settlements were formed. 
 
 11. A third charter was granted in 1612. The control 
 of affairs, heretofore committed by the king to a council, 
 was now given to the Company. Till 1619 the colonists 
 had no voice in making their laws ; but that } r ear, under the 
 administration of Sir George Yeardley (yard'li), they were 
 allowed to elect representatives (called burgesses), who 
 convened at Jamestown, and formed the first legislative as- 
 sembly in America. 
 
 8. What territory was granted by the second charter ? What was the council in 
 
 England now authorized to do ? Where is Old Point Comfort ? (See Map.) 
 
 9. What happened to the colonists after Smith's return to England ? 
 
 10. Who arrived in the time of extreme distress ? What was prevented ? What 
 
 is said of Delaware's management? What of new emigrants ? 
 
 11. When was a third charter granted, and what change was then made in the 
 
 control of affairs ? When and under what governor, did the first legislative 
 assembly in America convene ? 
 
26 SETTLEMENTS. [1620. 
 
 12. In the year 1619 a Dutch ship, from Africa, landed 
 twenty negroes at Jamestown, who were sold as slaves for 
 life. The arrival of this first ship-load of negroes marks 
 the beginning of negro slavery in the English colonies of 
 America. In the same year nearly a hundred young Eng- 
 lish women, of good character, were sent over, and sold to 
 the planters for wives. The price of a wife was a hundred 
 and twenty pounds of tobacco, — this being the cost of her 
 passage across the ocean. Afterwards, when more came 
 over, the price was somewhat higher. Tobacco had already 
 become a staple product for export to England. 
 
 13. The colony was in a flourishing condition, when, in 
 1622, it experienced a stroke which nearly proved fatal. 
 Opeehancanough (op-e-Jcan'ka-no), a bold and wily Indian 
 chief, laid a plot to destroy all the whites at a single blow. 
 The Indians professed the warmest friendship. " Sooner," 
 said they, " shall the sky fall than peace be violated on 
 our part ; " but at midday they fell upon the unsuspecting 
 settlers, and massacred nearly three hundred and fifty per- 
 sons. Jamestown and a few of the neighboring settlements 
 were saved by the warning of a Christian Indian. 
 
 14. The English immediately rose against the savages, 
 destroyed many of them, and drove the rest far into the 
 wilderness. Somewhat more than twenty years after this 
 massacre the Indians made another attack, by which several 
 hundred colonists lost their lives. Again the savages were 
 pursued and killed without mercy. 
 
 15. Dissatisfied with the proceedings of the London 
 Company, the king wrongfully took away its charter, and 
 made Virginia a royal province in 1624. The governor and 
 council were to be appointed by the crown, but the colony 
 was permitted to retain its legislative assembly. So long 
 
 12. When and how was negro slavery introduced ? How were the colonists sup- 
 
 plied with wives ? Price of a wife ? What of tobacco ? 
 
 13. What can you tell of a plot to destroy the English ? How many whites were 
 
 massacred, and how were some of the settlements saved ? 
 
 14. How did the English avenge this massacre ? When was another attack made, 
 
 and with what result ? 
 
 15. When, and for what cause, was Virginia made a royal province ? What is paid 
 
 of the government of the colony ? What of the right of the colonists to elect 
 representatives ? Conduct of some of the royal governors ? 
 
1676.] VIRGINIA. 21 
 
 as the colonists had the right to elect their representatives 
 to help make laws, the principle of popular liberty was pre- 
 served. This right was the more precious as the conduct 
 of some of the royal governors was odious and oppressive. 
 
 16. During the time of the Commonwealth in England, 
 after the execution of King Charles I., Virginia enjoyed the 
 highest measure of freedom and prosperity ; but after mon- 
 archy was restored, in 1660, a different state of things began 
 to prevail. Certain laws of England, called the Naviga- 
 tion Acts,* secured to the mother country a rigorous 
 monopoly of colonial commerce. Besides this grievance the 
 Virginia planters had others. While Sir William Berkeley^ 
 was governor, exorbitant taxes were levied, and the people 
 were much restricted in their liberties. To make this state 
 of affairs worse, a war began with the Indians. 
 
 17. The tyrannical course of Berkeley, and his neglect 
 to provide for defence against the savages, caused many 
 of the planters, in 16*76, % to rise against his government, 
 under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon. During this outbreak, 
 known as Bacon's Rebellion, the governor was driven from 
 Jamestown, which was burned by the insurgents, to prevent 
 its again being a harbor for the enemy. In the midst of his 
 successes Bacon suddenly died, and as there was no one to 
 fill his place, the popular forces dispersed. Berkeley re- 
 gained his power, and cruelly wreaked his vengeance on 
 those who had opposed him. 
 
 18. Notwithstanding these troubles, and the greedy and 
 arbitrary dispositions of many of the governors after Berke- 
 ley's time, tlie colony continued to grow and prosper; but 
 its history henceforth, till the beginning of the French and 
 Indian War, is marked by no events of sufficient impor- 
 tance to be noticed in these pages. 
 
 * See Navigation Acta, p. 71, IT 8. t berk'tt. 
 
 % One hundred years before the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 16. What was the state of things in Virginia during the time of the Common. 
 
 wealth ? What after monarchy was restored in England ? What is said of 
 the Navigation Acts and other grievances while Berkeley was governor ? 
 
 17. What caused an outbreak, and when did it occur ? What more can you tell oi 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion ? 
 
 18. What is said of the colony of Virginia after Bacon's Rebellion ? 
 
28 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 [1607. 
 
 II. MASSACHUSETTS. 
 1» North Virginia, The Council for New England. 
 
 1. The same year in which Jamestown was settled, the 
 Plymouth Company attempted to plant a colony in America. 
 A party of emigrants, under George Popham (pop' am), 
 landed near the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine, 
 and erected a fort ; but discouraged by the severe cold of 
 the winter and the death of their leader, they returned the 
 next year to England. 
 
 2. Seven years later, in 1614, Captain John Smith, so 
 famous in the early history of "Virginia, came again to 
 America, sailing from England with two ships, for the pur- 
 
 1. Give an account of an unsuccessful attempt to plant a colony in Maine. What 
 
 fort did the emigrants erect ? Ans. Fort St. George. 
 
 2. What expedition was undertaken to America in 1614 ? What coast did Smith 
 
 explore, and what name did he give the country ? 
 
1620.] MASSACHUSETTS. 29 
 
 pose of trade and discovery. He examined the coast from 
 the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, made a map of it, and 
 named the country New England. 
 
 3. The old Plymouth Company was dissolved in 1620, and 
 a new company formed, called the Council for New Eng- 
 land.* To this company the king, James I., granted, under 
 the name of New England, the territory between the 40th 
 and 48th degrees of north latitude, — that is, from the 
 southern part of Pennsylvania to near the middle of New- 
 foundland, — and extending westward from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. But this country was destined to be first set- 
 tled by Englishmen, without permission from either the 
 Council or the king. 
 
 2. Colony of Plymouth. 
 
 4. A company of Puritans, as certain dissenters from 
 the Church of England were called, to escape persecution 
 at home, fled to Holland. After some years they determined 
 to remove to the wilderness of America, that they might fol- 
 low their own ideas of worship and government. 
 
 5. Accordingly they embarked for Southampton, Eng- 
 land, where they were joined by others from London. 
 They set out at first in two vessels, the Speedwell and the 
 Mayflower. But the Speedwell springing aleak, they twice 
 put into port, the last time at Plymouth, where that ship 
 was dismissed as unseaworthy. The Mayflower finally set 
 sail alone for the New World, having on board one hundred 
 and two of the Pilgrims — men, women, and children. After 
 a long and stormy voyage, they entered harbor at Cape Cod. 
 
 6. Before landing, the male immigrants signed a compact, 
 by which they formed themselves into a body politic, and 
 declared that they would enact just and equal laws for the 
 
 * Also called the " Council of Plymouth." 
 
 3. When was the old Plymouth Company dissolved, and what company took its 
 
 place ? What territory was granted to the Council for New England ? 
 
 4. Who were the Puritans, and where did some of them take refuge? What did 
 
 they determine to do, and why ? 
 
 5. What occurred at Southampton ? After the Puritans set out for the New 
 
 World, what occurred ? How many Pilgrims sailed in the Mayflower? 
 What of the voyage ? Meaning of the word Pilgrim ? 
 t What took place before landing ? Who were the most prominent Pilgr*nasT 
 
30 SETTLEMENTS. [1620. 
 
 general good, and obey them. The most prominent among 
 the colonists were John Carver, who was chosen to be the 
 first governor ; William Bradford, the second governor ; 
 the cultivated Edward Winslow; William Brewster, their 
 ruling elder, and Miles Standish, their military leader. 
 
 7. Many days were spent in selecting a spot for a set- 
 tlement. The last of the exploring parties, sent out from 
 the Mayflower, landed December 21,* 1620, at Plymouth, 
 and here all the Pilgrims came, a few days afterwards, and 
 began the first permanent settlement in what is now called 
 New England. 
 
 8. They suffered severely during the first winter. Many 
 fell sick with colds and lung fevers. When in March, as it 
 is recorded, '"a south wind brought fine weather, and the 
 birds sang in the woods most pleasantly/ the sun shone 
 and the birds sang over many graves. 77 Within four months 
 from the time of their landing, nearly half of the little band 
 had perished, among these Governor Carver. 
 
 9. Fortunately the Indians did not molest them during 
 the time of their severest trials. Massasoit', "the chief of the 
 Wampano'ags " (worn-), formed a treaty of friendship with 
 them, which was not violated for more than fifty years — till 
 King Philip's War. Canon'icus, the powerful chief of the 
 Narragansetts, was at first hostile, but the determined course 
 of Governor Bradford caused him to conclude that it was 
 best to be on friendly terms with the white men. 
 
 10. The spring after their arrival the Pilgrims began to 
 till the ground ; but, during the first three years, they often 
 suffered from the want of food. Afterwards they raised 
 corn enough for themselves, and had some to trade with 
 the Indians for furs. The colony of Plymouth grew very 
 slowly. In 1692, by command of the English king, it was 
 united with that of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 * New Style, or December 11, Old Style. Owing to an error made in changing 
 the date from Old to New Style, the anniversary has commonly been celebrated 
 on the 22d. 
 
 7. When and where was the first permanent settlement in New England made ? 
 
 8. What is said of sickness and death among the Pilgrims ? 
 
 9. What of the Indians ? Of Massasoit ? Of Canonicus ? 
 
 10. What did the Pilgrims do in the spring ? Their condition afterwards ? To 
 what colony was the colony of Plymouth united, and when ? 
 
1628.] MASSACHUSETTS. 31 
 
 3. Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 
 
 11. In the year 1628, John Endicott and a small party 
 of Puritans settled at Salem, and thus laid the foundation 
 of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. These emigrants were 
 sent out from England by a company which had obtained a 
 grant of land from the Council for New England.* 
 
 12. The next year King Charles I. granted the company 
 a charter.f More colonists were now sent over, some of 
 whom settled at Charlestown. In a short time the pro- 
 prietors decided to transfer the charter and powers of 
 government from England to the colony in America. The 
 wisdom of this policy was seen in the increased number of 
 emigrants who now sought homes in the new land. About 
 a thousand, with the excellent John Winthrop as governor, 
 came over in 1630, and founded Boston, and other neighbor- 
 ing settlements. Winthrop ably managed affairs. Not 
 only while he was governor, but at all times the welfare 
 of the colony was first in his thoughts. 
 
 13. The colonists suffered severely in many ways, as had 
 those at Plymouth ; but their privations and distress were 
 overcome by their energy and fortitude. From time to 
 time the colony was increased by the arrival of Puritans, 
 who sought safety from persecution in England, and many 
 new towns were settled. 
 
 14. The chief officers of the colony were a governor, a 
 deputy governor, and assistants, sometimes called magis- 
 trates. After the settlements became numerous, the towns 
 
 * This grant comprised the lands extending from a line three miles north of 
 every part of the Merrimack River, to a line three miles south of the Charles 
 River, and from ocean to ocean. 
 
 t The patent from the council gave tin company the territory, the charter from 
 She king secured to the company the rignt to choose officers and make laws. 
 
 11. What is said of the settlement at Salem, and of the emigrants sent there ? 
 
 Whence is the name of Massachusetts derived ? Ans. From the name of a 
 tribe of Indians, — the tribal name probably signifying great hill people. 
 
 12. What was obtained from the king the next year ? What of new colonists ? 
 
 What was decided in regard to the charter and powers of government? 
 Result of this policy ? What of John Winthrop and other emigrants ? 
 
 13. What is said of the sufferings and privations of the colonists ? How was the 
 
 colony increased ? ^^ 
 
 14. What officers of the colony are mentioned ? Who alone were voters f WhiU 
 wish had the Fathers of Massachusetts ? 
 
32 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 [1635. 
 
 were allowed to send deputies to assist in making laws. 
 The legislative body formed by these various officers was 
 called the General Court. Among the rules adopted was 
 this — that only church members should be allowed to vote 
 for the civil officers. This rule existed for many years. 
 The Fathers of Massachusetts wished to found a religious 
 commonwealth. 
 
 Log-house of an early Settler. 
 
 15. The Puritans living on Massachusetts Bay were soon 
 disturbed by dissensions. The first serious contest was 
 with Eoger Williams, a young minister of Salem. His 
 opinions in regard to civil and religious affairs being con- 
 sidered dangerous, the magistrates banished him from the 
 colony. But they were soon much more alarmed and 
 troubled by the conduct of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson. She held 
 meetings, and taught doctrines which most of the Puritans 
 
 5. What is said of dissensions ? Of Roger Williams ? Of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson f 
 
1643.J MASSACHUSETTS. 33 
 
 believed to be false and pernicious. At last, determined to 
 have peace in the community, they banished her and the 
 most obnoxious of her followers. 
 
 16. Severer punishments were inflicted upon the Quakers, 
 who were filled with fanatical zeal, and very unlike the 
 Quakers of our day. They began to come to Massa- 
 chusetts in 1656. The first who came were sent away; but 
 soon others appeared. Some of the Quakers were whipped, 
 some put into* prison, some had the right ear cut off, and 
 four, who came again and again into the colony, were 
 hanged. But these cruel measures of the Puritans did not 
 keep away their disagreeable visitors, and after a few years 
 such penalties were not inflicted. 
 
 17. Very early in the history of Massachusetts care was 
 taken to provide for education. When Boston was only 
 six years old, the General Court appropriated four hundred 
 pounds to found a college. This, the oldest college in 
 America, was established at Cambridge, and named after the 
 Rev. John Harvard, who, dying in 1638, gave it several 
 hundred pounds and his library. Not many years after 
 this, it was ordered that each town of fifty families should 
 maintain a school to teach reading and writing, and each 
 town of a hundred families should set up a grammar school. 
 It would be difficult to estimate too highly the good which 
 has resulted from these wise orders. 
 
 18. Impelled by a sense of common danger from the 
 Indians, and by the encroachments of the Dutch and the 
 French,* the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, 
 Connecticut, and New Haven, in 1643, formed themselves 
 into a confederacy, styled the United Colonies of New 
 England. This league for mutual protection is famous in 
 our colonial history. It continued more than forty years. 
 
 * The Dutch in what is now New York, and the French upon the eastern 
 frontier of the English colonists. 
 
 16. Describe the first Quakers in Massachusetts. When did they begin to come ? 
 
 What cruelties were inflicted upon them ? Effect ? 
 17- What is said of education in the early history of Massachusetts ? What of 
 
 Harvard College ? What of schools in towns ? 
 18. What confederacy was formed in 1643, and for what causes ? How long - did 
 
 this league continue ? 
 
 a 
 
34 SETTLEMENTS. [1676. 
 
 19. In 1675, a hundred years before the beginning of 
 the Revolution, a terrible contest, called King Philip's 
 War, began with the Indians. King Philip, as the English 
 named him, was the son and successor of the friendly Mas- 
 sasoit, chief of the Wampanoags. His home was at Mount 
 Hope, in Bristol, Rhode Island. For several years the 
 colonists had suspected him of being unfriendly, and of 
 plotting for their destruction. The immediate cause of the 
 war was the execution of three Indians, by* the English, for 
 the murder of an Indian who had come to them and ac- 
 cused Philip of hostile intentions. Furious with rage, 
 Philip's men began hostilities, in which they were" joined 
 by most of the New England tribes. 
 
 20. For more than a year this savage warfare spread 
 devastation and ruin among the scattered settlements of 
 the English. Connecticut alone, of all the New England 
 colonies, escaped its ravages ; yet she liberally contrib- 
 uted to the common defence. The principal battle, known 
 as the swamp fight, took place in a swamp, in South Kings- 
 ton, Rhode Island, where the powerful Narragansetts were 
 defeated with great slaughter. The death of Philip, who 
 was shot by an Indian fighting on the side of the whites, 
 brought the war to a close, except in Maine, where it lasted 
 some time longer. This contest broke the spirit of the New 
 England Indians. 
 
 21. Many complaints having been made to the king, 
 Charles II., that Massachusetts had violated the Naviga- 
 tion Acts, and in other respects had disregarded the royal 
 authority and the laws of England, he determined to take 
 away her form of government. To carry out this design 
 the highest English court, in 1684, declared the charter of 
 Massachusetts null and void. The colony now lay at the 
 king's mercy. 
 
 19. When did King Philip's War begin ? Who was Philip, and where did he live ? 
 
 Give an account of the origin and beginning of the war ? 
 
 20. What was the nature of this warfare, and how long did it last ? What of 
 
 Connecticut ? Where, and with what tribe, was the principal battle fought? 
 What of the death of Philip ? Result of the contest to the Indians ? 
 SI. What complaints were made against Massachusetts to the king ? With what 
 result? What can you tell of the Navigation Acts ? (See p. 71, 1T8) 
 How and when was the charter of Massachusetts declared null and void I 
 
1692.] MASSACHUSETTS. ^3 
 
 22. The king dying before he had time to adjust colonial 
 affairs, his successor, James II., sent over Sir Edmund 
 Andros as governor of all New England. For more than 
 two years the people endured Sir Edmund's tyrannical sway ; 
 but in 1689, when news reached the colonies that the kins' 
 had been driveu from the throne, the inhabitants of Boston 
 seized Andros and put him into prison. The colonies of New 
 England then resumed their former modes of government. 
 
 23. William. and Mary, successors to James II., granted 
 a new charter to Massachusetts, in 1691, by which the 
 limits of the province were so extended as to embrace the 
 Plymouth colony. Maine and Nova Scotia were also placed 
 under her jurisdiction. But this charter was far less liberal 
 than the old; the governor and other high officers were 
 hereafter to be appointed by the king. In May, 1692, Sir 
 William Phipps arrived from England, as the first gov- 
 ernor under the new charter, which he brought with him. 
 
 24. At this time there prevailed in Massachusetts that 
 strange delusion, known as the Salem Witchcraft. Some 
 girls in Danvers, then a part of Salem, were, or pretended 
 to be, strangely affected, and they accused certain persons 
 of bewitching them. Those whom they " cried out" 
 against were arrested, and soon, new accusers arising, the 
 mania spread throughout the community. 
 
 25. Within a few months twenty persons were tried and 
 executed; more than fifty were frightened into confessing 
 themselves guilty, and the jails were full of prisoners. 
 Accusations fell upon some high in social position before 
 the people began to come to their senses. At length the 
 frenzy spent itself ; those in prison were liberated, and the 
 awful tragedy closed. In that age the belief in witchcraft 
 was common in all civilized countries. 
 
 22. Who was sent over as governor of New England ? How long did the people 
 
 endure Sir Edmund's rule ? How and when waa it terminated ? 
 
 23. What happened to Massachusetts in 1691 ? How did the new charter differ 
 
 from the old ? Who was the first governor under the new charter ? 
 
 24. What prevailed in Massachusetts in iC92? Give an account of the origin and 
 
 progress of the delusion. 
 
 25. How many persons were executed, and how many confessed themselves 
 
 guilty ? What is said of accusations and of the close of the tragedy ? What 
 is said of the belief in witchcraft in that asre ? 
 
36 SETTLEMEN TS. [1623. 
 
 4. Maine. 
 
 26. The first settlers in what is now the State of Maine 
 were fishermen, who built a few huts here and there along 
 the coast, but a little while after the landing of the Pilgrims 
 at Plymouth. 
 
 27. In 1639 Sir Ferdinando Gor'ges obtained a royal 
 charter, constituting him lord proprietor of a tract of land 
 reaching from the Piscataqua to the Kennebec. This ter- 
 ritory he called the Province of Maine* The charter made 
 good a grant which Gorges had already obtained from the 
 Council for New England. 
 
 28. But Massachusetts also claimed to the Kennebec, and 
 after some years asserted her jurisdiction over the district. 
 At length the claims of the heir of Gorges were bought 
 by Massachusetts, and in the course of time the region 
 farther east was joined to that province. Maine continued 
 a part of Massachusetts till 1820. 
 
 III. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1. Two years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plym- 
 outh, Sir Perdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason 
 obtained from the Council for New England a grant of lands 
 lying between the Merrimack and the Kennebec. In the 
 following year, 1623, the proprietors sent out a few col- 
 onists, and two settlements were made — one near Ports- 
 mouth, and the other at Dover. 
 
 2. The partnership between Gorges and Mason being 
 dissolved, the latter, in 1629, obtained a new grant for a 
 territory between the Merrimack and the Piscataqua, and 
 
 * This eastern country had been called the Mayne [main! land in distinction from 
 the islands along- the coast, and thus the province probariy obtained its name. 
 
 26. Who were the first settlers of Maine ? 
 
 27. What royal charter did Sir Ferdinando Gorges oh tain in 1639 ? Where is the 
 
 Piscataqua ? the Kennebec ? the Merrimack ? (See Map, p. 28.) What did 
 Gorges call his province ? What grant had Gorges previously obtained ? 
 Whence does Maine derive its name ? See note above. 
 
 28. What is said of Massachusotts and this district ? What of the region farther 
 
 east ? Till what year was Maine connected with Massachusetts ? 
 
 1. What grant of lands was obtained by Gorges and Mason ? When and where 
 
 were the first settlements made in New Hampshire ? 
 
 2. What new grant did Mason obtain in 1629 ? Whence does New Hampshire 
 
 derive its name ? See note, p. 37. Under whose jurisdiction did the settle 
 meats in New Hampshire place themselves ? 
 
1632.] CONNECTICUT. 31 
 
 named it New Hampshire* The feeble settlements of New 
 Hampshire voluntarily placed themselves under the juris- 
 diction of Massachusetts in 1641, and under her charge 
 they continued for nearly forty years. 
 
 3. In 1679 New Hampshire was made a royal province 
 — the first so constituted in New England. Afterwards 
 it was united with Massachusetts for a long time, so far as 
 to have the same governor, but with its own legislative 
 body and laws. A final separation took place in 1741, just 
 a hundred years from the first union. 
 
 4. The settlers of New Hampshire were harassed for 
 many years by lawsuits, brought against them by those into 
 whose hands Mason's claim to the soil had come. At length 
 the long controversy was ended, the claimants under 
 Mason's grant consenting to take only the unoccupied 
 portion of the province. 
 
 IV. CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1. The soil of Connecticut f was assigned to Lord Say 
 and Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, in 1632, by the Earl of 
 Warwick, who was president of the Council for New Eng- 
 land. The earl had already received, or was expecting to 
 receive, a grant of this territory from the Council. Before 
 the proprietors could take possession of the lands which 
 they had thus obtained, others had begun to occupy them. 
 
 2. Some years after the Dutch had formed settlements in 
 what is now New York, they built a fort where Hartford 
 stands, and began to buy furs of the Indians. In the autumn 
 of the same year, namely, 1633, Captain Holmes (homz), 
 with a party of men from the Plymouth colony, sailed up 
 the Connecticut. When he reached the Dutch fort, the 
 
 * After the county of Hampshire, England, in which Mason lived. 
 t So named from the Indian name of its principal river — a word signifying 
 long river. 
 
 3. What is said of New Hampshire as a royal province ? What of a later connec. 
 
 tion with Massachusetts ? When did a final separation take place ? 
 
 4. How were the settlers of New Hampshire long harassed ? How was the con. 
 
 troversy settled ? 
 
 1. When and by whom was the soil of Connecticut assigned ? What is said of 
 
 the Earl of Warwick's right to this territory? Whence does Connecticut 
 derive its name ? See note above. 
 
 2. Give an account of the Dutch in Connecticut and of Capt. Holmes's expedition. 
 
38 SETTLEMENTS. [1635. 
 
 officer in command there ordered him to stop ; but Holmes 
 kept on, and erected a trading-house at Windsor. 
 
 3. The colonists on Massachusetts Bay had also heard 
 of the rich meadow-lands in this region, and emigrants 
 from the neighborhood of Boston, making their way across 
 the wilderness, began the settlement of Connecticut in ear- 
 nest in 1635, at Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford. 
 
 4. But the largest emigration took place the next sum- 
 mer, when about a hundred persons, of both sexes and all 
 ages, led by their pastor, Thomas Hooker, " the light of 
 the western churches/' came through the pathless forests, 
 driving their herds of cattle before them. Most of this 
 company settled at Hartford. The settlements in these 
 parts formed the Connecticut Colony. 
 
 5. Meanwhile John Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts 
 governor, had come over from England, as the agent of 
 Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, and the other proprietors. 
 He built a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut in 1635, and 
 here a settlement, called Saybrook, was made. After a few 
 years the Saybrook Colony was united with the Connecti- 
 cut colony, farther up the river. 
 
 6. The year 1637 is marked in the history of Connecticut 
 by the Pequot War, the first contest in New' England be- 
 tween the whites and the Indians. The Pequots were the 
 most formidable Indian nation in New England. They had 
 murdered, with horrible cruelty, many of the colonists, when 
 Captain John Mason, with a small force of Englishmen and 
 friendly Indians, marched against their principal stronghold 
 in the south-eastern part of Connecticut. The savages were 
 attacked by surprise, but they fought desperately till their 
 fort and wigwams were set on fire. Few indeed escaped, 
 while hundreds perished in the flames and by the weapons 
 of the colonists. The war was soon ended, but not till the 
 Pequots had ceased to exist 'as a people. 
 
 3. Give an account of the settlement of Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford. 
 
 4. Give an account of the emigration under the Rev. Thomas Hooker. What did 
 
 the settlements on this part of the Connecticut form ? 
 6. What can you tell of John Winthrop and the Say hrook colony ? 
 6. When did the Pequot war break out ? Who were the Pequots, and what had 
 
 they done to the colonists ? Tell what you can about Mason's expedition, 
 
 and the result of the war to the Pequots. 
 
1665.] CONNECTICUT. 39 
 
 t. The founders of the Connecticut colony, finding them- 
 selves beyond the bounds of Massachusetts, organized a 
 government for themselves, modelled on that of Massa- 
 chusetts, but more liberal, since the right of voting was not 
 restricted to church members. 
 
 8. New Haven was founded in 1638, by emigrants under 
 the lead of John Davenport, a distinguished minister from 
 London, and Theoph'ilus Eaton, an eminent London mer- 
 chant. This and the neighboring towns, which were settled 
 soon after, were known as the New Haven Colony. The 
 Scriptures were adopted here as the rule in public affairs, 
 and only members of the church were voters. 
 
 9. Both the colonists at New Haven and those on the 
 Connecticut came near having a strife in arms with the 
 Dutch, in New Netherland, who claimed the soil as far as, 
 and even beyond, the river; but the disputes were finally 
 settled without bloodshed. Fear of these neighbors, as we 
 have already said, was one of the causes for forming the 
 Confederacy of the New England colonies. 
 
 10. In the year 1665, under a charter granted three 
 years before by the English king, Charles II., Connecticut 
 and New Haven were united, and styled the Colony of Con- 
 necticut. The charter was so liberal, that the privileges 
 conveyed by it almost amounted to colonial independence. 
 A little more than twenty years later, Andros, "glittering 
 in scarlet and lace/' landed at Boston, as governor of New 
 England. Within a year he appeared at Hartford, and, dis- 
 solving the colonial government, asserted his own authority. 
 
 11. A story relates that Andros, at this time, demand- 
 ing possession of the charter, a discussion arose, which was 
 prolonged into the evening, when the precious writing was 
 brought in and laid upon the table. Suddenly the lights 
 
 7. What is said about the government of the Connecticut colony ? 
 
 8. Give an account of the founding of New Haven. What of the government of 
 
 the New Haven colony ? 
 
 9. What is said of difficulties with the Dutch ? 
 
 10. When, and under what charter, were the colonies of Connecticut and New 
 
 Haven united ? What further is said of this charter r What is said of Andros 
 at Boston and at Hartford ? 
 
 11. Relate the story of the hiding of the charter. When was the charter govern 
 
 ment resumed .' 
 
40 SETTLEMENTS. [163a 
 
 were extinguished ; when they were rekindled the chartel 
 had disappeared. Captain Wads worth had taken it away, 
 and secreted it in the hollow trunk of an oak, afterwards 
 known as the Charter Oak. The charter government was 
 resumed after news came that Andros had been deposed 
 in Boston. 
 
 V. RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 1. The founder of Rhode Island was Roger Williams, 
 who was banished from Massachusetts. He left his home, 
 and for more than three months was a wanderer in the 
 wilderness, " sorely tossed in a bitter winter season/' as 
 he says, " not knowing what bread or bed did mean." 
 
 2. At last, with five associates who had joined him, he 
 went to a point of land above Narragansett Bay, and made 
 a settlement, which he called Providence, to express his 
 confidence in " God's merciful providence to him in his 
 distress." This was in 1636, the same year in which Hooker 
 and his company migrated to Connecticut. Williams bought 
 of the Narragansett sachems, Canonicus and Mianton'omoh, 
 lands to be occupied by his colony. 
 
 3. He was soon followed by other exiles from Massa- 
 chusetts. By his advice some friends of the celebrated 
 Mrs. Hutchinson purchased of the Indians the island now 
 called Rhode Island,* and settled there, founding Ports- 
 mouth, in 1638, and the next year Newport, now so famed 
 as a sea-side resort. Both the Providence colony and that 
 of Rhode Island granted religious freedom to all. This was 
 the great idea that Roger Williams advocated. His liberal 
 views and kind heart have gained him an honored name. 
 
 4. Williams went to England, and obtained from Padia- 
 
 * The Dutch had called this island, from its reddish appearance, JRoodt Eylandt 
 — Red Island. This became the English Rhode Island. 
 
 1. Who was the founder of Rhode Island ? What is said of Williams after his 
 
 banishment ? 
 
 2. What can you tell of the settlement of Providence ? 
 
 3. Give an account of the settlement of Portsmouth and Newport. What is said 
 
 of religious freedom in the colonies of Providence and Rhode Island ? What 
 of Roger Williams ? Whence does Rhode Island derive its name ? See note. 
 
 4. What is said of a charter from the English Parliament? What was the ch> 
 
 tin gui suing feature of the government ? 
 
1609.] NEW YORK. 41 
 
 "nent, then controlling public affairs, a charter, by which 
 the two colonies were united. Religious toleration was 
 the distinguishing feature of the government which the 
 colonists afterwards organized. 
 
 5. The settlements prospered, and Charles II., in 1663, 
 granted to them, under the name of the Rhode Island and 
 Providence Plantations, a royal charter, as liberal as that 
 of Connecticut. This was set aside by Andros, but after 
 his overthrow it was resumed, and henceforth, till a very 
 recent date, was the only constitution of Rhode Island, as 
 the colony came to be called. 
 
 VI. NEW YORK. 
 1, New YorJc under the Dutch* 
 
 1. Henry Hudson, an Englishman, sailing in the service 
 of a company of Dutch merchants in 1609, to find a north- 
 ern passage to India, explored part of the eastern coast 
 of America, entered New York harbor, and ascended to a 
 considerable distance the noble river which now bears his 
 name. The Dutch claim to territory in America was based 
 upon the discoveries of Hudson. 
 
 2. Dutch ships were soon sent out to the newly dis- 
 covered river, and a traffic for furs was begun with the 
 Indians. A few huts to shelter traders were built on Man- 
 hattan Island,* and a fortified trading-house was erected in 
 1614, within the limits of the present city of Albany. 
 
 3. Actual colonization began in 1623, under the patron- 
 age of a great trading association, called the Dutch West 
 India Company. Permanent settlements were then made 
 at New Amsterdam, now New York, and Fort Orange, where 
 now stands Albany. The region claimed by the Dutch 
 reached, under the name of New Netherlands from the south- 
 ern shore of Delaware Bay to the peninsula of Cape Cod. 
 
 * The site of New York city. f T ^ e th of Netherland pron. as th in this. 
 
 5. When was a royal charter obtained, and what is said of it ? 
 
 1. Who was Henry Hudson, and what exploring 1 voyage did he make in 1G09 f 
 
 Upon what was the Dutch claim to territory in America based ? 
 
 2. What is said of Dutch ships ? Of traders and a fortified trading-house ? 
 
 3. When and how was actual colonization begun ? What permanent settlement 
 
 were then made ? What region was claimed as New Netherland ? 
 
42 SETTLEMENTS. [1626. 
 
 4. Peter Minuit (min'u4t) arrived in 1626 as governor 
 of New Netherlands During his administration the com- 
 pany adopted a scheme to promote colonization. Any 
 one who would plant a colony of fifty persons was allowed 
 to select lands many miles in extent, which should descend 
 to his posterity forever. Such as availed themselves of this 
 privilege were called patroons, or lords of the manor. 
 
 5. The next governor was Wonter Van Twiller. During 
 his time the English made their first settlements in Con- 
 necticut, and thus entered upon territory claimed by the 
 Dutch. The controversy which now began with the English 
 settlers in Connecticut was continued by Sir William Kieft 
 (keeft), who succeeded Van Twiller. 
 
 6. But an Indian war was Kieft's most serious trouble. 
 His treatment of the natives was marked by extreme 
 cruelty, and they, with the fury of revenge, wasted the 
 settlements, nearly all of which were destroyed before the 
 long and bloody contest ended. 
 
 T. The last and ablest Dutch governor was Peter Stuy- 
 vesant (sti T ves-ant). He arranged a boundary with the 
 English in Connecticut, and conquered a colony of Swedes, 
 'on the Delaware, who were, the Dutch claimed, within the 
 bounds of New Netherland. 
 
 8. The English had never ceased to regard New Nether- 
 land as belonging to them, on the ground of the dis- 
 coveries of the Cabots, and therefore King Charles II. 
 made a grant of it to his brother, the Duke of York 
 and Albany (afterwards King James II.), and Colonel 
 Nic'olls and despatched, with a fleet, to take possession of 
 the province. 
 
 9. When the English ships entered the harbor of New 
 
 4. When dirt Peter Minuit arrive, and what scheme to promote colonization was 
 
 adopted ? 
 
 5. Who was the next governor ? What was done by the English during his time ? 
 
 Who succeeded Van Twiller ? 
 
 6. What is said of an Indian war in New Netherland ? 
 
 7. Who was the last and ablest governor of New Netherland ? What proceedings 
 
 of his are mentioned ? 
 
 8. How did the English regard New Netherland ? What grant was made, and 
 
 what measures taken, to gain New Netherland for the English ? 
 
 9. What can you tell of the capture of New Amsterdam? 
 
1864.] 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 43 
 
 Amsterdam, Stuyvesant, who was a stout old soldier, re- 
 solved to defend the city to the last. But the people 
 thought that resistance would be useless, and refused to 
 tight the invaders. Hence Stuyvesant was obliged to yield. 
 
 2. New YorJc under the English, 
 
 10. The 
 whole prov- 
 ince was re- 
 duced with- 
 out a battle, 
 and thus, in 
 1664, New 
 Netherland 
 came under 
 the domin- 
 ion of Eng- 
 land. The 
 country and 
 its chief city 
 were named 
 New York. 
 The settle- 
 ment at Fort 
 Orange was 
 called Al*- 
 bany. It is 
 reckoned 
 that New 
 Netherland, 
 at the time 
 of its sur- 
 render, con- 
 tained ten thousand inhabitants. 
 
 10. In what year did the English conquer New Netherland ? What namesdid the 
 English give to the province and the two principal settlements ? Whence 
 doe"s New York derive its name ? Ans. It was so named in honor ot the 
 Duke of York and Albany. Number of inhabitants in all New Netherland t 
 
44 SETTLEMENTS. [1683. 
 
 11. Colonel Nic'olls was the first English governor of 
 New York. The colonists were sadly disappointed in the 
 hope which they had had of obtaining greater freedom under 
 the new rule. Hence they did not regret it when, after a 
 few years, a Dutch squadron appeared in the harbor of 
 New York, and compelled the surrender of the city. But 
 after little more than a year, in 1614, the province was 
 restored to the English, and Edmund Andros was appointed 
 governor. Several years later Andros was recalled ; but he 
 was again sent to America, as has been told, to play the 
 tyrant in New England. 
 
 12. In the year 1683 the colonists of New York were 
 granted a right which they had long ardently desired. The 
 governor, by permission from the Duke of York, called an 
 assembly of representatives of the people. The duke not 
 long afterwards becoming king of England, under the title 
 Of James II., refused to allow the people to hold their 
 assembly ; but this state of things lasted only a few years, 
 and then the colonists again helped make their own laws. 
 
 13. About the close of this century pirates were infest- 
 ing almost all seas. William Kidd, a New York ship- 
 master, was sent with an English ship to cruise against 
 them. But soon Kidd himself turned pirate, and became 
 the most notorious of them all. After a long cruise he 
 returned to the colonies, and was seen in the streets of 
 Boston. The Earl of Bellamont, who was then governor 
 of both New York and Massachusetts, caused Kidd to be 
 seized and sent to England, where he was hanged. 
 
 14. In the year 1?41 the city of New York was thrown 
 into dreadful alarm. Many fires having taken place, a 
 report was circulated that the negroes had devised a plot 
 to burn the town, murder the citizens, and take the govern- 
 ment into their own hands. Without sufficient proof that 
 any plot of this kind existed, more than thirty negroes 
 
 11. What of Colonel Nicolls and the colonists ? After a few years what took 
 
 place ? When was New York restored to the English ? What is said ol 
 Edmund (afterwards Sir Edmund) Andros i 
 
 12. What can you tell of an assembly of representatives ? 
 
 13. Relate the story of William Kidd. 
 
 14. Give an account of the supposed negro plot in New York city. 
 
1664.1 NEW JERSEY. 4£ 
 
 were condemned and burned at the stake or banged. The 
 existence of any real plot is doubtful ; but it is certain that 
 many innocent persons were put to a cruel death. When they 
 were tried no one was willing to say a word in their defence. 
 
 VII. NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1. The territory included in New Jersey was a part of 
 the grant made by King Charles II. to the Duke of York, 
 and came into the possession of the English with the rest 
 of New Netherland. But even before the surrender of the 
 Dutch the duke had conveyed New Jersey* to Lord John 
 Berkeley {berk'li) and Sir George Car'teret. 
 
 2. While the Dutch held sway over this territory, they 
 formed a few feeble settlements within its limits. As early 
 as 1623 they erected a fort on the east side of the Delaware 
 River ; and still earlier, it is asserted, they had a trading- 
 post at Bergeri.f But the settlement made at Elizabeth in 
 1664, by persons from Long Island, is generally regarded 
 as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey. 
 
 3. The following year the proprietors sent over Philip 
 Carteret, as the first governor. The liberal constitution 
 which they granted the colonists, together with the mild- 
 ness of the climate and the fertility of the soil, soon induced 
 many people from New England and New York to settle 
 in the province. 
 
 4. Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to certain 
 English Quakers ; after the purchase, a party of this sect 
 made a settlement at Salem. The province was now 
 divided into East and "West Jersey — the eastern portion 
 becoming Sir George Carteret's property, the western that 
 of the Quaker proprietors. 
 
 5. In 1682, after Carteret's death, East Jersey was sold 
 
 * It was so named in honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of 
 the Island of Jersey. f 9 m Berge n sounded as g iu get. 
 
 1. In what grant was the territory of New Jersey included ? Whence does New 
 
 Jersey take its name ? See note above. 
 
 2. Give an account of the Dutch in this territory. What is considered the be- 
 
 ginning of the colonization of New Jersey ? 
 
 3. Who was the first governor ? What induced colonists to settle in New Jersey > 
 I. What is said of Quakers ? How was the province divided ? 
 
 I. To whom was East Jersey sold ? Who settled in New Jersey ? 
 
46 SETTLEMENTS. [163a 
 
 to William Penn and other Quakers. English Quakers, 
 Puritans from New England, and Dutch colonists formed 
 settlements in New Jersey. Many Scotch Presbyterians, 
 fleeing from their native land to escape persecution, also 
 became planters in this province. 
 
 6. The various proprietors surrendered the government 
 of East and West Jersey to the crown in 1702. The two 
 Jerseys were then reunited as a royal province, and placed 
 under the same governor with New York. In 1138 the 
 king appointed Lewis Morris governor of New Jersey only, 
 and from this time the government of the province was kept 
 entirely distinct from that of New York. 
 
 VIII. DELAWARE. 
 
 1. The permanent colonization of the present State of 
 Delaware* was begun in 1638, by a company of Swedes 
 and Finns, conducted by Peter Minuit, who had been 
 governor of New Netherland. The plan of founding a 
 colony in America for the benefit of all persecuted Chris- 
 tians had been formed by the famous Protestant king, 
 GustaVus Adolphus, of Sweden. He was killed in battle, 
 but the colonists were sent to carry out his wish. 
 
 2. They purchased of the Indians a tract of land on the 
 Delaware, and near the present site of Wilmington made 
 their first settlement, which they called Christina (kris- 
 te'nah), after the young Queen of Sweden. Afterwards 
 more colonists arrived, and other settlements were made 
 farther up the river. The territory lying along the western 
 shore of Delaware Bay and River, as far as the falls at 
 Trenton, was named New Sweden. 
 
 3. The Dutch claimed this region as a part of their New 
 Netherland, and built a fort a few miles from Christina. 
 
 * The state takes its name from Lord Delaware, one of the governors of Virginia. 
 
 6. When did New Jersey become a royal province? In what way, and till what 
 year, was its government connected with that of New York ? 
 
 1. When and by whom was Delaware colonized ? Whence does Delaware derive 
 
 its name ? See note above. What plan had Gustavus Adolphus formed ? 
 
 2. Where was the first settlement made, and what called? Other settlements? 
 
 Extent and name of the Swedish province ? 
 
 3. What can you tell of the conquest of New Sweden by the Dutch ? 
 
1634.] MARYLAND. 47 
 
 This fort the Swedish governor seized; but his success 
 cost him dear, for Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New 
 Netherland, soon came with a force and conquered the 
 whole province. Such of the inhabitants as swore al- 
 legiance to Holland were allowed to stay; the rest were 
 sent out of the country. Thus, in 1655, New Sweden came 
 to an end. 
 
 4. When the Duke of York took possession of New 
 Netherland, the territory west of the Delaware became 
 part of the province of New York. In the year 1682, 
 the duke having sold it to William Penn, it became part of 
 Pennsylvania, and was known as " the territories, or three 
 lower counties, on the Delaware." Twenty years later this 
 district was so far separated from Pennsylvania as to have 
 a distinct legislative assembly, but the same governor pre- 
 sided over both colonies till the Revolution. 
 
 IX. MARYLAND. 
 
 1. Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, ob- 
 tained from King Charles I. of England a grant of a tract 
 of land east of the Potomac, and along the shores of 
 Chesapeake Bay. It was the wish of Lord Baltimore to 
 provide a place of refuge for Roman Catholics, then per- 
 secuted in England. His territory was called Maryland* 
 
 2. This nobleman dying before the charter had been 
 issued, it was made out in favor of his son, Cecil Calvert, 
 who inherited his father's title. He sent out his brother, 
 Leonard Calvert, as governor, with about two hundred 
 colonists, who arrived in 1634, and began the settlement of 
 St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. 
 
 3. The charter created Lord Baltimore and his heirs 
 
 * Named in the charter Terra Mariae (Mary's Land), in honor of the queen, 
 Henrietta Maria. Terra is a Latin word, meaning " a land." 
 
 4. What is said of the territory west of the Delaware when the English seized 
 New Netherland ? To whom was it sold, and when, and what was it called ? 
 What further is said of this district ? 
 
 1. What grant did the first Lord Baltimore obtain ? His wish ? Whence doe* 
 
 Maryland derive its name ? See note above. 
 
 2. To whom was the charter issued ? What settlement was made, and whe» f 
 8. What is said of the charter ? 
 
48 SETTLEMENTS. [1640. 
 
 " lords and proprietors " of the province ; but it also 
 granted to the colonists the right of choosing representa- 
 tives for a legislative assembly. The proprietor of Mary- 
 land was a Roman Catholic; but the colonists were allowed 
 to worship God as they pleased, and after some years, in 
 1649, the assembly sanctioned this wise policy by a law, 
 called the Toleration Act, which declared that no one pro- 
 fessing to believe in Jesus Christ should be molested on 
 account of his religion. 
 
 4. A man by the name of William Clayborne, who had 
 lived in Virginia, caused a great deal of trouble in the 
 colony. He made the first settlement in Maryland on 
 Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, as early as 1631. The 
 English king had given him a license to trade with the 
 Indians. After the colonists came, he attempted, by force 
 of arms, to withstand the authority of Lord Baltimore ; but 
 he was overcome, and forced to flee. Some years after- 
 wards he reappeared in Maryland, and, inciting a rebellion, 
 obliged the governor to take refuge in Virginia, where he 
 obtained troops who helped him suppress the revolt. 
 
 5. But the contests of the Protestants and the Roman 
 Catholics caused much more serious trouble in the colony. 
 After the Puritans in England had overthrown monarchy 
 there, those in Maryland disregarded the rights of Lord 
 Baltimore, and, having obtained the power, they ungrate- 
 fully ordained that no Catholic should be entitled to the 
 protection of the laws. Civil war followed, and the Prot- 
 estants were victorious. But after a very few years the 
 government was restored to Lord Baltimore. 
 
 6. For a long period the mild and liberal principles of 
 the proprietor held sway in Maryland, and the colony- 
 became very prosperous. But when William and Mary 
 came to the throne of England this tranquillity was in- 
 terrupted. The delay on the part of the governor to pro- 
 
 3. What of religious freedom and the Toleration Act ? 
 
 4. Who caused much trouble in Maryland ? What is said of the first settlement? 
 
 What more can you tell of Clayborne ? 
 
 5. What can you tell of trouble between the Protestants and Roman Catholics ? 
 
 6. What is said of a prosperous period ? What of an absurd rumor? How ana 
 
 when was Maryland made a royal province ? 
 
1682.] PENNSYLVANIA. 49 
 
 claim the new sovereigns, and an absurd rumor that the 
 Catholics were plotting the destruction of the Protestants, 
 roused the latter to seize the government, which remained 
 in their hands until the king, in 1691, deprived Charles 
 Lord Baltimore (son of Cecil the founder of Maryland) of 
 his political rights as proprietor, and Maryland became a 
 royal province. 
 
 1. In the year 1*715 Maryland was restored to the infant 
 heir of Lord Baltimore. It remained a proprietary prov- 
 ince until the Revolution, when the people assumed the 
 government, and confiscated the rights of the proprietor. 
 
 X. PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1. An extensive tract of land west of the Delaware River 
 was granted to William Penn, in 1681, by Charles II. of 
 England, and named by the king Pennsylvania* After 
 receiving his patent from the king, Penn obtained from 
 the Duke of York a grant of the "territories or three lower 
 counties " now forming the State of Delaware. 
 
 2. The father of William Penn was a distinguished 
 English admiral. When he died the government owed him 
 a large sum of money, and in payment of the debt the 
 province in America was granted to his only son. This 
 son belonged to the society of Friends, or Quakers, who 
 at that time were despised and persecuted in England. 
 He desired to found a colony where freedom and peace 
 could be enjoyed by all. 
 
 3. Colonists were sent out to the new province by the 
 proprietor, and in 1682 he himself came over, and was 
 soon followed by a large number of emigrants, chiefly 
 Quakers. The Swedes and Dutch, who had already settled 
 on the banks of the Delaware, and elsewhere within the 
 
 * Perm's Woodland. Sylva is a Latin word, meaning " a wood." 
 
 7. What occurred in 1715 ? What more can you tell of Maryland ? 
 
 1. What grant of land did William Penn obtain, and when ? Tell who named 
 
 Pennsylvania, and give the meaning of the name. What grant did Penn 
 obtain from the Duke of York ? „,..». 
 
 2. What can you tell of William Penn's father ? To what society did William 
 
 Penn belong ? His object in founding a colony ? 
 S. What is said of colonists ? Who had already settled within Penn's domain.'' 
 
 4 
 
50 SETTLEMENTS. [1682. 
 
 bounds of Penn ? s domain, were not disturbed, but were 
 allowed the same privileges as the English. 
 
 4. The government which Penn established for his 
 province was marked by a spirit of great liberality. The 
 people chose their own representatives for an assembly to 
 aid in making laws. It was agreed that no one who 
 believed in "one Almighty God " should be molested for 
 his religious opinions. 
 
 5. Soon after his arrival, Penn made his famous treaty 
 with the Indians. He met them under a great elm by the 
 side of the Delaware, in what is now a part of Philadelphia. 
 After hearing the words of peace and kindness with which 
 he addressed them, the Indians declared that they would 
 live in love with William Penn and his children as long as 
 the sun, moon, and stars should endure. The treaty thus 
 established remained uninterrupted for more than seventy 
 vearg — till Pennsylvania had passed from the control of 
 the Quakers. 
 
 <6. Near the close of the year 1682 Penn laid out a 
 capital for his province, and named' it Philadelphia — a 
 name which signifies brotherly love. Before the end of the 
 next year it contained nearly a hundred houses. None of 
 the other colonies planted in America had so rapid and 
 prosperous a growth as Pennsylvania. 
 
 1. The affairs of his province caused Penn a great deal 
 of trouble. The laws which the assembly made were often 
 not to his mind, and the settlers were unwilling to pay the 
 small rent by which the proprietor hoped to remunerate 
 himself for the large sums of money he had spent in found- 
 ing his colony. 
 
 8. He was also harassed by a controversy with Lord 
 Baltimore, in respect to the boundary between Pennsylva- 
 nia and Maryland. This question was not settled till two 
 eminent surveyors, named Mason and Dixon, came over 
 
 4. What can you tell of the government established by Penn ? 
 
 5. Give an account of Penn's famous treaty with the Indians. 
 
 6. What is said of the founding- of Philadelphia, and its growth ? 
 
 7. How did the affairs of his province give Penn trouble ? 
 
 8. What controversy harassed Penn ? Tell all you can of Mason and Dixon's line. 
 
1663.] NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 
 
 from England, long after Penn's death, and determined the 
 line separating Pennsylvania from Maryland and Virginia. 
 This is famous in American history as "Mason and Dixon's 
 line," and was, till a recent day, a bound for the free and 
 the slave states. 
 
 9. Penn died in 1*718, leaving a name conspicuous among 
 those which designate the benefactors of the human race. 
 His sons became proprietors of the flourishing colony he 
 had founded, and appointed deputies to administer the 
 government. At the beginning of the American Revolu- 
 tion the people of Pennsylvania purchased the proprietary 
 claims for more than half a million of dollars. 
 
 XL NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1. In 1663 Lord Clarendon, and seven other persons of 
 high rank, obtained from their king, Charles II. of England, 
 a patent for a vast territory south of Virginia. The king 
 afterwards enlarged the boundaries of this province, which 
 was named Carolina * 
 
 2. The proprietors of Carolina found that planters from 
 Virginia had already settled on the northern shore of 
 Albemarle Sound. The very year in which the grant was 
 made, a liberal government was instituted for this little 
 plantation, which received the name of the Albemarle 
 Colony. In 1665 a company from Barbadoes (bar-ba' doze) , 
 formed a settlement near the mouth of Cape Fear River. 
 This was called the Clarendon Colony. Both of these set- 
 tlements were within the present limits of North Carolina. 
 
 3. In 16 TO a third colony, called the Carteret Colony, 
 was founded by emigrants from England. The colonists 
 sailed into Ashley River, and began their first town ; but ten 
 
 * In honor of the English king, Charles (Latin Carolus) II. 
 
 9. How was the colony governed after Penn's death ? What did the people of 
 Pennsylvania do at the beginning of the Revolution ? 
 
 1. What can you tell of the grant of Carolina ? Whence do the Carolinas derive 
 
 their names ? See note above. 
 
 2. What settlement had already been made ? What name was given to this plan- 
 
 tation ? What can you tell of the Clarendon colony ? What is Barbadoes ? 
 Ans. It is a small island in the south-eastern part of the archipelago formed 
 by the West Indies. Where is Cape Fear River ? (See Map, p. 52.) 
 
 3. Give an account of the Carteret colony and the founding of Charleston. 
 
52 
 
 SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 [1680. 
 
 years later they removed to a point of land between the 
 Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and there laid the foundation of 
 the present city of Charleston. 
 
 4. Most of the inhabitants of the middle, or Clarendon 
 colony, removing after a few years to Charleston, the af- 
 fairs of the province were administered by two govern- 
 ments — one for the northern, or Albemarle, and another 
 for the southern, or Carteret colony. Thus were created 
 the two colonies of North and South Carolina. They were 
 increased by people from New England, and Dutch families 
 from New York. The persecuted Huguenots of France and 
 Puritans of England also came to find homes in the Carolinas. 
 
 5. Both colonies suffered much from wars with the 
 Indians. In the year 1111, the Tuscaro'ras in North 
 
 1. How were the three colonies reduced to two, and what was thus created . ? 
 
 What colonists came to Carolina ? 
 S. Give an account of the war with the Tuscaroras in North Carolina. 
 
1733.] GEORGIA. 53 
 
 Carolina, suddenly fell upon the whites and massacred 
 many persons. By the aid of a force from South Carolina 
 the savages were conquered, and soon afterwards they 
 migrated north, and joined the Iroquois of New York, form- 
 ing the sixth nation of that powerful confederacy. A few 
 years later the Yam'as-sees and other Indians attacked 
 the settlers in South Carolina, but they were subdued after 
 some severe fighting. 
 
 6. In 1729 the two Carolinas, which had hitherto been 
 considered as one province, were separated, and the pro- 
 prietors having ceded to the crown their rights of govern- 
 ment and seven eighths of the soil, North and South Carolina 
 became distinct royal provinces. So they remained till the 
 Revolution. 
 
 XII. GEORGIA. 
 
 1. To James O'glethorpe, an officer in the English army, 
 belongs the honor of founding in America a refuge for the 
 poor of his own country, and the persecuted of all nations. 
 In 1732 George II. granted to him and twenty associates, 
 " in trust for" the poor," the territory between the Savan- 
 nah and the Altamaha (al-ta-ma-haw')* This territory was 
 named Georgia, in honor of the king. 
 
 2. Oglethorpe himself led the first colony, numbering 
 about one hundred and twenty-five persons. They landed 
 early in 1733, and began to build the town of Savannah, 
 on the southern bank of the river of the same name. 
 
 3. The project of founding a colony for poor debtors, 
 and other indigent persons, excited great interest, and 
 many benevolent Englishmen gave money in aid of the 
 enterprise. More emigrants soon followed the first com- 
 pany. A band of German Lutherans and a party of 
 
 * After the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ending King George's war, the St. 
 Mary's was made the southern boundary of Georgia. 
 
 5. Where did the Tuscaroras go after this war ? What is said about the Yamassees 
 
 in South Carolina ? 
 
 6. When and how did the two Carolinas become distinct royal provinces. 
 
 1. What is said of James Oglethorpe ? What grant of land was made to him and 
 associates ? 
 
54 SETTLEMENTS. [1808. 
 
 Scotch Highlanders formed thriving settlements in Georgia ; 
 but the colonists sent over from England were, for the 
 most part, idle, thriftless, and discontented. The trustees 
 surrendered their charter to the crown in H52, and Georgia 
 became a royal province. 
 
 XIII. THE FRENCH AND THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 1. While the English were taking possession of a nar- 
 row strip along the coast from Maine to Georgia, the 
 French were exploring the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, 
 the Mississippi, and their tributaries. 
 
 2. Champlain, " the father of New France," founded 
 Quebec in 1608, and thus began the settlement of Canada, 
 which became the principal French province in America. 
 The next year he discovered the lake that still bears his 
 name. In the northern and central parts of New York 
 dwelt the Iroquois, or Five Nations, of all Indians the 
 most powerful and warlike. Champlain made alliances 
 with tribes hostile to them, and invaded their country. 
 Hence the Five Nations became bitter enemies to the 
 French, and fought them with the greatest fury ; but they 
 held the English as friends. 
 
 3. In the summer of 1673, James Marquette (mar-ket'), 
 a French Jesuit, and Louis Joliet,* with five of their coun- 
 trymen, entered the Mississippi from the Wisconsin, and in 
 two birch-bark canoes, floated down its current below the 
 mouth of the Arkan'sas. Nine years afterwards, in 1682, 
 the adventurous and daring La Salle (lah-sal') completed 
 the discovery of the great river of the west by descending 
 to its mouth. Naming the whole region drained by it and 
 its branches Louisiana, in honor of his king, Louis XIV., 
 he claimed it for France. 
 
 * English pronunciation jo'H-et, French zlw-le-a'. 
 
 1. While the English were taking possession of a strip along the Atlantic how 
 
 were the French employed ? 
 
 2. What is said of the founding of Quebec, and what of Canada ? What can you 
 
 tell of the Five Nations, and of their relations to the French and the English ? 
 
 3. What Frenchmen first explored the Mississippi, and when ? Who completed 
 
 the discovery of this river, and when ? What region was claimed by Is 
 Salle? 
 
1718.] THE FRENCH AND THE SPANIARDS. 55 
 
 4. The vast domain of France in America now lay north 
 and west of the English colonies, and stretched southward 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. The French followed up their dis- 
 coveries by establishing forts, missions, and trading-posts, 
 and by making settlements both in the south and the west. 
 In the southern part of their dominion they formed settle- 
 ments at Biloxi, at Mobile, at Natchez, and at New Orleans. 
 This last town was founded by colonists under Bienville 
 (be-an[g]*-veet) in 1718. 
 
 5. Before the "French and Indian War," — the last 
 struggle between the American colonies of France and 
 England, — the French had constructed a chain of military 
 posts from Montreal to New Orleans. This they did with 
 the design of confining the English to the' territory between 
 the Alleghany Mountains and the sea. The most famous 
 of these forts were Detroit, Niag'ara, and Crown Point. 
 
 6. Spain made but few settlements in her Florida and 
 New Mexico. She regarded both the French and the 
 English in the south as intruders upon her soil. Alarmed 
 at the efforts of the former to colonize the country at the 
 mouth of the Mississippi, the Spaniards built a fort at 
 Pensaco'ia, and formed a settlement there as early as 1699. 
 They also built forts in Texas. In this region, and farther 
 north on the Rio Grande, Spanish priests founded missions 
 to convert the Indians. 
 
 To complete the early history of the English colonics in 
 America we shall now give an account of several wars, 
 sometimes called the Intercolonial Wars, in which the 
 colonies of England fought those of France or of Spain. 
 
 * This nasal sound stops before the sound ng is formed. 
 
 J. Describe the French domain in America. What did the French do after making 
 discoveries in the south and the west ? What settlements of theirs in the 
 south are mentioned ? Where is Biloxi (be-loksV) ? (See Map facing p. 110.) 
 Mobile {mobeel') ? Where is Natchez ? New Orleans (or'le-anz) ? 
 
 5. What military posts were constructed by the French, and with what design: 
 
 Name the most famous of these posts, and tell where they were situated. 
 
 6. What is said of Spanish settlements ? How did Spain regard the French and 
 
 English in the south? What forts did the Spaniards build? What oi 
 Spanish priests ? 
 What were the Intercolonial Wars ? 
 
56 
 
 INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 
 8|2 
 
 n» 
 
 MAP TO ELMTSTIRATE 
 
INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 
 5*7 
 
 ~eFT 
 
 Tjb 
 
 MAP TO ffifflTSTMlFE 
 
 INTERCOLONIAL WARS, 
 
58 . KING WILLIAM'S WAR. [1689. 
 
 THE INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 
 I. KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 
 
 1. After James II. fled from England, he sought pro* 
 tection of Louis XIV., king of France, who tried to reseat 
 him on his throne. This kindled between the two countries, 
 in 1689, the flames of a war, which extended to their colonies. 
 The contest in America is known as King WilliamPs War. 
 The Indians of Canada and Maine aided the French ; the 
 Five Nations aided the English. 
 
 2. Most of the frontier settlements in Maine and New 
 Hampshire were broken up or destroyed by the French 
 and the savages. In the winter of 1690 a war party of 
 French and Indians came through the wilderness from 
 Canada, and in the dead of night fell upon the little village 
 of Schenectady, in New York, and burned it. Sixty of the 
 inhabitants were killed. Of the rest, those not taken cap- 
 tive fled half naked through the deep snow to Albany. 
 
 3. A few months later Sir William Phipps, in command 
 of a small fleet from Massachusetts, captured the old 
 French settlement of Port Royal, in. Nova Scotia, and 
 obtained considerable booty. t After this success a plan 
 was formed for the conquest of Canada. Troops from 
 Connecticut and New York were sent against Montreal, by 
 the way of the valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, 
 while Phipps, with a naval force from Massachusetts, sailed 
 against Quebec. Both expeditions met with disaster, and 
 effected nothing. 
 
 4. The war lasted almost eight years. In 1691 a treaty, 
 which put an end to it, was signed at Ryswick (riz'ivik), 
 a town in Holland. Each party was to have the same 
 territory as before the war. 
 
 1. Give the cause of King- William's war, and the year in which it began. What 
 
 Indians aided the French, and what the English ? 
 
 2. What fate befell the frontier settlements in Maine and New Hampshire ? Give 
 
 an account of the attack upon Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-di). Where is Sche- 
 nectady ? (See Map, p. 56.) 
 
 3. What can you tell of the capture of Port Royal ? Of expeditions sent for the 
 
 conquest of Canada ? Where is Port Royal ? (See Map, p. 57.) 
 
 4. How long did King William's war last, and what treaty put an end to it? 
 
 How did this treaty affect territorial claims ? 
 
1702. J QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 59 
 
 II. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 
 
 1. The peace of Ryswick did not last long". In 1T02 
 England declared war against France and Spain, and the 
 American colonies took part in the contest, which is com- 
 monly called in America Queen Anne's War. 
 
 2. As the Spaniards in Florida were now enemies of the 
 English colonists, South Carolina hastened to send a force 
 against the old settlement of St. Augustine. /The town 
 was easily captured, but the fort held out till two Spanish 
 ships entered the harbor, when the invaders retreated in 
 great haste. A few years later a French and Spanish 
 naval force made an attack upon Charleston, but the as- 
 sailants were soon driven away with loss. 
 
 3. The contest in the north took the same form as the 
 preceding war. The French, from Canada, and their 
 Indian allies laid waste the frontier settlements of New 
 England, and committed terrible acts of cruelty. The 
 Five Nations, always friendly to the English, had lately 
 made a treaty with the governor of Canada, and agreed to 
 be neutral ; but by their situation they shielded New York 
 from hostile incursions. 
 
 4. In 1710 Port Royal was again wrested from the 
 French by a combined force from New England and the 
 mother country. In honor of Queen Anne, the name of the 
 place was changed to Annapolis. The next year an Eng- 
 lish fleet, with regular and colonial soldiers, proceeded 
 against Quebec. But many of the transports were dashed 
 upon the rocks in the St. Lawrence, and nearly a thousand 
 men perished. After this disaster the commander sent home 
 the colonial troops, and sailed with his fleet for England. 
 
 5. After continuing eleven years, Queen Anne's war was 
 closed by a treaty made in 1713, at Utrecht (yoo'trekt), 
 
 1. When did Queen Anne's (anz) war begin, and what nations were engaged in it ? 
 
 2. What expedition was sent from South Carolina, and with what result ? What 
 
 happened a few years later ? 
 
 3. What is said of the contest in the north ? What befell New England settle- 
 
 ments r What is said of the Five Nations ? 
 
 4. When and how was Fort Royal captured, and what was it named ? State what 
 
 you can of the unsuccessful expedition against Quebec ? 
 6. How long did Queen Anne's war continue, and what treaty put an end to it 
 What did England gain in America by this treaty i 
 
60 KING GEORGE'S WAR. [1744. 
 
 a town in Holland. By this treaty England gained in 
 America possession of a vast region about Hudsoa's Bay, 
 of Newfoundland, and of Acadia, afterwards called Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 III. THE SPANISH WAR 
 
 1. After the lapse of little more than a quarter of a 
 century there was another intercolonial war. In 1139 
 England and Spain again made war upon each other. 
 
 2. The next year General Oglethorpe, the founder of 
 Georgia, marched against St. Augustine, with an army col- 
 lected from the southern colonies, and a large body of 
 Indians. He was unsuccessful, as were the Spaniards, who 
 in turn invaded Georgia. General Oglethorpe had too 
 small a force openly to withstand the invaders, but by an 
 artifice he frightened them away. 
 
 3. During the contest the American colonies were called 
 upon to furnish troops to aid an English fleet and army in 
 capturing Spanish settlements in the West Indies. The 
 enterprise ended disastrously, and of the four thousand 
 men from the colonies but a few hundred ever returned to 
 their homes. The Spanish war was marked by no very 
 important events in America, and after about five years it 
 became merged in King George's war. 
 
 IV. KING GEORGE'S WAR. 
 
 1. News of another war between England and France 
 reached America in 1144. By the English colonists it was 
 called King George's War, from George II. 
 
 2. The most important event of the war in America was 
 the capture of Louisburg from the French. This fortress 
 
 1. When did another intercolonial war begin, and what nations were engaged in it ? 
 
 2. Give an account of Oglethorpe's expedition against St. Augustine. What 
 
 did the Spaniards afterwards do, and with what result ? 
 
 3. For what enterprise did the American colonies furnish troops ? Result ? In 
 
 what war was the Spanish war merged ? 
 
 1. When did news of another war reach America ? What was this war called in 
 
 America ? 
 
 2. What was the most important event in America of this war ? When and how 
 
 was Louisburg taken? What is the fortress of Gibraltar (jib-rawl'lar)? 
 Am. It is a fortress in the southern part of Spain, so situated upon a rock as 
 to be almost impregnable. 
 
1753.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 61 
 
 was of such strength as to he called the Gibraltar of 
 America; but it was taken early, in the summer of 1745, by 
 an army from New England, under command of William 
 Pep'perrell, of Maine, aided by an English fleet. 
 
 3. King George's War was brought to a close in 1748, 
 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (dks-lah-sha-pel 1 ), as it was 
 called, from a place in Prussia. It was agreed that both 
 countries should restore their respective conquests. 
 
 V. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 1. It was not long before another war — the last and 
 severest of the intercolonial struggles — broke out be- 
 tween the English and the French. The Indians fought for 
 each party, but much the greater number joined the side of 
 the latter. This contest is known in America as the French 
 and Indian War. It was caused by conflicting claims of 
 England and France to territory in America. When war 
 was actually declared, both countries had formed alliances 
 which were followed by the mighty struggle in Europe 
 called the Seven Years 7 War. 
 
 2. The French had determined to confine the English to a 
 belt of land along the coast, and to keep in their own hands 
 the lucrative fur trade with the Indians west of the Al'- 
 leghany Mountains. But the English also claimed this 
 interior region, and refused to be thus hemmed in. 
 
 3. An association, called the Ohio Company, having 
 obtained from the English king the grant of a large tract 
 of land on the Ohio River, prepared to form settlements 
 and open trade with the Indians ; but the designs of the 
 company were frustrated by the governor of Canada, who 
 sent troops across the lakes to build forts in the disputed 
 territory. 
 
 4. Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, determined to send 
 
 3. When and how was King George's war brought to a elose ? What was agreed 
 by the treaty ? 
 
 1. What part did the Indians take in the last war between the French and English 
 
 colonies ? Name and cause of the war ? What of the war in Europe ? 
 
 2. What had the French determined to do ? 
 
 3. What can you tell of the Ohio Company ? How were its designs frustrated** 
 
 4. What did Governor Dinwiddie determine to do? 
 
82 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1754. 
 
 a letter to the commander of the French, to demand hiss' 
 reasons for invading the country, and to require him tc 
 depart. George Washington, not yet twenty-two years., 
 old, was selected by the governor to execute this corn- 
 mission. Late in the autumn of 1T53, he set out from 
 Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia, for the north-west 
 corner of Pennsylvania, where the French commander had 
 established his post. 
 
 5. His journey, for several hundred miles, was through 
 the heart of a wilderness, containing rugged mountains and 
 swollen streams, and infested by savages. The peril of 
 the way was increased by cold and stormy weather ; but 
 at the end of eleven weeks, Washington delivered to Gov- 
 ernor Dinwiddie, in Williamsburg, the reply of the French 
 commander, St. Pierre (pe-are'). By this reply it was seen 
 that the French intended to hold the country. 
 
 6. It was resolved by the governor of Virginia to build 
 a fort where Pittsburg now stands, and to send an armed 
 force to drive away the intruders. The men were building 
 the fort, when the French came upon them, and compelled 
 them to retire. The French then completed the works, 
 which they called Fort Duquesne (du-fcane 1 ). 
 
 *l. Washington became the leader of the force which 
 was collected to go against the enemy in the Ohio Valley. 
 While on the march through the wilderness in the spring of 
 IT 54, he was warned by an Indian chief to be on his gnard, 
 for a party of French soldiers was near, with hostile designs. 
 Washington surprised this party, lurking near his camp. 
 The French commander and ter> of his men were" killed. 
 This was the first conflict of arms in the war. 
 
 8. Not much more than a month after this event, a large 
 force of French and Indians marched against Washington, 
 who had hastily thrown up a fortification, which he named 
 Fort Necessity. After a brave defence he was obliged to 
 
 r_ 
 
 4. Who was sent to the French commander, and when ? Where had the French 
 
 commander established his post ? * * 
 
 5. Give an account of Washington's journey. What of the reply of the French ? 
 
 6. What is said of Fort Duquesne ? Where was this fort built ? (See Map, p. 56.) 
 
 7. What can you tell of the first conflict of the war ? 
 
 8. What is said of the erection of Fort Necessity, and of its capture? 
 
1755.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 63 
 
 surrender this fort, July 4, 1154. The English were 
 allowed to retire with the honors of war — drums beating 
 and colors flying. 
 
 9. Events of 1755. — Early in the spring of 1755, Gen 
 eral Braddock landed in Virginia, with two British regi- 
 ments. He had been appointed commander-in-chief of all 
 the forces in the provinces. Four expeditions were planned 
 These were to be sent against Fort Duquesne, Nova Scotia, 
 Crown Point, and Niagara. 
 
 10. The force which went against the French on the 
 Ohio was led by Braddock himself, Colonel Washington 
 acting as an aide-de-camp. The British general was ig- 
 norant of Indian warfare, yet too self-confident to heed the 
 prudent counsels which Washington gave him. When 
 within a few miles of Fort Duquesne, his army was sur- 
 prised, July 9, by a small party of French, with their Indian 
 allies, and routed with terrible slaughter. Braddock was 
 mortally wounded. The ability and bravery which Wash- 
 ington showed at the battle of Monongahela, as it was 
 called, won for him great regard throughout the colonies. 
 
 11. The expedition against Acadia, or Nova Scotia, 
 captured the French forts in that province, and the whole 
 region east of the Penobscot fell under British authority. 
 But this success was disgraced by a terrible act of violence 
 and cruelty. Several thousands of the Acadians, or French 
 colonists, were assembled, unsuspicious of the designs 
 formed against them, and driven on board ships b}' British 
 soldiers. These unfortunate people were carried off, and 
 scattered among the English colonies. Thus torn from 
 their homes, wives were separated from their husbands, and 
 children from their parents, never to see each other again. 
 
 12. General William Johnson, of New York, commanded 
 the troops collected to go against Crown Point. At the 
 
 9. Who landed in Virginia as commander-in-chief? What expeditions were 
 planned for 1755 ? Where is Crown Point ? Niagara ? 
 
 10. What is said of Braddock and Washington, and of the expedition against the 
 
 French on the Ohio ? Conduct of Washington at the battle ? 
 
 11. Give an account of the expedition against Acadia. What can you tell of the 
 
 cruel treatment of the Acadians ? 
 
 12. Give an account of the battle of Lake George. 
 
64 
 
 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 [1756. 
 
 ROUSE'S PT 
 
 FORT 
 
 Iticonderoca 
 
 southern end of Lake George, he encountered a French 
 force led by the Baron Dieskau (dees' kow), who had come 
 from Montreal by the way of Lake Cham- 
 plain. The battle finally resulted in a vic- 
 tory for the English. The Baron Dieskau 
 was badly wounded and taken prisoner. 
 After the battle of Lake George, John- 
 son gave up the attempt upon Crown 
 Point. Building Fort William Henry, 
 near the battle-ground, and leaving a gar- 
 rison in it, he finally disbanded the rest of 
 his troops. 
 
 13. The expedition against Niagara also 
 proved a failure. The troops command- 
 ed by General Shirley, of Massachusetts, 
 advanced as far as Os-we'go, where they 
 built a new fort. At last, owing to the 
 lateness of the season and to other causes, 
 the enterprise was abandoned. Leaving 
 7 , , ( t ' J men to garrison the defences at Oswego, 
 vicinity. Shirley went back to Albany. 
 
 14. Events of 1756-7. — War was not formally declared 
 till 1756. During this and the next year the English had 
 little success, but met with serious disasters. 
 
 15. In the summer of 1156, the French, under their dis- 
 tinguished leader, the Marquis de Montcalm (mont-kahm'), 
 captured the forts at Oswego. Many prisoners, and a great 
 quantity of stores, fell to the victors. Almost exactly a year 
 later, this bold and vigilant commander struck the English 
 another heavy blow. 
 
 16. Ascending Lake George with a large force of French 
 and Indians, he laid siege to Fort William Henry, and, 
 after some days, compelled its garrison to surrender. A 
 few miles below this fort was another English post, held by 
 
 brORT EDWARD 
 
 12. After this battle what did General Johnson do ? 
 
 13. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. 
 
 14. When was war formally declared ? Result of the war for the next two years? 
 
 15. What is said of Montcalm and his successes ? 
 
 16. Give an account of the capture of Fort William Henry. 
 
1758.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN W-*R. 65 
 
 General Webb, with four thousand soldiers ; but this officer, 
 to his lasting disgrace, made no attempt to aid the brave 
 Colonel Mon-ro' and his troops in Fort William Henry. The 
 English were promised a safe escort to the fort held by 
 Webb. But the infuriated savages fell upon them as they 
 began their march, and, in spite of the eiforts of the French 
 officers, the defenceless prisoners were plundered, and some 
 of them massacred. 
 
 17. Nor was the loss of these important forts the only 
 disaster which the English suffered. The savages, fight- 
 ing for the French, devastated the whole north-western 
 frontier, and war parties carried the brand and the toma- 
 hawk into the heart of the English settlements. Thus far 
 in the struggle the French had had much the best of it. 
 The English forces in America, during two disastrous years, 
 had been under the command of an inefficient general, 
 Lord Loudoun (loit [ dun), who was always ready to quarrel 
 with the colonies, but never ready to meet the enemy. 
 
 18. Events of 1758. — In the year 1158, the war as- 
 sumed a different aspect. The celebrated William Pitt, 
 afterwards Earl of Chatham (chat'am), was now the leading 
 spirit of the British ministry, and the supreme direction of 
 the war was in his hands. Three expeditions were pro- 
 posed — one against Louisburg, another against Ticon- 
 dero'ga and Crown Point, and a third against Fort Du- 
 quesne. 
 
 19. A large fleet aided the powerful army of General 
 Amherst {am' erst), who was sent to capture Louisburg. 
 Both the English and the French fought bravely, and for 
 many days the siege went on ; but at last, in July, the 
 fortress was won by the English. The French fleet in the 
 harbor was destroyed or captured, and the whole island of 
 Cape Breton (brit'un) reduced. The English also became 
 
 16. What is said of Webb ? What did the savages do to the prisoners ? 
 
 17. What other disasters did the English suffer? What is said of the British 
 
 general, Loudoun (lou-dun, ou as in house) ? 
 
 18. When did aifairs take a different aspect ? What famous British statesman was 
 
 then directing the war ? What expeditions were proposed for 1758 ? 
 
 19. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. What besides Louisburg fell 
 
 into the hands of the English ? 
 
 5 
 
QQ THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758. 
 
 masters of Prince Edward Island, and of the coast as far 
 north as the St. Lawrence. 
 
 20. While the siege of Louisburg was going on, the 
 largest army as jet seen in America moved against Fort 
 Ticonderoga. It was more than fifteen thousand strong, 
 British and provincial troops, under the command of the 
 incompetent Abercrombie (ab' ' er-krum-bl) , now the general- 
 in-chief of all the English forces in America. 
 
 21. On the 5th of July, more than a thousand boats, full 
 of soldiers, with waving flags and strains of martial music, 
 swept down Lake George. All anticipated an easy victory. 
 On the fourth day afterwards the boats bore back the 
 shattered columns of this grand army in disorderly retreat. 
 They had assaulted the defences of the French at Ticon- 
 deroga, and Montcalm had beaten them back with heavy 
 loss. Lord Howe, a gallant young English officer, whom 
 all loved, fell dead in the first skirmish. 
 
 22. The disgrace of this repulse was in some degree 
 retrieved by Colonel Bradstreet, who, with three thousand 
 men from Abercrombie's army, crossed Lake Ontario and 
 captured Fort Fron'tenac, where Kingston now is. This 
 was a severe blow to the French, as they lost a great 
 quantity of stores and several ships on the lake. The fort 
 was blown up by the English. 
 
 23. The expedition for the capture of Fort Duquesne was 
 commanded by General Forbes. His army pushed forward, 
 Colonel Washington with the Virginians leading the ad- 
 vance. After a long and laborious march through the 
 wilderness, late in November, General Forbes took posses- 
 sion of what was left of Fort Duquesne. The French had 
 abandoned it the day before, and set fire to it. In honor of 
 the illustrious British minister, the name of the stronghold 
 was changed to Fort Pitt. 
 
 20. What is said of the army which moved against Fort Ticonderoga, and of the 
 
 British general ? Where was Fort Ticonderoga ? (See Map, p. 56.) 
 
 21. Describe the movement of the army against this fort, and tell the result ? 
 
 What is said of Lord Howe ? 
 
 22. Give an account of the capture of Fort Frontenac. Where was this fort? 
 
 (See Map, p. 56.) 
 
 23. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. How was the 
 
 name of the fort changed ? 
 
1759.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 61 
 
 24. Events of 1759. — The campaign of IT 59 had for 
 its object the conquest of Canada. The following plan was 
 formed. One expedition was to reduce Niagara, while an- 
 other was to capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Both 
 armies were then to go down the St. Lawrence, to co- 
 operate with a third expedition, which should go up the 
 river to attack Quebec. 
 
 25. Niagara was invested by troops under the English 
 General Prideaux (prid'o). This officer having been killed, 
 Sir William Johnson took the command, and in July put 
 to rout a strong force of French and Indians, who attempted 
 to relieve the besieged garrison. The next day the fort 
 was surrendered to the English. In the same month, 
 General Amherst, now the commander-in-chief, approached 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point with the main army. As 
 the French could not hope to make a successful resistance, 
 they deserted these strongholds. But after these successes, 
 Amherst and Johnson did not advance to cooperate with 
 the English fleet and army before Quebec. 
 
 26. The command of the most important expedition was 
 given to GeneralJames Wolfe. His forces in June as- 
 cended the St. Lawrence to Quebec. This town was so 
 strongly situated, and had been so well fortified on all 
 sides, that it seemed impregnable. Below Quebec, Wolfe 
 failed in an assault upon the defences which the skilful 
 Montcalm had constructed ; but, above the town, one dark 
 night he silently landed his troops — near five thousand 
 veterans — and they clambered up the precipice to the 
 Plains of Abraham. When the day dawned, the French 
 saw with astonishment a British army ranged in order of 
 battle before their intrenchments. 
 
 27. The battle which took place that day, September 
 13, decided the fate of France in America, and won for 
 
 24. What was the object of the campaign of 1759, and what plan was formed ? 
 
 25. Give an account of the capture of Fort Niagara. Who was now the British 
 
 commander-in-chief in the colonies, and what resulted from his movement 
 against Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 
 
 26. Who commanded the expedition against Quebec ? What is said of this town 
 
 Give an account of Wolfe's operations before the battle. 
 
 27. When was the battle fought, and what did it decide ? 
 
68 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. 
 
 Great Britain a noble territory. Wolfe, pressing forward 
 in the thickest of the fight, received a mortal wound. He 
 was carried to the rear, where he lay faint and bleeding. 
 While his life was fast ebbing away, he heard the cry, 
 " They run ! they run ! " "Who run?" he asked. " The 
 French," was the answer. " God be praised," said he ; 
 "I die happy." Montcalm was also mortally wounded. 
 When the surgeon informed him that he could survive but a 
 few hours, " So much the better," said he ; "I shall not live 
 to see the surrender of Quebec." Five days after the battle 
 the city was given up to the English. 
 
 28. Events of 1760, and the Peace of Paris. — Early in 
 the spring the French made an attempt to recapture 
 Quebec, but they were unsuccessful. In September, Gen- 
 eral Amherst collected a large army around Montreal. The 
 French governor, seeing that resistance would be useless, 
 now surrendered all Canada to the English. 
 
 29. England made peace with France and her ally, Spain, 
 by a treaty signed at Paris in 1163. All the territory which 
 France had claimed east of the Mississippi, she ceded to 
 England, except two small islands south of Newfoundland, 
 retained as fishing stations, and the island* and town of 
 New Orleans. This island and town, with all the French 
 possessions west of the great river, France ceded to Spain. 
 By the same treaty Spain ceded Florida to England. 
 
 30. The Cherokee War. — During the war with the 
 French and Indians in the north, the Cherokees ravaged 
 the frontier settlements of the Carolinas, in revenge for 
 some gross wrongs which they had suffered. After a long 
 and bloody strife, the Indian villages were destroyed, and 
 the Cherokees compelled to sue for peace. 
 
 31. Pontiac's War. — In the year 1163, many tribes of 
 
 * The Island of New Orleans is a strip of land south of the River I'berville, and 
 between the Mississippi and the lakes north and east of New Orleans. 
 
 Z7. What is said of Wolfe? Of Montcalm ? When was the city surrendered ? 
 
 28. State further operations of the French and English in Canada. 
 
 29. When was the treaty of Paris signed ? What was ceded by France to Engf 
 
 land ? What by France to Spain ? What by Spain to England ? 
 
 30. Give an account of the Cherokee war. 
 
 31. What war with the Indians began in the year 1763 ? 
 
1763.] CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 69 
 
 the north-western Indians, under the lead of a great 
 Ottawa chief, named Pon'ti-ac, united to drive out the 
 English, who now occupied the posts which the French had 
 established in the west. In a short time most of the forts 
 West of Niagara were surprised, and taken by the savages. 
 The border settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia were 
 laid waste, and hundreds of families driven from their homes 
 or massacred. For several months the fort at Detroit 
 was besieged by Pontiac and his warriors, but the garrison 
 withstood every attack. Expeditions were sent into the 
 Indian country, and the year after the first outbreak most 
 of the tribes that had taken up arms were glad to make 
 peace with the English. 
 
 CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHAT 
 IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. France had now lost her domain in America. Spain, 
 at the close of this period, claimed the whole country west 
 of the Mississippi. The island and the town of New Orleans 
 were hers ; but all else east of the great river had come 
 under the power of England. The north-west corner of 
 the continent, now called Alas'ka, was claimed by Russia, 
 Vi'tus Behring (beer'ing), a Dane in the Russian service, 
 having discovered the main land in 1741, while on a second 
 voyage in these waters. 
 
 2. England now possessed thirteen colonies along the 
 Atlantic coast. In these colonies there prevailed three 
 forms of government — charter, proprietary, and royal.* 
 
 * The charter governments were those of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
 Connecticut. In these colonies important rights and powers were vested in the 
 colonists by charters from the king - . 
 
 The proprietary governments were those of Maryland, Pennsylvania (with 
 Delaware), and at first New York, New Jersey, and the Carolinas. Here the 
 proprietors were authorized, under certain restrictions, to establish govern- 
 ments. 
 
 The royal governments were those of New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, 
 New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Over these colonies the king placed 
 governors, who ruled according to his instructions. 
 
 31. What forts were captured by the savages .' What of settlements and fami- 
 lies ? What of Detroit ? How and when was the war brought to a close ? 
 
 1. What is said of France at the close of this Period ? What was claimed by 
 
 Spain in America ? What by Russia, and from what discoveries? 
 
 2. What possessions had England along the Atlantic coast? What is said of 
 
 the government of the thirteen English colonies ? 
 
70 CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 Under all these forms the people had helped to make laws and 
 had become accustomed to share in the administration of 
 affairs. 
 
 3. The population of the thirteen English colonies, at the 
 close of this Period, was not far from two millions. Eleven - 
 years later, at the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, it 
 is estimated to have been something less than three millions. 
 
 4. During the early years of the colonies there prevailed 
 almost everywhere an intolerant spirit in matters of religion, 
 showing itself in unjust and cruel laws and deeds. But 
 at the close of this Period the severities of early times, 
 practised in the name of religion, were not sanctioned by 
 any of the colonies. The French and Spanish settlements 
 were exclusively Roman Catholic. The English colonies 
 were Protestant — even in Maryland the adherents to this 
 faith being by far the more numerous. 
 
 5. Steps were taken in most of the colonies at an early 
 date to provide for the education of youth. But to New 
 England must be accorded the high honor of first in- 
 stituting and liberally maintaining common schools. The 
 first printing-press in the English colonies was set up at 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1639. Most of the books 
 published in the earliest times were on religious sub- 
 jects. The first permanent newspaper printed in America 
 was the " Boston News-Letter," issued in 1104.* Before 
 the close of this Period, Benjamin Franklin had made great 
 discoveries in science. By means of a kite he drew 
 lightning from the clouds, in 1752, and proved it to be 
 really the same as electricity. 
 
 6. The colonists not only supplied themselves with 
 food from the cultivation of the soil, but had a large sur- 
 
 * A single number of a newspaper was published in Boston in 1690. 
 
 3. State the population of these colonies at this time, and at the breaking out of 
 
 the Revolutionary War in 1775. 
 
 4. What statement is made in regard to religion in the early years of the colonies, 
 
 and at the close of this Period ? What was the religion of the French and 
 Spanish colonists ? Of the English colonists ? 
 
 5. What is said of education ? When and where was the first printing-press set 
 
 up ? What of books ? Give the name and date of the first newspaper issued it 
 America. What is said of Benjamin Franklin ? 
 
 6. What is said of agriculture ? Of tobacco and cotton ? 
 
CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 71 
 
 plus to export. Tobacco was an important product of the 
 southern colonies. Cotton, which afterwards became so 
 valuable a staple, was first raised in Virginia, in 1621. 
 
 1. Manufactures were of slower growth, but before the 
 close of this Period various articles of which the inhabitants 
 stood most in need were made in the colonies. The weav- 
 ing of cloth was first introduced into America by some 
 Yorkshire clothiers, who settled in Massachusetts, in 1638. 
 
 8. Trade and commerce from the beginning had steadi- 
 ly increased, although fettered by the Navigation Acts, 
 which were laws made by England to benefit her mer- 
 chants and ship-owners. By these acts the colonies could 
 send their products to England in no ships but those 
 owned by English subjects ; their principal exports they 
 were obliged to sell in England or her colonies, and from 
 these countries to buy their principal imports. For a hun- 
 dred years the colonies had been subjected to these re- 
 strictions in their commerce. 
 
 9. In the same selfish spirit other laws were made by 
 the mother country, which prohibited the colonists from 
 manufacturing certain articles, and from exporting other 
 articles even from one colony to another. The English 
 merchants often complained that the acts of trade were 
 violated by the colonists, as indeed they were. Royal 
 custom-houses were established to collect duties. Most of 
 the colonial ships were built and owned in New England. 
 There fishery was an important means of support and gain. 
 
 10. Slavery, at an early period, found its way into all 
 the colonies, first silently permitted, then regulated bylaw. 
 In the northern colonies slave labor was not generally 
 lucrative ; but in the south, negro slaves were much more 
 numerous, and their labor became a source of wealth in the 
 culture of tobacco, rice, and, after this Period, especially of 
 cotton. 
 
 7. What can you tell of manufactures ? Of the weaving: of cloth ? 
 
 8. What is said of trade and commerce ? Give an account of the Navigation Acts. 
 9 Give some account of other laws of trade. What is said of royal custom 
 
 houses ? What of colonial ships, and of fishery ? 
 W. State what you can about slavery in the colonies. 
 
72 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 
 
 Note. — The figures at the end of the paragraphs refer to the pages upon which 
 the events are mentioned. 
 
 1607. Jamestown was founded in Virginia, the first permanent English 
 
 settlement in America, 23. 
 1609. Hudson discovered the Hudson River, 41. 
 
 Champlain discovered Lake Champlain, 54. 
 1614. Captain Smith explored the coast of New England, 28. 
 
 1619. The first Legislative Assembly in America was convened in 
 
 Virginia, 25. 
 Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia, 26. 
 
 1620. Plymouth was settled by the Puritans, the first permanent Eng- 
 
 lish settlement in New England, 30. 
 1V522. Opechancanough's war broke out in Virginia, 26. 
 1623. Portsmouth and Dover, in New Hampshire, were settled, 36. 
 
 The permanent colonization of New York was begun by the 
 
 Dutch, 41. 
 1630. Boston was founded by Governor Winthrop, 31. 
 
 1634. The colonization of Maryland was begun at St. Mary's, 47. 
 
 1635. Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford, in Connecticut, were set- 
 
 tled by emigrants from Massachusetts, 38. 
 
 1636. Roger Williams founded Providence, 40. 
 
 1637. The Pequot War occurred in Connecticut, 38. 
 
 1638. Delaware was settled by the Swedes and Finns, 46. 
 New Haven was founded by Eaton and Davenport, 39. 
 
 1639. The first printing-press in America was set up at Cambridge, 
 
 Massachusetts, 70. 
 1643. The confederacy styled the United Colonies of New England 
 
 was formed, 33. 
 1656. Quakers began to come to Massachusetts, 33. 
 
 1663. The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations received a royal 
 
 charter, 41. 
 The Albemarle colony was established in North Carolina, 51. 
 
 1664. New Netherland was taken by the English, and named New 
 
 York, 43. 
 Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth), in New Jersey, was settled, 45. 
 
 1665. Connecticut and New Haven were united, under the name of 
 
 Connecticut, 39. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 73 
 
 1670. The Carteret colony was established in South Carolina, 51. 
 
 1673. Marquette explored the Mississippi, 54. 
 
 1675. King Philip's War began, 34. 
 
 1676. Bacon's rebellion broke out in Virginia, 27. 
 1680. Charleston, South Carolina, was founded, 52. 
 1682. La Salle explored the Mississippi to its mouth, 54. 
 
 Philadelphia was founded by William Penn, 50. 
 
 1686. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor of New England, 35. 
 
 1689. Andros was seized and imprisoned, 35. 
 
 King William's War began. The Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, 
 closed King William's War, 58. 
 
 1692. Governor Phipps arrived in Massachusetts with a new charter, 
 extending her territory, but abridging her privileges, 35. 
 The delusion known as the Salem Witchcraft prevailed in Massa- 
 chusetts, 35. 
 
 1702. Queen Anne's War began. The Treaty of Utrecht closed Queen 
 Anne's War in 1713, 59. 
 
 1704. First permanent newspaper in America was printed at Boston, 70. 
 
 1710. Port Royal was taken from the French and named Annapolis, 59. 
 
 1718. New Orleans was founded by the French, 55. 
 
 1729. Carolina was divided into two distinct royal provinces — North 
 Carolina and South Carolina, 52. 
 
 1733. The colonization of Georgia was begun at Savannah, by the Eng- 
 lish under Oglethorpe, 53. 
 
 1739. The Spanish intercolonial war began, 60. 
 
 1744. King George's War began. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 
 1748, closed King George's War, 60, 61. 
 
 1752. Georgia became a royal province, 54. 
 
 1755. Defeat and death of Braddock, 63. 
 
 The country east of the Penobscot fell under British authority, 63. 
 
 1756. The French and Indian War, which had been raging two years, 
 
 was formally proclaimed, 64. 
 
 1758. Louisburg and Fort Duquesne were taken by the English, 65. 
 
 1759. Quebec was taken by Wolfe, 68. 
 
 1760. Montreal and all Canada fell into the power of the English, 68. 
 1763. The Treaty of Paris was signed — England making peace with 
 
 France and Spain, 68. 
 Pontiac's War broke out, 68. 
 
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CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 15 
 
 PERIOD III. -THE REVOLUTION, 
 
 FROM THE DECLARATION BY PARLIAMENT THAT A REVENUE 
 SHOULD BE RAISED FROM AMERICA, 1764, TO THE INAUGURA- 
 TION OF WASHINGTON, 1789. 
 
 I. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1. At the close of the French and Indian War, the British 
 people found themselves burdened with a heavy national 
 debt, much of it incurred in the contest just ended. Al- 
 though the colonists had borne their share in this war, yet 
 very soon after the declaration of peace the British ministry 
 determined to lighten the burden of taxation at home by 
 raising a revenue from America. 
 
 2. For a long period of years, Parliament had regulated 
 the trade and commerce of the colonies, by the Navigation 
 Acts and other laws, so as to benefit the merchants and 
 manufacturers of England, at the expense of the colonists. 
 In truth, the interest which the English rulers had shown 
 towards their colonial subjects was almost wholly one of 
 selfish gain. While the last war was going on, they at- 
 tempted to carry out the oppressive laws of trade with 
 greater rigor than had yet been exercised, and the colonists 
 were thus made to feel, more deeply than ever before, the 
 injury done them by such a commercial policy. 
 
 3. Englishmen were, for the most part, ignorant of the 
 character of their kindred in America. They looked upon 
 the colonists as an inferior class, and had but little true 
 sympathy with them. Yet these causes of alienation were 
 not sufficient, at this time, to make the Americans desire a 
 separation from the mother country. They regarded the 
 land of their forefathers with filial affection, and in American 
 families it was common to speak of England as " home." 
 
 Questions. — 1. What is said of the English national debt at the close of the 
 French and Indian war ? What did the British ministry determine to do ? 
 
 2. In what manner had Parliament regulated the trade and commerce of the 
 
 colonies ? During the last war, what had been done by the English author- 
 ities ? Effect of this course upon the colonists ? 
 
 3. How did most Englishmen look upon the colonists ? How did Americans 
 
 regard England ? 
 
1Q THE REVOLUTION. [1784. 
 
 4. The attempt of Great Britain to impose taxes upon 
 her colonies in America, without their consent, brought on 
 the war of the Revolution, which resulted in the indepen- 
 dence of the thirteen colonies planted on the Atlantic coast, 
 and the establishment of a republic, under the name of the 
 United Slates of America. 
 
 5. The year after the treaty of peace had been signed at 
 Paris, the British Parliament made known its intention of 
 raising a revenue from America, and passed an act laying 
 duties upon certain colonial imports. The next year, name- 
 ly, 1765, the famous Stamp Act was passed, which ordained 
 that stamps should be fixed upon all bills, bonds, notes, 
 and other legal instruments executed in the colonies, as 
 well as upon newspapers, pamphlets, and other printed 
 matter. These stamps were to be bought of the English 
 government. 
 
 6. The Americans were very indignant when news came 
 of the passage of this act. It seemed to them very unjust 
 that their money should be taken from them by a body 
 of Englishmen three thousand miles away. The. colonists 
 were not represented in Parliament, and they maintained 
 that taxation and representation are inseparable. 
 
 7. The Assembly of Virginia was the first to send forth 
 resolutions against the Stamp Act. They were introduced 
 by Patrick Henry, and his wonderful eloquence secured 
 their adoption. The Assembly of Massachusetts recom- 
 mended that a congress be held, to consult for the common 
 welfare ; and for this purpose the delegates 'from nine 
 colonies assembled in New York, October *l, IT 65. This 
 body, known as the Colonial Congress, drew up a Declara- 
 tion of Rights, asserting that no taxes could justly be im- 
 posed upon the people of the colonies but by their own 
 
 4. What brought on the Revolution ? Result of the Revolution ? 
 
 5. What did the British Parliament do the year after peace was made ? When 
 
 was the Stamp Act passed, and what did it ordain ? 
 
 6. With what feelings did the Americans regard this act? What did they 
 
 maintain ? 
 
 7. What course was taken by the Assembly of Virginia, and what by that of 
 
 Massachusetts ? When and where did the delegates of the Colonial Congresi 
 assemble ? What was done by this Congress ? 
 
1767.] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 11 
 
 legislatures. A petition to the king, George III., and 
 memorials to Parliament, were also adopted. 
 
 8. When the day arrived on which the hated Stamp Act 
 was to go into operation, there were no stamps to be found 
 in the colonies. The bales sent from England had been 
 destroyed, hidden away, or returned. At first, no business 
 was done which required the use of stamps ; but in a short 
 time it was determined wholly to disregard the act. The 
 principal merchants agreed to import no more goods from 
 England while it remained a law. 
 
 9. In the spring of the next year, after a warm discus- 
 sion, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. William Pitt 
 and Edmund Burke, with others less famous, eloquently 
 advocated in Parliament the cause of the colonies. At 
 home the people had bold and able leaders. The names 
 of Patrick Henry, of Virginia, James Otis, Samuel Adams, 
 and John Adams, of Massachusetts, and of other patriotic 
 men, will always be remembered and honored throughout 
 our land for their wise words and deeds in those times. But 
 no name is more cherished than that of Benjamin Franklin, 
 who lived during those years in London, and was untiring 
 in his efforts to maintain his country's rights. 
 
 10. The project of obtaining money from America was 
 not relinquished by the king's ministers. Another scheme 
 was devised. By their advice, Parliament, in 1161, im- 
 posed duties to be paid by the colonists on tea, glass, 
 paper, and other articles of import. Other acts were also 
 passed, which were odious to the American people. The 
 same strong feeling of opposition that had been aroused 
 by the stamp tax, was again excited throughout the colonies. 
 Associations were again formed to abstain from importing 
 and using, not only the taxed articles, but, as much as 
 possible, all British merchandise. 
 
 8. What is said of stamps when the day on which the act was to go into operation 
 
 arrived? What of business ? What of the principal merchants ? 
 
 9. When did Parliament repeal the Stamp Act? What is said of William Pitt 
 
 (afterwards Lord Chatham) and Edmund Burke? What of patriotic lead- 
 ers in America ? Of Benjamin Franklin ? 
 10. What did Parliament do in 1767 ? Effect in America of the acts passed by 
 Parliament ? 
 
*IS THE REVOLUTION. [1768. 
 
 11. The Assembly and people of Massachusetts being 
 regarded by the authorities of England as most active in 
 rebellion, two regiments were sent to Boston. The troops 
 arrived in the autumn of IT 68, and landing, marched with 
 offensive parade into the town. The sight of armed men 
 sent to overawe the people and reduce them to subjection, 
 aroused the deepest feelings of indignation. 
 
 12. The British troops had remained in Boston nearly a 
 year and a half, when an event occurred which produced 
 great excitement. During all this time, there had been 
 much bad feeling between the soldiers and the populace, 
 and quarrels had taken place ; but on the 5th of March, 
 11T0, blood was shed. In the evening of that day, a crowd 
 of men and boys assaulted a small guard of soldiers. Pro- 
 voked by words and blows, the soldiers fired into the crowd, 
 killing three persons and wounding several others. The 
 story of the Boston Massacre, as it was called, served, 
 still more to inflame the passions of the people. 
 
 13. Parliament this year took off the duties from all 
 the articles except tea. A very small duty was retained 
 on tea, in order to establish the principle of the right to 
 tax the colonists. But this proceeding did not allay the 
 discontent of the Americans. They denied the right of 
 Parliament to tax them at all. 
 
 14. As no tea was imported by the colonists, the British 
 East India Company, in 11 13, resolved to send cargoes of 
 it to the principal ports of the provinces. Both the Com- 
 pany and the ministry thought that, if the tea could be 
 landed, it would be purchased, especially as an act had been 
 passed which enabled the Company to sell tea cheaper in 
 America than in England. But the people were on the 
 alert to thwart this plan. The tea ships which arrived at 
 New York and Philadelphia were sent quickly back to 
 
 11. Why were British troops sent to Boston ? and what is said of their arrival ? 
 
 12. Give an account of the Boston massacre. 
 
 13. What was done by Parliament in 1770 ? Why was the small duty retained on 
 
 tea ? How did the Americans regard this proceeding ? 
 
 14. What plan was formed to introduce tea into the colonies ? What was done 
 
 with the tea sent to New York and Philadelphia? With that sent to 
 Charleston ? 
 
1774.] CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 79 
 
 England with their cargoes. At Charleston the tea was 
 stored in damp cellars, where it soon spoiled. 
 
 15. The patriots of Boston demanded that the ships 
 which came there should return with their cargoes, to Eng- 
 land ; but the governor and other officials of the crown 
 refused to permit them to leave the port. Upon this a 
 party of men, disguised as Indians, — since popularly 
 called the Boston Tea Party, — on the evening of the 16th 
 of December, 1773, boarded the vessels and emptied the 
 tea — three hundred and forty-two chests — into the harbor. 
 
 16. As a punishment for this bold act, Parliament, the 
 next year, passed the Boston Port Bill, which closed the 
 harbor of Boston to commerce and navigation, and removed 
 the custom-house to Salem. About the same time other 
 unjust measures were adopted. More soldiers were sent 
 to General Thomas Gage, the commander-in-chief of the 
 British forces in America, now also appointed royal gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts. Salem refused to profit by the ruin 
 of her sister city, and freely offered her wharves to Boston 
 merchants. 
 
 17. Throughout all the colonies there now prevailed a 
 determination to make common cause against the op- 
 pressive measures of Great Britain. The great body of 
 the people resisted the aggressions of England, and were 
 called Whigs ; those who favored the British were called 
 Tories. 
 
 18. In September, 1774, a general congress convened 
 at Philadelphia. This is known as the First Continental 
 Congress. All the colonics were represented but Georgia. 
 This Congress sent forth a second Declaration of Rights, 
 and recommended an American Association pledged to hold 
 no commercial intercourse with Great Britain. It also 
 voted a new petition to the king, as well as addresses to 
 the people of Great Britain and Canada. 
 
 15. What was done with the tea sent to Boston ? 
 
 16. In what way did Parliament retaliate ? 
 
 17. What feeling prevailed throughout the colonies ? Who were called Whigs, 
 
 and who Tories ? 
 
 18. When and where did the First Continental Congress convene? How maay 
 
 •olonies were represented ? What was done by this Congress ? 
 
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 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
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THE REVOLUTION. 
 
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82 THE REVOLUTION. [1775. 
 
 19. But no petition could change the inflexible will of 
 George III. The king, the Parliament, and the people 
 of England were now determined to make the colonists 
 submit. Meanwhile these colonists were arming them- 
 selves for the conflict. In Massachusetts, a Committee of 
 Safety, with John Hancock as chairman, was formed, with 
 power to call out the militia of the province. A large 
 force was organized as minute men, being ready to take up 
 arms at a minute's warning. Such was the condition of 
 things that it needed but a single spark to light up the 
 flames of war. 
 
 II. THE WAR 
 
 1. From the Opening of the War to the Declaration 
 of Independence, 
 
 1. Events of 1775. — The first blood of the revolution- 
 ary War was shed at Lexington, Massachusetts, April 19, 
 1775. The night before, General Gage sent a detachment of 
 eight hundred soldiers from Boston to destroy some mil- 
 itary stores which the Americans had collected at Concord. 
 It was intended to make the movement a surprise ; but the 
 patriots of Boston gave the alarm as soon as the troops 
 had started, and the intelligence was swiftly borne into the 
 country. 
 
 2. Early the next morning, the red-coats, as the English 
 soldiers were often called, reached Lexington, where they 
 found about seventy men assembled in front of the meeting- 
 house. Major Pitcairn (pit'kdrn), one of the British of- 
 ficers, ro'de up to them, and cried out, "Disperse, you rebels ! 
 Throw down your arms, and disperse." Not being obeyed, 
 he ordered his soldiers to fire. They did so, killing eight of 
 the minute men, and wounding others. The rest dispersed. 
 
 3. The king's troops then marched on to Concord, where 
 they destroyed such of the stores as had not been removed, 
 
 19. What feeling now prevailed in England ? Meanwhile what were the colonists 
 doing? What is said of a Committee of Safety? Of minute men ? Of the 
 condition of affairs ? 
 
 1. When and where was the first blood of the Revolutionary war shed ? For 
 
 what purpose were British troops sent from Boston ? 
 
 2. Give an account of the affair at Lexington. 
 
 3. What is said of the British at Concord ? 
 
1775.] THE WAR. 83 
 
 and after a skirmish with the militia there assembled, be- 
 gan a hasty retreat ; and none too soon, for the enraged 
 couutry-people were hurrying up from all sides. From 
 behind trees, stone walls, and houses they fired upon the 
 enemy. On the way back, reinforcements met the British, 
 but the pursuit and firing were kept up till the troops 
 reached Charlestown. The Americans lost about ninety 
 men ; the loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and 
 missing, was three times as many. 
 
 4. News that the blood of Americans had been spilled 
 at Lexington and Concord by British soldiers, ran with hot 
 haste through the land, and everywhere caused intense 
 excitement. From all parts of New England, volunteers 
 hastened to Boston, and within a few days thousands of 
 the militia had assembled, and were holding the enemy 
 shut up in the town. 
 
 5. It was decided by some of the patriots to secure 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point, then held by a few British 
 soldiers. Accordingly, in May, a small band of volunteers 
 from Vermont and Connecticut, led by Ethan Allen and 
 Benedict Arnold, captured these forts, and thus obtained a 
 large amount of military stores, of which the Americans 
 stood in great need. 
 
 6. The Second Continental Congress met at Philadel- 
 phia, May 10, but a few hours, as it happened, after the 
 capture of Ticonderoga. This Congress assumed the au- 
 thority of a general government of the colonies. The army 
 about Boston was adopted as the Continental Army, and 
 George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief. 
 
 7. While Washington was on his way to take command 
 of the army, news met him that an important battle had 
 been fought. At the time of this conflict the British army 
 
 3. What of the retreat of the British ? Loss on each side ? 
 
 4. What was the effect of news of the affair at Lexington and Concord ? Where 
 
 is Lexington? (See Map, p. 81.) Where is Concord? 
 
 5. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
 
 6. Where and when did the Secoud Continental Congress meet? What was done 
 
 by this Congress ? 
 
 7. What news met Washington while he was on his way to the American army ? 
 
 What is said of the British array at this time ? 
 
u 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 [1775 
 
 Boston and Vicinity. 
 
 in Boston, having lately been increased by reinforcements 
 under the distinguished Generals Howe, Clinton, and Bur- 
 goyne', numbered more than ten thousand men. 
 
 8. The battle of Bunker Hill, as it is called, occurred 
 on the lTth of June. The preceding night, Colonel Prescott, 
 
 with about a thousand men, 
 was sent from the Ameri- 
 can camp to get the start 
 of the British, by being the 
 first to occupy the heights 
 of Charlestown. He was 
 ordered to take possession 
 of Bunker Hill, which is 
 the highest eminence ; but 
 Breed's Hill, being nearer to 
 Boston, was finally selected 
 as a better position for in- 
 vesting the town. Late in 
 the night the Americans be- 
 gan to construct a small redoubt on the summit where the 
 monument now stands to commemorate the battle. 
 
 9. In the morning the British opened fire upon the re- 
 doubt from ships in the harbor and from a battery in Boston ; 
 but the Americans kept steadily at their work. Before the 
 battle began they received reinforcements. In the after- 
 noon three thousand regulars, under command of General 
 Howe, advanced to dislodge them. Twice, the assailants, 
 when near the works, were repulsed by a fire which swept 
 down whole ranks of them. Being reenforced, they were 
 a third time led to the charge, and with better success. 
 The provincials, having now used up their ammunition, 
 slowly and reluctantly retreated. While the battle was 
 raging, Charlestown was set on fire by the enemy. 
 
 10. The loss of the British was more than a thousand men, 
 that of the Americans not half so many ; but among theif 
 
 8. When did the battle of Bunker Hill occur ? Give an account of operations the 
 
 night before. In what direction from Boston is Charlestown ? Cambridge J 
 See Map above. 
 
 9. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 10 What was the loss on each side ? 
 
1775] THE WAR. 85 
 
 killed was General Joseph Warren, one of the most active 
 and distinguished patriots of Boston. The result was very 
 encouraging to the Americans, while it mortified and dis- 
 pirited the British, who had often boasted that a few 
 regiments could conquer the whole country. 
 
 11. Washington reached Cambridge, the headquarters 
 of the American army, about a fortnight after the battle of 
 Bunker Hill. He found there a large body of provincials, 
 ignorant of regular warfare, and deficient in arms, ammuni- 
 tion, and other military stores. He at once set about 
 organizing and disciplining his soldiers, and, while using 
 every effort to obtain supplies, kept the enemy penned up 
 in Boston and Charlestown. 
 
 12. At the same time two expeditions were sent against 
 Canada. Their object was not to molest the inhabitants, 
 but to deprive the British of the province. One army went 
 by the way of Lake Cham plain. The command of this ex- 
 pedition was given to General Philip Schuyler (ski'ler), but 
 by his illness it soon devolved upon General Richard 
 Montgomery (mont-gum'er-i), a gallant and able officer, who 
 had served with Wolfe at the taking of Quebec. Mont- 
 gomery, after capturing some British forts, took possession 
 of Montreal and advanced down the St. Lawrence. 
 
 13. Meanwhile, the other invading force, led by Colonel 
 Benedict Arnold, ascended the Kennebec River, and, after 
 great suffering from hunger and fatigue in the wilderness, 
 approached Quebec. The forces of Montgomery and 
 Arnold were united, and an unsuccessful assault was made 
 upon Quebec on the last day of the year. In the conflict 
 Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded. After this 
 repulse, the Americans went into camp for the rest of the 
 winter. Early the next summer (1116) they were forced to 
 abandon the country. 
 
 10. What distinguished patriot was killed in the battle ? Result of the battle ? 
 -11. When did Washington reach Cambridge ? What did he find there, and what 
 did he set about doing ? .... 
 
 12. What two expeditions were sent out? What can you tell of the expedition 
 
 which went by the way of Lake Champlain ? 
 
 13. What can you tell of the other invading army ? Of the attack upon Quebec' 
 
 What befell the invaders the next summer ? 
 
8fl . THE REVOLUTION. [177a 
 
 14. During the first year of the war, royal authority 
 
 in the colonies came to an end, most of the king's gov- 
 ernors taking refuge on board English ships. Lord Dun- 
 more, the royal governor of Virginia, was particularly 
 active in the king's cause. Fearing Patrick Henry and 
 other Whigs, at length he fled to a British man-of-war. 
 Afterwards, on New Year's Day, 1776, he attacked and 
 burned Norfolk, the largest and richest town in Virginia. 
 The same fate had already fallen upon Falmouth (fal'muth), 
 now Portland, Maine, which was wantonly bombarded and 
 burned by one of the British naval officers who were threat- 
 ening the coast of New England. 
 
 15. Events of 1776. — The condition of his army pre- 
 vented Washington from beginning active operations against 
 the enemy in Boston till the spring of 1776. On the night 
 of March 4, he sent a body of troops to take possession of 
 Dorchester (now South Boston) Heights. By morning, 
 fortifications had been thrown up, which threatened the 
 harbor and the town. 
 
 16. Sir William Howe, who had succeeded General 
 Gage, being unwilling to learn again the lesson of Bunker 
 Hill, finally concluded to give up Boston to the Americans. 
 Accordingly, on the 17th of March, he evacuated, the town, 
 his army and more than a thousand Tories embarking on 
 board ships for Halifax. The British were permitted to 
 retire unmolested, it being understood that, in this case, 
 they would not destroy the town. 
 
 17. Fearing that the British fleet, on leaving Boston, 
 would sail for New York, Washington moved most of his 
 army to that city. Part of his forces he placed at Brooklyn, 
 on Long Island, to defend the approach from that direction; 
 the rest he stationed in New York. It was supposed that 
 the enemy would endeavor to capture this place, as it was 
 a central position for operating against the colonies. 
 
 14. What is said of royal authority in the colonies, and of the kind's governors i 
 
 Of Lord Dunmore and the destruction of Norfolk ? Of Portland ? 
 
 15. What steps did Washington take to dislodg-e the enemy from Boston ? 
 
 16. When did the British evacuate Boston ? What of Tories ? 
 
 17. Where did Washington next move his army ? Where did he place his forces i 
 
 Why was it supposed the British would endeavor to capture New York ? 
 
1776.] THE WAR. 87 
 
 18. In the winter, Sir Henry Clinton, with British troops, 
 had sailed southward from Boston. Having been joined 
 by a powerful squadron from Great Britain, under Sir Peter 
 Parker, he appeared early in June before Charleston, 
 South Carolina. The harbor was guarded by a rude fort 
 on Sullivan's Island, held by Colonel Moultrie (mole'tri) 
 with a few hundred men. 
 
 19. On the 28th of June the British attacked the fort 
 both by sea and land, and were repulsed with the loss of 
 many men, and with much damage to their ships. The 
 fort was afterwards named Fort Moultrie, in honor of its 
 brave defender. In a few days the British sailed for New 
 York, and for two years and a half the southern colonies 
 had a respite from the calamities of war. 
 
 2, From the Declaration of Independence to the Inva- 
 sion of Georgia. War chiefly in the North. 
 
 20. Events of 1778, continued. — England had declared 
 the colonists rebels, and, to subdue them, she determined to 
 increase her army in America by sending over, not only 
 British soldiers, but also seventeen thousand German troops 
 hired of their rulers. Most of these mercenaries were 
 Hessians, from Hesse Cassel (hess leas' sel). So far the 
 colonies had been struggling for a redress of grievances ; 
 but the war was now to be carried on for independence. 
 
 21. Early in June, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, in- 
 troduced into Congress,, then sitting in the State House 
 at Philadelphia, a resolution, declaring that These United 
 Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States. After much deliberation, Congress agreed to this 
 resolution, and July 4, 11*76, adopted a Declaration of 
 Independence drawn up by Thomas Jefferson. The date 
 of its adoption is recognized as the birthday of the nation. 
 
 18. Give an account of the expedition which went against Charleston. How was 
 
 the harbor guarded ? 
 
 19. What can you tell of the attack upon the fort ? What name was given the 
 
 f° r t ■ How lon^ before war was again carried on in the southern colonies ? 
 
 20. In what way did England determine to increase her army in America ? 
 
 21. What resolution did Richard Henry Lee introduce into Congress ? Who 
 
 drew up the Declaration of Independence, and when was it adopted ? What 
 further is said of this Declaration ? 
 
88 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 [177ft 
 
 Throughout the land, now first named the United States of 
 America, the declaration was received with great joy. 
 
 22. Just before this time, 
 General Howe had arrived 
 in New York harbor, from 
 Halifax, with the garrison 
 he had taken from Boston, 
 and with other soldiers. 
 He was soon joined by 
 his brother, Admiral Lord 
 Howe, from England, who 
 brought large reinforce- 
 ments, and by Clinton, with 
 the troops lately repulsed 
 at Sullivan's Island. The 
 British commander now had 
 an army of near thirty 
 
 thousand veteran troops ; 
 Washington's army was 
 much smaller, and was, be- 
 sides, poorly armed and 
 disciplined. 
 
 23. General Howe first 
 moved against the Ameri- 
 can troops on Long Island, 
 who only four days before 
 this attack had been placed 
 under the command of Gen- 
 eral Israel Putnam, a brave 
 old soldier, who had served 
 in the French and Indian 
 New York and vicinity. War. The battle occurred 
 
 August 21, and resulted in a victory for the British. On 
 the second night after this defeat Washington secretly and 
 skilfully withdrew his troops from Long Island to New York. 
 
 22. What British forces arrived in New York harbor ? What is said of the 
 
 opposing armies ? 
 
 23. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. What did Washington do aftel 
 
 this defeat. 
 
1776.] THE WAR. 89 
 
 24. Soon afterwards he removed his army to Harlem 
 Heights, in the northern part of New York Island, and 
 the British took possession of the city, September 15. To 
 prevent the enemy from gaining the rear of his camp, the 
 American commander was next compelled to retire to 
 White Plains, where a partial action took place near the 
 end of October, in which the British had the advantage. 
 Washington then retired a few miles farther north, to a, 
 strong position on the heights of North Castle. 
 
 25. The British general now began to retrace his steps, 
 and on the 16th of November attacked Fort Washington, 
 a post on the Hudson, in the northern part of New York 
 Island. After a brave defence, the garrison of nearly three 
 thousand men was forced to surrender. Seeing that the 
 British intended to enter New Jersey, Washington crossed 
 over into that state with the main body of his army. A 
 stronger force under Lord Cornwallis (korn-wol'lis) fol- 
 lowed, and closely pursuing the patriot troops, obliged them 
 to retreat through New Jersey to Trenton, where they 
 crossed the Delaware, near the end of the year. 
 
 26. This was the gloomiest period of the war. Since 
 the landing of the enemy on Long Island, there had been 
 for the Americans little else than disasters and retreats. 
 The city of New York was in the hands of the British ; 
 they had overrun New Jersey. Washington's soldiers, 
 now a feeble remnant of an army, were poorly clad, poorly 
 armed, and disheartened. A fleet from New York had 
 just taken possession of Newport, then the second town in 
 New England. To add to these and other discouragements, 
 many persons of wealth and influence, believing the cause 
 to be lost, were going over to the enemy. 
 
 27. Having received some reinforcements, Washington, 
 by a bold stroke, revived the spirits of his countrymen. At 
 
 14. Give an account of the operations of the opposing 1 armies, including the battle 
 of White Plains, and the retreat of the Americans to North Castle. 
 
 25. Give an account of the capture of Fort Washington. Of the retreat and pur- 
 suit through New Jersey. Where is Trenton ? (See Map, p. 81.) 
 
 £6. What is said about this period of the war ? What of New York and New 
 Jersey? Of Washington's army? Of Newport? What other injury to 
 the American cause is" mentioned ? Where is Newport ? (See Map, p. 81 ) 
 
00 THE REVOLUTION. [1777. 
 
 the head of twenty-four hundred men he recrossed the 
 Delaware on the stormy night of Christmas, while the river 
 was full of floating ice, and in the morning of December 
 
 26. suddenly fell upon a body of Hessians at Trenton, and 
 took nearly a thousand prisoners. The Americans lost 
 only four men — two killed, and two frozen to death. 
 
 28. Events of 1777. — Late in the afternoon, a week 
 later, Lord Cornwallis reached Trenton with a large force. 
 The hostile armies were separated by a small stream when 
 the British general encamped for the night, intending to 
 crush his adversary in the morning. Being too weak to 
 risk an engagement, Washington, by a circuitous route, 
 made a rapid night-march to Princeton, where, early in the 
 morning, January 3, he surprised a detachment which was 
 on the way to join Cornwallis, routed it, and took about 
 three hundred prisoners. 
 
 29. As soon as Cornwallis heard the firing at Princeton, 
 and saw the deserted camp, he turned in pursuit ; but he 
 was unable to overtake the patriot army. Washington 
 encamped in a region difficult of access for an enemy, his 
 headquarters being at Morristown. By sending out detach- 
 ments to harass the British, he soon cleared New Jersey of 
 hostile troops, excepting at New Brunswick andAinboy'. 
 The brilliant exploits at Trenton and Princeton gained for 
 Washington, both at home and abroad, great glory as a 
 prudent, daring, and skilful commander. 
 
 30. No very important enterprises were undertaken by 
 either army for about six months. Washington, meanwhile, 
 was reorganizing and disciplining his forces. The chief 
 expedition sent out by the British commander during this 
 time was led by General Tryon, late royal governor of New 
 York. This officer, near the end of April, went up Long 
 Island Sound with two thousand men, and landed in Con- 
 
 27. Give an account of Washington's victory at Trenton. 
 
 28. What can you tell of the hostile armies a week later, and of Washington's 
 
 success at Princeton ? Where is Princeton ? (See Map, p. 81.) 
 
 29. What can you tell of the pursuit of Washington by Cornwallis ? How was 
 
 most of New Jersey recovered from the British ? Where is Morristown I 
 (See Map, p. 81.) New Brunswick ? Amboy ? 
 
 30. How was Washington employed for some months? What can you tell of 
 
 Tryon's expedition into Connecticut ? 
 
17770 THE WAR. 91 
 
 necticut. Marching into the country, he destroyed the 
 public stores at Danbury, and set fire to the town. The 
 militia and a few continental troops bravely attacked the 
 invaders, and pursued them back to their boats. 
 
 31. In the spring of this year, the Marquis de Lafayette 
 (lah-fd-et 1 ), a wealthy French nobleman, not yet twenty 
 years old, fitted out a vessel and crossed the ocean to 
 fig-ht for American freedom. While many officers from 
 Europe sought for high rank in the patriot forces, and for 
 money, this gallant Frenchman offered to serve as a volun- 
 teer, and without pay. Congress, however, soon appointed 
 him a major-general. He proved to be an able officer, and 
 became the trusted friend of Washington. He won the 
 hearts of the people whom he came to aid, and no native 
 of a foreign land has ever been held by the Americans in 
 so high honor. Lafayette brought with him the Baron de 
 Kalb, a German veteran, and several other officers. 
 
 32. Two brave and distinguished Poles, Thaddeus Kos- 
 ci-us'ko and Count Pulaski [pu-las'kl), served in the patriot 
 army, and left honored names in American history. The 
 German, De Kalb, and the Pole, Pulaski, both gave their 
 lives for the cause* they had embraced. But perhaps no 
 one who came from abroad to help us gain our indepen- 
 dence, Lafayette excepted, did so important service as the 
 Baron Steuben (slu'ben)*, a Prussian, who arrived in the 
 country near the close of this year. After he was ap- 
 pointed inspector-general, he thoroughly trained the Ameri- 
 can army, and by his rare skill and untiring efforts, soon 
 made its soldiers worthy to be ranked with veterans. 
 
 33. Near the end of May, Washington placed his main 
 army in a strong position so as to be ready to oppose the 
 British, should they attempt to advance towards Phila- 
 delphia. General Howe, after unsuccessfully manoeuvring 
 to entice the Americans from their strong post, suddenly 
 
 * German pronunciation stoi'ben. 
 
 31. What did the Marquis de Lafayette do in the spring' of this ye&r ? What offer 
 
 did he make, and what did Congress do? What more can you tell of 
 Lafayette? 
 
 32. What can you tell of Kosciusko, Pulaski, and De Kalb ? Of Raron Steuben? 
 
 33. What did Washington do near the end of May ? What did Howe do ? 
 
92 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 [1777. 
 
 crossed over to Stat'en Island, and put to sea with his 
 brother's fleet and about eighteen thousand men. 
 
 34. After a pe- 
 riod of suspense, 
 news came that the 
 British fleet was 
 ascending Chesa- 
 peake Bay, and it 
 was then certain 
 that the enemy in- 
 tended to march 
 upon Philadelphia. 
 fr- Washington was 
 ready, though with 
 but eleven thou- 
 sand effective men, 
 to oppose the in- 
 vading forces. The 
 armies met at 
 Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine, September 11, and after 
 an engagement that lasted nearly all day, the Americans 
 retreated. Congress adjourned, first to Lancaster, and then 
 to York, Pennsylvania, where it remained while the British 
 held Philadelphia. 
 
 35. Near the end of September the British entered 
 Philadelphia. Their fleet now went out of the Chesapeake 
 and came round into the Delaware. Howe sent a detach- 
 ment of his troops to aid in reducing two forts which com- 
 manded the river below the city. The main body of the 
 royal army was encamped at G-ermantown, and here 
 Washington attacked it by surprise early in the morning 
 of October 4. It seemed at first as if the enterprise would 
 be successful ; but after a severe action the Americans 
 were repulsed with the loss of over a thousand men, 
 being double that of the British. 
 
 34. What can you tell of the battle of Brandywine ? What of Congress ? 
 
 35. When did the British take possession of Philadelphia ? What did the British 
 
 next do ? Give an account of the.battle of Germantown. In what direction 
 is Chad's Ford from Philadelphia? Germantown from Philadelphia? (Seo 
 Map above.) 
 
1777.] THE WAR. 93 
 
 36. Ports Mercer and Mifflin, on the Delaware, bravely 
 withstood the assaults of the land force and the ships sent 
 against them. An attack in October was repulsed with 
 great loss to the assailants ; but before the close of autumn 
 the garrisons were compelled to abandon these defences, 
 and the Delaware was thus opened to the British fleet. 
 
 37. In December, the troops under Washington went 
 into winter quarters at Valley Forge. While the British 
 were enjoying their comfortable quarters in Philadelphia, 
 the patriots at Valley Forge were crouching in their log 
 huts, where they suffered terribly from cold, disease, and 
 the want of food and clothing. 
 
 38. The success of the British in Pennsylvania this year 
 was more than balanced by disasters which befell them in 
 the north, through Burgoyne's invasion. A plan had been 
 formed to cut off New England from the other states by 
 means of an army from Canada, which should move up 
 Lake Champlain and down the Hudson. To execute this 
 plan, General Burgoyne had in all near ten thousand men, 
 regulars, Tories, Canadians, and Indians. 
 
 39. Passing up the lake, he invested Fort Ticonderoga, 
 July 1. General St. Clair, who was holding this post with 
 three thousand men, abandoned it, and, after suffering much 
 loss in the retreat, joined General Schuyler, the commander 
 of the northern army, who was then at Fort Edward. 
 
 40. Schuyler retired on the approach of Burgoyne, and 
 finally took post at the mouth of the Mohawk. By felling 
 trees and demolishing bridges, he had obstructed the route 
 of the invaders, and made their advance extremely slow 
 and difficult. It was the end of the month before Burgoyne 
 reached Fort Edward, whence, after stopping some days, 
 he advanced along the east bank of the Hudson. Dif- 
 ficulties soon began to thicken around him. 
 
 36. What is said of Forts Mercer and Mifflin ? 
 
 37. Where did Washington go into winter quarters, and what is said of the 
 
 patriot troops ? Where is Valley Forge i (See Map, p. 92.) 
 
 38. What plan was Burgoyne to try to execute ? How large was his army ? 
 
 39. What fort did he invest ? What is said of St. Clair ? 
 
 40. Who was the commander of the northern army, and where did he finally take 
 
 post ? What is said of the advance of Burgoyne ? 
 
94 
 
 %BM BEVOMJTION. 
 
 H777. 
 
 41. Just before mor- 
 ing forward from Fort 
 Edward, Burgoyne de- 
 spatched Colonel Baum 
 (bowm) > with five hun- 
 dred men, to seize some 
 stores collected at Ben- 
 nington, Vermont. This 
 detachment and another 
 sent to reenforce it were 
 totally defeated. August 
 16, by Colonel John 
 Stark, with New Eng- 
 land militia. Victory or 
 death was the resolve of 
 Stark, as he led on his 
 men. " There they are," 
 he exclaimed ; "we beat 
 to-day, or Molly Stark's 
 a widow ! ,; 
 
 42. The invasion re- 
 ceived another check. 
 Colonel St. Leger had 
 
 Burgoyne's Expedition. Saratoga and Vicinity. been S6nt with a detach- 
 
 ment to sweep through the Mohawk Valley, from the west, 
 and join the main army at Albany. With a large force of 
 regulars, Canadians, Tories, and Indians, he laid siege to 
 Fort Schuyler, where Rome now is. General Herkimer 
 hastened with a body of militia to the relief of the garrison, 
 but was stopped at Oris'kany, where he fell into an 
 ambuscade. In this bloody conflict Herkimer was mortal- 
 ly wounded. General Arnold then marched to the assist- 
 ance of the besieged. Hearing that Arnold was approach- 
 ing, the Indians fled, and St. Leger gave up the siege. 
 
 43. Reinforcements were pouring into the. American 
 
 41. Give an account of the battle of Bennington. Where is Bennington ? 
 
 .42. For what purpose had an expedition been sent under St. Leger ? What of the 
 siege Of Fort Schuyler, and the battle of Oris'kany ? How was the garrison 
 relieved ? Where was Ft.Schuyler ? (See Map, p. 81.) Oriskany ? 
 
 ! 713 
 
1777.] THE WAR. 95 
 
 camp. Just as General Schuyler was in condition to con- 
 front the invaders with a good prospect of success, he was 
 superseded by General Gates. At length Burgoyne crossed 
 the Hudson and advanced down the river. On the 19th 
 of September the armies met at Be'mis's Heights, near 
 Saratoga, and an indecisive battle was fought. On the 7 th 
 of the next month a second battle occurred near the same 
 place, resulting in a decided advantage to the Americans. 
 In these battles Colonel Daniel Morgan so skilfully led his 
 riflemen as greatly to increase his fame. General Arnold, 
 though without any regular command, was the animating 
 spirit in the last conflict, and displayed reckless daring. 
 
 44. The situation of the royal army had now become 
 nearly hopeless ; the troops were exhausted with toil and 
 watching ; they attempted to retreat, but found that all 
 avenues of escape had been closed ; their provisions were 
 almost gone. On the 17th of October Burgoyne surren- 
 dered, at Saratoga, his whole army of near six thousand men. 
 
 45. Clinton had led a strong force some distance up the 
 Hudson to assist the army from Canada. But these troops 
 were too late to aid Burgoyne, and after his surrender they 
 returned to New York. They had captured two forts in 
 the Highlands, burned houses, and plundered property. 
 
 46. In November, 1777, Congress agreed upon Articles 
 of Confederation, which should form the constitution of 
 the new nation, after they had been approved by all the 
 states In the spring of 1781 all the states had adopted • 
 these Articles. 
 
 47. Events of 1778. — The loss of Burgoyne's army, and 
 fear that France was about to take part in the contest, 
 caused the British government, early in 1778, to offer to 
 concede all that the colonies had asked for at the begin- 
 ning of the controversy. Commissioners were sent over 
 from England to bring about a reconciliation, but the 
 
 43. By whom was Schuyler superseded, and under what circumstances ? What 
 
 is said of the two battles near Saratoga ? Of Morgan and Arnold ? 
 
 44. What, can you tell of Burgoyne's situation, and of his surrender ? 
 
 45. What is said of a force sent from New York to relieve Burgoyne ? 
 
 46. What is said of Articles of Confederation ? 
 
 47. What offer was mar 1 '* by the British government early in 1778 ? 
 
96 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 [1778 
 
 offers came too late. Congress refused to treat unless 
 the independence of the states should be first acknowl 
 edged, or the British forces withdrawn. 
 
 48. Another event which 
 resulted from Burgoyne's sur- 
 render produced great joy in 
 America. Early in February 
 Prance acknowledged the in- 
 dependence of the United 
 States, and made treaties of 
 friendship, commerce, and al- 
 liance with the infant republic. 
 '-.*< ^ n^ -_:- , v:gg Before this the French gov- 
 
 ernment had secretly aided 
 the Americans with arms and 
 supplies. The distinguished 
 Benjam Dr. Franklin, then over seven- 
 
 ty years old, was the leading commissioner for the United 
 States at the French court. He managed affairs so wisely, 
 and* was held in so high regard at the French capital, that 
 we may well believe no other American could have done so 
 much there for his country as he did. 
 
 49. Early in the summer, a French fleet was on its way 
 to the assistance of the Americans. As Philadelphia could 
 not safely be held after the arrival of this fleet, Sir Henry- 
 Clinton, who had lately superseded General Howe, evac- 
 uated the city, June 18, and crossed over into New Jersey, 
 intending to concentrate the royal forces in New York. 
 
 50. Washington immediately followed, and on the morn- 
 ing of June 28, overtook the enemy at Monmouth (mon'- 
 muth) Court House, where a battle was fought. At first 
 the Americans came near meeting with serious disaster 
 through the misconduct of General Charles Lee, who led 
 
 47. What reply did Congress make to the offers ? 
 
 48. What step did Burgoyne's surrender cause France to take ? What is said of 
 
 Dr. Franklin at the French court ? 
 
 49. Why did the British evacuate Philadelphia, and when ? Where was it in- 
 
 tended to concentrate the roval troops ? 
 
 50. Give an account of the battle" of Monmouth. Where was Monmouth? (See 
 
 Map, " Part of New Jersey," p. 81.) 
 
1778.] THE WAR. 9T 
 
 the van of the pursuing army. But Washington arrived at 
 the critical moment, checked the retreat of Lee's troops, 
 and restored the order of battle. Night put an end to the 
 action, and, under cover of darkness, Clinton silently with- 
 drew his troops and marched for New York. 
 
 51. Washington crossed the Hudson, and encamped at 
 White Plains. The main army remained several months 
 on the east side of the river, not far from New York ; but, 
 during the winter, the troops were cantoned on both sides 
 of the Hudson, the headquarters being at Middlebrook, in 
 New Jersey. 
 
 52. In the summer of this year, the lovely valley of 
 Wyo'ming (wi-o'ming), in Pennsylvania, was the scene of 
 a horrid massacre. A large body of Tories and Indians, led 
 by Colonel John Butler, made a descent into the valley, from 
 Western New York, butchered the inhabitants, and laid 
 waste the settlement. In the fall, Cherry Valley, in New 
 York, suffered almost a like fate from Tories and Indians. 
 
 53. Early in July, the French fleet, under Count 
 D'Estaing (des-tan[g']) f * sent to aid the Americans, ap- 
 peared in Delaware Bay. D'Estaing soon afterwards sailed 
 for Newport, then held by six thousand British troops. It 
 having been decided to make an attack upon the enenry here, 
 General Sullivan landed on the Island of Rhode Island, with 
 militia and continental troops, to cooperate with the French 
 ships off Newport. Just before the land and naval forces 
 were ready to begin the attack, the British fleet, under 
 Lord Howe, was seen coming to relieve the town. 
 
 54. D'Estaing sailed out to give battle, but a furious 
 storm prevented an engagement, and so crippled his ships 
 that he afterwards put into the harbor of Boston to refit. 
 
 * See note, p. 55. 
 
 51. Where was Washington's main army for several months ? During the winter ? 
 
 Where is Middlebrook ? (See Map, " Part of New Jersey." p. 80.) 
 
 52. Give an account of the attack upon the valley of Wyoming. The attack upon 
 
 Cherry Valley. Where is the Wyoming Valley ? (See Map, p. 81.) Where 
 is Cherry Valley ? 
 
 53. When and where did the French fleet arrive, and under whom ? What place 
 
 did the French intend to attack, and who cooperated ? What happened just 
 before the attack was to be made ? 
 64. What caused the attack upon Newport to be given up ? 
 
 7 
 
98 THE REVOLUTION. [1778. 
 
 The enterprise had now to be abandoned. Although Sullivan 
 was obliged to retreat, he was able to check the pursuit of 
 the enemy, in a sharp action which occurred in the northern 
 end of the island. 
 
 3. From the Invasion of Georgia to the Close of the 
 War. War chiefly in the South. 
 
 55. Events of 1778, continued. — Towards the close of 
 11*78, the south began to be the principal theatre of the 
 war, and Georgia, the weakest of the southern states, was 
 the first to be attacked. Late in December, Colonel Camp- 
 bell,* with thirty-five hundred troops from New York, 
 landed near Savannah. They found there only about a 
 thousand men, under General Robert Howe, to oppose 
 them. These were surprised and completely routed, and 
 the town fell into the hands of the English, December 29. 
 
 56. Events of 1779. — The year 17*79 is distinguished 
 for nothing very decisive in the war of the Revolution. 
 A few da} r s after the fall of Savannah, General Prevost 
 (pre-vost') arrived with royal troops that had been stationed 
 in Florida, and assumed the chief command. A detach- 
 ment which he sent out, captured Augusta, and soon the 
 subjugation of Georgia was completed, in spite of the 
 efforts of General Lincoln (ling'kun), the American com- 
 mander at the south. 
 
 5*7. Two encounters are worthy of mention. In the 
 first, a body of militia, led by Colonel Pickens, defeated 
 seven hundred Tories, as they were on their way to the 
 British camp ; in the second, a detachment of Americans, 
 under General Ashe (ash), was routed at Brier Creek. 
 Having conquered Georgia, Prevost marched against 
 Charleston, South Carolina; but, as the town was prepared 
 to make a stout resistance and General Lincoln was coming 
 
 * Pronounced Jcam'bel or Team' el. 
 
 54. What did Sullivan do ? 
 
 55. When did the South beg-in to be the principal theatre of the war ? What 
 
 state was first attacked ? Give an account of the fall of Savannah. 
 
 56. What is said of the year 1779 ? Of General Prevost ? Of the subjugation of 
 
 Georgia ? 
 67. What is said of a victory gained by Colonel Pickens ? Of the engagement at 
 Brier Creek ? Of the attempt of Prevost to capture Charleston ? 
 
1779.] THE WAR. 99 
 
 with his army to its relief, the British general quickly gave 
 up his design. After some fighting the main body of the 
 enemy returned to Georgia. 
 
 58. When D'Estaing had repaired his ships in Boston, 
 he sailed for the West Indies, to operate against the Eng- 
 lish there. In September of this year, he appeared with a 
 large fleet before Savannah, and laid siege to the town, 
 General Lincoln cooperating. On the 9th of October, the 
 combined forces made an assault upon the enemy's works, 
 and were repulsed with great loss. In this assault the 
 gallant Count Pulaski was mortally wounded. The French 
 reembarked, and the Americans retired to Charleston. 
 
 59. In the mean time Clinton, in the north, was mainly 
 employed in holding New York, and sending out expedi- 
 tions to destroy towns on the coast, and to pillage the 
 country. One body of marauders invaded Virginia, an- 
 other, led by the infamous Tryon, burned and plundered 
 towns in Connecticut. 
 
 60. About the beginning of summer, Clinton went up 
 the Hudson, and captured Stony Point and Verplanck's 
 Point, where he left strong garrisons. The American 
 forces were so small that Washington could only act on 
 the defensive ; but his vigilance prevented the British from 
 gaining command of the Hudson above these works, and 
 thus severing New England from the other states. 
 
 61. One of the most brilliant achievements of the 
 Revolution was the storming of Stony Point, and its re- 
 capture from the British by General Anthony Wayne, with 
 troops from Washington's army. Near midnight, July 15, 
 the assault was made, and the garrison forced to surrender 
 at the point of the bayonet. About a month later, Major 
 Henry Lee, with similar daring, surprised and captured a 
 British garrison at Paulus Hook, now Jersey City. 
 
 58. Where did D'Estaing- sail after repairing his ships at Boston ? What caa ' 
 
 you tell of the attempt to recover Savannah ? 
 
 59. Meanwhile how was Clinton employed ? What is said of two marauding ex- 
 
 peditions ? 
 
 60. What posts had Clinton captured ? What is said of the American forces ? 
 
 61. What can you tell of the storming of Stony Point ? Of the capture of the 
 
 British garrison at Paulus Hook ? 
 
100 THE REVOLUTION. [1779. 
 
 62. Late in the summer of this year, General Sullivan 
 led an army of about five thousand men to chastise the 
 Indians of Western New York for their atrocious deeds at 
 Wyoming, Cherry Valley, and other places. Sullivan routed 
 a body of Indians and Tories where Elmira now is, and then, 
 proceeding northward and westward, burned the Indian 
 villages, destroyed the fields of corn and the orchards, lay- 
 ing waste the country to the Genesee (jen-e-see 1 ) River. 
 
 63. The Americans had made war on the sea as well as 
 on the land. In the first year of the contest, 1*7*75, steps were 
 taken by Congress to create a little navy. Many privateers 
 were afterwards sent out ; and these took hundreds of Eng- 
 lish merchant vessels as prizes. 
 
 64. The most celebrated of the naval commanders in the 
 service of the United States was John Paul Jones. In 
 September, 1*7*79, while cruising near the coast of England 
 with the Bon Homme Richard (bo-nom're-shar'), and other 
 ships fitted out in France, he captured two British vessels 
 of war, after one of the most desperate naval combats on 
 record. In the summer of this year Spain allied herself 
 with France in the war against England. 
 
 65. In the autumn, Clinton withdrew the troops from 
 Newport, which the British had held nearly three years. 
 The outposts on the Hudson were also given up, and their 
 garrisons called to New York. Leaving a strong force to 
 hold that place, Clinton, near the end of December, sailed 
 south with seven thousand troops and a large fleet. 
 
 66. Events of 1780. — Georgia having been subdued, 
 the war was now to be carried into the Carolinas. In the 
 spring, the land force under Clinton, aided by the fleet, laid 
 siege to Charleston. After a gallant defence of several 
 weeks, General Lincoln, still the commander at the south, 
 
 P^. Give an account of Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of Western 
 
 New York. 
 ba. What is said of war on the sea ? Of the American navy, and of privateers ? 
 
 64. What is said of John Paul Jones, and a naval victory which he gained ? What 
 
 did Spain do in the summer of 1779. ? 
 
 65. What posts did Clinton give up in the autumn? After this, what did he do ? 
 *6. Where was the war to be carried in 1780 ? What can you tell of the sieg« 
 
 of Charleston ? 
 
1780.] THE WAR. 1G>. 
 
 was compelled, May 12, to surrender the town, with its 
 defenders, to the enemy. 
 
 67. Clinton next sent expeditions into the interior. A 
 detachment of mounted men, under Colonel Tarleton, over- 
 took and defeated a body of American troops at Waxhaw 
 Creek. This was one of Tarleton's bloody exploits. Most 
 of the Americans were killed or maimed after they had 
 begged for quarter." Having overrun South Carolina, and 
 stationed garrisons in various parts of the state, Clinton 
 returned to New York with a large body of. his troops, 
 leaving Lord Cornwallis in command at the south. 
 
 68. Congress gave General Gates command of the south- 
 ern department. He hastily marched against the enemy in 
 the Carolinas, and, August 16, met Cornwallis in the battle 
 of Sanders' Creek, near Camden. It ended in the complete 
 rout of the Americans. At the first onset, the militia threw 
 down their arms and fled. The regular troops, whom 
 Washington had sent from his army, fought bravely, but 
 they, too, at length gave way. The brave Baron de Kalb 
 was mortally wounded. Two days after this defeat, a body 
 of American troops, under Colonel Sumter, was surprised 
 and scattered by Tarleton's cavalry. 
 
 69. Cornwallis was now master of South Carolina, and he 
 treated the Whigs with great severity. But his harsh and 
 cruel measures could not crush out all resistance. The daring 
 leaders, Francis Marion (mdr'e-un) and Thomas Sumter, 
 with such irregular troops as they could collect, were 
 always on the watch to injure the enemy. They struck 
 the invaders and the Tories many a sudden blow. 
 
 TO. Not long after his victory over Gates, Cornwallis 
 moved his army into North Carolina, to attempt the con- 
 quest of that state. He had detached Major Ferguson with 
 troops to crush opposition and rouse the Tories in the 
 
 67. What is said of expeditions ? The affair at Waxhaw Creek? Where is Wax- 
 
 haw Creek ? (See Map, p. 80.) What of Clinton ? 
 
 68. Whom did Congress appoint to command in the south ? Give an account of 
 
 the hattle of Sanders' Creek. Where is Camden ? (See Map, p. 80.) What 
 befell Sumter's troops ? 
 
 69. What is said of Cornwallis's course in S. Carolina? Of Marion and Sumte* ' 
 
 70. What did Cornwallis attempt not long after defeating Gates ? 
 
102 THE REVOLUTION. [1780, 
 
 western part of the Carolinas. The Tories and regulars, 
 under Ferguson, met with a total defeat, October 7, at 
 King's Mountain, at the hands of about a thousand 
 mounted backwoodsmen. Alarmed by this disaster, Corn- 
 wallis marched back into South Carolina. In December, 
 General Nathanael Greene, one of Washington's best 
 generals, took command in the south in the place of Gates. 
 
 71. No important enterprise was • undertaken in the 
 Northern States this year. The troops of Washington, in 
 huts near Morristown, suffered extremely from the severe 
 cold of the' " hard winter 7; of 1779-80, and from the want 
 of provisions. Owing to the state of the finances it was 
 difficult to obtain supplies for the army. Congress had to 
 depend almost wholly upon paper money to carry on the 
 war ; and so enormous an amount of it had been issued, that 
 in the spring of this year forty paper dollars were worth 
 only a single dollar in specie. The people feared that the 
 bills would never be paid. In after years this continental 
 money, as it was called, became almost worthless. 
 
 72. Lafayette had spent the winter in France, and, mainly 
 by his efforts, King Louis XVI. was induced to send an- 
 other French fleet and army to aid the Americans. In 
 July, the fleet, under Admiral de Ternay,* arrived at New- 
 port, bringing more than five thousand soldiers, commanded 
 by Count de Kpchambeau.f These troops remained at 
 Newport for some months tp protect their ships from an 
 expected attack by a superior British fleet. 
 
 73. It was in September, 1780, that the treason of 
 Arnold was brought to light. This officer had been one 
 cf the bravest and most active defenders of the patriot 
 cause ; but now his feelings had become embittered against 
 the government, and he was distressed by his debts. To 
 
 * de (e like e in matter) ter-na'. t ro-sh$n[g]-bo' . 
 
 70. What can you tell of the defeat of the enemy at King's Mountain ? TV 3iot did 
 
 Oornwallis then do ? By whom was Gates superseded, and when ? 
 
 71. What is said of Washington's troops ? Of the finances and paper money ? 
 
 72. What is said of Lafayette ? When and where did a French fleet and army 
 
 arrive, and under whom ? Why did the French troops remain at Newport ? 
 
 73. When was the treason of Arnold brought to light ? What is said of Arnold'l 
 
 services, and of his feelings at this time ? 
 
1780.] THE WAR. 103 
 
 gratify his personal enmity, and to obtain money, this 
 selfish and wayward man resolved to turn traitor to his 
 country. He obtained command of the important fortress 
 of West Point, which guarded the Hudson, and offered to 
 deliver it into the hands of the enemy. 
 
 74. Major Andre (an'drd), a young and accomplished 
 British officer, was sent to meet Arnold below West Point 
 to make the final arrangements. The interview took place, 
 and Andre*, in disguise, set out to return to New York on 
 horseback. While on the road he was stopped by three 
 armed militia-men. They searched him, and found papers 
 in his boots, which revealed the plot. Arnold, hearing of 
 Andrews capture, fled to the British, who gave him the price 
 of his infamy — a large sum of money, and the rank of 
 brigadier general. Andre was tried, and hanged as a spy. 
 
 75. Events of 1781. — The very first day of 1781 — the 
 decisive year of the war — was marked by an event which 
 threatened serious danger to the American cause. This 
 was the revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, who, to the 
 number of thirteen hundred, marched from their camp near 
 Morristown, declaring that they would appear before 
 Congress to demand a redress of grievances. The soldiers 
 had not been paid for months, and had suffered severely 
 from the want of food and clothing. The Pennsylvania 
 troops complained qji still another hardship — that they 
 were held after their term of service had expired. 
 
 76. When the revolters had marched as far as Princeton, 
 proposals for satisfying their demands were made to them 
 by a committee from Congress, and being accepted, the 
 mutiny came to an end. A revolt of some of the New 
 Jersey troops bro"ke out soon afterwards, but this Wash- 
 ington quickly suppressed by military power. Later in 
 the year, Congress appointed Robert Morris to be super- 
 intendent of finance for the government. The money 
 
 73. Why did he turn traitor, and what offer did he make to the British ? 
 
 74. Give an account of Andre's connection with this affair, and of his seizure. 
 
 What further is said of Arnold ? Fate of Andre ? 
 
 75. 76. Give an account of the revolt of the Pennsylvania troops. 
 
 76. What is said of the revolt of the New Jersey troops ? What office was con- 
 
 ferred upon Robert Morris, and what is said of his efforts ? 
 
104 THE REVOLUTION. [178L 
 
 affairs of the United States were placed by him upon a 
 better basis, and were most skilfully managed. His spirited 
 exertions greatly relieved the wants of the army. 
 
 77. When General Greene took command at the south, 
 he found an army of only two thousand poorly-clad and 
 half-starved men. But small as his force was, he thought 
 best to divide it. The main body he placed in camp on 
 the Great Pedee', near the northern border of South Carolina, 
 while a detachment, under General Morgan, went into the 
 western part of the state, to annoy the enemy there. 
 
 78. The English general, Cornwallis, despatched his 
 favorite officer, Tarleton, to pursue and crush Morgan ; but 
 the latter, retreating to a place called the Cowpens, made 
 a stand, January IV, and routed his pursuers. Tarleton 
 fled to Cornwallis, who started in hot pursuit of the 
 victors, eager to punish them, and release the five hun- 
 dred prisoners they had taken. But Morgan was too 
 nimble for his foe. He quickly retreated into North Caro- 
 lina, and crossed the Catawba River just before the British 
 came in sight. Fortunately a heavy fall of rain raised 
 the waters of the river, and kept back the pursuers. 
 
 T9. Here Greene reached Morgan's camp, and put him- 
 self at the head of the victorious troops. Closely pursued 
 by the superior forces of Cornwallis, the American com- 
 mander made a masterly retreat across North Carolina, 
 and having united the two divisions of his army while on 
 the march, placed his troops in safety on the north bank of 
 the Dan, in Virginia. 
 
 80. Cornwallis now gave over the pursuit, and turned 
 southward. In a few days Greene, having been strength- 
 ened by a body of militia, followed his adversary, and, 
 March 15, met him at Guilford Court House, where a battle 
 
 77. What is said of the southern army when Greene took command of it ? What 
 
 disposition did he make of his main force and of a detachment ? 
 
 78. Give an account of Morgan's victory at the Cowpens. What did Cornwallis 
 
 now do ? What did Morgan do ? Where is the place called " the Cowpens " ? 
 (See Map, p. 80.) The Catawba River ? 
 
 79. What is said of Greene's masterly retreat across North Carolina ? 
 
 80. Give an account of what was afterwards done by Cornwallis and Greene, 
 
 including the battle of Guilford. Where was Guilford Court House ? (.Set 
 Map, p. 80.) After this battle where did Cornwallis go ? 
 
1781.] THE WAR. 105 
 
 was fought, in which the British remained masters of the 
 field, but at such a cost that Cornwallis withdrew to Wil- 
 mington, near the sea. 
 
 81. Greene pursued him awhile, and then took the bold 
 step of advancing" directly upon the British posts in South 
 Carolina. Near Camden, the enemy's strongest post, was 
 fought the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. Lord Rawdon, 
 the British commander in this action, compelled Greene to 
 give up the field, but gained no advantages of a victory. 
 
 82. So vigilant was the American general, so well did he 
 lay his plans, and so efficiently was he aided by his officers, 
 Henry Lee, Marion, Sumter, and others, that before the mid- 
 dle of summer almost all the British posts in the interior 
 were in the hands of the Americans. They had been cap- 
 tured, or their garrisons had been forced to evacuate them. 
 
 83. In the hot and sickly season Greene gave his sol- 
 diers rest awhile on the high hills of San-tee'. After a 
 few weeks, he marched against the British, now com- 
 manded by Colonel Stewart, and September 8, the hostile 
 forces met in the bloody battle of Eutaw Springs, in which 
 both sides claimed the victory. But the enemy was so 
 crippled, that he retreated as fast as possible towards 
 Charleston. The battle of Eutaw Springs was the last 
 general engagement of the war south of Virginia. 
 
 84. In January of this year, the traitor Arnold was 
 sent, with sixteen hundred men, chiefly Tories, to invade 
 Virginia. He destroyed or seized a large amount of 
 property at Richmond and other places. Lafayette marched 
 at the head of a detachment from Washington's army to re- 
 sist the invaders ; but the latter soon being strengthened by 
 two thousand British troops, under General Phillips, who 
 took the chief command, were too strong for the Americans, 
 and continued to plunder and lay waste the country. 
 
 81. Give an account of Greene's movements after the battle of Guilford, and of 
 
 the action at Hobkirk's Hill. 
 
 82. What had been accomplished by Greene and his able officers before the 
 
 middle of summer ? 
 
 83. What did Greene do in the hot and sickly season? Give an account of the 
 
 battle of Eutaw Springs. Where are Eutaw Springs ? (See Map, p. .W.) 
 
 84. What can you tell of Arnold's invasion of Virginia ? Of Lafayette ana tb* 
 
 invaders ? 
 
106 THE EE VOLUTION. |1781 
 
 85. We left Cornwallis at Wilmington. He soon moved 
 his army into Virginia, and in May effected a junction 
 with the king's troops already in that state. The forces 
 of Cornwallis being greatly superior to those of Lafayette, 
 the latter prudently avoided an engagement. After de- 
 stroying a great amount of public and private property, the 
 British general collected his troops at Yorktown, which lie 
 strongly fortified. A small force under Tarleton also held 
 Gloucester (glos'ter) Point, nearly opposite. 
 
 86. Meanwhile Washington planned an attack on the 
 British in New York. He moved his own troops towards 
 the city, and called the French under Rochambeau from 
 Newport, to take part in the enterprise. But this plan 
 was suddenly changed when news arrived that the Count 
 de Grasse (gras) would soon reach the Chesapeake with a 
 powerful French fleet. To destroy Cornwallis now became 
 the object of the American commander. Carefully keeping up 
 the appearance of a design to attack New York, Washington 
 marched southward with the allied forces, and was far on 
 the way to Virginia before Clinton suspected his purpose. 
 
 8*7. Hoping to call back part of Washington's army, 
 Clinton sent the traitor Arnold, with Tories and Hessians, 
 to invade Connecticut. "New London was plundered and 
 burned, and Fort Griswold, on the opposite side of the 
 river, taken by assault. Enraged at the brave defence of 
 the fort, the enemy butchered the commander, Colonel 
 Ledyard, and most of the garrison, after the surrender. 
 
 88. The French and American forces appeared before 
 Yorktown, September 28. The fleet of De Grasse and that 
 from Newport had already arrived, and blocked up the 
 James and York Rivers. The siege was pressed with vigor 
 by the allied armies, which numbered sixteen thousand 
 
 85. What did Cornwallis do after leaving Wilmington i Why did Lafayette avoid 
 
 an engagement ? Where did Cornwallis finally collect his forces ? Where 
 is Yorktown ? (See Map, p. 80.) 
 
 86. What plan had Washington formed, and what did he do to carry out this plan ? 
 
 Why was the plan changed . ? What now became Washington's object, and 
 what did he do ? 
 
 87. Why did Clinton send Arnold to invade Connecticut ? What was done by 
 
 Arnold's troops ? Where is New London ? (See Map, p. 81.) 
 
 88. What can you tell of the investment of Yorktown by the land and naval forces ? 
 
 What was the number of the troops in the opposing armies ? 
 
1781.] 
 
 THE WAR. 
 
 10T 
 
 troops. There was no escape, by- 
 land or sea, for Cornwallis and 
 his garrison of less than eight 
 thousand. But for three weeks 
 they held out, and then, October 
 19, Cornwallis surrendered his 
 army to Washington, his ships 
 and seamen to De Grasse. 
 
 89. The people shouted for joy 
 when intelligence that Cornwallis 
 had been taken was heralded Map of Yorktown. 
 throughout the country. They believed that the end of 
 the long struggle was near. The capture of Cornwallis 
 may be regarded as substantially closing the war, which 
 had now lasted six years and six months. New York, 
 Charleston, and Savannah were the only important places 
 still held by the enemy. 
 
 90. Events of 1782 and 1783. — The people of England 
 had grown tired of the war. They had gained no glory by 
 it, had greatly increased their national debt, and were now 
 convinced that they could never subdue the Americans. 
 Parliament decided to put an end to the contest, and 
 commissioners to settle the terms of a peace were ap- 
 pointed by both governments, to meet at Paris. Besides 
 Benjamin Franklin, the United States had John Adams, 
 John Jay, and Henry Laurens, to represent them. 
 
 91. The provisional articles were signed on the last day 
 of November, 1782. The final treaty was signed Septem- 
 ber 3, 1783, and at the same time Great Britain concluded 
 treaties with France and Spain. The independence of the 
 United States was acknowledged. The boundaries as- 
 signed on the east and on the north were nearly as at 
 present. The Mississippi was made the western limit, and 
 
 88. When did Cornwallis surrender? 
 
 89. What is said of Cornwallis's capture, and of the duration of the war? What 
 
 of places still held by the enemy ? 
 
 90. What is said of the people of England and of Parliament ? Of commissioners .' 
 
 91. When were provisional articles signed ? When was the final treaty signed, 
 
 and what other treaties were made at the same time ? What was acknowl- 
 edged, and what boundaries were assigned to the United States ? 
 
108 ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. [1783. 
 
 Florida the southern. Florida, which then extended to the 
 Mississippi, was made over to Spain. 
 
 92. The close of the war was formally proclaimed to the 
 army just eight years from the day on which the first blood 
 was shed at Lexington. Our liberties were now secured, 
 but at a cost that never could be calculated. Those killed 
 or maimed in battle were not the only martyrs of the 
 Revolution. History must record the revolting cruelty 
 with which the British treated their American prisoners 
 They crowded them into filthy, loathsome prisons, or prison' 
 ships, where thousands died from unwholesome food, foul 
 air, and cruel treatment in other respects. 
 
 93. New York, which the British had made the centre 
 of their- operations for so long a time, was evacuated 
 November 25, 1183, the anniversary of which day is still 
 celebrated in that city as Evacuation Day. Savannah and 
 Charleston had been evacuated the previous year. 
 
 94. During the summer and autumn the American army- 
 was quietly disbanded, only a small force being in the 
 service when the British departed from New York. On 
 the 23d of December Washington appeared in the Hall of 
 Congress, at Annapolis, and resigned his commission as 
 commander-in-chief. He then hastened to his home at 
 Mount Vernon, bearing with him the gratitude and devo- 
 tion of his countrymen. 
 
 III. ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 1. The authority given to Congress by the Articles of 
 Confederation was wholly inadequate for carrying on the 
 national government. There was an enormous public debt, 
 and no way by which Congress could obtain money to pay 
 it. That body could neither lay taxes nor regulate com- 
 
 91. What is said of Florida ? 
 
 92. When was the end of the war proclaimed to the army ? What is said of the 
 
 treatment of prisoners taken by the British ? 
 
 93. When was New York evacuated, and what is said of the anniversary of that 
 
 day ? What of Savannah and Charleston ? 
 
 94. What is said of the American army ? Of Washington ? 
 
 1. What is said of the authority given to Congress by the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion ? Of the public debt, and of powers withheld by the states f 
 
1787.] ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 109 
 
 merce, for these and other powers properly belonging to 
 the general government had been withheld by the states. 
 
 2. Many of the people were extremely poor, and they 
 complained loudly of the hard times. In Massachusetts a 
 formidable insurrection occurred in 1186. It is known as 
 Shays's Rebellion, from one of its principal leaders, Daniel 
 Shays, who had been a captain in the Continental army. 
 Large bodies of armed men assembled, and forcibly closed 
 the courts of law, so that taxes and other debts might not 
 be collected. The governor called out an army of the 
 militia, and the insurrection was put down in 1187. This 
 outbreak was another proof of the need of a stronger 
 national government. 
 
 3. In May, 178?, a convention was held at the State 
 House, in Philadelphia, to form a better government for 
 the nation. All the states, except Rhode Island, sent 
 delegates. This convention was composed of the most il- 
 lustrious men in the country. Washington was there, as 
 its president ; and Franklin, now more than eighty years old, 
 gave it the benefit of his wisdom. After nearly four months 
 spent in earnest deliberation and debate, a constitution 
 was agreed upon, which was submitted to the people of 
 the states, to be accepted or rejected. 
 
 4. Although the new constitution met with much oppo- 
 sition, yet before the close of the summer of 1188, it had 
 received the assent of all the states but two. The 4th of 
 March, 1189,* was appointed as the day on which the new 
 government should go into operation. George Washing- 
 ton was unanimously elected as the first president. John 
 Adams was chosen vice-president. 
 
 * Congress appointed the first Wednesday in January, 1789, for the people to 
 choose electors, the first Wednesday in February for those electors to choose a 
 president, and the first Wednesday in March for the government to go into 
 operation. The last named day fell on the 4th. Hence the 4th of March follow- 
 ing the election of a president is the day appointed for his inauguration. 
 
 2. What can you tell of Shays's rebellion ? 
 
 3. When and where was a convention held to form a better national government ? 
 
 What states sent delegates, and what ia-said of these delegates? Result of 
 the convention ? 
 
 4. What is said of the assent of the states ? What day was appointed for the con- 
 
 stitution to go into effect ? Who was elected the first president, and who 
 vice-president ? 
 
J. 10 CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. [1787. 
 
 CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHA1 
 IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. The boundaries of the United States at the close of 
 this Period have already been given. Massachusetts had 
 jurisdiction over Maine ; New York claimed Vermont. The 
 territory north of the Ohio had been claimed by different 
 states, but they had ceded it to the United States.* By 
 an act of Congress it was organized, in 1187, as the North- 
 west Territory. This act, or ordinance, is famous as con- 
 taining a declaration which secured this vast extent of 
 country to freedom, namely : "There shall be neither slavery 
 nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise 
 than in punishment of crimes. " 
 
 2. South of the Ohio, the present Kentucky was part 
 of Virginia, and the present Tennessee part of North 
 Carolina. Flourishing settlements had been formed in this 
 western region. Georgia claimed territory westward to 
 the Mississippi, and southward to Florida. 
 
 3. The population of the United States was nearly four 
 millions, about seven hundred thousand being negro slaves. 
 Slavery existed in all the colonies at the beginning of the 
 Eevolution, but before the close of this Period the New 
 England States and Pennsylvania had adopted measures 
 for doing away with it, and this example was followed, not 
 many years later, by New York and New Jersey. 
 
 4. The wisest and best men of this time, both in the 
 north and the south, regarded it as a great evil, and desired 
 that it might come to an end in all the states. Unfortunate- 
 
 * Except a reservation, made by Connecticut, of a tract now forming the north- 
 eastern part of Ohio. 
 
 1. Give the boundaries of the United States at the close of this Period. (Seep. 107, 
 
 verse 90.) What is said of the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and the claim 
 of New York ? What lands had been ceded to the United States ? When 
 was the North-west Territory organized ? What famous declaration is con- 
 tained in the ordinance organizing the North-west Territory ? 
 
 2. What can you tell of the region south of the Ohio? 
 
 3. What was the population of the United States at the close of this Period ? 
 
 What is said of the New England states, and of Pennsylvania, as regards 
 slavery ? Of New York and New Jersey ? 
 
 4. How was slavery regarded at this time? What further is said of slavery! 
 
 What is Mason and Dixon's Line ? (See p. 51, verse 8.) 
 
euftOC&S Lt'/tt Hotter 
 
CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Ill 
 
 ly, however, the system became more strongly riveted 
 upon the states south of Mason and Dixon's Line and the 
 Ohio. We shall see hereafter, in the history of the re- 
 public, that negro slavery was long a fruitful source of 
 strife in the councils of the nation, and at last the cause 
 of a great civil war. 
 
 5. The war of the Revolution had made the inhabitants of 
 different parts of the country better acquainted, and diffused 
 a common sympathy throughout the whole nation. Every 
 state had furnished troops for a common cause, and in nearly 
 every one the enemy had been met in bloody conflicts. In 
 this way much had been done to wear away local prejudices. 
 The spirit of religious intolerance, which formerly marked 
 certain parts of the country, had now lost its harshness. 
 
 6. The vices inseparable from armies, and the fierce 
 passions aroused by deeds of blood, had in some degree 
 injuriously affected the morals of the inhabitants. The 
 thrifty and sober habits of earlier days had been broken up. 
 There was an enormous load of public and private debt, 
 while the vast exertions which had been made, and the 
 failure of the national credit, had exhausted the means of 
 the people. This state of things tended to impair that 
 high sense of integrity which formerly prevailed, and to , 
 introduce loose and slippery notions of honesty. 
 
 T. The greater part of the shipping had been destroyed 
 by the enemy. Commerce, thus suppressed during the 
 war, revived on the return of peace. Manufactures made 
 considerable progress during this Period. Attention began 
 to be paid to the cultivation of cotton in the Southern 
 States about the year in which peace was made, namely, 
 1183, and it soon became a staple of that part of the coun- 
 try. About the same time agricultural societies were 
 first formed in the United States. 
 
 5. What beneficial effect is mentioned as resulting- from the war? What is said 
 
 of religious intolerance ? 
 
 6. How had the war affected the morals of the people ? 
 
 7. What is said of shipping- and commerce ? Of manufactures ? Of cotton ? Ol 
 
 agricultural societies i 
 
112 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 
 
 Note. — The figures in the paragraphs and at the end of them refer to the pages 
 upon which the events are mentioned. 
 
 1764. Parliament first declared its intention of raising a revenue from 
 
 America, 76. 
 
 1765. The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament, 76. 
 The Colonial Congress met in New York, 76. 
 
 1767. A tax was imposed on tea, and several other articles, 77. 
 
 1770. The affray known as the Boston Massacre took place, 78. 
 
 1773. The tea was thrown into Boston harbor, 79. 
 
 1774. The Boston Port Bill was enacted, 79. 
 
 The First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, 79. 
 
 1775. (April 19.) The first blood of the Revolutionary War was shed 
 
 at Lexington, 82. 
 
 Royal authority teminated throughout the colonies, 86; Con- 
 gress assumed the authority of a general government, 83; 
 Washington was appointed commander-in-chief, 83. 
 
 The battle of Bunker Hill was fought, 84. 
 
 1776. The British were driven from Boston, 86 ; an attack on Charles- 
 
 ton, South Carolina, was gallantly repulsed, 87. 
 
 Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence (July 4), 87. 
 
 The Americans were defeated on Long Island, 88 ; evacuated 
 New York, and were defeated at White Plains, 89 ; Wash- 
 ington retreated through New Jersey, 89; took a thousand 
 prisoners at Trenton, 90. 
 
 1777. The army with Washington routed the enemy at Princeton, 90; 
 
 was defeated at the Brandywine ; left Philadelphia to be oc- 
 cupied by the British ; was repulsed by them at Germantown, 
 and went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, 92, 93. 
 
 In the north, the British were defeated near Bennington, 94 ; 
 and the army under Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, after 
 two severe battles, 95. 
 
 Congress sent out for adoption the Articles of Confederation, 95. 
 
 1778. France entered into treaties of alliance and commerce with the 
 
 United States, 96. 
 The Americans were victorious at Monmouth Court- House, 96; 
 the British took Savannah, 98. 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 113 
 
 1779. The Americans were defeated at Brier Creek, 98 ; the British at 
 
 Stony Poitii, 99 ; and John Paul Jones captured two English 
 frigates in one of the most desperate naval combats on 
 record, 100. 
 General Sullivan led an army into Western New York to 
 chastise the Indians, who had joined with the British and 
 Tories, 100. 
 
 1780. CJiarleston, South Carolina, surrendered to the British, 101 ; the 
 
 Americans were defeated near Camden, and the British at 
 King's Mountain, 101, 102. 
 Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the enemy, 102. 
 
 1781. General Greene conducted his celebrated campaign in the 
 
 Carolinas, 104 ; the Americans gaining a victory at the Cow- 
 pens, 104 ; being defeated at Guilford Court- House, 104 ; and 
 engaging the enemy in a hard-fought but indecisive battle at 
 Eutaw Springs, 105. 
 Washington, aided by the French army and fleet, captured the 
 British army and fleet at Yorktown (October 19) — the last 
 important event of the war, 107. 
 
 1783. The treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 107. 
 
 1788. The new Constitution, prepared the year before, received the 
 assent of the number of states required in order to go into 
 effect, 109. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION- WAS RATIFIED BY 
 
 Delaware, . 
 Pennsylvania, 
 New Jersey, 
 Georgia, . . 
 Connecticut, 
 Massachusetts, 
 Maryland, . 
 
 Dec. 7, 1787. 
 Dec. 12, 1787. 
 Dec. 18, 1787. 
 Jan. 2, 1788. 
 Jan. 9, 1788. 
 Feb. 6, 1788. 
 April 28, 1788. 
 
 South Carolina, 
 New Hampshire, 
 Virginia, . . 
 New York, . . 
 
 May 23, 1788. 
 June 21, 1788. 
 June 2G, 1788. 
 July 26, 1788. 
 
 [After the government went into operation] 
 North Carolina, . Nov. 21, 1789. 
 llhode Island, . . May 29, 1790. 
 
114 
 
 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 [1789. 
 
 PERIOD IV. — NATIONAL GROWTH. 
 
 FROM THE INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON, IN 1789, TO THE 
 INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN, IN 1861. 
 
 I. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1789-1797. 
 
 1. The inauguration of Washington as President of the 
 United States took place on the last day of April, 1189, 
 in the city of New York, which was then the capital. There 
 are three great departments of government, the legislative, 
 which makes laws, the executive, which enforces them, 
 and the judicial, which interprets them. By our Constitu- 
 tion the legislative power is vested in a Congress, the 
 executive in the President, and the judicial in certain 
 courts. 
 
 2. Three departments 
 belonging to the executive 
 branch of the government 
 were created by Congress, 
 one of State, one of the 
 Treasury, and one of War. 
 
 ^ The heads of these depart- 
 | ments were styled Secre- 
 ^ taries, and they formed, 
 ^ with the Attorney-General, 
 ^\ a council, called the Presi- 
 dent's Cabinet. Other de- 
 partments have since been 
 created. 
 
 3. Congress quickly set 
 about providing a revenue 
 
 for the support of government. To obtain it, duties were 
 laid upon imported goods and the tonnage of vessels. A 
 plan for maintaining the public credit was soon formed by 
 
 Questions. — 1. When and where was Washing-ton inaugurated ? Describe the 
 three great departments of government. In what does the constitution vest 
 these powers ? 
 
 2. What executive departments were created ? What is said of the chief officers 
 
 of these departments ? What of other departments ? 
 
 3. How did Congress provide a revenue? What is said of the public credit? 
 
 What of Hamilton ? 
 
 Washington. 
 
1790.} WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 115 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, whom the President had appointed 
 Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton had been Washing- 
 ton's favorite aide-de-camp, and had done his country 
 great service in other ways — especially by his powerful 
 writings in favor of the Federal Constitution. 
 
 4. Following Hamilton's recommendation, Congress 
 adopted measures for paying the foreign and domestic 
 debts of the United States, and also assumed the state debts 
 contracted in support of the war. There was much discus- 
 sion before the whole plan was agreed to ; but Hamilton's 
 financial policy proved to be a wise one, and the coun- 
 try soon entered upon a season of great prosperity. A 
 national bank was established during Washington's first 
 term of office. 
 
 5. In 1190 an act was passed fixing the seat of govern- 
 ment, for ten years, at Philadelphia, and after that, per- 
 manently on the Potomac. The tract of land forming the 
 present District of Columbia was afterwards ceded by 
 Maryland, as a site for the nation's capital, and there the 
 city of Washington was laid out. 
 
 6. An Indian war broke out in 1790, on the north- 
 western frontier. Two expeditions, the first under General 
 Har'mar, and the second under General St. Clair, met with 
 defeat at the hands of the savages. The force led by St. 
 Clair was surprised in camp in the western part of Ohio, 
 and routed with dreadful slaughter. 
 
 7. General Wayne, the hero of Stony Point, next led 
 an army against the hostile tribes. He encountered them 
 in August, 1*794, on the Maumee (maw-nnee 1 ), not many miles 
 from its mouth, and gained a complete victory. After this 
 decisive blow the Indians consented to make peace ; and 
 from that time the settlements in the west had a most 
 marvellous growth. 
 
 4. What did Congress do in regard to the debts of the United States and the war 
 
 debts of the states ? What is said of a national bank ? 
 
 5. Where was the seat of government fixed ? What is said of the District of 
 
 Columbia ? 
 
 6. Where did an Indian war breakout? What is said of the first two expedi- 
 
 tions against the Indians ? 
 
 7. What can you tell of a victory gained over the Indians? What followed? 
 
 Where does the Maumee River empty ? (See Map, p. 124.) 
 
116 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1794 
 
 8. During Washington's first term Vermont and Kentucky 
 were admitted into the Union as states, the former in 1*791, 
 the latter in the next year.* 
 
 Washington wished to retire from public life at the 
 close of his term of four years ; but he finally consented 
 to hold the office for another term, and in the autumn of 
 1792 was unanimously re-elected. 
 
 9. In the summer of 1*794 an outbreak, known as the 
 Whiskey Insurrection, occurred in the western counties 
 of Pennsylvania. Armed men prevented the collection of 
 the tax which Congress had imposed upon spirits distilled 
 in the United States. The revenue officers were harshly 
 treated and driven away. The president issued a proc- 
 lamation, commanding the insurgents to desist, and after- 
 wards sent a large force of the militia against them. This 
 ended the insurrection. The insurgents submitted without 
 resistance. 
 
 10. The people became much excited on account of the 
 relations of the United States with foreign countries . The 
 French revolution was in progress, and France, then a re- 
 public, was again waging war with Great Britain. A large 
 party in America was eager for the nation to become an 
 ally of France ; but Washington wisely proclaimed a strict 
 neutrality. This policy of our government was not at all 
 relished by the French republic. 
 
 11. A bitter feeling of hostility to Great Britain had 
 prevailed for some time in the United States. On each 
 side there were complaints that the other government had 
 
 * The oldest English settlement in Vermont was made at Brattleboro', where 
 a fort was built in 1724. Fifty years later, in 1774, the first settlement was made 
 in Kentucky by James Harrod, who built a log cabin where Harrodsburg now 
 is. Daniel Boone, the famous pioneer of Kentucky, had already explored this 
 region. 
 
 Vermont gets its name from the Green Mountains, its principal range. The 
 name is formed of the French words vert, green, and movt, mountain. 
 
 The name Kentucky means, in the Indian tongue, the dark and bloody ground. 
 The region was so named by the Indians, on account of the savage warfare of 
 which it was the scene. 
 
 8. When were Vermont and Kentucky admitted as states ? What is said of 
 
 Washington's reelection ? 
 
 9. Give an account of the Whiskey Insurrection. 
 
 10. What is said of foreign relations, and the policy of our government towards 
 
 France ? 
 
 11. What were the relations of the United States and Great Britain .' 
 
1795] WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 117 
 
 violated the treaty which closed the revolution. The 
 Americans also complained of the injuries British policy 
 was inflicting on their commerce. War was imminent ; 
 but this calamity was averted by the prudent course of the 
 government. 
 
 12. The president appointed Chief Justice John Jay — 
 one of our great statesmen — envoy to England, to ar- 
 range the matters in dispute. The treaty which Jay ne- 
 gotiated was fiercely denounced by a strong party in the 
 United States ; but the government regarded it as better 
 than war, and ratified it in 1*795. In the same year, a treaty 
 was made with Spain. It defined the boundary of Florida, 
 and gave to the United States the free navigation of the 
 Mississippi. Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 
 1796, making the number of states sixteen.* 
 
 13. On various questions which came before Congress, 
 there were long and exciting discussions. One of these 
 questions, which came up in the second year of the gov- 
 ernment, related to slavery. Thus early occurred the first 
 angry debate upon this subject. Through a long series of 
 years, from time to time, many more were to follow. 
 
 14. During Washington's administration the people were 
 divided into two great political parties, one called the 
 Federal, the other the Republican party. The adherents 
 of the latter fiercely opposed many of the measures of the 
 administration. This was not the party which existed 
 under the same name many years later. 
 
 15. A few months before the end of his second term 
 Washington sent forth his famous "Farewell Address," 
 containing the wisest political precepts. John Adams, the 
 
 * The first permanent settlement within the limits of Tennessee was made in 
 1768, on the Watau'ga River, in the north-eastern part of the state. In 1756, the 
 English built Fort Loudon, at the confluence of the Little Tennessee and Tellico 
 [tel'lt-co) Rivers, about thirty miles south-west of Knoxville. The Indians, four 
 years afterwards, massacred the garrison, and broke up the few white settlements 
 which had been made. 
 
 Tennessee takes its name from the river so called, the word signifying- the river 
 of the big bend. 
 
 12. What can you tell of Jay's treaty with England? Of a treaty with Spain? 
 
 When was Tennessee admitted to the Union ? 
 
 13. What is said of a debate in Congress in regard to slavery? 
 
 14. Name the political parties at this time. What position did the Republicans take? 
 
 15. What is said of Washington's Farewell Address ? Who were elected president 
 
 and vice-president ? 
 
118 ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. [1798.. 
 
 candidate of the Federalists, was elected to succeed Wash- 
 ington. Jefferson, a Republican, was chosen vice-president. 
 
 II. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1797-1801. 
 
 1 . The difficulty with France, which began in Wash- 
 ington's administration, came near ending in a war with 
 that country soon after the accession of Adams. France 
 was displeased because our - government had refused to 
 side with her in the war she had declared against Great 
 Britain, and the treaty lately negotiated by Jay with the 
 latter power was the cause of bitter complaint. The au- 
 thorities of France, disregarding our rights, kept issuing 
 decrees which inflicted immense injury upon American 
 commerce. A great many American merchant vessels were 
 captured by French cruisers and held as prizes. 
 
 2. Envoys sent to France to settle the difficulties were 
 treated with insults and neglect, and could accomplish 
 nothing. They were given to understand that a bribe was 
 required by those who controlled French affairs. When 
 this became known in America, the people indignantly 
 responded, as had Mr. Pinckney, one of the envoys, "Mil- 
 lions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." 
 
 3. Finally, Congress authorized the president to raise 
 an army, and put the country in a state of defence. Wash- 
 ington was appointed commander-in-chief. In the same 
 year, 1*798, a Department of the Navy was created to manage 
 naval affairs, which, heretofore, had been intrusted to the 
 secretary of war. War was not declared, but hostilities 
 began on the ocean. Authority was given to capture 
 armed vessels of the French, and a number of such vessels 
 were captured. 
 
 4. The resolute stand taken by the United States caused 
 the authorities of France to favor negotiations. Accord- 
 
 1. What caused the unfriendly feeling 1 of France towards the United States ? 
 
 What course was adopted by France ? 
 
 2. How were our envoys treated by the French government ? What is said of a 
 
 bribe, and what saying expressed the feelings of the American people ? 
 5. What finally was done by Congress ? What department was created the same 
 
 year ? To what extent were hostilities carried on ? 
 i. When and with whom was a treaty made .' 
 
1799.] JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 119 
 
 ingly, President Adams again sent envoys to that country. 
 They found Napoleon Bonaparte at the head of affairs, and 
 with him they negotiated a treaty in 1800. In the summer 
 of the same year the seat of government was transferred 
 from Philadelphia to Washington. 
 
 5. An intensely bitter party spirit prevailed during this 
 administration. The president's policy met with fierce op- 
 position from the Republicans, with Jefferson at their head. 
 But no acts were more loudly condemned by this party than 
 the Alien and Sedition Laws, passed at the time when war 
 with France seemed impending. Under the "alien law," 
 the president could expel from the country any alien whom 
 he should judge dangerous to the United States. Under the 
 "■ sedition law," any person libelling the government, Con- 
 gress, or the president, might be fined or imprisoned. 
 
 6. Near the close of the century the nation was plunged 
 into grief by the death of Washington, the " Father 
 of his Country." He died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th 
 of December, It 99. The whole nation mourned the loss 
 of this great and good man, who was " first in war, first in 
 peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." The 
 result of the presidential election, in the following year, 
 was favorable to the Republicans, or Democrats, as they 
 were sometimes called. Thomas Jefferson, their leader, 
 was elected president. 
 
 III. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1801-1809. 
 
 1. Jefferson, the third president of the United States, 
 served two terms. The admission of Ohio into the Union, 
 the purchase of Louisiana, a war with Tripoli, and the death 
 of Hamilton, were memorable events of his first term. 
 Ohio became a state in 1802.* It was the first one carved 
 
 * The first English settlement within the bounds of Ohio was made in 1788, 
 at Marietta, by emigrants from New England. 
 
 Ohio, the Indian name of the river which washes the southern border of the 
 state, signifies the beautiful river. 
 
 4. When did Washington become the capital ? 
 
 5. What is said of party spirit and the Republicans ? What can you tell of the 
 
 alien and sedition laws ? 
 
 6. When and where did Washington die ? What was the result of the presidential 
 
 election in the next year ? 
 1. Name four memorable events of Jefferson's first term. When did Ohio be- 
 come a state ? 
 
120 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1803. 
 
 out of the great North-west Territory. In 1803 the United 
 States purchased Louisiana of France for fifteen millions 
 of dollars. This vast region, chiefly west of the Mississippi, 
 reached northward to the British possessions, and westward 
 to the Kocky Mountains. It had but a short time before 
 been ceded to France by Spain. 
 
 2. The war with Tripoli (trip'o-ll) began in 1801, and 
 lasted four years. The Bar'bary States, in the north of 
 Africa, of which Tripoli is one, sent out cruisers in those 
 days to seize the merchant vessels of Christian nations, and 
 the captives which these pirates took were held as slaves till 
 a ransom was paid. Strange as it seems to us now, it was 
 the custom of Christian nations to pay tribute to these 
 piratical powers. Our government had already given large 
 sums of money and rich presents to secure American com- 
 merce from their attacks. But now the greedy Bashaw of 
 Tripoli wanted more money or presents, and declared war 
 against the United States. 
 
 3. The president sent a naval force into the Mediter- 
 ranean, and several actions, gallant dh the part of the. Ameri- 
 cans, took place. Commodore Preble, Captain Bainbridge, 
 and Lieutenant Deca'tur greatly distinguished themselves. 
 The city of Tripoli was blockaded and bombarded by the 
 fleet. Early in 1805, William Eaton, an adventurous 
 American, led a few hundred men, mostly Arabs, from 
 Egypt, across a wide desert, and with the help of an 
 American squadron captured the Tripolitan city of Der'ne. 
 Soon afterwards peace was made. 
 
 4. In July, 1804, Aaron Burr, then vice-president, fas- 
 tened a political quarrel upon Alexander Hamilton, and 
 killed him in a duel. Burr, after the expiration of his 
 term as vice-president, organized an expedition, with the 
 design, it was believed, to conquer the Spanish province 
 of Mexico, and also to separate the country west of the 
 
 1. What can you tell of the purchase of Louisiana ? Extent of the purchase ? 
 
 2. When did the war with Tripoli begin, and how long did it last ? What, was the 
 
 practice of the Barbary States ? What the custom of Christian nations ? 
 Course of our government ? Why did the Bashaw of Tripoli declare war ? 
 
 3. What was done by the navy ? What of Eaton's expedition ? 
 
 4. What is said of the killing of Hamilton ? Of Burr's western expedition ? 
 
1807.1 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. ' 121 
 
 Alleghaiiies from the Union. His expedition was broken 
 up, and in 1807 he was brought to trial for treason against 
 the United States. There was not sufficient proof, how- 
 ever, to convict him, and he was set at liberty. 
 
 5. The same year, 1807, witnessed the success of the 
 famous inventor, Robert Fulton,* in applying steam for 
 propelling vessels through water. The first voyage of 
 Fulton's steamboat was from New York to Albany. Twenty 
 years before this, John Fitch had made a boat which he 
 moved in the Delaware River by steam ; but Fulton's inven- 
 tion first made steam navigation a source of profit. 
 
 6. At this time England and France were engaged in a 
 furious struggle with each other, and neither power re- 
 spected American rights on the ocean. On the one hand 
 the British government issued " Orders in Council," f for 
 the purpose of restricting or destroying the commerce of 
 neutral nations with France and her allies ; and on the 
 other hand, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, 
 issued his " Decrees " against commercial intercourse with 
 the British Islands. The principal sufferer was the United 
 States, whose merchant vessels became the prey of both 
 the hostile parties. 
 
 7. The British government also claimed the "right of 
 search," as it was called. Under this pretended right, 
 American vessels were stopped on the high seas, and 
 searched for seamen of British birth ; and if any such were 
 found, they were taken away for service in the British navy. 
 Worse than this, many American vessels were robbed of 
 seamen who were natives of the United States. 
 
 8. The bitter feeling in America against Great Britain 
 was changed to one of deep indignation by an event which 
 occurred in June, 1807. The British frigate Leopard fired 
 into the American frigate Chesapeake, while off the coast 
 
 * The u in Fulton is sounded as oo in foot. 
 
 t Orders proclaimed by the advice of the Privy Council, a body of men selected 
 by the English king as his advisers in matters of state. 
 
 5. What successful application of steam was made in 1807 ? What of John Fitch ? 
 
 6. What is said of English " Orders in Council," and French " Decrees," and their 
 
 e'ffect upon American commerce ? 
 
 7. What was done by the British under their claim of " the right of search " ? 
 
 8. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 
 
122 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1811. 
 
 of Virginia. The American commander, being wholly un- 
 prepared for action, struck his colors, after having three 
 of his men killed and eighteen wounded. The British then 
 took from the Chesapeake four of her crew, claiming them 
 as deserters. Three of these were Americans by birth. 
 The president, by a proclamation, ordered all British 
 armed vessels immediately to leave the waters of the United 
 States. Although the English government did not defend 
 the outrage upon the Chesapeake, yet reparation was with- 
 held for more than four years. 
 
 9. The course of England and France inflicted so much 
 injury upon American commerce, that near the end of the 
 year 1801 Congress decreed an embargo, to keep at home 
 all American vessels, and to prevent foreign vessels from 
 taking cargoes from our ports to foreign ports. This policy 
 proving to be unwise, the act was repealed in the spring 
 of 1809, and in its place a non-intercourse act was passed, 
 forbidding all commerce of the United States with Great 
 Britain and France. Such was the condition of affairs when 
 Jefferson retired from office. James Madison, of Virginia, 
 was chosen to succeed him as president. 
 
 IV. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1809-1817. 
 
 1. For some time the Indians on the north-western 
 frontier had shown a hostile spirit. Tecum'seh, a famous 
 chief of the Shawnees (shaw-neez'), and his brother, "the 
 Prophet/ 7 had persuaded many tribes to unite in a league 
 against the whites. General William Henry Harrison led 
 a small army against the savages, and in November, 1811, 
 defeated them near the mouth of the Tippecanoe (tip-pe- 
 kan-oo'), in Indiana. The Indians tried their favorite plan 
 of creeping up stealthily, and falling upon the whites in the 
 early morning ; but Harrison was not to be thus surprised. 
 When this battle was fought, Tecumseh was absent, per- 
 suading distant tribes to join the league. 
 
 8. What was done by the president and the English government ? 
 
 9. What is said of an embargo? A non-intercourse act ? Who succeeded Jefferson ? 
 1. What is said of the Indians on the north-western frontier ? When and by 
 
 whom was the battle of Tippecanoe gained i 
 
1812.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 123 
 
 2. Louisiana* was admitted into the Union in 1812. 
 The state was formed from part of the Louisiana Purchase, f 
 
 3. English cruisers continued to prey upon the com- 
 merce of the United States. The war spirit already existing 
 between the two nations was increased by the affair of the 
 President and the Little Belt. In May, 1811, Commodore 
 Rodgers, sailing in the American frigate President, off our 
 coast, hailed a British sloop of war, and received a shot in 
 reply. The fire was returned, and in a few minutes the 
 sloop was disabled. The commodore now hailed again, 
 and this time got a civil answer. 
 
 THE SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN, OR THE 
 
 WAR OF 1812. 
 
 1. From the Declaration of War to the Beginning of 
 
 the Year 1814. 
 
 1. Events of 1812. — The wrongs inflicted by England, 
 in harassing the commerce of the United States, and the 
 impressment of seamen from American vessels, at last be- 
 coming too hard to bear, our government decided to make 
 war upon the tyrant of the ocean. An act, declaring war 
 against Great Britain, was passed June 18, 1812. Steps 
 were taken to increase the army,- and General Henry 
 Dearborn (deer'burn) was appointed commander-in-chief. 
 
 2. It was determined to invade Canada. About the 
 middle of summer, General Hull crossed from Detroit, with 
 a small army, and encamped on Canadian soil. While he 
 was preparing to attack Fort Maiden (mawl'den), not 
 many miles south of his camp, a party of the enemy cap- 
 
 * The French were the earliest settlers in Louisiana. In 1700 they built a fort 
 on the Mississippi, about fifty miles from its mouth — the first European establish- 
 ment within the present limits of the state. (See p. 55, IT 4.) 
 
 f The strip east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iberville and the lakes, 
 was claimed by Spain, as part of Florida. The United States, on the other hand, 
 claiming that the Louisiana Purchase extended to what is now the present western 
 boundary of Florida, annexed the strip to the State of Louisiana. 
 
 Louisiana was named in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. (See p. 54, IT 3.) 
 
 2. When was Louisiana made a state ? From what was it formed ? 
 
 3. Give an account of the affair of the President and the Little Belt. 
 
 1. What caused the government of the United States to declare war against Great 
 Britain? When was war declared, and who was commander-in-chief? 
 
 I. State what you can of Hull's invasion of Canada. What American post was 
 captured ? Where is Detroit ? (See Map, p. 124.) Mackinaw ? 
 
(124) 
 
U'~) 
 
126 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1812. 
 
 tured the American post at Mack'inaw, an important strong- 
 hold for keeping the northern Indians in check. 
 
 3. Without making an attack upon Fort Maiden, Hull 
 recrossed the river, and took shelter within the defences 
 of Detroit. General Brock followed him, with British 
 and Indians. When the enemy advanced to assault the 
 works on the 16th of August, Hull would not permit his 
 men to fire, but, to their great indignation, ordered a white 
 flag to be hung out, in token of submission. He sur- 
 rendered his army, and the whole territory of Mich'igan, 
 to the British. Such was the issue of Hull's campaign 
 near the western end of Lake Erie. 
 
 4. Late in the year another attempt was made upon 
 Canada. This time the country bordering on the Niagara 
 River, which flows from the eastern end of Lake Erie into 
 Lake Ontario, was the scene of operations. General Van 
 Rensselaer (ren'se-lur), who was in command of an Ameri- 
 can army at Lewiston, sent a detachment across the river, 
 October 13, to attack the British at Queenstown. 
 
 5. An obstinate battle ensued on Queenstown Heights, 
 in which victory, at first, inclined to the invaders ; but at 
 last they were overpowered, and compelled to surrender. 
 While the conflict was going on, a large body of the 
 American militia remained on this side of the river, refusing 
 to cross and aid their countrymen. Lieut. Colonel Winfield 
 Scott and Captain John E. Wool, who afterwards became 
 famous generals, took a gallant part in this action. 
 
 6. The Americans, mortified by disasters on the land, 
 found encouragement in the brilliant exploits of their little 
 navy on the ocean. We can here name only the most 
 important actions. In August, the frigate Constitution, 
 Captain Isaac Hull, won a victory over the British frigate 
 Guerriere* The Constitution was a favorite vessel of the 
 Americans, and was popularly called Old Ironsides. 
 
 * Pronounced gSr-re-Sre' , the g sounded as mget. 
 
 3. Tell what you can of Hull's retreat to Detroit, and of his surrender. 
 
 4. Where and when was another attempt made upon Canada ? 
 
 5. What can you tell of the battle of Queenstown Heights ? What Is said of 
 
 Scott and Wool ? Where is Queenstown ? (See Map, p. 125.) 
 
 6. What is said of navaJ exploits ? What victory was won in August ? 
 
1812.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 127 
 
 7. In October, two naval triumphs were gained by the 
 Americans. The sloop of war Wasp, Captain Jones, after 
 a desperate fight, captured the English brig Frolic. The 
 same day both vessels were taken by an English ship of 
 seventy-four guns. It would have been useless for the sloop 
 to resist a ship of such force. Just a week later, in the same 
 month, the frigate United Stales, commanded by Commo- 
 dore Decatur, captured the English frigate Macedonian. 
 Near the end of December the Constitution, then com- 
 manded by Commodore Bainbridge, won another victory, 
 in the capture of the British frigate Java. 
 
 8. These and other naval combats caused the Americans 
 to exult in the prowess of their seamen, while the British, 
 who had boasted that they would quickly drive our " bits 
 of striped bunting " from the ocean, were filled with sur- 
 prise and mortification. Immense loss was inflicted upon 
 their commerce by American privateers, which cruised in 
 every direction, capturing English merchantmen. Before 
 the end of the year our national ships of war and private 
 armed vessels had taken about three hundred prizes. 
 
 9. Most of the Federalists were opposed to the war ; 
 but a majority of the people favored its prosecution, as was 
 shown by the reelection of Madison, in the autumn of 1812. 
 
 10. Events of 1813. — The Americans planned to invade 
 Canada with three armies in 1813. The Army of the West, 
 commanded by General William Henry Harrison, was col- 
 lected near the western end of Lake Erie ; the Army of the 
 Centre, under General Dearborn, was at Sackett's Harbor 
 and on the Niagara frontier ; the Army of the North, as- 
 sembled on the shores of Lake Champlain, with General 
 Wade Hampton as its commander. 
 
 11. In January, General Winchester, who commanded a 
 division of the Army of the West, sent forward a detach- 
 
 7. Give an account of two victories gained by the American war-vessels Wasp 
 
 and United States. Of another victory by the Constitution. 
 
 8. Effect of our naval triumphs ? What of American privateers ? 
 
 9. How was the war regarded by the people of the United States ? 
 
 10. What was planned for 1813 ? Where, and under whom, was the Army of the 
 
 West? Army of the Centre? Army of the North? Where is Sackett's 
 Harbor ? (See Map, p. 125.) 
 
 11. Give an account of the advance of Winchester's detachment to Frenchtown ? 
 
128 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1813- 
 
 ment, which routed the British and Indians at Frenehtown, 
 near the mouth of the Eiver Kaisin (rd'zn), and then moved 
 the rest of his force to that place. These troops were chiefly 
 Kentuckians. 
 
 12. There, January 22, they were attacked by a large 
 body of British and Indians, under Colonel Proctor. After 
 a brave defence, they surrendered, on condition of being 
 protected from the Indians. Proctor violated his pledge. 
 The wounded prisoners were massacred by the savages. 
 
 13. The disaster at Frenehtown compelled Harrison to 
 delay his advance. Near the Maumee Rapids he built 
 Fort Meigs (megz), where, about the 1st of May, he was 
 besieged by Proctor, with white troops and Indians. After 
 a few days the arrival of a body of Kentuckians caused the 
 siege to be given up, although the enemy captured or 
 killed a large part of the relieving force. 
 
 14. Nearly three months later Proctor advanced against 
 Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandus'ky. A small garrison, 
 under the gallant young Major Croghan (kro'gan), held the 
 fort, and signally repulsed a storming party of the British. 
 The enemy then made a hasty retreat. 
 
 15. Perry's victory, on Lake Erie, turned the tide of 
 affairs in the north-west wholly in our favor. Each of the 
 hostile parties had fitted out a few vessels to contend for 
 the mastery of this lake. On the 10th of September, the 
 American squadron, commanded by Captain Oliver Hazard 
 Perry, encountered, in the western part of the lake, the 
 British squadron, commanded by Captain Barclay. The 
 battle raged for three hours, and then Perry had won a 
 glorious victory. All the British vessels were captured. 
 " We have met the enemy, and they are ours," Perry 
 wrote to Harrison, in a despatch announcing the victory. 
 
 16. Harrison hastened to profit by this success. Em- 
 barking his troops on board of Perry's fleet, he crossed to 
 Canada, and advanced upon the enemy's post at Maiden, 
 
 12. What is said of the surrender and massacre at Frenehtown ? 
 
 13. What occurred at Fort Meigs ? Where was Fort Meigs ? (See Map, p. 124.) 
 
 14. What can you tell of the attack upon Fort Stephenson ? 
 
 15. Tell what you can of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 
 
 16. What did Harrison do after Perry's victory ? 
 
1813.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 129 
 
 only to find that Proctor had fled. Harrison pursued him 
 up the Thames (temz), and overtook him, October 5, wait- 
 ing to give battle. The mounted backwoodsmen charged 
 upon the English, broke their ranks, and made them sur- 
 render. The savages made a braver stand, but soon their 
 loader, Tecumseh, was slain, and they were put to flight. 
 This celebrated warrior had taken part against the Ameri- 
 cans in many conflicts, and for years had been the chief 
 instigator of Indian hostilities in the west. 
 
 The victories of Perry and Harrison brought the war to 
 an end on the north-western frontier. 
 
 IT. Events in which the Army of the Centre took part 
 are now to be related. Commodore Chauncey (chahn'se) 
 had command of a small American fleet on Lake Ontario. 
 Late in April General Dearborn embarked at Sackett's 
 Harbor, with sixteen hundred men, and crossed the lake to 
 attack York (now Toronto), where a large amount of 
 military stores was deposited. The town was captured, 
 but not before the enemy had blown up his magazine, kill- 
 ing or wounding more than two hundred of the assailants. 
 General Pike, the gallant leader of the Americans in the 
 attack, was mortally wounded by the explosion. 
 
 18. The troops were soon conveyed by the fleet to the 
 Niagara frontier. Here Dearborn collected a considerable 
 army, and a month after the capture of York forced the 
 British to give up Fort George. The whole country along 
 the Canada side of the Niagara River then fell into our 
 possession. But our success was followed by reverses, 
 and late in the year most of the troops were withdrawn 
 from this quarter to operate elsewhere. Then the enemy 
 not only recovered the posts on the Canada side of the 
 river, but crossed over and captured Fort Niagara, which 
 he held till the end of the war. 
 
 19. Almost at the very time that the enemy was forced 
 to abandon Fort George, the British fleet crossed the lake 
 
 16. Give an account of the battle of the Thames. What is said of Tecumseh ? 
 
 Result of the victories ? 
 
 17. What can you tell of the capture of York ? 
 
 18. What successes were gained on the Niagara frontier ? What of reverses ? 
 
 9 
 
130 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1813. 
 
 with about a thousand troops, under General Pre-vost', to 
 attack Sackett's Harbor, the chief naval station of the 
 Americans. They were repulsed by General Brown, at 
 the head of a few regular troops and a body of militia. 
 
 20. It was planned by the Americans to move against 
 Montreal with the Army of the Centre and the army 
 assembled near Lake Ohamplain. Early in November 
 General Wilkinson, who had succeeded General Dearborn, 
 having collected the Army of the Centre, began the descent 
 of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 21. While on the way down the river, the flotilla was fol- 
 lowed and annoyed by the enemy. Some American troops 
 having landed, an indecisive action, called the battle of 
 Chrysler's Field (kris'lerz), was fought. According to 
 the plan of the expedition, General Hampton was to push 
 forward to the St. Lawrence, with his forces from Lake 
 Champlain, and join Wilkinson. Hampton refusing to do 
 this, the expedition against Montreal was given up. 
 
 The campaigns of the Armies of the Centre and the 
 North were failures, caused chiefly by the want of skill and 
 energy in the generals, and by personal jealousies. 
 
 22. Near the end of December there was dreadful work 
 on the Niagara frontier. When the Americans deserted 
 Fort George, their commander ordered the Canadian village 
 of Newark to be burned. The inhabitants were left shel- 
 terless in the wintry air. It was an act which deserves 
 our severest censure, and most cruelly did the enemy re- 
 taliate, laying waste the New York border with fire and 
 sword. Buffalo and several other villages were burned. 
 
 23. The British blockaded the Atlantic coast, and kept 
 some of our national vessels from getting to sea. One of 
 the British admirals, Cockburn (ko'burn), spent some time 
 in the spring plundering and burning villages and farm- 
 
 19. Give an account of the enemy's attempt upon Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 20. What plan was made, and what did Wilkinson do early in November ? 
 
 21. What more can you tell of the expedition against Montreal ? 
 
 22. What can you tell of the burning of a Canadian village, and of the retaliation 
 
 of the British ? 
 
 23. What is said of a blockade ? Of the plundering and burning of villages ana 
 
 farm-houses i 
 
1813.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 131 
 
 houses on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. This was con- 
 genial occupation for Admiral Cockburn. 
 
 24. There were conflicts on the ocean. Off the coast 
 of Guiana,* early in the year, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Cap- 
 tain James Lawrence, compelled the British brig Peacock to 
 strike her colors after an action lasting but fifteen minutes. 
 The conquered ship was already sinking. On his return to 
 the United States, Lawrence was promoted to the command 
 of the frigate CJiesapeake — the same ill-starred vessel that 
 had struck her flag to the Leopard six years before. 
 
 25. On the 1st of June, Lawrence, with his vessel ill- 
 equipped and ill-manned, put to sea from Boston, to engage 
 the British frigate Shannon, which, with a well-disciplined 
 crew, was lying off the harbor inviting an attack. The 
 action was short, but very furious. Fortune favored the 
 Shannon. In a few minutes the Chesapeake became ex- 
 posed to a raking fire, and her chief officers were killed or 
 wounded. Then the enemy boarded her, and hauled down 
 the colors. Lawrence, after he was mortally wounded, gave 
 his last heroic order: " Don't give up the ship." This was 
 the most memorable sea-fight of the year. 
 
 26. A war with the Creeks, an Indian nation in Alabama, 
 began in 1813. Tecumseh had been among them exciting 
 them to take up arms. Part of the nation, however, re- 
 mained friendly. The beginning of hostilities was marked, 
 near the end of August, by a horrible massacre at Fort 
 Mims, in Southern Alabama. The fort was surprised by 
 the savages, and hundreds of men, women, and children 
 were butchered in cold blood. Volunteers, chiefly from 
 Tennessee and Georgia, with General Andrew Jackson as 
 their leader, hastened to avenge this massacre. A number 
 of battles took place, in which the savages were beaten, 
 and, March 27, 1814, at To-ho-pe'ka, or Horse-shoe Bend, on 
 the Tal-la-poo'sa River, Jackson gave them a terrible defeat, 
 which brought the war to an end. 
 
 * ge-ah'nah — g as in get. 
 
 24. Give an account of a sea-fight won early in the year by Captain Lawrence. 
 
 25. Give an account of the fight of the Chesapeake and the Shannon. 
 
 26. Who had excited the Creeks to take up arms ? What can you tell of the mas- 
 
 sacre at Fort Mims i Who went against the savages ? Result ? 
 
132 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1814 
 
 £. From, the Beginning of the Year 1814 to the End 
 
 of the War. 
 
 21. Events of 1814. — General Wilkinson having been 
 relieved of his command in the spring of this year, and 
 Hampton, another incompetent general, having resigned, 
 the war on the northern borders was henceforth conducted 
 with more credit to the American arms. 
 
 28. In July two memorable battles were fought on the 
 Niagara frontier. Early in this month, an American army,, 
 under General Brown, crossed the river near Fort Erie, 
 which post the enemy surrendered without resistance. The 
 Americans then marched down the river, General Winfield 
 Scott leading the advance, and, July 5, gained a brilliant 
 victory over the British under General Riall (ri'al), who, 
 leaving his intrenchments beyond the Chippewa (chip'pe- 
 waw), crossed the creek and gave battle. 
 
 29. Kiall retreated down the river, and after some time 
 was reenforced by General Drummond, his superior in com- 
 mand. The British then advanced, and on the 25th of 
 July the hostile armies met at Lundy's Lane, close by the 
 great Falls of Niagara. This was the most fiercely con- 
 tested battle of the war. General Scott's troops began the 
 conflict, which raged from near sunset till near midnight. 
 
 30. The enemy's battery had been placed upon a hill, 
 and to secure the victory the Americans had to capture 
 these guns. Colonel Miller, being ordered by General 
 Brown to carry the height and take the cannon, said, " I'll 
 try, sir." His perilous charge was successful. Three 
 times the British, advancing to retake their battery, were 
 hurled back. After the close of the action our troops held 
 the field awhile, and then retired to their camp. Generals 
 Brown and Scott were severely wounded in this battle. 
 
 31. The American army fell back to Fort Erie. Gen- 
 
 27. What is said of the war on the northern borders after the spring of 1814 ? 
 
 28. Give an account of operations early in July, including the battle of Chippewa. 
 
 Where was Fort Erie ? (See Map, " Niagara Frontier," p. 125.) Where is 
 Chippewa Creek ? 
 20. What is said of the battle of Lundy'a Lane ? 
 
 30. What more can you tell of this battle ? 
 
 31. What fort was afterwards occupied by the American army ? 
 
1814] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 133 
 
 eral Drummond followed, and besieged the fort with a 
 superior force of veteran soldiers. In an attempt to take 
 the works by storm, he was repulsed with the loss of nine 
 hundred men. A few weeks afterwards the besieged made 
 a sortie, and inflicted so great a loss upon Drummond that 
 he raised the siege. In November, it being too late in the 
 season to make offensive movements, the Americans blew 
 up Fort Erie, and withdrew from the Canada shore. 
 
 32. The close of the war in Europe, by the overthrow of 
 Napoleon, had enabled the British government to send to 
 Canada a large army of veteran soldiers, who had served 
 under the Duke of Wellington. Early in September, Gen- 
 eral Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand troops, 
 mostly veterans, appeared before Plattsburg, the principal 
 American post on Lake Cham plain, at this time held by 
 General Macomb (ma-koom'), with a force hardly one third 
 as large. 
 
 33. The American squadron, under Commodore Mac- 
 donough (mak-don' ah) , was anchored off Plattsburg. On 
 the 11th of September, the British squadron, under Cap- 
 tain Downie, bore down upon the American vessels, and 
 the severe battle of Lake Champlain was fought. Al- 
 though the enemy excelled in the number of his men and 
 cannon, yet Macdonough won a decisive victory. At the 
 same time Prevost, attacking Macomb's position on shore, 
 was vigorously resisted. He gave up the assault when 
 the British fleet surrendered on the lake, and that night 
 began a hasty and disorderly retreat towards Canada. 
 
 34. This year the British kept up a stricter blockade of 
 the Atlantic coast. Several towns on the seaboard, in the 
 eastern part of Maine, were captured, and the whole dis- 
 trict, as far west as the Penobscot, was claimed by the 
 enemy as a subdued country. In August a British fleet 
 entered the Pa-tux'ent from Chesapeake Bay, and landed 
 about five thousand men, under the command of General 
 
 31. What can you tell of the siege of Fort Erie ? What was done in November ? 
 
 32. What is said of British soldiers sent to Canada ? What of the hostile land 
 
 forces at Plattsburg ? Where is Plattsburg ? (See Map, p. 125.) 
 
 33. Give an account of the naval battle on Lake Champlain. Of the battle on laud- 
 Si. What is said of the blockade in 1814 ? Of operations in Eastern Maine ? 
 
134 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. [1814 
 
 Ross, who marched upon Washington, then a straggling 
 town of fewer than nine thousand inhabitants. The Ameri- 
 can forces, mostly raw militia, were posted at Bla'densburg, 
 tvhere they were routed by the invaders on the 24th. 
 
 35. The British then marched on, and in the evening of 
 the same day reached Washington. They burned the 
 Capitol, the president's house, and other public buildings, 
 and, on the following night, stole away, returning to their 
 ships. Part of their fleet, having sailed up the Potomac, 
 compelled the town of Alexan'dria to purchase safety by the 
 payment of a heavy ransom. 
 
 36. The British next sailed up the Chesapeake to attack 
 Baltimore. On the 12th of September, about nine thou- 
 sand troops landed at North Point, some miles below the 
 city. Marching towards Baltimore, tbey were opposed, 
 and General Ross, their commander, was killed. A spirited 
 action followed, and the American detachment was forced 
 to retire. The invaders the next day approached the works 
 defending the city, but not daring to risk an attack, turned 
 back in the early morning of the 14th. The fleet, which 
 meanwhile had moved up the Pataps'co, and bombarded 
 Fort McHenry with very little effect, also turned back. Thus 
 failed the attempt to capture Baltimore. 
 
 37. The United States had very few regular war- ves- 
 sels at sea in 1814, and for a while none. The blockade 
 and losses by captures had well nigh exhausted our little 
 navy ; but American privateers were still scouring the seas 
 and taking many rich prizes. The remarkable cruise of 
 Captain Porter, in the national frigate Essex, should be 
 mentioned. This frigate entered the Pacific early in 1813, 
 and besides protecting American ships in that ocean, made 
 great havoc among British whalemen. In March, 1814, 
 
 34. What movement was made against Washington ? What occurred at Bladens- 
 
 burg ? In what direction is Bladensburg from Washington? (See Map, 
 " Baltimore and Vicinity," p. 125.) 
 
 35. What was done at Washington by the British? What occurred at Alexandria ? 
 
 36. What city did the British next go against, and where did they land ? What 
 
 took place while the British were on the march for Baltimore ? Give an ac- 
 count of land and naval operations on the second day after the landing, and 
 on the morning of the 14th. 
 
 37. What was the condition of the navy of the United States in 1814 ? What if 
 
 said about the cruise of the Essex in the South Pacific, and her fate ? 
 
1814.] MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 135 
 
 the Essex fell a prey to two of the enemy's war-vessels 
 off Valparaiso (vahl-pah-ri'so). 
 
 38. Opposition to the war, or to the way it was managed, 
 was strongest in New England. The legislatures of Mas- 
 sachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island appointed dele- 
 gates, who, with others from some counties in New Hamp- 
 shire and Vermont, met at Hartford, in December, to con- 
 eider the condition of the New England States, and also 
 certain measures of the national government. The Hart- 
 ford Convention was in secret session three weeks, but 
 nothing of importance resulted from its deliberations. The 
 friends of the administration called it a dangerous and trea- 
 sonable body, while, on the other hand, the peace party 
 considered it a patriotic council. 
 
 39. The course of our narrative now leads us to the 
 most southern part of the country. Late in the summer a 
 British squadron arrived at Pensacola, which then be- 
 longed to Spain, and, with the consent of the Spanish com- 
 mander, made that place the headquarters for sending out 
 expeditions. Fort Bowyer (bo'yer), now Fort Morgan, 
 defending the approach to Mobile, was attacked by war- 
 vessels and a land-party, but the garrison repelled the as- 
 sailants. Finally, General Jackson, the commander in the 
 south, seized Pensacola and drove away the English. 
 
 40. Close of the war. — In December a powerful fleet, 
 with over ten thousand troops, the flower of England's 
 army, came to anchor near the entrance to Lake Borgne 
 (born). The design was to capture New Orleans. The 
 American gunboats on the lake were overpowered after 
 a gallant combat. General Jackson was then in New 
 Orleans, providing for its defence. As soon as he learned 
 that British troops (who crossed the shallow lake in 
 small craft) had landed and taken post below the city, he 
 made a night-attack upon their camp, and struck them a 
 blow which kept them back for a while. He then threw up 
 
 38. What of opposition to the war ? How, and for what purpose, were delegates 
 
 appointed ? What can you tell of the Hartford Convention ? 
 
 39. What can you tell of events which happened at Pensacola and Fort Bowyer ? 
 
 Where is Pensacola ? (See Map, p. 124.) 
 
 40. What force threatened New Orleans ? when and how ? Where is New Orleans ? 
 
 (See Map, p. 136.) What is said of a naval action and a night-attack ? 
 
136 
 
 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 [1815. 
 
 intrenchments 
 a few miles be- 
 low New Or- 
 leans, and be- 
 hind them re- 
 pelled the ene- 
 my who con- 
 fronted the de- 
 fences on the 
 
 New Orleans and Vicinity. 28th of Decem- 
 
 ber, and furiously cannonaded them on New Year's Day. 
 
 41. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British, under Sir 
 Edward Pakenham (pak'n-am), advanced to storm the in- 
 trenchments, which were defended by fewer than six thou- 
 sand men. So deadly a fire did the American marksmen 
 pour into the assailants, that they gave way, and fled in 
 horror and dismay. Jackson that day won a great victory, 
 killing- and wounding two thousand of the British, with the 
 loss of eight of his own men killed and thirteen wounded. 
 Pakenham was killed, and the two generals next in com- 
 mand wounded, one of them mortally. The British army, 
 not long afterwards, stole away in the night-time towards 
 their ships. The battle of New Orleans was the last im- 
 portant engagement of the war on the land, which had 
 lasted a little over two years and a half. 
 
 42. A treaty of peace was signed at Ghent,* in Belgium, 
 December 24, 1814, by American and British commission- 
 ers. Tidings of this treaty reached the United States little 
 more than a month after the battle of New Orleans, and 
 were everywhere hailed with joy. The treaty said nothing 
 about the two chief causes of the war — aggressions upon 
 American commerce and the impressment of seamen. Peace 
 between the powers of Europe had removed these abuses. 
 
 43. Several sea-fights took place in the early part of the 
 
 * Pronounced gent — g as in get. 
 
 40. What of two repulses of the enemy before the grand assault ? 
 
 41. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. How many were killed and 
 
 wounded on each side ? What else is stated concerning this battle ? 
 
 42. When was a treaty of peace made, and what is said about this treaty ? Wa» 
 
 the treaty of peace signed before or after the battle of New Orleans ? 
 
 43. What is said about sea-fights early in 1815 ? 
 
1815.] MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 137 
 
 year 1815, before it was known that a treaty of peace had 
 been made. In one, the frigate Constitution, then com- 
 manded by Captain Charles Stewart, engaged two small 
 English vessels of war, the Gyane (si-an 1 ) and the Levant 
 (le-vant'), and took both of them. 
 
 44. War with Algiers. — From 1795 to 1812 an annual 
 tribute had been paid the Dey of Algiers (dl-jeerz 1 ) to secure 
 American vessels from seizure by the Algerines. But the 
 same year in which war began with Great Britain the Dey 
 became hostile. One of his cruisers captured an American 
 vessel, and her captain and crew were held as captives, the 
 Dey refusing a high ransom offered by our government. 
 
 45. After peace had been made with Great Britain, Com- 
 modore Decatur was sent to Algiers with a squadron. On 
 the way he captured two Algerine ships of war, and soon 
 afterwards appeared in the harbor of Algiers. The fright- 
 ened Dey quickly agreed to the terms of peace which the 
 American commander dictated. Decatur then proceeded 
 to Tunis and Tripoli, and compelled their rulers to pay 
 for American vessels which they had permitted the English 
 to seize in these ports. No more tribute was paid by our 
 government to the North African sea-robbers. 
 
 46. In the year 1816, a new bank, called the Bank of the 
 United States, was chartered, to continue twenty years. 
 The presidential election occurred this year, and resulted 
 in the choice of James Monroe (mun-ro 1 ), of Virginia. 
 
 Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816. The French 
 were the discoverers of this region, and the earliest settlers.* 
 
 V. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1817-1825. 
 
 1. Monroe was president during two terms. Party spirit 
 subsided to such a degree that when he was chosen for a 
 
 * Vincennes (vin-senz'), the oldest town in Indiana, was the site of a tradings 
 post of the French early in the preceding century, perhaps as early as 1705. 
 Indiana gets its name from the word Indian. 
 
 44. What is said of a tribute to the Dey of Algiers, and of his hostility ? 
 
 45. Who was sent against Algiers, and with what success ? What did the com- 
 
 modore next do ? 
 
 46. When and for how long was a new Bank of the United States chartered! 
 
 Who was elected president in 1816 ? What of a new state ? 
 1. What is said of party spirit during Monroe's two terms i 
 
138 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 11820. 
 
 second term he received the almost unanimous vote of the 
 electors. The period of Monroe's administration is known 
 as the " era of good feeling." 
 
 2. During Monroe's presidency five states were added 
 to the Union, namely, Mississippi, in 181 7, Illinois, in 1818, 
 Alabama, in 1819, Maine, in 1820, and Missouri, in 1821. 
 In all these states, excepting Maine, whose early history 
 has already been given, the first settlements were made by 
 the French.* 
 
 3. When the admission of Missouri was proposed, a violent 
 debate arose on the question, whether it should be a slave or 
 or a free state. It was finally arranged, in 1820, by an agree- 
 ment, known as the Missouri Compromise, that Missouri 
 might come in as a slave state, but that slavery should be 
 prohibited in all other territory belonging to the United 
 States west of the Mississippi and north of parallel 36° 30'. 
 
 4. Troubles which arose between the settlers in Southern 
 Georgia and the Seminole Indians, ended in a war in the 
 autumn of 18 H. General Jackson, at the head of a force 
 of white troops and friendly Creeks, marched into Florida, 
 which then belonged to Spain, and overran the country of 
 the hostile savages. Believing that the Spaniards were 
 giving the Indians protection, Jackson took the Spanish 
 fort at St. Mark's, and seized Pensacola. During this 
 invasion he put to death two British subjects, accused of 
 inciting the Seminoles to war. The course of Jackson in 
 seizing Spanish forts and executing the two British sub- 
 jects caused hot debates in Congress and much excitement 
 in England and Spain. 
 
 * The first settlement in Mississippi was made in 1699, at Biloxi. (See p. 55, 1T 4.) 
 The first in Illinois, at Kaskaskia, as early as Km, perhaps earlier. The oldest 
 settlement in Alabama was made on Mobile River, in 1702. The oldest town m 
 Missouri is St. Genevieve (jen-e-vSve'), founded in 1755. For Maine, See p. 36. 
 
 Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri derive their names, which are of 
 Indian origin, from rivers of the same names. Mississippi, according to some, 
 means the father of waters, according to others,*fte great and long river ; Alabama, 
 here we rest ; Missouri, muddy water ; Illinois is formed from Indian Mini, men, 
 and the French suffix ois. 
 
 2. What states were formed during Monroe's presidency, and in what years ? 
 
 3. State what you can about the agreement known as the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 4. /Sow and when did a war arise with the Seminoles ? What can you tell of 
 
 Jackson's operations against the savages ? Against the Spaniards? Where 
 is St. Mark's? (See Map, p. 124.) What is said of two British subjects? 
 Of Jackson's course ? 
 
1819.] ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 139 
 
 5. For some time the government had been trying to 
 buy Florida. In 1819 a treaty was made, by which Spain 
 ceded the province to the United States. The treaty was 
 finally ratified in 1821, and that year Florida was delivered 
 up to the United States. The price paid was five millions 
 of dollars, besides the giving up by the American govern- 
 ment of all claim to Texas. 
 
 6. The president, in one of his annual messages, asserted 
 a principle, since known as the Monroe doctrine. He de- 
 clared, in effect, that the attempt of any European power 
 to gain new dominion in America, by either colonization 
 or conquest, would be regarded by the United States as 
 an unfriendly act. 
 
 7. In the summer of 1824, Lafayette came to the United 
 States, as " the Nation's Guest." He remained in this country 
 a little more than a year, during which time he visited each of 
 the twenty-four states. His tour was a triumphal progress. 
 Everywhere the people welcomed him with heartfelt joy. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, son of the 
 second president, was elected to succeed Monroe. 
 
 VI. JOHN Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1825-1829. 
 
 1. John Quincy Adams became president on the 4th of 
 March, 1825. His term of four years was a period of 
 great national prosperity. Many improvements of the 
 highest importance were going on throughout the country. 
 The building of the first railways in America was in Adams's 
 presidency, but locomotives were not used for travelling 
 till 1830. 
 
 2. The 4th of July, 1826, was the fiftieth anniversary of 
 the national independence, and is memorable from the 
 deaths of the famous patriots John Adams and Thomas 
 Jefferson, which occurred on that day. Both had lived to 
 be very old men. 
 
 5. State what you can of the purchase of Florida. 
 
 6. State what you can of the Monroe doctrine. 
 
 7. Give an account of Lafayette's visit. Who succeeded Monroe as president ? 
 
 1. When did John Quincy Adams become president, and what is said of his term! 
 
 What of the first railways, and of locomotives used for travelling ? 
 
 2. What is said of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson? 
 
140 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1832. 
 
 3. The question of a protective tariff excited much dis- 
 cussion during part of this administration. Such a tariff 
 law was enacted in 1828, with the view of protecting home 
 manufactures, by imposing heavy duties upon articles of 
 the same kind brought to this country from abroad. This 
 policy, which was called the American system, has been a 
 fruitful cause of contention between political parties. We 
 shall see that in the next administration South Carolina 
 came near taking up arms against the national government 
 on account of the tariff question. 
 
 4. When the time again came around for a presidential 
 canvass, the most bitter party spirit burst forth. Presi- 
 dent Adams was a candidate for a second term ; but the 
 result of the contest was the election of Andrew Jackson, 
 of Tennessee, the "Hero of New Orleans.' 7 
 
 VII. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1829-1837. 
 
 1. Jackson, the seventh president, held his office during 
 two terms. The same decision and vigor which had marked 
 his military operations were shown in liis control of civil 
 affairs. One of his first steps was to make numerous 
 removals from office of those who had opposed his election, 
 and to appoint to office his political friends. This policy, 
 though injurious to the public welfare, has been continued 
 by succeeding administrations. 
 
 2. The year 1832 is memorable in the history of our country 
 for important events, namely, the Black Hawk war, nullifica- 
 tion in South Carolina, the president's veto of the bill re- 
 chartering the United States Bank. In the spring of this 
 year, a war, known as the Black Hawk war, broke out with 
 some tribes of the north-west, led by Black Hawk, a chief of 
 the Sacs. The scene of hostilities was in Northern Illinois 
 and Southern Wisconsin. The war was soon ended, and 
 the usual results followed — the Indians ceded large tracts 
 of land to the government, and removed farther westward* 
 
 3. What kind of a tariff law was enacted in 1828, and for what purpose ? 
 
 4. How was the campaign of 1828 conducted, and who was elected president ? 
 
 1. What is said of Jackson's control of civil affairs ? Of removals from office ? 
 
 2. What important events of 1832 are mentioned ? State what you can of the Black 
 
 Hawk war. 
 
1832.] JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 141 
 
 3. The tariff of 1828 caused loud and bitter complaint in 
 the south, where there were no great manufacturing' in- 
 terests to encourage. Congress modified the law, but failed 
 to satisfy its opposers. Late in 1832 South Carolina, by 
 a state convention, issued an ordinance of nullification, 
 declaring the tariff laws null and void. The ordinance 
 also declared that the state would secede from the Union 
 if the federal government employed force to execute those 
 laws in South Carolina. 
 
 4. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, was the foremost 
 advocate of this false doctrine of state rights, namely, 
 that a state has the right to set aside a law of the national 
 government. He resigned the vice-presidency, and boldly 
 upheld the doctrine in the senate-chamber. Among the 
 senators of great ability who opposed it, Daniel Webster, 
 of Massachusetts, was most conspicuous. 
 
 5. The authorities of South Carolina threatened armed 
 resistance ; but President Jackson did not hesitate a 
 moment. He was ready to enforce the laws by the army 
 and the navy, if things should come to such a pass. 
 Finally, Henry Clay, senator from Kentucky, brought for- 
 ward a bill for a compromise tariff. It became a law, and 
 provided for a gradual reduction of duties. South Carolina 
 then returned to her allegiance. 
 
 6. Jackson's financial policy formed a prominent feature 
 of his administration. In 1832 he vetoed a bill passed by 
 Congress to renew the charter of the United States Bank. 
 As the bill failed to become a law, the bank ceased to be a 
 national institution when its charter expired, four years 
 afterwards. The excitement and discussion which followed 
 the veto were greatly increased the next year, in 1833, by 
 a new proceeding of the president against the bank. He 
 ordered the secretary of the treasury to cease depositing 
 the public moneys in that institution. This was done, and 
 
 3. What is said about the tariff of 1828 ? What can you state concerning nullifica- 
 
 tion in South Carolina? 
 
 4. What is said of the course of Calhoun ? Of Webster ? 
 
 5. What of Jackson's course ? What of Clay and a compromise tariff"? 
 
 6. What bill relating- to the United States Bank did the president veto ? What 
 
 change in keeping the public moneys was made by Jackson's direction ? 
 
142 
 
 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 [1835. 
 
 they were placed in certain state banks. Thomas H. 
 Benton, senator from Missouri, was a powerful helper of 
 Jackson in his war upon the bank. 
 
 t. At the close of 1835 the Florida war began. This 
 contest with the Seminoles and other Indians lasted seven 
 years before they were subdued. It was caused by an 
 attempt, on the part of the government of the United States, 
 to remove the Indians to lands west of the Mississippi. 
 
 A treaty for their removal had 
 been made ; but their ablest 
 warrior, Os-ce-o'la, and the 
 greater part of the Seminoles, 
 declared that the treaty was 
 not a valid one. 
 
 8. The opening of the war 
 was signalized by a dreadful 
 massacre. Major Dade and 
 more than a hundred men, 
 while on a march, were way- 
 laid near Wahoo (wah-hoo') 
 Swamp and all but three killed. 
 
 9. There had been con- 
 siderable fighting with the 
 Seminoles, when, in October, 
 1837, Osceola entered the 
 American camp under the pro- 
 tection of a flag of truce. 
 General Jes'up, the American 
 
 Map of Part of Florida. commander, detained him as a 
 
 captive. This has been regarded as a base action ; but 
 General Jesup pleaded in excuse for it the treachery of the 
 savage chieftain. Osceola was sent to Fort Moultrie, at 
 Charleston, where, a few months afterwards, he died. 
 10. But the capture of this famous warrior did not end 
 
 C.SABLj 
 
 6. What is said of Benton ? 
 
 7. When did the Florida war begin, and how long did it last ? 
 
 the war. What of a treaty ? 
 
 8. What signalized the opening of the war ? 
 
 9. What is said of Osceola — his seizure and fate I 
 
 State the cause of 
 
1837.] VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION- 143 
 
 the contest. After striking a blow, the savages- would 
 scatter to their lurking-places in swamps and thickets 
 which well defended them from pursuit. Colonel Zachary 
 Taylor marched far into their country, and beat them in a 
 hard-fought battle near Lake O-ke-cho'bee, in December, 
 1837. The war, however, lingered till 1842, when a peace 
 was made. 
 
 11. Arkan'sas entered the Union in 1836, and Mich'igan, 
 in 1837, both while Jackson was president. The admission 
 of Michigan made the number of states twenty-six, — double 
 the original number.* 
 
 12. Party lines were distinctly drawn on the bank and 
 the tariff questions. Those who supported the administra- 
 tion, and opposed the United States Bank and a protective 
 tariff, were called Democrats. Those who opposed the ad- 
 ministration, and advocated a bank and protective duties, 
 were called Whigs. At the election in the autumn of 1836, 
 the democrats made their candidate, Martin Van Buren, of 
 New York, president. 
 
 VIII. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1837-1841. 
 
 1. Very soon after Van Buren took the helm of state, a 
 commercial crisis occurred. Hundreds of mercantile houses 
 became bankrupt, and there was wide-spread distress, af- 
 fecting all branches of industry. The banks, which by 
 freely lending their notes had encouraged speculation, for a 
 while ceased to redeem them in hard money. The United 
 States have never since experienced so disastrous a financial 
 storm as swept over the country in 1837. 
 
 2. In the same year a rebellion broke out in Canada. 
 
 * The French made the first settlement in Arkansas, at Arkansas Post, in 1685. 
 Detroit, the oldest permanent European settlement in Michigan, was founded by 
 the French, in 1701. 
 
 Arkansas takes its name from a tribe of Indians now extinct. 
 
 The name Michigan, it is said, is derived from an Indian word meaning tht 
 lake country. 
 
 10. What course did the savages adopt ? What is said of a hard-fought battle ? 
 
 11. When did Arkansas and Michigan become states ? What is remarked con- 
 
 cerning the admission of Michigan ? 
 
 12. What is said of Democrats and Whigs ? Who was elected to succeed Jackson I 
 
 1. Give an account of the great commercial crisis of 1837. 
 
 2. What can you tell of the breaking out of a rebellion in Canada ? 
 
144 HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. [1842- 
 
 Many adventurers from the United States aided the in- 
 surgents, who attempted to overthrow the British govern- 
 ment of the colony; and at one time affairs took such a 
 turn that there was danger of another war between our 
 country and Great Britain. The president issued a proc- 
 lamation forbidding American citizens to aid the disaffected 
 Canadians. After some fighting, British troops and loyal 
 Canadians suppressed the rebellion. 
 
 3. In the latter part of Yan Buren's administration a 
 change was made in the mode of keeping the public moneys. 
 An act was passed, providing that they should be kept in 
 the treasury at Washington, and in sub-treasuries estab- 
 lished in some of the chief cities of the republic. At the 
 election in 1840, after a most exciting canvass, William 
 Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the candidate of the Whigs, was 
 chosen president, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as vice- 
 president. Harrison was the successful general in the 
 battles of Tippecanoe and the Thames. 
 
 IX. HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 1841-1845. 
 
 1. Harrison died just one month after his inauguration. 
 The vice-president, John Tyler, became president. The 
 Whigs, being in power, now expected to establish a United 
 States Bank ; but bills passed by Congress for this purpose 
 were vetoed by President Tyler, greatly to the chagrin of 
 the party that had elected him, and to the disgust of his 
 cabinet, every member of which resigned, except Webster, 
 the secretary of state, who held his position awhile longer. 
 
 2. In 1842, the people of Rhode Island were greatly 
 agitated by what is called, from its leader, the Dorr re- 
 bellion. The trouble arose from efforts made to establish 
 a new and more liberal constitution in place of the old 
 charter, granted by Charles II., under which Rhode Island 
 
 2. What danger was there, and what did the president do ? 
 
 3. What change was made in the mode of keeping the public moneys ? What is said of 
 
 the canvass and election in 1840 ? 
 1. How long was Harrison president, and who became president after Harrison's death ? 
 
 What bills did Tyler veto, and how was his course regarded by his party and 
 
 cabinet? . 
 3. In what state did the Don- rebellion arise, and how i 
 
1845.] TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 1^5 
 
 was still governed. For a short time the strife seemed 
 likely to bring on a bloody struggle ; but Dorr and those 
 of his followers who took up arms to put in force their 
 scheme of reform, soon dispersed without fighting. The 
 people legally adopted a new constitution in the same year. 
 
 3. In the latter part of Tyler's presidency the question 
 of the annexation of Texas came before the people. The 
 Texans, having thrown off the authority of Mexico, and 
 established a republic of their own, wished to come under 
 the government of the United States ; but the proposition 
 to admit Texas was strongly opposed, in the free states, by 
 those who were unwilling to extend our slave territory. 
 On the other hand, her admission was strongly advocated 
 in the south as favorable to the interests of slavery. 
 
 4. In the presidential contest of 1844, the Democratic 
 candidate, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, who was pledged 
 to favor the annexation of Texas, was elected president over 
 Henry Clay, the Whig candidate. On the 1st of March, 
 1845, — three days before the end of the term, — Tyler signed 
 resolutions passed by Congress permitting annexation on 
 certain conditions. Texas accepted the conditions, and was 
 admitted into the Union in the following December.* 
 
 5. On the day before the inauguration of the new pres- 
 ident, Tyler signed a bill admitting Florida and I'owa into 
 the Union, f The former became a state on the passage 
 of the act, in 1845, the latter not till the next year. 
 
 * The permanent occupancy of Texas may be dated from the year 1715, when the 
 Spaniards established posts and missions to prevent the region from falling into 
 the hands of the French, who were then colonizing Louisiana. In 1821, Mexico, 
 including Texas, declared herself independent of Spain. In the course of time 
 Santa Anna became president of Mexico. The Texans revolted, and on the 21st 
 of April, 1S36, under the command of General Houston (hews' tun), totally defeated, 
 in the battle of San Jacinto, an advance division of a large Mexican army under 
 Santa Anna, whom they took prisoner. This decisive battle secured Texan 
 independence. 
 
 t The settlement of Iowa was begun in 1833, just after the close of the Black 
 Hawk war. Dubuque (du-book', oo as in food) and Burlington are the oldest 
 towns. (For Florida, see pp. 12, 13). 
 
 Iowa gets its name from that of a tribe of Indians, the Iowas, whose name 
 signifies the drowsy or sleepy ones. 
 
 2. What more can you state concerning this difficulty ? 
 
 3. What important question came up in the latter part of Tyler's presidency ? 
 
 What had the Texans done, and what did they wish ? On what grounds was 
 the annexation of Texas opposed and advocated in the United States ? 
 
 4. Who was elected president in 1844 ? When did Tyler sign resolutions per- 
 
 mitting the annexation of Texas ? 
 
 5. When wore Florida and Iowa brought into the Union as states ? 
 
 10 
 
146 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. . [1845. 
 
 6. The population of the north-west was rapidly in- 
 creasing', and every year the settlers were advancing farther 
 westward. Towns and cities were now springing up as if 
 by magic. It was common for a number of emigrants to 
 form a company, and with a long train of wagons make their 
 way through the prairies to their new homes. 
 
 X. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1845-1849. THE WAR 
 
 WITH MEXICO. 
 
 1. Operations of the Army under Taylor. 
 
 1. Polk's administration began on the 4th of March, 
 1845, and was most marked by the war with Mexico, which 
 resulted from the annexation of Texas. The Texans, most 
 of whom were emigrants from the United States, had waged 
 a successful war with the Mexicans, and established a re- 
 public, whose independence had been recognized by the 
 United States and by the principal European powers ; but 
 Mexico still claimed the country as part of her domain. 
 
 2. The passage of the resolutions permitting Texas to join 
 the Union was considered by the Mexicans as an act of 
 hostility. Moreover the western boundary of Texas was 
 in dispute. The Texans claimed the country as far as the 
 Rio Grande, while, on the other hand, the Mexicans con- 
 tended that the revolted province had never spread farther 
 westward than the River Nueces (nwd'ses). 
 
 3. While war was imperding, General Taylor, in obe- 
 dience to orders from his government, advanced into Texas 
 with a body of American troops to repel a threatened inva- 
 sion of the Mexicans. In August, 1845, he formed his camp 
 at Corpus Christi (kris'te), just within the disputed territory ; 
 and in the early part of the next year, having received 
 positive orders to advance, he moved to the Rio Grande, 
 opposite Matamoras (mat-a-mo'ras). Here, on the east bank 
 
 6. What is said of the north-west region ? 
 
 1. What caused the war with Mexico ? Who were most of the Texans, and what 
 
 had they done ? 
 
 2. How did the Mexicans regard the passage of the resolutions permitting annexa- 
 
 tion ? What dispute was there as to boundary ? 
 
 3. What movement was made while war was impending ? Where did Taylor form 
 
 his camp in August, 1845, and what did he do early the next year ? Where 
 is Matamoras ? (See Map, p. 149.) The River Nueces ? The Rio Grande i 
 
148 WAR WITH MEXICO. [184a 
 
 of the river, he began to build a fort — afterwards called 
 Fort Brown. Before arriving at the Rio Grande, he estab- 
 lished a depot of supplies at Point Isabel. 
 
 4. The Mexican forces were on the opposite side of the 
 river, about Matamoras. On the 25th of April, 1846, a 
 small reconnoitring party of American dragoons, led by 
 Captain Thornton, was surprised on the east side of the 
 Rio Grande, and, after losing sixteen men, killed and 
 wounded, was forced to surrender. 
 
 5. A few days later, having learned that the Mexicans 
 were crossing the river in great force, Taylor marched his 
 main army back to Point Isabel to obtain supplies and 
 make his depot there secure. Having done these things, 
 he set out to return, with about twenty-three hundred 
 men, to the fort opposite Matamoras. On the way he met 
 General Arista (ah-rees'tah), May 8, with a Mexican army 
 greatly superior in numbers, and beat him in a battle on 
 the plain of Palo Alto.* 
 
 6. The next day, May 9, Taylor, advancing, met the 
 Mexicans again, strongly posted at Resaea de la Palma,t 
 and totally defeated them. They fled beyond the Rio 
 Grande. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed that river, 
 and took possession of Matamoras, where he waited a* 
 while for reinforcements. 
 
 1. Intelligence of the capture of Captain Thornton's 
 party produced intense excitement throughout the United 
 States. The whole nation was aroused. Many more men 
 than the government needed were eager to volunteer for 
 the rescue of Taylor's little army, which was supposed to 
 be in great danger. Congress took measures to prosecute 
 the war with vigor. 
 
 8. After about three months General Taylor was in a 
 condition to carry the war still farther into the enemy's 
 
 * pah'lo ahl'to. t ra-sah'kah da lah-pahl'mah. 
 
 4. Where were the Mexican forces ? Give an account of the surprise and capture 
 
 of a small party of American dragoons. 
 
 5. Give an account of a movement of Taylor's army before the battle of Palo Alto. 
 
 Give an account of the battle of Palo Alto. . 
 
 (\. Give an account of the battle of Resaea de la Palma. What did Taylor next do i 
 
 7. What took place in the United States when the capture of Captain Thornton's 
 
 party became known i 
 
 8. When did Taylor advance still farther into the enemy's country .' 
 
(149) 
 
150 WAR WITH MEXICO. [1«46. 
 
 country. He moved his army of about six thousand six 
 hundred men against Monterey (mon-te-rd'), a strongly 
 fortified city, defended by General Ampudia (ahm-poo'de-ah), 
 with ten thousand Mexican troops. On the 24th of Sep- 
 tember, after a siege of four days and a series of assaults, 
 the city was surrendered to the Americans. 
 
 9. Before this time the American government had 
 prepared two expeditions to penetrate Mexico north of 
 Taylor's line of operations. One of these was to invade 
 and conquer New Mexico and California. The conquest 
 of these countries will be related hereal'ter. The other was 
 to move against Chihuahua (che-wah'wah). 
 
 10. The expedition against Chihuahua was commanded 
 by General Wool. About the time of the fall of Monterey 
 he marched from San Anto'nio, in Texas, with near three 
 thousand men. The route was long and wearisome, but 
 after some weeks he reached Monclo'va, where he received 
 orders to give up the expedition. He afterwards marched 
 southward, and joined General Taylor. 
 
 11. Some weeks after the taking of Monterey, Taylor 
 advanced a division of his army, and occupied Saltillo 
 (sahl-teel'yo). About the same time a naval force from the 
 American fleet in the Gulf took possession of the city and 
 port' of Tampico (tahm-pe'ko). In January, 1841, a large 
 part of Taylor's best troops was withdrawn to aid General 
 Scott, who had been ordered to invade Mexico, by way of 
 Vera Cruz (vd'rah-kroos). 
 
 12. Meanwhile Santa Anna, gen eral-in- chief of the Mex- 
 ican forces, had collected twenty thousand troops, and 
 with these he marched northward, hoping now to gain a 
 victory over Taylor's diminished army. The Americans, 
 hardly five thousand men, under Taylor and Wool, awaited 
 
 8. Give an account of the taking- of Monterey. Where is Monterey ? (See Map.) 
 
 9. What is said of two expeditions ? 
 
 10. Who led the expedition which set out for Chihuahua ? Give an account of 
 
 this expedition. Where is San Antonio ? (See Map, p. 149.) Monclova ? 
 Thihuahua ? 
 
 11. What can you tell of the taking of Saltillo and Tampico ? Where is Saltillo ? 
 
 (See Map.) Tampico ? How was Taylor's army weakened in January, 1847 ? 
 12 Who was Santa Anna, and what did he do ? Where were the Americans 
 posted ? 
 
1846.J POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 151 
 
 the attack in a narrow mountain-pass near the plantation 
 of Buena Vista (bwa'nah vees'tah). The battle began with 
 skirmishing in the afternoon of the 22d of February, 1847. 
 It opened anew early the next morning, and raged with 
 great fury till night, when Santa Anna retreated, leaving 
 his killed and wounded on the battle-field. This victory 
 put an end to the war in the region held by Taylor's forces. 
 From this time the chief efforts of Mexico were to resist the 
 invasion, which Scott was about to make to the very centre 
 of her power. 
 
 2. Conquest of Neiv Mexico and California, 
 
 13. Very soon after the beginning of the war the con- 
 quest of New Mexico was planned at Washington. A 
 small army, collected for this purpose at Fort Leavenworth, 
 set out in June, 1846, under the command of General 
 Stephen W. Kearny (kar'ni). After a march of nine hun- 
 dred miles, through a wild and uninhabited region, the 
 invaders, in August, entered Santa Fe, the capital of New 
 Mexico. Kearny took possession of this vast province 
 without opposition, and set up a new government. He 
 then, with a squadron of cavalry, pushed on for California. 
 His design was to cooperate with the Pacific fleet in the 
 conquest of that Mexican state. 
 
 14. Part of the Americans who entered Santa Fe" marched 
 southward, near the end of the year, against Chihuahua. 
 Colonel Doniphan led the expedition. It was a long and 
 adventurous march. On the way the little army, number- 
 ing about eight hundred men, defeated the enemy in two 
 battles, in which American bravery and Mexican cowardice 
 were signally displayed. The last victory, gained at the 
 pass of the Sacramento, February 28, 1847, gave Doniphan 
 possession of the city of Chihuahua. 
 
 12. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. What is said of this victory and 
 
 of Mexican efforts afterwards ? 
 
 13. Where, when, and under whom was an array collected to march against New 
 
 Mexico ? Where is Fort Leavenworth ? (See Map, p. 149.) Santa Fe ? 
 What can you tell of Kearny's march and of operations in New Mexico ? 
 
 14. What expedition went southward from Santa Fe ? What was accomplished 
 
 by this expedition ? 
 
152 WAR WITH MEXICO. [1846. 
 
 15. A few mouths before the opening of the Mexican 
 war, Captain John C. Fremont entered California, with a 
 small exploring party. He was seeking a new route to 
 Oregon, farther south than the one usually travelled by 
 emigrants. After some time, learning that the Mexican 
 commandant was about to expel the American settlers in 
 California, he espoused their cause, and after some conflicts 
 with the Mexicans, called the Americans together at a town 
 near San Francisco, where, by his advice, July 5, 1846, they 
 declared their independence. Fremont as yet did not 
 know that we were at war with Mexico. 
 
 16. Only two days later Commodore Sloat, who had 
 been cruising off the Pacific coast, and had lately learned 
 that war existed between the United States and Mexico, 
 seized Monterey, and proclaimed that the Americans would 
 henceforth hold the country. Commodore Stockton short- 
 ly afterwards took the command in place of Sloat, and aided 
 by Fremont, continued the work of overturning Mexican 
 authority. This was fully completed early in January, 
 1847. General Kearny, with his small party, arrived a 
 little while before the struggle was over, arid took part in 
 the last battle. On his march from Santa F6 he had ex- 
 perienced great hardships, and had narrowly escaped being 
 cut off by the enemy. 
 
 3. Operations of the Army under Scott, 
 
 17. Mexico was now threatened with an invasion more 
 dangerous than she had yet experienced. General Scott 
 had collected an army of over twelve thousand men, with 
 the design of marching upon the capital. He landed his 
 army near Vera Cruz, March 9, 1847, and soon had com- 
 pletely invested the city. After a furious bombardment, 
 
 15. When and why had Fremont entered California with an exploring party? 
 
 What cause did Fremont espouse, and what was done July 5, 1846 ? 
 
 16. What happened only two days later ? What is said of Commodore Stockton 
 
 and Fremont ? Where is Monterey in California ? (See Map, p. 149.) When 
 had Mexican authority in California been completely overturned ? What is 
 said of Kearny's arrival, and of his march ? 
 
 17. How many men had Scott collected, and for what purpose ? Where and 
 
 when did he land his army ? Give an account of the capture of Vera Crua 
 and the castle. Where is Vera Cruz ? (See Map, p. 149.) In what direction 
 is the city of Mexico from Vera Crua ? 
 
1847.] POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 153 
 
 of four days, from the army and fleet, Vera Cruz, and the 
 strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa,* surrendered, March 29. 
 
 18. A few days afterwards Scott began his march to- 
 wards the city of Mexico. At the mountain-pass of Cer'ro 
 Gor'do, he met Santa Anna, who, since his defeat at Buena 
 Vista, had collected another army, with which he was guard- 
 ing the pass. The Americans stormed the works on the 
 18th of April, and totally routed the Mexicans. 
 
 19. The victors continued their march to Puebla {pwa!- 
 blah), which important city was given up by the Mexicans 
 without a struggle. Here Scott waited nearly three months 
 for reinforcements. Santa Anna, meanwhile, was planning 
 new means for the defence of the capital. lie organized 
 bands of guerrillas, and with surprising energy raised an- 
 other army to resist the invaders. 
 
 20. Scott's reinforcements arrived, and in the early days 
 of August he resumed his march. The invading army now 
 numbered somewhat over ten thousand men. Thirty thou- 
 sand Mexican soldiers, within the fortifications which 
 guarded the approaches to the capital, awaited them. 
 
 21. On the 19th of August the Americans, who had 
 turned to the left from the direct road in order to avoid 
 the strongest fortification, found their advance impeded by 
 the fortified camp of Contreras,f about twelve miles south 
 of the city of Mexico. The next morning the camp was 
 assaulted and carried. This success was followed the same 
 day by the brilliant victory of Churubusco. J The Mexicans 
 fell back upon the city. 
 
 22. Scott might now have taken the city, but hoping 
 that the Mexicans would be willing to negotiate a peace, 
 he granted Santa Anna an armistice. After a little while 
 it was seen that the terms of peace could not be agreed 
 upon, and hostilities were resumed. 
 
 * sahn hioahn' da oo-lo'ah. t kon-tra'rdhs. \ choo-roo-boos'ko. 
 
 18. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 
 
 19. What is said of Puebla and the stay there ? Of Santa Anna ? 
 
 20. When did Scott take up the march again? State the strength of the hostil* 
 
 forces. 
 
 21. What occurred on the 19th of August ? What the next day t 
 22- Why did Scott grant an armistice, and with what result ? 
 
154 WAR WITH MEXICO, [1847. 
 
 23. On the 8th of September General Worth led his 
 column against the forces of the enemy in a strong stone 
 building, called the Molino del Bey.* The battle fought 
 on that day was the most bloody of the war, but at last 
 the position was won. Five days later the Americans 
 stormed the rock and castle of Chapultepec,f the last strong- 
 defence of the capital, and routed the whole Mexican army. 
 On the following day, September 14, the victorious Ameri- 
 cans entered the city of Mexico, and raised the "stars and 
 stripes " over the national palace. Mexico was conquered. 
 Santa Anna and the miserable remnant of his army had 
 fled in the night. 
 
 24. Among the American officers who bravely fought in 
 the battles won by Taylor and Scott, were many who, four- 
 teen or fifteen years afterwards, became leaders on each 
 side in the great civil war which put an end to slavery. 
 
 25. The fall of the capital may be considered as closing 
 the war. There was very little fighting afterwards. A 
 treaty was concluded, February 2, 1848, and peace was 
 proclaimed by President Polk on the 4th of July following. 
 By this treaty the United States gained a vast territory, 
 stretching north-west of Texas, to the Pacific. They agreed 
 to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars, and to assume 
 her debts to American citizens to the amount of over three 
 millions more. 
 
 d. Other Events in this Administration. 
 
 26. For a long time before Polk became president both 
 the United States and Great Britain had conflicting claims 
 to the region then known as Oregon. In the early pari 
 of the administration, it seemed as if war might come from 
 
 * mo-le'no del ra, t chah-pool-ta-pek' '. 
 
 23. What is said of the taking of the Molino del Rey ? Of the storming of the 
 last defence of the capital ? When did the victors enter the city of Mexico ? 
 What had become of Santa Anna? 
 
 84. What statement is made as to officers who fought under Taylor and Scott in 
 the Mexican war ? 
 
 25. What may the fall of the city of Mexico be considered ? When was a treaty 
 
 of peace concluded ? What was obtained on each side ? 
 
 26. What can you tell about conflicting claims to Oregon at the beginning of 
 
 Polk's administration r 
 
1847.] POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 155 
 
 these rival claims ; but peaceful counsels prevailed. The 
 long controversy was settled in 1846, by a treaty establish- 
 ing the present boundary of the United States from the 
 Rocky Mountains to the Pacific* 
 
 2t. Just before the conclusion of the treaty with 
 Mexico, gold was discovered in California. News of this 
 discovery caused a wonderful tide of emigration from all 
 parts of the civilized world to set towards the land of gold. 
 
 In 1848 Wisconsin f became a state. There were now 
 fifteen free states and fifteen slave states in the Union. 
 
 28. As a result of the acquisition of territory from Mexico 
 an important and exciting question arose : Shall slave- 
 holding be allowed in this vast region, or in any part of it ? 
 Violent debates took place in Congress. In the south 
 deep feeling was aroused, and in the north the anti-slavery 
 sentiment became stronger than ever. 
 
 29. A new party, called the Free Soil party, opposed to 
 the extension of slave territory, sprang up. But it was by 
 no means so strong as either the Whig or the Democratic 
 party. General Taylor's services in Mexico were soon 
 rewarded by the highest honors in the gift of the nation. 
 At the election in 1848, the Whig candidates were success- 
 ful. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, was chosen president, 
 and Millard Fillmore, of New York, vice-president. 
 
 * The claim of the United States to Oregon was based on several grounds — on 
 American discovery, exploration, and occupation of the region, and on the 
 cession made by Spain in the Florida treaty (1821) of whatever rights she had 
 through her early navigators who reached those parts. In 1792 Captain Gray, 
 of the ship Columbia, from Boston, discovered and entered the great river of the 
 north-west, and named it after his vessel. In 1804-5 Lewis and Clark, officers of 
 the American army, led an exploring expedition, which traced the Missouri to- 
 wards its source, and descended the Columbia to the Pacific. The discovery and 
 first exploration of this river gave our government, according to the law of na- 
 tions, a right to the country drained by its waters. In 1811 the Pacific Fur Com- 
 pany, which had been formed by John Jacob Astor, of New York, set up, at the 
 mouth of the Columbia, an establishment known as Astoria. 
 
 t The oldest town in the state is Green Bay, which was permanently settled in 
 1745 by the French. But many years before that time they nad explored the coun- 
 try, and established missions and trading-posts in Wisconsin. 
 
 Wisconsin takes its name from the Wisconsin River, whose Indian name means 
 the gathering of the waters. 
 
 26. How, and when was the controversy settled ? 
 
 27. When was gold discovered in California, and what followed ? When was 
 
 Wisconsin admitted into the Union ? What of slave and free states i 
 
 28. What great question arose ? What of public feeling ? 
 
 29. What new party sprang up ? Who were elected president and vice-president 
 
 in 1848 ? ' 
 
L56 TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. [1850. 
 
 XL TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 1849-1853. 
 
 1. Questions relating to slavery were the subject of ex- 
 citing debates in Congress during Taylor's short administra- 
 tion. It was necessary to provide governments for the 
 territories ceded by Mexico. The region thus acquired 
 had, under Mexican rule, been free from slavery. But a 
 great majority in the south now contended that slave- 
 owners should not be forbidden to migrate to these terri- 
 tories with their slaves and hold them there. 
 
 2. In the free states there was a large and growing 
 party opposed to extending the area of slavery. The 
 members of this party believed it to be the duty and right 
 of Congress to prohibit slaveholding in all the territories. 
 
 3. Besides this great question, there were others con- 
 nected with slavery — one, whether slavery, or at least the 
 slave-trade, should be abolished in the District of Columbia. 
 For many years petitions praying that this might be 
 done had been received by Congress. Another related 
 to fugitive slaves, and still another to the boundary of 
 Texas. — this slave state having set up a claim to a large 
 part of New Mexico. The leading champion of the slave- 
 power was John C. Calhoun, whose life was now near its 
 close. He died on the last day of March, 1850. 
 
 4. California formed a constitution, and applied to Con- 
 gress for admission into the Union as a free state. Her 
 admission was opposed by the southern leaders, and for 
 several months a hot discussion was carried on within the 
 walls of Congress. 
 
 5. At length Henry Clay, himself a slaveholder, but 
 opposed to the extension of slavery, brought forward a 
 plan of a compromise which he believed would settle the 
 difficulties. This plan was in discussion when ~ the nation 
 
 1. What topic agitated Congress during Taylor's presidency ? What is said about 
 
 the territories obtained from Mexico ? For what did the south contend ? 
 
 2. What was the belief of a large party in the north ? 
 
 3. Name three other questions connected with slavery. What is said of John G 
 
 Calhoun ? 
 
 4. What did California do, and what followed in Congress? 
 6. What did Henry Clay bring forward in the Senate . ? 
 
1850.J FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 157 
 
 was called to mourn the death of its chief magistrate. 
 President Taylor died July 9, 1850. His administration 
 had lasted but little more than sixteen months. The vice- 
 president, Millard Fillmore, became president. 
 
 6. The measures devised by Clay, known as the Com- 
 promise of 1850, passed Congress in September of that 
 year. They provided, 1st. For the admission of California* 
 as a free state. 2d. For organizing territorial governments 
 in Utah and New Mexico, without any provision for or 
 against slavery. These two territories embraced the re- 
 mainder of the country acquired from Mexico. 3d. For 
 establishing the boundary of Texas, as at present, and pay- 
 ing that state ten millions of dollars to relinquish all claim 
 to additional territory. 4th. For prohibiting, not slavery, 
 but the slave-trade in the District of Columbia. 5th. For 
 the enactment of a Fugitive Slave Law, to enable masters 
 to recover their slaves escaping to a free state. 
 
 7. The Fugitive Slave Law was designed to carry out 
 more effectually a provision of the Constitution. Runaway 
 slaves were caught in the north and returned to bondage. 
 But it is not too much to say that the enforcement of this 
 law violated the moral feelings of the great body of the 
 people in the free states, and greatly aided to bring on the 
 final conflict. 
 
 8. Two remarkable men, and leading statesmen, died in 
 1852 — Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. In the same 
 year the presidential election took place, and Franklin 
 Pierce, of New Hampshire, the candidate of the Democratic 
 party, was chosen. 
 
 * The first white settlement within the limits of the present State of California 
 was a Catholic mission, established under Spanish authority, at San Diego 
 (de-a'go), in 1769. During the fifty years following, other missions were estab- 
 lished all along the coast as far north as San Francisco. 
 
 The name California is first met with in a Spanish romance published in or 
 about the year 1510, being given, in that book, to an imaginary island "on the 
 right hand of the Indies, very near to the Terrestrial Paradise." It is believed 
 that Cortos, twenty-five years later, sailing up the west side of Mexico, applied 
 the name to the Peninsula of California. 
 
 5. When did Taylor die, and who became president ? 
 
 6. When did compromise measures pass Congress ? For what did they provide ? 
 
 7. What can you say about the fugitive slave law ? 
 
 8. What leading statesmen died in 1852, and who was elected president in tlw 
 
 same year ? 
 
158 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1854 
 
 XII. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1853-1857. 
 
 1. In the early part of Pierce's administration a new 
 boundary treaty was made with Mexico, the United States 
 purchasing of that republic a considerable strip of land 
 south of the Gila (he'lah) River. But by far the most im- 
 portant events of this administration were the repeal of 
 the Missouri Compromise by Congress, and the struggle in 
 Kansas. 
 
 2. The political calm brought about by the compromise 
 measures of 1850 did not last long. In the beginning of 
 1854, Stephen A. Douglas (dug'las), of Illinois, brought 
 forward in the national Senate a bill, known as the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill, organizing two vast territories, to be called 
 Kansas and Nebraska, and leaving the people of these 
 territories to decide whether they would have slavery or 
 not. This region was much more extensive than the present 
 states of Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 3. As the passage of the bill would repeal the Missouri 
 Compromise of 1820, and permit slavery to enter a region 
 from which it had been excluded by that solemn compact, a 
 large part of the people in the free states vehemently op- 
 posed the proposition. Most exciting discussions followed 
 in Congress, and the people in all parts of the country 
 were deeply moved. Notwithstanding all opposition, the 
 bill became a law in May, 1854. 
 
 4. The struggle for Kansas now began. Settlers soon 
 entered the territory in large numbers. Some of the free- 
 state men who came as colonists were sent by societies 
 formed in the north with the intent of securing Kansas for 
 freedom. Slaveholders and their friends came, intending 
 to secure it for slavery. When elections were held, res- 
 idents of the neighboring slave state of Missouri swarmed 
 
 1. What is said of a boundary treaty with Mexico ? Name the two most impor- 
 
 tant events of Pierce's administration. 
 
 2. When and by whom was the Kansas-Nebraska bill brought forward in the 
 
 Senate? State the object of this bill. 
 
 3. Why did a large part of the people in the free states vehemently oppose the 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska bill ? When did the bill become a law ? 
 
 4. What can you tell of those who entered Kansas ? What happened when an 
 
 election was held ? 
 
1856.} BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 159 
 
 over the border to vote, with the design of making Kansas a 
 slave state. After voting they returned to their homes. 
 
 5. Hostile encounters took place. Armed bands of 
 ruffians, mostly from Missouri, made incursions into the 
 territory, murdered free-state men, and laid waste their 
 settlements. Towns were sacked, houses burned, and 
 farms plundered. Although the free-state settlers were 
 greatly in the majority, yet both President Pierce, and his 
 successor, President Buchanan (buk-an'an), sided with the 
 pro-slavery party in the territory. But by neither fair 
 means nor foul could Kansas be made a slave state. During 
 some years, however, she was kept waiting for admission 
 into the Union. 
 
 6. Public feeling had become so thoroughly aroused in re- 
 gard to slavery as to cause the reorganization of parties. 
 The Whig 'party broke up. The Democratic party gained 
 great strength in the Southern States, while in the free states 
 an organization opposed to the extension of slavery became 
 powerful under the name of the Republican party. The 
 Democrats carried the election of 1856, and made James 
 Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, president. 
 
 XIII. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1857-1861. 
 
 1. Buchanan was inaugurated March 4, 1857. Early in 
 his administration trouble arose with the Mormons, or 
 "Latter-Day Saints/' — a sect of fanatics who uphold and 
 practise polygamy as part of their religious belief. Under 
 the guidance of Brigham Young they had founded Salt 
 Lake City, in Utah, about ten years before, and they now 
 threatened to resist the national authority by force of arms. 
 The president sent a strong body of troops to that territory ; 
 but the difficulty was settled without bloodshed. 
 
 In the autumn of 1857 a commercial crisis greatly dis- 
 turbed the business of the country. 
 
 ). What can you tell of the civil strife iu Kansas ? What position did Pierce and 
 
 Buchanan take ? 
 i. What caused the reorganization of parties ? What is said of the Whig party ! 
 
 The Democratic party ? The Republican party ? Who were successful in the 
 
 election of 1856 ? 
 I. What can you tell of the Mormons and their chief city ? What is said about 
 
 their difficulty with the government ? What of a commercial crisis ? 
 
160 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1859 
 
 2. The slavery question still agitated the people. The 
 anti-slavery feeling of the north was further roused by a 
 decision of the majority of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States in the case of the negro Dred Scott. This decision, 
 which was delivered by Chief Justice Taney (taw'ni) just 
 after Buchanan took office, declared the Missouri Com- 
 promise unconstitutional ; that the Constitution gave slave- 
 owners the right to hold their slaves in the territories, and 
 that neither negro slaves nor their descendants, slave or 
 free, could become citizens of the United States. 
 
 3. The legislatures of some of the free states passed, or 
 revived enactments, called Personal Liberty Laws, which 
 obstructed the execution of the fugitive slave law. These 
 laws gave great offence to the people of the South. 
 
 4. In October, 1859, — a few months before the beginning 
 of the presidential canvass of I860, — an event occurred 
 which roused the southern people to a high pitch of excite- 
 ment and indignation. This was the raid of John Brown, 
 who, with only twenty-one followers, seized the United 
 States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, as a part of 
 his plan for liberating slaves on a large scale. The strange, 
 mad project failed. The insurgents were attacked, and 
 most of them were killed. Brown and six of his associates 
 were tried, convicted, and hanged. 
 
 5. The resolute old man who thus violated the law of 
 the land had been a leader of the free-state men in Kansas, 
 where he and his sons had suffered from pro-slavery out- 
 rages. Affairs in Kansas were in an unsettled condition 
 during nearly the whole time of Buchanan's administra- 
 tion. The efforts made in Congress by the friends of the 
 slave power to force a slave constitution upon the peo- 
 ple of that territory, greatly increased the bitterness of 
 sectional feeling. 
 
 2. How was the anti-slavery feeling 1 in the north further roused ? What decision, 
 
 in the cascof Dred Scott, was delivered by Chief Justice Taney f 
 
 3. State what you can concerning- Personal Liberty Laws. 
 
 4. When and where did the raid of John Brown occur ? What was Brown's de- 
 
 sign, and what was his fate ? 
 
 5. What more is said of Brown ? Of affairs in Kansas, and of efforts in Congress 
 
 which increased sectional feelinsr ? 
 
^81.] BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 161 
 
 6. Such was the state of affairs in 1860, when the pres- 
 idential canvass took place. The people became divided 
 into four parties. The Republican party was successful, 
 and elected Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, president. 
 
 7. As soon as the result of the election was known, the 
 political leaders in several of the Southern States set in 
 motion a plot already formed for withdrawing their states 
 from the Union. South Carolina took the lead, and in 
 December passed an ordinance of secession, declaring* 
 herself out of the Union. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
 Georgia, and Louisiana followed. These five states passed 
 similar acts in January, 1861, and on the first of February 
 Texas joined them. Seven states had now thrown off* their 
 allegiance — all the Gulf States, together with South Carolina 
 and Georgia. 
 
 8. Delegates from these states met in convention at 
 Montgomery, Alabama, in February, and organized a 
 government under the name of the Confederate States of 
 America. They elected Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, 
 president of their confederacy. 
 
 9. The rebellious states seized forts, arsenals, custom- 
 houses, ships, and national property of all kinds within 
 their boundaries. There remained in the possession of the 
 United States only Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, Fort 
 Pickens, near Pensacola, and the forts off the southern 
 extremity of Florida. The brave and patriotic commanders 
 of the first two, Major Anderson and Lieutenant Slemmer, 
 gained honor by their conduct in these trying times. 
 
 10. Major Anderson, with about eighty men in all, oc- 
 cupied Fort Moultrie. Believing that he could not defend 
 that post, he removed his garrison in the night-time to 
 Fort Sumter, a stronger fort, on an island in Charleston 
 
 6. Into how many parties were the people divided in 1860, and who was elected 
 
 president ? 
 
 7. State what was done by some of the southern leaders. By South Carolina. 
 
 What six states followed the lead of South Carolina, and when ? 
 
 8. What was done by delegates from the seven insurgent states, and when ? 
 
 9. What befell the national property in these states? What forts alone remained 
 
 in possession of the United States ? 
 10. State what you can concerning the removal of the garrison from Fort Moultrie 
 to Fort Sumter. 
 
 11 
 
162 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. [186L 
 
 Harbor. This act raised the indignation of the South 
 Carolinians beyond all bounds. Early in January, the 
 national government sent an unarmed steamer, the Star of 
 the West, with troops and supplies for Fort Sumter. When 
 within sight of the fort, January 9, the steamer was fired 
 upon by a rebel battery, and compelled to turn back. 
 
 11. Port Pickens was saved by Lieutenant Slemmer, 
 who removed his small garrison from an insecure fort to 
 that stronghold just in time to prevent its capture. He 
 was soon besieged by a strong force of insurgent troops, 
 but he determined to hold out to the last. 
 
 12. General Twiggs, in Texas, committed an act of 
 base treason. He surrendered his command — about 
 twenty-five hundred national troops — and all the national 
 property in his charge to Texan insurgents. 
 
 13. At Washington but little was done to stem the tide 
 of treason. President Buchanan was weak, and wholly 
 unfit to conduct the nation in such a crisis. Some mem- 
 bers of his cabinet were disloyal, and the public offices 
 were full of conspirators. The members of Congress from 
 the seceding states resigned their seats, and defiantly 
 exulted in their treason. They denounced " coercion " 
 by the national government, and would listen to no terms 
 for conciliation. 
 
 14. Three new states were added to the Union during the 
 presidency of Buchanan — Minnesota, in 1858 ; Oregon, in 
 1859 ; and Kansas, in 1861.* 
 
 * St. Pan], the first town founded in Minnesota, was laid out in 1847 ; but nine or 
 ten years before this time its site had been occupied by a few cabins. The oldest 
 towns in Kansas are Lawrence and Leavenworth, founded in 1854. Only a Jew 
 hundred American citizens had removed to Oregon before the year 184.i. (feee 
 note, p. 155.) . , .. -J,.. . . 
 
 Minnesota is named from the principal river which empties into the Mississippi 
 within the boundaries of the state. The word is formed from two Dakota woios, 
 minne, water, and sotah, sky-colored. «««««* 
 
 Kansas is the name of a river and of a tribe of Indians, and is said to signny 
 smolcy water. . , . ~„ cnnnrt 
 
 The name Oregon is supposed to be derived from the Spanish word oregano, 
 wild marjoram, which grows on the Pacific coast. 
 
 10. What open act of war was committed at Charleston in January, 1861? 
 
 11. How was Fort Pickens saved for the national government ? 
 
 12. What can you tell of Twiggs's treason ? 
 
 13. What is said of President Buchanan, part of his cabinet, and the public offices i 
 
 Of members of Congress from seceding states ? 
 
 14. How many and what territories became states during Buchanan's term ? 
 
CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 163 
 
 CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE CLOSE OF 
 
 THIS PERIOD. 
 
 1. During the seventy-two years that had passed since 
 the organization of the government, the United States 
 enjoyed a degree of prosperity without a parallel in the 
 history of nations. The number of states had increased 
 from thirteen to thirty-four. 
 
 2. The national domain, which at the beginning of this 
 period extended only to the Mississippi, at its close 
 reached to the Pacific. Its area had expanded nearly 
 fourfold, while its population had increased eightfold. Our 
 country in 1860 comprised over three millions of square 
 miles, and the number of its inhabitants somewhat ex- 
 ceeded thirty-one millions. Nearly four millions of these 
 were negro slaves. 
 
 3. West of the Atlantic states vast regions, which in 
 H89 were almost wholly a wilderness, now had a great 
 population. Every year swarms of emigrants had gone 
 out from the old states to the fertile grain-fields of the 
 west. Other swarms had come from the countries of the 
 Old World. These settlers and their descendants had 
 dotted the country with farm-houses, and built up beautiful 
 villages and large cities. 
 
 4. In commerce, manufactures, and agriculture the in- 
 crease had been in a still greater ratio than that of the 
 population. Vast quantities of wheat, cotton, tobacco, and 
 other domestic products, were exported every year. The 
 various branches of industry had been greatly extended 
 by means of many inventions and discoveries, some of the 
 most useful and wonderful of which were made by citizens 
 of the United States. 
 
 i. What is said of the condition of the country from Washington's administra- 
 tion to Lincoln's ? 
 
 I. How had the area of the national domain been expanded ? What was the ares 
 of the country, and the number of inhabitants in 1860? Number of slaves ? 
 
 5. What is said of regions west of the Atlantic 6tates ? Of emigrants and their 
 descendants ? 
 
 4. What of commerce, manufactures, and agriculture ? Of exports ? Of inven- 
 tions and discoveries ? 
 
164 CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 5. The steamboat, the railroad, and the electric tele- 
 graph, unknown at the beginning of the century, had come 
 into common use before the close of this period. In the year 
 1860 there were more than thirty-one thousand miles of 
 railroad in. the United States, while new roads were fast 
 building. An electric telegraph, invented by Professor 
 Morse, an American, was first put in operation in our coun . 
 try in 1844 — the line extending from Washington to Balti- 
 more. Soon a great network of lines was spread over 
 the country. 
 
 6. This period witnessed, too, a wonderful advance m 
 the intellectual growth of the people. Education was 
 especially fostered. Most of the states had established 
 the common-school system, in order that every child might 
 receive instruction. The means of moral and religious 
 culture were also liberally supplied. Literature, the arts, 
 and the sciences took long strides forward. 
 
 7. But this unexampled career of national prosperity 
 was now to be rudely shocked. What seemed at the time 
 of Washington's administration but a speck of trouble 
 no bigger than a man's hand, had grown to be a dark and 
 threatening cloud which overshadowed the whole country. 
 The strength of the government was to be fully tested, 
 by a bloody civil war — a war destined to effect great and 
 lasting changes in the political condition of the fifteen 
 slaveholding states, and indeed of the entire republic. 
 
 8. Asserting the interests of slavery to be in danger, 
 and claiming peaceable secession as a state right, the seven 
 most southern states declared, before the inauguration of 
 Lincoln, their connection with the Union to be at an end. 
 Four other slave states afterwards joined the confederacy. 
 
 5. What is said of steamboats, railroads, and the electric telegraph ? What can 
 
 you tell of the invention and first practical use of the electric telegraph . ? 
 
 6. What is stated about education ? Moral and religious culture ? 
 
 7. How was the strength of the government to be fully tested, and with what 
 
 effect i 
 
 8. What position had the seven most southern states taken before the inaugura- 
 
 tion of Lincoln ? How many other states afterwards joined them ? 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 165 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 
 
 Note. — The figures in the paragraphs, and at the end of them, refer to tha 
 pages upon which the events are mentioned. 
 OCT For the admission of the states in chronological order, see p. 219. 
 
 1789. Washington became president, 114. He served two terms. 
 During this administration the government was organized, 114; 
 and the United States came near being involved in a wai 
 with Great Britain, as an ally of France, 116. 
 1790. A war broke out with the Indians north of the Ohio, 115. 
 1794. The Whiskey Insurrection broke out in Pennsylvania, 116. 
 1797- Adams became president, 118. He served one term. 
 
 During this administration war with France became imminent. 
 Hostilities were in fact begun on the ocean, 116. 
 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, 119. 
 1801. Jefferson became president, 119. He served two terms. 
 1803. Louisiana was purchased of France, 120. 
 
 1805. A peace, which concluded a war with Tripoli, was negotiated, 120. 
 1807. Fulton successfully applied steam to navigation, 121. 
 1809. Madison became president, 122, He served two terms. 
 
 1811. General Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe, 122. 
 
 1812. British aggressions on American commerce, begun in Jefferson's 
 
 administration, led to a war with Great Britain, 123. 
 The Americans surrendered Detroit, 126; and were defeated at 
 Queenstown, but were, almost without exception, victorious 
 on the ocean, 126. 
 
 1813. The Americans were defeated at Frenchiown, 128 ; took York, 
 
 129; gained, under Perry, a decisive victory on Lake Erie, 
 128 ; defeated, under Harrison, the British and Indians on 
 the Thames, 129; began an unsuccessful expedition against 
 Montreal, 130; and before the end of the year were driven 
 from their posts on the Niagara, 129. 
 
 The British frigate Shannon captured the American frigate 
 Chesappake, 131. 
 
 The Creek war began by a horrible massacre at Fort Mims, 131. 
 
 1814. General Jackson broke the power of the Creeks in the battle 
 
 of Tohopeka, 131. The Americans took Fori Erie, won the 
 battles of the Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 132, and closed 
 the war in the north by the decisive victory on Lake Cham' 
 plain and at Plattsbnrg, 133. 
 The British blockaded the Atlantic coast, 133; captured Wash- 
 ington, but were compelled to retire from before Baltimore, 
 
I 
 166 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1814. 134. The little navy of the United States had become well 
 nigh exhausted, 134. 
 
 1815. Jackson gained a decisive victory at New Orleans, 136. 
 News of a treaty of peace, signed at Ghent, in December of the 
 
 previous year, reached the United States, 136. 
 The claims of Algiers and other Barbary States to tribute were 
 effectually resisted, 137. 
 
 1816. The Bank of the United States was chartered for twenty years, 
 
 137. 
 1817. Monroe became president, 137. He served two terms. 
 
 The period of this administration is known as the era of good 
 feeling, 138. 
 
 1817. A short war with the Seminole Indians broke out, 138. 
 
 1820. The Missouri Compromise was adopted, 138. 
 
 1821. Florida was delivered up to the United States by Spain, 139. 
 1825. John Quincy Adams became president, 139. He served 
 
 one term. 
 A protective tariff law, which caused much controversy, was 
 enacted, 140. 
 1829. Jackson became president, 140. He served two terms. 
 1S32. The Black Hawk war broke out, 140. South Carolina opposed 
 the tariff laws, and issued an Ordinance of Nullification, 141. 
 1835. A war, lasting seven years, arose with the Florida Indians, 142. 
 Duringthis administration the president inaugurated a new finan- 
 cial policy by his opposition to the United States Bank, 141, 
 and the Democratic and Whig parties were organized, 143. 
 1837. Van Buren became president, 143. He served one term. 
 
 A financial storm swept over the country, 143, and in 1840 the 
 mode of keeping the public moneys in the treasury and in sub- 
 treasuries was adopted, 144. 
 1841. Harrison became president. He died one month after his 
 inauguration, and Vice-President Tyler became president 
 for the rest of the term, 144. 
 1842. The Dorr Rebellion occurred in Rhode Island, 144. 
 
 1844. Morse's electric telegraph was put in operation between Balti- 
 
 more and Washington, 164. 
 
 1845. Texas was annexed to the United States, 145. 
 1845. Polk became president, 146. He served one term. 
 
 1846. The boundary between the United States and British America, 
 
 from the Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, was established, 155. 
 War with Mexico broke out, 146. Taylor gained victories at 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 167 
 
 184ft. Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 148, and captured Mon- 
 terey, 150. 
 Kearny took possession of New Mexico, and detached a small 
 force under Doniphan, who, early the next year, conquered 
 Chihuahua, 151. 
 
 1847. Early in the year Mexican authority was completely over- 
 
 turned in California, which had been virtually conquered the 
 year before by Captain Fremont, of the army, and Com- 
 modores Sloat and Stockton, of the navy, 152. 
 
 Taylor gained a decisive victory at Buena Vista, 151. 
 
 Scott conducted his victorious campaign, taking Vera Cruz, de* 
 feating the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo, gaining brilliant vic- 
 tories at Contreras and Churubusco, 153, Molino del Rey and 
 Chapultepec, and entering in triumph the city of Mexico, 154. 
 
 1848. A treaty made at Guadalupe Hidalgo (gaw-dah-loop' he-dal'go), 
 
 February 2, ended the war, and gave the United States large 
 accessions of territory, 154; about the same time gold was dis- 
 covered in California, 155. 
 During this administration the Free Soil Party was organized, 
 155. 
 1849. Taylor became president, 156. He died in July, 1850, and 
 Vice-President Fillmore became president, 157. 
 1850. The Compromise Measures were passed, 157. 
 1853. Pierce became president, 158. He served one term. 
 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed, repealing the Missouri 
 Compromise of 1820, 158. 
 
 During this administration parties were reorganized, and the 
 Republican Party was formed, 159. 
 1857. Buchanan became president, 159. He served one term. 
 1857. A financial storm swept over the United States, 159. 
 
 1859. John Brown made a mad attempt to free slaves in Virginia, 160. 
 During this administration the Dred Scott Decision, the Per- 
 sonal Liberty Laws, the Struggle for Kansas, and other causes, 
 roused an intense excitement on the subject of slavery, 160. 
 Secession was organized, and treason crept into places of 
 influence, 161, 162. 
 
 1860. South Carolina took the lead in secession, 161. 
 
 1861. Before March six states had followed the lead of South Carolina, 
 
 and sent delegates to Montgomery, where a government was 
 organized for the insurgent states under the name of the Con- 
 federate States of America, 161. 
 
(168) 
 
1861.] 
 
 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 169 
 
 PERIOD V. 
 DISTINGUISHED FOR THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 FROM THE INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN, IN 1861, TILL THE YEAR 
 
 1879. 
 
 I. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. THE WAR. 
 
 1. From the 'Beginning of Lincoln's Administration to 
 the Close of the Year. Growth of the Rebellion. 
 
 1. Events of 1861. — When, on the 4th of March, 1861, 
 Abraham Lincoln became president, he found himself beset 
 with many and great dif- 
 ficulties. Neither the army 
 nor the navy was then avail- 
 able to aid the republic in 
 its extreme peril. The na- 
 tional troops, only a few 
 thousand in all, were scat- 
 tered far and wide, chiefly 
 on the remote frontiers, 
 while most of the war- 
 vessels were dispersed in 
 distant seas. 
 
 2. The president hoped 
 that war might be averted. 
 In his inaugural address he Lincoln. 
 declared that he had no right to interfere with slavery in 
 the states where it existed, but that he should take care 
 faithfully to execute the laws in all the states. 
 
 3. The pause before the shock was not long. General 
 Beauregard (bo're-gard) had command of several thousand 
 insurgent troops at Charleston, South Carolina. Learn- 
 ing that President Lincoln was about to send supplies to 
 Fort Sumter, this general, in obedience to orders from the 
 Confederate government, demanded the surrender of the 
 
 Questions. — 1. What is said of the difficulties which beset President Lincoln ? 
 Where were the national troops and war-vessels I 
 
 2. What did the president declare in his inaugural address ? 
 
 3. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Sumter by Beauregard. 
 
170 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1861. 
 
 fort. His demand being refused, he opened fire upon it 
 from forts in the harbor and from powerful batteries which 
 the rebels had erected for this purpose. 
 
 4. Major Anderson made a spirited defence, but after 
 withstanding a furious bombardment for more than thirty 
 hours, his provisions being nearly exhausted, the officers' 
 quarters and the barracks being on fire, he capitulated, 
 April 13. Strange to say, no one on either side had been 
 killed or seriously hurt. The next day, April 14, he 
 evacuated the fort. Its defenders embarked for New York. 
 
 5. News of the fall of Fort Sumter caused the wildest 
 excitement throughout the free states, and was immediate- 
 ly followed by a great uprising of the people. They 
 declared almost with one voice that the Union should be 
 preserved. On the day following the evacuation of Fort 
 Sumter, President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand 
 troops to serve for three months. 
 
 6. The national capital was in danger, and volunteers 
 hastened to its defence. A few companies from Penn- 
 sylvania were the first to reach Washington. On the 
 next day, April 19, a Massachusetts regiment on its way 
 through Baltimore was attacked by a mob of secessionists, 
 who killed three soldiers and wounded others. The 
 soldiers fired into the mob, killing and wounding a num- 
 ber of persons. 
 
 7. The governors of all the slave-labor states which 
 had not decreed secession — excepting Delaware and Mary- 
 land — declared, in answer to the president's call, that 
 they would furnish no troops to aid the national govern- 
 ment. Four of these states, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennes- 
 see, and North Carolina, soon joined the Confederacy. Four 
 border slave states, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and 
 
 4. Under what circumstances, and when, did Major Anderson capitulate ? 
 
 5. What effect did news of the fall of Fort Sumter produce in the free states ? 
 
 What did the president now do ? 
 
 6. What troops first reached Washington for its defence ? Give an account of the 
 
 attack made by a mob in Baltimore on a Massachusetts regiment. 
 
 7. What was the reply of most of the governors of those slave states called 
 
 upon for troops to aid the Union cause ? What slave states afterwards 
 joined the Confederacy .' What four border slave states were on the side 
 of the Union i 
 
1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 17 1 
 
 Missouri, did not join it ; but some of these states came very 
 near being dragged into disunion by their political leaders. 
 
 8. Within a few days after the firing on Fort Sumter, 
 disloyal Virginians seized Harper's Ferry and the United 
 States navy yard near Norfolk. The national arsenal at 
 the Ferry was burned to prevent its falling into disloyal 
 hands, but at the navy yard the rebels secured a great 
 number of cannons, and other public property of immense 
 value. Fortress Monroe was held by its little garrison 
 for the Federal government. 
 
 9. The attack upon Fort Sumter also roused to a high 
 pitch of enthusiasm the warlike spirit prevailing in the in- 
 surgent south. Troops from the southern states were 
 hurried into Virginia, and mostly concentrated near Ma- 
 nas'sas Junction, a point where the railway running 
 from Washington southward is joined by the one leading 
 from the great valley of the Shen-an-do'ah. A smaller rebel 
 army occupied this valley, and finally took post at Win- 
 chester. Richmond, was made the rebel capital, and there 
 the Confederate Congress assembled in July. 
 
 10. Before that time, however, the veteran Winfield 
 Scott, who was the general-in-chief of the Union forces, had 
 ordered an advance into Virginia. National troops cross- 
 ing from Washington on the night of May 23, took pos- 
 session of Arlington Heights, opposite the city, and of 
 Alexandria, a few miles below. About the same time 
 General Benjamin F. Butler, who had displayed great 
 energy in the Union cause, was placed in command at 
 Fortress Monroe, where a national army was assembling. 
 A badly managed expedition, sent out by Butler in June, 
 suffered a mortifying repulse in an attack upon the enemy's 
 works at Big Bethel 
 
 8. What property of the government was seized by Virginians ? What great 
 
 fortress remained in possession of the jjovernment? Where is Harper's 
 Ferry ? (See Map, p. 172.) Norfolk? Fortress Monroe? 
 
 9. What effect did the attack upon Fort Sumter produce in the south ? Where 
 
 in Virginia were southern troops concentrated ? What city became the 
 rebel capital ? Where is Manassas Junction ? (See Map, p. 172.) Win- 
 chester ? Richmond ? 
 10. What can you tell of the advance of national troops into Virginia? What 
 of Fortress Monroe i Of the affair at Big Bethel ? 
 

 
 
 BVE F0RKs3ci#ffc?W$> ^0* 
 
 2Z_ 
 
 „ WW . 
 
 *^S5»\ T>P#«AMPTON. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH^) „=,,-.. .—_ 
 
 GOSPORT »$r— J^=a?g=: 
 
1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 173 
 
 1 1 . About the middle of July the national army opposite 
 Washington marched against the Confederates who were 
 encamped under Beauregard near Manassas Junction. 
 Before an engagement took place General Joseph E. 
 Johnston was able to join Beauregard with a great part of 
 the Confederate army of the Shenandoah Valley. General 
 Scott being too infirm to take the field in person, General 
 Irvin McDowell led the Union troops. 
 
 12. The Confederates were found beyond a small stream 
 called Bull Run, and there the first great battle of the war 
 was fought, Sunday, July 21. It was a struggle in which 
 full forty thousand men were engaged. After hours of 
 hard fighting victory seemed almost within the grasp of 
 the Federals ; but just then a strong body of Confederate 
 troops from the Shenandoah Valley reached the field, and 
 turned the tide of battle. The Federal troops gave way ; 
 part of them fled panic-stricken, and the rest marched back 
 to the . fortifications of Washington. The Union loss in 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners was probably over three 
 thousand men ; the Confederate loss was considerably 
 less. 
 
 13. The disaster at Bull Run was wholly unexpected by 
 the people of the loyal states. They now saw more clear- 
 ly the nature of the great conflict, and a sterner determina- 
 tion nerved them to crush out the rebellion. The president 
 in May had called for additional troops ; he now called for 
 half a million volunteers. 
 
 14. General George B. McClellan, who had just con- 
 ducted a successful campaign in West Virginia, was sum- 
 moned to Washington to take command of the troops on 
 the Potomac. This army soon became immensely strong, 
 but made no general advance until the next year. Some 
 months were spent in organizing and disciplining the grand 
 
 11. State what movement of national troops took place in July. What is said of 
 
 General Johnston ? Who led the Union army ? 
 
 12. When was the battle of Bull Run fought, and how many men struggled on 
 
 the Held ? What more can you tell of the battle ? 
 
 13. How were the loyal people affected by this defeat ? What did the president 
 
 now do ? 
 
 14. Who was placed in command of the army on the Potomac ? What lb said of 
 
 this army ? 
 
1H THE GREAT REBELLION. [1861. 
 
 army. On the 1st of November McClellan succeeded the 
 aged chieftain Scott as general-in-chief of the armies of 
 the United States. 
 
 15. In the autumn a severe action took place at Ball's 
 Bluff, on the Potomac, above Washington. Nearly two 
 thousand Union troops sent across the river from the 
 Maryland side by General Stone, the commander in that 
 vicinity, were defeated in a battle October 21, with heavy 
 loss. Colonel Baker, a national senator from Oregon, and 
 the leader of the expedition, was among the killed. 
 
 16. The people of West Virginia were strongly loyal. 
 They repudiated the Virginia ordinance of secession, set 
 up a loyal government, and took steps to form a new 
 state from that part of the old one. Congress approved 
 of their proceedings, and admitted West Virginia into the 
 Union as a separate state in 1863. 
 
 17. The rebels endeavored to hold West Virginia, and 
 early stained its soil with the blood of civil war. Some 
 time before the battle of Bull Run General McClellan had 
 been appointed to command in that region. About the 
 beginning of July he began a vigorous campaign. A de- 
 tachment of his army commanded by Colonel (afterwards 
 General) Rosecrans (roz'krants) routed a rebel force July 
 11, in the battle of Rich Mountain, near Bev'erly. The 
 main body of the enemy, posted a few miles distant, then 
 endeavored to escape the Union forces approaching from 
 various directions. McClellan ordered a hot pursuit, and 
 at Carrick's Ford, the fugitives, being overtaken, were 
 thoroughly routed in a sharp conflict. 
 
 18. Later in the year Confederate troops took positions 
 in and near the Kanawha (Jca-naw'wah) Valley ; but they 
 could gain no firm foothold in that region. Before the end 
 
 14. What position was given General McClellan ? 
 
 15. Give an account of the battle of Ball's Bluff. 
 
 16. What did the people of West Virginia do ? When did Congress admit West 
 
 Virginia as a state ? 
 
 17. When and by whom was a vigorous campaign begun in West Virginia i 
 
 What is said of the battle of Rich Mountain and the pursuit of the 
 Confederates? Where is Kich Mountain? (See Map, p. 185.) Carrick's 
 Ford ? 
 
 18. What further is said of affairs in West Virginia ? 
 
1861.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 175 
 
 of 1861 Rosecrans, who succeeded McCIellan, had nearly 
 cleared West Virginia of armed rebels. 
 
 19. Looking farther westward, we shall notice important 
 events in Missouri and Kentucky. In Missouri there was a 
 fierce struggle. The loyal citizens were a majority, but the 
 governor, 0. F. Jackson, was a persistent rebel, and did all 
 he could to turn the state over to the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 20. Captain Nathaniel Lyon, an able and loyal officer, 
 had command of the United States arsenal at St. Louis. 
 Aided by patriotic citizens, he foiled the treasonable designs 
 of the governor. A camp of disloyalists was formed in 
 the suburbs of St. Louis to aid the governor in getting 
 military control of the state. Lyon suddenly surrounded 
 the camp, May 10, with a large force of armed Unionists, 
 and took the troops collected there prisoners. 
 
 21. The governor soon after called for fifty thousand of 
 the militia to drive the national troops from the state. 
 Lyon was quickly upon him, and near Booneville put 
 him and a body of his followers to flight. They were 
 pursued into the south-western part of the state, where, 
 after some encounters, a very severe battle was fought 
 on Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, August 10. In this 
 battle Lyon had only about five thousand men, while the 
 Confederates, under Generals McCulloch (inak-kul'luli) and 
 Price, numbered three or four times as many — a large 
 part being from the south. The heroic General Lyon was 
 killed, and the Union troops, after a hard-fought conflict, 
 fell back, leaving Southern Missouri under the sway of the 
 Confederates. 
 
 22. Another disaster followed in September. Colonel 
 Mulligan, with nearly twenty-eight hundred Union troops, 
 was besieged in an intrenched camp, at Lexington, by an 
 overwhelming Confederate army under General Price. The 
 
 19. What can you say of the people and the governor of Missouri ? 
 
 20. Who foiled the treasonable desig-ns of the governor of Missouri? What is 
 
 said of the capture of a disloyal camp ? 
 
 21. What step did the governor take soon after, and what followed ? When was 
 
 the battle of Wilson's Creek fought, and what is said of the hostile forces? 
 Result ? Where is Booneville ? (See Map, p. 184.) Wilson's Creek ? 
 
 22. What Federal disaster followed the battle of Wilson's Creek ? Where is 
 
 Lexington ? (See Map, p. 184.) 
 
176 THE GREAT REBELLION. [186L 
 
 besieged held out bravely during some days, but were at 
 last obliged to surrender. 
 
 23. General John C. Fremont at this time and before 
 the battle of Wilson's Creek held the chief command of the 
 Western Department. He made his headquarters at St. 
 Louis, and organized a large army, with which he took the 
 field in person soon after the fall of Lexington. But 
 before he reached his foe, who had retreated to the south- 
 western corner of the state, he received orders to turn 
 over his command to General Hunter. A few days later 
 General Henry W. Hal'leck arrived at St. Louis and took 
 the chief command. 
 
 24. Cairo (kd'ro), at the extreme southern point of 
 Illinois, where the Mississippi and the Ohio meet, was at 
 an early day occupied by a Union force. Its situation 
 made it a post of great importance. Early in November, 
 General Ulysses S. Grant, with about three thousand men, 
 went down the river from this place and attacked a fortified 
 camp of the rebels at Belmont, on the Missouri shore. 
 At first he had the better of the enemy, but the Con- 
 federates, being strongly reenforced, compelled the Union 
 troops to take to their boats and return to Cairo. 
 
 25. Kentucky was always loyal by a great majority of 
 her inhabitants, but the secessionists within her borders 
 had influence enough to hold her neutral for a time. As 
 was the case with all the border slave states, she had 
 citizens enlisted both in the national and the Confederate 
 armies. Early in September, more than a month before 
 the battle of Belmont, the Confederates, under General Polk, 
 invaded the state. They seized and fortified Columbus. 
 General Grant, with national troops from the camp at 
 Cairo, immediately entered the state and took possession 
 of Paducah (pa-doo'kah), at the mouth of the Tennessee 
 
 23. Who was in command of the Western Department, and what did he do soon 
 
 after the fall of Lexington? What is said of Hunter and Halleck ? 
 
 24. What is said of Cairo ? Give an account of the fight at Belmont. Where is 
 
 Belmont ? (See Map, p. 184.) 
 
 25. What position did Kentucky at first take ? What invasion of the state oc- 
 
 curred, and what did Grant then do ? Effect of the invasion ? Where is 
 Columbus ? (See Map, p. 184.) Paducah ? 
 
1881.J LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 177 
 
 River. After the invasion of her soil by southern forces, 
 Kentucky took a decided stand for the Union. 
 
 26. About the same time Confederate troops, coming 
 through Cumberland Gap, invaded Kentucky on the east. 
 Another large Confederate force was speedily concentrated 
 at Bowling Green (bol'ing-green), near the centre of the 
 southern part of the state. The Confederates, by oc- 
 cupying various strong positions, had military control of 
 all Southern Kentucky. But great Union armies were 
 preparing to drive them southward. Such was the state 
 of affairs in this region in the latter part of 1861. 
 
 27. In the first year of the war two naval and military 
 expeditions, sent out by the government, gained foot- 
 holds on the southern coast. Commodore Stringham 
 (string' am) and General Butler commanded the first one, 
 which near the end of August captured the Confederate 
 forts at Hatteras Inlet, off the coast of North Carolina. 
 The second was a far stronger expedition. Conim adore 
 Du Pont, commanding a fleet of fifty war-vessels and 
 transports, captured, on the 7th of November, the forts at 
 Port Royal Entrance, South Carolina. An army under 
 General Thomas W. Sherman accompanied the fleet, and 
 occupied the forts. The coast islands of lower South 
 Carolina, famous for producing the finest of all cotton, 
 were also taken possession of by the national government. 
 
 28. The national navy was rapidly increased by the 
 purchase and construction of numerous vessels. A block- 
 ade of the southern ports was established, yet vessels 
 freighted with valuable cargoes frequently succeeded in 
 entering them. After some time the blockade was made 
 much more strict and effective. 
 
 29. Two days after President Lincoln's first call for 
 troops, Jefferson Davis sent forth a proclamation offering to 
 commission privateers. A few of these vessels got to sea, 
 
 26. What is said of other Confederate forces in Kentucky? State of affairs in 
 
 Kentucky late in 1861 ? 
 
 27. How were Union footholds gained on the southern coast ? Who led the first 
 
 expedition, and what was g-ained by it ? The secoud expedition ? 
 
 28. What is said of the national navy and of the blockade? 
 
 29. What is said of rebel privateers ? 
 
 12 
 
178 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1862 
 
 and inflicted great injury upon the commerce of the United 
 States. The most noted Confederate cruiser of this year 
 was the steamer Sumter, Captain Semmes (semz). After a 
 successful career in capturing merchant vessels, the Sumter 
 ran into the Bay of Gibraltar, where she was closely watched 
 by a United States gunboat. After some time she was 
 sold in port, and her officers went to England, where a 
 better steamer, the Alabama, was built for their service. 
 
 30. The British government, with unseemly haste, ac- 
 knowledged the rebellious states as a belligerent power, 
 and thus accorded them the same rights in war as if they 
 were really an established government. A little later the 
 Emperor of the French did the same. Most of the English 
 people showed an unfriendly temper towards the United 
 States. They evidently hoped to see the great republic 
 broken up. 
 
 31. In the latter part of this year an occurrence, known 
 as the Trent affair, gave the Confederates hopes of aid 
 from England. Captain Wilkes (wilks), in the United 
 States steamer San Ja-cin'to, stopped the British mail 
 steamer Trent, took from her Mason and Sli-dell', Con- 
 federate envoys to England and France, and brought them 
 to the United States as prisoners. The British govern- 
 ment at once assumed a warlike attitude, and demanded 
 the envoys. The American policy concerning neutral 
 rights did not warrant the seizure, and Mason and Slidell 
 were handed over to the British. Thus war with the 
 nation which could harm us most was averted. 
 
 2. From the Beginning of the Tear 1862 to the Close of 
 the Year 1863. The Rebellion in its Strength, 
 
 32. Events of 1862. — We are now to relate how the 
 Confederates were forced to abandon Kentucky and most 
 of Tennessee. But first we should understand the situation 
 
 29. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 
 
 30. What course did England and France hasten to adopt ? What is said of the 
 
 stand taken by most of the English ? 
 81. What occurrence gave the Confederates hope of aid from England ? State 
 what was done by Captain Wilkes. What more is said of the Trent affair i 
 
1882.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 179 
 
 of the opposing forces in this part of the country. At the 
 beginning of 1862, the Confederates held a long line of 
 defences, being strongly posted at Columbus, Forts Henry 
 and Don'elson, Bowling Green, Mill Spring, and Cumberland 
 Gap. Two Union armies confronted this line. One was 
 commanded by General Grant, at Cairo, the other by General 
 Don Carlos Buell, who had placed his troops chiefly in the 
 central portion of Kentucky. 
 
 33. General George H. Thomas, who commanded a divis- 
 ion of Buell's grand army, won a victory near Mill Spring, 
 January 19, and this was the first of a series of brilliant 
 successes. Next followed the capture of Port Henry, on 
 the Tennessee, and of Fort Donelson, a much stronger 
 post, on the Cumberland. These forts were in the State of 
 Tennessee, not far from its northern line, where the rivers 
 approach within twelve miles of each other. 
 
 34. Both a land force under General Grant, and a small 
 fleet under Commodore Foote, went against these strong- 
 holds, but the fleet alone reduced Fort Henry, February 6, 
 before the army arrived. Grant next marched to the rear 
 of Fort Donelson, while the fleet moved up the Cumber- 
 land to join in the attack. The enemy repelled the gun- 
 boats, but after stoutly resisting the land force for three days, 
 was forced to surrender, on the 16th of February, to General 
 Grant. About ten thousand prisoners were taken. 
 
 While the siege of Fort Donelson was going on, the 
 Confederates evacuated Bowling Green, and shortly after- 
 wards Columbus. Kentuck} r was thus freed. 
 
 35. The capture of Fort Donelson led in a few days to 
 the occupation of Nashville by General Buell. Grant's 
 victorious army, increased to about forty thousand men, 
 proceeded up the Tennessee River, and encamped near 
 
 32. At the beginning of 1862 what posts forming a line of defences were held by 
 
 the Confederates ? Where was each of these posts ? (See Maps, pp. 184, 
 185.) What is said of the Union forces confronting these posts . ? 
 
 33. Give an account of General Thomas's victory. What forts were next taken ? 
 
 34. How and when was Fort Henry taken ? Give an account of the capture of 
 
 Fort Donelson. What is said of Bowling Green and Columbus? 
 
 35. What is said of the fall of Nashville? Where did Grant's victorious army 
 
 afterwards encamp ? 
 
180 THE GREAT REBELLION. 11882. 
 
 Pittsburg Lauding. There the famous battle of Shi'loh* 
 was fought April 6 and 7. 
 
 36. The Confederates, over forty thousand strong, under 
 Generals Albert S. Johnston and Beauregard, suddenly 
 attacked the national troops early in the morning of the 
 6th, and after most desperate fighting, drove them from 
 their camps back to the river. There the Union gunboats 
 helped check the enemy. Thus matters stood at night. 
 At this time General Buell, with his army, was on his way 
 to join Grant. He arrived that night with a large force, 
 and in the morning the battle was resumed. After a ter- 
 rible struggle the Confederates gave way, and retreated to 
 Corinth, whence they had come. On each side nearly ten 
 thousand men were killed and wounded. The Union loss 
 was also large in prisoners. Among the slain was the 
 Confederate commander-in-chief. General Johnston, 
 
 37. After the battle of Shiloh, General Halleck took 
 command in person of the armies at Pittsburg Landing, 
 and, having been reenforced, he very cautiously and slowly 
 advanced, with over one hundred thousand men, against 
 the enemy intrenched at Corinth, about sixteen miles south- 
 west of the Landing. Beauregard, being greatly out- 
 numbered, evacuated Corinth on the night of May 29, and 
 on the following day the Union army took possession. 
 The Confederates had escaped. 
 
 38. A few days afterwards Halleck detached an army, 
 under Buell, to go eastward against Chattanoo'ga, a place of 
 great importance as a base of operations. General Bragg, 
 who succeeded Beauregard, put his army in motion for the 
 same place, and reached it first. Presently he began to 
 
 * Three miles south-west of Pittsburg Landing- was a meeting-house, called 
 Shiloh, near which some of the severest fighting occurred. 
 
 35. When was the battle of Shiloh fought ? 
 
 36. Give an account of the first day's fight at Shiloh. What reinforcements 
 
 reached Grant's army, and what is said of the second day's fight ? State 
 the number of killed and wounded in the battle. Where is Pittsburg Land- 
 ing? (See Map, p. 184.) 
 
 37. What can you tell of Halleck's advance against Corinth ? Of its evacuation 
 
 by Beauregard ? Where is Corinth ? (See Map, p. 184.) 
 
 38. Against what place was Buell sent, and what did Bragg then do ? Where is 
 
 Chattanooga ? (See Map, p. 185.) What campaign of invasion was begun 
 by Bragg? 
 
1862. J LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 181 
 
 move northward with full forty thousand men to recover 
 Tennessee and Kentucky. General Buell was then com- 
 pelled to turn about to protect his line of supplies and 
 repel the invaders. 
 
 39. Part of Bragg's army, under E. Kirby Smith, moving 
 northward from Knoxville, routed a Federal force near 
 Richmond, August 30, and then marching on, threatened 
 Cincinnati, and took possession of Frankfort. Meanwhile, 
 Bragg, with the main body, was pressing northward from 
 Chattanooga. At Munfordville he captured four thousand 
 Federal troops, and then went on towards Frankfort. 
 
 40. Buell failed to strike the invader a blow, but he 
 so handled his army as to guard Nashville and Louisville. 
 Rebel foraging parties overran Central Kentucky, and col- 
 lected a vast quantity of plunder. Bragg made but a short 
 stay in the vicinity of Frankfort. He turned back, pursued 
 by Buell, and, after fighting a severe battle at Perryville, 
 October 8, made good his escape. 
 
 41. About the end of October Buell was superseded by 
 General Rosecrans, who had just won important victories 
 at and near Corinth. These we must now notice. Some 
 weeks after the capture of Corinth, Halleck was called to 
 Washington, to be the general-in-chief of all the armies of 
 the republic. He left Grant in command of a large dis^ 
 trict in the west. 
 
 42: While Bragg was making his gigantic raid towards 
 the Ohio, Generals Van Dorn and Price undertook to aid 
 his enterprise by moving against Corinth. A rebel army 
 led by Price advanced to I-u'ka, where it was attacked and 
 ro uted, September 19, by the troops of General Rosecrans, 
 w jo then held a command under Grant. Two weeks later 
 
 38. What did Buell then do ? 
 
 39. Give an account of operations by the invaders under E. Kirby Smith. Of the 
 
 operations of the main army under Bragg. Where is Richmond ? (See 
 Map, p. 185.) Cincinnati ? Frankfort ? Munfordville ? 
 
 40. What is said of Buell ? Where is Nashville ? (See Map, p. 185.) Louisville ? 
 
 What of rebel foraging parties ? What more can you tell of the invasion ? 
 Where is Perryville ? (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
 41. Who superseded Buell ? What is said of Halleck and Grant ? 
 
 42. How did Van Dorn and Price cooperate with Bragg ? What is said of the 
 
 battle of Iuka ? Where is Iuka ? (See Map, p. 184.) 
 
182 THE GREA1 REBELLION. [1862. 
 
 the combined forces of Van Dorn and Price attacked the 
 army/ under Rosecrans in the strong defences of Corinth, 
 and on the second day of the fight, October 4, were 
 repulsed with heavy loss. 
 
 43. Bragg, some time after his retreat from Kentucky, 
 gathered his forces at Mur'freesboro'. Rosecrans marched 
 against him, and near that place, on the west side of Stone 
 River, one of the fiercest conflicts of the war was fought 
 on the last day of 1862. The Confederates nearly won the 
 day, but their tide of victory was stayed, and after another 
 severe encounter on the 2d of January, 1863, they were 
 forced to retreat, yielding the advantages of a great victory 
 to Rosecrans. 
 
 44. Far west of the Mississippi there was also severe 
 fighting in 1862. About the middle of February, General 
 Curtis, who held command under Halleck, pushed Price 
 across the southern border of Missouri into Arkansas. The 
 Confederates made the most zealous efforts to support 
 Price, and got together, in a short time, full twenty thou- 
 sand men. General Van Dorn took the chief command of 
 this army. Curtis had but little over half as many men, 
 but he totally defeated Van Dorn in the fierce battle of 
 Pea Ridge, which was fought March 7 and 8, in the north- 
 western corner of Arkansas. 
 
 45. During the summer, bands of rebel guerrillas roamed 
 over much of the State of Missouri, and many combats 
 took place between them and bodies of loyal militia. 
 Later in the year, another large Confederate army was 
 gathered in Arkansas, and in the north-western part of the 
 state, at Prairie Grove, December 7, a considerable battle 
 was fought. The poorly-armed and badly-disciplined Con- 
 federates were defeated by much fewer Union troops. 
 
 42. What is said of the battle at Corinth ? 
 
 43. How was the battle of Murfreesboro' brought on, and what further is said 
 
 of it? Where is Murfreesboro' ? (See Map. p. 185.) 
 
 44. What is said of affairs beyond the Mississippi ? What of Curtis and Price ? 
 
 What of Confederate efforts in this region ? Of the battle of Pea 
 Ridge ? 
 
 45. What is said of guerrilla bands in Missouri ? Of another large Confederate 
 
 army in Arkansas, and of the battle of Prairie Grove ? 
 
1&52.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 183 
 
 46. The rebels had erected forts and placed batteries at 
 commanding* positions on the Mississippi in order to con- 
 trol that great highway. During the spring of 1862 a 
 number of these posts were gained by the national forces. 
 Columbus being untenable after the capture of Fort 
 Donelson, the Confederates went down the river to Island 
 No. 10 and New Madrid. These posts they fortified. 
 
 47. General John Pope, with a Union army, assailed 
 New Mad'rid, and drove the rebels out of it. They fled 
 to Island No. 10,* which was much more strongly fortified. 
 Commodore Foote attacked the works on this island, and 
 pounded away at them with shot and shell for three weeks, 
 till Pope could cross the river so as to place his army in 
 the rear of the stronghold. On the 7th of April — the last 
 day of the great battle of Shiloh — the army crossed, and 
 Island No. 10 was surrendered. About seven thousand 
 prisoners were taken. 
 
 48. The fleet advancing down the river was next stopped 
 at Fort Pillow. This fort and rebel gunboats barred the 
 way for some time, but the fall of Corinth exposing the 
 post to capture from the rear, the garrison abandoned it 
 early in June, and the Federal fleet then passed on to 
 Memphis. There a naval battle took place, and Captain 
 Davis (successor to the gallant Foote) won a victory which 
 gave the national forces possession of the city. 
 
 49. Far below Memphis is Vicksburg, which was the 
 strongest Confederate post on the Mississippi. Almost at 
 the very close of the year General William T. Sherman, 
 with a large Union army, made an assault upon the works 
 north of the town, and was repelled with severe loss. 
 They were too strong to be taken by assault. 
 
 * The islands in the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Ohio downward, are 
 numbered in their order. 
 
 46. How did the rebels try to keep control of the Mississippi ? What posts did 
 
 they occupy after they abandoned Columbus ? 
 
 47. How was New Madrid gained ? Give an account of the Union victory at 
 
 Island No. 10. 
 
 48. Give an account of operations at Fort Pillow and of its evacuation. How was 
 
 Memphis repossessed ? Where is Memphis ? (See Map, p. 184.) Fort 
 Pillow ? 
 
 49. What is said of Vicksburg, and of Sherman's attempt to take it ? 
 
(184) 
 

 ^~^C^^i AND ^^3^-' 
 
 IWAft^ 
 
 OFTHE ^ 
 
 rT. JEFFERSON 
 
 fl85) 
 
186 THE GREAT REBELLION. [J 862. 
 
 50. Efforts to open the Mississippi were also made by 
 way of its mouth. Early in the year a naval armament, 
 under Commodore David G. Far'ragut, was fitted out to 
 act with an army under General Butler, for the capture of 
 New Orleans. About seventy-five miles below the city, 
 two forts, on opposite sides of the river, guarded the ap- 
 proach from the Gulf. 
 
 51. Farragut, having with little effect bombarded these 
 forts for six days, on the 24th of April ran past them with 
 the principal vessels of his fleet. This he did before the 
 dawn of day, fighting a terrific battle with the forts, rebel 
 gunboats, rams, and fire-rafts. Nearly the whole Con- 
 federate fleet was destroyed, and the next day Farragut 
 appeared before the city. The Confederate forces fled, and 
 New Orleans lay at the mercy of the national war-vessels. 
 The forts yielded after two or three days to the mortar 
 boats under Commander Porter. Butler took military pos- 
 session of the city, and held it with a strong hand for the 
 national government. The capture of New Orleans was 
 the severest blow yet inflicted upon the rebellion. 
 
 52. Afterwards the fleet went up the river, capturing 
 towns, and, aided by the gunboats from above, tried to 
 batter down the works at Vicksburg. This was in the 
 spring and summer before Sherman's repulse. 
 
 53. On the Atlantic coast new positions were won from 
 the Confederates early in the year. A land and naval ex- 
 pedition, under General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
 borough (goldz'bur-o), sailing from Annapolis and Fortress 
 Monroe, captured the forts on Roanoke Island, by severe 
 fighting, February T and 8. 
 
 54. A little while afterwards MTewbern, an important 
 town, was taken, the Confederates who defended it being 
 defeated in a hot engagement ; and near the end of April 
 
 50. What forces were sent against New Orleans ? What is said of two forts ? 
 
 51. Give an account of the naval battle below New Orleans ? After this battle 
 
 what did Farragut do ? What did General Butler do ? 
 
 52. How was Farragut's fleet afterwards employed ? 
 
 53. What is said of Union successes on the Atlantic coast ? How were the forts on 
 
 Roanoke Island captured ? Where is Roanoke Island ? (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
 54. What important town was shortly afterwards taken ? 
 
1862.] 
 
 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 187 
 
 Port Macon (ma'kun), commanding Beaufort (bu'furt) 
 Harbor, surrendered after ten hours' bombardment. Nearly 
 the whole of the North Carolina seaboard then lay at the 
 mercy of the national arms. Meanwhile conquests farther 
 south had been made, the most important being Fort 
 Pulaski (pu-las'ki), guarding the mouth of the Savannah 
 River. This fort yielded to Union batteries erected by 
 Captain (afterwards General) Gillmore. 
 
 55. When the Federals abandoned the navy yard near 
 Norfolk, among the vessels which they sunk was the 
 frigate Merrimack. The rebels raised this frigate, and 
 
 Fight between the Monitor and the Merrimack. 
 
 transformed it into an iron-clad ram, armed with ten heavy 
 guns. On the 8th of March this terrible engine of war, 
 steaming out from Norfolk, made a descent on the national 
 fleet in Hampton Roads, destroyed the sloop-of-war Cum- 
 
 54. What is said of Fort Macon and its capture ? Where was Fort Macon ? (See 
 
 Map, p. 185.) What of the North Carolina seaboard ? Of Fort Pulaski and 
 
 its capture ? 
 65. How did the rebels come by the Merrimack, and what did they make of her ? 
 
 Give an account of the havoc made in Hampton Iioads by the Merrimack, 
 
 Where are Hampton Roads ? (See Map, p. 172.) 
 
188 THE GREAT REBELLION. [186Z. 
 
 berland and the frigate Congress, and at evening seemed 
 only to wait for the dawn of another day to complete the 
 destruction of the whole fleet. Then what might not the 
 monster do to northern cities on the coast ? 
 
 56. But that night the Monitor arrived. She was an 
 iron-clad vessel, just constructed on a new plan, and armed 
 with two enormous guns in a turret. The turret could be 
 revolved so as always to point the guns towards an an- 
 tagonist. In the morning the little Monitor attacked the 
 giant Merrimack, and after a fierce combat, the latter, con- 
 siderably injured, gave up the fight, and made off towards 
 Norfolk. This success caused the government to con- 
 struct other vessels of the same kind as the Monitor. 
 
 57. The most important events of the year, in the west, 
 on the lower Mississippi, and on the Atlantic coast, have 
 been given. We shall now notice the movements and 
 battles of great armies in Virginia, where was the heart of 
 the rebellion. 
 
 58. MeClellan was not ready to advance till early in 
 March ; but just before he took the field the Confederates 
 abandoned Manassas, and fell back towards Richmond. 
 After MeClellan had personally taken the field, the pres- 
 ident relieved him of his duties as general-in-chief, and 
 thus permitted him to give his undivided attention to the 
 army of the Potomac. It being at length decided to go 
 against Richmond by way of Fortress Monroe, the grand 
 army was conveyed down the Potomac River and Ches- 
 apeake Bay, and landed at the Fortress. 
 
 59. On the 4th of April MeClellan began to advance up 
 the peninsula, between the James and York Rivers ; but 
 he was very soon stopped by fortifications and a Con- 
 federate force at Yorktown. After he had spent a 
 month in preparing to reduce these works by a siege, the 
 
 66. What description can you give of the Monitor ? What can you tell of the fight 
 between the Monitor and the Merrimack ? Who commanded the Monitor ? 
 Ans. Lieutenant Worden (wur'dn.) 
 
 57. What events of the year have been given, and what are we now to notice ? 
 
 58. What movements were made by the Confederates just before MeClellan took 
 
 the field ? What is said of a change in MeClellan's ofiicial duties ? Whituet 
 was the army conveyed, and for what purpose ? 
 
 59. Give an account of operations at Yorktown. 
 
1862.] Lincoln's administration. IbV 
 
 enemy quietly evacuated them, and retreated towards 
 Richmond. A rapid pursuit brought on a sharp fight at 
 Williamsburg, May 5, but only a small part of the pur- 
 *raing army was engaged, and after a spirited defence the 
 Confederates made good their retreat. General Wool, 
 commanding at Fortress Monroe, was now able to take 
 possession of Norfolk, and the Confederates destroyed their 
 famous iron-clad ram Merrimack. 
 
 60. McClellan moved forward towards Richmond/ and 
 establishing his base of supplies at White House, on the 
 the Pamunkey, threw the left wing of his army across the 
 Chickahom'iny, a very few miles from the rebel capital. 
 This wing was attacked, May 31, near Fair Oaks and 
 Seven Pines. The battle lasted part of two days, and at 
 its close the Confederates fell back to Richmond. The 
 loss was very severe on each side. General Joseph E. 
 Johnston, the Confederate commander, was severely 
 wounded, and General Robert E. Lee was afterwards as- 
 signed to command in his place. 
 
 61. McClellan had been expecting to be reenforced by 
 McDowell, who was at Fredericksburg, in command of 
 over forty thousand men. To keep the way open for 
 McDowell to join him, he had sent forward a column under 
 General Fitz-John Porter, who routed a body of the enemy 
 at Hanover Court House, four days before the battle of Fair 
 Oaks. But a bold enterprise performed by the Confederate 
 General Jackson, popularly known as " Stonewall" Jack- 
 son, prevented the junction of McDowell and McClellan. 
 
 62. To understand this achievement we must turn to the 
 Shenandoah Valley and the adjacent regions. Besides 
 McDowell's army, two other armies were cooperating 
 with the grand army of the Potomac — one under General 
 
 59. Give an account of the fight at Williamsburg. Who took Norfolk ? Where 
 
 is Norfolk ? (See Map, p. 172.) Fate of the ram Merrimack ? 
 
 60. Where did McClellan establish his base of supplies, and where did he place 
 
 his army? Where is the Pamunkey River? (See Map, p. 172.) The 
 Chickahominy ? Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. What is said 
 of Johnston and Lee ? 
 
 61. How was McClellan expecting to be reenforced ? What is said of the affair at 
 
 Hanover Court House ? Where is Hanover Court House ? (See Map, p. 
 172.) Fredericksburg ? What is said of a bold enterprise ? 
 
 62. What three armies were cooperating with the army of the Potomac ? 
 
190 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1862. 
 
 Banks, in the Shenandoah Valley, the other under General 
 Fre'mont, who had command in West Virginia. 
 
 63. Jackson, who was far up the Shenandoah Valley, 
 suddenly struck a blow at Fremont, and then advanced with 
 twenty thousand men to crash Banks at Strasburg. Banks, 
 being vastly outnumbered, rapidly retreated down the val- 
 ley, pursued by his foe, and reached the Potomac, but 
 not without loss. 
 
 64. Jackson's movements startled the north, and pro- 
 duced the wildest excitement in Washington, which was 
 thought to be in great peril. McDowell, then on the point 
 of marching to reenforce McClellan, was kept back, and 
 ordered to head off Jackson when he returned up the valley. 
 For this purpose he detached a large force, and Fremont 
 hastened with his army from the west of the valley. 
 
 65. But Jackson was too nimble to be caught. He 
 slipped between his foes, and although hotly pursued, made 
 his escape. These famous races down and up the valley oc- 
 curred in the latter part of May and the early part of June. 
 While McDowell, Banks, and Fremont were waiting to 
 meet Jackson, should he again move northward, he quietly 
 joined Lee before Richmond, and both fell upon McClellan. 
 
 66. Fighting began on the 25th of June, and on the fol- 
 lowing day Lee fiercely attacked the Union troops on the 
 north side of the Chickahominy, threatened their com- 
 munications with White House, and caused McClellan 
 fully to make up his mind to change his base, and transfer 
 his army to the James River. While McClellan was doing 
 this, Lee continued his attacks, and terrible battles were 
 fought. The fighting continued during seven days, known 
 as the seven days before Richmond, ending July 1, in a 
 bloody repulse of the Confederates at Malvern Hill. The 
 other principal battles had been fought at Mechanicsville, 
 
 63. How did Jackson begin his valley campaign, and what did Banks do r 
 
 64. What feeling was aroused by Jackson's movements ? What is said of 
 
 McDowell and Fremont ? 
 
 65. Result of the pursuit of Jackson ? Date of these races ? What more is said 
 
 of Jackson ? 
 
 66. What is said of Lee's operations against McClellan, and of a change of base ? 
 
 State what you can of the battles which took place. In what direction from 
 Richmond are these battle-fields . J (See Map, p. 172.) 
 
1862.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 191 
 
 Gaines's Mill, Savage's Station, and Glendale. McClellan's 
 army was the stronger, numbering considerably over one 
 hundred thousand men. The Union and Confederate losses 
 together amounted to thirty-five thousand men. 
 
 61. While these conflicts were going on near Richmond, 
 the v armies of McDowell, Banks, and Fremont were united 
 into one body, as the Army of Virginia, and placed under 
 the command of General John Pope. 
 
 68. Lee next turned upon Pope. The forces of Jackson 
 and Banks began the struggle, August 9, at Cedar Moun- 
 tain, and it was continued by Lee and Pope in several other 
 battles, the most' sanguinary being fought near the old 
 battle-field of Bull Run. The engagement at Chantilly,* 
 September 1, ended the series of conflicts in which the 
 Union army had been thoroughly worsted. It staggered 
 back to the fortifications of Washington. McClellan had 
 been ordered up with his army from the James, but he 
 came too late to stem the tide of disaster. At Chantilly, 
 two gallant and skilful Union generals, Stevens and 
 Kearny (kar'ni), were slain. 
 
 69. Pope was relieved of his command, and all the 
 troops were placed under McClellan for the defence of 
 Washington. Lee, now resolving upon the invasion of 
 Maryland, crossed the Potomac, and entered Frederick. 
 Thence he moved westward, followed by McClellan, who 
 marched so as to protect Washington and Baltimore. On 
 the 14th of September the Union advance came upon part 
 of Lee's army holding two gaps of the South Mountain. 
 After severe fighting these forces of the enemy were driven 
 from their positions. 
 
 70. On the following day, Harper's Ferry, with a Union 
 garrison of near twelve thousand men, was shamefully sur- 
 
 * Pronounced shan'til-U. 
 
 66. What is said of the opposing forces and the losses ? 
 
 67. How was the army of Virginia formed, and who commanded it? 
 
 68. What is said of battles fought by Lee and Pope ? Result of these b.oody con- 
 
 flicts ? Where is Cedar Mountain ? (See Map, p. 172.) What is said of 
 McClellan ? Of Stevens and Kearny ? 
 
 69. Give an account of movements by Lee and McClellan in Maryland. Of con- 
 
 flicts at the South Mountain. Where is the South Mt.? (See Map, p. 172.) 
 
 70. What great success was gained by Jackson ? 
 
192 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1862. 
 
 rendered to General Jackson, after a feeble resistance. 
 Jackson immediately marched to rejoin Lee, who had 
 placed his forces west of Antietam (an-te'tam) Creek, near 
 Sharpsburg. There, September 17, was fought the great 
 battle of Antietam, which raged from dawn till dark, and 
 left both armies greatly shattered ; but Lee was forced to 
 recross the Potomac. 
 
 71. For several weeks McClellan did not seek his foe. 
 At length, crossing the Potomac, in the early days of 
 November, he moved southward, east of the Shenandoah 
 Valley, up which Lee was now retreating. At this time 
 the president, who had been much dissatisfied with 
 McClellan's inactivity, sent him an order to surrender the 
 command to General Ambrose E. Burnside. This general 
 concentrated his forces on the Rappahannock, opposite 
 Fredericksburg, intending to march upon Richmond from 
 that point. The Union troops crossed the river, and, Decem- 
 ber 13, were defeated, with frightful loss, in an attempt to 
 carry the works held by Lee in the rear of Fredericksburg. 
 On the night of the 15th they recrossed the river. 
 
 72. The Federal government this year prohibited slavery 
 in all the territories of the United States, abolished it in 
 the District of Columbia, and authorized the enlistment of 
 colored troops. Many thousand blacks afterwards fought 
 on the Union side. 
 
 73. The Sioux War. — The summer of 1862, was sadly 
 marked in Minnesota by terrible massacres perpetrated by 
 bands of Sioux (soo) Indians, under Little Crow and other 
 chiefs. They murdered hundreds of the inhabitants, and 
 compelled many thousands to flee from their homes. The 
 whites soon marched against the savages, killed or cap- 
 tured some hundreds of them, and drove others into Da-ko'ta. 
 In the next year, when the Indians renewed the work of 
 
 70. State where Lee placed his forces, and give an account of the battle of Antietam. 
 
 Where is Sharpsburg' ? (See Map, p. 172.) 
 
 71. After some weeks what movements of the armies were made ? Who super- 
 
 seded McClellan, and where did the new commander place his forces ? 
 Give an account of the Union defeat at Fredericksburg'. 
 
 72. What action did the government take this year in regard to slavery ? What 
 
 is said of colored troops ? 
 
 73. What Indian massacres occurred in 1862 ? How were the Indians punished ? 
 
1863.J LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 193 
 
 death, they were hunted down, as if they were wild beasts, 
 and pursued far westward till they crossed the Missouri 
 River. 
 
 74. Events of 1863. — On the first day of the year 1863 
 President Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, 
 which will ever be memorable. It declared forever free 
 all slaves in the insurgent states, except in such parts of 
 Louisiana and Virginia as were under national authority. 
 This New Year's Day was the beginning of a new era in 
 the history of the colored race. 
 
 75. Late in January General Joseph Hooker took com- 
 mand of the Army of the Potomac, in place of Burnside. 
 This army was still opposite Fredericksburg. After three 
 months Hooker crossed the Rappahannock, and was badly 
 defeated by Lee in a battle fought chiefly May 2 and 3, at 
 Chancellorsville. Again the Union army retreated across 
 the river, having suffered great loss. Among the Con- 
 federate loss was the famous general, " Stonewall " Jack- 
 son, who was shot by mistake by his own men, and fell 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 76. Early in the next month, Lee put his splendid army 
 in motion for another invasion of the loyal states. He 
 pressed down the Shenandoah Valley, on the way cap- 
 turing or dispersing a Union force, crossed the Potomac, 
 and advanced into Pennsylvania. Hooker rapidly moved 
 back, marching in such a manner as to cover Washington. 
 He had reached Frederick, Maryland, when he was super- 
 seded by General George G. Meade, who met the invading 
 host at Gettysburg,* Pennsylvania, and there gave battle. 
 
 77. This decisive battle, the greatest of the war, began 
 July 1, and continuing through the next two days, ended 
 in a Federal victory. On the 4th of July Lee began to 
 
 * get'tiz-burg — g as in go. 
 
 74. When did President Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation, and what 
 
 did it declare ? 
 
 75. What is said of Hooker and his defeat near Chancellorsville ? What was 
 
 Chancellorsville ? Ans. It was a large house about ten miles west of 
 Fredericksburg'. What famous southern general fell in this battle ? 
 
 76. In the next month what movements were made by Lee and Hooker ? Who 
 
 superseded Hooker, and where did the armies join battle ? 
 
 77. State what you can about the battle of Gettysburg, including its results. 
 
 Where is Gettysburg ? (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
 13 
 
194 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1863. 
 
 withdraw his broken columns towards Virginia. The 
 mighty armies which struggled at Gettysburg lost in killed, 
 wounded, and missing, near fifty thousand men, and of 
 these Lee lost much more than half. 
 
 78. Crossing the Potomac, Lee retreated up the Shenan- 
 doah Valley, and at length took position on the south side 
 of the Kapidan'. Meade followed, and posted the Union 
 army north of that stream. There they confronted each 
 other till some time in the next spring, except that both 
 generals made some forward movements to find a chance 
 to get the advantage. But neither allowed himself to be 
 outmanoeuvred. 
 
 ^9. We shall now tell of the greatest achievement in 
 the west — the opening of the Mississippi. You will re- 
 member that General Sherman attacked the outworks of 
 Vicksburg and was repulsed, at the end of last year. Ef- 
 forts for its capture were soon renewed. Early in this year 
 General Grant placed his forces on the west side of the 
 river, a few miles above Vicksburg, and began to plan how 
 best to operate against the stronghold. One scheme after 
 another was tried and abandoned. Finally, he marched his 
 army to a point many miles below the city, and on the last 
 day of April crossed to the east bank of the Mississippi, 
 by means of Admiral Poller's vessels, which had run by the 
 rebel batteries in the night-time. While moving around to 
 the rear of Vicksburg, Grant met the Confederates, and 
 defeated them in five battles outside of their fortifica- 
 tions. 
 
 80. Driving the enemy, under General Pemberton, back 
 into Vicksburg, Grant then laid siege to the place. General 
 Joseph E. Johnston, with a Confederate force, hovered in the 
 rear of the Union army, but he had too few men to attack it. 
 Day and night the army and fleet rained shot and shell into 
 
 78. What movements did the rival generals make after this battle? 
 
 79. Where is Vicksburg ? (See Map, p. 184.) By whom and how were efforts for 
 
 the capture of Vicksburg renewed early in 1863 ? How did Grant get to the 
 rear of Vicksburg, and now many battles were fought while moving to this 
 position. 
 
 80. What did Grant then do ? What is said of General Johnston ? Describe th« 
 
 siege. 
 
1863.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 195 
 
 the doomed city. Assaults made by the besiegers were 
 repulsed. For more than six weeks the siege went on ; but 
 at last, July 4, Vicksburg was surrendered, and its gar- 
 rison, twenty-seven thousand men, became prisoners. 
 
 81. The capture of Vicksburg made Port Hudson, the 
 last Confederate stronghold on the river, untenable. It 
 was therefore surrendered, five days later, to General 
 Banks, who for some weeks had been investing it. Banks 
 had Superseded Butler at New Orleans. The fall of these 
 fortified places opened the Mississippi through its whole 
 length. The Confederacy was thus cut in two. 
 
 82. There were fights at various places in Missouri and 
 Arkansas, but they had no great bearing on the war. 
 After Vicksburg fell, Grant sent out a force under General 
 Steele, who, in September, took possession of Little Bock, 
 the capital of Arkansas. In the western part of these 
 states bands of rebel guerrillas had their haunts. One of 
 these bands dashed into Lawrence, Kansas, in August, 
 burned much of the city, and murdered one hundred and 
 forty of its inhabitants. 
 
 83. Now let us go back to Tennessee, where we left 
 Rosecrans the victor at Murfreesboro\ Bragg, after his 
 defeat, fell back southward, and took a strong position 
 north of Duck River. It was nearly six months before 
 Rosecrans was prepared to advance. He then, in the 
 latter part of June, began a series of skilful movements, 
 which in nine days compelled the Confederate army to 
 abandon Middle Tennessee, and retreat over the Cumber- 
 land Mountains to Chattanooga. 
 
 84. After some weeks Rosecrans again advanced in such 
 a manner as to compel Bragg again to retreat, and the 
 Union general then threw part of his force into Chat- 
 so. When was Vicksburg surrendered, and how many prisoners were taken ? 
 
 81. What effect did the fall of Vicksburg have on operations at Port Hudson ? 
 
 When and to whom was Port Hudson surrendered ? What had the fall of 
 these posts accomplished ? 
 
 82. What is said of fights in Missouri and Arkansas ? What of Little Rock ? Of 
 
 guerrillas, and the massacre at Lawrence? 
 
 83. Relate how the Confederates under Bragg were made to abandon Middle 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 84. How did Rosecrans gain Chattanooga, and what battle followed ? 
 
196 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1863. 
 
 tanooga. Pushing on, he found the enemy only a few 
 miles south of that place. Bragg, having received re- 
 enforcements, was now stronger than his pursuer. The 
 bloody battle of Chickamauga followed, fought September 
 19 and 20, near a creek of that name. The Federals were 
 beaten, and fell back to Chattanooga, where they fortified 
 themselves. In the last day's fight General Thomas and 
 his men saved the army from ruin. He stood like a rock 
 when the masses of the enemy were hurled upon him. 
 
 85. The Union army was now shut up in Chattanooga 
 by Bragg, who took possession of mountain ranges near 
 $he town. Soon the besieged were in danger of starving. 
 The national government made great efforts to relieve them. 
 Grant was appointed to the chief command of all the Union 
 Armies in the west east of the Mississippi, and Rosecrans 
 was superseded by Thomas. Sherman came with troops 
 from Vicksburg, and Hooker with a detachment from the 
 army of the Potomac. 
 
 86. The siege was raised by a battle, which Grant began 
 on the 23d of November and continued on the two fol- 
 lowing days. The Federals gained a complete victory, 
 but it was wonderful how they gained it. They rushed 
 up the steep sides of Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
 Ridge, swept the Confederates from their strong positions, 
 and forced them to flee southward. 
 
 87. While Rosecrans was moving against Chattanooga, 
 late in the summer, Burnside was marching an army from 
 Kentucky into the valley of East Tennessee, where he 
 was joyfully welcomed — most of the people being Union- 
 ists. But their country had been held by armed Confed- 
 erates, who had treated them with great severity. On the 
 1st of September Burnside occupied Knoxville. 
 
 84. Result of the battle ? What is said of General Thomas ? Where is Chat- 
 
 tanooga ? (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
 85. Describe the condition of the Union army at Chattanooga. What command 
 
 was given to Grant, and who superseded Rosecrans ? What generals 
 brought reinforcements ? 
 
 86. How did Grant raise the siege of Chattanooga ? What is said of this Federal 
 
 victory ? 
 
 87. When and how was East Tennessee repossessed ? What is said of the peopl* 
 
 of East Tennessee ? 
 
1863.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 197 
 
 88. Bragg, after shutting up the Union army in Chat- 
 tanooga, detached Longstreet and his command to regain 
 East Tennessee. That general marched upon Knoxville, 
 and laid siege to it ; but Burnside stoutly held the place, 
 and after the victory at Chattanooga, Grant sent a force 
 under Sherman to his assistance. Learning this, Long- 
 street made a desperate assault, was repulsed, and then 
 retreated towards Virginia. 
 
 89. In the summer a daring raid was made through 
 Kentucky, into Indiana and Ohio, by the noted Confederate 
 ranger, General Morgan, and his troopers. Pursuers 
 pressed hard after him, and in less than a month his band 
 was killed, captured, or scattered. Among the captured 
 was Morgan himself. He, however, dug out of the prison 
 in which he was confined, and continued his career as a 
 raider, till one night when he was surprised by Union 
 troopers, and shot while trying to escape. 
 
 90. Nearly forty thousand seamen were in the service 
 of the government this year, most of them being employed 
 to enforce the blockade and assist the Union armies. They 
 captured many swift steamers, sent out by English mer- 
 chants with cargoes for southern ports. 
 
 91. The government sent expeditions for the capture 
 of Port Sumter and Charleston. Early in April, Admiral 
 Du Pont, with a fleet of iron-clads, assailed the defences of 
 Charleston Harbor, but he was soon obliged to retire. 
 Afterwards land and naval forces, under General Gill- 
 more and Admiral Dahl'gren, attacked these defences. 
 In July Gillmore seized part of Morris Island, and tried to 
 take Fort Wagner, on the other part, by storming it, but 
 failed with sad loss. By a siege, the Confederates were at 
 length forced to abandon this fort. Fort Sumter was 
 
 88. What did Bragg do to regain East Tennessee i What is said of the siege of 
 
 Knoxville ? 
 
 89. What daring Confederate raid is mentioned ? Result to the raiders ? What 
 
 further is said of Morgan ? 
 
 90. How many seamen were in the service of the government? What is said of 
 
 English blockade-runners ? 
 tl. Give an account of the first expedition sent against Fort Sumter. Who com- 
 manded the second expedition ? Give an account of operations against 
 Fort Wagner. What of Fort Sumter ? Of Charleston ? 
 
198 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1864. 
 
 bombarded and made a heap of ruins, but the garrison still 
 held it, and Charleston also withstood the long siege, 
 although Gillniore threw shells into the city from Morris 
 Island. 
 
 92. Congress had authorized the president to obtain 
 troops by a draft. Those who feared the draft or hated 
 the war fiercely opposed this way of raising troops. In 
 New York city it gave rise to a terrible and bloody riot, 
 which broke out July 13, while the draft was going on. It 
 lasted four da,js before it was put down. The fury of the 
 mob was especially directed towards negroes, and among 
 the buildings sacked and burned was the Asylum for 
 Colored Orphans. So wicked and brutal were the rioters. 
 
 93. The rebellion was at the height of its power about 
 the middle of this year ; but it began to wane after the 
 Union victories at Gettysburg and Yicksburg, on the 3d 
 and 4th of July. 
 
 3. From the Beginning of 1864 to the Assassination 
 of President Lincoln', 
 
 94. Events of 1864. — In February, 1864, General Sher- 
 man made a successful raid, on a grand scale, from Vicks- 
 burg eastward, nearly across the State of Mississippi. 
 The Confederate general Forrest and his horsemen were 
 at this time in the northern part of the state. They 
 drove back a large cavalry force which set out from 
 Memphis to join Sherman at Meridian. 
 
 95. Forrest, like Morgan, was a swift and daring raider. 
 A little later he made an inroad into the western part of 
 Tennessee and Kentucky, and among other exploits took 
 Port Pillow by storm on the 12th of April. At that time 
 it was garrisoned by almost six hundred men, about half 
 of them being negro troops. After the works had been 
 carried, the assailants stained their victory by a dreadful 
 
 92. What is said of opposition to the draft ? Of a riot in New York cit7 ? 
 
 93. When was the rebellion at the height of its power, and when did it begin to 
 
 wane ? 
 
 94. What great raid did Sherman make from Vicksburg, and what happened to 
 
 a cooperating cavalry force ? 
 
 95. A little later what did Forrest do ? 
 
1864.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 199 
 
 massacre, and thus a large part of the garrison fell. The 
 employment of colored troops by the national government 
 had greatly exasperated the southern people. 
 
 96. Forrest and his troopers, some time after the affair 
 at Fort Pillow, thoroughly routed, in Northern Mississippi, 
 a large force sent against them from Memphis ; but 
 another force, in July, gave them a severe defeat. 
 
 97. Early in the year General Banks, commanding at 
 New Orleans, led an expedition far up the Red River. 
 He intended to occupy Shreveport. His army was re- 
 enforced by ten thousand men from Vicksburg, and Admiral 
 Porter, with a fleet of iron-clad gunboats, cooperated. But 
 the Federals did not go so far as Shreveport. After two 
 battles, fought April 8 and 9, the first resulting in a victory 
 for the Confederates and the second in their repulse, the 
 expedition was given up. 
 
 98. While Porter's gunboats were above Alexandria 
 the water fell so much that they could not repass the 
 rapids at that place. They were, however, saved by the 
 remarkable skill of Colonel Bailey, who built a dam below 
 the rapids, and thus raised the water high enough to 
 allow the vessels to pass them. 
 
 99. An expedition sent out early in the year to re- 
 claim Florida also failed, the Union troops being disas- 
 trously defeated near O-lus'tee, February 20. 
 
 100. We shall now speak of much more important 
 events — of the famous campaigns of Grant and Sherman. 
 In March the rank of Lieutenant-General was conferred 
 upon Grant, and he was given command of all the Union 
 armies. The bulk of the Confederate forces formed two 
 great armies. One, in Virginia, under Lee, was strongly 
 
 95. Give an account of the Fort Pillow massacre. 
 9(>. What else is related of Forrest ? 
 
 97. Who led the Red River expedition, and what was the point aimed at ? Where 
 
 is Shreveport ? (See Map, p. 184.) Where is Alexandria ? What can you 
 say of the forces ? Result of the expedition ? 
 
 98. Give an account of the saving of the gunboats in Red River. 
 
 99. What can you tell of a Union expedition sent to Blorida ? Where is Olusteef 
 
 (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
 100. What rank was conferred upon Grant ? What did most of the southern 
 
 forces form ? 
 
200 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1864. 
 
 posted south of the Rapidan, and shielded Richmond ; 
 the other, in Georgia, under Johnston, was intrenched at 
 Dalton (dawl'tun), and shielded Atlanta, a great railroad 
 centre of the south. 
 
 101. General Sherman was placed in command of the 
 Union forces west of the Alleghany Mountains, to conquer 
 Johnston. General Meade still held command of the 
 Army of trie Potomac, which had the task of conquering 
 Lee's army. Lieuten ant-General Grant had his head' 
 quarters with the Army of the Potomac, and took the gen' 
 eral direction of military affairs. 
 
 102. This army crossed the Rapidan, May 4, and the 
 next day Lee hurled his heavy columns upon it, in the 
 region known as the Wilderness. There a terrific battle 
 raged for two days, at the close the Confederates with- 
 drawing behind their intrenchments. These were too 
 strong to be assaulted. Grant, resolving to go on, there- 
 fore made a flank movement, but again found his foe before 
 him at Spottsylvania, where the rival armies had a long, 
 fierce struggle. Another flank movement was followed by 
 a fight at the North Anna, and another by the bloody 
 Federal repulse at Cold Harbor. Whenever Grant made 
 a flanking advance, Lee fell back rapidly, and behind breast^ 
 works again confronted him. 
 
 103. Then, at the middle of June, the Union leader, 
 moving to the left, threw his army across trie James, the 
 Confederates falling back within the defences of Richmond 
 and Petersburg. This bloody campaign to the James had 
 lasted six weeks, and cost the Union army sixty thousand 
 men, while the Confederates, who had commonly fought 
 behind intrenchments, lost only about one third as many. 
 
 100. Describe Lee's position. Johnston's. 
 
 101. What was Sherman's command and task ? Meade's ? What is said of Grant ? 
 
 102. When did the Army of the Potomac cross the Rapidan ? What did Lee then 
 
 do ? What is said of the battle of the Wilderness ? Give an account of 
 Grant's operations after this battle, including' the battles of Spottsylvania, 
 North Anna, and Cold Harbor. Where is the Wilderness ? (See Map, p. 
 172.) Spottsylvania ? Cold Harbor ? What is said of Lee's movements ? 
 
 103. Describe the movements of the two armies after the battle of Cold Harbor. 
 
 How long had the campaign to tho James lasted, and what were th« 
 losses ? 
 
1864.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 201 
 
 104. In cooperation with the movement of the Army of 
 the Potomac against Richmond, General Butler ascended 
 the James River with about thirty-five thousand men, who 
 were landed at City Point and Bermuda Hundred. These 
 positions he fortified and held. He also marched within 
 seven or eight miles of Richmond, but was driven back 
 to Bermuda Hundred. When Grant had fought his way 
 down to Cold Harbor, a large part of Butler's troops joined 
 him, to take part in that battle. 
 
 105. Lee and his veterans were now within the long 
 line of earthworks, which, extending from the south-west of 
 Petersburg to the north-west of Richmond, shielded these 
 cities. Grant, having passed the James, threw his army 
 against these defences. Being repulsed, he sat down for 
 a regular siege, and while conducting it, struck heavy 
 blows at his vigilant antagonist. There was a great deal 
 of severe fighting, sometimes north of the James, but 
 mostly south of it, the severest battles being fought south 
 of Petersburg, where the national troops tried to get 
 around to the rear of the enemy's works. 
 
 106. The most remarkable attempt to get inside these 
 works was made July 30, by exploding a mine under a 
 Confederate fort before Petersburg. The fort and its 
 garrison were thrown high in air, but the storming column, 
 which pressed into the gap made by the explosion, was re- 
 pulsed with dreadful slaughter. 
 
 107. General Sigel's army, in the Shenandoah Valley, 
 was also to cooperate with the Army of the Potomac. 
 Sigel, advancing about the time at which Grant began his 
 march, soon came upon a Confederate force, and was 
 defeated. General Hunter took the command in place of 
 Sigel, and after routing a large body of the enemy, marched 
 
 104. Give an account of Butler's cooperating movements with an army which had 
 
 been collected at Fortress Monroe. Where are City Point and Bermuda 
 Hundred ? (See Map, p. 172.) Where is Petersburg ? 
 
 105. Where were Lee and his army i What did Grant do after crossing the 
 
 James ? What is said of the fighting during the siege of Petersburg ? 
 
 106. Give an account of an attempt to break through the Confederate defences by 
 
 exploding a mine. 
 
 107. What is said of Sigel's cooperation with the Army of the Potomac ? Of 
 
 Hunter's ? 
 
202 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1884. 
 
 against Lynchburg. But he found this city too well 
 defended to be taken, and was forced to retreat into West 
 Virginia. 
 
 108. The way to the Potomac was thus left open, and 
 Lee, in the hope of compelling Grant to raise the siege of 
 Richmond and go to the defence of the national capital, 
 sent General Early, with a strong invading army, north- 
 ward. Early swept down the Shenandoah Valley, crossed 
 the Potomac into Maryland early in July, and after defeat- 
 ing a small force under the active General Wallace {wot lis), 
 at the Mo-noc'a-cy River, near Frederick, seriously threat- 
 ened Washington and Baltimore. But Grant had sent up 
 troops to protect the capital, and Early quickly retreated 
 into Virginia. For some time, however, he hovered near 
 the Potomac. His cavalry made a plundering raid into 
 Pennsylvania, and on the 30th of July burned most of 
 Chambersburg. 
 
 109. On the 19th of September General Philip H. 
 Sheridan, who had commanded Grant's cavalry, but who 
 was now in command of the army protecting Washington, 
 defeated Early in the battle of Winchester, and sent him 
 " whirling up the valley/ ' Pursuing his enemy southward, 
 Sheridan, three days after, again struck him a stunning 
 blow, and then returning, laid waste this fertile valley, so 
 tiiat the enemy could draw no further supplies from it. 
 
 110. Just one month from the day of the battle of Win- 
 chester, the Confederates, in the early morning, fell upon 
 Sheridan's troops, near Gedar Creek, and drove them from 
 their camp. Sheridan himself was miles away at the time, 
 in Winchester ; but soon he came riding swiftly to the 
 front, and imparted to the men something of his own fiery 
 spirit. They charged upon the Confederates, and put them 
 to total rout. Early's army was ruined. 
 
 108. What plan did Lee adopt to raise the siege of Richmond ? Relate some 
 
 events of this invasion. What had Grant done ? What fate befell Cham- 
 bersburg ? 
 
 109. When and by whom was Early defeated at Winchester ? How did the Union 
 
 general follow up his victory ? 
 
 110. Give an account of the surprise of Sheridan's troops at Cedar Creek. Oi 
 
 Sheridan's arrival, and the result of the contest. 
 
Z864.] LINCOLN'S ADJIINISTRATION. 203 
 
 111. While such had been the progress of the war in 
 Virginia, General Sherman, in the west, had been conduct- 
 ing one of the most remarkable campaigns on record. 
 With an army of nearly one hundred thousand men, he 
 set out from the neighborhood of Chattanooga, May 6, on 
 his march to Atlanta. Confronting him was General 
 Johnston, with an army about half as large. 
 
 112. By skilfully moving so as to threaten the enemy's 
 flank and rear, Sherman compelled him to fall back first 
 from one strong position, then from another, till he had 
 pushed him across the Chat-ta-hoo'chee, and forced him, 
 about the middle of July, to take refuge within the fortifi- 
 cations of Atlanta. He then laid siege to the city. Dur- 
 ing this march heavy battles were fought — the severest 
 at liesaca (re-sah! kali) , Dallas, and Ken'e-saw Mountain. 
 
 113. At Atlanta, the brave and prudent Johnston was 
 superseded by the impetuous General Hood, who, in the 
 latter part of July, sallied forth three times, on the 20th, 22d, 
 and 28th, and furiously assailed the Union lines, but each 
 time was repulsed, and suffered great loss. In the second 
 of these battles the gallant and accomplished Union general, 
 McPherson, was killed. At length Sherman moved his 
 main force around south of the city, and defeating a large 
 part of the Confederate army at Jonesboro', compelled 
 Hood to abandon Atlanta in the night of September 1. 
 The victors occupied it, and could now take breath for a 
 while. During the campaign both armies had been re- 
 enforced. 
 
 114. After the fall of Atlanta, Hood, passing around to 
 the north-west of the city, seriously threatened the long line 
 of supplies of the Union army. Sherman followed him 
 some distance, but in a short time marched back to 
 
 111. When and with how large an army did General Sherman set out from 
 
 Chattanooga for Atlanta? 
 
 112. Give an account of Sherman's march to Atlanta. Name the severest battles 
 
 that took place. 
 
 113. What is said of a change of Confederate commanders, and of three furious 
 
 assaults upon the Union linos ? What of General McPherson ? Tell how 
 and when Sherman gained Atlanta. 
 
 114. What movements of Hood and Sherman followed the fall of Atlanta? 
 
204 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1864 
 
 Atlanta. He had sent troops and his best general, Thomas, 
 to protect Tennessee, whither Hood was now tending. 
 
 115. The Confederate general invaded Tennessee, and 
 Thomas concentrated his scattered forces at Nashville ; but 
 before this could be done the invaders overtook a strong 
 column under General Schofield (sko'feeld), who made a 
 stand at Franklin on the last day of November, and re- 
 pulsed their assaults with great loss to the assailants. 
 Schofield that night fell back to Nashville, which city the 
 Confederates soon began to invest. On the 15th of Decem- 
 ber Thomas sallied out and drove them back, and the next 
 day, renewing the battle, put them to total rout. He pur- 
 sued them vigorously, and the fragments of Hood's army 
 suffered terribly in their winter flight back into Alabama. 
 
 116. We will now see what Sherman had been doing 
 meanwhile. Severing all communication with the north, 
 and committing Atlanta to the flames, save its dwelling- 
 houses and a few other buildings, he set out in the middle 
 of November on his famous march to the sea. His way 
 lay through the heart of Georgia. His troops, moving in 
 separate columns, swept over a wide space, and collected 
 their provisions from the country through which they 
 passed. They saw no enemy* who could offer serious 
 resistance, and in less than a month reached the vicinity 
 of Savannah. Then, by assault, Sherman quickly carried 
 Port McAllister {mak-dl'lis-ter), and thus opened com- 
 munication with the Federal fleet off the coast. A few days 
 later, December 21, he took possession of Savannah, its 
 garrison having fled in the night-time. 
 
 117. The last rebel invasion of Missouri was made in 
 the autumn of this year. General Price entered the state 
 from Arkansas, at the head of a large invading force, but 
 he was soon driven back. 
 
 114. Whom did Sherman send to protect Tennessee ? 
 
 115. Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Where is Franklin ? Ans. 
 
 Eighteen miles south-west of Nashville. Give an account of Thomas's 
 victory at Nashville. What is said of Hood's flight ? 
 
 116. State when Sherman set out on his march for the sea, and what occurred at 
 
 Atlanta. What is said of the march ? Of Fort McAllister and Savannah ? 
 
 117. What can you tell of the last rebel invasion of Missouri ? 
 
1865] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 205 
 
 118. In August of this year the brave Admiral Farragut 
 won new fame. Boldly defying the fire of Forts Morgan 
 and Gaines at the entrance to Mobile Bay, he steamed 
 past them with his fleet, captured or dispersed the rebel 
 gunboats, and, after a desperate conflict, overcame the 
 great iron ram Tennessee. Afterwards, aided by a land 
 force, he took the forts, and thus closed Mobile Bay to 
 blockade-runners. But the city itself was not captured 
 till the spring of 1865. 
 
 119. A few English-built cruisers, commissioned by 
 the rebel authorities, caused immense loss to American 
 commerce. The greatest havoc was inflicted by the 
 Alabama, Captain Semmes. This steamer — built in a 
 British ship-yard, manned chiefly by British sailors, and 
 armed with British cannon — darted swiftly over the seas, 
 capturing and burning American merchantmen. She long 
 eluded pursuit, but one Sunday morning, in June, 1864, 
 the Ke'ar-sarge, Captain Winslow, encountered her off the 
 harbor of Cherbourg (sher-boorg'), France, and sunk her. 
 
 120. In the autumn of 1864 Lincoln was reelected by 
 the people of the loyal states, and Andrew Johnson, of 
 Tennessee, was chosen vice-president. Nevada* (ne-vah'- 
 dah) was admitted as a state in the same year. 
 
 121. Events of 1865. — The first military success of the 
 year 1865 was the capture of. Fort Fisher, the main 
 defence of Wilmington, whose port had never yet been 
 wholly closed to blockade-runners. Admiral Porter, with 
 a powerful fleet, bombarded the fort with great effect, and 
 then the land forces, under General Terry, carried the 
 works by assault, January 15. The fall of Fort Fisher 
 
 * So named from the Sierra Nevada, a mountain-range partly bounding the 
 state on the west. Sierra Nevada are Spanish words, meaning mountain-chain 
 snow-clad. 
 
 118. Give an account of Farragut's victory in Mobile Bay. What is said of Forts 
 
 Morgan and Gaiues, and the city ? Where is Mobile Bay ? (See Map, p. 184.) 
 
 119. What is said of English-built cruisers ? Give an account of the doings of 
 
 the Alabama. What was her fate ? 
 
 120. When was Lincoln reelected, and who became vice-president ? What terri- 
 
 tory became a state in the same year ? 
 
 121. What was the first military success of the year 1865 ? At the mouth of what 
 
 river was Fort Fisher ? (See Map, p. 185.) How and when was the fort 
 taken ? Where is Wilmington ? (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
206 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1865 
 
 was followed in a few weeks by the fall of Wilmington. 
 Union troops took the city. 
 
 122. The 1st of February saw Sherman again on the 
 march. Moving northward, he easily brushed aside the 
 small bodies of the enemy which offered any annoyance, 
 and on the llth occupied Columbia, the capital of South 
 Carolina. On the same day Charleston was abandoned 
 by its garrison, whose safety was now threatened by 
 Sherman's movements. On the following day, February 
 18, Gillmore's troops raised the national flag over Fort 
 Sumter, and took possession of the city. 
 
 123. From Columbia, Sherman continued his march 
 northward for a while, and then turning, moved in a north- 
 easterly direction to Fayetfceville, North Carolina. Re- 
 suming his course, he was now first seriously opposed by 
 the enemy. Near Avery sboro' he beat a strong force of 
 the enemy, and at Bentonsville, where a severe battle was 
 fought, defeated his old antagonist, Johnston, who had 
 collected troops from various quarters. On the 23d of 
 March, Sherman entered Goldsboro', to which place Gen- 
 eral Schofield had brought up a cooperating force from 
 Newbern, and General Terry another from Wilmington. 
 
 124. The vast injury which Sherman had done the Con- 
 federates in his march down to the sea, and through the 
 Carolinas, cannot be tol^l. lie had destroyed railroads, 
 mills, workshops — everything of great use in war. 
 There was also great destruction of private property. 
 Through South Carolina, in particular, he had cut a wide 
 swath of desolation. His conquering legions were now 
 where they could cooperate with Grant's army. 
 
 125. The end was now near. Just before Grant began 
 his final campaign (of which we are soon to tell), and while 
 
 121. What followed the capture of Fort Fisher ? 
 
 122. Give an account of Sherman's march from Savannah to Columbia. Relate 
 
 how Charleston and Fort Sumter came again under national authority. 
 
 123. Describe Sherman's march from Columbia. What battles were fought, and 
 
 with what results ? When did Sherman enter Goldsboro', and what junc- 
 tion of forces was made ? In what direction is Goldsboro' from Newbern ? 
 (See Map, p. 185.) From Wilmington ? 
 
 124. What can you tell about the injury Sherman had done the Confederates ? 
 
 125. What is said of Confederate affairs just before and during Grant's final 
 
 campaign ? 
 
1865.] LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 207 
 
 he was conducting it, other Union leaders, acting under 
 his instructions, were dealing the Confederacy hard blows. 
 General Canby and Admiral Thatcher were assailing the 
 strong defences of Mobile. These were, at length, taken, 
 and the city fell on the 12th of April. 
 
 126. General Wilson, with thirteen thousand horsemen, 
 sent out by General Thomas, was making a great raid 
 through the heart of Alabama, capturing cities, and de- 
 stroying railroads and other property useful to an enemy. 
 General Stoneman, from East Tennessee, was also making 
 a great raid with cavalry in South-western Virginia and the 
 western part of North Carolina. 
 
 127. General Sheridan, with near ten thousand troopers, 
 bursting through the Shenandoah Valley, had fallen again 
 upon the little army of Early, and captured most of it. 
 Then he destroyed the canal west of Richmond, and tore 
 up the railroads north of the city. Sweeping around 
 easterly, he joined the Union army before Petersburg. 
 
 128. Grant opened the final campaign on the 29th of 
 March. On the morning of that day he set in motion 
 strong columns of his army to pass around the end of the 
 intrenchments south-west of Petersburg, so as to get to 
 the enemy's rear. Fighting began on the same day, and 
 on the 1st of April, Sheridan, in command of these flanking 
 columns, thoroughly defeated part of Lee's army, at the 
 cross-roads called Five Forks. 
 
 129. Early in the next morning Grant made a general 
 assault upon the whole line of intrenchments before Peters- 
 burg, and carried it, driving the Confederates to their inner 
 works. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet fled from Rich- 
 mond. Lee's army abandoned the cities which they had 
 so long and so bravely defended, and hurried westward, 
 aiming to unite with Johnston's army in North Carolina. 
 
 125. What is said of Mobile and its defences ? 
 
 126. What is said of General Wilson's raid ? Of General Stoneman's ? 
 
 127. Give an account of Sheridan's operations west and north of Richmond. 
 
 128. When did Grant open the final campaign ? Describe the beginning of this 
 
 campaign. What victory was gained April 1 ? 
 
 129. What did Grant do the next morning ? What is said of Davis and his cabinet 
 
 officers ? What of Lee's army ? 
 
208 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1865. 
 
 130. On the following morning, April 3, the Union, 
 troops occupied both Petersburg and Richmond. The 
 Confederates were fiercely pursued. Sheridan hung upon 
 their flank, and at length placed his columns squarely 
 across their front, while overwhelming masses pressed 
 upon their rear. Then, April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant 
 near Appomat'tox Court-House. ^ 
 
 131. As tidings of the capture of Richmond, and of 
 Lee's surrender, spread through the north, the joy of the 
 loyal people knew no bounds. But in a few days this 
 feeling was suddenly changed to one of deep sorrow and 
 indignation when the telegraph flashed over the land the 
 intelligence that President Lincoln had been assassinated. 
 This dreadful deed was done on the evening of April 14, 
 while the president was in a theatre. A desperado, named 
 John Wilkes Booth, stole up behind him, and shot him in 
 the head. The president died the next morning. 
 
 132. Booth was a southern partisan, and the head of a 
 band of conspirators. The same night another of the band 
 forced his way into the room of William H. Seward, the 
 Secretary of State, then lying in bed, ill, and stabbed him, 
 but not mortally. 
 
 II. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1865-1869. PEACE. 
 RECONSTRUCTION. 
 
 1. Events of 1865, continued. — A few hours after the 
 death of Lincoln, the vice-president, Andrew Johnson, took 
 the oath of office as president. The assassin, Booth, after 
 eluding pursuit for some days, was found hidden in a barn, 
 and refusing to give himself up, was shot. Some of the 
 other conspirators were hanged, and some were imprisoned. 
 
 2.- The decisive victory in Virginia was soon followed 
 by the surrender of all the remaining Confederate forces. 
 
 130. When were Petersburg and Richmond occupied by Union troops ? Give an 
 
 account of the pursuit and the surrender of Lee. 
 
 131. How was the joy of the loyal people changed to the utmost porrow and in- 
 
 dignation ? Give some particulars of the assassination and death of Lincoln. 
 
 132. What is said of Booth ? Of the attempt to assassinate Seward ? 
 
 1. Who became president after Lincoln's death ? Fate of Booth and his band 
 
 of conspirators ? 
 
 2. What is said of the surrender of all the remaining Confederate forces ? 
 
1865.] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 20$ 
 
 Johnston surrendered his army to Sherman. Davis, the 
 ruler of the Confederacy, was stopped in his flight, in 
 Georgia, by some of General Wilson's horsemen. He was 
 carried to Fortress Monroe, and kept a long time as a 
 prisoner, but finally was allowed to go at large. 
 
 3. The war, which had lasted four years and a little 
 over, was now ended. Its cost had been immense. On the 
 Union side nearly three hundred thousand men perished — 
 killed outright in battle or dying from wounds and disease. 
 On the Confederate side probably as many perished. We 
 hesitate to speak of the loss of money in connection with 
 the loss of precious human life ; yet it is well for us to 
 know that, when the war ended, the nation was in debt 
 near three thousand million dollars, and that this was but 
 part of the pecuniary cost of the war. 
 
 4. While the struggle was going on, the government had 
 to issue bonds, that is, writings binding it to pay money at a 
 future time ; and these, to a vast amount, were bought by 
 the people. United States notes, for larger or smaller sums, 
 were also issued, and these circulated as money. Large 
 sums were also obtained by various kinds of new taxes. 
 Gold and silver coin ceased to be in general use, and 
 brought a high premium. 
 
 5. The saddest story of all the war is that which tells 
 of the cruel treatment of Union prisoners in the south. 
 We would not here describe, if we could, the terrible suf- 
 ferings which the captives had to endure in Libby Prison, 
 on Belle Isle (bel-ile'), and above all, in that great prison- 
 pen at Andersonville, from heat, cold, hunger, from diseases 
 which should have been prevented, and from outrages com- 
 mitted by brutal guards. 
 
 6. The contest being over, the national government had to 
 
 2. What is said of the capture and imprisonment of Davis ? 
 
 3. How long- had the war lasted ? How many men perished by the war ? How 
 
 large a debt had the United States contracted ? 
 
 4. What is said of United States bonds ? Of United States notes ? Taxes ? Gold 
 
 and silver coin ? 
 
 5. What statement is made concerning the treatment of Union soldiers taken 
 
 prisoners? Where was Libby Prison ? Ans. In Richmond. Where is Belle 
 Isle ? Ans. It is a small island in the James River, near Richmond. Ander- 
 sonville ? (See Map, p. 185.) 
 
 6. After the war was over, what important duty devolved upon the government .' 
 
 14 
 
210 THE GREAT REBELLION. [1865. 
 
 decide upon what terms the rebel states might be restored 
 to their former relations in the Union. In a short time it 
 became evident that there was a disagreement between 
 President Johnson and a large majority of Congress as to 
 the best policy to be followed in reconstructing these 
 states. 
 
 T. The president claimed that they should be allowed to 
 have representatives in Congress, and be fully restored to 
 their position as states of the republic as soon as they had 
 complied with certain conditions. He required them to 
 rescind their ordinances of secession, to declare the Con- 
 federate war-debt void, and to vote for an amendment to 
 the Constitution abolishing slavery in the United States. 
 Such an amendment Congress had proposed early in 1865. 
 Three fourths of all the states ratified it, and slaverv was 
 declared abolished in December of the same year. 
 
 8. Congress required more than all this, and especially 
 that the freedmen — that is, the blacks who had lately 
 been slaves — should not only be free, but should have 
 civil rights conceded them, so that they might enjoy the 
 same security of person and property as the whites. Con- 
 gress proved strong enough to carry out its own plan of 
 reconstruction in spite of the president's opposition. 
 
 9. In March, 1865, Congress passed a bill for the relief 
 of freedmen and loyal refugees. A department, known as 
 the Preedmen's Bureau, with General Howard as its head, 
 was organized under this law. Another act, passed not- 
 withstanding the president's veto, enlarged the powers of 
 the Bureau, which, during some years, watched over the 
 freedmen, to give them protection and needful assistance. 
 
 10. Tennessee was the first state to comply with the 
 requirements of Congress, and resume her political stand- 
 ing in the Union. On the 2d of March, 1867, Congress 
 
 6. What disagreement arose ? 
 
 7. What did the president claim as regards the rebel states ? What conditions 
 
 did he require of these states ? How and when was slavery constitutional- 
 ly abolished ? 
 
 8. What did Congress require of the rebel states ? Which plan prevailed ? 
 
 9. What can you tell of the Freedmen's Bureau ? 
 
 10. What state was the first to comply with the requirements of Congress 1 
 What act was passed March 2, 1867 ? 
 
1867] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 211 
 
 passed a Reconstruction Act over the president's veto. 
 This act and others, also passed over the veto, prescribed 
 the conditions on which the ten states, then not repre- 
 sented in Congress, should be reconstructed, and made 
 them subject to military authority till they complied with 
 these conditions. In the following year seven of these 
 states accepted the conditions, and were allowed to resume 
 their political privileges. The three other states were re- 
 admitted on the same terms, early in 1870. 
 
 11. Another bill, known as the Tenure of Office Bill, 
 was passed in March, 1867, notwithstanding the president's 
 veto. The bill declared, in effect, that those persons who 
 had been appointed to civil offices with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, could not be removed by the pres- 
 ident without the Senate's permission. The president 
 alone could not remove even a member of his cabinet. 
 
 12. In the following summer, soon after Congress had 
 adjourned, the president suspended from office Edwin M. 
 Stanton, the Secretary of War, and directed General Grant 
 to assume the duties of the department. Early in the 
 next year, that is, in 1868, Congress reinstated Mr. Stan- 
 ton, but the president soon afterwards issued an order 
 removing him. This time, however, Mr. Stanton did not 
 yield the place. 
 
 13. This proceeding of President Johnson brought the 
 long and bitter controversy between the executive and 
 Congress to a crisis. The House of Representatives 
 impeached the president of high crimes and misdemean- 
 ors. Charges for violation "of the Tenure of Office Act, 
 and for other offences, were made to the Senate, which 
 body has the sole power to try impeachments. The pres- 
 ident sent eminent counsel to manage his cause, and the 
 trial began on the SO th of March. After several weeks, 
 the senators gave their decision. The president was ac- 
 
 10. What did this act, and others supplementary to it, effect? What more is 
 
 said of the restoration of the states ? 
 
 11. When was the Tenure of Office Bill passed, and what was its design? 
 
 12. In the summer of 1867 what cabinet-officer was suspended by the president ? 
 
 Relate what action was afterwards taken on Mr. Stanton's case. 
 
 13. What is said about the impeachment of President Johnson ? His trial ? Ver- 
 
 dict of the senate ? What vote is necessary to convict in impeachment.' 
 Ans. A two thirds vote of the members present. 
 
212 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. [1869, 
 
 quitted. Two-thirds of the members would not vote for his 
 conviction. 
 
 14. In the summer of 1866 a telegraphic cable, which 
 is a kind of wire-rope, was laid across the Atlantic from 
 Ireland to Newfoundland (nut! fund-land) . Since that time 
 intelligence has been flashed through this cable along on 
 the bed of the ocean from continent to continent. To 
 Cyrus W. Field, of New York, it is chiefly owing that this 
 great project was accomplished. 
 
 15. Nebraska* was admitted as a state in 186? ; and 
 in the same year the United States obtained a vast acces- 
 sion of territory, by the purchase from Eussia (rush'i-ah) 
 of the north-west part of the continent, for $1,200,000 in 
 gold. This region, then known as Russian America, was 
 named Alaska after it came into our possession. 
 
 16. The presidential canvass of 1868 resulted in the 
 election of the Republican candidates, General Grant, of 
 Illinois, as president, and Schuyler Colfax (ski'ler Icol'fax), 
 of Indiana, as vice-president. 
 
 HI. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 1869-1877. 
 
 1. The inauguration of Grant took place on the 4th of 
 March, 1869. In May of that year a gigantic enterprise 
 was successfully completed in our country. This was the 
 construction of the Pacific Railroad from Omaha (o f ma- 
 haw), on the Missouri River, to the Pacific coast. We can 
 hardly estimate the great results which will come from 
 opening this highway across the continent. 
 
 2. In the summer of the same year another cable was 
 laid beneath the waters of the Atlantic. This one stretches 
 from France to America, and successfully carries telegraphic 
 messages from one country to the other. 
 
 * An Indian name, said to signify water-valley. 
 
 14. When and how was telegraphic communication between Ireland and America 
 
 effected ? To whom is the successful accomplishment of this project 
 chiefly due ? 
 
 15. When was Nebraska admitted as a state ? What is said of the purchase of 
 
 \ltislvtl ' 
 
 16. Who were elected president and vice-president in 1868 ? 
 
 1. When was Grant inaugurated ? What can you state about the Pacific Railroad ■' 
 
 2. What is said of the Atlantic cable which connects France and America ? 
 
1*7 
 
 UN [TIB STATES m 1870 
 
 ' "WESTEL2S FAULT, 
 
 8umccLS Uth 8t>Si 
 
SuttOtXi'SttM Boston 
 
1870-72.] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 213 
 
 3. A few days before the end of Johnson's administra- 
 tion Congress proposed the famous Fifteenth Amend- 
 ment, which declares that the right of any citizen of our 
 countiy to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account 
 of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Three 
 fourths of the states having agreed to this, the amendment 
 was declared, on the 30th of March, 1870, to be part of the 
 Constitution. 
 
 4. The month of October, 1871, is memorable to the citi- 
 zens of Chicago for the great fire which destroyed half the 
 city and burned out of house and home nearly one hundred 
 thousand people. No other American city has ever been 
 visited by so destructive a fire. A year and a month later 
 the great fire in Boston burned down between seven and 
 eight hundred buildings, many of them spacious warehouses, 
 with a vast quantity of merchandise. 
 
 The burnt districts of both cities were rebuilt with won- 
 derful quickness, and the new buildings are much stronger 
 and better than the old. 
 
 5. During the civil war the Alabama and other English- 
 built cruisers had done great injury to our commerce. As 
 these vessels had been fitted out in British ports, our 
 government claimed compensation from the English govern- 
 ment for the losses the}" had inflicted. After much dis- 
 cussion, a treat} 7 was made at Washington by which the 
 Alabama claims were referred to five arbitrators.* This 
 board of arbitration met at Geneva, Switzerland, and finally 
 decided, in September, 1872, that Great Britain should pay 
 fifteen and a half millions of dollars to the United States in 
 
 • * One named by the President, one by the Queen, one by the King of Italy, one 
 by the President of the Swiss Confederation, and one by the Emperor of Brazil. 
 
 When did Congress propose the Fifteenth Amendment? What does this Amendment 
 
 declare ? When was it declared part of the Constitution ? 
 What can you tell about the Chicago fire? About the great fire in Boston? About 
 
 the rebuilding of the burnt districts ? 
 Tell what the Alabama and other English-built cruisers had done. What did our 
 
 government do ? How were the Alabama claims finally settled ? 
 
214 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. [1872-76. 
 
 settlement of the claims. The money was paid in accord- 
 ance with this decision. 
 
 6. When the time came to select the presidential candi- 
 dates for 1872, General Grant was nominated by the repub- 
 licans for re-election. Henrj' Wilson, of Massachusetts, was 
 nominated for the vice-presidency. The republicans were 
 successful. General Grant became president for a 
 second term, and Henry "Wilson became vice-president. 
 
 7. The year 1876 is known in the history of our country 
 as the centennial year. The Republic was then a hun- 
 dred years old. As a fitting celebration of this memorable 
 year, an exposition, on a grand scale, of the products of 
 the industry of all nations was held in Philadelphia, where a 
 hundred years before the Declaration of Independence had 
 been signed. The Centennial Exhibition, as it was 
 called, was opened in Fairmount Park on the 10th of Ma}', 
 and for six months was thronged by visitors. The main 
 building covered twenty acres, and besides this immense 
 structure about two hundred other buildings were erected 
 for the purposes of the Exhibition. 
 
 8. The results of the Exhibition were in the highest de- 
 gree successful. It brought together from all parts of the 
 country a far greater number of American people than were 
 ever gathered on any other occasion ; and these millions 
 of visitors could not fail to learn much of interest and 
 importance from so vast a displa} r of the products of the 
 industry and skill of all nations. 
 
 9. Colorado was admitted as a state in 1876. This 
 made the number of states in the Union thirty-eight. 
 
 10. When the time for the election of president came 
 around again in 1876, Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, 
 of Ohio, was nominated b} 7 the republicans. Governor 
 
 6. Who became president and who vice-president in 1873 ? 
 
 7. When was the Centennial Year ? What preat celebration was held, and where ? What 
 
 can you tell about the Centennial Exhibition ? 
 
 8. What can you tell of the results of the Exhibition ? 
 
 9. When did Colorado become a state ? 
 
 10. What nominations for the presidency were made in 1876 ? 
 
1876.] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 215 
 
 Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, was nominated by the 
 democrats. 
 
 11. The canvass was closely contested, and the result 
 of the election remained, for a long time, uncertain. Some 
 of the electoral votes in three of the southern states (South 
 Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida), and in Oregon, were 
 claimed b} 7 both parties. 
 
 12. Both sides declared themselves the victors, and each 
 charged the other with unfairness, or worse — the repub- 
 licans that the democrats had intimidated colored voters 
 in the three southern states whose electoral votes were in 
 dispute, the democrats that republican officials had 
 fraudulently changed the election returns in those states. 
 
 13. The successful candidate must have one hundred and 
 eighty-five electoral votes. Tilden had one hundred and 
 eighty-four which were undisputed. In the states whose 
 votes were in dispute, certificates of electors for both Hayes 
 and Tilden were sent to the Senate. 
 
 14. The question was complicated, and as nothing of the 
 kind had ever occurred before, there was no precedent to 
 follow. Finally a way was found out of the difficult}-. 
 Leading men of both political parties agreed upon a bill 
 which was passed by Congress. It provided for a tribunal, 
 known as the Electoral Commission,* which should 
 decide who were the true electors from the states about 
 which there was any dispute. 
 
 15. The Commission met, and after a session continued 
 for many days, all the questions were settled. The candi- 
 dates of the republicans were declared elected, Ruther- 
 
 * This Commission was composed of five members of the Senate, five members 
 of the House of Representatives, and five of the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
 Court. 
 
 11. What can you teli about the canvass and the result of the election ? 
 
 12. What did both the republicans and the democrats claim, and what charges were 
 
 made? 
 
 13. What is said about the electoral votes? What about the states whose electoral votes 
 
 were claimed by both parties? 
 
 14. What is said about the matter in dispute? Finally what plan was decided on? 
 
 15. What did the Electoral Commission do? , 
 
216 HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. m [1877. 
 
 ford B. Hayes, of Ohio, president, and William A. 
 "Wheeler, of New York, vice-president. They were in- 
 augurated March 5, 1877, the 4th being Sunday. 
 
 IV. HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 1877 
 
 1. The summer of 1878 was sadly marked in several of 
 the southern states by the prevalence of the yellow fever. 
 It broke out in New Orleans, and thence spread over a large 
 part of the south-west. The people suffered terribly. Be- 
 nevolent people of the north and west sent much money, and 
 in other ways gave substantial aid to the sufferers. The 
 hearts of the southern people were filled with gratitude for 
 this kindness and S3 r mpathy. When cold weather came, 
 the scourge ceased, but it had carried off twenty thousand 
 persons. 
 
 2. While the war was going on, and for several j^ears 
 after its close, labor readily found employment. Land and 
 merchandise — whatever men had to sell — were sold at a 
 high price, and most business enterprises were prosperous. 
 
 But this season of prosperity came to an end in the 
 autumn of 1873. Then began a general prostration of 
 business, which continued for several years. A consider- 
 able shrinkage of values took place, followed by numerous 
 failures in all kinds of business. Many who supposed them- 
 selves rich, suddenly found themselves poor. Laboring 
 men were thrown out of employment, and the hard times 
 caused much distress among the poorer classes. It was not 
 till the year 1879 that a change for the better could be 
 clearly seen. 
 
 3. During all these years, from the early part of the war 
 till 1879, the circulating money had been government 
 
 15. Who were declared elected ? When were Hayes and Wheeler inaugurated? 
 
 1. What can you tell about the yellow fever in 1878 ? 
 
 2. What can you toll about labor and business during the war and after ? About a 
 
 prostration of business and the result ? When did a change for the better take 
 place ? • 
 
 3. What kind of money had circulated from the early part of the war till 1879 ? 
 
1877-79.] HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 217 
 
 notes, called greenbacks, and bank-notes. Gold and silver 
 were held at a premium, and did not circulate as money. 
 
 Some thought an increased issue of this paper money 
 would give renewed prosperity to business ; others thought 
 the paper money should be made redeemable in coin. The 
 latter opinion prevailed in Congress, which passed a bill 
 known as the Resumption Act. This provided for the 
 resumption of specie payments on the 1st of January, 1879. 
 The provisions of the bill were carried out ; coin came into 
 circulation once more, and the paper mone}' became as valua- 
 ble as gold. 
 
 4. One result of the prostration of business was the great 
 railroad riots which occurred in July, 1877. These began 
 bj' a strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Martins- 
 burg, in West Virginia. The immediate cause of the out- 
 break was a reduction of wages. The strikers would not 
 work themselves or let others work. 
 
 5. The strike spread rapidly from road to road, and a 
 horde of the idle and vicious joined the working-men. In 
 Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Chicago, and in other cities fero- 
 cious mobs gathered in the streets. In Pittsburgh, es- 
 pecially, there were wild scenes of riot, and a vast deal of 
 railroad property was destroyed and pillaged. 
 
 6. The governors of several states called upon the presi- 
 dent of the United States to aid in putting down the insur- 
 rections, as it was found that the local troops or state militia 
 could not alwa} r s be relied on. 
 
 United States troops were dispatched to the places 
 where serious outbreaks occurred, and the riots quickly 
 came to an end. They lasted barely two weeks, but a vast 
 amount of property was destroyed and man} r lives were lost. 
 
 3. What is said of gold and silver? What opinions were held about money, and which 
 
 prevailed in Congress? Tell what you can about the Resumption Act and the 
 result. 
 
 4. When did the railroad riots occur? Where did the strike first break out? 
 
 5. What further can you tell of the strike ? What is said about mobs ? 
 
 6. What aid was asked ? What is said about the United States troops ? 
 
218 HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 7. The prompt and vigorous action of the president 
 proved that our republican government is not weak 
 or halting when it has to deal with popular violence and 
 insurrection. 
 
 8. Within a few years there have been many improve- 
 ments in machinery, and other inventions which have 
 added to the comfort of mankind. One of the most curious 
 and wonderful of these has veiy lately come into use in our 
 country. This is the telephone, an apparatus for repro- 
 ducing sound. By the aid of electricity, articulate speech 
 is transmitted, for long distances, with great distinctness. 
 
 Our History here comes to an end. Looking back, we 
 see from what feeble beginnings we have arisen, and how 
 we have grown to giant strength. To-day we stand in the 
 front rank of nations ; and when we consider the intelli- 
 gence and energy of the people, the vast extent of our 
 country, and the form of our government, we cannot but 
 believe that the Great Republic, giving freedom and just 
 laws to all, is destined to have a grander career than the 
 world has ever witnessed. But we should not feel proud 
 because of our strength and prosperity, which are derived 
 in no inconsiderable degree from great natural advantages. 
 Rather let us remember that the real glory of a nation 
 comes not from riches or power, or lands of vast extent, 
 but from the love of Right and Truth. 
 
 7. What is said about the action of the president? 
 
 8. What can you tell about the telephone ? 
 
THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES IN EXTENT 
 
 OF TERRITORY. 
 
 1. The boundaries of the United States, at the 
 close of the Revolutionary "War, were established by 
 the treaty of 1783, on the north and the east, essentially as at 
 present ; on the west, the Mississippi River was made the 
 boundary, and on the south, Florida,* which then extended 
 west to the Mississippi, having parallel 31° as its northern 
 limit. 
 
 2. In the year 1803, Louisiana was purchased of France 
 for fifteen millions of dollars. The Louisiana Purchase was 
 a vast region extending west from the Mississippi River to 
 the Spanish province of Mexico, and north to British 
 America. The western and northern boundaries were in- 
 definite.! Several large states and territories have been 
 formed from this purchase. 
 
 3. Oregon, a region of much greater extent than the 
 present state, lying north from Mexico and west from the 
 Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, was for a long time claimed 
 both by the United States and by Great Britain. J The 
 present boundary line, the forty-ninth parallel, was agreed 
 upon in 1847. 
 
 4. In the year 1819 Spain sold Florida to the United 
 
 * By this treaty Florida was conveyed by England to Spain. 
 
 t The boundaries between Louisiana and the Spanish province of Mexico were 
 not settled till 1821 Then it was agreed that the dividing line should follow the 
 Sabine River from its mouth to the thirty-second parallel, thence a meridian to 
 the Red River, that river to the one hundredth meridian west from Greenwich, 
 that meridian to the Arkansas, that river to its source, thence north to the forty- 
 second parallel, and that parallel to the Pacific. 
 
 On the north, it was agreed in 1819, between Great Britain and the United 
 States, that parallel forty-nine should be the boundary between the United 
 States and British America from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 On the east, after a few years, the United States claimed Florida as far as the 
 Perdido River, that being the eastern limit of the old French province of Louisiana. 
 Just before the war of 1812 they took possession of their claim — being the part of 
 Florida between the Pearl and Perdido rivers. 
 
 t The United States claimed Oregon, from the exploration of its principal 
 river, the Columbia, in 1792, by Captain Robert Gray, also from the expedition 
 of Lewis and Clark, sent out by the president in 1804, also from the purchase of 
 Louisiana. The English claimed the country from the operations of British fur- 
 traders within the territory. 
 
220 THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 States for five millions of dollars. The country was not 
 given up by Spain till 1821, when the treaty was finally 
 ratified. 
 
 5. Texas, which had separated from Mexico, was an- 
 nexed to the United States in 1847. 
 
 6. A vast country, including California, and extending 
 south to the river Gila and west to the Pacific, was acquired 
 from Mexico by conquest and by treaty.* By the treaty 
 in 1848 our government agreed to pay fifteen millions of 
 dollars to Mexico, and to assume debts to the amount of 
 more than three millions, due by that country to citizens 
 of the United States. 
 
 7. In 1853 the United States purchased of Mexico a 
 region including the Mesilla Valley, south of the river Gila. 
 This is sometimes called the Gadsden Purchase, from 
 General James Gadsden, who negotiated the purchase for 
 the United States. 
 
 8. Russian America, afterwards called Alaska, was 
 purchased from Russia for seven million two hundred 
 thousand dollars, in the year 1867. 
 
 9. Thus by purchase, annexation, and conquest, the area 
 of our national domain has become four and one half 
 times as much as at the close of the Revolutionary War 
 — or an increase from 800,000 square miles in 1783 to 
 3,600,000 in 1879. This vast expanse is nearly thirty 
 times that of Great Britain and Ireland together, or very 
 nearly eighteen times that of all France. 
 
 * The boundary between the United States and Mexico was to be the Rio 
 Grande from its mouth to New Mexico; thence to the river Gila; that river to its 
 junction with the Colorado; thence in a straight line to the Pacific, at a point 
 ten miles south of San Diego. 
 
 See Map following this page. 
 
flp 
 
 
 jp 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 221 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. 
 
 Note. — The figures in the paragraphs, and at the end of them, refer to the 
 pages upon which the events are mentioned. 
 
 1861—1879. 
 
 Lincoln became president in 1861, 169. He entered upon a 
 second term in 1865, but, April 14, was assassinated,' and 
 Vice-President Johnson succeeded to the presidency, 208. 
 
 During these administrations the most formidable rebellion 
 known to history was subdued, and slavery in the United 
 States was abolished by an amendment of the Constitution. 
 
 1861. The rebels attacked Fort Sumter, and compelled Major Ander- 
 
 son to evacuate it, April 14. The president called for troops, 
 170. Jefferson Davis offered to commission privateers, and a 
 blockade of the southern ports was established, 177. Four 
 more slave states joined the Confederacy, 170. 
 
 The Federals, in Virginia, were disastrously defeated at Bull 
 Run (July 21), 173, and in the autumn at Ball's Bluff, 174. 
 In West Virginia, General McClellan, in July, gained victo- 
 ries over the Confederates at Rich Mountain and Carrick's 
 Ford, and before the end of the year that region was nearly 
 cleared of armed Confederates, 174, 175. 
 
 In Kentucky, the Confederates, in September, seized and 
 fortified Columbus, and the Union troops, under General 
 Grant, then occupied Paducah, 176. 
 
 In Missouri, Lyon captured a camp of disloyalists near St. 
 Louis, in May, but lost the hard-fought battle of Wilson's 
 Creek (August 10), 175. 
 
 On the Atlantic coast the Federals captured the Confederate 
 works at Hatteras Inlet (August 29), and those at Port Royal 
 Entrance, November 7, 177. 
 
 Mason and Slidell were taken from the British steamer 
 Trent, 178. 
 
 1862. The Federal government prohibited slavery in the territories, 
 
 abolished it in the District of Columbia, and authorized the 
 enlistment of colored troops, 192. 
 
222 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1862. In the west, east of the Mississippi, the Federals gained a 
 victory at Mill Spring (January 19) ; captured Fort Henry 
 and Fort Donelson, and occupied Nashville, 179 ; were vic- 
 torious, under General Grant, at Shiloh (April 6 and 7), and, 
 under General Halleck, compelled the enemy to evacuate 
 Corinth (May 29), 180. In the autumn, the Federals, under 
 General Rosecrans, defeated the enemy at Iuka, 181, and at 
 Corinth. The Confederates fell back after the battle of 
 Perry ville (October 8), 181 ; and at Murfreesboro' they were 
 beaten by General Rosecrans in a three days' battle, which 
 began December 31, 182. 
 
 West of the Mississippi, a Union victory was won at Pea Ridge 
 (March 7 and 8), and nine months afterwards, another at 
 Prairie Grove, 182. 
 
 The Confederate posts on the Mississippi, as far as Vicksburg, 
 successively yielded to the Federals, 183, and Admiral Far- 
 ragut opened the river from its mouth to New Orleans (April 
 25), of which city General Butler took military possession, 
 186. 
 
 On the Atlantic coast General Burnside and Commodore 
 Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island, 186, and before the 
 end of April nearly the whole coast of North Carolina was at 
 the mercy of the Federals, who also had reduced Fort 
 Pulaski. The Confederate ram Merrimack, after a day's 
 havoc among the Union vessels in Hampton Roads (March 
 8), was driven back to Norfolk by the Monitor, 187. 
 
 In Virginia, the army of the Potomac, under McClellan, com- 
 pelled the Confederates to evacuate Yorktown, beat them at 
 Williamsburg, repulsed them near Fair Oaks and Seven 
 Pines (May 31), 189. Meanwhile Stonewall Jackson drove 
 the Federals from the Shenandoah Valley, and then joined 
 General Lee before Richmond, 190. Lee then, in a seven 
 days' campaign of almost constant fighting, raised the 
 siege of the Confederate capital, pursuing McClellan to the 
 James, where the latter repulsed the Confederates, with great 
 loss, at Malvern Hill (July 1), 190. The Confederates next 
 moved against the Army of Virginia, commanded by General 
 Pope, and, after a series of conflicts, beginning at Cedar 
 Mountain and ending at Chantilly (September 1), compelled 
 Pope to fall back within the defences of Washington, 191. 
 Lee next invaded Maryland. McClellan gained a victory 
 
CHRONOLOGY. 223 
 
 1862. over him at South Mountain, and by the great battle of 
 Antietam (September 17) forced the Confederates, who had 
 meanwhile captured Harper's Ferry, back to Virginia, 191, 
 192. Burnside superseded McClelian, and was badly defeated 
 at Fredericksburg (December 13), 192. 
 
 During the summer the Sioux War broke out. It was sup- 
 pressed the next year, 192. 
 
 1863. President Lincoln signalized the opening of the new year by 
 
 issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, 193. 
 
 In Virginia, General Hooker superseded Burnside, and was 
 severely beaten at ChanceUorsville (May 2, 3) by Lee, who 
 soon after set out for a second invasion of the loyal states. 
 General Meade superseded Hooker, beat Lee in the great 
 and decisive battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 2, 3), and pursued 
 him into Virginia, 193. 
 
 Vicksburg was surrendered to General Grant (July 4), and a 
 few days later Port Hudson to General Banks, 195. 
 
 The Federals, under Rosecrans, were defeated at the Chick- 
 amauga (September 19 and 20), and besieged in Chat- 
 tanooga. The siege was raised, and the enemy thoroughly 
 defeated by Grant, in a three days' battle, beginning Novem- 
 ber 23, 196. Soon after the Confederates were repulsed 
 before Knoxville, by Burnside, 197. 
 
 1864. Among the earlier events were the expedition to Meridian, 198, 
 
 the Fort Pillow Massacre, the Red River expedition, 199, 
 and a Federal defeat at Olustee, Florida. 
 Grant was appointed to the chief command of the Union armies, 
 
 199, and, crossing the Rapidan with the Army of the Potomac 
 (May 4), met the enemy in bloody conflicts in the Wilder- 
 ness, at Spottsylvania, the North Anna, and Cold Harbor, 
 
 200. Then crossing the James (June 14), joined by Butler 
 from Fortress Monroe, he laid siege to Petersburg and Rich- 
 mond, 201. The Confederates made a third invasion of 
 Maryland. They were soon obliged to retreat, but hovered 
 near the Potomac till General Sheridan, in a brilliant cam- 
 paign, ending in the victory of Cedar Creek (October 19), 
 closed the war in the Shenandoah Valley, 202. 
 
 In the west, General Sherman made his famous march to the 
 sea. Setting out (May 6) from Chattanooga, he fought 
 heavy battles, the severest being at Resaca, Dallas, and 
 
224 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 1864. Kenesaw Mountain, and captured Atlanta (September 2), 
 203 ; then sweeping through Georgia to the sea, he carried 
 Fort McAllister by assault, and took Savannah (December 
 21), 204. Meanwhile the Confederates had been successful- 
 ly resisted at Franklin, and disastrously routed at Nashville 
 (December 15 and 16) by General Thomas, 204. 
 In June the notorious privateer Alabama was sunk, 205. 
 In August Admiral Farragut won a victory in Mobile Ray, 205. 
 
 1865 Fort Fisher, North Carolina, was captured (January 15), 205. 
 Sherman swept northward through South Carolina; drove 
 the Confederates from Columbia ; compelled them to evac- 
 uate Charleston ; then pressing forward into North Carolina, 
 beat them at Averysboro' and at Bentonsville, and entered 
 Goldsboro' (March 23), 206. 
 Grant's army began the final campaign (March 29), gave the 
 Confederates a crushing defeat at Five Forks, 207 ; captured 
 Richmond and Petersburg, and compelled Lee to surrender 
 (April 9), near Appomattox Court- House, 208. Mobile was 
 taken, 207. Before the end of May all the Confederate 
 armies had surrendered. 
 
 1866. The Atlantic cable, from Ireland to Newfoundland, was laid, 
 
 212. 
 
 1867. The Reconstruction Act became a law, 211. 
 Alaska was purchased from Russia, 212. 
 
 1868. The House of Representatives having impeached President 
 
 Johnson, his trial began (March 30), 211. 
 1869. Grant became president, 212. 
 
 The Pacific Railroad was completed, 212. 
 
 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment was declared adopted. 213. 
 
 1871. Half of Chicago was burned down (Oct. 8, 9, 10), 213. 
 
 1876. The International Centennial Exhibition was held in Philadelphia 
 (opened May 10, closed Nov. 10), 214. 
 Colorado became a state, 214. 
 1877. Hayes became president (March 5), 216. 
 1879. Specie payments were resumed (Jan. 1), 217. 
 
PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
 
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AREAS, SETTLEMENT, AND ADMISSION OP THE STATES. 
 
 States. 
 
 Areas. 
 
 When, where, and 
 
 BY WHOM 
 
 Admit 
 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Settled. 
 
 
 ted. 
 
 Virginia,* . . . 
 
 38,352 
 
 1607 
 
 Jamestown, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 m 
 
 New York, . . . 
 
 47,000 
 
 1614 
 
 New York, . . 
 
 Dutch, . . 
 
 1 
 
 Massachusetts, . 
 
 7,800 
 
 1620 
 
 Plymouth, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 
 New Hampshire, . 
 
 9,280 
 
 1623 
 
 Portsmouth, 
 
 English, . 
 
 W* 
 
 Connecticut, . . 
 
 4>75<> 
 
 1633 
 
 Windsor, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 at 
 
 a 
 
 Maryland,* . . 
 
 11,124 
 
 1634 
 
 St. Marj 's, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 'So 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 1,306 
 
 1636 
 
 Providence, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 O 
 
 Delaware,* . . 
 
 2,120 
 
 1638 
 
 Wilmington, 
 
 Swedes, . 
 
 g 
 
 North Carolina,* 
 
 5o>7o4 
 
 
 Albemarle Sd., 
 
 English, . 
 
 
 New Jersey, . . 
 
 8,320 
 
 1664 
 
 Elizabeth, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 a 
 
 South Carolina,* 
 
 34,000 
 
 1670 
 
 Ashley River, . 
 
 English, . 
 
 H 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 46,000 
 
 1682 
 
 Philadelphia, . 
 
 English, . 
 
 
 Georgia,* . . . 
 
 58,000 
 
 1733 
 
 Savannah, . . 
 
 English, . 
 
 H 
 
 Vermont, . . 
 
 
 10,212 
 
 1724 
 
 Brattleboro', 
 
 English, . 
 
 1791 
 
 Kentucky,* 
 
 
 37,680 
 
 1774 
 
 Harrodsburg, . 
 
 English, . 
 
 1792 
 
 Tennessee,* , 
 
 
 45,600 
 
 1768 
 
 Watauga River, 
 
 English, . 
 
 1796 
 
 Ohio, . . , 
 
 
 39>9 6 4 
 
 1788 
 
 Marietta, . . . 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1802 
 
 Louisiana,* 
 
 
 4**34 6 
 
 1700 
 
 
 French, 
 
 1812 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 
 33,809 
 
 
 Vincennes, . . 
 
 French, 
 
 1816 
 
 Mississippi,* . 
 
 
 47>i56 
 
 1699 
 
 Biloxi, . . . 
 
 French, . 
 
 1817 
 
 Illinois, . . , 
 
 
 55»4io 
 
 1693 
 
 Kaskaskia, . . 
 
 French, 
 
 1818 
 
 Alabama,* 
 
 
 50,722 
 
 1702 
 
 Mobile Bay, 
 
 French, 
 
 1819 
 
 Maine, . . 
 
 
 35*ooo 
 
 
 
 English, . 
 
 1820 
 
 Missouri,* 
 
 
 65*35o 
 
 1755 
 
 St. Genevieve, . 
 
 French, 
 
 1821 
 
 Arkansas,* 
 
 
 52,189 
 
 1685 
 
 Arkansas Post, . 
 
 French, 
 
 1836 
 
 Michigan, . 
 
 
 56,45i 
 
 1701 
 
 Detroit, . . . 
 
 French, 
 
 1837 
 
 Florida,* . . 
 
 
 59,268 
 
 1565 
 
 St. Augustine, . 
 
 Spaniards, 
 
 1845 
 
 Texas,* . . 
 
 
 274*356 
 
 1715 
 
 
 Spaniards, 
 
 1845 
 
 Iowa, . . , 
 
 
 55*o45 
 
 1833 
 
 Dubuque, . . . 
 
 French, 
 
 1846 
 
 Wisconsin, 
 
 
 53*9 2 4 
 
 1745 
 
 Green Bay, . . 
 
 French, 
 
 1848 
 
 California, . . 
 
 
 188,981 
 
 1769 
 
 San Diego, . . 
 
 Spaniards, 
 
 1850 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 
 83*53i 
 
 1838 
 
 St. Paul, . . . 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1858 
 
 Oregon, . . . 
 
 
 95*274 
 
 1811 
 
 Astoria, • . . 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1859 
 
 Kansas, . . . 
 
 
 81,318 
 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 
 23,000 
 
 
 
 
 1863 
 
 Nevada, . . 
 
 
 112,090 
 
 
 
 
 1864 
 
 Nebraska, . 
 
 
 75*995 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 Colorado, . 
 
 
 104,500 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 Disk of Columbia, 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 .. ; 
 
 The Territories have an area of about 938,000 square miles. Alaska 
 has an area of 577,390 square miles. 
 
 * Slaveholding in 1861. 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 In Congress, July 4, 1776. 
 
 A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of 
 America, in Congress assembled. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
 sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
 have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
 the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
 which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, 
 a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
 they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
 separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : — That all men 
 are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
 with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, 
 liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure 
 these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriv- 
 ing their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, 
 whenever any form of government becomes destructive of 
 these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish 
 it, and to institute a new government, laying its founda- 
 tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such 
 form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety 
 and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that gov- 
 ernments long established should not be changed for light 
 and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath 
 shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils 
 are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
 forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long 
 train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
 same object, evinces a design to reduce them under 
 1 (i) 
 
2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 
 throw off such government, and to provide new guards foi 
 their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
 of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which 
 constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- 
 ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain 
 is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having 
 in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny 
 over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted 
 to a candid world. 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
 and necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im- 
 mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in 
 their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when 
 so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- 
 tion of large districts of people, unless those people would 
 relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature — 
 a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places un- 
 usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of 
 their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
 into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
 opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
 of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions > 
 to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative 
 powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the peo- 
 ple at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in the 
 mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from 
 without and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
 States ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural- 
 ization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage 
 their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
 appropriations of lands. 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 3 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by re- 
 fusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
 tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of 
 their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
 hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out 
 their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing 
 armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, 
 and superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdic- 
 tion foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by 
 our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended le- 
 gislation, — 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment 
 for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- 
 ants of these States : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial 
 by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- 
 tended offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
 boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
 ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at 
 once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
 same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
 valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of 
 our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring 
 themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
 cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
 of his protection, and waging war against us. 
 
£ DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned 
 our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
 mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolation, 
 and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty 
 and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
 and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
 the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
 become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or 
 to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
 has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers 
 the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare 
 is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
 conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned 
 for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
 tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
 prince whose character is thus marked by every act which 
 may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
 brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
 attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable 
 jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cir- 
 cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
 have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
 and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common 
 kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would in- 
 evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
 They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and con- 
 sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the neces- 
 sity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we 
 hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States 
 of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to 
 the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
 intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 
 
 people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That 
 these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free 
 and Independent States; that they are absolved from 
 all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political 
 connection between them and the State of Great Britain 
 is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and 
 independent States, they have full power to levy war, con- 
 clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to 
 do all other acts and things which independent States may 
 of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with 
 a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we 
 mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and 
 our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, 
 engrossed, and signed by the following members : — 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 William Whipple, 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Richard Stockton, 
 John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 John Hart, 
 
 Massachusetts Bat. Abraham Clark. 
 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island, &c. 
 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New York. 
 
 William Floyd, 
 Philip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, 
 George Clymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Caesar Rodney, 
 George Read, 
 Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 
 Thomas Stone, 
 Charles Carroll, 
 of Carrollton. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Heyward, Jr.| 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
 more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
 quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
 general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
 selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
 Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 SECTION I. 
 
 All Legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
 a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
 Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
 posed of members chosen every second year, by the people 
 of the several States ; and the electors in each State shall 
 have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
 numerous branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 2d clause. *No person shall be a Representative who 
 shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and 
 been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
 which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Preamble. — Who ordained and established our Constitution, and for what 
 purposes ? What is a Constitution ? Ans. A body of linos icliich constitute the 
 basis or foundation for a form of government. What are the three great depart- 
 ments of government ? (See p. 114.) 
 
 Article I. — Sec. I. Of what does the first article of the Constitution treat? 
 Ans. Of the legislative department. In what body are the legislative powers 
 vested ? Of what does Congress consist ? 
 
 Skc. II. — 1st clause. By whom and how often are representatives chosen? 
 Qualifications of electors of representatives ? 
 
 24 clause. How old at least must a representative be? How long must he have beel 
 
 citizen of the United States, and of what state must he be an inhabitant f 
 
 (6) 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 7 
 
 Bd clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ar> 
 portioned among the several States which may be included 
 within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
 which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
 of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
 of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of 
 all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
 within three years after the first meeting of the Congress 
 of the United States, and within every subsequent term of 
 ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
 The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for 
 every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
 Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
 the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
 m three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence 
 Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New 
 Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Mary- 
 land, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South 
 Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 
 
 4:th clause. When vacancies happen in the representa- 
 tion from any State, the executive authority thereof shall 
 issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5th clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
 their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole 
 power of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION in. 
 
 1st clause. The Senate of the United States shall be 
 composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the 
 
 3d clause. How are representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among 
 the states ? W hat are taxes ? Ans. Sums of money exacted by government. How 
 may all taxes be divided ? Ans. Into direct and indirect. What is a direct tax ? 
 Ans. A tax laid directly on the person or on property, as a poll-tax or a tax 
 on land. What is an indirect tax? Ans. A tax laid on articles of consump- 
 tion or expenditure. Duties, imposts, <fc, are indirect taxes. How is the rep- 
 resentative population of a state to be determined ? Who are referred to in the 
 phrase, " three fifths of all other persons " ? Ans. Slaves. When was the first 
 enumeration or census to be made, and how often thereafter ? In what year was 
 the first census taken ? Ans. In 1790. What limit was put to the apportionment 
 of representatives ? What representation at least shall each state have ? 
 
 4th clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled ? 
 
 5th clause. By whom are the speaker and other officers of the house chosen 1 
 What do you understand by the speaker of the house ? Ans. The presiding 
 officer. What body has the sole power of impeachment ? What is impeachment ? 
 Ans. An accusation charging a civil officer with official misconduct. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st clause. How many national senators does each state have ? How 
 
8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each Senator shall 
 have one vote. 
 
 2d clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
 in consequence of the first' election, they shall be divided, 
 as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the 
 Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration 
 of the second year ; of the second class, at the expiration 
 of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the expiration 
 of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every 
 second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or 
 otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, 
 the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
 until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then 
 fill such vacancies. 
 
 3d clause. No person shall be a Senator who shall not m 
 have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
 a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall 
 be chosen. 
 
 Aik clause. The Vice-President of the United States 
 shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
 unless they be equally divided. 
 
 5th clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
 and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the 
 Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of 
 President of the United States. 
 
 6th clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
 all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
 shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the 
 
 are the senators chosen, and for how many years ? Each senator has how many 
 votes ? Have the large states more senators than the small states ? 
 
 2d clause. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided ? How 
 Ion? did the senators of the first class hold their offices ? Of the second class ? 
 Of the third class ? By this plan, what part of the senate is chosen every second 
 year ? Can you tell any advantage of this plan over the plan of electing all the 
 senators at one time ? When may the governor of a state fill a vacancy in the 
 senate ? How long do such appointments continue? 
 
 M clause. How old at least must a senator be ? How long must he have been 
 a citizen of the United States, and of what state an inhabitant ? 
 
 4th clause. Who is president of the senate ? What vote has he ? 
 
 5th clause. How are other officers of the senate chosen ? What is a president 
 pro tem'po-re ? Ans. A president for the time being. 
 
 6th clause. What sole power has the senate ? What conditions are required 
 •f the senate when sitting as a court of impeachment ? What is an affirmation i 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 
 
 United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside ; and 
 no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of 
 two thirds of the members present. 
 
 1th clause. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not 
 extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- 
 tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, 
 under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, 
 nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
 judgment, and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1st clause. The times, places, and manner of holding 
 elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be pre- 
 scribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the 
 Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such 
 regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 2d clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
 in every year ; and such meeting shall be on the first 
 Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
 different day. section v. 
 
 1st clause. Each House shall be the judge of the elec- 
 tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members ; and 
 a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
 but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
 may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
 members, in such manner and under such penalties as each 
 House may provide. 
 
 2d clause. Each House may determine the rules of its 
 proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
 and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Ans. A solemn declaration made by those who conscientiously decline talting an 
 oath 1 Who presides when the president of the United States is impeached i 
 How large a part of the senate is necessary for conviction ? 
 
 7th clause. In case of impeachment, how far may judgment extend ? To what 
 is the convicted party further liable? 
 
 Sec. IV. — 1st clause. What does the legislature of each state prescribe as re- 
 gards elections for senators and representatives ? But what power is reserved to 
 Congress ? 
 
 2d clause. How often shall Congress assemble ? When ? 
 
 Sec. V.— \st clause. Of what is each house the judge? What constitutes a 
 quorum ? Meaning of quorum ? Ans. Such a number as is sufficient to do busi- 
 ness. What may a smaller number do ? 
 
 2d clause. What power has each house as to rules of its proceedings, and the 
 punishment for disorderly conduct ? 
 
10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 3d clause. Each House shall keep a journal of its pro- 
 ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, except- 
 ing such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; 
 and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, 
 on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those 
 present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4th clause. Neither House, during the session of Congress, 
 shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
 than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
 the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 1st clause. The Senators and Representatives shall re- 
 ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
 by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
 They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach 
 of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attend- 
 ance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going 
 to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or 
 debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
 2d clause. No Senator or Representative shall, during 
 the tinie for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
 civil office, under the authority of the United States, which 
 shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
 have been increased, during such time ; and no person 
 holding any office under the United States shall be a mem- 
 ber of either House during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1st clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
 
 Zd clause. What is required of each house in respect to keeping and publishing 
 a journal ? When are the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal ? 
 
 4th clause. What regulation is there as to adjournment? 
 
 Sec. VI. — 1st clause. What is said of the payment of members of Congress for 
 their services ? What is the present compensation of a member ? Ans. Five 
 thousand dollars a year, with twenty cents for every mile of travel by the most 
 usually travelled post route to and from the national capital. In what cases and 
 when are members privileged from arrest ? For what are they not to be questioned ? 
 
 2d clause. What restriction is placed upon members as regards civil offices ? 
 Can a person holding any office under the United States be at the same time a 
 member of either house ? 
 
 Sec. VII. — 1st clause. In which house must bills for raising revenue originate I 
 What is the senate allowed to do ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 
 
 in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- 
 pose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. 
 
 2d clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
 of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a 
 law, be presented to the President of the United States. If 
 he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, 
 with his objections, to that House in which it shall have 
 originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
 journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re- 
 consideration, two thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
 the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; 
 and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become 
 a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both Houses 
 shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
 the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
 on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill 
 shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to 
 him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
 signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- 
 vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3d clause. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the 
 concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives 
 may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
 shall be presented to the President of the United States ; 
 and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by 
 him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
 two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
 case of a bill. 
 
 2d clause. After a bill has passed both houses, what shall be done with it ? 
 What shall the president do with it ? What is the returning of a bill with the 
 president's objections called ? Ans. A veto. Meaning of the word veto ? Ans. 
 I forbid. Object of the veto ? To enable the president to check the passage of 
 improper laws. After the president has vetoed a bill, how may it become a law ? 
 How may a bill which has been neither signed by the president nor vetoed becomt 
 a law ? 
 
 3d clause. What must be done before any order, resolution, or vote requiring 
 the concurrence of both houses can take effect? How may an order, resolution, 
 or vote be passed over the veto ? On a question of adjournment has the president 
 the veto power ? 
 
12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power — 
 
 1st clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
 excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common 
 defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all 
 duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
 the United States : 
 
 2d clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
 States : 
 
 3c? clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
 and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes : 
 
 4:th clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
 and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies through- 
 out the United States : 
 
 5th clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
 and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
 measures : 
 
 6th clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- 
 ing the securities and current coin of the United States : 
 
 *lth clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads : 
 
 8th clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
 ful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and in- 
 ventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings 
 and discoveries : 
 
 Sec. VIII. — 1st clause. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
 imposts, and excises ? What are duties ? Ans. Taxes on articles imported or 
 exported. What are imposts ? Ans. Taxes laid on imported goods. What are 
 excises ? Ans. Taxes on commodities made or produced within the country. 
 What are to be uniform ? 
 
 2d clause. What power has Congress as to borrowing money ? 
 
 3d clause. As to regulating commerce ? 
 
 4th clause. As to naturalization and bankruptcies ? Meaning of naturalization ? 
 Ans. The act by which an alien becomes a citizen of the United States. How long 
 does the law require an alien to live in our country before he can become a citizen 
 of the United States ? Ans. At least five years. 
 
 5th clause. What power has Congress in regard to coining money, &c. ? 
 Where is the mint of the United States situated ? Ans. At Philadelphia. 
 
 6th clause. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting 1 
 
 7th clause. In regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 
 
 Hth clause. What power has Congress to promote the progress of science and 
 useful arts ? How long is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of 
 publishing it ? Ans. Tioenty-eight years, with the privilege of a renewal of the 
 copyright for fourteen years longer. What is a patent ? Ans. A document, 
 issued by government, granting to the applicant the exclusive right to an invention 
 or discovery. How long does a patent hold good ? Ans. Fourteen years ; and 
 at tlie end of that period the commissioner of patents may extend the patent for 
 seven years longer. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 9th clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
 Court : 
 
 10th clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
 committed on the high seas, and offences against the law 
 of nations : 
 
 11th clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
 water : 
 
 12th clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appro- 
 priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
 two years : 
 
 13th clause. To provide and maintain a navy : 
 
 14:th clause. To make rules for the government and reg- 
 ulation of the land and naval forces : 
 
 15th clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to ex- 
 ecute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
 repel invasions : 
 
 l&h clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
 ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 
 as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
 reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
 to the discipline prescribed by Congress : 
 
 11th clause. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases 
 whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
 square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the 
 acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government 
 of the United States ; and to exercise like authority over all 
 
 9th clause. What power has Congress in regard to tribunals ? 
 
 10th clause. In regard to piracies, &c. ? 
 
 11th clause. In regard to declaring war, &c. ? What are "letters of marqne and repri- 
 sal " ? An& Commissions granted by the government to particular citizens, authorising 
 them to seize the ships, goods, dbc., of a hostile nation, on the high seas. 
 
 \2th clause. What power has Congress in regard to armies ? 
 
 Kth clause. In regard to a navy ? 
 
 Uth clause. In regard to the land and naval forces ? 
 
 15th clause. In regard to calling forth the militia ? 
 
 16th clause. In regard to the militia, &c. ? What powers, however, are reserved 
 to the states ? 
 
 17th clause. What power has Congress as regards legislation over the seat of 
 the national government, and all places purchased for the erection of forts, &c. ? 
 What district became the seat of the national government ? Ans. The District 
 of Columbia — a tract of land originally ten miles square, lying on both sides of 
 the Potomac, and ceded to the government by Maryland and Virginia. In 1846 
 
14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of tha 
 State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
 magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- 
 ings : and 
 
 ISth clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
 and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
 and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
 government of the United States, or in any department or 
 officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1st clause. The migration or importation of such per- 
 sons as any of the States now existing shall think proper 
 to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax 
 or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceed- 
 ing ten dollars for each person. 
 
 2d clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
 shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or 
 invasion, the public safety may require it. 
 
 Bd clause. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall 
 be passed. 
 
 4zth clause. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be 
 laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
 hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 the part of this District on the Virginia side of the Potomac was ceded back to that 
 state. Before the national government can purchase property within a state, 
 whose consent must be obtained ? 
 
 18th clause. What general powers are, by the 18th clause, conferred upon Con- 
 gress ? 
 
 Skc. IX. — 1st clause. What restriction as regards the migration or importation 
 of certain persons was placed on Congress ? Who were the persons spoken of in 
 this clause ? Ans. Slaves. What duty might be imposed on such importation ? 
 Did Congress afterwards forbid the importation of slaves into the United States ? 
 Ans. In 1807 a law was enacted forbidding the importation of slaves after tlie 1st 
 of January, 1808. 
 
 2d clause. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus ? Meaning of habeas 
 corpus ? Ans. You may have the body. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. 
 A writ commanding the body of the person, in whose favor it is issued, to be 
 brought before a court or judge. The object of the writ is to set at liberty any 
 person wlio is illegally confined. 
 
 3d clause. What is said of a bill of attainder, or ex post facto law r What is 
 a bill of attainder ? Ans. In the sense of the Constitution, it is a special act of 
 the legislature inflicting punishment upon a person without trial or conviction %n 
 the ordinary course. What is an ex poRt facto law? Ans. A lata which makes 
 an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when committed. 
 
 Wi clause. How are capitation tixes or other direct taxes to be laid ? What is 
 a capitation tax ? Ans. A direct tax laid upon each individual ; a poll-tax. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 
 
 5lh clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
 ported from any State. 
 
 6th clause. No preference shall be given, by any regula- 
 tion of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over 
 those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one 
 State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 1th clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury 
 but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
 regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- 
 penditures of all public money shall be published from 
 time to time. 
 
 Sth clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
 United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or. 
 trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
 accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any 
 kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. 
 
 SECTION x. 
 
 1st clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
 or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; 
 coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold 
 and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill 
 of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
 *tion of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2d clause. No State shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
 except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
 inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and im- 
 posts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for 
 
 bth clause. What is said of duties on articles exported from any state ? 
 
 iith clause. What commercial preference shall not be given ? What is said of 
 vessels bound to one state from another? 
 
 7th clause. What restriction is placed upon the drawing 1 of money from the 
 treasury ? What statement and account shall be published from time to time ? 
 
 Sth clause. Can the United States grant any title of nobility ? What are office- 
 holders forbidden to accept ? 
 
 S eg. X.— lst clause. What can you say of the power of any state as to making a 
 treaty, &c.? As to letters of marque and reprisal? As to coining money ? As 
 to bills of credit ? What are bills of credit ? Asrs. In the sense of the Constitu- 
 tion they are bills issued by a state, on the mere faith and credit of the state, and 
 designed to circulate as money. What can you say of the power of a state as to a 
 legal tender ? As to a bill of attainder, &c. ? As to a title of nobility ? 
 
 2d clause. What prohibition is there as to imposts and duties ? What ar« 
 Inspection laws ? Ans. Laws under which certain articles of trade are inspected 
 
16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the useof the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws 
 shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 3d clause. No State shall, without the consent of Con- 
 gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of waf 
 in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
 another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
 unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
 not admit of delay. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1st clause. The Executive power shall be vested in a 
 President of the United States of America. He shall hold 
 his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
 the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as 
 follows : 
 
 2d clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as 
 the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors 
 equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives 
 to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no 
 Senator or Representative, or person holding any office of 
 trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
 an Elector. 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT.* 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respective States, 
 and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one 
 of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots 
 
 * The 3d clause has been superseded by the Twelfth Amendment, which was 
 proposed in 1803, and declared adopted in 1804. 
 
 by officers appointed/or that purpose. What is said of the net produce of all duties 
 and imposts laid by' a state ? What power has Congress over inspection laws ? 
 
 3d clause. What is said of the power of a state relative to a duty of tonnage ? 
 What is a tonnage duty ? Ans. A tax on vessels at a certain rate each ton. What 
 is said of the power of a state as to keeping troops or war-vessels ? As regards 
 an agreement with another state, or a foreign power ? As regards making war I 
 
 Article H. — Sec. I. \st clause. Of what does the second article of the Con- 
 stitution treat ? Ans. Of the executive department. In whom is the executive 
 power vested ? What is the length of a presidential term ? 
 
 2d clause. State how presidential electors are appointed, and what number each 
 state is entitled to. Who are excluded from being electors ? 
 
 Twelfth Amendment. — Where do the electors meet? How is the vote 
 taken ? What provision prevents the president and vice-president from being 
 Inhabitants of the same state ? How do the electors proceed to vote ? What 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 
 
 the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal- 
 lots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they 
 shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Pres- 
 ident, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and 
 of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern- 
 ment of the United States, directed to the President of 
 the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
 certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the per- 
 son having the greatest number of votes for President 
 shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
 whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have 
 such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
 numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted 
 for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose 
 immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing 
 the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the rep- 
 resentation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
 this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
 two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
 shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Rep- 
 resentatives shall not choose a President, whenever the 
 right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
 day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall 
 act as President, as in the case of the death or other consti- 
 tutional disability of the President. ■ The person having the 
 greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
 Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
 majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list 
 the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for 
 the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole num- 
 
 else are they required to do ? Before whom are the votes counted ? What por- 
 tion of the electoral votes is required for an election : What course is pursued, 
 provided there is no choice by the electors ? When the duty of choosing- the 
 president devolves on the house of representatives, how is an equal voice given 
 to each state? For the purpose of choosing a president, what constitutes a quo- 
 rum ? What is necessary to a choice ? In case no choice is made before the 4th 
 of March following, who is to act as president ? How is the vice-president 
 chosen ? How is he chosen in case of not receiving a majority of the electoral 
 
 2 
 
X8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ber of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall 
 be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally 
 ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that 
 of Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 Mh clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
 choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall 
 give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
 the United States. 
 
 5th clause. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or 
 a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
 of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of Presi- 
 dent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who 
 shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
 been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 6th clause. In case of the removal of the President from 
 office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
 volve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by 
 law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or 
 inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declar- 
 ing what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer 
 shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a 
 President shall be elected. 
 
 1th clause. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
 for his services a compensation, which shall neither be 
 increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
 
 votes? Can a person who is ineligible to the office of president become vice- 
 ©resident ^ 
 
 4th clause. What power has Congress as to the time of choosing the electors 
 and the day on which they shall vote ? Do the electors cast their votes on the 
 same day throughout the United States ? When are the electors chosen ? Ans. 
 On the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the last November of a presiden- 
 tial term. On what day do the electors cast their votes ? Ans. On the first 
 Wednesday in December following their election. 
 
 5th clause. What qualifications are required of a president? Can an alien De- 
 come president of the United States ? 
 
 6th clause. In what cases does the vice-president act as president ? W hat pro- 
 vision has been made in case of vacancies in the offices of both president ana 
 vice-president ? Ans. The president of the senate pro tempore, and in case there 
 is no president of the senate, then the speaker of the house of representatives, shall 
 act as president. How long shall such officer act ? 
 
 1th clause. What is said about the president's compensation ? What is the sal- 
 ary of the president ? Ans. $50,000 a year, together with the use of the presiden- 
 tial mansion and Us furniture. Of the vice-president ? Ans. $8,000 a year. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 
 
 shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive within 
 that period any other emolument from the United States, 
 or any of them. 
 
 Sth clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
 he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 
 
 "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
 execute the office of President of the United States, and 
 will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend 
 the Constitution of the United States. ;; 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st clause. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief 
 of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
 militia of the several States when called into the actual 
 service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, 
 in writing", of the principal officer in each of the executive 
 departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
 their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant 
 reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, 
 except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2d clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two 
 thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nom- 
 inate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
 ate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and 
 consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers 
 of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
 otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by 
 law ; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment 
 
 8th clause. What is the president's oath ? 
 
 Skc. II. — \st clause. What power has the president in relation to the army, 
 navy, and militia ? Whose opinion may the president require in writing-, and 
 upon what subjects? What executive departments have been created by Con- 
 gress to aid the president ? Ans. Seven — Department of State, of the Treasury, 
 of War, of the Navy, of the Interior {the heads of these being called Secretaries), 
 the Post-office Department, at the head of which is the postmaster general, and the 
 Department of Justice, at the head of which is the attorney general. How is the 
 chief officer in each of these departments appointed ? Ans. By the president, ivith 
 the approval of the senate. What do these officers constitute ? Ans. The presi- 
 dent' s cabinet . What is the salary of a cabinet officer ? Ans. $8000 a year. In 
 what cases can the president grant reprieves and pardons ? 
 
 2d clause. What power has the president in respect to treaties ? In whom is 
 the appointing power vested ? What officers shall the president nominate and 
 appoint ? What may Congress do in reference to inferior officers ? 
 
20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the Pres- 
 ident alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of de- 
 partments. 
 
 3d clause. The President shall have power to fill up all 
 vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Sen- 
 ate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the 
 end of their next session. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress infor- 
 mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
 consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
 and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
 vene both Houses, or either of them, and, in case of dis- 
 agreement between them with respect to the time of 
 adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
 shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other 
 public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
 fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of 
 the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
 peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other 
 high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 article m. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
 in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 
 Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. 
 
 Bd clause. What vacancies can the president fill .' When do such appoint- 
 ments expire ? 
 
 Sec. III. — Duties of the president in respect to Congress ? In what manner 
 is it customary for the president to recommend measures ? Ans. By written 
 messages. When may the president convene Congress ? When adjourn it I His 
 duty in respect to public ministers ? the execution of the laws ? the granting of 
 commissions ? 
 
 Sec. IV. — Under what circumstances shall civil officers of the' United States 
 be removed ? 
 
 Article III. — Sec. I. Of what does the third article of the Constitution 
 treat.' Ans. Of the judicial department. In what is the judicial power of 
 the United States vested? How long shall the judges hold their offices.' 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 
 
 The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
 hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a compensation which shall 
 not be diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st clause. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases 
 in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws 
 of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
 made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambas- 
 sadors, other, public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
 admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
 which the United States shall be a party ; to controver- 
 sies between two or more States ; between a State and 
 citizens of another State ; between citizens of different 
 States ; between citizens of the same State claiming 
 lands under grants of different States ; and between a 
 State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, 
 or subjects. 
 
 2d clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
 lic ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall 
 be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
 tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme 
 Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and 
 fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as 
 the Congress shall make. 
 
 3d clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
 impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be hold 
 in the State where the said crimes shall have been commit- 
 
 What is said of their compensation ? Of what is the supreme court composed ? 
 Ans. Of one chief justice and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute 
 a quorum. Salaries of the justices? Ans. The chief justice receives $10,500 a 
 year ; each associate justice $10,000 a year. 
 
 Sec. II. — 1st clause. State the. first of the nine subjects to which the judicial 
 power of the United States extends ; the second; the third; the fourth; the fifth; 
 the sixth; the seventh; the eighth; the ninth. What is the meaning 1 of admi- 
 ralty and maritime jurisdiction? Ans. Jurisdiction of affairs which have to do 
 toilh the sea. Can a suit be brought against a state by citizens of another state ? 
 Ans. It cannot. See Amendment, Art. XI. 
 
 2d clause. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdiction? In all 
 other cases, what jurisdiction ? What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. 
 Jurisdiction in cases first brought in an inferior court and then carried up. 
 
 3d clause. How are impeachments tried r (See p. 8, 6th clause.) How all other 
 crimes ? Where shall the trial be held ? 
 
22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ted ; but when not committed within any State, the trial 
 shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by 
 law have directed. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st clause. Treason against the United States shall con- 
 sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
 their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person 
 shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of 
 two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
 open court. 
 
 2d clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
 punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall 
 work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the 
 life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
 public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
 other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, 
 prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and 
 proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
 to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
 States. 
 
 2d clause. A person charged in any State with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st clause. In what does treason against the United States consist? 
 What testimony is requisite to a conviction of treason ? 
 
 2d clause. What restriction is there upon the power of Congress to punish trea- 
 son? Meaning of attainder? Ans. Stain, taint. What is meant hy "corrup- 
 tion of blood " ? Ans. Taint of blood, which disables a person from inheriting 
 any estate or transmitting it to others. 
 
 Article IV. — Skc. I. How are the public acts, records, and judicial proceed- 
 ings of each state to be treated ? What is said about the manner of proving them, 
 and their effect ? 
 
 Sec. II. — 1st clause. What is said of the privileges of the citizens of one state 
 in other states ? 
 
 2d clause. What is said of a person who is charged with crime in one state and 
 flees into another ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 
 
 found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive 
 authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, 
 to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
 crime. 
 
 3d clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
 State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
 in consequence ' of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
 charged from such service or labor ; but shall be delivered 
 up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
 may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
 into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or 
 erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor 
 any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
 States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Le- 
 gislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Con- 
 gress. 
 
 2d clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, 
 and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
 territory or other property belonging to the United States ; 
 and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as 
 to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any 
 particular State. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
 Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
 each of them against invasion ; and on application of the 
 Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature 
 cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 3d clause. What is said of persons held to service or labor who flee from One 
 state into another ? What persons are here referred to ? Ans. Fugitive slaves 
 and apprentices. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st clause. What body has the power to admit new states ? How 
 is the power restricted ? How many states have been admitted since the adop- 
 tion of the Constitution ? (See Table, p. 226.) 
 
 2d clause. What power has Congress over the national territory or other 
 property ? How is this power restricted ? 
 
 Sec. IV. — What shall the United States guarantee to each state ? What 
 power and duties result from this provision? 
 
24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses 
 shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this 
 Constitution ; or, on the application of the Legislatures of 
 two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for 
 proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
 to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, 
 when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the 
 several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, 
 as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
 posed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment 
 which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and 
 fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and 
 that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 
 equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE "7L 
 
 1st clause. All debts contracted and engagements en- 
 tered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall 
 be as valid against the United States under this Constitu- 
 tion, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2d clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
 States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
 of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
 and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any- 
 thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the con- 
 trary notwithstanding. 
 
 Bd clause. The Senators and Representatives before men- 
 tioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, 
 
 Article V. — How may amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? What 
 is .required before amendments become part of the Constitution ? Can any state 
 be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate ? 
 
 Article VI.— 1st clause. What is said of certain debts and engagements ? 
 
 2d clause. What constitutes the supreme law of the land ? Who are specially 
 mentioned as being bound thereby ? 
 
 M clatise. Who are required to be bound by oath or affirmation to support tn« 
 Constitution ? What is said of religious tests ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 
 
 and all Executive and Judicial officers, both of the United 
 States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or 
 affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
 test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office 
 or public trust under the United States. 
 
 article vn. 
 
 The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall 
 be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
 between the States so ratifying the same. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 THE FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS. — 1791. 
 
 Article I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an 
 establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise 
 thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the 
 press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and 
 to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Article II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to 
 the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep 
 and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 Article III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- 
 tered in any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor 
 in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 Article VII. — What number of states was required for carrying the Constitu- 
 tion into operation? How many ratified it before it went into effect? (Seep. 
 1 13.) What two states ratified it afterwards ? When ? 
 
 What is the character of the first ten amendments? Ans. They are general 
 restrictions upon the powers of Congress, their objects being to secure the rights 
 of the people and to preserve the Federal system. When were they proposed, and 
 when declared adopted ? Ans. They were proposed in 1789, in the first session of 
 the first Congress, and were declared adopted in 1791. 
 
 Article I. — What restrictions are laid upon Congress in respect to religion ? 
 What is said of the freedom of speech or of the press ? Of the right to petition 
 the government ? 
 
 Article II Have the people the right to keep and bear arms? 
 
 Article III. — What is said of quartering soldiers ? 
 
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Article IV. — The right of the people to be secure in 
 their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreason- 
 able searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no 
 warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported 
 by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
 to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 Article V. — No person shall be held to answer for a 
 capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a present- 
 ment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising 
 in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
 service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any 
 person be subject for the same offence to- be twice put in 
 jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled, in any 
 criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be 
 deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
 of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
 without just compensation. 
 
 Article VI. — In all criminal prosecutions the accused 
 shall enjoy. the right to a speedy and public trial, by an 
 impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
 shall have been committed, which district shall have been 
 previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
 nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with 
 the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process 
 for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the as- 
 sistance of counsel for his defence. 
 
 Article VII. ~ — In suits at common law, where the value 
 in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of 
 
 Article IV. — What is said of searches and seizures ? What of the issuing of 
 warrants ? 
 
 Article V. — What is said about holding a person to answer for crimes ? What 
 is meant by a grand jury ? Ans. A jury of not less than twelve men, nor general- 
 ly more than twenty-three, whose duty it is to examine into accusations and decide 
 whether there is sufficient evidence of guili *o require the accused to be put on trial. 
 What is meant by capital crimes ? Ans. Crimes the punishment of which is 
 death. What is said of a second trial for tht. same offence ? What is meant by 
 this provision ? Ans. That a person cannot be tried a second time for the same 
 offence in case he has been once legally acquitted or convicted. Can a criminal be 
 compelled to be a witness against himself? What important provision is there 
 as to life, liberty, and property ? Can private property be taken for public use ? 
 
 Article "VX — What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy as to time 
 and kind of trial ? By whom shall he be tried ? Of what shall he be informed i 
 What is said of witnesses against him ? Of witnesses for him, and of counsel ? 
 
 Article VII. — In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? 
 What is said of the reexamination of a fact tried by a jury ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 
 
 trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury 
 shall be otherwise reexamined, in any court of the United 
 States, than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Article VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
 excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
 ments inflicted. 
 
 Article IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of 
 certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
 others retained by the people. 
 
 Article X. — The powers not delegated to the United 
 States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
 States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
 people- 
 
 THE ELEVENTH AMENDMENT. — 1798. 
 
 Article XI. — The judicial power of the United States 
 ehall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
 equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
 States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or sub- 
 jects of any foreign State. 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT.— 1804. (Seep. 16.) 
 THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT. — 1865. 
 
 Article XIII. — Section 1. Neither slavery nor involun- 
 tary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof 
 the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
 the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. — 1868. 
 
 Article XIV. — Section I. All persons born or naturalized 
 in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction there- 
 Article V I IT . — What is said of bail, fines, and punishments ? 
 Article IX. — What is said of rights retained by the people ? 
 Article X. — What is said of powers not delegated to the United States ? 
 Article XI. — Can a suit be brought against a state by citizens of another 
 state or by subjects of a foreign power ? 
 Article XIU. — Srcc. I. What is said of slavery or involuntary servitude.- 
 Article XTV. — Sec. I. Who are citizens of the United States? What ia 
 said about a state's abridging the privileges of citizens ? What other restric- 
 tions are laid upon states for the sake of protecting persons and property .' 
 
28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of, are citizens of the United States aDd of the State wherein 
 they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 
 shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
 United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of 
 life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor 
 deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
 tection of the laws. 
 
 Section II. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
 the several States according to their respective numbers, 
 counting the whole number of persons in each State, exclud- 
 ing Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any 
 election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- 
 President of the United States, Representatives in Con- 
 gress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
 members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 
 male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of 
 age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
 abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
 crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
 in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
 shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
 years of age in such State. 
 
 Section III. No person shall be a Senator or Representa- 
 tive in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, 
 or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, 
 or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath 
 as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United 
 States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an 
 executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the 
 Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in 
 insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 
 comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a 
 vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 
 
 Sec. II. — How shall representatives be apportioned among the several states ? 
 Before this amendment took effect what was the law ? (See p. 7, M clause.) 
 For what cause shall the basis of representation of a state be reduced, and in 
 what way? 
 
 Sec. III. — What persons are prohibited from holding any national or state 
 office ? But how may this disability be removed ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 
 
 Section IV. The validity of the public debt of the United 
 States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
 payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppress- 
 ing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But 
 neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
 pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
 or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for 
 the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, 
 obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 Section V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by 
 appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT. — 1870. 
 
 Article XV. — Section I. The right of citizens of the 
 United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
 the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
 color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Section II. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 Sec. IV. — What declaration is made regarding the validity of the national 
 debt? What debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void? Is 
 the national government or any state allowed to pay any such debts or claims? 
 
 Article XV. — Sec. I. Recite the fifteenth amendment. 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAOl 
 
 1. Give some account of the discovery and colonization of Ice- 
 land and Greenland by the Northmen. . . . .6 
 
 2. What is said of voyages made to the southern coast of New 
 England by the Northmen ? . . . . . .6 
 
 PERIOD I. DISCOVERIES. 
 
 1. Give some account of Columbus, and his voyages. . 9, 10 
 
 2. Of the discovery and naming of the Pacific Ocean. . 10, 11 
 
 3. Give some account of the discovery of Florida, and the at- 
 tempt of the discoverer to colonize it. . . 11, 12 
 
 4. Of the expedition of De Soto. . . . .12 
 
 5. Of the founding of the first European town in the United 
 States. . . . . . . . .13 
 
 6. Give an account of the earliest exploring voyages made to 
 America by the French. . . . . 13, 14 
 
 7. Give some particulars of two attempts made by the Hugue- 
 nots to plant colonies in our country. . . . .14 
 
 8. Relate what you can concerning the first permanent French 
 settlement in America. . . . . . .15 
 
 9. Concerning the voyages of the Cabots. . • .15 
 
 10. Concerning the voyage of Francis Drake. . . .15 
 
 11. Give an account of Raleigh's attempts to plant colonies in 
 America. . . . . . . • .Hi 
 
 12. Give an account of territorial grants made by King James I., 
 and state what was done by the companies receiving the grants. . 17 
 
 13. State what was the foundation of the English claim to ter- 
 ritory in America. . . . . . . 15, 18 
 
 14. Of the Spanish claim.' . . .9, 11, 12, 13, 18 
 
 15. Of the French claim. . . . .14, 18, 54 
 
 16. Of the Dutch claim. . . . . .41 
 
 17. Give a brief description of the aborigines, and name some 
 
 of the principal groups or families. . . . .18, 20, 21 
 
 PERIOD II. SETTLEMENTS AND INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 
 1. Give some account of the settlement of Virginia. . . 23 
 
 2. Of the first legislative assembly in America. . . 25 
 
 3. How and when was negro slavery introduced into the English 
 colonies? . . . . . . . .26 
 
 4. What attempt was made to enslave the Indians a hundred 
 rears before ? . . . . . • .19 
 
 (31) 
 
&2 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 5. Relate some particulars of Bacon's Rebellion. . 27 
 
 6. State what you can of Captain John Smith. 24, 25, 28, 29 
 
 7. Give the history of the Plymouth Colony. . . 29, 30 
 
 8. State what you can of the founding of the oldest towns by 
 the colonists of Massachusetts Bay. . . . .31 
 
 9. What is said of the persecution of the Quakers ? . . 33 
 
 10. Of the early history of education in the Colony of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay? . . . . . . .33 
 
 11. State what you can of the Confederacy of the New England 
 Colonies. . . . . . . . .33 
 
 12 . Give an account of King Philip's War. . . .34 
 
 13. What war occurred in Virginia about the same time ? . 27 
 
 14. When were the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies 
 united, and who was the first governor under the new charter ? . 35 
 
 15. Give some particulars of a strange delusion which prevailed 
 
 in Massachusetts at this time. . . . . 35 
 
 16. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire. . 36 
 
 17. State some other events in the history of New Hampshire. 37 
 
 18. Relate what you can of the Connecticut Colony. . 37, 38 
 
 19. Of the Saybrook Colony. . . .. ' . .38 
 
 20. Give an account of the Pequot War. . . .38 
 
 21. Of the founding of the New Haven Colony. . .39 
 
 22. What is "said of a charter granted by Charles II. ? . . 39 
 
 23. Give an account of the founding of the Providence and 
 Rhode Island Colonies. . • . . . .40 
 
 24. What is said of two charters granted to the settlers ? . 41 
 
 25. Give an account of the settlement of New York. . 41,42 
 
 26. What can you tell of Stuyvesant's administration, and of 
 the conquest of the country by the English ? . . 42, 43 
 
 27. Give some account of the first settlements in New Jersey, 
 and of the beginning of colonization. . . . .45 
 
 28. What is said of East and West Jersey? . . .45 
 
 29. Give an account of the settlement of Delaware. . .46 
 
 30. Relate its subsequent history till the Revolution. . 46, 47 
 
 31. Give some particulars relating to the settlement of Mary- 
 
 13. II CI* • a • • • • • • m *ki 
 
 32. What is said of the contests between the Protestants and 
 Roman Catholics in Maryland? . . . . .48 
 
 33. What is said concerning the grant of Pennsylvania to Penn ? 49 
 
 34. What is said of the treaty made with the Indians, and of 
 the founding of Philadelphia? . . . . .50 
 
 35. Give some further account of Penn and his province. 50, 51 
 
 36. Give an account of the settlement of North Carolina. . 51 
 
 37. Of the settlement of South Carolina. . . 51, 52 
 
 38. What more can you tell of the early history of North and 
 South Carolina? ...... 52, 53 
 
 39. Give the early history of Georgia. . . . 53, 54 
 
 40. State when, where, and by whom each of the thirteen col- 
 onies was settled, naming them in the order of their settlement. 23-54 
 
 41. Give an account of French explorations in America. . 54 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 33 
 
 42. What is said of the domain of the French in America ; of 
 Iheir settlements, and chain of posts ? . . . .55 
 
 43. Name five events which occurred in 1682. . 45, 47, 49, 50, 54 
 
 44. Stt.te the cause of King William's War, and give the princi- 
 pal events of the war in America. . . • . .68 
 
 45. When did King William's War begin, and how long did it 
 tast ? . . . • • • • • .58 
 
 46. Give the principal events, in America, of Queen Anne's War. 59 
 
 47. When did Queen Anne's War begin, and how long did it last ? 59 
 
 48. What was this war called in Europe? Ans. It was called 
 the War of the Spanish Succession, — the French monarch, in 
 violation of a treaty with England, having placed his grandson on 
 the throne of Spain. 
 
 49. Give an account of King George's War in America. 60, 61 
 60. What was King George's War called in Europe ? Ans. 
 
 The War of the Austrian Succession, from its having chiefly origi- 
 nated in disputes regarding the succession to the throne of Austria. 
 51. State the cause of the French and Indian War. . . 61 
 
 62. What was this war called in Europe? . . .61 
 
 53. Relate what was done by Washington in 1753 and 1754. 62, 63 
 
 54. Give an account of Braddock's defeat in 1755. . . 63 
 
 55. What can you tell of other events in this year ? . 63, 64 
 
 56. What successes were gained by the Marquis de Montcalm in 
 1756 and 1757? . . . . . .64,65 
 
 57. Give some account of three expeditions sent out by the 
 English in 1758. . . . . . . 65, 66 
 
 58. Of the capture of Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point. 67 
 
 59. Of Wolfe's expedition, and the battle on the Plains of 
 Abraham. ....... 67, 68 
 
 60. When was peace made, and what were the provisions of 
 the treaty ? . . . . . . . .68 
 
 61. Name, with the dates of their beginning, the wars in which 
 
 I he English and French colonists were engaged. . 68,59,60,61 
 
 62. Give an account of the Navigation Acts. . . .71 
 
 PERIOD III. THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1. What was the cause of the Revolutionary War? . . 76 
 
 2. Give an account of the Stamp Act, with date of its passage. 76, 77 
 
 3. What principle as regards taxation did the colonists maintain ? 76 
 
 4. Give an account of the Colonial Congress. . . .76 
 
 5. By what measures did Parliament again excite indignation 
 
 In the colonies ? . . . • • • .77 
 
 6. What is said of the duty on tea? . . . .78 
 
 7. Of tea sent to America, and the result? . . 78,79 
 
 8. In what way did Parliament punish the Bostonians for throw- 
 ing the tea into the harbor? . . . . .79 
 
 9. What is said of the first Continental Congress ? . .79 
 
 10. Give an account of what took place April 19, 1775. 82, 83 
 
 11. When and where did the second Continental Congress 
 meet, and what did it do ? . . • . • 8* 
 
84 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 12. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. , . 84 
 
 13. Describe the invasion of Canada. . . . .81 
 
 14. How and when were the British compelled to evacuate 
 Boston ? . . . , . . .86 
 
 15- Give an account of the British expedition sent against 
 Charleston, South Carolina. . . . . .87 
 
 16. Give an account of the adoption of the Declaration of 
 Independence. . . . . . • .87 
 
 17. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. • . 88 
 
 18. Of events to December 25 of this year. . v . 89 
 
 19. Give an account of Washington's successes at Trenton and 
 Princeton. . . . . . . . .90 
 
 20. Mention some of the foreigners who served as officers in 
 the American army. . . . . . . .91 
 
 21. Give an account of operations, including a battle, which 
 resulted in the capture of Philadelphia by the British. . . 92 
 
 22. Give an account of the battle which followed. . .92 
 
 23. Where did Washington's army go into winter quarters, and 
 what was its condition ? . . . . . .93 
 
 24. Give an account of Burgoyne's advance from Canada to 
 the Hudson. . . . . . . . .93 
 
 25. Of the battle of Bennington. . . . .94 
 
 26. Of operations in the Mohawk Valley. . • .94 
 
 27. Of two battles fought near Saratoga, and of the surrender of 
 Burgoyne. . . . . . . . .95 
 
 28. What event, which produced great joy in America, resulted 
 from Burgoyne's surrender ? . . . . .96 
 
 29. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth, • 96,97 
 
 30. What is said of Indian massacres ? . . • .97 
 
 31. How were the Indians afterwards chastised ? . . 100 
 
 32. Give an account of the capture of Savannah by the British. 98 
 
 33. Of an attempt to retake the place. . . . .99 
 
 34. What naval victory was gained this year? . . . 100 
 
 35. What successes were gained in South Carolina by Clin- 
 ton ? ....... 100, 101 
 
 36. Give an account of the battle of Sanders's Creek. . . 101 
 
 37. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain. • . 102 
 
 38. What is said of American finances ? . . . 102 
 
 39. Give an account of the arrival of a French fleet and army. 102 
 
 40. Give an account of the treason of Arnold. . . 102, 103 
 
 41. Give an account of the operations of the southern army 
 under General Greene. .... 102, 104, 105 
 
 42. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown and the sur- 
 render of Cornwallis. ..... 106, 107 
 
 43. When was the final treaty signed ? . . . . 107 
 
 44. What were the boundaries of the United States? . 107, 108 
 
 45. Give the dates of the following events — the passage of the 
 Stamp Act ; the battle of Lexington ; the adoption of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence ; the surrender of Burgoyne ; the surrender 
 
 of Cornwallis. .... 76,82,87,95,107 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 3fl 
 
 46. State some of the reasons which led to the adoption of the 
 Federal Constitution. ..... 108, 109 
 
 47. Give some account of the Constitutional Convention. . 109 
 
 48. Write a brief account of Benj. Franklin. 70, 77, 96, 107, 109 
 
 49. When did the new government go into operation ? . 109 
 
 50. Give an account of the North-west Territory. . • 110 
 
 PERIOD IV. NATIONAL GROWTH. 
 
 1. Give an account of an Indian war in Washington's admin- 
 istration. . . . •■ • • • .115 
 
 2. Of an insurrection. ...... 116 
 
 3. Of two treaties. . . . . • . • 117 
 
 4. Of a difficulty with France in Adams's administration. . 118 
 6. Name four memorable events of Jefferson's first term, and 
 
 give particulars of the Louisiana purchase. . . 119,120 
 
 6. State what you can of English "Orders in Council" and 
 French " Decrees," and of the " right of search." . . .121 
 
 7. Relate what you can of the affair of the Chesapeake and 
 the Leopard. . . . • • • .121, 122 
 
 8. Name the principal causes which led to The Second War with 
 Great Britain. . . . • • 121, 123 
 
 9. When was war declared, and who was president ? . . 123 
 
 10. Give an account of Hull's campaign. . . 123, 126 
 
 11. Relate what occurred at Queenstown. . . . 126 
 
 12. What is said of the naval contests of 1812? . . 126, 127 
 
 13. Give an account of Perry's victory. .... 128 
 
 14. Of Harrison's invasion of Canada. . . • 128, 129 
 
 15. Relate what occurred at York and on the Niagara frontier 
 
 in 1813 • .129,130 
 
 16. Tell what you can of the expedition against Montreal. . 130 
 
 17. Of the action between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. . 131 
 
 18. Of two battles on the Niagara frontier in 1814. . . 132 
 
 19. Of the land and naval battles at Plattsburg. . . 133 
 20 What is said of the expeditions against Washington and 
 
 Baltimore ? . . • • • • • 133, 134 
 
 21. Give an account of the expedition against New Orleans, 
 and of Jackson's great victory. . . . • 135, 136 
 
 22. When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? . . 136 
 
 23. What is said of the war with Algiers? . . . 137 
 
 24. State what you can about the Missouri Compromise. 138, 158 
 
 25. Give some account of the purchase of Florida. . . 139 
 
 26. State what you know about the " Monroe doctrine." . 139 
 
 27. Give some of the leading features of John Quincy Adams's 
 administration. ...... 139, 140 
 
 28. Give particulars of the South Carolina ordinance of nul- 
 lification. ....... 141 
 
 29 State what you can about the U. S. Bank. . 137, 141, 142 
 
 30. Give an account of the Florida War. . . 142, 143 
 
 31. Give an account of three important events in Van Buren's 
 administration ...... 143, 144 
 
86 REVIEW QUES1I0NS. 
 
 32. What caused the war with Mexico, and what is said of a 
 dispute as to boundaries ? . . . . . 14fl 
 
 33. Give some account of two battles fought by General Taylor 
 east of the Rio Grande. ...... 148 
 
 34. Of Taylor's other military operations during 1846. . . 150 
 
 35. Of the battle of Buena Vista. . . . 150, 151 
 
 36. What is said of the conquest of New Mexico? . . 151 
 
 37. Of the conquest of California ? 152 
 
 38. Give some particulars of the capture of Vera Cruz and the 
 battle of °erro Gordo. . . . . . 152, 153 
 
 39. Wnat can you tell of Scott's march towards the city of 
 Mexico. ........ 153 
 
 40. Give an account of battles fought near the city. . 153, 154 
 
 41. What is said of the capture of the city of Mexico ? . . 154 
 
 42. Give some particulars of the treaty with Mexico. . . 154 
 
 43. Give a brief account of questions which came up in refer- 
 ence to slavery. ...... 155, 156 
 
 44. Of the Compromise Measures of 1850. . . . 157 
 
 45. What two leading statesmen died in 1852? . . 157 
 
 46. What can you relate concerning the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? 158 
 
 47. Give some account of the struggle in Kansas. . 158, 159 
 
 48. Give some account of the slavery question. 
 
 26, 71, 110, 117, 138, 145, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164 
 
 49. Give an account of the presidential contest of 1860. . 161 
 
 50. Of secession and the organization of the Southern Con- 
 federacy. ........ 161 
 
 51. What is said of Forts Sumter and Pickens ? .161, 162 
 
 52. Of the government at Washington during this crisis ? . 162 
 
 PERIOD V. THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 1. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Sumter. . 169, 170 
 
 2. Name three events which occurred April 19. . 82, 108, 170 
 
 3. How many and what states formed the Southern Con- 
 federacy? 161, 170 
 
 4. What slave states did not join the Confederacy? . .170 
 
 5. Give what particulars you can of the battle of Bull Run. . 173 
 
 6. Give an account of events in West Virginia. . . 174 
 
 7. Of events in Missouri till Lyon's death. . . . 175 
 
 8. Of affairs in Kentucky in 1861. . . . 176, 177 
 
 9. Relate what you can of two expeditions which gained foot- 
 holds on the southern coast in 1861. .... 177 
 
 10. What is said of the national navy and of Confederate 
 privateers? ....... 177, 178 
 
 11. What can you say of the action of the British and the 
 French governments, and of the Trent affair? . . . 178 
 
 12. Describe the position of the opposirg forces in Kentucky 
 and Tennessee at the beginning of 1862. .... 179 
 
 13. Give an account of the capture of Forts Henry and Donel- 
 •oii. .... . . • 179 
 
KEVIEW QUESTIONS. S7 
 
 14. Wha*t were some of the consequences of the Capture of 
 Fort Donelson? ....... 179 
 
 15. Relate what you can of the battle of Shiloh. . . 180 
 
 16. Of the taking of Corinth. . . . . .180 
 
 17. Of Bragg's invasion of Tennessee and Kentucky. . . 181 
 
 18. Give some account of two victories won by Eosecrans while 
 Bragg was engaged in his expedition. . . . 181, 182 
 
 19. Give the date, occasion, and result of the battle of Mur- 
 freesboro'. ........ 182 
 
 20. Give an account of two battles fought in Arkansas in 1862. 182 
 
 21. Of the opening of the Mississippi from Columbus to Vicks- 
 burg. ......... 183 
 
 22. Give the date of the surrender of Island No. 10, and state 
 what great battle was won on the same day. . . 180, 183 
 
 23. Give the particulars in relation to the capture of New 
 Orleans. ........ 186 
 
 24. In relation to the capture of Roanoke Island. . . 186 
 
 25. Relate what you can about the Merrimack and the 
 Monitor. ....... 187, 188 
 
 26. State two important events which occurred March 8, 
 1862. ....... 182, 187 
 
 27. Give an account of McClellan's Peninsular campaign till 
 May 31 188, 189 
 
 28. Relate what occurred on the last day of May and the first 
 3ay of June, 1862. . . . . . . .189 
 
 29. Give an account of " Stonewall " Jackson's campaign in 
 the Shenandoah Valley. ...... 190 
 
 30. Of the " seven days before Richmond." . . 190, 191 
 
 31. State what command was given to General Pope. . . 191 
 
 32. Give an account of the series of contests between Lee and 
 Pope. ........ 191 
 
 33. Of operations of Lee and McClellan in Maryland, including 
 
 fche capture of Harper's Ferry and the battle of Antietam. 191, 192 
 
 34. Of subsequent movements of the Army of the Potomac 
 under McClellan and Burnside. ..... 192 
 
 35. What is said of the Emancipation Proclamation? . . 193 
 
 36. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville. . . 193 
 
 37. Of the movements of the hostile armies afterwards till 
 Hooker was superseded by Meade. ..... 193 
 
 38. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg. . 193, 194 
 
 39. Relate particulars of the capture of Vicksburg. . 194, 195 
 
 40. What other attempts had been made to take Vicksburg ? 183, 186 
 
 41. Consequences of the fall of Vicksburg ? . . . 195 
 
 42. Give some account of Rosecrans's campaign, including the 
 battle of Chickamauga. ..... 195, 196 
 
 43. Of the siege and battle of Chattanooga. . . . 196 
 
 44. What can you tell of Bttfnside in East Tennessee ? . 196 
 
 45. Give some account of Federal operations against Fort 
 Sumter and Charleston. ..... 197, 198 
 
 46. When did the power of the Rebellion begin to wane ? . 198 
 
38 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 47. What events occurred in Mississippi and Florida in 
 February, 1864? . . . * . . 198, 199 
 
 48. What is said of Forrest and Fort Pillow? . . 198,199 
 
 49. Give an account of the Red River expedition. . . 199 
 
 50. Give an account of Grant's campaign to the James. . 200 
 
 51. Of the siege of Petersburg and Richmond. . . . 201 
 
 52. Of Early's invasion of Maryland. .... 202 
 63. Of Early's defeats by Sheridan. . . . .202 
 
 54. Give an account of Sherman's march to Atlanta. . . 203 
 
 55. Of the siege and capture of Atlanta. . . . 203 
 
 56. Of Hood's invasion of Tennessee and his defeat by Thomas. 204 
 
 57. Give some particulars of Sherman's march from Atlanta to 
 
 (he sea. ........ 204 
 
 58. Of Farragut's exploits in Mobile Bay. . . . 205 
 
 59. Of the career and fate of the Alabama. . * . 205 
 
 60. What can you tell of the capture of Fort Fisher and 
 Wilmington? ....... 205 
 
 61. Relate particulars of Sherman's march from Savannah to 
 Goldsboro'. . 206 
 
 62. Give an account of some military operations just before 
 and during Grant's final campaign. ..... 207 
 
 63. Give some particulars of the final campaign, including the 
 battle of Five Forks, the capture of Petersburg and Richmond, 
 and Lee's surrender. . . . . . 207, 208 
 
 64. When was President Lincoln assassinated, and who suc- 
 ceeded him as President? ...... 208 
 
 65 . What is said of the surrender of the Confederate forces ? 208, 209 
 
 66. What can you say of the cost of the war ? . . . 209 
 
 67. Give some account of the disagreement between President 
 Johnson and Congress. ...... 210 
 
 68. Of the Tenure of Office Bill, and the impeachment and 
 trial of President Johnson. ..... 211,212 
 
 69. What can you tell of the purchase of Alaska? . . 212 
 
 70. Name the Presidents of the United States in their order. 
 (See Table, 225.) 
 
 71. What Presidents died in office? . . 144,157,208 
 
 72. Name the Thirteen Original States. (See Table, 226.) 
 
 73. How many states were in the Union at the beginning of 
 Washington's administration? . . . . .113 
 
 74. What states of the Original Thirteen joined the Union after 
 the government went into operation? . . . .113 
 
 75. How many states were in the Union at the beginning of 
 Grant'? administration? (See Table, 226.) 
 
INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 ■■(?) &*(£)< and awn(g), indicating, in this list, French nasals, are uttered ai 
 spelled, except that the sounds stop before the sound of ng is formed. 
 
 Abercrombie, James (ab'er-krum-M), 
 
 born 1706, died 1781. 66. 
 Adams, John, born 1735, died 1826. 77, 
 
 107, 109, 117, 119, 139. 
 Adams, John Quincy , born 1767, died 
 
 1848. 139, 140. 
 Adams, Samuel, born 1722, died 1803. 
 
 77. 
 Allen, Ethan. 83. 
 Amherst, Sir Jeffrey (am'erst). 65, 
 
 67, 68. 
 Amidas, Philip (am'i-das). 16. 
 Ampudia, Pedro de (ahm-poo'de-ah, 
 
 pa'dro da). 150. 
 Anderson, Bobert. 161, 170. 
 Andre, John (an'dra), born 1751, died 
 
 1780. 103. 
 Andros, Sir Edmund. 35, 39, 41, 44. 
 Arista, Mariano (ah-rees'tah, mah-re- 
 
 ah'no). 148. 
 Arnold, Benedict, born 1740, died 180L 
 
 83, 85, 94, 95, 102, 103, 105, 106. 
 Ashe, John (ash). 98. 
 Ayllon, Vasquez de (ile-yone', vahs'- 
 
 kethda). 12. 
 
 Bacon. Nathaniel. 27. 
 
 Bailey, Joseph. 199. 
 
 Bainbridge, William, born 1774, died 
 
 1833. 120, 127. 
 Baker, Edward D. 174. 
 Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (bahl-bo'ah, 
 
 vahs'ko noon'yeth da). 10. 
 Baltimore. See Calvert. 
 Banks, Nathaniel P. 190, 191, 195, 198. 
 Barclay, B. H. 128. 
 Barlow, Arthur. 16. [94. 
 
 Baum, Friedrich (bowm, free'drik). 
 
 Beaurega-d, Peter Q. T. (bo're-gard). 
 
 169, 173, 180. 
 Behring, Vitus (beer'ing vi'tus). 69. 
 Bellamont, Bichard, Earl of. 44. 
 Benton, Thomas H., born 1782, died 
 
 1858. 142. 
 Berkeley, John, Lord (berk'll). 45. 
 Berkeley, Sir William. 27. 
 Bienville, Lemoyne (be-an(g)*T'«l' l 
 
 le-moin'). 55. 
 Black Hawk. 140. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, born 1769, died 
 
 1821. 119, 121, 133. 
 Booth, John Wilkes. 208. 
 Braddock, Edward, born about 1715, 
 
 died 1755. 63. 
 Bradford, William. 30. 
 Bradstreet, John. 66. 
 Bragg, Braxton. 180, 181, 195, 196, 197. 
 Brewster, William (broo'ster), bora 
 
 1560, died 1644. 30. 
 Brock, Sir Isaac. 126. 
 Brooke, Bobert, Lord (brdbk). 37, 38. 
 Brown, Jacob, born 1775, died 1828. 
 
 130, 132. 
 Brown, John, born 1800, died 1859. 160. 
 Buchanan, James (buk-an'an), born 
 
 1791, died 1868. 159, 162. 
 Buell, Don Carlos. 179, 180, isi. 
 Burgoyne, John (bur-goin'). 84, 93, 
 
 94,95. 
 Burke, Sir Edmund, born 1729, died 
 
 1797. 77. 
 Burnside, Ambrose E. 186, 192, 193, 
 
 196, 197. 
 Burr, Aaron, born 1756, died 1836. 120 
 Butler, Benj. P. 171, 177, 186, 195, 201. 
 Butler, John. 97. 
 
 hate, pdle, hat, tfin, tin, good, noon, owl, thru, chop, matter. 
 
 39 
 
40 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 Cabot, John (kab'ut). 15, 18, 42. 
 Cabot, Sebastian. 15, 18, 42. 
 Calhoun, John C. (kal-hoon')» born 
 
 1782, died 1850. 141, 156. 
 Calvert, Sir George, 1st Lord Balti- 
 more, born about 1582, died 1632. 47. 
 Calvert, Sir Cecil (se'sil), 2d Lord 
 
 Baltimore. 47,48,50. 
 Calvert, Sir Charles, 3d Lord Balti- 
 more. 49. 
 Calvert, Leonard (len'ard). 47. 
 Campbell, Archibald (kam'bel). 08. 
 Canby, Edward B. S. 207. 
 Canonicus (ka-non'e-kus). 30, 40. 
 Carteret, Philip (kar'ter-et). 45. 
 Carteret, Sir George. 45. 
 Cartier, James (kar-te-a'). 14. 
 Carver, John. 30. 
 Champlain, Samuel de (sham-plane', 
 
 eam'u-el de), born 1567, died 1635. 
 
 15, 54. 
 Charles I., King, died 1619. 31, 47. 
 Charles II., King, died 1685. 34, 39, 41, 
 
 42, 45, 51. 
 Chauncey, Isaac (chahn'sl). 129. 
 Clarendon, Edward, Earl of. 51. 
 Clay, Henry, born 1777, died 1852. 141, 
 
 156, 157. 
 Clayborne, "William (kla'burn). 48. 
 Clinton, Sir Henry. 84,87,88,95,96, 
 
 97, 99, 100, 101, 106. 
 Cockburn, Sir George (ko'burn). 130, 
 
 131. 
 Colfax, Schuyler (kol'fax.ski'ler). 212. 
 Coligny, Gaspard de (ko-leen'ye, 
 
 gahs-par' de), born 1517, died 1572. 14. 
 Columbus, Christopher, born, some 
 
 suppose, about 1435, others, about 1447, 
 
 died 1506. 9,10. 
 Cornwallis, Charles, Lord (korn- 
 
 wol'lis). 89, 90, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107. 
 Coronado, Vasquez de (ko-ro-nah'do, 
 
 vahs'keth da). 13. 
 Cortes, Hernando (kor'tSz). 11. 
 Croghan, George (kro'gan). 128. 
 Curtis, Samuel B>. 182. 
 
 i)ade, Francis L. 142. 
 
 Dahlgren, John A. (dal'gren), born 
 
 1809, died 1870. 197. 
 Dare, Virginia. 16. 
 
 Davenport, John. 39. 
 
 Davis, Charles H. 183. 
 
 Davis, Jefferson. 161, 177, 207. 809. 
 
 Dearborn, Henry (deer'burn), bora 
 
 1751, died 1829. 123, 127, 129, 130. 
 Decatur, Stephen (de-ka'tur), born 
 
 1779, died 1820. 120, 127, 137. 
 DeGrasse, Count (degras'). 106,107 
 De Kalb, Baron (da kalb). 91, 101. 
 Delaware, Lord, died 1618. 25. 
 De Monts (de mawn(g)'). 15. 
 De Soto, Fernando (da so'to), bore 
 
 1500, died 1542. 12, 13. 
 De Rochambeau (de ro-shon(g)-bo'). 
 
 102, 106. 
 D'Estaing, Count (des-tan(g)'). 97, 9a 
 De Ternay (de ter-na'). 102. 
 Dieskau, Baron (dees'kow). 64. 
 Dinwiddle, Bobert (din-wid'dl). 61, 62. 
 Doniphan, Alexander W. (donl- 
 
 fan). 151. 
 Dorr, Thomas "W. 144,145. 
 Douglas, Stephen A. (dug'las), born 
 
 1813, died 1861. 158. 
 Downie, George. 133. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, born 1545, died 
 
 1596. 15,16. 
 Drummond, Sir Gordon. 132, 133. 
 Dunmore, Lord. 86. 
 DuFont, Samuel F., born 1803, died 
 
 1865. 177,197. 
 
 Early, Jubal A. 202, 207. 
 
 Eaton, Theophilus (Me-of Hub). 39* 
 
 Eaton, William. 120. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, died 1603. 15, 16* 
 
 Endicott, John. 31. 
 
 Farragut, David G., born 1801, died 
 
 1870. 186, 205. 
 Ferdinand V., King, died 1516. 9. 
 Ferguson, Patrick. 101. 
 Field, Cyrus W. 212. 
 Fillmore, Millard. 155, 157. 
 Fitch, John, born 1743, died 1798. 121. 
 Foote, Andrew H. (fo"ot), born 1806. 
 
 died 1863. 179, 183. 
 Forbes, John (forbz). 66. 
 Forrest, Napoleon B. 198, 199. 
 Franklin, Benjamin, born 1706, die, 
 
 1790. 70,77,96,107,109. 
 
 hate, pole, hat, ten, tin, gdod, noon, ow-1, thin, ch-op. matter. 
 
INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 41 
 
 Fremont, John O. 152, 176, 190, 191. 
 Pulton, Robert (fdt>l't>n), born 1765, 
 died 1815. 121. 
 
 Gage, Thomas. 79,82,86. 
 Gates, Horatio. 95, 101, 102. 
 George II., King, died 1760. 53, 60. 
 George III., King, died 1820. 77, 82. 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, born 1539, 
 
 died 1584. 16. 
 Gillmore, Quincy A. 187, 197, 206. 
 Goldsborough, Louis M. (goldz'- 
 
 bur-o). 186. 
 Gorges, SirPerdinando(gor'j6z). 3G. 
 Gosnold, Bartholomew (goz'nuld). 
 
 16,23. 
 Gourgues, Dominique de (goorg, 
 
 do-me-neek' de). 14. 
 Grant, Ulysses S. 176, 179, 180, 181, 
 
 194, 195, 198, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 
 
 211, 212. 
 Greene, Nathanael, born 1742, died 
 
 1786. 102, 104, 105. 
 Gustavus Adolphus, King, died 1632. 
 
 46. 
 
 flalleck, Henry W. 176, 180, 181. 
 Hamilton, Alexander, born 1757, died 
 
 1804. 115, 119, 120. 
 Hampton, Wade. 127. 130, 132. 
 Sancock, John, born 1737, died 1793. 82. 
 flarmar, Josiah. 115. 
 Harrison, William H-, born 1775, died 
 
 1841. 122, 127, 128, 129, 144. 
 Harvard, John, died 1638. 33. 
 Henry ; Patrick, born 1736, died 1799. 
 
 76, 77, 86. 
 Herkim.tr, Nicholas (her'kl-mer). 94. 
 Holmes, William (hdmz). 37. 
 flood, John B. (htfbd). 203, 204. 
 Hooker, Joseph (hObk'er). 193, 196. 
 Hooker, The mas. 38. 
 Howard, Oliver O. 210. 
 Howe, George Augustus, (brother of 
 
 Admiral Howe rod Sir William). 66. 
 Howe, Admiral Lord. 88, 97. 
 Howe, Sir Wm. 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 96. 
 Howe, Robert. 98. 
 Hudson, Henry. 41. 
 Hull, Isaac. 126. 
 Hull, William. 123,126. 
 
 Hunter, David. 176,201. 
 Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann. 32,40. 
 
 Isabella, Queen, died 1504. 9. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, born 1767, died 1845, 
 
 131, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143. 
 Jackson, Claiborne P. (kla'burn), 
 
 175. 
 Jackson, Thomas J., born 1826, died 
 
 1863. 189, 190, 191, 192, 193. 
 James I., King, died 1625. 17, 29. 
 James II., King, died 1701. 35,42, 44,58. 
 Jay, John, born 1745, died 1829. 107, 
 
 117. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, born 1743, died 
 
 1826. 87, 118, 119, 122, 139. 
 Jesup, Thomas S. (jes'up). 142. 
 Johnson, Andrew. 205, 208, 210, 211.. 
 Johnson, Sir William, born 1715, 
 
 died 1774. 63, 64, 67. 
 Johnston, Albert S., born 1803, died 
 
 1862. 180. 
 Johnston, Joseph E. 173, 189, 194, 
 
 200, 203, 206, 209. 
 Joliet, Louis (jo'll-et or zho-le-a'). 64. 
 Jones, Jacob. 127. 
 Jones, John Paul, born 1747, died 
 
 1792. 100. 
 
 Kalb. SeeDEKALB. 
 
 Kearny, Philip (kar'nl), born 1815, 
 
 died 1862. 191. 
 Kearny, Stephen W. (uncle of Philip), 
 
 born 1794, died 1848. 151, 152. 
 Kidd, William. 44. 
 Kieft, Sir William (keeft). 42. 
 King Philip. 34. 
 Kosciusko, Thaddeus (kos-sl-us'ko, 
 
 iAadl-us). 91. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis de (mar'kwis de 
 lah-fa-et'), born 1757, died 1834. 91, 
 102, 105, 106, 139. 
 
 Lane, Ralph, 16. 
 
 La Salle (lah sahl')» born about 163& 
 died 1687. 54. 
 
 Laurens, Henry. 107. 
 
 Lawrence, James. 131. 
 
 Ledyard, William (lej'urd). 106. 
 
 Lee, Charles. 96. 
 
 hate, pole, hat, ten, tin, g<$bd, noon, owl, thm, ch-op, matter. 
 
12 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 Leo, Henry- ". lf5 « 
 
 Lee, Biehard Henry. 87. 
 
 Lee, Robert E. (son of General Henry 
 
 Lee), born 1806, died 1870. 189, 190, 191, 
 
 192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208. 
 Lincoln, Abraham (link'un), born 
 
 1809, died 1865. 161, 169, 170, 193, 205, 
 
 208. 
 Lincoln, Benjamin. 98, 99, 100. 
 Little Crow. 192. 
 Longstreet, James. 197. 
 Loudoun, Lord (low'dun). 65. 
 Louis XIV., King, died 1715. 54, 58. 
 Louis XVI., King, died 1793. 102. 
 Lyon, Nathaniel, born 1819, died 1861. 
 
 175. 
 
 Macdonough, Thomas (mak-don'ub), 
 born 1784, died 1825. 133. 
 
 Macomb, Alexander (ma-koom'). 133. 
 
 Madison, James, born 1751, died 1836. 
 122, 127. 
 
 Magellan, Fernando (ma-jel'lan). 10. 
 
 Marion, Franei3 (mar'I-un), born 1732, 
 died 1795. 101, 105. 
 
 Marquette, James (mahr-ket'). 54. 
 
 Mason, John (proprietor of New Hamp- 
 shire). 36,37. 
 
 Mason, John (of Connecticut). 38. 
 
 Mason, James M. 178. 
 
 Massasoit (mas-sa-soif). 30. 
 
 McClellan, George B. ./3, 174, 188, 
 189, 190, 191, 192. 
 
 McCulloch, Benj. (mak-kul'luh). 175. 
 
 McDowell, Irvin, 173, 189, 190, 191. 
 
 McFherson, James B., born 1828, died 
 1864. 203. 
 
 Meade, George G. (meed). 193, 194, 
 
 200. 
 Menendez, Pedro (ma-nen'deth, pa'- 
 
 dro). 13, 14. 
 Miantonomoh (mi-an-ton'o-mo). 40. 
 Miller, James. 132. 
 Minuit, Peter (min'u-it). 42, 46. 
 Monro, George (mun-ro'). 65. 
 Monroe, James (mun-ro'), born 1758, 
 
 diad 1831. 137, 138, 139. 
 Montcalm, Marquisde (mont-kahm'), 
 
 born 1712, died 1759. 64, 66, 67, 68. 
 
 ontgomery, Richard (mont-gum'- 
 -*), born 1736, died 1775. 85. 
 
 Morgan, Daniel. 95 ; 104. 
 Morgan, John H. 197* 
 Morris, Lewis. 46. 
 Morris, Robert. 103. 
 Morse, Samuel F. B. 164 
 Moultrie, William (mole' trl) 97. 
 Mulligan, James A. 175. 
 
 Narvaez, Pamphilo de (nar-vah'eta 
 
 pahm-fe'lo da). 12. 
 Mxcolls, Richard (nik'ulz). 42, 44. 
 
 Oglethorpe, James Edward (o'gl 
 
 thorp). 53, 60. 
 Opechancanough(op-e-kan'ka-no).26. 
 Osceola (os-se-6'lah). 142. 
 Otis, James, born 1725, died 1783. 77. 
 
 Fakenham, Sir Edward (pak'n-am). 
 
 136. 
 Parker, Sir Peter. 87. 
 Pemberton, John O. 194. 
 Penn, William, born 1644, died 1718. 
 
 46, 47, 49, 50, 51. 
 Pepperrell, Sir William (pep'er-el), 
 
 born 1697, died 1759. 61. 
 Perry, Oliver Hazard, born 1785, died 
 
 1820. 128. 
 Phillips, William. 105. 
 Phipps, Sir William. 35, 58. 
 Pickens, Andrew. 98. 
 Pierce, Franklin (peerce), born 1804. 
 
 died 1869. 157, 158, 159. 
 Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. 129. 
 Pinckney, Charles O, born 1746, died 
 
 1825, 118. 
 Pitcairn, John (pit'karn). 82. 
 Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham, 
 
 born 1708, died 1778. 65, 77. 
 Pizarro, Francisco (pe-zar'ro). 11. 
 Pocahontas (po-ka-hon'tas). 24. 
 Polk, James K. (poke), born 1798 
 
 died 1849. 145, 146, 154. 
 Polk, Leonidas (le-on'I-das). 176. 
 Ponce de Leon (pone'tha da la-one') 
 
 born about 1460, died 1521. 11, 12. 
 Pontiac (pon'te-ak). 69. 
 Pope, John, 183, 191. 
 Popham, George (pop'am). 28. 
 Porter, David (por'ter). 134. 
 Porter, David D. (son of Com. Datm 
 
 Porter). 186, 194, 199, 205. 
 
 Uite, pole, hat, ten, tin, gdod, noon, ow-1, thin, ch-op, matter. 
 
INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 43 
 
 Porter, Fits- John. 189. 
 Powhatan (pow-hii-tan'). 24. 
 Preblo, Edward (preb'l). 120 
 Prescott, "William. 84. 
 Prevost, Augustine (pre'vost, aw- 
 
 gus'tin). 98. 
 Prevost, Sir George (son of Gen. 
 
 Augustine Prevost). 130, 133. 
 Price, Sterling. 175, 181, 182, 204. 
 Prideaux, John (prid'o), 67. 
 Proctor, Henry A. 128, 129. 
 Pulaski, Count (pu-las'kl). 91, 99. 
 Putnam, Israel, born 1718, died 1790. 
 
 88. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter (raw'll), born 
 
 1552, died 1618. 16. 
 Rawdon, Lord Francis. 105. 
 Riall, Phineas (ri'al). 132. 
 Ribault, John (re-bo'). 14. 
 Rochambeau. See Db Bochambeau. 
 Rodgers, John. 123. 
 Rolfe, John (rolf). 24. 
 Rosecrans, William S. (roz'krantz). 
 
 174, 175, 181, 182, 195, 196. 
 Ross, Robert. 131. 
 
 Santa Anna (san'tah an'nah). 150, 153, 
 
 154. 
 Bay and Seal, Lord. 37, 38. 
 Bchofleld, John M. (sko'feeld). 204, 
 
 200. 
 Schuyler, Philip (ski'ler), born 1733, 
 
 died 1804. 85,93,95. 
 Scott, Dred. 1G0. 
 Scott, Winneld, born 1786, died 1866: 
 
 126, 132, 150, 152, 153, 171, 174. 
 Bemmes, Raphael (semz, rafa-el). 
 
 178, 205. 
 Seward, William H. 208. 
 Shays, Daniel, 109. 
 Sheridan, Philip H. 202, 207, 208. 
 Sherman, Thomas W. 177. 
 Sherman, William T. 183, 196, 197, 
 
 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 209. 
 Shirley, William. 64. 
 Sigel, Franz (seeg'el). 20t. 
 Slemmer, Adam J. 161, 162. 
 Slidell, John (sli-del'). 178. 
 Sloat, John D. 152. 
 Smith, E. Kir by. 181. 
 
 Smith, Capt. John, born 1579 died 
 
 1631. 24,25,28. 
 Standish, Miles. 30. 
 Stanton, Edwin II., born 1814. died 
 
 1869. 211. 
 Stark John. 94. 
 St. Clair, Arthur. 93, 115. 
 Steele, Frederick (steel). 195. 
 Steuben, Baron (stu'ben or stoi'bcn • 
 
 born 1730, died 1794. 91. 
 Stevens, Isaac I. (ste'vnz). 191. 
 Stewart, Alexander. 105. 
 Stewart, Charles, born 1778, died 1869, 
 
 137. 
 St. Leger, Barry (sant Icj'er). 94. 
 Stockton, Robert F. 152. 
 Stone, Charles P. 174. 
 Stoneman, George. 207. 
 St. Pierre (sant pe-are')- 62, 
 Stringham, Silas H- (string'am). 177 
 Stuyvesant, Peter (sti'ves-ant), born 
 
 1602, died 1682. 42, 43, 47. 
 Sullivan, John, born 1740, died 1795. 
 
 97, 100. 
 Sumter, Thomas. 101, 105. 
 
 Taney, Roger B. (taw'nl), born 1777, 
 
 died 1864. 160. 
 Tarleton, Banastre (tarl'tnn, ban'as- 
 
 tr). 101, 104, 106. 
 Taylor, Zachary, born 1784, died 1850 
 
 143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157. 
 Tecumseh (te-kum's£). 122, 129, 131. 
 Ternay. See De Ternay. 
 Terry, Alfred H. (tSr'ri). 205, 200. 
 Thatcher, Henry K. 207. 
 Thomas, George H. (tom'us), born 
 
 1816, died 1870. 179, 196, 204, 207. 
 Thornton, SethB. 148. 
 Tryon, William (tri'un). 90, 99. 
 Twiggs, David 22. 162. 
 Tyler, John, born 1790, died 1862. 144, 
 
 145. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, born 1782, die J 
 
 1862. 143, 144. 
 Van Dorn, Earl. 181, 182. 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen (renVel- 
 
 er). 126. 
 Van Twiller, Wouter (wowtw). 4a 
 
 kite, pole* hat, tin, tin, good, noon owl, tUn, ch-op, matt*. 
 
14 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 Vespticei, Amerigo (vea-poot'che, 
 
 ah-ma-re'go). 10. 
 Verrasszano, John (vSr-rat-sab/no). 13. 
 
 Wadsworth, Joseph. 40. 
 Wallace, Lewis (wol'lis). 202. 
 Warren, Joseph, born 1741, died 1775. 
 
 85. 
 Warwick, Earl of. 37. 
 Washington, George, born 1732, died 
 
 1799. 62, 63, 66, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 
 
 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 
 
 109, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119. 
 Wayne, Anthony (wane, an'to-nl), 
 
 born 1745, died 1796. 99, 115. 
 Webb, Daniel. 65. 
 Webster, Daniel, born 1782, died 1852. 
 
 141, 157. 
 White, John. 16. 
 Wilkes, Charles (wIlkB). 178. 
 Wilkinson, James. 130, 132. 
 
 William HI., King (husband of Mi 
 
 ry), died 1702. 35, 48, 58. 
 Williams, Koger, born 1606, died 168C 
 
 32, 40. 
 Wilson, James H. 207, 209. 
 Wingfield, Edward Maria. 24. 
 Winchester, James. 127. 
 Winslow, Edward (winz'lo). 30, 
 Winslow, John A. 205. 
 Winthrop, John (win'ttrup), borj 
 
 1588, died 1649. 31. 
 Winthrop, John (son of Gov. Johi 
 
 Winthrop of Mass.). 38. 
 Wolfe, James (wdblf), born 1726, die< 
 
 1759. 67,68. 
 Wool, John E. (wdol), born 1789, died 
 
 1869. 126, 150, 189. 
 Worth, William J. 154. 
 
 Yeardley, Sir George (yard'll). 25. 
 Young, Brigham (brig'am). 159. 
 
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