P£ 1144 • U Copy 1 PE 1144 L4 Copy 1 ffBlppifi -cW< 5 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.; j [SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT.] ■T£av\a $ # ' $ ! UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.! ' THE - r COMPLETE SPELLING-BOOK CONTAINING A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIFFL CULTIES IN ORTHOGRAPHY ARISING FROM THE IRRE- GULAR SOUND OF THE LETTERS. SENTENCES FOR WRITING FROM DICTATION, LISTS 01? WORDS FOE EXAMINATION AND EEVIEW. BY daniei/leach, a.m., fPERINTENDENT OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OPPROYIDENCE. PHILADELPHIA : II. COWPERTHWAIT & CO. 1856. . -?£ *v .L* Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by DANIEL LEACH, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Rhode Island. STEREOTYPED WI J..FAGAET, PHn.ADELPHTA. RUNTED BY SMITH & PETEBS, franklin Buildings, Sixth Street, below Aril Philadelphia. rREFACE. The object in preparing the present work has been, so to arrange and classify the difficulties in Orthogra- phy, that they may be easily overcome by the pupil. These difficulties have their origin in the fact that the sounds of most of the letters are variable and irregular, and that different combinations of letters are often employed to represent the same sound. It must be admitted that the progress in any science is facilitated just so far as its known principles are classified and brought under general heads. It is also evident that, in order to spell well, one must be able to pronounce correctly. In accordance with these acknowledged principles, a full description has been given of the various sounds of the letters, and especially of the vowels and diphthongs, and their equivalents. But the most marked and distinguishing feature of the work is, the alphabetical arrangement of the diffe- rent terminations employed to represent the same sound, (iii) IV PREFACE. and the lists of words in the body of the work corre- sponding to this alphabetical key. Words that present no difficulty, and which can be readily spelled without study, by those who can read fluently, have, after the introductory lessons, been purposely omitted, excepting such as have been intro- duced to be compared with other words similarly pro- nounced, but spelled differently. Oral spelling, and spelling by writing from dicta- tion, should be both daily practised. Each method has its peculiar advantages. In the one case, the pupil becomes accustomed to the correct pronunciation of the word by the ear ; in the other, the eye is a power- ful auxiliary in impressing the form of the word on the memory. An exercise in spelling may be conducted in the following manner : — The class may be called out with their slates — or they may use them in their seats — and the Teacher may read the sentences or pronounce the words with great care and distinctness, for the pupils to write. The scholars may then exchange slates. The Teacher may take the slate of the scholar at the head of the class, or it may be passed to the one at the foot, and each of the others may pass his slate to the one next to him on his right. The Teacher .then should spell each word correctly, and a mark should be made against the words misspelled by those holding the slates. Afterwards the slates should be returned, PREFACE. V and each scholar should correct his own mistakes. Advanced pupils should keep a blank book, for the purpose of writing all the words they do not spell cor- rectly. The most difficult words, or those most fre- quently misspelled, should be written on a black-board in view of the whole school. It is believed that there are but very few, if any difficulties in Orthography, not presented in this work. Its plan and peculiar characteristics can be best learned by a careful examination. Providence, Nov., 1856. 1* THE COMPLETE SPELLING-BOOK Orthography. Orthography treats of sounds, letters, syllables, and words. The simplest sound of the English language is called an elementary sound* There are usually reckoned about forty elementary sounds. These sounds may be divided into vocals, sub- vocals, and aspirates. The vocals consist of pure tone only ; as : a, e, i, o, u. The subvocals consist of tone united with breath ; as : b, d, I, m, n, r. The aspwates consist of pure breath only ; as : p, t, k, f. Vocals are divided into long and short. The long sound can be protracted at pleasure ; as : may ay, bee ee. The short sound is formed by a similar position of the organs, but with an explosive effort ; as : pen, pin. (7) 8 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Letters. The characters used to represent elementary sounds are called Letters. The English Alphabet contains twenty-six letters. They are of two kinds, Capitals and small, letters. The various kinds of letters are the English or Roman, the Italic, #1$ ISUfilfSil, and 3%ft£ When several letters, or combination of letters, repre- sent the same sound, they are called equivalents ; as : maid, made. Thus a may be equivalent to ai, ay, ei, ao, ua, ea. When a letter has no sound, it is called silent. = placed between letters, or combinations of letters, signifies equivalent in sound. Thus : ace = ase means that ace has the same sound as ase. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. The Alphabet. ROMAN. ITALIC. OLD ENGLISH. Capitals. Small Letters. Capitals. Small Letters. Capitals Small Letters A a A a a u B b B b 23 h G c a c & t D d D d m a E e E e m E f F f $ f G g G g m s H h H h a ii I i I i k f J J J J 3 J K k K k It ft L 1 L I H I M m M m «w m N n N n M n P P P P 33 P Q q Q <2 <& Q R r B r M r S s S s « s T t T t e t U u U u m u y V V V m fe w w w w m to X X X X X P Y y Y y i> 3 Z z z z ' % ? 10 THE COMPLETE SPELLER Classes of Letters. Letters may be divided into two classes — Vowels and Consonants. Those letters which represent vocals are called vowels. They are : a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes iv and y. When w and y precede a vowel in the same syllable, they are consonants. In all other situations they are vowels. The letters which represent subvocals and aspirates are called consonants. The subvocals are : b, d, g, I, m, n, r, v, z. The aspirates are : /, h, k, c, q, p, t, s. When x is equivalent to gs, it is a subvocal. When it is equiva- lent to ks, it is an aspirate. Combinations of Letters. Two or more letters may be combined to represent a single elementary sound, and a combination of elementary sounds may be represented by a single letter. The union of two vowels in one syllable is called a diph- thong ; as: ou, in sound. When both vowels are sounded, it is called a proper diphthong ; as : on, in thou. When only one of the vowels is sounded, it is called an improper diphthong ; as : ea, in heat. When three vowels are united in one syllable, it is called a triphthong ; as : eau, in beauty. When the three vowels are sounded, it is called a proper triphthong ; as : uoy, in buoy. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 11 When one or two vowels are silent, it is called an impro- per triphthong ; as : «e, in adieu. A letter, or a combination of letters, to be uttered with a single impulse of the voice, is called a syllable ; as : gar' den. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable ; as : man, tree, horse. A word of two syllables is called a dissyllable ; as : schol' ar, moun' tain. A word of three syllables is called a trisyllable ; as : ben' e fit, ed' i fice. A word of more than three syllables is called a polysyl- lable ; as : un faith' ful ness. The stress of voice placed upon a particular syllable to t distinguish it from others, is called accent. Every word of more than "one syllable has one of its syllables accented. A word that is not derived from some other word, is called a primitive word ; as : man, form, harm. A word that is derived from some other word, is called a derivative word ; as : man' ful, house' less. A word formed by uniting two or more entire words, is called a compound word ; as : school-house, book-seller. 12 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. TABLE OF ELEMENTAEY SOUNDS. Vocals. a, e, i, o, u, on. 1. That of a in fate. 2. " of a in far. 3. " of a in ball. 4. " of a in hat. 5. " of e in mete. 6. " of e in met. 7. " of i in fine. 8. " of i in pm. 9. That of o in note. 10. it of o in move. . 11. it of o in not. 12. (( of u in tiibe. 13. a of u in ptdl. 14. it of u in tub. 15. a of qu in foioid. Subvocals. &> d> #> ii ? ; m ; w, r, s, &, v, W, 2, 1/. 9. That of s in song. 1. Thai , of b in oat. 2. << of d in dog. 3. < < of g in gro. 4. u of J in joy. 5. n of I in Zot. 6. it of m in wan. jr. it of w. in ?20- 8. it of r in bar. 10. 1 ' of th in this. 11. " of v in vat. 12. f- 1 of w; in wise. 13. " of z in zeal. 14. " of z in azure. 15. " oiymyes. Aspirates. /, h, r,p, s, t, th, sh, ch, wh. 1. Thatof/in/aith. 2. " of/iin7iome. 3. " of r in ark. 4. " of p in pin. 5. " of s in sin. 6. That of t in fake. *l. " of th in thine. 8. "of sh in s/ione. 9. " of ch in e/airl. 10. " of wh in w?7ien. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 13 Vocals and their Equivalents. A (as in fate,) is equivalent' in sound to ai, ay, ei, ey, ea, au; as: ace, fade, stage, bait, maim, play, skein, neigh, prey, obey, great, steak, gauge, ah. A (as in far,) is equivalent to ea, au, ah; as in hearth, heart, aunt, daunt, laugh, wrath. A (as in fall,) is equivalent to au, aw, oa, ou, awe, o; as in maul, saucer, lawful, broad, groat, brought, gone, nor, awe. A (as in hat,) is equivalent to ai; as : plaid. E (as in mete,) is equivalent to ee, ea, ae, ei, ie, eo, ey, i; as in deer, feet, bead, mead, deceit, people, neither, bier, field, key, machine. E (as in met,) is equivalent to ai, ae, ea, ay, e, ei, ie, a, u, eo ; as in again, Dcedalus, head, says, said, friend, any, many, bury, leopard, heifer. J (as in pine,) is equivalent to ai, ei, eye, ie, oi, ui, y, ye ; as in aisle, sleight, eye, die, choir, guide, rye, lye. I (as in pin,) is equivalent to ai, ee, ui, u, e, ia, ie, ei, oi, o; as: captain, breeches, guilt, busy, yes, carriage, surfeit, sieve, tortoise, women, pretty, been. (as in note,) is equivalent to oa, oe, eo, oo, au, ou, eau, ew, ow; as in haidboy, beau, yeoman, sew, groan, foeman, floor, shoulder, show. (as in not,) is equivalent to a, eo, ou, ow ; as in what, George, cough, knoioledge. (as in move,) is equivalent to oo, oe, ou, wo, ui, ue ; as in fool, shoe, tour, two, croup, bruise, imbrue. 14 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. U (as in tube,) is equivalent to eau, ew, ue, ui, ewe, eu, ieu, iew, ou ; as : beauty, peivter, rueful, nuisance, neu- ter, ewe, adieu, review, true, you. £7" (as in bull,) is equivalent to oo, o, ou; as in wool, wolf, would. U (as in tub,) is equivalent to e, ea, i, o, oo, ou ; as in her, earth, sir, won, blood, cousin, borough. Diphthongs. The Proper Diphthongs are : ea, eu, ew, ia, ie, io, oi, ou, ow, and oy ; as in ocean, feud, jeivel, poniard, spaniel, motion, choice, bound, now, boy. The Improper Diphthongs are : ae, ai, au, aw, ea, ee, ei, eo, ey, ie, oa, oo, and ow ; as in Coesar, sail, maul, law, beat, feel, either, people, prey, friend, coat, soon, blow. Ae has the sound of e in mete, as in Coesar ; and some- times of e in met, as in Dcedalas. Ai has the sound of a in fate, as in pain ; of e in met, as in said ; and of a in fat, as in plaid, raillery. Au has the sound of a in hall, as in caul; and of a in far, according to most orthoepists, as in aunt, daunt; and of a in page, as in gauge. Aw has the sound of a in fall, as in lawful. Ay has the sound of a in fate, except in quay, pro- nounced he. It also has the sound of e in met, as in says. Ea has the sound of e in mete, as in beat ; of e in met, as in head ; of a in fate, as in bear, pear ; of a in far, as in hearth, heart. Ee has the sound of e in mete, as in feet; of i in pin, as been, breeches. - THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 15 Ei has the sound of a in fate, as in veil ; of e in mete, as in conceit ; of * in pine, as in sleight ; of e in met, as in heifer, nonpareil (pronounced heffer, nonpareil). In an unaccented syllable, it has an obscure sound of i in pin, as in foreign. Eo has the sound of e in mete, as in people ; of e in me£, as in leopard ; of o in wofe, as in yeoman ; of o in not, as in Georgia; and when unaccented, and at the end of a syllable, it has the sound of u in tub, as in bludgeon, truncheon (pronounced bludjun, trunshun). Eu and ew have almost always the sound of ew in dew. In sew, strew, ew has the sound of o in note. Ey has the sound of a in fate, as in prey, except in key and ley, in which it is sounded as e in mete. la has often the sound of ya, in the termination tan, ial, iard, as in christian, poniard (pronounced christyan, ponyard). In some words it has the sound of i in pin, as in carriage. According to some orthoepists, the i is silent in such words as marriage, parliament, carriage, &c. Ie has the sound of e in mete, as in grieve ; of i in pine, as in <&e ; of i in me£, as in friend. Oa has the sound of o in note, as in cootf; of aiv, as in broad, groat. Oe has the sound of o in note, as in /be; of u in £w&, as in does ; of oo in cool, as in s/?,oe, canoe. Oi and o?/ have the sound of oi in ro^ce, as in choice, oil. Tortoise is pronounced tortis. Oo has the sound of o in move. In some words oo has a shorter sound, as in wolf. It has also the sound of o in note, as in door, floor ; and of u in ft<6, as in flood, blood. 16 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Ou has seven different sounds. The first and most com mon is that in which both letters are sounded, as in found, bound, sound. It also has the sound of u in tub, as in journey ; of oo in cool, as in group, soup ; of o in note ; as in though, courtier ; of aw in bawl, as in ought, bought; of u in pull, as in could, would ; of o in not, as in cough, trough. Some pronounce these words cawf,. irawf. Ow has three sounds, that of ou in house, as in cow, drown; that of o in note, as in blow, slow ; that of o in ?io£, as in the single word knowledge. JJa has the sound of iva, as in persuade. The w is silent in guard, guaranty, piquant. In victuals, victual- lers, both letters are silent. In mantuamaker, the a is silent. Tie has the sound of ice, as in consuetude. In some words the it is silent. In a final syllable, when sounded at all, it has the sound of ew in new, except when preceded by r, when it is generally sounded as oo, as in true. In some words both letters are silent, as in league, tongue. Ui has the sound of wi, as in languid, languish. In some words the u is silent, as in guide. In some words the i is silent, as in bruise, fruit. The sound of Subvocals and Aspirates. B is silent before t and after m in the same syllable, except in succumb and rhomb, as in lamb, irtumb, debt, debtor, subtle. G has the same sound as k before a, o, u, I, r, t, as in THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 17 can, come, cup, cling, crust, and act; and, when it ends a syllable, as music. It has the sound of s before e, i, and y, as collar, civic, cynic. In some words c takes the sound of z, as suffice, discern. It is silent in indict, victuals, czar, czarina, Connecticut. When c comes after the accent, and is followed by ea, ia, io, and eau, it takes the sound of sh, as ocean, 'social. G preceded by s, and fol- lowed by e, i, or y, is not sounded, as in scene, sceptre (pronounced sene, septer). D is usually sounded as in did, but it sometimes has the sound of t, as in cracked, stuffed (pronounced crackt, stuff t). F\& sounded as mfan, except in of, simple, when it has the sound of v. G before a, o, u, I, and r, is always sounded, as in go. Before e, i, and y, it is sometimes sounded as in go, and sometimes as^' in joy. G is generally sounded as in go in words derived from the Saxon ; and as J or dzh in joy, in words derived from the Greek, Latin, and French. G has sometimes the sound of gg, as in finger, longest (pro- nounced fingger, longgest). G is silent before m or n in the same syllable, as in gnaw, phlegm. H is sounded as in home. It is sometimes silent at the beginning of a word. It is always silent after r, as in rhetoric, rheum (pronounced room). K is sounded as in kind. It never is written before a, o, or w, and is used only when c would be liable to be sounded as s, as in kept, king. It is always silent before v, as in knew, knife. 2* 18 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. L is sounded as in lot, lumber, lancet. Le at the end of words is sounded as el ; as in table. L is silent between a and k, and between a and m in the same sylla- ble, as in balk, alms; also, in would, could, should, almond, calf, half, folk, yolk, halsers, malmsey, salmon. If preserves its uniform sound, as in man. ■ N is sounded as in no. It is silent when preceded by I or 77t, as in hymn, kiln. N, in an accented syllable, and before the sound of g in go, or k, is sounded as the ng in king, B.sthank, concourse (pronounced thangk, congcourse). P is sounded as in pin. At the beginning of words, before s or t, it is silent, as in jrtisan, psalm, p>tarmig an. In cupboard it is sounded as b (pronounced cubbord). It is silent in receipt and corps. Between m and t, it is sounded very slightly, if at all, as in empty, symptom. Q is usually sounded as kw, as in quilt, quail. It is always followed by u, which is sounded as to, except in some words of French origin, as coquette. R is sounded at the beginning of syllables, as in run, rage. At the end of a syllable, the sound of the r is very often modified. There is a tendency to tranpose the sound of the r, as in apron, iron (pronounced as if written apurn, turn. S has the sound of s in sin ; that of z in zeal ; that of sh in shine ; and that of zh in pleasure. Sometimes it is silent, as in island. S has the sound of z at the end of most words, when preceded by b, v, d, or g, and in many other cases. S has the sound of sh before ion, when pre- ceded by a consonant, and has the sound of zh when pre- ceded by a vowel, as in mansion, pension (pronounced THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 19 manshun, penshun ; but evasion, cohesion, are pronounced evazhun, cohezhun. S also has the sound of zh when pre- ceded by an accented vowel, and followed by the termina- tions ier, ial, ian, ium, ure, as in pleasure, osier, elysium (pronounced plezhur, ozhur, elizhum). In a few words, s has the sound of sh before u, as in sure, sugar, sumac (pronounced shure, shugar, shumac). T is sounded as in take. It is silent when followed by the abbreviated I or en ; as : hasten, nestle (pronounced ha-zn, nessle. T is silent in often and soften. The com- bination ti, without an accent, and followed by a vowel, is sounded as sh, as in motion, partial (pronounced moshun, parshal). T is silent in gout, eclat, mortgage, hostler, Christmas, chestnut, bankruptcy, mistletoe. IF is a consonant at the beginning of a word, and has nearly the sound of oo" in fool, as in ivet. It is always silent before r. W before h is pronounced as if it were written after the h, as in what, pronounced hivat. X has three sounds, that of ks, as in exercise; that of gz, as in exert; and that of z, as in Xenophon. It sometimes has the sound of ksh, as in anxious (pronounced ankshus). It has the sound of gs when the following syl- lable begins with an accented vowel, and in some of the derivatives from these. Z is sounded as ki zeal. When z is preceded by an accented vowel, it has the sound of zh before ure and ie. Gh has the sound of tsh, as in church ; the sound of k, as in chorus, and the sound of sh, as in machine. It is sometimes silent, as in drachm. Gh has the sound of k whenever it is followed by a, I, or r. 20 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Gli, at the beginning of a word, has the sound of g in go, as in ghost. It sometimes has the sound of f, as in laugh; and sometime of 1c, as in hough (pronounced hole). At the end of words both letters are usually silent. They are always silent when followed by t, except in draught. Ph has usually the sound of f. In Stephen it has the sound of v. T has two sounds, that of the th in thin ; and that of the th in thine. At the beginning of words it usually has the first sound, and at the end, except when followed by e silent. The following table shows the different combinations of letters by which similar sounds are represented : — ace = ase ; as: pace, face, base, case, debase. ade — aid, ayed, eyed, eighed; as: braid, blade, trade, arrayed, surveyed, portrayed, weighed. ail —- ale, eil ; as : trail, nail, dale, gale, veil. aim = ame ; as : aim, reclaim, frame, became. ain = ane, ein, eign, aign ; as : brain, explain, cane, reign, vein, arraign. aint = eint; as: paint, restraint, feint. air = are, ear, ere, eir ; as-: fair, chair, flare, glare, bear, swear, there, where, heir, coheir. alee = eak ; as : drake, flake, break, steak. aid = ailed, aided, auld; as: bald, called, crawled, sprawled, mauled. all — aid, awl; as : ball, brawl, caul, maul. arn= orn; as warn, born, scorn. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 21 aud — oad, awd, awed; as: fraud, broad, bawd, sawed. aste = aist, aced ; as : paste, waist, faced, graced. ay — ey, eigh ; as : bray, they, obey, neigh, weigh. aze = aize, aise, ays, eys ; as : craze, amaze, raise, praise, phrase, portrays, obeys. ea = ee ; as : plea, free. each — eech ; as : speech, teach, reach. ead — ed, aid ; as : bled, shred, spread, said. ead = eed, ede ; as : knead, read, breed, speed, seed, recede, concede, mead, plead, supersede. eah = ake ; as : break, steak, mistake. eah = eek, iek, ique ; as : beak, cheek, pique, shriek. eal = eel ; as : weal, congeal, reel, wheel. eam= eem, erne; as : cream, gleam, dream, scheme, theme, extreme, deem, teem, esteem, redeem. ean = ene, ten, een, esne, ine ; as : clean, dean, mean, unclean, convene, demesne, lien, machine, keen, forseen, queen. ear = eer, ere, ier ; as : clear, hear, appear, steer, sneer, pioneer, sphere, cohere, austere, cashier, financier. eat = ete, eet ; as : treat, wheat, defeat, escheat, replete, concrete, greet, sweet, discreet. eard =. erd, urred, erred, ird, ord, urd; as : heard, pot- sherd, deferred, inferred, incurred,* ease — eeze, ees, eaze, eize ; as : tease, displease, breeze, sneeze, lees, sees, seize. ease = eace, iece, eice, eese, ice, ise, isse ; as : lease, grease, peace, niece, fleece, geese, apiece, police, caprice, valise, pelisse. * Nearly the same sound. 22 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. earch — erch, irch, urch; as: perch, research, church, lurch, smirch. * earl = irl, url ; as: pearl, girl, twirl, curl, unfurl. earth = irth, orth ; as : dearth, birth, girth, worth. elm = ealm ; as : helm, realm. erm = inn, orm ; as : term, affirm, confirm, worm. earn — em, urn; as: fern, stern, earn, learn, yearn, discern, concern. ert = urt, irt ; as : pert, hurt, spurt, dirt, squirt. erse = erce, urse ; as : verse, adverse, asperse, amerce, coerce, purse, curse, imburse. erge = urge, irge, ourge ; as : verge, emerge, dirge, urge, surge, scourge.* erk = irk, ork, urk ; as : perk, work, kirk, dirk. irst = urst, or si ; as: thirst, first, worst, curst, durst. ise = ize, yze, ice, ies ; as : realize, analyze, criticise, re- plies. eud = ude, ued, ewed, iewed; as: crude, obtrude, feud, stewed, viewed, sued. ute = uit, ewl ; as : flute, acute, fruit, recruit, newt. ur = ir, er, yrrh ; as : blur, concur, demur, stir, infer, myrrh. uce = use ; as : spruce, deuce, conduce, abuse, obtuse, re- cluse. ole = oal, ol, oil, owl ; as : stole, whole, condole, cajole, patrol, coal, foal, bowl, enroll, soul. oke = oak ; as : broke, smoke, choak, cloak, soak. ome = oam, omo ; as : dome, home, foam, roam, comb. .* Nearly the same sound. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 23 one = oan, own; as: drone, stone, atone, grown, flown, disown, moan, overthrown. ore = oar, oor, our; as: more, shore, store, deplore, oar, roar, soar, door, floor, four, pour. our = oiver ; as: hour, scour, devour, bower, flower, power. ound = owned ; as : bound, mound, frowned, renowned. ought — aught; as: thought, brought, caught, taught. oud = owed; as: cloud, proud, bowed, mowed. ote = oat; 'as: mote, smote, remote, float, doat, afloat. otch = atch; as: notch, botch, watch. ost = ossed, aust ; as : cost, frost, accost, embossed, ex- haust, holocaust. om = ourn ; as : shorn, torn, worn, mourn. orld = urled ; as : world, curled, hurled. orce = oarse, ourse, ource ; as : force, divorce, coarse, hoarse, course, discourse, source, resource. owse = oivze, ouse ; as : blowse, browse, rouse, spouse, carouse. ow = oe, o, owe, ough ; as : glow, flow, no, toe, hoe, owe, dough, sloe, sew. own = oun ; as : brown, clown, noun. Note to Teachers. — Pupils should be examined on the sounds of the vowels, and the different terminations and syllables represent- ing the same sound, and should be required to give their equivalents. Such questions as the following should be asked weekly : To what is a in fate equivalent in sound ? Give examples. To what is a in far, a in fall, &c, equivalent? Give examples in each. To what Is ace equivalent in sound ? ade, ail, aim, am, aint, air, &c. ? Give examples in each. 24 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Easy "Words of two Syllables. ba' ker pa' per vo' cal 11' ar ma ker ta per fa tal fri ar po ker - dra per to tal po lar bro ker le ver vi tal so lar qua ker vi per por tal lu nar shaker riv er den tal yuI gar dol'lar man'ner ven'der lum'ber col lar ban ner gen der cum ber nee tar tan ner ten der num ber beg gar run ner slen der slum ber pil lar sum mer mur der turn bier mor tar ham mer lend er buck ler let'ter fe'ver but'ter cop'per pep per after mut ter hop per tern per win ter bat ter ves per sin ner splin ter bet ter ban ter mas ter dri ver fet ter can ter plas ter plov er bit ter gut ter pas'tor vig'or par' don pat 'ron cas tor ar mor par son sea son fac tor ter ror can ton com mon doc tor er ror cot ton de mon frac tor ten or mut ton fal con rig or can dor mat ron gal Ion THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 25 Familiar Uames of Objects. be ing son soul hope man daugh' ter body joy worn' an un cle mind sorrow bus band aunt heart glad ness wife cons in liv'er • pride child rel a tive flesh shame loom plow wag'on an'vil nee die' plough bar row bel lows spin die spade chair tongs yarn shov'el bug gy pin cers warp rake wheel trow el wool hoe sledge shears yes'sel bow boat skiff brig hull oar pul'ley sloop deck sail tae kle sckoon'er mast rope lad cler frig ate stern pier an chor steam er boom wharf block brnte sheep deer hare beast lamb doe elk ox goat stag bear horse mule hart fox cow steer roe ot'ter heifer swine buck beav er 3 26 t> TI IE COMPLETE SPELLER. mut' ton stove fruit beets veal su' gar ap' pies car' rots pork cof fee pears rad ish ba'con tea peach' es pars nip poul try- rice plums on ion eggs spice grapes pump kin tree birch hem' lock myr ' tie oak spruce chest nut pop lar pine elm lin den beech ash lo' cust ce dar red oak fir wal nut cy press white oak ma' pie pine wil low log wood o' cean pond plain sum' mer sea con' ti nent state win ter bay is land coun' try spring gulf cape town au' tumn river moun' tain vil' lage heat lake val ley re gion cold va' por hail heav' en dark' ness fog frost earth day mist snow- sun night clouds steam moon morn' ing rain wind stars eve ning dew storm light noon house beam par' lor chim' ney frame sill cham ber fur nace roof cor' nice at tic range floor eaves eel lar stove THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 27 tim' ber shut' ter clos' et flue raf ter blind kitch en hearth tools file chis' el mor' tar plane screw hatch et ten on saw nail ham mer pah el square brad au ger win dow gauge glue gim let joist rasp clamp com pass plank bee fowl hawk lark wasp bird owl thrush gnat hen kite finch bee' tie goose ,crow swan hor net chick' en rook dove in sect gos lin ra' ven swal' low spir' it food limbs throat thought meat head cheek rea' son bread feet brain juclg nient dough arms chest fan cy soup mouth breast wis cloni but' ter tongue blood vir' tue broom coal shawl vice chest cloak skirt friend churn gown quilt foe stool frock sock al' um gyp' sum glau' ber ep' som love lamp glove serge hate screen chintz crape mirth spoon plush baize grief clock plaid silk buck' ets plat' ters pitch' ers dish' es 28 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. [It should be the aim of the Teacher to enable his pupils to asso- ciate in their minds, as early as possible, the meaning of each word, ■with the proper mode of spelling it. A few exercises for writing and review will be subjoined to the different classes of words. Such exercises should be supplied by the Teachers as are adapted to the different ages and capacities of their scholars. Pupils should also be required to form sentences contain- ing one or more of the words in these Lessons. The blanks should be filled up with the appropriate words.] EXERCISE FOR WRITING. Of what is paper made ? From what is lumber made ? Where does pepper grow ? Bread is made by . The was cold. The of winter. Of what is plaster made ? Man is a rational . What is the plural of wom-a-n ? What is the plural of child? Cloth is woven in a loom. What is the difference between warp and woof? Trowels are used by . What part of a vessel is the hull ? What is the difference between a sloop and a schooner ? House, a building to live in. The timbers of a building fitted and joined together are called a frame. A room used for cooking is called a . The fire is made on the . The wood or stone under a door or window is called a . What part of a door is called a panel ? What part is called a tenon ? Where does coffee grow ? From what place is tea obtained ? Of what is sugar made ? What is vapor ? What is fog ? What causes rain ? How is steam produced ? EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Vigor, gallon, cousin, hoe, sledge, frigate, pier, wharf, anchor, heifer, pincers, poultry, cypress, hearth, gnat, gauge, dough, glue, cornice, furnace, hatchet, screw, gimlet, auger, throat, tongue, flue, thought, kite, chisel, eaves, attic, chimney, parlor. THE COMPLETE SPELLEK 29 Karnes of Qualities. great good long heav y large best short light huge bad mer' ry hot big evil sad cold lit' tie worse bright high small worst dull low rich long weak brave poor - short strong young hard thick brisk old soft thin stem sweet fast rough grave sour slow smooth stiff true red yel' low bright false white or ange gau' dy right black pur pie show y wrong brown crim son brill iant loud green scar let gor geous tight blue ma roon' spien did brit' tie luck'y am' pie art' ful bit ter bulk y gen tie dire ful o pen stud y no ble bale ful nim ble has ty a ble grate ful fick le scan ty sa ble use ful sim pie sul try i die spite ful can 7 did Ian' guid rig' id tep' id fer vid lira pid sol id tor pid flor id mor bid sor did tur gid 3* 80 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. frig'id pal'lid splen'did tur'bid hor rid pu trid squal id val id hu mid rap id stu pid viv id bru' tal fa' tal plu' ral ge' ni al fru gal fes tal van dal ve ni al o val flo ral re gal triv i al men tal for mal spi nal jo vi al mor tal nor mal ves tal lin e al na val pa pal vo cal gen e ral na' tive ac' tive con' ic plas' tic mas sive vo tive cu bic graph ic mis sive cap tive ep ic hec tic pas sive pen sive com ic civ ic res tive spor tive fran tic dor ic fes tive ol ive trag ic rus tic inel'low cog' nate ab' sent in ane' sal low or nate ar dent pro fane shal low pri vate pen dent hu mane hoi low in nate' ur gent in sane nar row ob late cur rent mun'dane fal low se date fer vent ur bane' catch crave carve chide cling creep Karnes of Actions, bind draw bend drain burn drive bless drown break delve bleed drink flew find fall feed fling fight THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 31 grind hung keep lay gild hear knit leave give heave know lend gird hew knock lose grieve hide kick lead grow hold kneel learn make name read see mean need rend say meet pay ride seek mourn place ring sell mow pray rise send move pace run shake shine speak teach weave shrink spend take weep sing spread thrive wear sleep spring think wind slide stand throw work sling strive thrust write heal dare churn leave case risk pluck dread build leave smite sweep frame quit shift wheel live fill stave cloak- dwell crowd thrust shout for sake' e lope' al low' mis trust' in stall ar raign be stow mis lead for get al lay dis own with hold be deck be tray fore stall with draw en treat be seech fore see with stand en rich be moan mis give out grow 32 THE COMPLETE SPELLEK. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. A great house. A large horse. A good boy. A huge ox. A sad plight. A merry song. The soldier was' . The surface was . What things are hard ? What things are rough ? Glass is . The sea was . Gorgeous colors. The palace was splen- did. Scarlet is brighter than crimson. His fortune was ample. An artful boy. A sable mantle. A candid view. Fervid eloquence. A limpid stream. Solid marble. Morbid, diseased, not sound. Humid, moist : as humid air. Turgid, swelled : as a turgid limb, turgid style. Normal : according to rule, teaching first principles : as normal, schools. Festive, gay, joyous : as festive mirth. Pensive, sad : as a pensive strain. Urbane, polite : as urbane manners. A graphic description. Plastic material. Hectic fever. A genial climate. A venial fault. A trivial affair. A jovial companion. 1 Lineal descent. A general view. Pensive thoughts. Ornate style. An oblate sphere. A sedate countenance. The boy craves his pardon. The waiter carves the meat. Some animals creep. The officers bind the thief. Tall trees bend. Birds fly. A ship heaves. Millers grind wheat into flour. Stone is hewed. Instructors teach, and boys learn. Farmers mow their grass. The shakes with the wind. The sailor moors the boat. The news spreads. Abrave man never shrinks from danger. Good boys do not betray a trust. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Smooth, rough, worse, sour, sweet, stiff, purple, gaudy, blue, but- ternut, gorgeous, scarlet, bright, direful, sultry, tepid, pallid, valid, horrid, florid, normal, frugal, festal, plastic, graphic, inane, mun- dane, urbane, delay, grind, grieve, shout, cloak, crowd, arraign, forestall, beseech, entreat. THE COMPLETE SPELLER 33 Words in which different terminations have the same sound. ace = ase. ace face brace grace mace place pace space trace dis grace' em brace' gri mace' mis place ef face un lace a pace re trace dis place base case chase a base' de base' vase e rase in case un case' ade = aid, eyed, ayed, and eiglied. cade blade glade grade fade trade spade shade wade de grade' un lade' cas cade' brig ade block ade e vade. per vade stock ade dis suade in vade es plan ade' ret ro grade' scr e nade' mas quer ade am bus cade can non ade pal i sade cav al cade aid braid staid brayed stayed un laid' a fraid' up braid' mer'maid flayed strayed prayed played o beyed' weighed in veighed' sur veyed c por trayed' 34 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 2. ail =• ale, eil. fail frail flan- nail trail snail rail be wail' quail as sail' pre vail re tail' avail en tail counter vail' de tail cur tail night' in gale dale gale shale scale whale swale ex hale' in hale' re gale' im pale whole' sale veil aim ame. aim claim maim ac claim' de claim' ex claim pro claim dis claim re claim blame came dame game flame frame lame name shame tame same fame be came' in flame' de fame' mis name o vet came nick' name brain grain drain swain ain = ane, ein, eign P and aign. blain chain gain main sprain twain strain stain THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 35 ab stain' at tain' com plain' con tain con strain dis dain dis train en chain ex plain main 'tain or dain re frain re gain' re strain sus tain en ter tain' ap per tain pear main came bane da,ne crane lane jane pro fane' hu mane in sane' seine vein wane deign feign skein ar raign' cam paign aint — eint. reign saint quaint at taint' ac quaint' taint feint air - = are, eir, ear, and ere. fair chair lair af fair' re pair' stair de spair deb o nair' im pair' care dare flare glare snare share square spare wel'fare be ware' pre pare' in snare' de clare com pare a w are pear bear swear tear for swear' for bear' heir their where 36 THE COMPLETE SPELLER aid = mild, ailed, awled. bald scald stall' ed call'ed maul'ed crawled^ squalled sprawled drawled ait = ate, eat, and eight. bait gait strait plait trait a wait' prate state slate mate pate rate a bate ' de bate' col late' di late se date trans late ab' di cate ac' cu rate ad' e quate ag gra vate ar ro gate eel e brate great weight eight all — awl and aid. call ball gall small tall wall in stall' fore stall ' in thrall bawl drawl crawl sprawl brawl yawl caul haul am = orn. maul warn fore warn' morn born thorn scorn THE COMPLETE SPELLER. aud = oad, aivd, awed. 37 fraud broad sawed chaste paste placed graced aste de fraud' ap plaud' a broad flawed gnaw ed drawed : aist and aced. haste baste dis taste' waist faced traced braced spaced ay — ey and eigli. bray clay flay fray pray spray af fray 7 al lay' as tray' be lay de fray dis may be tray dis play re pay prey they ar ray o bey' pur vey' grey con vey dis o bey' sur ve/ neigh weigh in veigh aze = aise, aize, eiglis, ays and eys. craze blaze gaze glaze maze graze a maze' em blaze' phrase praise raise chaise 4 38 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. dis praise' ap praise' al lays' be trays - dis plays de lays con veys sur veys pur veys neighs weighs eah == alee. in veighs break steak make brake drake flake shake spake snake a wake' be take' for sake' par take mis take under take. ause = aws, and auze. cause pause clause be cause' ap plause' with draws laws draws straws flaws thaws squaws gnaws paws ault = alt. gauze halt salt malt ex alt' ba salt' de fault' fault vault ea = ee. as sault flea plea tea tree free glee three thee see a gree' de cree' de gree ju' bi lee dis a gree ped' i gree THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 39 each 3= eech. breach bleach peach preach teach im peach' speech screech be seech ead = ed and aid. bread thread spread dead dread tread be head' over spread' said bred im bred mis led' ead == eed and ede. read plead knead bead mead lead creed deed steed a greed' in deed' mis deed' pro ceed snc ceed ex ceed ac cede se cede re cede im pede pre cede con cede an te cede inter cede super sede eak — = eeh, ielc, ique* beak bleak creak freak squeak sneak wreak streak be speak' cheek creek meek peak seek sleek shriek pique u nique' an tique' crit' ique prat r ique * Nearly the same sound. 40 THE COMPLETE S eal = eel* PELLER. deal meal steal weal zeal veal squeal teal re peal' con ceal' con geal' ap peal feel real kneel reel wheel gen teeV earn = eem and erne* bream cream gleam scream dream stream beam steam re deem' deem es teem' be seem scheme theme su preme ex treme' bias pheme' fleam ean = een, ene, ien, ine, and esne.* bean dean clean lean wean yean de mean' un clean' sub dean' screen green spleen be tween' ca reen' fore seen' un seen scene ob scene con vene' se rene' ter rene ma chine ra vine de mesne lien mien ma rine rou tine' ton tine' man da rin * Nearly the same sound. THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 41 eap = eep. cheap heap reap sweep i sleep a sleep' ear === eer, ere, and ier. clear fear near sear smear spear rear year tear ap pear' be smear' en dear' ar rear dis ap pear gear leer jeer queer sneer cheer ve neer' com peer' ca reer' gaz et teer dom i neer en gi neer pri va teer pi o neer mil ti neer co here sphere ad here sin cere se vere' au stere hem'i sphere in ter fere per se vere gren a dier' cash ier fron tier chan de lier buc can ier brig a dier gon do lier cav a Her fin an cier chan de lier eat z= eet, ete, eit, and eipt. bleat heat peat seat treat wheat cheat en treat' re treat' de feat' re peat es cheat re plete con crete com plete 42 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, se crete' ef fete' ob'so lete fleet greet sheet street dis creet' in dis creet' con ceit' de ceit re ceipt ease = eeze, ieze, and eize. please tease dis please' ease ap pease' dis ease breeze freeze squeeze cheese bees these seize frieze se' ries ease = eace, iece, eese, ice, ise, and isse. cease lease grease de cease' de crease' in crease' re lease de cease peace niece • piece a piece' fleece geese po lice pe lisse va lise' ca price earth = irth and orth. earth dearth worth birth , girth mirth earl = irl and url. earl pearl hurl curl furl churl girl twirl whirl THE COMPLETE SPELLER. earcli = erch, irc7i, and urch. search church re search' lurch perch birch 43 erm === irm and orm. germ firm worm earn = em, urn, and oum. learn earn yearn fern stern con cern' burn turn re turn so'journ ad jo urn' dis cern elm = ea lm. helm whelm realm ert == irt, itrt, and ort. pert wert cli vert' ex pert' con vert' sub vert per vert in sert in vert girt shirt dirt flirt be girt' wort hurt spurt un hurt' verse dis perse' im merse erse = erce, earse, urse, and wrse. averse' adverse' perverse asperse re verse u m verse 44 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. amerce' co eree' com' mer hearse re hearse worse purse nurse curse ac curse' disburse' im burse erge — urge, irge, and ourge. merge e merge' verge im merge ab sterge dirge purge surge scourge erk = irh, urh, and ork. jerk irk lurk clerk yerk kirk dirk turk work irst = urst and orst. curst thirst burst durst first worst ire = ijre, ier, iar, iglier, and ayer* dire quire squire at tire' ac quire' as pire' con spire en tire ex pire in spire re quire trans pire lyre pyre shire friar liar brier high' er nigh' er buy' er * Nearly the same sound. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 45 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. A quick pace. A fair face. Tho name was erased. The boy re- traced his steps. Vice debases the mind. A blade of grass. The shade of a tree. The boys staid at home. The ox was flayed. The flour was weighed. The debt was paid. A frail vessel. A bright flame. A strong claim. A good name. Wine inflames. A large brain. A gold chain. A strong cane. The fish were caught in a seine. A narrow lane. A skein of thread. The man was insane. The temple was profaned. A summer cam- paign. A bright morn. He was forewarned of the danger. His schemes were thwarted. A short answer. Make haste to learn. A small waist. The fish was caught without a bait. A sedate countenance. The mate of a ship. A great weight was on the plate. The wood was sawed. A broad space was gnawed. The jury did not agree. The decree of the court. The line of ancestors is called a pedigree. They beseech him to forbear. The blind boy said that he had no dread of being misled. The officer was superseded. The artist succeeds. The ministers agreed to secede. A small creek. A loud shriek. An antique vase. Men pique them- selves on their skill. Addison wrote a critique. Compeer, a companion. Persevere in the career of virtue. The buccaniers disappeared from the frontier. The conceit has become obsolete. A strong breeze. The goods were seized. A fleece of wool. The police found the valise. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Grimace, embrace, encase, brigade, upbraid, inveighed, portrayed, assail, exhale, exclaim, inflame, attain, humane, regain, campaign, impair, beware, where, forswear, spaced, defraud, abroad, applaud, celebrate, abdicate, await. Behead, imbed, recede, proceed, accede, bespeak, sleek, unique, pratique, blaspheme, beseem, esteem, machine, tontine, demesne, financier, austere, veneer, appear, cavalier, frieze, please, pelisse, caprice, berth, worth, dearth, search, birch, churcb, return, sojourn, concern. 46 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ice == ise, is, uce, and oise. aii' spice bod' ice com' plice cor nice cop pice chal ice crev ice jus tice jaun dice mal ice no tice office prac tice poul tice lat tice sol stice sur plice ser vice ed i fice ar ti fice av a rice ben e fice den ti frice prej u dice lie o rice in ter stice ap pren' tice anise prom ise mor' tise trea tise fran chise der vis axis ba sis pha sis glot tis gra tis cri sis finis orris trel lis dais i sis mar quis gen e sis sy nop' sis el lip' sis pro bos' cis a nal y sis hy poth e sis an tith e sis me trop o lis chrys' a lis o' a sis pa ral y sis diagno' sis lettuce (is) tor' toise (is) pa ren' the sis port cur lis ep i der' mis ei = ie. a man u en' sis seize seine leis' ure ei' ther nei' ther seiz ing seign or de ceit' re ceipt' con ceive' con ceit re ceive per ceive ceil' ing re ceiv'er weird sei zure pie' ia des o bei'sance in vei' gle pre con ceive' grief chief thief THE COMPLETE SPELLER. fierce pierce shield thrive tierce piece wield yield niece siege liege grieve priest fiend be lief re lief ' re lieve' se' ries be lieve a chieve be siege' re prieve re trieve cap a pie' sor' tie prai' rie re liev' o Obs.— The letter c is always followed by ei in the same sylla! rather than ie. it == ite, eit, uit, and ute. cred' it cul' prit au' dit or bit her mit spir it hab it rab bit unit deb it tacit trans it sum mit vomit limit comfit ban dit bow sprit pul pit plau dit ben e fit de mer' it pro hib' it ex hib' it in her it so lie it de pos ite gran' ite res' pite ap' po site com pos' ite op po site per qui site req' ui site ex qui site hyp' o crite in fi nite def i nite coun ter feit for feit sur feit bis cuit cir cuit con duit min ute (it) il = He, ail, and yl. civ' il pu' pil e'vil sig il ton sil pen cil 47 vi°r il per il sten cil 48 THE COMPLETE SPELLER an'vil cav'il ton 'sil nos tril ten dril fos sil turn bril cod i cil u ten' sil doni i cil tran quil frag' ile doc ile due tile ag ile fac ile trac tile hos tile ser vile ster ile rep tile mis sile feb rile fu tile im be cile ju ve nile ten sile vol a tile pro jec' tile mer can tile ber yl dac' tyl bis sex' tile idyl trav ail sib yl in = ain, ine, ein, and eign. bob' bin rob' in gob' lin bod kin cof fin bus kin muf fin mus lin mar gin ros in res in pump kin tan nin toe sin ver min wel kin spav in ur chin fir kin cum in cous in cap tain chap lain chief tain cnr tain cer tain bar gain moun tain foun tain plan tain vil lain mur rain for eign des tine fam ine en gine doc trine er mine fam ine rap ine pris tine jas mine mar line vac cine san guine med i cine mas cu line lib er tine gen u ine her o ine jes sa mine i o dine nee ta rine dis ci pline THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 49 fem'i nine eg 'Ian tine gel'a tine clan des' tine de ter' mine il lu' mine pre des tine in tes tine am a ran'thine ize = ise, yze, ice, and ies. au' thor ize ag' gran dize col' o nize can on ize civ il ize crys tal lize dog ma tize dram a tize equal ize gal van ize bar mo nize mor al ize scru ti nize stig ma tize sym bol ize rec og nize pul ver ize sol em nize tern po rize mag net ize neu tral ize ag o nize gor man dize the o rize sub si dize crit i cise chas Use' ad ver tise ex er cise en'ter prise com pro mise cir cum cise ex or cise mer chan disc par a lyze sac ri fice an a lyze sane ti fies ver i fies sat is fies un der lies' mag ni fies re plies' proph' e sies' oak == oke. tyr ran nize choak soak oak broke smoke spoke in voke' pro voke' re voke' oal = : ole, 61, oil, and owl. coal foal shoal stole mole dole ca jole' con dole' pa role' pa trol con trol un roll roll droll bowl 5 D 50 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, oam == ome. foam loam roam dome home tome oan = one and own, moan grown loan bone drone prone en throne' de throne' post pone' own sown - shown known thrown flown oar : — ore, our, oor, and ower. oar boar roar gore shore snore swore store score a shore' de plore' im plore' re store ex plore sye'amore pour four door mower sow e? old == oyed. low er void a Toid' de void' buoy 7 ed cloy' ed an noy ed de stroyed' em ploy' ed de coy ed Old : = oiled, ocded, and owled. bold scold told be hold' un fold' fore toltf roll ed ca joled foal ed boiled stroll ed toll ed < yrce == oarse and ourCe. force di vorce' per force' coarse hoarse source dis course 7 re source' re course THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 51 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. The boys "were pert. An expert artist. He perverts the mean- ing. The man escaped unhurt. Bad boys are averse to study. Commerce, trade between different countries. The piece was re- hearsed. Disburse, to spend money. His disease grows worse. The criminal was scourged. He is on the verge of ruin. He emerged from the surge. Severe thirst. Prepare for the worst. Pyre, a funeral pile. No notice was taken of the treatise. The service was rendered gratis. The edifioe had a firm basis. Franchise, a right to vote. The summit of the mountain. The culprit had a respite. Con- duit, a pipe to conduct water. Surfeit, to eat to excess. The pupil was docile. A hostile army. A futile attempt. A sterile field. A mercantile community. He made a codicil to his will. Muffin, a kind of cake. The margin of a river. The villain was sanguine. A firkin of butter. The thief stole a bowl. The foam of the sea. The buds will flower. The oar was found on the shore. The bold boy was cajoled. The clergyman was too hoarse to finish his discourse. The source of a river. The flax was boiled. The sentence was analyzed. The hypocrite counterfeited his piety. His remarks were appo- site to the case. Circuit courts. Conduit pipes. Pure air is requi- site to health. A man forfeits his estate by committing treason. The captain made the welkin ring. The tortoise was seen feeding on lettuce. Granite was found on the summit. He has not yet recovered from his surfeit. The tocsin sounded the alarm. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Begirt, invert, unhurt, asperse, coerce, accurse, dirge, purge, lurk, work, require, shire, higher, buyer, surplice, mortise, chry- salis, paralysis, lettuce, tortoise, inherit, circuit, minute, hypocrite, dactyl, beryl, travail, avoid, decoyed, foaled, strolled, sycamore, whelm, realm, sacrifice, rarities, inveigle, besiege, sortie, plebeian, tyrannize, crystallize, moralize, symbolize, paralyze, cajoled, strolled, rehearse, worse, imburse. 52 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. oat = ote. boat coat bloat do at gloat float throat a float' o / ver coat quote vote smote de note' pro in ote 7 re mote 7 de vote an 7 ec dote oose == ooze, ose. an 7 ti dote choose loose noose ooze whose lose. ue clue cue a'gue ac crue' val' ue im bue' res' cue av e nue rev e nue neu ter lieu view beau'ty jui cy screw and iew. rue glue is 7 sue en sue 7 vir 7 tue pur sue 7 un due ret 7 in ue con tin 7 ue pleu 7 ri sy pur lieu re view 7 beau 7 ti ful nui sance threw true sue im brue' en due tis 7 sue sub due 7 ar 7 gue res i due rue ful eu lo gy a dieu' sur view pew 7 ter bar be cue be dew 7 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 53 uce = euce, use, and idee. truce spruce deuce con duce' de duce' in duce 7 pro duce se duce tra duce ad duce iu tro duce' re duce use a buse pro fuse ab struse' dis use ex cuse mis use ob tuse re cluse cruise sluice juice our ower. flour sour scour de flour' de vonr' flow 7 er pow' er dow' er cow er bow er show er tow er urd = ird, eard, ord, urred, and irred. curd surd ab surd' bird gird word heard spur' red stir 7 red in fer' red con cur 7 red urb = erb. de mur / red curb dis turb' verb eud = ude, iced, eiced, and iewed. crude prude rude . al lude' in trade' ob trude' 5* 54 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ex elude 7 con elude 7 se elude' feud lewd strew 7 ed stew' ed view 7 ed su ed ufe = uit, and ewt flute mute lute a cute' com pute' con fute' dis pute pol lute sa lute fruit suit re cruit pur suit 7 non 7 suit newt ur = if, er, and yrrh. blur cur spur con cur' de mur 7 in cur 7 oc cur mur'urar sul' phur stir sir fir whir be stir 7 myrrh de fer' de ter in fer 7 pre fer trans fer om = ome. con fer cus' torn wis' dom be' som bos om king dom free dom- at om symp torn phan torn ran dom fath om sel dom ven om bux om ax i om id 7 i om bot torn trail som come be come 7 over come 7 dark 7 some glad 7 some lone 7 some loath some tire some wel come THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 55 fur some wea ri some swum al 7 bum fo rum fill crum me di um o pi um spec u lum mu se 7 um mo men turn ex or di um hand 7 some frol ick some scum al 7 uin da turn quo rum pre mi um te di um a sy'lum de co rum po ma turn col i se' um Id lithe 7 some cum ber some drum ros 7 trum lus trum spec trum oak um o di um vac u um ly ce' um ar ca num la bur num us OllS, bo' nus cen sus re bus isth mus ra di us om ni bus pa py 7 rus co los sus bul'bous dex trous griev ous im pi ous en vi ous li'bel ous glo ri ous val o rous- err cus fo cus ge nus im pe tus pol y pus nau til us nar cis 7 sus in 7 cu bus cum brous fa mous mon strous co pi ous friv o lous pre vi ous vil lain ous glut ton ous cro cus gram pus mu cus ge ni us stim u lus nu cle us sal e ra / tus ap pa ra tus cal 7 lous fi brous ner vous de vi ous in fa mous cred u lous ven om ous scan da lous 56 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ab ste' mious am big / u ous il lus' tri ous lu gu bri i 3US op pro bri ous pre ca ri ous erm = mm y orm. firm af firm' con firm' in firm term worm ucli ■= utcJi, ouch. such much crutch touch re touch' clutch use = uise, ues, ews use a buse' a muse 7 dif fuse' in fuse re fuse dues in dues im brues screws dews bruise rds in which ow and o have the sound o o, long, as in go. ar' row har' row h\Y low bel low mel low pil low wil low shad ow shal low hoi low bar row wid ow tal low sal low yel low mel low fal low el bow bra / vo car' go can' to gua no grot to jun to las so man go mot to quar to stuc CO lim bo cal i co cam e o em bry o moroc / co mu laf to po ta'to THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 57 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. Absurd doctrine. His passions were stirred when he heard the bitter word. Paper was strewed by a rude boy. He alludes to the feud. The boy ran in pursuit of a newt. Demur, doubt. Sulphur, a mineral substance. Myrrh, a kind of gum. He prefers not to concur. He transfers his stock. The ship was afloat. The robber smote him in the throat. He devotes himself to his business. The city is remote. A profit accrues. Continue to review your studies. A rueful face. Neuter gender. He bade him adieu. A beautiful avenue. A liar is a nuisance. A pewter dish. Sluice, a water gate. An atom of alum. The besom of destruction. Nature abhors a vacuum. A loathsome disease. A quorum was not present. The venom of a serpent. He saw a monstrous grampus. Impetus, the force by which any body is impelled. A devious path. Colossus, a statue of a gigantic size. An illustrious name. The answer was ambiguous. An envious disposition. Abstemious diet. Ambiguous terms. A precarious subsistence. A. venomous serpent. One of the timbers of a ship is called a tran- som. Polypus, an animal that has many feet. A loathsome disease. New recruits. A warm dispute. Nautilus, a kind of shell fish. Narcissus, a beautiful flowering plant. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Inferred, demurred, curb, verb, viewed, sued, recruit, confute, concur, infer, bestir, myrrh, doat, quote, choose, loose, lose, sur- view, purlieu, colosseum — also, coliseum, lyceum, symptom, fulcrum, precarious, narcissus, scandalous, dews, bruise, indues, papyrus, libellous, villainous, widow, shadow, embryo, loose, lose, pleurisy, juicy. 58 THE COMPLETE SPELLER Words in which the terminations are pronounced so nearly alike ? that they are often confounded . spelling : m Words ending chance prance en' trance mis chance' ig' no ranee or di nance con vey' ance com' plai sauce chants en chants sup plants com' ba tants prot es tants de scend' ants fence po' tence dil' i gence em i neuce in tel' li gence res i dence ex eel lence mag nif'i cence dense con dense' dis pense in ance, ence, ense, and enls glance dance ro' mance fra grance dis so nance snf fer ance pur su' ance ap pear ance grants im plants trans plants con' so nants dis pu tants de fend' ants hence com mence' dif fi dence el o quence pref er ence pen i tence neg li gence om nip' o tence tense pre pense im mense trance lance ad vance' en hance' ex pause ut' ter ance vig il ance con cor' dance re pen tance plants re cants' gal lants cor' mo rants in hab' i tants whence dif fer ence in di gence in no cence ref er ence ve he mence mu nif ' i cence be nef i cence sense sus pense' sub tense THE CO MPLETE SPELLER. 59 li' cense non' sense in' cense rec OKi pense pro pense' frank 7 in cense re ients' re pents fer ments' dig sents aug ments pre vents ce merits la ments pre sents pres' i dents tes' ta ments sed' i ments sac ra ments em bel' lish ments Kg a ments set tie ments ex per i ments tour na ments gov ern ments tern' per a ments reg i ments dis par' age ments es tab' lish ments in stru ments Words ending in ar, er, or, yr, ir* eel' lar ce' dar col' lar dol lar beg gar gram mar li ar fri ar nee tar pil lar pop lar so lar vie ar tar tar stel lar al tar lu nar tern plar mor tar med lar ped lar vul gar po lar bur sar pop n lar joe u lar reg u lar sin gu lar vin e gar mus cu lar ad 7 der an' ger an' ger ban ner bat ter blad der ban ter bet ter Wis ter chap ter can cer can ker clo ver cop per chat ter dra per pa per cham ber * Nearly the same sound. 60 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ci' der hop' per dro'ver blub ber gan der gro cer dif fer din ner rob ber sliud der drum mer prof fer prim er leg er gut ter but ter ledg er glim mer hin der mem ber coffer sel ler fil ter eager mar tyr zeph yr satyr fakir e lix' ir na dir au thor ac' tor ar bor ar dor al gor cas tor cap tor ere mor clam or doc tor do nor fac tor er ror fla vor har bor hor ror la bor ma jor mi nor pas tor proc tor rec tor rig or ru mor trai tor man or mir ror Ian guor liq uor sculp tor au di tor cred i tor ed i tor em peror sen a tor mon i tor vis i tor gov ern or chan eel lor spec ta' tor trans la tor sur vey' or con fes sor op pres sor pos sess or Words ending in able and ible. ar' a ble cu' ra ble du' ra ble lau da ble prob a ble ca pa ble sal va ble pal pa ble pla ca ble THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 61 ten'a ble port'a ble li'a ble af fa ble syl la ble laugh a ble blam a ble suit a ble tax a ble teach a ble sal a ble rat a ble peace a ble mu ta ble no tice a ble change a ble ser vice a ble a gree'a ble fal' li ble tan' gi ble ed' i ble pos si ble vis i ble fu si ble cru ci ble doc i ble fea si ble leg i ble flex i ble for ci ble hor ri ble ter ri ble sen si ble com bus' ti ble cor rup' ti ble com pres' si ble i ras ci ble in cli ges' ti ble ir re sis' ti ble Words ending in en and on* chast' en hap' pen trod' den hast en fas ten wo ven bid den lis ten clo ven bur den sweet en leav en heav en ' ha ven taken o pen oft en sev en ri pen mas ter gold en gar den ward en fro zen cot' ton glut' ton inut' ton ba con ma son par son par don per son bea con sea son rea son crim son trea son weap on gar ri son * The e and o are not sounded before n. 62 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, EXERCISES FOR WRITING. A rare chance. The fragrance of flowers. Music often enchants. The broad expanse. The inhabitants were noted for their ignorance. The disputants displayed great eloquence. The settlements were dense. The regiments were encamped on a lofty eminence. Fra- grant incense. Grammar was ' taught in the best manner by the author. The robber was concealed in a cellar. The beggar sat down to dinner. The drummer was found after much labor. The point of the hea- vens directly under the place where we stand, is called the nadir. The gentle zephyr. A laudable pursuit. A terrible disaster. A laughable occurrence. A flexible reed. His remarks were sensible. The season was changeable. The writing was not legible. A golden hue. A crim- son color. An irascible temper. A forcible argument. The food was indigestible. The property was salable. Lead is fusible. Changeable views. The project was feasible. Light and heat are serviceable to plants. Some syllables are short. A portable desk. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Conveyance, obeisance, complaisance, diligence, intelligence, diffi- dence, difference, inference, peaceable, martyr, satyr, elixir, chan- cellor, surveyor, crucible, sensible, noticeable, placable, edible, tenable, visible, beacon, weapon, open, feasible, ratable, liquor, lan- guor, expanse, cormorants, augments. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 63 cal z= cle, kle. cler' i cal crit' i cal en' bi cal la i cal rad i cal med i cal mag i cal trag i cal log i cal graph i cal prac ti cal clas si cal eth i cal com i cal cheni i cal tech ni cal fin i cal cyn i cal spher i cal drop si cal met ri cal lyr i cal sur gi cal phys i cal ver ti cal seep ti cal op ti cal nan ti cal her met' i cal fa nat' i cal po et' i cal gram mat i cal pa thet i cal syn thet i cal math e mat' i cal sys tern at 7 i cal em ble mat' i cal met a phys i cal e nig mat i cal sym met r ri cal syn chron' i cal metaphorical py ro tech' ni cal hy po thet r i cal hem i spher i cal un' cle cir' cle mus' cle trea cle ar ti cle man a cle i ci cle ped i cle fol li cle or a cle ob sta cle bar na cle spec ta cle ven tri cle pin na cle mir a cle ves i cle ver si cle pel li cle can ti cle ar ti cle par ti cle cu ti cle clav i cle car bun cle tu ber cle tab er na cle re cep'ta cle con yen' ti cle con cep ta cle an' kle cac' kle buc' kle ran kle cran kle in kle free kle fie kle spar kle 64 1 THE C OMPLETE SPELLER. tric'kle pric' kle hac'Jde sprin kle twin kle true kle chuc kle spec kle shac kle tin kle coc kle crac kle wrin kle crin kle muc kle. Words ending in age, ege : iage, idge, and ige, cab' bage dam' age cour' age man age gar bage sav age hom age sal vage pres age u sage suf frage urn brage ad age bag gage car nage cord age cot tage crib age do tage hos tage mes sage rav age til lage steer age vis age vin tage sel vage rnm mage plu mage mint age col' lege al lege' priv i lege sac ri lege sort' i lege o blige' mar riage car riage ves' tige cart ridge part ridge por ridge Words ending in erd, ird, and prd. hal' berd shep' herd ■ pot' sherd cow herd goat herd swine herd be gird' un gird' en gird' hag' gard das' tard do' tard maz ard mus tard nig gard or chard pol lard scab bard spike nard stan dard tan kard way ward wind ward wiz ard liz ard cus tard giz zard THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 05 buz' zard vine' yard cow' ard leop ard jeop ard re ward 7 drunk ard tank ard slug' gard Word s ending in cy, sy, and zy. i'cy spi' cy jui' cy slui cy fan cy flee cy sau cy mer cy cu ra cy leg a cy prel a cy fal la cy pri ma cy lu na cy pa pa cy pi ra cy pri va cy va can cy in fan cy bril lian cy pli an cy ten an cy stag nan cy poign an cy piqu an cy de cen cy pen den cy ca den cy a gen cy re gen cy ar den cy co gen cy clem en cy flu en cy id i o cy sol ven cy po ten cy tan gen cy cur ren cy ex eel len cy di plo' ma cy tur bu len cy som no len cy em' i nen cy com pe ten cy con cur' ren cy ad he' ren cy per sist' en cy oV du ra cy con' tu ma cy in' no cen cy can des' cen cy buo/ an cy lieu ten' an cy sig nif i can cy ex trav' a gan cy dis cor dan cy con fed er a cy a ris toe' ra cy in vet er a cy tip' sy gip' sy tan' sy quin sy greas y clum sy Aim sy palsy pur sy glas sy glos sy po e sy easy drow sy dai sy noi sy pro sy po sy mas sy ro sy drop sy 6* E 66 THE COMPLETE SPELLER pan' sy bras' sy dros'sy ec sta cy jeal ous y em bas sy ep i lep sy min strel sy au top sy lep ro sy pleu ri sy dys pep' sy hy poc' ri sy a pos' ta sy an toe ra sy ha' zy la' zy ma' zy era zy breez y fren zy do zy oo zy fur zy fren zy sizy blow zy diz zy co zy slea zy miz zy co sy slee zy Words ending in y and ey. bod'y lob' by hob' by cler gy gen try sen try star ry gau dy ugly nin ny cro ny har py bur ly pig my flur ry pas try poul try - gid dy sub si dy ef fi gy fam i ly honi i ly eq ui ty ob lo quy tyr an ny com pa ny vil lain y rem e dy dep u ty scar ci ty trag e dy per fi dy mal a dy bur' ley al'ley gal' ley ab bey tur key val ley med ley jock ey cock ney vol ley hack ney lack ey mot ley chim ney par ley pars ley lamp rey hon ey jour ney mon key mon ey kid ney malm sey at tor' ney pul ley jer sey ker sey THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 67 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. A clerical error. A critical period. A cubical box. An inter- esting spectacle. A particle of matter. The pinnacle of the temple. A tangible icicle. Manacle, a kind of shackle. An article of food. A serious obstacle. Radicle, a name given to the fibrous part of a root. A radical evil. A tragical scene. Freckle, a spot on the skin. Barnacle, a shell which is often found on the bottoms of ships. Cabbage, a kind of vegetable. Heavy rains damage roads. The shepherd lost his baggage. There was not a vestige of the carriage. A bird of beautiful plumage. The goatherd had a vineyard near his cottage. Juicy fruit. There was a fallacy in the argument. A clumsy garment. Rosy cheeks. A breezy summit. Tangency, a touching or contact. Autopsy, personal observation. Hazy atmosphere. Obloquy, reproachful language. Villainy, ex- treme depravity. Malady, a disease. A long journey. Malmsey, a kind of wine. A successful remedy. There was a scarcity of money. Spicy breezes. Fleecy clouds. Hazy clouds. A glassy surface. Hurry of speech. The poignancy of grief. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Spherical, pedicle, comical, pickle, freckle, cynical, cuticle, sym- metrical, obstacle, marriage, porridge, college, coward, cowherd, oblige, mintage, dyspepsia, buoyancy, hypocrisy, excellency, poig- nancy, tyranny, lucky, attorney, mazard, shepherd, leopard, gizzard, wizard, buzzard, lizards 68 THE COMPLETE SPELLEE. Words in which ti and si have the sound of sh. ac' tion die tion fac tion men tion por tion sta tion bas tion ab sorp' tion as sump tion con vie tion ex cep tion ces' sion pen sion ver sion ag gres' sion ex pres sion man n mis' sion de clen' sion ap pre hen' sion rep re hen sion gla 7 ciate of fi/ ciate re nun ciate ap pre ciate sa 7 tiate ne go 7 tiate ex pa tiate no vi tiate cau' tion fie tion frac tion mo tion op tion sue tion ques tion ab strac' tion con trac tion dis trac tion de jec tion mis 7 sion pas sion ses sion ad mis 7 sion im pres sion com pre hen 7 sion an i mad ver 7 sion con de seen 7 sion mis ap pre hen' sion e ma / ciate as so ciate an nun ciate dis so ciate vi' tiate li cen 7 tiate sub stan tiate cir cum stan' tiate cap' tion fric tion func tion na tion ra tion po tion sump tion a dop' tion con junc tion ex trac tion in due tion man 7 sion ten sion a ver' sion com pas sion o mis sion ex pan sion pro gres sion sue ces sion op pres sion de pre 7 ciate ex cru ciate con so ciate con gla ciate ter 7 tiate in gra 7 tiate pro pi tiate in sa tiate THE COMPLETE SPELLER 69 Words in whicl 1 ti, ci and si hav e the sound of « par' tial mar tial imp' tial ere den' tial pru den' tial in i r tial es sen tial po ten tial im par tial sub stan tial sci en tial sol sti tial pen i ten' tial e qui noc' tial prov i den' tial in flu en tial con se quen tial cir cum stan tial so' cial spe r cial gla' cial of fi' cial fi nan' cial pro vin' cial ju di cial es pe cial ben e fi' cial ar ti fi / cial pre ju di r cial su per fi cial com mer r cial in ar ti fi' cial con tro ver sial fac' tious fie' tious cap' tious can tious in fee 7 tious vex a' tious am bi' tious frac' tious fa ce tious in fee tious li ecu' tious sen ten tious con ten tious in cau tious fla gi tious fac ti tious fie ti tious pro pi tious se di tious nu tri tious su per sti tious Words in which ci, standee have the sound of con 7 scious lus' cious pre' cious gra cious spa cious spe cious pre cious vi cious ve ra' cious vo ra ; cious ca pa' cious fal la cious vi va cious lo qua cious ju di cious ma li cious per ni cious au spi cious of fi cious sus pi cious ca pri cious a tro cious pre co cious av a ri' cious pug na cious ef fi ca r cious con tu ma cious 70 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, cro' ceous her ba' ceous fal la cious tes ta ceous ce ta' ceous pre da ceous fa ri na' ceous sap o na ceous crus ta' ceous ar gil la' ceous sco ri a ceous fo li a ceous Words in which s, preceded by a vowel and followed by io, ia, or ie, has the sound of zh. VIS' 10U di vi' siou oc ca siou per va siou pre ci sion e li siou pro vi sion suf fu siou con clu sion al lu sion ob tru sion trans fu sion ho'sier e va' sion de ci sion in va sion dis sua sion in ci sion col li sion cor ro sion in fu sion ex clu sion il lu sion in tru sion in ter clu sion co he' sion ad he sion per sua sion oc ci sion con ci sion de ri sion dif fu sion pro fu sion de lu sion col lu sion con tu sion cir cum fu sion o' sier Words ending in eous and ious. ca se ous pit e ous du te ous plen te ous os se ous ce ru'le ous siin ul ta' ne ous heteroge'ne ous hid' e ous vit re ous a que ous boun te ous ex tra ne ous mem bra' ne ous lig' ne ous fer re ous niv e ous beau te ous _ cu ta' ne ous spon ta ne ous tern po ra' ne ous horn o ge' ne ous in stan ta ne ous mis eel la ne ous THE COMPLETE SPELLER 71 cu n ous o di ous stu di ous va ri ous fu ri ous in ju' ri ous il lus tri ous ini pe ri ous fe lo ni ous ac ri mo' ni ous par si mo ni ous du' bi ous ob vi ous co pi ous glo ri ous spu ri ous ux o / ri ous cen so ri ous de lir i ous ab ste mi ous cer e mo' ni ous sane ti mo ni ous en vi ous im pi ous ca ri ous se ri ous pe nu' ri ous vie to ri ous la bo ri ous ne fa ri ous ig no min' ious del e te ri ous quer i mo ni ous Words ending in ement and iment. el' e ment in ere ment ve lie ment ru di ment reg i ment mer ri ment ex per i ment sed' i ment im' pie ment con ere ment com pie ment ped i ment al i ment nu tri ment sen ti ment im ped' i ment ten' e ment sup pie ment dec re ment con di ment lin i ment det ri ment ha bil' i ment sta bil i ment Words ending in efy and ify. stu 7 pe fy rar' e fy liq' ue fy ar e fy tor re fy pu tre fy ed' i fy de' i fy dig'nify sig ni fy vit ri fy ver i fy glo ri fy clar i fy ter ri fy 1Z THE COMPLETE SPELLER. fal'sify cer' ti fy beau' ti fy sane ti fy jus ti fy fruc ti fy am pli fy os si fy pet ri fy dis qual' i fy in dem' ni fy per son' i fy Words ending in etude and iiude. qui' e tude des'uetude con' sue tude man sue tude in qui' e tude dis qui' e tude hab i tude Ion' gi tude mag' ni tude am pli tude tur pi tude mul ti tude for ti tude sol i tude grat i tude de crep' i tude vi cis' si tude. las si tude dis sim il' i tude in cer ti tude in grat' i tude Words ending in ety and ity. gai' e ty pi' e ty ni' ce ty gay e ty moi e ty so ci' e ty so bri' e ty e bri' e ty anx i e ty pro pri e ty im pi e ty sa ti e ty no to ri' e ty in so bri' e ty im pro pri' e ty la' ity de'ity eru' di ty prob i ty pau ci ty brev i ty qual i ty quan ti ty char i ty priv i ty en mi ty grav i ty suav i ty sane ti ty com i ty an nu' ity gar ru li ty . gratu'ity ur ban i ty te mer i ty dex ter i ty a vid i ty hu mil i ty stu pid ity neu tral i ty ma lig ni ty com mod ity prod i gal' i ty neu tral i ty mal lea bil' i ty flam ma bil i ty pec ca bil' i ty prob a bil i ty tran qui!' li ty fer til' i ty in ere du li ty THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 73 Words in w an' i mate fas ci nate med i tate lies i tate ab di cate ex pi ate ir ri gate pal pi tate cog i tate ad' e quate ex e crate per pe trate tol e rate per pe trate gen e rate dep re cate Words in ad ver' si ty pro pen si ty cu ri os' i ty an i mos i ty men dac' i ty ra pac i ty lo quae i ty vi vac i ty du plic i ty ve rac i ty to rac i ty 7 liich i and e are in' ti mate nom i nate im i tate in di cate ex tri cate grav i tate in sti gate pred i cate lit i gate con' se crate con gr'e gate pen e trate rec re ate lib e rate ven e rate des e crate which si and ci di ver' si ty ne ces si ty pom pos ity u ni ver' si ty ail dac' i ty sa gac i ty fe roc i ty pug nac i ty sim plic i ty rus tic i ty e las tic' i ty often confounded. es' ti mate em i grate me di ate can di date ob li gate cap ti vate mu ti late fu mi gate sal i vate eel' e brate nu me rate mod e rate it e rate op e rate del e gate are confounded. in ten' si ty im men si ty gen er os'i ty scrap u los' i ty te nac' ity ca pac i ty a troc i ty ve loc i ty fe lie i ty o pac i ty re ci proc' i ty 74 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. A brilliant action. A wise caution. A flowing diction. An im- portant mission. An elegant mansion. The question was difficult. The function of a judge. An omission of duty. The contraction of the muscles. The manumission of slaves. A martial spirit. Social duties. Financial concerns. Glacial phenomena. A captious disposition. An infectious disease. Pru- dential reasons. A capacious building. An atrocious crime. An herbaceous plant. A precocious youth. Argillaceous, clayey. A distinct vision. The cohesion of particles. An interesting occasion. A profusion of fruit. The diffusion of knowledge. A hideous spectacle. A piteous condition. A duteous scholar. A cutaneous disease. Spontaneous growth. A penurious person. Spurious coin. A furious storm. An illustrious name. A felonious intention. A censorious spirit. A heterogeneous mass. The elements of knowledge. The first rudiments of grammar. The habiliments of mourning. Opium stupefies. Rarefy, to make thin. Verify, to prove to be true. Ossify, to form bone. Gratitude is one of the noblest virtues. A paucity of food. Impropriety of conduct. Urbanity of manners. Intense anxiety. The notoriety of the offence. Adequate means. Intimate friendship. Intricate subject. Moder- ate views. Mendacity, habitual lying. Duplicity, deceit, double- dealing. The tenacity of glue. The velocity of lightning. Felicity, happiness. The immensity of space. The intensity of fight. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Extraction, succession, expansion, abstraction, associate, nego- tiate, novitiate, consociate, emaciate, expatiate, controversial, com- mercial, provincial, superstitious, testaceous, cetaceous, persuasion. Miscellaneous, ceremonious, idoneous, uxorious, habiliment, sup- plement, typify, beautify, quietude, solitude, consuetude, desuetude, lassitude, tranquillity, humility, malleability, neutrality, litigate, moderate, operate, velocity, pomposity, curiosity, vivacity. THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 75 Words in w hich an and aw a in hall. have the soi an' burn aud' it an' spice an thor au gust plan dit pau per cau tion can cus caus tic , fau cet gau dy lau rel san cer maud lin sau sage vault er cause way aug ment cau sal au stere' and i tor laud a ble an ro r ra an ri cle an di ence au then tic nau ti cal pau ci ty au'di tory an to crat au gu ry laud a num hy dran r lie tar pan' lin a er o naut aw' ful law' yer law' suit awn ing taw ny taw dry saw yer awk ward haw thorn mawk ish draw er straw ber ry Words in which ea and ee have the sound of e in mete. bea'con bea' die beak' er ea ger ea gle ea sel bea ver dea con drear y grea sy lead er clear ance fear ful hea then mea sles rea son sneak er stream er trea cle trea son treat ment wea ry wea sand wea sel 76 THE COMPLETE SPELLER wheat' en bee tie free man meet ing stee pie heed ful gree dy hear' ing read ing deal ing steal ing steam ing leap ing cheat ing feed ing breed ing weep ing greet ing steer ing cheer ing weed ing freez ing wreath' y fee ble nee dy nee die twee zers need ful - spee dy beam' ing lead ing heal ing clear ing mean ing bleat ing scream ing feel ing see ing keep ing creep ing veer ing screen ing feed ing sqneez ing year' ling flee cy keep sake pee vish peer age steel yard free dom gleam' ing teach ing fear ing dream ing glean ing heap ing squeak ing flee ing seek ing sleep ing sweep ing kneel ing reel ing bleed ing breez ing Words in which ea and e have the sound of e short, as in met. cred' it wed' lock blem' ish gen der hel met per il her aid tern per mem ber nev er cher ish per ish cher ub skep tic teth er THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 77 breth' ren mead ow meas ure pleas ant stead fast zeal ot featb er jeal ous treacli e ry neth' er weap on pleas ure read y threat en zeal ous heath er treas ure read i ness welli' er leav en heav en stead y weath er break fast leath er clear ly en deav' or Words in which ou and ow have the sound of on in house. boun' ty coun' ty clou'dy noun der foun der found ling dis count a mount' a bound' foun tain dis mount cle vour as found' re dound re bound sur round re nounce pro nounce ca rouse es pouse a rouse be foul out' law loun' ger a ground scoun drel gout y al low' ance dow a ger em pow'er en dow ments flow er et pow' er ful par' a mount coun te nance en coun' ter cow' ard cow' er dow' er flow er power show er dow ry fowl er chow der trow el vow el bow el prow ler howl er clown ish cow slip prow ess dow las 7* 78 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. /ords in wh ich 01 and oy 1 oy in boy. iave the sou broi' der clois' ter coin' age boil er foil er hoi den join er loi ter coin er point er toil et in voice noi some moist ure spoil er moi e ty oint ment ap point' a droit' ex ploit' de spoil em broil re coil rejoin" e' qui poise em broid' er re join' der roy' al joy' fill boy' ish oys ter voy age de stroy' al loy' an noy' cor' du roy em ploy 7 er en joy ment an noy' ance Words in which s and z have the sound of z, soft, as in azure. n sing rais ing teas ing los ing can sing us ing dis clos' ing sup pos ing ap peas ing ha' sing prais ing cruis ing fa sing mu sing in fu sing a mu' sing ex po sing ad vi sing mou' sing cau sing brui sing pau sing a bu' sing con fu sing pe ru' sing com po sing pre mi sing THE COMPLETE SPELLER. T9 quiz zing bronz ing dis pleas' ing gla' zing ha zing whee zing ex er ci sing buz zing ooz ing squeez ing Words in which c and s have the sound of s, as in sin. danc' ing glan r cing pran r cing lac ing pa cing bra cing plac ing gra cing tra cing fenc ing min cing spli cing fare ing spi cing pierc ing fleec ing floun cing poun cing spac ing de fa' cing re tra' cing em brae' ing dis gra cing dis pla cing co ere ing di yor cing con vin cing tra due ing pro du cing re du cing en tic ing con du cing se du cing an nounc ing pro noun cing com men cing rins' ing nurs' ing miss' ing bless ing creas ing pass ing gues sing pas sing dres sing mis sing his sing cas ing cros sing glos sing loos ing ceas ing leas ing chas ing press ing bos sing e ra' sing a ba' sing de ba sing com press ing re im burs' ing in ter spers' ing trans gress ing dis pen' sing con den' sing re hears' ing con fess ing de press ing op press ing re pass ing re dress ing en gross ing 80 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Words in which i and y have the sound of i short, as in pin. bish' op big' ot civ' ic dis trict dis taff frig id mir ror linch pin , mid riff pil grim pitch er piv ot min strel lin en quiv er ill ness vie tim ■ - sift ed gin seng splin ter ring let scriv e ner sir rah mir ror mir a cle min is ter min u et em pir ic in sip' id sa tir' ic priv i lege vir' u lent sta tis tic witch e ry riv u let e clip tic crys' tal cyg'net cyn' ic mys tic hys sop lyr ic tym bal lyr ic syr inge syn od syn tax styp tic sys tern syl van gyp snm myth ic symp torn ca lyx mys te ry myr i ad cyl in der typ i cal pyr a mid syl la ble syc a more sym me try sym pa thy syn o nym tyr an ny hys ter' ic pres by ter dys en ter y gym nas tic pan e gyr' ic po lyg' a my id i o syn' era sy lab y rinth crys' tal line syn' the sis ox y mel sym bo lize hyp o crite sar do nyx syn co pe styg i an syl lo gize sys to le typ i fy sym pa thize ox y gen mys ti cal THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 81 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. Auburn hair. The lawyer made a speech at the caucus. The pauper -was engaged in a lawsuit. Gaudy style. Austere manners. A caustic speech. The drawers were laid up in the drawer. Hydraulic cement. A tarpaulin hat. An awful scene. A tawny skin. The light of the beacon. Beavers build dams. The road was dreary. The boys were eager to learn. A fearful sight. Wheaten bread. The weasel is a sprightly animal. Deacon Thomas presided at the meeting. A tall steeple. Speedy destruction. The water was freezing. The lambs were bleating. A pleasing incident. Cloudy weather. The fertile country. The horseman dismounts. Flowers abound. The flounders were caught after the shower. The vowels should often be pronounced. The coward encountered the enemy. Clownish manners. The mason's trowel. The bounty of Providence. A brilliant exploit. Noisome pestilence. An adroit artist. A joyful appointment. The monks were confined in the cloister. A tedious voyage. Legal subjects. A happy rejoinder. The water was oozing from the rocks. The cattle were grazing on the plains. The bees were buzzing. Bracing air. The term of study is com- mencing. Idle boys are often enticing their companions from school. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Augment, aeronaut, awkward, hawthorn, strawberries, augury, weasand, tweezers, weazel, measles, steelyard, leather, tether, heather, nether, peerage, squeezing, squeaking, pointer, royal, cor- duroy, annoyance, equipoise, mystic, empyric, styptic, dysentery, polygamy, symmetry, cylinder, symptom. 82 THE COMPLETE SPELLER Words in which er, ur, ir, yr, and our have the sound of er in her. bur' den bur' dock bur' gess cer tain cer ti fy cer tif'i cate cir cus cir cuit cir' cu late cir cle cir cu' it ous cir cu lar cur few cur' tain cur so ry sir loin ser mon ser vice ser vile ser pent ser vi tude sjir vey sur prise' sur mise' sur name sur tout sur vive sur pass' sur' ro gate sur vey' or fer' vent fer' tile fer' vor fur long fur nish fur ther fur tive fur row fur rier fir kin fir man gir die mer' cy mer' cer mer' chant iner maid mer cu ry mer ci ful mur der mur mur mur rain mur ky nurs ling myr tie per mit' per plex' per vade' per verse per tain per suade per vert per' feet per spire per' jure per ju ry per' me ate pur pie pur port pur pose purs lain pur sue' pur suit' pur vey' pur' chase pur loin pur sui' vant pur te nance pur vey' or ster' ling ster nal ster' nuni THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 83 stur' geon stur' dy stur' di ness ter mi nate ter mi nal ter ma gant tur key turn key tur nip tur gid tur moil tur me ric tur bu lence tur pen tine tur bot ver sion ver vain ver tex vir tue vir gin vir tu ous skir mish hir sute irk some jour ney jour nal cour te ous fords in which the termination ure has the sound of yur. creat' ure cult' ure capt' ure cinct ure feat ure fail ure gest ure junct ure struct ure moist ure lect ure rapt ure mixt ure ten ure tor ture vent ure vest ure ord ure fixt ure post ure past ure na ture fu ture nurt ure script ure strict ure vult ure verd ure vest ure punct ure tinct ure stat ure sculpt ure de part' ure con ject' ure de bent' ure con junct ure en rapt ure pro ced ure ad vent ure im post ure man u fact' ure con text ure ad mixt ure ag ri cult ure hor ti oil' ture su per struct' ure per ad vent ure 84 THE COMPLETE SPELLER Words -in whi ch i 9 after an accented syllable, and followed by a vowel, has the consonant sound of y. anx' ious ax' iom al ; ien bast ion bill ion bill iarcls bull ion brill iant bil ious cloth ier coll ier chris tian court ier cord ial fust ian flex ion filial fol io jun ior sen ior mill ion min ion ruff ian ques tion un ion on ion pin ion scull ion trun nion triv ial pil lion pon iard viz ier val iant vis ion ind ian pann ier lial liards prem ier sav iour span iel bat tal' ion aux il r iar be hav r ior com mun ion ce les tial ci vil ian com plex ion com bust ion com pan ion pro vis ion fa mil iar pe cul iar pos till ion ver mil ion su per cil' ious es pal ier pie be ian per fid' ious fa mil i ar ■ i ty Words in which ai and ay have the sound of «, as in fate. cai' tiff aid ing dai ry bai' liff dai sy dain ty dai r ly gai ters rai ment THE COMPLETE SPELLER 85 sail' or paint ing faith ful nai a des cray on may or say ing trai' tor faint ing main sail at tain' der lay' man way ward may pole jail' or plain tiff wait er com plai sant dray man pay ment play ful Words in which o and u have the sound of u, as in tub. com' bat com' pass com' ing com fort ■ com rade come ly bom bast pom mel mon day broth er moth er smoth er noth ing some thing won der ton nage mon grel mon ey plov er oth er cov er lum' ber slum' ber num' ber sub ject turn bier trum pet bus kin lus trin g mus lin nut meg blun der thun der hun ter cud gel bud get blus ter clus ter mus ter duch ess duck ing buck ster Words in which a and o have the sound of o short, as in not. what was - wart wand wasp wash squab squat squad 8 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. squash swap swan swath swamp " ward wan 7 cler wan' ton war' rant wad die waffle wal low wal let war ren quar ry quar rel swal low was sail watch ful watch man watch ing qual i ty qnan ti ty qual i fy watch word squan cler squad ron squal id hal i but quad ran gle quan da ry quad ru pie quad ra ture cob' web gob' let gob' lin* lob ster com et prob lem bon net bod kin con duct prod net lock et rock et poth er both er pon tiff nion ster con gress com pact con sort con script pros pect spon dee com pi ex os trich Words in which o and e before final n are not sounded. ba'con beck' on but' ton bla zon cot ton crim son glut ton mut ton par don par son per son poi son pris on reck on dam son bi son les son ven i son THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 87 bid 7 den black' en bra' zen bro ken clo ven gar den gold en heav en ha ven hemp en he a then length en maid en miz zen molt en ov en o pen red den sad den wood en smit ten sod den swol len ra yen wax en writ ten strait en quick en strick en sick en lead en war den hap pen Words in which el and le have the sound of Z, the e being silent. driv' el grov' el rav' el ha zel na vel shek el shov el shriv el swiv el wea sel tea sel sniv el a' ble ca'ble fa' ble sta ble trem ble stum ble rab ble pad die mar ble bram ble scram ble coup le peb ble ri fie sup pie treb le muf fle bub ble tus sle rip pie troub le bus tie trip le med die ea gle un cle treb le stee pie spec kle muz zle peo pie noz zle puz zle 88 THE COMPLETE SPELLER EXERCISE FOR WRITING. A heavy burden. The house of burgesses. A circuitous route. A sirloin of beef. A firkin of butter. Murky atmosphere. The sur- vey was accomplished after a long journey. A merciful man is merciful to his beast. A furtive glance. Virgin soil is fertile. The cattle died of the murrain. A beautiful creature. The moisture of the earth. The posture of affairs. Future prospects. An awkward gesture. Green ver- dure. A strange procedure. An anxious mind. A cordial greet- ing. A valiant soldier. Filial duties. A game of billiards. A familiar question. A fair complexion. Daily bread. Bailiff, a subordinate officer. The painting was exquisite. A faithful saying. A wayward disposition. The traitor was executed. A part of a saddle is called a pommel. A mortal combat. A large halibut. A quantity of lumber. Lobsters are abundant. A locket of hair. A squalid dress. The quadrature of the circle. A gloomy prison. Excellent venison. Crimson cur- tains. The stream was swollen. Golden buttons. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Surrogate, cursory, myrtle, purloin, mermaid, murmur, turmeric, termagant, courteous, curfew, hirsute, vizier, auxiliary, plebeian, magnolia, poniard, trunnion, scullion, pannier, quadruple, spondee, quandary, problem, wallet, mizzen, structure, couple, supple, triple, ripple, bustle, tussle, postillion, vermilion, wassail, naiades, com- plaisant. THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 89 Silent Letters. Words in which I is silent. lamb jamb bomb tomb dumb numb debt climb comb crumb thumb doubt limb re doubt debt' or sub' tie hec' a tomb be numb Words in which c 9 d, and cli are silent. in diet' in diet' ment czar vict' uals vict' ual ers schis mat' ic hand some hand ker chief wednes' day- drachm yacht schism Words in which g is silent. gnat gnaw gnash gnarl gnome gnos' tic gnu gno' mon gnarled gnash' ing gneiss sign deign feign reign de sign' con sign' en' sign re sign con dign ma lign be nign for' eign seign ior* bagn'io se ragl'io* im pugn' poign ant poign' an cy feign' ed Iy ar raign' cam paign' di' a phragm sov' er eign ap' o thegm par a digm con sign' ment as sign' ment un feign' ed *Obs. — i" has the sound of y in bagnio, seraglio, and seignior. 8* 90 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Words in which n is silent, hymn kiln limn an' tumn sol' emn col' umn con demn' con temn' con temn'ing Words in which Z,is silent. alms balm balk calm calf calve half halve calk chalk stalk talk walk psalm palm salve qualm folks could would should calk' er fal r con hal' sers salm on be half' al mond Words in which p is silent. psalm psal' ter psal' mist prompt tempt emp ty at tempt' re ceipt' pti' san pty'alisni pseu'do raspberry aisle vis' count Words in which s is silent, isle isl' and de mesne' ap ro pos Words in which t is silent, bus' tie bris'tle cas'tle chas ten has ten chris ten glis ten lis ten mois ten THE COMPLETE SPELLER. soft' en oft/ en fast' en jos tie pes tie this tie wres tie nes tie gris tie pes tie whis tie thros tie a pos' tie e pis' tie mort gage chest nut christ mas mis tie toe 91 Words in which gh is silent. bright blight bight aught caught brought bought high dough might light nigh plight right night tight sigh fright neigh sleigh thigh fraught thought fought be sought in yeigh' wrought neigh' bor bor' ough fur' lough daugh ter de light 7 slaugh ter Words in which li is silent. hour heir hon' or hon' est myrrh rheum rhomb rhyme thyme asth' ma isth' mus ca tarrh' ghost ghost ly gher' kin rhu'barb rheu ma tism rhap so dy rhet o ric rhi noc' e ros hem or rhage di ar rhce' a dis ha bille' hem or rhoids 92 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, Words in which h is silent. knave knack knag knee kneel knead knew knell knife knight knit knock knob knoll knout know known knuck' le knot' ty knap' sack knowl edge Words in which ue is silent. brogue league fugue plague vague rogue teague tongue mosque masque pique u nique' col' league ec logue' pro logue fa tigue' in trigue ob lique ha rangue ca zique pro rogue o paque ap' o logue cat' a logue dec' a logue dem a gogue di a logue ep i logue ped a gogue syn a gogue Words in which u is silent. guard guess guest guide guilt guile build built buy quay quote guer' don rogu' ish con' quer cir cuit buy er bis cuit gum ea liq uor quin tal quo rum quo ta quo tient guit ar' ban quet co quette' dis guise be guile' et i quette guar' an ty THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 93 Words in which w is silent. who whose whom whole whoop wholly wrap wreath ■ wrath wring wrung wrong wrigbt write wrought wrest wrench wreck wren wry sword an 7 swer whole 7 some south 7 ward a wry 7 wretch eel whole sale Words in which cli has the sound of h. chord chyle chyme conch cho 7 ral chasm chrome ache loch scheme school schol 7 ar chrism anch 7 or an arch ar 7 chives cha os chem ist chlo rine chol er chron ic christ chris ten chris tian ech 7 o ep och dis tich mech lin drach ma or chis pas chal sched ule schoon er stom ach strych nine te trarch tro chee mon arch pi broch an chor age anch o ret an arch y ar che type ar chi tect ar chi trave Obs. — When arch is prefixed to the Saxon or French Tvords, it has the sound of arch in March ; as : archbishop, archfiend, archduke, archenemy, archduchy. 94 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. bronch'i al cat e chist char ac ter chrys o lite hep tar chy mach in ate or ches tra sac clia rine se pnl' cliral cha lyb e ate cM rur' ge ry psy chol o gy bac' cha nal cat e chu'men chron'i cle eu cha rist hi erar'chy mech/an ism pa tri arch syn chro nisui chi me' ra cha me le on syn ec do che chro nol o gy cat' e chism cham o mile chrys a lis harp si chord lach ry mal mich ael mas pen ta tench hem is tich chro mat' ic chi mer i cal ar chi pel 7 a go me temp sy cho'sis Words in which wli is pronounced as though it were written hw. whole wharf what wheat wheel when where wheeze whey while which whelp white whim whip wher'ry whist whisk whis per whis' tie wheth' er whith er whim sy whirl pool whee die whim per where with' where as' whip stich whey' ey whirl' wind wher ev' er whirl i gig what ev' er wharf ing er whim si cally whit' sun tide whip graft whip pie tree THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 95 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. The lamb bleats. His limbs were benumbed. They climb. Ani- mals are dumb. The redoubt was taken. The debt was paid by the debtor. A subtle argument. The victualer was arraigned after his indictment. The paper was signed by the ensign. The cam- paign closed in the reign of the late sovereign. The yacht sailed. He had a knack at rhyme. Bricks are burned in a kiln. The boy could not untie the knot. Almonds are often bitter. The sea was calm. A balmy breeze. The salmon was caught. The halsers broke. Autumn is a solemn season. The knob was knocked off. Chalk was found on the cliff. Raspberries were found on the island. The freighted ship arrived in eight days. Dogs delight to fight. The thief was caught in the night. Rheumatism is a severe disease. The daughter suffered from a hemorrhage of the lungs. Rhubarb is a medicinal plant. The Russian knout. A knuckle of veal. The knave carried his knapsack. A league was formed against him. The intrigue was discovered. He was exhausted with fatigue. The queen prorogued the parlia- ment. A catalogue of books was found in the synagogue. The choristers sang a chorus at Christmas. A weak stomach. The monarch found a conch on the shore. Chalybeate springs. The chameleon is always changing. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Apothegm, poignant, yacht, schism, seignior, mnemonic, falcon, ptarmigan, mistletoe, mortgage, demesne, dishabille, gherkin, diar- rhoea, inveigh, catarrh, rheum, rhinoceros, lachrymal, saccharine, michaelmas, tetrarch, psychology, chromatic, archipelago, arche- type, schedule, pentateuch, synchronism, chirurgery chrysolite, eucharist, machinate, bacchanal, anchoret. 96 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, Words iii which pli has the sound of /. phase phrase sphere sphinx sylph lymph nymph pha' lanx phan' torn ser' aph cam phor ci pher ca liph dan phin dol phin hy phen phe nix pam phlet proph et soph ist soph ism si phon phos phor sul phnr tri nmph sap phire sam phire zeph yr tro phy sphe roid sul phate or phan phil ter dol phin ca liph bias phe my aph' o rism al' pha bet cen' o taph aph o ny di a graph el e phant at nios phere em pha sis hem i sphere ep i taph eu pho ny met a phor lith o graph tel e graph par a phrase ne o phyte oph thai' my soph o more par a graph plios' pho rus zo o phyte syc o phant sym pho ny phar ma cy por phy ry bias phe mous a pos' tro phe a poc'ry pha am phib' i ous pe riph er y ca tas tro phe e phem e ral phy lac ter y sar coph a gus phle bot o my di aph a nous e piph a ny phe nom e na met a phys' ic phys i og' no my hy dro pho' bia pam phlet eer' phar ma ceu ti cal phar i sa i cal sym pho' ni on THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Words in which g is hard before e, % and y. gear get geese geld geld' ing tar' get an' ger fin ger au ger ea ger dag ger dan ger stag ger rag ged crag ged drug gist gib bous foggy girt gift gild gills gimp gini' let gin g' ham gir' die gig gle ti ger trig ger wag gish giz zard fog gy mug gy gid dy dreg gy wag ger y Words in which x has the sound of gz. ex cite' ex ist' ex act' ex alt ex empt ex ist ■ ex nit ex hau st ex hort ex hale ex ot'ic ex ac'tion ex act' ly ex am ine ex am pie ex em plar ex ec u tive ex ec u tor ex or bi tant ex or di um ex on e rate ex ag ge rate ex hil a rate ex u ber ant lux u ri ous lux u ri ant aux il iar f Obs. — z has the sound of gz when the following syllable begins with a vowel sound, and is accented. 98 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Words in which sc in the same syllable, and followed by e, i, or y, has the sound of s. scene scent scythe sci' ence sci at' ic sci' o list scis sile scis' sors scis sure see ne ry scin' til late scil i cet de scend' de scent' re scind' ob scind ab scis'sion re scis' sion tran scend' ent con de scend' tran seen den' tal Words in which c following sin a separate syl- lable, has the sound of s before e, i, or y. mus' cle vis' cid cres' cent fas cin ate vis ce ra sus citate_ as cet'ic ex cres' cence pu tres' cence qui es cence pro bos cis las civ i ous e vis' eer ate i ras ci ble sus cep ti ble ad o les' cence \ ef fer ves' cence rem i nis' cence Words in which qu has the sound of hw. quail quaint quake qua' ver quar' rel quan' ti ty quar ry ques tion quick en con quest ban quet in quest se quel mar quis quo rum re quest' ac quit' ac quire' e quip re quite re quire liq' uid quix of ic fre quent aq ue duct eq' ui page eq' ui ty aq ui line liq ue fy req ui site liq uid ate liq ua ble qui es'cent in iq' ui ty an tiq'ui ty ob liq ui ty \x biq ui ty u biq ui tous u biq ui ta ry THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 99 Words in which qu has the sound of h. con' quer liq' uor liq' uor ice piq uant pi quet' co quet' ry qua drille' et i quette co quette par o quet mas quer ade pal an quin Words in which geous and gious have the sound of jus, as in justice. gor' geous cour a' geous out ra' geous um bra' geous ad van ta' geous ir re lig' ious re lig ious li tig' ious con ta gious e gre gious sac ri le' geous pro dig ious Words in which geon has the sound of jun 9 as in junto. pig' eon dun' geon sur' geon stur geon wid geon gud geon blud geon bour geon clii rur' geon In the following words, clieon is sounded cliun. lun' clieon pun' cheon es cut' cheon Words in which s has the sound of sli. sure sure' ty sure' ly su' gar su mac cen sure ton sure pres' sure cas sia sen su al in sure' as sure' as sur' ance in sur' ance cy' no sure 100 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Words in which ch has the sound of A as in chaise trim' cheon cha made' chat' eau inus tache' cham paign chan de lier chiv' al ry mar chion ess ma chin' er y sliine. cha grin' stan' chion chap eau chas se las ga loche' cham pagne chev a lier chiv' al rous par a chute' av a lanche cha rade' ma chine chas seur char' la tan . chi cane' chi can' e ry sen' es chal de bau chee' non cha lance chif fon ier Words in which cJi has the sound of tsh, chain charm check chess chick ' en chain ber chal lenge chev er il char i ot cham pi on choc o late choice ness check mate cham ber lain chaff chafe chair chase chart chat cheese cheer cher' ry cher' ub chan nel chal ice chap let chim ney chief tain child hood chat tel char coal char i ty cher u bim chit chat chin chil'la churl ish chin' cough chick weed chick en chan eel lor chan ce ry THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 101 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. The nymph had the form of a sylph. A noble sphere of action. An invincible phalanx. An emphatic phrase. A gentle zephyr. The Hebrew alphabet. A striking metaphor. An orphan child. The sulphate of zinc. A short paragraph. News was received by telegraph. The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Apochryphal books. The Pharisees carried phylacteries. Ephemeral productions. An ephod is a priestly garment. Give me a gimlet. Gird on your armor. A waggish fellow. Foggy weather. A modest man does not exalt himself. An exotic plant. A bright example. An auxiliary verb. An exuberant fancy. An exorbitant demand. Grain is cut with a scythe. Sciatic pains. The science of arith- metic. Mountainous scenery. Transcendent genius. The pro- boscis of the elephant. Turpentine and gum are viscid. Putrescent odoi\ A heart susceptible of love. An interesting reminiscence. Strong liquor was drunk at the banquet. The debt was liquidated. Frequent reviews are requisite to sound scholarship. An inquest was held. Splendid equipage. An ubiquitous person. An aquiline nose. Marquis, a title of nobility next below that of a duke. Moral obliquity. A gorgeous palace. An outrageous deed. An egregious blunder. A contagious disease. Escutcheon, the shield of a family. The house and furniture were insured. Complex machinery. Charade, a kind of riddle. Truncheon, a short staff. An avalanche of snow fell from the mountain. EXERCISE FOR REVIEW. Zoophyte, caliph, philter, sapphire, porphyry, ephemeral, sphinx, symphony, apocrypha, epiphany, blasphemy, ophthalmy, phospho- rus, exaggerate, gibbous, exhaust, exhilarate, liquidate, piquant, etiquette, palanquin, liquorice, prodigious, sturgeon, chirurgeon, puncheon, cjmosure, parachute, nonchalance, debauchee, mustache, stanchion, charlatan, chicanery. 9* 102 THE COMPLETE SPELLER A collection of difficult words not included in the preceding classifications, alphabetically arranged : ache a' chor se'.gis ac' me al oes a byss' a droit' a bridge' ab sterge audi' or as suage ab struse a pron ath'lete ag grieve a dept' a vouch' a thwart as say a,c quire ax' i om ac quaint a re' na ar chives' ad'y turn al though' all' spice af freight' 93 ne'id al' ma nae ab'ba cy af fright' a e ry a ca' cia alb' di cate a ri es ac' e tate a pet' a lous ab er' ranee ac o nite a bey ance ab nor mal a cros' tic ab' ro gate ab' so lute an cho vy ab sti nence as ymp tote a lys sum a cous' tic a but' ment an' eu rism and' i ron as phyx' ia an ces try am ba ges ac com plice ap o gee an noy' ance a phyl lous ap ro pos ap'o logue am' ber gris am e thyst as sue tude an thra cite am a teur' ap a thy ap pan age a ver' sion al pac' a an o dyne al' u mine a droit ness ag a pe ad meas'ure al' co hoi ad vow ee' THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 103 as sas'sin a nial' gam al' ge bra a sy luni ad mix ture ad i pose ac qui esce' as sign ee' ad i po cere a myg'da loid at tor' ney as ter oid ag' gre gate al gua zil' ar che type al lo path' ic ■ az' i muth ar a besque' a nal' y sis a nal' o gous am phib' i ous an tip a thy ap' o plex y a pod o sis a poc ry pha a non' y inous an tith e sis ac' cu ra cy a' er o naut a ceph a lous ac eel' er ate am a ryl' lis a rith me tic a pliaer' e sis ac ro mat ic ab o rig' in es a neni o ne a pos' tro phize ath e ne urn ap o the' o sis am phyc ty on'ic an nex a tion barge brogue brooch baclg' er beeves bail' iff ban nocli bac' chus be lieve' be guile' be grudge' bi zarre bom' byx be siege build' er bur lesque' budg' et bar ren bu' reau burg lar ba zaar' bou quet' ban quet bou doir busi' ness bas tile' buoy' ant bul wark bru nette brec cia bal co ny bre vier bam boo bag a telle' bar' gain bour geois' bi tu' men bach el or ba rouche bal' us ter bay o net ben zo in bron chi' tis ba na' na ban dit' ti big' a my bron' chi al bot' a ny 104 THE COMPLETE SPELLER bat' ter y ben' e fice ben'i son bar ber ry bar o net ben e fit ba ril' la burg la ry bar be cue bul' le tin buf fa lo be hav' ior brig an tine bi quad' rate be he moth ba ry' tes bar' ra ty biv'ou ac blas'phe mous ba rom' e ter bac cha na' li an cache chyme chyle cinque clique choir ca boose' ' ca bal' caf e cai'tiff calk' er cal cine' ca noe' chain ois car' at chas seur chlo' rine * cinque' foil con ge co bait coam ings cray' on crev ice co quette' cuer po cal lous cor vette crotch' et con geal' ehy' lous cli max ca price col league cou teau' cur' ri cle col lege ca reen ere vasse' ere o sote cse su' ra ce phal' ic cam' phene clyp' e ate cal' um ny cal o type cal va ry cap u chin' cal u met cam e o cath' e ter eel e brate co coa nut chap ar ral chev er il cat a clysm car ti lege col lo quy col o phon cic a trice cog ni sance con nois seur' choc o late coch in eal col on nade cal is then' ics • eau li flow er col lyr' ium col' o cynth com pas ses THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 105 cat a lyp r tic coin' mis sa ry cap il la ry chiv al ric cot y le / don drudge douche dah' lia dos sil dau phin de bris' dac' tyl de fraud' de tour dis guise di a be' tes dis seize' dim 7 is so ry di lem' ma dy nam ics ea' gle e lapse' em'e raid en fi lade' e o r lian ep' i sode ep au let in dig' e nous eq'ui page e piph' y sis ca coph' o ny cos mop o lite car'bu ret ed clep' sy dra cy clo' pe an dredge depth dai' ry dis'taff de bauch' de fault del'toid de voir' dis suade di £e' re sis di o ra'ma dys' en ter y dul ci mer dis ha bille' dy'nas tj ech'o e merge' en clit' ic ep' i phyte en gorge' e lys'ian e lys i urn ep' i gene ef fer vesce' er y sip' e las cac o e' thes can thar' i des eel' an dine cor du roy cyl in der dwarf dregs daph' ne de but' de file del' uge di a mond dal' li ance di ach'y ion di shev' el di ath e sis di e tet' ics dys' pho ny dis em bogue' da guerre' o type eye' let em bry o en deic'tic en sconce' eu pep' tic em pyr e al ep i glot'tis f es'pi o nage ex qui site eu lo gist 06 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ex e ge' sis ex r e quies ep i thai' mi um et y inol o gy ex or' di um eu r pho ny eu' phu misni eu' phe inism eu charist ec ceii' trie ex ag r ge rate em py re r an e lee mos' y na i y ex hil a rate en cyc r li cal fal' chion fos' sil fief feu dal flac cid fac' ile flaunt feath er fa tigue' flam' beau fraught far' lough fi nesse' fa cade' fra cas fran' chise freight fide as see' fres co fus' tian fel luc' ca fo li age for ceps fol'licle gneiss guy gulch gyre gybe gorge guise gaug'er gyp' sum gouge gyves gam boge guit ar' guin' ea gim let guile less gaunt let gour mand gam brel gey ser guil lo tine gi rafiV glot tis gos' sa mer ga loche gyp sy gon do lier' gym nas' tic gro tesque' gua ia cum hei'nous he' lix hir' sute hy phen hys sop haugh ty hatch et hatch el haw thorn ha rangue' holm hy dro gen hal' i but horn' i ny hy a cinth hor o scope hy drau r lie hel le bore hal cy on hab' i tate hyp o gene hep tarch y hoi o canst hen di' a dys THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 107 hem' or rhage hem' or rhoids lief e ro elite hip po dronie' hy clro path' ic het e ro ge' neous hyp po cen' taur ho me op' a thy hy dro pho' bia hem i pie gy harp' si chord hyp' o crite ho moph' o nous hyp o chon' dri ac hu gue not i' chor id' i om id'i o cy i ron y i vo ry im merge' im merse' in diet' ment i' ci cle in tro' it im' be cile isth' mus i con o clast i do' ne ous ich neu' mon ir' ri gate i sosc e les is' o late i so ther' mal ir rig u ous ich thy oid in ter' ca la ry in tu nies' cence ip e cac u an' ha in flam ma'tion id i o syn' era sy in vei' gle i de ol' o gy in noc' u ous in flu en' za in del' li ble in can des' cence in fal' li ble in oc u late in ef fa ble in el i gi ble in no cence in el e gant in tel li gi ble jeop' ard ize jeal' ous y jour'ney man jac quard jar go nelle' jave lin je June' ju' bi lee jal ap jeop' ar dy jag u ar' jaun dice je ho' vah jui' ci ness jew el er kedge kiln' dry ker' nel knight' hood ky an ize krem lin ka leid' o scope ka ty did kid nap ped ledge league Ian' guage lam' prey Ian' guid Ian guor 108 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. lar'ynx latch' et liq' uor liq uid loz enge land scape lin guist laun dry let tuce lo bel' ia liq' uid ate lau re ate ly ce um lance o late lab y rinth lyin phat' ic lix iv i ate li thot' o my lieu ten ant le vi' a than log' a rithm lach'ry mal laud' a num liq uo rish ma caw' mo' gul mo' loch mack' er el mi cro cosm ma dei'ra mag uey mor ceau mo raine' me ri' no malm sey mach' in ate mac a ro ' ni mac co boy min ia ture mis r tie toe mor phine me ton' y my raich ael mas mo lyb de' num mol lus cous min o taur mu ez' zin mne mon ics myrmi don mag ne sia mar su' pi al macli ia vel' ian me nag' e rie mau so le um met' al lur gj man' tua ma her me tath' e sis na' iad ne' re id nick' el na ia des nug get no yau nude us nom i nee' nan sea ne o phyte neu ral' gia ne phrit' ic nun ne ry ni'tro gen ne crop o lis non pa reil' nui sance nymph e' an nes'cience neu rot' ic nee' es sa ry ne pen' the ne crop o lis naph tha o' a sis o' gre o'nyx or gies om e let o de' on o bei' sauce or de al ox al ic THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 109 on' slaught or' re ry or' ge at ox y tone ox y dize ox y gen oc ci put o le ag'in ous o lym' piad or clies tra or tho'e py ob' se quies ob liq' ui ty os' tra cism or ni thol' o gy py ri' tes puis' ne pon toon' plain' tiff par tridge prai' rie par terre' par a clete pulque porce' lain pneu mon' ics par a chute' pol y glot por' phy ry pneu mat' ics pie ia des pen ta teuch piqu'an cy pe tro' le urn pty al ism pyr.a mid psy chol o gy py ro tech' nic pru ri en cy pseu dol o gy pa ren' the sis pu is sant par' ox ysm pe riph ra sis par a pher na' lia pad u a soy ptar' mi gan phar ma ceu'ti cal qua' haug quad rille' quoits quack ery quas' sia quartz quar an tine' quoif fure quix' ot ism qui es' cence quin tes' ence quit tance ra' dius ra gout' ranch' o re ginie' rave' lin re ga' lia rein' deer rejoice' res' cue rey nard rec ol leet' rheu my re trieve' rheu mat' ic rhym er rho do den' droc re plev in ro sette' res tau' ra teur rasp' ber ry ret' i cule res er voir' ro man esque' re lie vo se' ries si' phon sir' loin sylph sword syr inge 10 110 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. scir' rhus sched' ule sin' ew scheme schism sward sa' chein sal' ad sa' tyr slioul der sap phire smoul der syc' o pliant syl lo gism sur plice syn o nym steth o scope sjz y gj sen es chal sas sa fras syn op' sis sper ma ce' ti seign ior' age sib' yl line sur'cin gle ser vice a ble sur feit ed tariff' thills tis sues twelfth thwart tap' es try tierce throng trel lis trav' es ty treil' lage thral dom tra chyte tar pan' lin ty pog' ra phy tra che a tri dac ty lous trit' u rate tri clin' i urn trou' ba dour ter gi ver sa' tion tour 7 rna lin tris yl la ble tee to'tal ism u nique' ur' chin u' rim u biq' ui ty us u ry u ve ous u' tri cle u to' pia us que baugh' vac' cine vague van dyke' va ri o loid vie' tuals viz'ier wid' geon wedge wee' vil wher ry wiz' ard wrin kle yeo' man ry y clep'ed yearn' ing zeph' yr zo' o phyte ze' nith zeug ma zo di ac zo ol o gy THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Ill Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differently. adds, does add, joins, adze, a kind of axe. ale, a strong beer. ail, to feel pain, all, the whole, awl, a sharp instrument, ant, an insect, aunt, a relation, ascent, steepness, assent, agreement, aught, any thing, ought, obliged by duty, anchor, an iron instrument for holding a ship, anker, a liquid measure. bald, without hair. bawled, did bawl. bad, ill. bade, did bid. baize, a kind of cloth. bays, pi. of bay, a garland. bear, an 'animal. bare, naked. bay, a part of the ocean. bey, a Turkish officer. be, to exist. bee, an insect. air, the atmosphere. ere, before. e'er, ever. heir, one who inherits. altar, a place for sacrifice. alter, to change. arc, a part of a circle. ark, a vessel, a chest. ate, did eat. eight, twice four. auger, an instrument. augur, one who foretells. aisle, a passage in a church. isle, an island. I'll, I will. ball, a round body. bawl, to cry out. bail, surety. bale, a pack of goods. bait, a lure for fishes. bate, to lessen. base, low, vile. bass, a part in music. beach, the shore. beech, a kind of tree. beat, to strike. beet, a kind of vegetable. 112 THE COMPLETE SPELLER beer, malt liquor. bier, a frame for carrying the dead, been, existed, bin, a box. bight, a coil of rope, a bay. bite, to seize with the teeth, bold, brave, bowled, did bowl, bole, a kind of clay, a stem of a tree, boll, a seed vessel, bowl, a vessel to hold liquids, bourn, a limit, borne, carried, bow, an instrument to shoot with, beau, a man of dress, break, to sever by force, brake, a thicket, an instrument bread, food made of flour, bred, brought up. brews, does brew, bruise, to crush, burrow, rabbit-hole, borough, a corporate town, by, near by. buy, to purchase. calendar, a register, calender, an instrument. bell, a hollow sounding ves- sel. belle, a gay young lady. berth, a sleeping place in a ship. birth, coming into life. blue, a color. blew, did blow. bolder, more bold. boulder, a rounded mass of rock. boar, the male of swine.. bore, to make holes. bow, to bend or stoop. bough, a branch of a tree. braid, to weave. brayed, did bray. breach, a gap. breech, the stock of fire- arms, broach, a spit ; to pierce. brooch, an ornamental pin. bruit, a report, a noise. brute, a beast. but, except. butt, a cask ; a mark. bury, to cover with earth. berry, a kind of fruit. cannon, a great gun. canon, a rule or law. - THE COMPLETE S P E L L E E 113 call, to name. caul, a kind of net- work. cast, to throw. caste, a race, tribe. cede, to yield. seed, to sow, to scatter. ceiling, the covering of a room. sealing, as with wax. cellar, a place under ground. seller, one who sells. cere, to cover with wax. sear, to burn, dry, withered. seer, a prophet. cession, a giving up. session, a sitting. cite, to summon. site, situation. sight, seeing. coarse, not fine. course, way, career. cousin, a relation. cozen, to cheat. creak, a harsh sound. creek, a small stream. council, an assembly, counsel, advice. corps, a body of troops. core, the heart or inner part. compliment, respect, regard. complement, fulness, com- pletion. 10* cane, a reed. Cain, a man's name. canvas, a kind of coarse cloth, canvass, to discuss, ceil, to cover the top of a room, seal, a sea animal, a stamp, seal, to mark with a stamp, cell, a small room, sell, to part with for a price, cent, a copper coin, sent, did send, scent, an odor, a smell, chaste, pure. chased, did chase, pursued, clause, part of a sentence, claws, the nails of a beast, clime, region, climate, climb, to ascend, to mount, cord, a small rope, chord, the string of an in- strument, crewel, worsted, cruel, inhuman, savage. cygnet, a young swan, signet, a seal, cote, a pen, a fold, coat, an outer garment, choler, anger, wrath, collar, for the neck, crews, ship's company, cruise, to sail up and down. H 114 THE COMPLETE SPELLER Dane, a native of Denmark, deign, to condescend, dear, costly. deer, an animal, dew, vapor, due, owing, doe, the female deer, dough, unbaked paste, dram, a glass of spirits, drachm, a small weight, dust, dried earth, dost, thou doest. Ernest, a man's name, earnest, zealous, earn, to gain. urn, a kind of vase* fane, a temple. fain, gladly. feign, to pretend. fate, destiny. fete, a festival. faun, a sylvan deity. fawn; a young deer. flee, to run away. flea, an insect. fine, not coarse ; a penalty. find, to discover what is lost. flew, did fly. flue, a passage for smoke. day, time from sunrise to sunset. Dey, a governor of Algiers, die, to expire, dye, to color, dire, fearful, dyer, one who dies, draft, a Id ill of exchange, draught, a drawing, a drink, dun, a dark color, done, performed, doze, to slumber, does, plural of do. ewe, a female sheep, you, the person spoken to. yew, a kind of tree, eye, the organ of sight. I, myself, fir, a kind of tree. fur, fine soft hair. faint, weak, languid. feint, a pretense. fair, clear. fare, food ; cost of passage. feet, plural of foot. feat, an exploit. fillip, a blow with the finger. Philip, a man's name. filter, to strain. philter, a love charm. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 115 floe,, a large piece of ice. flow, a stream of water. fort, a fortress, a strong- place. forte, that iu which one excels. forth, forward. fourth, the next after the third. frays, quarrels. phrase, a short sentence. gage, to pledge. gauge, to measure. gate, a door or entrance. gait, manner of walking. gilt, adorned with gold. guilt, crime. great, large, vast. grate, a range of bars. grease, soft fat. Greece, the name of a coun- try. groan, to sigh deeply. grown, increased in growth. hale, sound, healthy, hail, frozen rain, hall, a large room, haul, to drag by force, hay, dried grass. hey, a word of joy. flour, the fine part of ground wheat. flower, a blossom, fore, before. four, twice two. foul, impure, fowl, a bird, freeze, to become ice. frieze, a kind of cloth, furs, skins with soft hair, furze, prickly shrubs, gall, bile. Gaul, ancient name of France, gild, to overlay with gold, guild, a corporation, gloze, to flatter, to wheedle, glows, to shine with intense heat, greater, larger, more vast, grater, a rough instrument to grate with, grieves, laments, greaves, armoi ,N for the legs, guest, a visiter, guessed, did guess, conjecture, hare, an animal, hair, of the head, hart, a male deer, heart, the vital part, the core. heal, to cure, heel, a part of the foot. 116 THE COMPLETE SPELLER hear, to hearken, here, in this place, hew, to cut. hue, a color. Hugh, a man's name. him, objective case of he. hymn, a sacred song, hire, wages, higher, more high. hoe, a farming tool. ho, a word to excite attention. hole, a hollow place, whole, all. hoop, a ring, anything cir- . cular. whoop, to make a noise. heard, did hear. herd, a collection of cattle. hie, to haste. high, lofty. hied, made haste. hide, to conceal. Hyde, a man's name. hoard, to lay up. horde, a tribe. hoes, plural of hoe. hose, stockings. holy, sacred. wholly, entirely, hour, sixty minutes. our, belonging to us. in, within. inn, a public house. indite, to compose, indict, to accuse. jam, a conserve of fruit, jamb, a side-piece of a chim- ney, kill, to take life, to destroy. kiln, an oven to bake brick, knead, to work dough, need, want. kneed, having knees, knight, a title of honor, night, time of darkness. key, for a lock, quay, a wharf, or dock, knave, a wicked person, nave, hub of a wheel, knew, did know, new, recent, not old. knows, understands, nose, a part of the face, knot, a tie. not, a word of denial. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 117 lac, a kind of gum. lack, to want, to need. laid, placed, deposited. lade, to load. leaf, of a tree, a book. lief, willingly. lee, the sheltered side. lea, a meadow, a field. lead, soft metal. led, did lead. lesson, a task. lessen, to make less. lie, to deceive. lye, water passed through ashes. links, parts of a chain, lynx, an animal of the cat kind, lock — lough, a lake, lock, to fasten a door. lax, loose, vague. lacks, wants, needs, lane, a narrow passage, lain, did lie. lapse, to glide, laps, plural of lap ; wicks, leak, to run out. leek, a kind of onion, lean, thin, meagre, lien, a legal claim, levy, to raise, to collect, levee, a bank or causeway, limb, a part of the body, limn, to draw or paint, lone, solitary, loan, anything lent, lo, behold, low, not high, lore, learning, lower, more low. maid, a maiden, made, finished, main, chief, mane, hair on a horse. mail, armor, male, masculine, manner, form, manor, district. mantel, part of a chimney- mark, a sign. piece. marque, a privateering com- mantle, a cloak. mission, martial, warlike. maize, Indian corn, marshal, to put in order. maze, a winding path. 118 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. mead, drink, meed, reward, meet, fit, proper, mete, to measure, mite, a small insect, might, strength, power, moan, to lament, mown, cut down, mode, way, manner, mowed, cut down, mule, a kind of ass. mewl, to cry as a child, mucus, slimy liquid, mucous, relating to mucus. mean, dishonorable, mien, appearance, minor, one under age. miner, a worker in mines, mist, fine rain, missed, did miss. mity, full of mites, mighty, powerful, mote, a small particle, moat, a ditch, more, a greater quantity, mower, one who mows, muse, to meditate, mews, cages or enclosures. nap, a short sleep. nay, no. knap, a small protuberance, neigh, as a horse. nice, delicate, fine. nit, egg of a louse. gneiss, a kind of minera knit, to unite. none, no one. nave, a part of a wheel. nun, a religious woman. knave, a rogue. oar, for rowing. ore, unrefined metal, o'er, over, owe, to be bound, oh, alas. pail, a wooden vessel. pale, not bright. pair, a couple, pare, to cut thin. ode, a poem, owed, indebted, one, a single thing, won, gained. pane, a square of glass, pain, uneasiness, pallet, a small bed. palette, a painter's board. THE COMPLETE SPELLER 119 pear, a kind of fruit, pannel, a kind of saddle, panel, a jury roll, peace, quiet, rest, piece, a part, peel, rind or skin, peal, a ring of bells, pencil, for writing, pensile, hanging, plate, a dish. plait, to fold, plum, a fruit, plumb, a levelling instru- ment, port, a harbor. Porte, a Turkish court. pray, to ask. prey, plunder, Paul, a man's name. pall, a covering. pause, to stop. paws, feet of a beast. peak, the top. pique, to give offence. peer, a nobleman. pier, a mole. plain, smooth. plane, a surface, a tool. please, to give pleasure. pleas, pleadings. pole, a long staff. poll, the head. pore, to look over intensely, pour, to empty out liquor. pomace, ground apples. pumice, a spongy stone. quartz, a kind of mineral, quarts, measure. quire, 24 sheets of paper, choir, a band of sinsrers. rack, an engine of torture, wrack, name of a sea plant, raze, to pull down, raise, to lift up. rays, beams of light, rapt, carried away, wrapped, folded up. rabbet, a grove, rabbit, an animal. rain, drops of water, reign, to govern, rein, a part of a bridle, rap, to strike, wrap, to roll together, red, a color, read, did read reed, a slender stalk, read, to peruse. 120 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. reck, to heed, wreck, destruction. rest, quiet, wrest, to distort, rice, a kind of grain, rise, increase, rite, ceremony, right, not wrong, write, to make letters. wright, a workman, roe, the eggs of a fish, row, to impel with oars, rose, a flower, rows, does row. roes, plural of roe. ruff, an article of dress, rough, uneven, rung, did ring, wrung, twisted. sail, of a ship. sale, a selling. seen, beheld, scene, a view. seine, a net. seem, to appear. seam, the line formed by sewing, serf, a Russian slave. surf, the swell of the sea. serge, a kind of cloth, surge, to rise, to swell. reek, smoke. wreak, to execute vengeance. retch, to vomit. wretch, a miserable person. rigor, severity. rigger, one who rigs ships. rode, did ride. road, a way or route. rowed, did row. room, an apartment. rheum, catarrh. rude, uncivil. rood, a fourth part of an acre. rote, a repetition of words. wrote, did write. rye, a kind of grain. wry, crooked. roar, to make a loud noise. rower, one who rows. sane, sound. Seine, a river in France. scate, a kind of fish. skate, an iron shoe to slide on the ice. see, to behold. sea, the salt water, sees, beholds. seas, large bodies of water, seize, to lay hold of. sheer, pure, shear, to clip. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 121 side, a part, sighed, did sigh, slay, to kill. sleigh, a vehicle for travel- ing on snow, sley, a weaver's reed, slew, did slay, slue, to turn, slow, not fast, sloe, a kind of fruit, sow, to scatter, sew, to use a needle, so, thus, in this manner, stare, to gaze on. stair, a step, steel, refined iron, steal, to rob. stile, steps in a field, style, manner of writing, strait, narrow, straight, direct, succor, help, sucker, a fish, sun, the source of light, son, a male child, sweet, pleasing to the taste, suite, retinue, a set of rooms. tale, a story, tail, end of a thing, tare, an allowance in weight. tear, to rend. 11 sign, a token. sine, a line in geometry. skull, a part of the head. scull, to impel a boat. sleeve, a part of a garment. sleave, to separate threads. slight, to neglect. sleight, dexterity. sole, alone. . soul, the spirit. sore, a hurt. soar, to mount upward. stake, a post. steak, a slice of flesh. staid, sober, grave. stayed, fixed, settled. step, a pace. steppe, a dreary plain. stoop, to bend forward. stoup, a basin, a pitcher. straighten, to make strait. straiten, to make narrow. sum, the amount. some, a part. sutler, one who follows an army, subtler, more subtle. tacks, small nails. tax, money paid to government. teem, to produce. team, a yoke of oxen. 122 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. tear, water from the eye. tier, a row, or rank. threw, did throw, through, from one side to the other, throne, the seat of a king, thrown, cast, time, duration, thyme, an herb, toe, a part of the foot, tow, the coarse part of flax, tole, to draw gently, toll, a tax. tract, a region, tracked, traced. vale, a valley. veil — vail, a covering. vane, a weather-cock. vain, proud. vein, a blood-vessel. weighed, balanced. wade, to walk in the water. wale, a rising part on the surface of cloth, wail, to lament, wait, to tarry, weight, heaviness, wave, of the sea. waive, to set aside, waste, to consume. . their, belonging to them. there, in that place, throw, to cast. throe, agony. tide, rising of the sea. tied, bound. toad, an animal. towed, drawn on the water by a rope, too, also, two, twice one. told, did tell, toled, drawn gently, tolled, rung as a bell, trey, three at cards, tray, a shallow trough. waist, part of the body, wether, a sheep, weather, state of the air. wane, to grow less. wain, a wagon, ware, merchandise, wear, to use. way, a road, weigh, to balance, week, seven days, weak, not strong, wood, timber, would, was willing, your, belonging to you. ewer, a small pitcher. THE COMPLETE SPELLER 123 Words nearly similar in sound, but spelled differently. Abel, a man's name. alms, charity, able, sufficient. arms, weapons of war. arrear, what remains unpaid, aloud, with a loud voice, arriere, the last body of an allowed, did allow, army. apprize, to value, apprise, to inform. boy, a male child, buoy, a floating mark, barren, sterile, baron, a lord, bridal, a wedding, bridle, for a horse. carat, a small weight, caret, a mark in writing, candid, fair. candied, preserved with su- gar, capitol, a public edifice, capital, principal, cymbal, musical instrument, symbol, a sign, color, as black, white, caller, one who calls. divisor, a term in arithmetic, devisor, one who devises. board, a flat, thin piece of sawed wood, bored, did bore, brood, offspring, brewed, did brew. Barbary, a country of Africa, barberry, a small wild fruit. castor, a kind of oil. caster, one who casts. current, running. currant, a small berry. censer, a pan to burn in- cense in. censor, a corrector of morals. counsellor, an adviser. councillor, member of a coun- cil. dire, dreadful, dyer, one who dyes. 124 THE COMPLETE SPELLER desert, a wilderness. depositary, one with whom dessert, fruit served after meat, anything is lodged, duel, a combat between two. depository, a place for lodg- dual, expressing number two. ing anything. emigrate, to remove from eminent, distinguished. one's native country. imminent, threatening, immigrate, to remove into a country. find, to discover, fined, did fine. guest, a visiter, guessed, did guess, grisly, hideous, gristly, made of gristle. glacier, a large field of ice. glazier, one who glazes win- dows. idle, lazy, idol, an image, load, a burden, lowed, did low. metal, as gold. mettle, spirit. medal, a stamped coin. meddle, to take part. medlar, a kind of fruit. meddler, one who meddles. formerly, before, formally, in due form. gamble, to play for money, gambol, to leap as lambs, gourd, a plant, gored, did gore, gesture, action, attitude, jester, one who jests or jokea. genius, talents, genus, kind, sort. liniment, ointment, lineament, feature, lord, a ruler, laud, to praise. millinery, articles made by milliners, millenary, a thousand years matrass, a chemical vessel, mattress, a kind of bed. missal, a Roman mass-book, missile, something thrown. THE COMPLETE SPELLER, 125 ocle, a lyric poem, owed, did owe. pedal, belonging to the foot, peddle, to carry about, pistol, a small hand-gun. pistil, the organ of a female flower, principal, chief, principle, first cause. Peter, a man's name, petre, saltpetre. rabbit, an animal, rabid, mad. sower, one who sows seed, sewer, one who sews cloth, stationary, remaining in one place, stationery, paper, pens, &c. shock, a sudden jar. shough, a shaggy doe. succor, help, sucker, a young shoot. talents, natural gift. talons, claws of a beast, tact, ready talent, tacked, did tack. wade, to walk through water, weighed, did weigh. wither, to fade, whither, to what place. 11* ottar, oil of roses. otter, an amphibious animal. pendent, hanging, pendant, a hanging ornament, pitted, a mark with little hol- lows, pitied, deserving compassion, profit, gain. prophet, one who foretells, precedent, something done, president, one who presides. regimen, regulation of diet, regiment, a body of troops. sex, distinction between male and female. sects, denominations. subtile, thin. subtle, artful. salable, that may be sold. sailable, that may be tra- velled by ships. travel, to walk, travail, labor, toil, vial, a small bottle. viol, an instrument. wicket, a small gate, wicked, sinful, when, at what time, wen, a tumour. 126 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, EXERCISE FOR WRITING. He adds up his gains. An adz is used for cutting. What ails him ? The air is pure. He is heir to a large estate. The shoema- ker's awl. All his goods were sold. The ascent of the hill. He nodded his assent. He ate his breakfast at eight o'clock. The ship was held by the anchor. The aisle of the church was too narrow You ought not to do aught more. His head was bald. The boy bawled after his ball. A bale of goods. The prisoner was released on bail. The bear stripped his leg bare. Bury that berry deep in the ground. The beech does not thrive on the beach. The belle was borne away. Ingratitude is base. Bass notes. The canons of the church must not be confounded with the can- nons for firing. The ship was cast away. There are a variety of castes in India. A calendar month. They calender the cloth. Sealing wax adhered to the ceiling of the room. A beautiful site for a church. Cite the verse. The sight was delightful. The Dane will deign to hear. His dear son killed a deer. The dough was baked. The doe was killed. The draft was honored. Sixteen drachms make an ounce. The ewe was found under the yew tree. The ewer will hold your milk. A coffee urn. You should earn your living. The swallow flew up the flue of the chim- ney. The fur of the animal was found hanging on the fir tree. He set forth on his journey the fourth day of the month. A fire was built in the grate in the great room. The miser hoards up money. The hordes of barbarians were destroyed. The hare was caught by the hair of his head. The herd of buffaloes was heard on the plain. They requested him to learn a hymn. The farmer was willing to hire him at higher wages. My cousin stayed an hour at our house. THE COMPLETE SPELLEE. 127 He "waited for him at the inn in great anxiety. A brick kiln. You need not knead the dough. He knows that his nose is frozen. I knew when he purchased his new book. He walked across the lea to a lee shore. He whose manners are lax, often lacks spirit. The tarts were made by the old maid. There were four male passengers in the mail coach. The marshal had quite a martial look. You will meet the butcher with the meat. The mower wants more ale. He lost his oar rowing o'er the lake. Acute pain. His face is pale. The pail is full of water. Did you ever try to pare a pear with a pair of scissors ? They pique themselves on having ascended the Peak of Teneriffe. Pumice stone. Apple pomace. A quire of paper. The choir sang. He did not reck the wreck of the vessel. He wrote a copy after he had learned his lesson by rote. The book with a red cover is often read. He rode the horse along the dreary road. The beggar sighed at the side of the road. A lace ruff was found amid the rough stones. The scene was beautiful to be seen. Eagles soar. The sower sows his seed. The boy had some idea of the sum total. A style of writing. Beef steak is not tough. Why do you stare on the top of the stairs ? The sexton tolled the bell after he had been told. Fishermen toled the fish by throwing out bait. The weak woman came to beg once a week. He made a vain attempt to reach the vane of the steeple. The boys were not allowed to read aloud in the school. The noble baron owned a large barren region. A candid boy bought some candied raisins. A dessert spoon was found in the Syrian desert. A capital offence was punished at the capitol. The stationer sells stationery from a stationary stand. The space of a thousand years is called a millenary. A milliner sells millinery. The Jews were the depositaries of the sacred writings. A warehouse is a depository for goods. He was pitied because he was so pitted by the small- pox. An otter was caught in the river. The ottar of roses. 128 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Rules for Spelling 1 . 1. Monosyllables ending with/, I, or s, double the final consonant, when preceded by a single vowel ; as : call, hall, grass, mass, muff, stuff, gross, miss, fall, fell. Exceptions : As, has, his, gas, if, of, this, thus, yes, was, us, is. 2. Monosyllables ending with any consonant but/, I, or s, do not double the final consonant when preceded by a single vowel ; as : bad, bid, did, bed, ham, can, car, bar, bat, cat. Exceptions : Add, odd, butt, buzz, ebb, egg, err, purr, inn. 3. Words ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double the final consonant when receiving an additional syllable beginning with a vowel; as: rob, robber, robbing; beg, beggar, begging ; drum, drummer, drumming ; begin, beginner, beginning; abet, abettor, abetting ; demur, de- murrer, demurring ; admit, admitted, admitting. 4. In words ending with two consonants, or when a diphthong precedes the final consonant, or when the last syllable is not accented, the final consonant is not doubled on receiving an additional syllable beginning with a vowel ; as: dress, dresser, dressing; benefit, benefited, benefit- ing; bigot, bigoted; profit, profiting ; limit, limited; in- herit, inherited. The following list of verbs ending in I have been by many lexicographers written with a double I, when they THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ±Z\) receive an additional syllable; but Webster, Walker, Lowth, Perry, and others, conform to the rule : — apparel bevel bowel cancel carol cavil channel chisel counsel council cudgel dial dishevel drivel duel embowel enamel equal gambol gospel gravel grovel handsel hatchet jewel kennel label laurel level ' libel marshal marvel model panel parcel pencil peril pistol pommel quarrel ravel travel novel rival rowel shovel shrivel snivel tassel trammel tunnel Kidnap always doubles the p on assuming an additional syllable. In regard to wool, compromit, worship, car- buret, and sulphuret, the final consonant is by some dou- bled when taking an additional syllable ; and by many others, they are written with a single consonant; as: ivool, woolen ; compromit, compromited, &c. The derivatives of metal and crystal are always written with a doubled; as: m,eialline, metallurgy; crystallize, crystalline. 5. Words ending in e silent, drop additional syllable beginning with a the e on taking an vowel ; as : hope, 130 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. hoping; come, coming ; love, loving ; sue, suing ; graze , grazing ; cure, curable; move, movable; blame, blama- ble ; sale, salable. Exceptions : Words ending in ge or ce retain the e be- fore able, to preserve the soft sound of j and s in g and c ; as: change, changeable ; peace, peaceable ; trace, trace- able; notice, noticeable. 6. In the words singe, sioinge, springe, the e is retained,, before ing, to distinguish them from singing, swinging, and springing. The e is also retained before ing in verbs ending in ee and oe ; as : see, seeing ; agree, agreeing ; hoe, hoeing ; shoe, shoeing ; toe, toeing: eye has eying, and dye has dyeing, to distinguish it from dying. Words ending in ie change ie into y on taking ing ; as : vie, vying ; tie, tying ; die, dying ; lie, lying ; hie, hying, {hieing). As the k has been dropped in most verbs now ending in c, it must be inserted in them before a syllable beginning with e or i, to preserve the sound of k ; as : mimic, mim- icked, mimicking; frolic, frolicked, frolicking ; traffic, trafficked, trafficking. 7. Words ending in e silent generally retain the e on taking an additional syllahle beginning with a consonant ; as : pale, paleness ; sense, senseless ; peace, peaceful ; allure, allurement ; move, movement ; achieve, achieve- ment. Exceptions : Due, duly ; true, truly ; awe, awful ; whole, wholly ; judge, judgment ; abridge, abridgment ; lodge, lodgment; acknowledge, acknowledgment. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 131 8. Words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change y into i on receiving an additional syllable, excepting the apostrophe s; as : mercy, merciful, mercies; duty, duti- ful, duties; beauty, beautiful, beauties; pity, pitiful, pities. Exceptions : Dry and shy, and their derivations, usually retain they; as: dry, dryly, dryness; shy, shyly, shy- ness : cry has cries and crying. Words ending in y, preceded by a vowel, usually retain the y ; as : pray, praying ; stay, staying ; joy, joying ; play, playing. Exceptions: Lay, laid; pay, paid; say, said; day, daily ; stay, staid or stayed. Words ending in a double consonant usually retain both consonants on taking an additional syllable *, as : bliss, blissful; gross, grossness ; success, successful ; careless, carelessly ; still, stillness. 9. Monosyllables ending in all commonly retain the double I on taking a prefix ; as : befall, appall, install, inthrall, recall, waterfall, ivindfall, miscall. But some of these are often written with a single I ; as : appal, befal, inthral, Withal, therewithal, and wherewithal, are writ- ten with one I. The best authorities are divided in regard to the spelling of many words compounded with double I. The practice, however, is in favor of the general rule. The plural of nouns is formed regularly — (1.) By adding s when the singular ends with a sound that can be united with the s ; as : book, books ; tree, trees; beam, beams. 132 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. (2.) By adding es, when the singular ends with a sound that cannot be united with s; as : box, boxes ; peach, peaches; hero, heroes. v 10. Nouns ending in y, preceded by a consonant, form their plural by changing the y into ies ; as : mercy, mer- cies ; fancy, fancies ; daisy, daisies ; gallery, galleries ; company, companies. 11. Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s ; as : day, days ; journey, journeys ; money, moneys ; attorney, attorneys ; valley, valleys. 12. The following nouns ending in f or fe, form the plural by changing / or fe into ves ; as : loaf, loaves ; sheaf, sheaves ; knife, knives ; wife, wives; wolf, wolves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; life, lives; leaf, leaves ; thief thieves ; self, selves ; loaf, loaves ; shelf, shelves. 13. Other nouns mforfe, and most nouns mff, form their plural by adding s; as : chief, chiefs ; grief griefs ; strife, strifes ; dwarf, dwarfs ; fife, fifes ; gulf, gulfs ; handkerchief, handkerchiefs ; hoof, hoofs ; proof proofs ; reproof, reproofs ; roof, roofs ; safe, safes ; scarf, scarfs; turf turfs. Wharf has wharfs and wharves; staff has staves ; but its compounds are regular ; as : flag- staff, flagstaff's. 14. Nouns ending in o, preceded by a vowel, form the plural by the addition of s ; as : cameo, cameos ; trio, trios. The following nouns ending in o, preceded by a conso- nant, form the plural by adding s ; as : bravo, bravos ; THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 133 canto, cantos ; grotto, grottos ; halo, halos ; junto, juntos ; quarto, quartos ; octavo, octavos ; solo, solos; tyro, tyros; zero, zeros ; duodecimo, duodecimos ; memento, memen- tos ; portico, porticos. 15. Most nouns in o, preceded by a consonant, form the plural by the addition of es ; as : echo, echoes ; mulatto, mulattoes ; cargo, cargoes ; motto, mottoes ; volcano, vol- canoes ; potato, potatoes ; desperado, desperadoes; cur- culio, curculioes. The following nouns form their plural irregularly : child, children; man, men; woman, women; brother, brothers and brethren; louse, lice ; mouse, mice; die, dice (dies when it means stamps) ; tooth, teeth ; foot, feet ; goose, geese ; penny, pence and pennies. Many nouns from foreign languages retain their original plurals: as: antithesis, antitheses; arcanum, arcana; axis, axes ; automaton, automata; bandit, banditti; che- rub, cherubim; nebula, nebulce ; memorandum, memo- randa ; phenomenon, phenomena ; radius, radii; focus, foci; stratum, strata; magus, magi; hypothesis, hypo- theses; encomium, encomia; vortex, vortices; ephemeris, ephemerides ; larva, larvce ; seraph, seraphim; crite- rion, criteria ; formula, formulae ; monsie ur, messieurs ; nebula, nebulce. Some nouns are used only in the plural ; as : riches, scissors, shears, tongs. Some are alike in both numbers ; as : deer, sheep f swine. 12 134 THE COMPLETE SPELLER The following words, which have been almost universally- written in re by the ablest orthoepists, are written by Web- ster in er. There at present seems to be a strong tendency by the best writers to follow his example : — ace outer anter caliber center fiber liver luster mauger meager meter miter niter ocher oger orchester reconnoiter saltpeter salver somber scepter specter sepulcher theater vestiter Acre, lucre, massacre, and mediocre, are the only words- written by Webster in re. And this is done to preserve the present pronunciation ; as : c in cer would have the sound of s before e. The words defence, offence, and pretence, are written by Webster, defense, offense, pretense, because s is used in their derivatives, defensive, offensive, and pretension. Good usage seems now to favor this mode of spelling these words. There is a class of words derived both from the Latin and French languages, whose first syllable is written en or in; the former being derived from the Latin, the latter from the French. In regard to many of these, it is diffi- cult to determine which is best supported by good usage. The in seems, however, to be preferred. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 135 A collection of difficult words for examination of classes : 1. Botanic, tyrannic, sciatic, attic, ballast, balance, ballad, valid, pallid, horrid, florid, arid, carried, tabard, scabbard, haggard, hazard, buzzard, wizard, gizzard, scald, scalled, mauled, drawled. 2. Menace, pinnace, terrace, pomace, malice, palace, coppice, novice, baggage, homage, village, manage, mes- sage, presage, stoppage, piazza, trouble, stubble, double, bubble, possible, visible. 3. Cripple, triple, ripple, couple, supple, innate, senate, connate, flourish, currish, channel, panel, flannel, solid, squalid, volleyed (vollid), glutinous, gluttonous, dessert, desert, fuel, jewel. 4. Sorrel, moral, fossil, docile, redden, leaden, flatten, paten, mizzen, frozen, tenant, pennant, stirrup, syrup, glimmer, primer, trimmer, leper, pepper, gallon, talon, tenon, pennon, billion, bilious. 5. Copper, proper, hopper, spinet, linnet, rennet, tenet, planet, comet, bonnet, rabbit, habit, summit, limit, mag- got, faggot, bigot, eddy, steady, ready, vermilion, rebel- lion. 6. Chilly, lily, silly, filly, finny, tiny, ninny, penny, any, many, copy, poppy, very, merry, ferry, cherry, witty, city, ditty, study, muddy, ruddy, rigor, . dizzy, valor, valley, robin, bobbin. T. Police, pelisse, valise, verdegris, muslin, mullet, pel- lucid, infringement, abridgment, diffidence, diligence, real- 136 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ize, crystallize, hieroglyphics, moralize, weasels, measles, weevils, venue, sinew, maelstrom. 8. Hurdle, girdle, kirtle, myrtle, chyle, guile, style, clothe, loath, leaf, chief, fief, cheapen, deepen, merit, ferret, dizzy, busy, miner, rhymer, fiery, miry, squirrel, peril. 9. Celery, salary, gallery, raillery (rallery), weather, nether, heather, tether, leather, rehearse, coerce, accurse, immerse, imburse, relic, relict, heinous, heifer, neither, steeple, people, yeoman, foeman. 10. Shepherd, leopard, leprous, jeopard, phthisic, stu- pid, steward, duty, dewlap, Jewry, juicy, atom, alum, senior, seignior, nourish, nursery, paid, plaid, said, rapine, matin, benefited; indelible. 11. Banner, banish, brewer, neuter, nuisance, lettuce, tortoise, mortice, raiment, plagiarism, trollop, shallop, caldron, crayon, parliament, diamond, famine, mullein, murrain, ermine, villain. 12. George, gorge, baker, bailiff, caper, caitiff, ichor, liquor, lilac, arrack, complete, escheat, hygiene, marine, nickel, wassail, deafness, zephyr, heifer, zeugma. 13. Millenary, millinery, stationary, stationery, deposi- tory, depositary, analyze, annalize, analyst, annalist, aspe- rate, aspirate, binnacle, binacle, binocle, cetaceous, seta- ceous, elysian, elision, dualist, duelist, eminant, eminent, exercise, exorcise. 14. Scissors, cypher, circuit, surfeit, minute, hydrant, cocoanut, euphony, hyacinth, piquancy, buoyant, daffodil, syllable, sillabub, syllogism, cylinder, tyrannous, requisite, sycophant, paroxysm. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 137 15. Chrysolite, proselyte, satellite, pentateuch, cycloids, embryo, polypus, melancholy, ichneumon, caoutchouc, holo- caust, halibut, synchronism, phylactery, syncope, periph- ery, apocrypha, metaphysic, hysteric, methegiin. 16. Stereotype, hyperbole, Vandyke, avoirdupois, par- liamental, rhinoceros, apocalypse, diarrhoea, hypocrisy, paralyze, hydraulic, zoophyte, michaelmas, aqueduct, mas- querade, exchequer, scurrilous, pleiades. 17. Yermilion, quintillion, epaulette, cochineal, humil- ity, tranquillity, surveillance, pneumonics, crystallize, real- ize, logarithms; stalactites, stalagmites, stalwart, apotheosis, subpoena, chamelion, chalybeate, metonymy, pursuivant. 18. Cauliflower, mausoleum, complaisance, fricassee, patronymic, paralytic, isosceles, inelegant, ineligible, intel- ligible, difference, deference, kaleidoscope, pomegranate, guaiacum, aphceresis. 19. Allegation, alligator, empirical, empyrical, mone- tary, monitory, permiscible, permissible, auricle, oracle, emigrant, immigrant, century, centaur, salable, sailable, calidity, callidity, immanent, imminent. 20. Robin, robbing, bobbin, bobbing, crocus, croceous, callus, callous, plummet, plumber, plurality, pleurisy, gamut, gammon, mnemonics, pneumonic, pneumatic, par- allel, mignonette, Buddhism. 21. Contemptible, cartouch, chalcedony, bdellium, dis- syllable, trisyllable, presbyter, polygamy, proselyte, vene- rate, celebrate, separate, phocine, inguinal, caisson, katydid, cabin, rabbin, quoiffure, neuralgia, noyau. 22. Capillary, pupilary, rhododendron, rogue, louse 12* 138 THE COMPLETE SPELLER, defamatory, inflammatory, anonymous, anomalous, com- mercial, controversial, prudential, pyrrhonism, psoas, pso- raic, ptoiemaic, ptarmigan, puisne, exaggerate, ballad, salad, ribbed, ribald. 23. Congeries, criticism, witticism, solecism, hymenial, collegial, diarrhcetic, diphyllous, billion, bilious, adieu, subdue, perdu, sibylline, sycophant, arrear, arriere, callid, calid, aspirate, generate, separate, binocle, panicle. 24. Iclmeumon, picayune, Huguenot, polity, jollity, pal- liate, retaliate, verify, terrify, putrefy, gratify, stupefy, ebullition, sullen, mullein, massacre, macerate, pavilion, postillion, medalion, olympiad. 25. Brilliant, valiant, befitting, benefiting, remitting, committing, entreating, profiting, grottos, mottoes, quartos, echoes, heroes, bravos, cantos, volcanoes, mementos, sti- lettoes. Words of difficult Pronunciation. PRONUNCIATION. although — altho. — bought — bawt. clough — Muff. enough — enuff. cough — kawf. hiccough — hikup. slough — slow. tough — tuff. PRONUNCIATION. bough — bow. chough — chuff. dough — do. f urlo u gh — fur lo . caught — kawt. plough — plou. slough — stuff. rough — ruff. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 139 PROxrxciATioy. trough — trawf. laugh — laff. though — tJw. shough — sJioJc. sought — sawt. sough — suf. forethought — -fore thawt. slaughter — slaw ter. cuirass — Iciceras. devoir — dev icor. grotesque — gro tesk. reveille — re vale ya. ragout — ragou. caoutchouc — coochook. provost — provo. pththisic — tizziJc. chagrin — sh agreen. colonel — leurnel. s erge ant — sarje nt. cuisine — Tcwezeen. escritoire — eshretor. PROXTXCIATION hough — hok. through — thru. thorough — tkurro. huguenot — hugenot. sough — sow. lough — loJc. daughter — dawter. laughter — laffter. cuirassier — hwerasseer. burlesque — buries h. billet-doux — billadoo. vignette — vinyet. roquelaur — rohelor. piquant — pekant. flamb eau — flambo. yacht — yot. hautboy — Jioboe. usquebaugh— usbwebaw , vaudeville — vodvil. ennui — ongicee. bivouac — biv u ah. 140 THE COMPLETE SPELLER A Collection of Words of various Orthography. The mode of spelling which seems to be sanctioned by the best authority is placed first. In regard to some words the authorities are so nearly equally divided, that it is quite difficult to determine which is the best authorized : — a bridg' ment a bridge ment al' che my al chy my an' cient an tient ac ces' so ry ac ces sa ry al' co ran al ko ran an' kle an cle al lege' al ledge ap' o thegm ap oph thegm a bat' is a bat tis an' cho ret an cho rite al 7 ma nac al ma nack as cen' den cy as cen dan cy a bet' ter a bet tor a pos' ta sy a pos ta cy ar' que buse ar que bus aide de camp' ap pur'te nance ar'ti san aid de camp ap per te nance ar ti zan as bes' tus ar chse ol' o gy as a feet' i da as bes tos ar chai ol o gy as a fet i da bal' us ter ban is ter bau' ble baw ble ban' ian ban yan ban dan'na ban dan' a blouse blowse buc ca neer' buc ca nier bark barque bom ba sin' bom ba zine bur' geois bour geois THE COMPLETE SPELLEU 141 be hoove' bell' man bowl' der be hove bel man boul der ba rouche' be fall' bar' y tone ba rouch be fal bar i tone bri' er be queathe' bell met' al bri ar "he queath bel met al calk ca3 su' ra cal' dron caulk ces u ra caul dron cam' let ca zique' car' a bine cainb let ca ciqne car bine cam' phor catch' up chem' ist cam phire cat sup chym ist ci gar' col' ter cas' si mere se gar coul ter ker se mere ci' pher cla ri o net' con tern' po ra r cy pher clar i net co tern po ra ry con nee' tion cy clo pse' dia co quette' con nex ion cy clo pe dia co quet cle main' de pend' ent di o cese de mes ne de pend ant di o cess di ar rhoe' a deb o nair' dis in thrall' di ar rhe a deb on nair dis en thrall doni' i cil de vel'op des patch' dom i cile de vel ope dis patch dex' trous di vest' de tect' er dex ter ous de vest de tect or 142 THE COMPLETE SPELLER ec' sta cy ec sta sy en vel' op en vel ope e nig' ma 83 nig ma in dorse' en dorse in quire' en quire in qui'ry en qui ry in close' en close im bod' y em bod y in hance' en hance es thet' ic ses thet ic en vel' op ment en vel ope ment im pas' sioned em pas sioned fag of fag got far' ther fur ther fer' rule fer ule fan' ta sy phan ta sy flag'eo let flag e let full' ness ful ness ful fill' ment ful fil ment ful fill' fulfil fren' zy phren zy fil'i gree fil a gre foun' de ry foun dry fore tell' fore tel fel' spar feld spar fu'see fu sil feu dal' i ty feo dal i ty gauge gage gai' ly •gay ley gai' e ty gay e ty gim' let gim blet gyp' sy gypsey group group e gray grey gun' wale gun nel grand' daugh ter gran daugh ter gor' mand gour mand gnarl' ed knarl ed guil'lo tine guil lo tin THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 143 haw' ser hal ser ha' zel ha zle head' ache head ach height hight height' en high ten hei' nous hai nous hi' ber nate hy ber nate hin' der ance hin drance hatch' el hetch el hal' Hard hal yard hoar' hound hore hound hy pot' e nuse hy poth e nuse hol'i day hoi y day hie' cough hie cup hon' ey ed hon ied im pan' el em pan el im brue' em brue in due' en due in twine' en twine in thrall' en thrall in stall' ment in stal ment j as' mine jes sa mine judg' ment judge ment jon quille' jon quil jos' tie jos le jal' ap jol ap jack' al jack all li' lac li lach lac' quer lack er lie' o rice liq uo rice lack' ey laq uey ledg' er leg er load' stone lode stone loath loth lodg' ment lodge ment lav' en der lav en dar ma nceu' vre mar' shal mask ma neu yer mare shal masque 144 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. me di ee' val moc' ca sin mos qui' to me di e val moc ca son mus que to mould mal' con tent mal prac' tice mold male con tent male prac tice mal treat' mar' quis mus tache' male treat mar quess mous tache mis spell' mel o co ton' mis call' mis pell mal a ca tune mis cal ne go'ti ate nan keen' naught ne go ci ate nan kin nought or i' son ox' yde ot tar' or ai son ox ide ot to o' sier ox'y dize of fence' o zier ox i dize of fense pan' el pa Ian quin' ped' dler pan nel pal an keen ped lar plow par' a lyze par' ti san plough par a lyse par ti zan pinch' ers po ta'to pom' mel pin cers po ta toe pum mel po made' plumb' er pret' er ite pom made plum mer pre ter it pol'yp pre' tor pot' age pol ype prse tor pot tage ren' ard rib' b on rat' an rey nard rib and rat tan THE COMPLETE SPELLER. ro' ta ry ren' net rec' og nise ro ta to r ry run net rec og nize re pos' it re ; sin rev' e rie re pos ite ros in rev er y re flee' tion ref er a ble res' pite re flex ion ref er ri ble res pit show- seep' tic sa' viour shew skep tic sa vior scythe sel' vage ser' geant sythe sel vedge ser jant shrill' ness sir' loin syr' up shril ness sur loin sir up still ness' spin' ach si' en ite stil ness spin age sy en ite stanch sil' la bub skil' ful staunch syl la bub skill ful si' ren su' mac sponge sy#en su mach spunge syn' o nym sur' name sol' der syn o nyme sir name sod er still'ness swap strap stil ness swop strop trou' sers tran' quil lize tall' ness trow sers trail quil lise tal ness tar pau' lin thresh old' toi' let tar pan ling thresh hold toi lette 13 K 145 146 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. tree' nail trun nel taf ' fe ta taf fe ty un roll' un rol villain y vil la ny viz' ier vi sier wag'on wag gon win' ter y win try woe wo with al f with all yawl yaul tur kois' trel'lis tur quoise trel lise tur' nip thral'dom tur nep thrall dom un til 7 uu'bi as un till un bi ass vil' lain ous ver mil' ion vil Ian ous ver mil lion va lise' vaude vil' val lise vaude ville whis' ky wool' en whis key wool len won'drous wiz' ard won der ous wiz zard woe' ful welsh wo ful welch whif ' fle tree wid' geon whip pie tree wig eon yelk yearn yolk yern THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 147 Pronunciation according to Various Authors. alni'onds, a mundz, W., Wr., Crg. ; al munds, Wb. an tip'o des, antip'odez, W., Wr., Crg. ; antipodes', Wb. as sign ee', as se ne' , W., Wr., Crg. ; as sine ee, Wb. a' e rie,aere,Wb. ; ere, W., Wr., Crg. bal'co ny, baVcony, Wb., Wr., W. ; balco'ny, Crg. bruise, bruze, Wb., Wr. ; brooze, Crg., Lath. cha grin', sha green' ', W., Wr._, Crg. ; sha grin, Wb. chal' dron, tshal dron, Wb. ; chawl drun, Wr., Sin. cham ois, sham'e, Wr., Wb. ; sham oi, W., Crg. chiv'al ry, shiv al ry, Wb., Wr. ; tshiv al ry, W., Crg. cic r e ro ne, sis e ro'ne, Wb. ; chich e rone, Wr., Sm., Crg. ed u cate, ed yu cafe, Wb., Wr., Sm. ; edju cat, W. ei ther, ether. Between ether and ither, neither and nither, the best authorities are nearly equally divided ; ither and nither are common in England. el e gi ac, el e gi! ac, W., Wr., Crg. ; el e' gi ac, Wb. ep'och, ep'oh, Wr., Sm., Crg. ; e'poh, Wb. ey ry, are, Wb., Wr., Wr., Crg. ; ere, Sm. fal con, faw hn, W., Wr. ; fid kun, Wb. half pen ny, hap penny, Wb. ; ha penny, W., Wr., Crg. humble, humble, Wb., Wr. ; umble, W., Crg., Sm. hu mor, hu mur, Wb. ; yu mur, W., Wr., Sm. ig no min'ious, ig no min e ous, Wb., Crg.; ig no min yus, Wr., Sm., W. im'be cile, im be cil, Wb., Crg. ; im bec'il, W., Wr. 148 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. in doc'ile, in dos'il, Wr., Wr., Sm. ; in do'sil, Wb. ir ra tion al, ir ra' 'shun al, Wb. ; ir rash'un al, W., Wr., Sm., Org. lau' rel, law rel, Wb., Crg. ; lor rel, W., Wr. leg' end, leg' end, Wb., Sm. ; le'gend, W., Wr. lien' ten ant, lu ten ant, Wb. ; lev ten aiit, W., Wr. mez zo tin to, mezzotinto, Wb. ; metz o tin to, W., Wr., Sm. na tion al, na'shun al, W., Wr., Sm. ; nash'un al, Wb. no' mad — nom ade, nomad, W., Wr. ; no' mad, Wb. none, nun, W., Wr., Sm. ; none, Wb. o bei sance, o ba sans, W., Wr., Sm. ; o be sans, Wb. o be dience,o be' dens, Wb., Wr., Sm. ; o be'jens, Wr. ob lique, ob like, Wb., Wr., Crg. ; ob leek, Wr., Sm.* pa geant, paj'ent, W., Wr., Sm., Crg. ; pa'jent, Wb. plen a ry, plen'ar e, Wr., W. ; ple'nar e, Wb., W., Crg. pre' hide, pre'lude, Wb. ; prel'ude, W., Wr., Crg., Sm. prel r ate, prel'ate, W., Wr., Crg. ; pre'late, Wb. pro nun cia tion, pro nun se a tion, Wb., Lm., Crg. ; pro' nun she a tion, W., Wr. ra tion al, ra'shun al, Wb. ; rash'un al, W., Wr., Crg., Sm. Rus sian, ru'shan, Wb., Wr., Crg. ; rush' an, Sm. sa'trap, sa'trap, Wr., Sm. ; sat' rap, Wb. se cre r toiy, se cre'tory, W., Wr. ; se'cre to ry, Wb. syr up, sir up, Wr., Sm., Crg; sur up, Wb., W. ■stir rup, stir rup, W., Wr., Crg. ; stur rup, Wb. taunt, tant, Wb., Wr., Sm. ; tawnt, Crg. te di oils, te'de us, Wb., Wr., Sm. ; ted yus, Wr. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 149 ti ny, tiny, W., Wr., Sm., Org. ; tin'ny, Wb. tortoise, tortis, Wb., Wr. ; tortus, Lath.; tawrtoyz, Crg. tri en' nial, tri en'ne al, Wb., Sm. Org. ; tri en'yal, W. , Wr. trough, trawf Wb., Org. ; trofi W., Wr., Sm. uni bra' geous, umbra' jus, Wr., Sm., Org.; umbrage us, W., Wr. vaunt, vant, Wb.; vawnt, W., Wr., Sm., Crg veni son, venzn, W., Wr., Sm. ; veu'e sun, Wb., Crg. wound, woond, W., Wr., Sm., Crg. ; wound, Wb. Note. — Wb. stands for Webster; Wr. for Worcester; W. for Walker ; Sm. for Smart, and Crg. for Craig. Prefixes. A word or syllable added to the beginning of a word, is called a 'prefix ; as : w?iwise, foresee, 6estir. In many cases the meaning of the prefix is not obvious, or is entirely lost : as : awake, begin, upbraid, &c. In some words the prefix has acquired unusual or meta- phorical meaning ; as : forego, forgive, ouerturn, with- stand. PREFIXES OF SAXON ORIGIN. A, on, in, or at; as : aboard, ashore, afoot, abed, aloft, ahead. Be, near, for, about, also to make ; as : Reside, frestir, 6esprinkle, frehave. En, em, in, on, or into, also to make; as : enfeeble, en- circle, embark. For, from, against, not ; as : forhid, /brsake, forget, /brbear. 13* 150 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Fore, before ; as : foretell, foresee, forego, foredoom, foreknow. Mis, error or defect, ill ; as : ?nistake, misspell, miscon- duct, misuse. Out, excess, beyond; as : outrun, outdo, outlive, outbid, outside. Over, above, excess ; as : overload, overdo, overcharge, overflow, overcome. Un, not, undoing; as: unwise, wnkind, unlike, imbind, tmload. Under, beneath, inferior; as: wno'erstand, undergo, under value, undermine. Up, above, subversion; as: uplift, ujjstart, upset, up- root, upland. With, against, from ; as : withdraw, withstand, withhold. PREFIXES OF LATIN ORIGIN. A, ab, abs, from, away ; as : avert, a&stain, aosolve, aoject. Ad, to, for the sake of euphony, is changed into a, ac, af ag, at, an, ap, ar, as, at; as: adhere, avenge, accord, a/firm, aagrieve, allege, annoy, appeal, arrear, assert, attain. Ante, before ; as : antecede, antedate, antechamber, ante- penult. Bene, good, well ; as : oenevolent, oeneficent, oenediction. Bis, bi, twice, two; as: oiseuit, oisect, oi'ped. Circum,, circu, around, about ; as : circumnavigate, cir- cumjacent, circuit. Cis, on this side ; as : cisalpine, cisatlantic. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 151 Con, together, for the sake of euphony, takes the forms of co, cog, col, com, cor ; as : concur, cohere, coonate, collect, commotion, correct. Contra, counter, against ; contradict, counterpart, coun- tersign. De, down ; as : dejected, depend, depose, devolve, deduct. Dis, di, dif, asunder, undoing; as: disable, dismiss, diverge, disarm, digest, differ. E, ex, ec, ef, out of; as : egress, exclude, eccentric, ef- flux, effort. Extra, beyond; as: extraordinary, erframundane, extra- neous, extravagant. In, takes the forms of ig, il, im, ir; before a verb it has the meaning of in, or into ; before an adjective, not; as : inject, Aspire, ignoble, irrational, import, illegal, im- moral. Inter, between ; as : intervene, i?ite?*cept, intermit. Intro, to, within ; as : introduce, intromit. Juxta, nigh to ; as : juxtaposition. Ob, opposition, takes the forms of oc, of, o, op, os ; as : oc- cur, offend, omit, oppose, ostensible. Per, pel, pot, through, by, thoroughly; as: pervade, perfect, perspire, peZlucid, pollute. Post, after; as : postscript, postpone, postdiluvian. Prae, pre, before ; as : predict, precede, prejudge, pre- judice. Prceter, prefer, past, beyond; as : preternatural, preterit. Pro, for, forward, forth ; as : pronoun ; progress, pro- mote, protect. Be, back, again ; as : recall, retract, rebuild, rebut, re- mit. 152 . THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Retro, backwards; as : retrospect, retrograde. Se, sed, apart, separation ; as : secede, sedition, seduce. Sine, sin, sim, without; as : sinecure, sincere, simple. Sub, under, takes the forms of site, suf, sug, sup, sus ; as : succeed, sii/nce, suggest, s wpport, sustain. Subter, under, beneath ; as : subterfuge, subterraneous. Super, sur, above, beyond, over ; as: superscribe, super- fine, supersede, snrinount. Trans, tra, over, change ; as: fr-anslate, £ra?zsport ; frans- plant, transmit. Ultra, beyond; as: wftramontane, tifrramarine. GREEK PREFIXES. A, an, without, privation ; as : apathy, athirst, anony- mous, anarchy. Amphi, both double ; as : amphibious, a/??p7utheatre. Ana, up, through ; as : anatomy, a?ialogy, analysis, ana- thema. Anti, ant, against; as: an/ichristian, antarctic, antago- nist, antipodes. Apo, ap, from, away ; as : apostasy, apogee, aphelion, apocalypse. Cata, cat, down; as: catarrh, catechise, cataract, catas- trophe. Dia, through ; as : diameter, diarrhoea, diagonal, dia- logue. Epi, ep, upon ; as : epitaph, epiglottis, epithet. Hyper, over, above, or beyond; as: hypereritic, hyper- critical. Hypo, under; as: hypothesis, 7iypocrite, hyjjhen. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 153 Meta, meth, change, beyond; as: metaphor, metamor- phose, method. Para, par, near to, like, against; as : paradox, parable, paragraph. Peri, around, about ; as : perimeter, periphery, pericolic. Syn, sy, syl, sym, together ; as : synagogue, system, syl- lable, sympathy. Suffixes. A letter or syllable annexed to the end of a word, is called a suffix ; as : student, maker, liar. It is often impossible to ascertain the exact meaning or force of a suffix. In some cases it serves only to lengthen a word without adding to its meaning. The endings, an or ian, ant, ar, ard, ary, ate, ee, eer, ent, er, ist, ite, ice, or ster, annexed to nouns, denote the agent or doer, pertaining to the person or thing acted upon, or the state of; as : Christian, Pagan, vagrant, beg- gar, dotard, adversary, curate, trustee, pioneer, stude7i£, barber, ocuk's£, ~Levite, captive, executor, songster. The endings acy, age, ance, ancy, ence, ency, hood, Hon, or sion, ism, ment, mony, ness, ry, ship, th, tude, ty, ity, ure, y, annexed to nouns, denote being, state of being, office, doctrine ; as : curacy, bondage, abundance, buoy- ancy, diary, boyhood, action, cohesion, baptzsm, equip- ment, acrimo?iy, boldness, bravery, friendship, truth, lon- gitude, density, abikYy, culUtre, agony. Doni signifies dominion, state, or condition ; as : wis- dom, freedom, kingdom, martyrdom. 154 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Hood signifies state or degree ; as manhood, -priesthood. Ick or ric denotes jurisdiction ; as : bishopric. Logy denotes treating of; as : geology. Ling, cle, cute, ock, let, el, denote littleness ; as : gos- ling, particZe, hillock, animalcnZe, braceZeZ, satcheZ. Adjectives ending in ac, al, an, ane, ar, ary, ic, He, ine, ory, denote belonging or pertaining to ; as : demon- iac, nauticaZ, sylvan, mundane, insular, library, angelic, puerile, canine, auditor?/. Adjectives ending in ate, ful, ose, ous, some, y, denote full of, abounding, consisting of; as : obstinate, faith/a?, verbose, cutaneoas, noisome, pitchy. Adjectives ending in ish, like, ly, denote like or resem- bling ; as : boyis7?, saintlike, friend/?/. Adjectives ending in ent and ive, denote ability, power to act ; as cogent, persuasive, attentive. Adjectives ending in able, ible, uble, He, denote may be, can be, or worthy to be ; as : porta&Ze, defensi&Ze, dociZe, volu&Ze. Less denotes privation ; as: homeZess, houseZess, penni- Zess. Yerbs ending in ate, en, fy, ish, ize, ise, denote to make; as : frustrate, brighten, beautify, astonis7i, agonize, chas- tise. Escent denotes growing or becoming ; as : crescenZ, convalesced. Ward denotes in the direction of; as : up ward, down- ward. Words ending in ite, an, ish, ard, often denote a par- ticular nation ; as : LeviZe, Austrian, Irish, Savoyard I THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 155 Capital Letters. Capital letters should be used in the following cases : — 1. The first letter of the first word of every sentence, and after a full stop ; as : " It is midnight. What do you want?" 2. The first letter of every line in poetry ; as : "These are thy works, Parent of good. Almighty, thine this universal frame." 3. All proper names and adjectives derived from them ; as : " I saw John and Thomas. The Baltic Sea. The Lybian Desert." 4. Qualities personified; as: "Hence loathed Melan- choly." 5. Epithets; as: "William the Conqueror. Paul the Apostle. Washington, the Father of his Country.' 6. All appellations and attributes of the Deity, and all pronouns referring to the Deity. I. The pronoun I and the interjection 0. 8. Titles, when followed by names : as : "King Charles. The Duke of York." 9. The names of the days of the week and the months of the year. 10. The divisions of a priutedBook; as: "Book the First. Chapter the Third. Volume the First. Section the Second." II. Nouns denoting a religious sect; as: "Lutheran, Jew," &c. 12. Words to which it is desired to give importance ; as: "The Congress of the United States. The Revolu- tionary Heroes." 156 THE COMPLETE SPELLER Marks used in Writing and Printing. Comma 7 Parenthesis o Section § Semicolon 3 Brackets [] Dagger t Colon : Carets A Asterisks * Period Hyphen - Parallels ii Interrogation ? Accents / \ A Ellipsis * * * Exclamation ! Paragraph If Diseresis Dash Quotation il >> Makron - Apostrophe j Index I3T Breve ^ The comma (,) marks the shortest pause. The semi- colon (;) marks a longer pause than a comma ; and the colon ( :) marks a longer pause than a semicolon ; and the period ( . ) denotes a full stop, and that the sense is com- plete. The period is used also after contractions and abbreviations. The interrogation point (?) denotes that a question is asked ; " Where is he V 1 The exclamation point (!) is used when some sudden or deep emotion or surprise is expressed ; as : "0 grave, where is thy victory ! " A dash ( — ) is used to denote some sudden change in the sentiment. It is often used after other punctuation marks, to increase their force. It is also used when a word or expression is repeated abruptly. The apostrophe ( ' ) denotes the omission of one or more letters; as: e'er, lov'd. It also, with the letter s, marks the possessive case. The possessive case plural is indicated without the s. Parentheses ( ) are used when some explanatory word THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 157 or clause is incidentally introduced ; as : "If there's a power above us (and that there is, all nature cries aloud through all her works)." Brackets [ ] are used when some word or phrase is in- serted after a piece has been written, and usually by some person besides the author. Carets ( A ) are used to denote the omission of some word or letter in writing ; as : Intelligence. The hyphen (- ) is used to separate syllables and parts of compound words ; as : Dil-i-gence, house-ivright. The accents are called the acute ( ' ), the grave ( v ), and the circumflex ( A ). The acute is now used to mark the accented syllable ; as : Deligld'. The other two are sel- dom used in English. A paragraph ( ^[ ) denotes a subdivision in writing, which is now usually represented by beginning a sentence with a new line, having a short blank place at its commence- ment. Quotation marks (" ") are used to denote that the words between them are not the writer's own words. The index ( U-gr" ) points out a passage for special attention. The section ( § ) denotes the division of a discourse or chapters into smaller portions. The asterisk ( * ), the dagger ( f ), parallel ( |[ ), para- graph, and sometimes figures, are marks of reference to the foot of the page, or to some other part of the book. The ellipsis ( * * * ) denotes the omission of some let- ters or words. The diaeresis ( •• ) placed over the latter of two vowels denotes that both vowels are sounded ; as : Cooperate. 14 158 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. The mahron (-) is sometimes placed over a long vowel, to denote that the quantity is long. The breve ( ^ ) placed over a short rowel, shows that it is short. When an author wishes to call special attention to any words or passages, these are written in italics. Roman Notation. The Romans counted to three by single marks, supposed to represent the fingers of the hand ; thus, I. stood for one ; II. for two ; and III. for three. A smaller figure placed to the left of a larger one is to be subtracted from it ; thus, IY., means I. (one) sub- tracted from V. (five), that is four. Y. stands for five. It represents the five fingers of the hand, and was written originally thus, ^. Afterwards the middle fingers were left out, and it stood thus : Y. A small figure placed at the right of a larger, is to be added to it; thus, VI., VII., VIII. stand respectively for six, seven, eight; that is — five and one, five and two, five and three. IX. stands for nine ; that is — I. (one) from X. (ten). X. stands for ten. X represents two fives placed verti- cally. XL, XII., XIII. , eleven, twelve, thirteen; that is — ten and one, ten and two, and ten and three. XIV. , fourteen ; that is — ten and (one from five) four. XV. , fifteen ; that is — five added to ten. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 159 XVI., XYIL, XVIIL, XIX., sixteen, seventeen, eigh- teen, nineteen. XX., twenty; two tens. XXI., XXIL, XXIIL, XXIY, &c. ; twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, &c. XXX. ; that is : three tens. XL., forty; that is : ten from fifty (L). L., fifty ; this letter stands for fifty, as being the half of one hundred. The Romans expressed one hundred by C, the initial letter of centum (the Latin word for one hun- dred). In many manuscripts the letter C. is found in this form : C. A horizontal line drawn across it gives the lower half L, and hence the application. LX., sixty; fifty and ten. LXX., seventy; fifty and two tens. LXXX. , eighty ; fifty and three tens. XC, ninety ; that is : ten from one hundred. C, one hundred (centum). CO., two hundred. CCC, three hundred. CD., four hundred. D., five hundred. This letter stands in the same relation to a thousand that L. (fifty) does to C. (one hundred) ; that is : it represents the half of a thousand. The initial letter M., of mille (a thousand), was used to represent that number. An ancient form of this letter is CD. A line drawn vertically through this letter leaves on the right hand side a D, and hence its applications, DC, six hun- dred ; DCC, seven hundred; DCCC, eight hundred; DCCCC, nine hundred; M., a thousand. 160 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. Express the following sums in Roman numerals : — Four- teen, nineteen, twenty-nine, ninety-four, one hundred and forty-nine, nineteen hundred and fifty-four, fourteen thou- sand and ninety-six, nine hundred and ninety. The Arabic numerals are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. They are so called because they were introduced from the East into Europe by the Arabians. Express the following Roman in Arabic numerals : — IT., XIX., XL, XIT., DXLYL, MDVL, MDCCCY., CCCXL., DCCCCXXXIY., DCCXCIY., XLIY., DCCXIX., MDCCCLYL, MDCCCCYL, XCIX. Express the Arabic in Roman numerals: — Book 4. Chapter 9. Section 11. Appendix No. 29. Yolumel4. Sec. 27. Part 49. In the year 1496. The year 1749. The year 1857. BTames of Men. Aa'ron, A'bel, Abi'el, Abi'athan, Ab'ner, Ad'am, Abra- ham, Adol'phus, Al'bert, Alexander, Al'fred, Alon'zo, Al'pheus, Al'vin, Ames, A'masa, Ambrose, An'drew, Antho'ny Archibald, Ar'temas, Apol'los, Arthur, A'sa, A'saph, Augustus, Ashler, Azari'ah. Bar'naby, Be'la, Benjamin, Benedict, Beno'ni, Beri'ah, Beth'uel, Bald'win, Bernard, Caleb', Cal'vin, Charles, Ce'phas, Christopher, Cy'rus, Clem'ent, Dan'iel, Da/vid, Dari'us, Dionys'ius. Ebene'zer, Ed'ward, Ed'mnnd, Ed'win, Elea'zer, Eli'as, THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 161 Eli'hu, Eli'jah, Eli'sha, Eliph'alet, E'noch, E'nos, E'phraim, Eras'tus, E'than, Eugene', Eze'kiel, Ez'ra, Eus'tace. Fer'dinand, Francis, Frederick, Frank'lin, George, Ger'shom, Greg'ory, Gid'eon, Gilbert, Giles, God'win, Hen'ry, Her'man, Hezeki'ah, Hi'ram, Hor'ace, Hora'tio, Hugh, Hum'phrey, Ho'sea. Ich'abod, Igna'tius, Ira, I'saac, Is'rael, Ja'cob, Ja'bez, Jai'rus, James, Ja'red, Ja'son, Jededi'ah, Jeph'thah, Jere- mi'ah, Jer'emy, Jero'me, Jes'se, Je'thro, Jo'el, John, Jo'nah, Jo'nas, Jo'seph, Jon'athan, Josh'ua, Josi'ah, Jo'tbam. Lau'rens, Laz'arus, Lem'uel, Le'vi, Lou'is, Lloyd, Loam'mi, Lu'cius, Luke, Lu'ther, Mar'cus, Mark, Mar r - tin, Mat'thew, Mat'thias, Mi'eah, Mi'chael, Mo'ses, Mau'- rice, Na'hum, Na'than, Nathan'iel, and Nathan'ael, Nehem'iah, Nicholas, No'ah. Obadi'ah, Obed, Octav'ius, Ol'iver, Pal/rick, Paul, Pe'leg, Pe'rez, Pe'ter, Phil'ip, Phi'lo, Phin'eas and Phi'- nehas, Ralph, Reu'ben, Rich'ard, Rob'ert, Ru'fus, Rowland, and Rowland. Sam'uel, Saul, Seth, Si'las, Si'mon, Sim'eon, Sol'omon, Ste'phen, Syd'ney, Sylva'nus, Sylves'ter and Silves'ter, Thadde'us, Theo'dore, Theoph'ilus, Thom'as, Tiin'othy, Ti'tus, Tris'tan, TTri'ah, Wal'ter, Wil'liam, Zechari'ah and Zachari'ah, Zache'us, Zach'ary. Names of Women. ■ Abigail, Ad'aline, Ade'lia, Al'ice, Anian'da, Ame'lia, Anna, Anne, Arian'a, Augus'ta, Aure'lia, Arabella, 14* L 162 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Angelina, Belin'da, Bet/sey, Blanche, Bridg'et, Car'oline, Catherine and Catherine, Charlotte, Chris'tina, Cla- rissa, Clementi'na, Cornelia. Cyn'thia, Ce'lia, Corde'iia. Deb'orah, De'lia, Dor'othy, E'dith, El'eanor, Eli'za, Eliz'abeth, El'len, Em'ily, Ern'ma, Em'elino and Em'me- line, Es'ther, Eu'genie, Eu'nice, Eveli'na, Euphe'mia, Fanny, Frances, Fide'lia, Georgian 'a, Grace, Ger'trude. Han'nah, Har'riet, Hel'en, Henrietta, Isabella, Jane, Jo'sephine, Julia, Janet' and Jeannette', Ju'liet, Kath'a- rin and Kath'erin, Lavin'ia, Lseti'tia, Lau'ra, Loui'sa, Lucin'da, Lucre'tia, Lucy, Lyd'ia. Mad'eline, Mar'garet, Mar'cia, Mary, Matil'da, Maud, Meliss'a, Nancy, Olive, Priscil'la, Ra'chel, Rebec'ca, Sarah, Sophi'a, Susan, TheOdo'ra, Yicto'ria. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 163 Abbreviations. LATIN. A. B., Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts. A. G., Ante Christum, Before Christ. A. 31. , Artium Magister, Master of Arts. A. 31., Anno Mundi, In the year of the world. A. 31., Ante Meridiem, Before Noon. A. U. G., Ab Urbe Condita, From the building of the city. B. D., Baccalaureus Divinitatis, Bachelor of Divinity. B. 31., Baccalaureus Medicinse, Bachelor of Medicine. G., Gent., Centum, A hundred. Glh., Clericus, Clergyman. Cap., Capitatum, Chapter. G.P. S., Custos Privati Sigilli, Keeper of the Privy Seal. C. R., Custos Rotatorum, Keeper of the Rolls. G. S., Custos Sigilli, Keeper of the Seal. D. D., Doctor Divinitatis, Doctor of Divinity. D. V., Deo Yolente, God willing. e.g., Exempli Gratia, Por example. Ibid., Ibid, The same (author). i. e., id est, That is. Incog., Incognito, Unknown, concealed. I. H S., Jesus Hominum Salvator, Jesus the Saviour of men. LL, D., Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws. L. S., Locus Sigilli, The place of the Seal. L. S. D., LibraB Solidi Denarii, Pounds, Shillings, Pence Lib., Liber, Books. M. D., Medicines Doctor, Doctor of Medicine. 164 THE COMPLETE SPELLER M. 8., Memoriae Sacrum, Sacred to the Memory. N. B. , Nota Bene, Note well ; Take notice. Nem. con., Neinine Contradicente, No one opposing it. Per cent., Per centum, By the hundred. P. M., Post Meridiem, In the afternoon. Prox., Proximo, Next (month or term). P. S., Post Scriptum, Postscript. Q.E.D., Quod erat demonstrandum, "Which was to be proved. Sc, Scilicet, To wit; understood. S. G, Senatus Consultum,A decree of the Senate. S. T. D., Sacrae Theologise Doctor, Doctor of Divinity. Ult.j Ultimo, In the last (month). V. R. , Yictoria Regina, Queen Yictoria. Vide, Yide, See thou ; refer to. Viz., Yidelicet, To wit; namely. &c, Et csetera, And the rest ; and so forth. ENGLISH. Ans., Answer. Anon., Anonymous. Acct., Account. B. A., Bachelor of Arts. Bart., Baronet. Gapt., Captain. Chap., Chapter. Go., Company or County. Cr., Creditor. Apr., April. Atty., Attorney. Aug., August. Bbl., Barrel. Bp.j Bishop. Got, Colonel. Gomr., Commissioner. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 165 Dec., December. Do., Ditto, the same. Dr., Debtor or Doctor. E., East. Eph., Ephesians. E. L., East Longitude. Ex., Exodus or Example. Excli., Exchequer. Exr., Executor. Esq., Esquire. Fa,, Florida. F. S. A., Fellow of the An- F.R. S., Fellow of the Royal tiquarian Society. Society. Feb., February. Fr., France or French. Ga., Georgia. Gov., Governor. Gent., Gentleman. Geo., George. Gen., General. Hhd., Hogshead. Hon., Honorable. Inst., Instant; present month. Jr. , Junior. Jan., January. Knt,, Knight. Lat., Latitude. Lon., Longitude. Lieut., Lieutenant. Messrs., Gentlemen. Mr., Mister (Master). 31. C, Member of Congress. Mrs., Mistress. M. P., Member of Parlia- MS., Manuscript, ment. N. S., New Style. Nov., November. N., North. No. } Number. O.S., Old Style. Oz., Ounce. Svo., Octavo. 18 mo., Octodecimo. Oct., October. 166 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Prof., Professor. Q., Question or Queen. Reed., Received. Regr., Register. Rep. , Representative. Sec, Secretary. Sept., September. St., Saint, U. S., United States. Va., Virginia, W., West. W. L, West Indies. Ps., Psalm. tto., Quarto. Rev. , Reverend or Revelation. Rom., Romans. Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. R. N., Royal Navy. Serg., Sergeant. Serv., Servant. Vt., Vermont. Vol., "Volume. Wi., Weight. Latin and Greek "Words and Phrases Explained. A cruce, Salvation from the cross. A fortiori, For a still stronger reason. A priori, From the cause to the effect, A posteriori, From the effect to the cause. Ad infinitum, To infinity. Ad libitum, At pleasure. Ad valorem, According to value. Alibi, Elsewhere. Alma Mater, A benignant mother ; the college to which one is attached. Audi alteram partem, Hear the other side. Argumentum ad hominem, To the man ; personal. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 167 Argumentum baculinum, Club law. JEquo animo, Willingly, with composure. Ad animum, After one's heart. Ad unguem, Highly finished. Aut GcBsar aut nullus, He will be Cassar or nobody. Ad captandum vulgus, To catch the rabble, Ad eundem, To the same degree. Ah initio, From the beginning. Ad absurdum, Reduced to absurdity. Ad arbitrium, At will. A mensa et thoro, From bed and board. Ab ovo, usque ad malum, From beginning to end. Benigno numine, By the favor of Providence. Bona fide, In good faith. Bono animo es, Be of good cheer. Brutum fulmen, Harmless thunder. Cacoethes scribendi, A rage for writing. Cceteris paribus, Other things being equal. Cui bono ? Of what use ? Gurrente calamo, With running pen. Compos mentis, Of a sound mind. Data, Things granted. Be facto, In fact. Deficit, A want or deficiency. Dei gratia, By the grace of God. De jure, In law or right. De mortuis nil nisi bonum, Of the dead say nothing except what is good. De novo, Anew. Deo volente, God willing. 168 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Divide et impera, Divide and conquer. Durante bene placito, During pleasure. Durante vita, During life. Ecce homo, Behold the man. E pluribus unum, One from many. Esto perpetua, May it last for ever. Est modus in rebus, There's a medium in everything. Ex cathedra, From the chair^ Exempli gratia, For example. Ex post facto, After the deed. Ex officio, By virtue of office. Ex uno disce omnes, From one specimen judge of the rest. Experimentum crucis, A double test. Ex parte, On one side. Ex nikilo nihil fit, Nothing produces nothing. Ex animo. Heartily, sincerely. Fecit, He executed it. Flagrante delicto, During the commission of the crime. For titer in re, Firmly. Felo dese, Self-murder. Gratis, For nothing. Gratias, Thanks. Humanum est errare, To err is human. Imprimatur, Let it be printed. Imprimis, In the first place. Impromptu, Without study. In limine, At the outset. In statu quo, In its former state. In usum Delphini, For the use of the Dauphin, THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 169 Incognito, In disguise. In propria persona, In person. In re, In the matter of. In toto, Entirely. Ipse dixit, Mere assertion. Ipso facto, By the fact itself. Invita Minerva, Without capacity. Jure divino, By divine right. Jus gentium, The law of nations. Jure humano, By human law. Labor omnia vincit, Labor overcomes everything. Lapsus linguae, A slip of the tongue. Litera scripta manet, The written letter remains. Lapsus naturce, A freak of nature. Locum tenens, A substitute. Magnus Apollo, Great oracle. Magna Charta {Tear to), The great charter. Manes, Departed spirits. Maximum, The greatest. Memento mori, Remember death. Meum et tuum, Mine and Thine. Minimum, The least. Multum in parvo, Much in little. Mens sibi conscia recti, A mind conscious of rectitude. Nemine contradicente {nem. con.), None opposing. Ne plus ultra, Perfection. Ne sutor ultra crepidam, Let the shoemaker stick to his last. Nisi prius, Unless before. Nil desperandum, Never despair. 15 170 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Non compos mentis, Without common sense. Non sequitur, It does not follow. Novus homo, A man of low birth. Nunquam non paratus, Always ready. Nosce te ipsum, Know thyself. Nolens volens, Willing or not. Non est inventus, Not to be found. Onus probandi, The burden of proof. Otium cum dignitate, Dignified retirement. Opus operation, A mere outward work. tempora, mores, the corruption of the times. Pace tua, With thy permission. Par nobile fratrum, Two just alike. Primum mobile, The first mover. Pro re nata, According to the circumstances of the case. Principiis obsta, Resist the beginning of evil. Pro aris etfocis, For our firesides. Pro hac vice, For this turn. Posse comitatus, An armed body. Quid pro quo, An equivalent. Quid novo, What news. Quo animo, With what intent. Para avis, A prodigy. Requiescat, May he rest in peace. Resurgam, I shall rise again. Scire facias, Show cause. Sine qua non, An indispensable condition. Suaviter in modo, Gentle in manner. Toto coelo, As far asunder as the poles. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 171 Vade mecum, A companion. Vi et armis, By main force. Viva voce, By word of mouth. Via, By way of. Vox et prcetera nihil, Empty sound. French and Foreign Phrases Pronounced and Explained. Aide-de-camp {aid de cong), A military officer under a General. A la mode (ah la mode), In the full fashion. Alguazil (al guah zeeV), A Spanish constable. Amateur (ah ma teur'), A lover of any science or art. Attache (at ia sha'), One attached to the suite of an am- bassador. Au fait (ofay), Master of the subject. Auto de fe (Sp., aw to dafa) 3 The punishing a heretic by burning. Au pis alter (o pee zah' lai), At the worst. Badinage (bad i nazh), Jest, sport, light discourse. Bagatelle (baga tel'), A trifle, a toy. Banquette (bong ket'),' A small bank at the foot of the parapet. Bayou (bi o'), A narrow inlet or creek. Bateau (bat o'), A long light boat. Beaus esprits (boz es pree'), Men of wit. Beau monde (bo mond'), The gay or fashionable world. Beau ideal (bo i de ; al), Ideal excellence existing only in the imagination. 172 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. Belles lettres {pel lettr), Polite literature. Bijou (be' zhoo), Jewelry, a trinket. Bivouack (bee'vwak), To watch or guard. Blanc mange (bla monj), White jelly made with sugar and isinglass. Bon vivant (bon ve vong), A luxurious liver, a boon companion. Bou doir (bou dwahr), A small private apartment. Canaille {ha rial), The rabble, the dregs of the people. Carte blanche (kart blansh), A' blank paper to be filled up as one pleases. Chef d'ceuvre (sha dovr), A master-piece, a capital per- formance. Chevaux de frieze (shev o deh freeze), A spiked fence. Ci-devant (see de vang), Formerly. Comme il faut {com eelfo), As it should be. Con amore (con a mo' re), It, gladly. Connoisseur (con a sehr), A skilful judge, a critic. Coup de grace (coo deh grass'), The finishing blow. Coup de main (coo deh man), A bold enterprise. Coup d'etat (coo deh tah), A master stroke in politics. Coup d'ceil (coo deuhl), A glance of the eye. Debris (de bree'), Broken remains. Debut (de bwe'), First appearance. Dejeuner a la fourchette (de zheun ne ah lah foorsha), A public breakfast. Dernier resort (dairn-yai resor), As a last resort. Devoir (dev wahr), Due respects. Double entendre (doo-ble on tong der), Double meaning. Douceur (doo sehr), A small present or bribe. THE COMPLETE SPELLER. 173 Dieu et mon droit (Dieu a mong drwah), God and my right. Detour (deh toor), A circuit, a turning. Eleve (ai lave), One brought up by another, a pupil. En bon point (ang bong poang), In good condition, plump- ness. En passant (ang pas song), In passing, by the way. Ennui (on wee), Disgust, listlessness. Esprit de corps (es pre deli core), The spirit of the party. Espionage (espe on aj), A close watch. Facade (fah sade), Front of a building. Faux pas (fo pah), A false step. Feu de joie (feu deh zhwah), A bonfire, a discharge of firearms. Honi soit qui maly pense (ho ne sivaw kee mahl e pahns), Evil to him that evil thinks. Teh dien (ich deen), I rival — the motto of the Prince of Wales. Je ne sais quoi (Je ne say hwah), I know not what. Jet d'eau (zhai do), A fountain, an ornamental waterspout. Jeu d 'esprit (zheu des pree), A witticism. Jen de mots (zheud mo), Play upon words. Mai a propos (mal ap ro po'), Out of time, unseasonable. Naivette (nahv et), Ingenuousness, simplicity. Nom de guerre (nong deh gair), An assumed name. Nonchalance (non sha lohnce), Coolness, indifference, 15* 174 THE COMPLETE SPELLER. On dit (ohn dee), A flying report. Outre 1 (oo troy) Extraordinary. Patois (pat wah f ), Provincialism. Penchant (pan shong), Propensity, leaning toward. Qui vive (kee vee), Who goes there ? On the alert. Qui va la°$ (kee vah la), Who goes there ? Bencontre (ralin contr), An encounter, an unexpected meeting. Buse de guerre (roos de gair)] A stratagem of war. Sang fr oid (sahnfrwah), Coolness. Sans culotte (sang cu lot'), The rabble. Sobriquet (so bre quay), A nickname. Soi disant (swah dee zang), Self-styled. Soiree (swah rai'), An evening party. Souvenir (soov neer), Remembrance. Tapis (ta pee), On the carpet; under consideration. Tete-a-tete (tait ah tait), A private conversation. Tout ensemble (toot ahn sohmble), The whole. Valet de chambre (val e deh shombr), A footman. . Vis-a-vis (veez a vee), Face to face. .Vive la bagatelle (veev la bagateV), Success to trifles. Vive la, roi (veev le rwah), Long live the king. THE END. ar. 2 ^■MBM - — - ^ — — -^l „ UBRARY OF CONGRESS H. COWPERTHWi BOOKSELLERS AN] PHILADELI Have for sale a large stock of Books in every de, U UUo155 908A of School Books, of their own publication and of 'others; isunusu. great; and they are prepared, at all times, to oupply orders on the most favorable terms. Among their valuable publication^ are the following School Books : MITCHELL'S SERIES OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHIES. SWAN'S SERIES OF SCHOOL READERS AND SPELLERS. GREENE'S GRAMMATICAL SERIES. BERARD'S HISTORY. • A School History of the United States, by B. Berard. This work is very beautifully illustrated, entirely from original design* . It X written in an attractive style, and presents the prominent events of our a \.\try s history in so pleasing a manner, that it cannot fail greatly to interest and Lvii-u. t the pupil. ARITHMETIC AND ITS APPLICATIONS; Designed as a text-book for Common Schools, High Schools, and Academies, by Dan.> P. Colburn This work contains many new and original features, and is warmly commended by teachers who have given it an examination. PICOT'S SERIES OF FRENCH BOOKS. URCULLTTS SPANISH GRAMMAR. TJRCULLU'S GRAMMATICA INGLESA. JARVIS'S PHYSIOLOGIES. PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY; or, Anatom} md Physk.iogy applied to Health. For the use of Schools and Families. Bevised Edition, with Seventy Engravingu PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY, with numerous Hlustrations. Designed for the use of Schools. These books are intended to be exclusively practical. They describe only tlose organs, and teach only those principles, which are necessary to be known for the correct management of our system, the maintenance of health, and the preservation of Hie.