F Afav >**'' I ^^V. '^ 'i /^'^ ,/ ^ TWIN WINSTON-MLEM cities. FORSYTH COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. ►^^ o>i: AV!l2/^ :i«)y. i *°^^««Pr/i7e .. RijToRWi^'^-* Class F ?-G^ Book /y^ ^ VV 7 SOUVENIR OF THE TWIN CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. WINSTON --SALEM, FORSYTH COUNTY. DESCRIPTIVE AND HISTORICAL. Br MRS. A. V. WINKLER. Facts, sir! facts are stubborn things." — Dickkns. SALEM, N; C. BLUMs' STEAM POWER PRESS PRINT. 1890. ^_i 0< TWIN-GITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA. CHAPTER I. Distinguishing Characteristics. The Twin-Cities of Winston-Salem, are situated in a rolling woodland country amongst the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge Moun- tains — about one thousand feet above the level of the sea. They are distant from Greensboro, on the Piedmont Air Line Railroad, the great highway of traifc and travel between New Orleans, Mobile, Atlanta, Washington City and New York, only twenty-nine miles, which is reached by a branch of the Richmond & Danville Railroad. This line has been extended thirteen miles westward to Rural Hall where it connects with the Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley Road, but whose objective point is Wilkesboro, thence to Bristol, Tennessee, opening up from there, a direct line to Cincinnati, Ohio, and the immense grain markets of the far West. The Roanoke & Southern has been completed to Walnut Cove, eighteen miles north, by way of Madison, and Martinsville to Roanoke, Va., connecting with Norfolk & Western, and Shanadoah Valley Roads. From Win- ston-Salem South, the road will be built to give a competing line to Charleston, Augusta and Atlanta. Shut in from the outside world, with only one road connecting them with the great centres of trade, the necessity of other outlets has presented itself, and been crystallized during the past few years in the two latter enterprises which have interested their citizens sufficiently to invest large amounts of capital, the R. & S. being owned and controlled almost exclusively by stockholders ot the two towns — presenting a showing of energy and substantial prosperity not excelled in the South. 6 TwiN-crnp:s of north Carolina — winston-salem. The population of the Twin-Cities is estimated at fourteen thousand, at least five thousand being colored laborers in the to- bacco factories of Winston, with between seven and eight hundred operatives in the cotton and wool factories, grist mills, iron works, planing and saw mills, &c. , of Salem. The white people who are thus employed are sober, industrious and moral in the strict sense of the word, both sexes finding work at remunerative rates. They occupy neat residences near their business, which are rented at reasonable prices. Their employers are humane and considerate, and there is nothing of the oppression and suffering sometimes found amongst the working people of the North. There are also many white girls and women engaged in house service, and while they are efficient as help in kitchen and house, are respected by those who engage their services. Both male and female colored hands are employed in the to- bacco factories, women earning so much higher wages there, than in families as cooks and house-servants, that house- keepers find it difficult to procure steady help amongst this class of population. There is very little lawlessness in their lives, as the police sys- tem of Winston is second to none in the United States, and yet strange to relate, qiiiet and industrious as they are, making good wages all the time, yet they spend money freely on dress and luxu- ries to eat, and save nothing, having little apparent ambition to secure for themselves homes of their own, — preferring to rent, and trust to the future with that happy complacency distinguishing the race. Salem can boast of only one police-man which is all-sufficient, as no act of violence ever disturbs the quiet of the place, its inhab- itants retiring at night with no fears of midnight intruders. There is no saloon within its limits, no gambling house to entrap the un- wary, while the saloons of Winston are all relegated to the back and side streets. Both places have a fine system of water-works, the water being pumped into reservoirs by means of overshot wheels from large wells and ponds in the vicinity, furnishing an abundant supply for every purpose. The first water-works were in operation in Salem in 1778, improved in 1828 and at subsequent periods since. To the stranger, the contrast between the two places is very striking. Salem — representing the sturdy old civilization of years of toil and care, with a refinement of taste in all its surroundings, coupled with the common-sense durability of the works of the early TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 7 Moravian settlers, and the fresh enterprise, modern Iniildings and general air of the life of to-day in Winston. Strange to chronicle, lying as they do side by side, one only a continuation of the other, the difference only manifest by the marking of the streets, each with its separate city government, separate post-office, yet in no way the rival of the other, and both living together socially and commer- cially with the utmost feelings of fraternal regard and relationship, — nearly one hundred years stretching from the early settlement of the one to the foundation of the other. Winston is known to the world as a great tobacco centre — Salem as the seat of the oldest female college in the South, and many do not recognize the fact, that the two are connected by the close ties that bind them together — or that Salem has the largest cotton and wool factories of the State, two fine grist mills, and saw and planing mills equal in capacity to anything in North Carolina. The two towns recognize in each the help-meet of the other. Winstonians invariably drive visitors to the places of his- toric interest in Salem round which a tinge of romance hangs for all sight seers, and Salemites, in turn, show their guests through the large tobacco factories of Winston, and explain the immense busi- ness that throbs and pulsates through the marts of trade. They are proud also of showing its elegant stores ; handsonie churches and fine private residences— with its Macadamized Streets, court- house square paved with square blocks of granite, and business houses built up compactly around the temple of justice, and stretch- ing to the adjoining streets. The climate is temperate, healthy and salubrious. Nestled at the foot of a chain of mountains, the country is exempt from those sudden changes of extreme heat and cold that characterizes many places. The water is a clear, pure, delicious freestone and very plentiful. In Salem is a fine spring of Chalybeate mineral water, prized for its medical qualities, and a resort for the citizens, but could be made available to strangers by a little outlay of money. At present, the water is only sold on the streets — delivered at the doors of residences. The elevation above the sea-level precludes the possibility of the existence of epidemics of yellow fever, and deaths from malarial disease are about one hundred to ten hundred. People live to a ripe old age, while deaths from consumption aver- age only about five hundred to every ten thousand — intestinal dis- eases about one hundred and fifty to ten thousand. These figures indicate the advantages of Winston-Salem, as a healthy location for 8 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WTNSTON-SAI.EM. families — and the entire safety parents feel in sending their daugh- ters to Salem to be educated. During so many years of the life of the noted educational institution and the thousands of girls sent here from malarial districts, very few have ever died. Every variety of fruit grows well and matures finely in this lo- cality — the Fruit Fair held last August in Winston disclosing the fact that many nurseries in this vicinity do a thriving busine:is — pears and peaches attaining to as great perfection as in the fa- mous lands of California — and apples as delicate in flavor as those of any Northern market. The dried fruit industry has quite a trade in its line, as much is shipped to other places. Also a cannery does here a good local business. Particularly is this section the home of the grape, great quantities of which are raised for home consumption, and also made into wine. As early as 1769 the abundance of wild grapes in the Wachovia Settlements suggested the manufacture of wine, nineteen hogsheads being made during that year. Ever since, the cultivation of grapes has been an im- portant industry by improving the varieties. Much wine of deli- cious flavor is made every year, one gentleman'^^ who has kept his wine vaults in Salem, exporting in 1869 ten thousand two hundred and sixty gallons of wine — North, South, East and West. He says: '■'A large grape grower in the United States could not supply the demand of his own wines, and filled his orders with North Carolina wines, which is proof enough to show that our wines are all right." Every variety of vegetable grows well in this climate, and no day in the year, but they are offered for sale at the door, by the thrifty country people, who do a thriving business with their truck patches. They also bring in a quantity of butter, milk, and wild game ready dressed, making Winston-Salem a desirable place for the purchase of delicacies for the table, as only the butchers have a market in either town. The minerals found in the county are mica, which glistens all over the earth, iron, manganese, asbestos and traces of gold. The iron is quite abundant, while eighteen miles north, on the Roanoke & Southern Railway in Stokes County, is situated the Danbury Iron mines, ' ' which are e.xceedingly rich in their deposit. Adjacent to these mines, lie the Dan River Coal Fields, "which is the only coal deposit in the State worthy of mention in the Coal Trade, a pamphlet published in New York, with the endorsement of United States Government officials." * S. T. Mickey. TWIN CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 9 The forests of valuable timber surrounding Winston-Salem — embrace nearly every variety grown in North America. The yel- low pine, ten varieties of oak, and hickoiy are the most utilized, the latter "useful in manufacture of spokes and handles of different kinds," the white oak into baskets, and other varieties and yellow pine, birch, cedar, walnut, &c., into lumber for building purposes. The brick is of superior quality, and endurable. Winston is lighted by electric and incandescent lights. Salem by gas in its buildings and residences and oil lamps on the streets placed at regular intervals, as has been the custom for a great many years. Salem has its streets paved with cobble stones and brick pavements put down long before the memory of the oldest inhab- itant. Trim flower beds, well clipped hedges of box, a profusion of roses, climbing honey-suckle, Virginia creeper in neat gardens to the side of the houses of Salem present a quaint picture, many of the dwellings fronting directly on the street and porches overhang- ing the side-walks, some of which are covered with tile roofs, like many of the old houses in the French portion of New Orleans. Above all, stretch the mighty arms of the stately old elms which have lined the side-walks so many years, linking their branches in bower-like beauty above the streets, beckoning a welcome to the stranger as they nod and kiss in the balmy sunshine. Main street extends through both places for a distance of over two miles. Cherry street in Winston is the most popular for resi- dences, where modern architectural skill is displayed in the elegant homes, with grassy lawns, gay parterres of flowers and sparkling fountains suggestive of ease, comfort and refinement, sloping down into Salem in one unbroken line of beautiful surroundings. Winston occupies a more elevated site than Salem, perhaps seventy feet, and on the heights beyond to the northwest, is plainly visible, "The Pilot" a solitary mountain some twenty miles dis- tant, its rugged outlines distinctly seen in the clear atmosphere. Excursions to the Pilot are of frequent occurrence from both places, a recreation from every da}^ turmoil to nature's soothing repose. en SUNSET ON PILOT MOUNTAIN, BY MISS E. A. LEHMAN. [" The Pilot " is an isolated mountain peak in Surry County, N. C, of very peculiar for- mation. It has a large castellated peak on the east side, and a smaller one just beyond, known familiarly as the Large and Small Pinnacles. The Large Pinnacle, which is 300 feet higher than the mountain proper, resembles a huge castle with long white Gothic windows, and those lighted up by the setting sun, present a unique and beautiful scene. The Indianis called it "The Pilot" because it served to guide them homeward when hunting. The Blue Ridge begins the grand mountain scenery of Western North Carolina, and the Pilot stands as an outpost or fortress, guarding the approach to the wildest, most romantic scenery east of the Rocky Mountaitis. It stands "a sentinel to guard the enchanted ground."] The shadows slanting westward, now assume A hazy outline e'er the evening gloom Engulfs and closely wraps yon rising moon. The crimson flashes of the setting sun Glow from the windows of the mighty dome. As if the giant of the castle lighted up His evening fires, and quaffed his evening cup. Fantastic shadows flicker to and fro, As fancy mist-wreaths, curling, come and go. The grand old Pilot stands, majestic and sublime, A kingly presence, frowning o'er the hills of time ; He reigned supreme, father of myriad rills, When Judah's star arose on Orient hills; He stood a dread ambassador to heaven from earth. When morning stars sang chorals to her birth ; His purple shadows frowned o'er rocky dell E're Tyre arose or Priam's city fell I While Old World splendor faded into night, Or New World forests bailed the dawning light; He stood alone, a mighty beacon high, Telling the weary wanderer "Home is nigh," A hoary priest he sits — enthroned in state — With sacerdotal stole and iewelled plate ; RuDy, carnelian, topaz, amethyst, Jasper, chalcedony, and sardonyx. Rich tints commingled, until, all aglow, A violet splendor covered all below; While far-up rocky steeps reflect the light, And lambent tongue-flames leap from height to height. L'pon his castellated brow the evening star Beams clear and bright, with glory from afar. The mist robed hills kneel to their great High Priest, In dim confessional, from great to least; And nature's choral anthem rings meanwhile Through every woodland nook and forest aisle, The wailing minor of the sad-voiced pines "In Kyrie Eleison " sweetly chimes, — Until the moon's soft benediction gently falls. And night's dark mantle shrouds them in a pal!. The moon now beams queen regnant of the sky. Assumes the sceptre which the sun lays by ; Orion leads the brilliant, starry host With stately tread they climb the shining cope. While, in the centre of this star-lit dome, Thou stand'st oh Mount I grand, beautiful, alone. The calm and restful strength thy presence gives • Imbues me with a new-born strength to live. The everlasting hills! with soothing art. E'er still the pulses of my restless heart, — And I am raised from earth to heaven By strength and calm endurace through thee given ! Salem, N, C. 12 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. CHAPTER II. Who are the Moravians ? "The brethren of Moravia, are descendants of a people, who, like the Vaudois of Piedmont, never bowed to the Romish yoke, but may be traced through the Greek, directly to the Primitive Church. The year 1457 saw the commencement of the Protestant Episcopal Moravian Church (under the name of the United Breth- ren, or Unitas Fratrum) — which existed in Bohemia and Moravia more than fifty years before the Reformation. It received its epis- copal orders at the request of the Synod convened at the village of Lhota, in 1467, from the hands of Stephen, Bishop of the Valdenses, a people, who, in the secluded valleys, of the Alps, preserved their faith pure from the apostolic age downward. The succession fol- lowed on to Bishop Amos Comenius, for many years resident of Fulnek, Moravia, (whose well-earned fame induced the English Government in 1641 to urge his presence with a view to effect an improvement in the educational system of the universities and schools) and Jablonsky was enabled to transmit to the renewed Church of the Brethren the ancient episcopal ordination in Berlin in 1735 — when David Nitcshmann, first Bishop of the renewed Church was consecrated." "When Martin Luther began his reformation in 1517 the Breth- ren of Bohemia and Moravia constituted a church of Reformers numbering at least two hundred thousand members, counting over four hundred parishes, using a hymn-book and catechism of its own, proclaiming its doctrines in a confession of faith, employing two printing presses, and scattering Bohemian Bibles broadcast through the land." From there, they had extended into Poland, establishing colleges and translating the Bible from the original into Bohemian. Through a succession of trying persecutions at the stake, tor- tured at the rack, imprisoned in loathsome dungeons, they had de- creased in numbers, and became disheartened, yet never entirely losing the precious seed of their faith. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — SALEM- WINSTON. 1 3 Driven into exile, rather than "wear the chain of papal Rome, they broke the strong tie which fastened to home and country and sought a spot where they might worship God in scriptural purity. It was a hard struggle ; it was no small sacrifice, but they made it, and turned their backs forever on the fields and dwellings, which had witnessed their pious worship, trusting in the Lord as their guide." Led by the pious Christian David they reached Saxony in June, 1722 where they found the tolerance they desired, and a friend in Count Zinzendorf, upon whose estate they were offered an asylum, and where they began to build the town of Herrnhut, which soon became the rallying-point for the oppressed descendants of the Ancient Brethren in Bohemia, Moravia and Poland. Count Zinzendorf was a German nobleman, educated at the University of Halle, a man of learning and deep research, a philos- opher, poet and author. Becoming deeply imbued with religious fervor while a student, he yearned to extend the Kingdom of God throughout the waste places of the earth. Such was the man, whom the exiles found in Saxony, and such were the people who came to him— a large landed proprietor, for succor. Their history, their struggles — their faith made such an impression that he es- poused their cause, soon became their leader, formulated a plan to revive the Church, introduced their ancient discipline and received their venerable episcopate, from the hands of Jablonsky one of its last survivors. Developing a genius as great as Shakspeare in poetry, or Beethoven in music, he threw himself into the work of organization, preaching, exhorting, visiting Denmark, Sweden and many portions of Germany and France. Everywhere was he successful, except in the latter country, as during the days of the profligate Louis XIV the people had little use for a religion which brought them self- sacrifice. In England and Scotland he hunted up the remnants of An- cient Brethren, strengthening their numbers, establishing missions and otherwise directing the extension of his church including emi- gration to America, and from Herrnhutt sending out a colony to Pennsylvania where a congregation was organized at Bethlehem in 1742. Through his efforts and other intellectual Brethren in 1749, the British Parliament passed an act by which the Unitas Fratrtmi or Unitv of Brethren was acknowledged as a Protestant Episcopal 14 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. Church. By this act. the free exercise of all their rights as a Church were secured to the Moravian Brethren throughout Great Britain and all its colonies, a privilege they did not enjoy fully in any other European kingdom. Thomas Penn, proprietor of Pennsylvania, testified that the settlers in America had conducted themselves in such a sober, quiet and religious manner, making so many wise improvements in their colony, and the attention of persons in high standing in England being drawn by the knowledge of the purity of their lives in Eng- land, made it desirable to offer them further inducements for other settlements, in the new country. Invitations and offers came in greater numbers than they could accept for want of means and men. Upon a conference of the Brethren, Count Zinzendoj'f decided to arrange for the purchase of ten thousand acres of land in North Carolina, owned by Lord Granville, and offered at a reasonable price. ' ' Bishop Spargenberg who was well acquainnted with American affairs was sent in 1752 to reconnoitre the country, and act according to his judgment." "Count Zinzendorf's idea was the following : He desired that his Brethren might not only have an opportunity to be of spiritual benefit to such persons as in process of time might settle in their neighborhood, as well as to gain access to various tribes of Indians, such as the Cherokee, the Catawbas, the Creeks, and the Chicka- saws, but his main object was to acquire the possession of a larger tract of land where the Moravians might live undisturbed, having the liberty of excluding all strangers from their settlements. For this purpose it was resolved not to make the good qualities of the land the principal object, nor to buy detached parcels of the best land, but rather to select an undivided tract of about one hundred thousand acres. In the centre of this territory of the Brethren, a town was to be laid out containing the choir-house for single breth- ren, single sisters, widows, and the educational institutions. In this central place were also to be located a preparatory school for ministers and missionaries, and the directing board, for their out- ward and spiritual affairs in this, their own and independent coun- try. Besides this one town, the rest of the territory was to be par- celled out to farmers belonging to the Church." '"There were three principles adopted by members of the Brethren's unity as the basis of their union — the Bible as the only source of Christian doctrine ; public worship to be administered in accordance with the teaching of the Scriptures, and on the model TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 15 of the Apostolic Churcli ; and the Lord's Supper is to be received in faith, to be doctrinally defined in the language of the Bible, and every human explanation of that language is to be avoided." One of their most learned English divines says : The name Moravian is one not assumed by ourselves, but so perseveringly applied to us by others, that we have been forced to adopt it as our distinctive denomination. But Unitas Fratrum is the name of our choice. The command of our Saviour : "Go unto all the world and preach the gospel unto every creature," is our maxim. As a missionary Church the world is our parish. We must have taber- nacles in Christian lands that from such fixed spots we can direct and impel movements which aim at the whole world. To continue our vast missionary work we want to train suitable men ; we want to interest others in our labors that they may, with a portion of their wealth, aid us to evangelize the earth." Suffering so much from persecution in the past, the renewed church was averse to becoming involved in the politics of the coun- tries in which they lived, and by the act of Parliament recognizing them as a church they were granted the privilege in Great Britain and all her colonies to be exempt from taking an oath, and instead of the usual form, permitted to make their solemn affirmation — which was to be received and considered as binding, in all the courts of justice as an oath from others Furthermore it was en- acted "that they should be exempt from military duty, but be ob- liged to pay a certain tax in lieu of such services in proportion as that of others residing in the same colony, but this privilege was only extended to those bearing a certificate of church membership. While contemplating the character of the early Moravians of North Carolina we are lost in admiration — here were a people seek- ing homes in a trackless wilderness, guiding their lives by Christ as a model, relying upon His strong arm in every hour of trial, seeking to be the first, true and faithful in order to impress others with the loveliness of the Christian beautitudes, proposing to edu- cate the heathen and erect an altar for religion which should become a centre of missionary effort. Stern and uncompromising as they may have appeared to out- siders, strict in the minor details of secular life, which were regu- lated by the tribunal of the Church, yet in every rite and ceremony there is an object lesson of the idealizing of patient cross-bearing, and a sublimity of heroism manifest, that gives each peculiar cus- tom a significance that speaks with an unknown tongue to the l6 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. innermost chords of deep feeling, and awakens strains typical of the glory-land above. We recognize the possibility of an earthly ex- istence above the follies and vanities of the world, an attractive symmetry in all their methods, and a wisdom never excelled by the settlers in any other portion of the country. CHAPTER III. Settlement at Bethabara (Old Town). The first Anglo-Saxons who ever set foot on American soil was a colony brought from England by Sir Walter Raleigh, which settled on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, in 1583. They looked for gold, and almost starved to death before being rescued by an- other English nobleman, who had made explorations on the Pacific coast and, returning, took them home in his ships. Several years later, Raleigh made another attempt to effect a colony in Carolina, as Queen Elizabeth had given him large posses- sions, which he had named Virginia'!^ in her honor, — but without success, his people only taking back tobacco and potatoes, and learning the English how to use them, as the result of all his vast expenditure of money and time. After the English settlement at Jamestown, Va. , had been effected, parties from there explored Carolina, and some few made settlements. In 1663, King Charles II. granted to eight of his favorite courtiers patents to " all that country between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, between 31 and 36 parallels of latitude, to be called Carolina in his honor. These noblemen for a long while appointed governors, and settlers began slowly to occupy the coun- try, principally Germans and Swiss ; but not more than ten thou- sand inhabitants were in the State in 1729. Becoming disgusted with the small revenues arising from their landed estates, and the trouble with their governors, who were sometimes just, sometimes oppressive, these proprietors decided to sell their claims to the crown, " receiving in return 2500 pounds sterling each." All ac- cepted this proposition except Lord Granville, who determined to retain his eighth part, which was laid off for him, adjoining Virginia, in 1743. * All the land from Nova Scotia to Florida was called Virginia. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. I 7 This was the section which he was contracting to sell to the Moravians for their North Carolina settlement, and for which Bishop Spangenberg- was appointed to make all necessary arrangements. Selecting five brethren at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, they travelled on horseback for nearly a month until they reached Edenton, where they were joined by Lord Granville's surveyor-general. Striking out into the wilderness of Western North Carolina, they wandered for eight weeks among mountains and pathless forests, but did not find such tracts of land as they desired. " Following their compass eastward they reached the Valley of the Yadkin," and, accepting the hospitality of some white settlers, found what they had sought farther west, " a larger tract of rolling woodland, well-watered and suitable for their purpose." The surveyors commenced work, and Bishop Spangenberg and his companions returned to Pennsylvania, to report the result of their labor. They named the tract "Wa- chovia," because of the meadow (Aue) along the (Wach) principal creek, bearing some resemblance in its topographical outlines to a valley in Austria, formerly in possession of the Zinzendorf family. The brethren were not able to pay for these lands, so a land com- pany was formed in England, and the purchase money was paid by subscription amongst the members and friends of the brethren, and the title deeds were given to "James Hutton, of London, Secretary of the Unitas Fratrum, to be held for the Church." When Bishop Spangenberg reported what had been done, on his return to Bethlehem, preparations were at once set on foot to begin the new settlement, and twelve single brethren arranged to go per- manently, accompanied by three others who were merely on a prospecting tour, expecting to return in a few months. Procuring a large wagon, drawn by six horses, they started on the long jour- ney, through mountain passes, across rivers that had never been forded, with a stock of such articles as were needed on the trip and for use in the work which lay before them, in the wilds of North Carolina. Amongst them was a minister, Bernhard Adam Grube, who had been ordained in Germany, of which country he was a native. Another important character was Jacob Losch, born in New York, superintendent of the colony in temporal afiairs. And another was Hans Martin Kalberlahn, a Norwegian, who had lived for years at Herrnhut, arriving in Bethlehem about one month before the emigrants left, cheerfully accepted the appointment as surgeon and medical adviser. 1 8 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. The nine other brethren were farmers and mechanics, mostly from Europe, representing the different trades, one being a tailor. The wisdom of these selections was afterwards manifest, all deter- mined to help one another in the bonds of unity, but with the safe security of having each branch of industry needed to develop their plans thoroughly understooci by at least one man in the colony. After a varied experience of nearly six weeks, sometimes being compelled to unload their wagon and carry its contents over the mountains, sometimes going out of their route to thrash oats for their horses, they finally reached their destination, November 17th, 1753, where Bethabara, generally called Old Town, now stands. Here they found shelter in an unoccupied cabin built by a German squatter, and abandoned some time before, thankful for even this scanty shelter, it being so small there was not room for them all to sleep. A hammock was suspended over the heads of the others for one of their number, and after a season of prayer and a lovefeast, they retired to rest, sensible of the fact that they were in a wilder- ness, as they listened to the howling of the wolves around their humble place of rest. The daily word of the Church, appointed for each day of the year, seemed very appropriate : ' ' I know where Thou dwellest, even in a desert place"; and another, "Be ye of one mind." They accepted this as significant that God was follow- ing His children, and would guide them aright if they would cling together in the unity of love. The next day was Sunday, so they found it quite a day of rest, and on Monday sharpened axes and hoes, and prepared to subdue the forests and fields of the future, beginning the construction of a bake-oven. and looking out for a mill to buy corn. They also selected eight acres that day to be cleared for the purpose of plant- ing wheat, and were soon busy plowing, and in two weeks had seed sown for the crop. Preparations went on for the winter. One man was sent to bring salt from Virginia, another went to Dan River to buy oxen, and others were dispatched to the Yadkin to buy flour and corn. The fame of their wisdom and sagacity began to spread, and soon the Moravian doctor began to be known through trav- ellers, who ga\-e such praise to his skill and knowledge that many came to secure his medical attention, even at a distance of 60 miles. These services were paid for in provisions and' stock, and was of material helj) to the settlers. Their tailor, too, became known, and very soon had work to do, deer-skins being sometimes brought in to make clothing. Unfortunately, they had no place for visitors. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. I9 . SO another cabin was built, with a shed, for sleeping apartments ; and thus the first winter was passed. The next spring, John Jacob Fries succeeded Brother Grube, who was called North, as spiritual overlooker of the colony. He was born in Denmark, and was an accomplished scholar, especially in the Hebrew language, yet was not averse to a home in the wil- derness if he could serve God and his fellow-man. Bishop Boehler arrived soon after, and during his stay, the name Bethabara (house of passage) was given to the colony ; still keeping in view, at a future day, the founding of a settlement in a more central location. During the next fall their numbers were increased by seven men, led by a brother who came to superintend the construction of a mill. Their coming revealed the necessity for a larger house, and the corner-stone was laid, with great solemnity, in November, for the first building erected by Moravians in North Carolina. This was made large enough for a habitation of single brethren, and was dedicated by religious services being held by Bishop Nitschmann, who had come to visit the embryo town. Twenty-three unmarried brethren and seven married couples soon arrived : a dwelling was built, a grist mill commenced and a meeting-house erected. Three months after, the married people moved into their new dwelling, the first child was born, and. in holy baptism, named Anna Johanna Krause. Others arrived from Pennsylvania and Europe, and at the close of 1756, the inhabitants "numbered sixty-five persons. The first difficulties of life in the forest having been over- come, everything had now a fair outlook. During the year 1755 the breaking out of war with the Indians, — called the "Old French war," — gave them cause for disturbance. It had commenced in the colonies of the North, but gradually spread South. Ten breth- ren and sisters were murdered on the Mahoney, and it was deemed e.xpedient to fortify the settlement by surrounding it and the mill with palisades, and became known throughout all the surrounding country as the "Dutch Fort." This fortification, rude in con- struction, was a place of refuge to many fugitives, even from distant portions of Virginia, where they found a safe retreat, plenty to eat, and an opportunity to attend religious worship. Occasionally, companies of Indian warriors, Cherokees, Creeks and Catawbas, passed through the country and camped near by. They were given something to eat and treated kindly, and never 20 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. committed any depredations. Sometimes they were accompanied by a British officer, or had a passport from the Enghsh Govern- ment. They were always received and fed, the government of North CaroHna afterwards paying the Moravians for this, as, by their kindness, they saved the people from much disaster. Bethabara was known, far and near, by the Indians, as "the Dutch fort, where there are good people and much bread." It is estimated that during 1757-58 more than five hundred Indians passed through the settlement at various times. Because of the war, a famine prevailed in all the surrounding country extending into the districts of Virginia, and people came to Bethabara, more than a hundred miles, to buy flour and corn. The brethren had plenty to sell, as they had cleared and planted additional land, and had raised abundant crops. Some of the refugees decided to remain, captivated by the religious life of the people, and another settle- ment was decided upon, that of Bethania, which was laid oft' during the Summer of 1759. The Indian war recommenced in October of the same year, and great was the anxiety concerning the safety of the two colonies. Brother Tosch was made captain of the Dutch fort, and had day and night watches at both places, directed by Bishop Spangenberg, who had arrived on an official visitation, and also couriers passed between both places, the high hill where the graveyard was situated at Bethabara serving as a fine lookout for all the surrounding coun- try. Bishop Spangenberg also directed that the church bell should be rung each morning at dawn of day. Sometimes Indian tracks would be found outside the fort, and sometimes they played at ball along the meadow, but they never ventured nearer, and tradition tells us the ringing" ot the bell was the cause of their keeping a safe distance, unless upon friendly purposes intent. Their design of taking prisoners between the two places was also frustrated. They said : " The Dutchers had big, fat horses, and rode like the devil," scaring them from their acts of depredation. Outside the fort the people did not fare so well, fifteen being killed in the vicinity, one man coming into Bethabara with two arrows sticking in his body. During the year 1761, by a simultaneous movement of the South Carolina militia, near Fort George, and troops from Virginia and North Carolina on the north, the Creeks were forced to sue for peace. The Brethren, being exempt from military duty, had re- mained at home, and supplied the troops with large quantities of flour from the Bethabara mill. TVVIN-CiriES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON SALEM. 21 Next year, quiet being restored, another installment of settlers arrived from Pennsylvania, by way of Wilmington, bringing with them a small organ, the first in the colony, and a bell for the church at Bethania, only three miles away. Thirty-five years after the first settlement, in 17S8, the substan- tial church, still used as a house of worship, was built, which is a wonder to tourists who care enough about relics of the past to hunt it up, known as the church at Old Town, six miles distant from the Twin-Cities. A Visit to Old Town, The road from Winston winds over an undulating country, past well cultivated fields, orchards bending beneath their loads of fruit, while in the distance the crags of the mountains are visible. The village of Bethabara, or " Old Town," lies in a peaceful valley, and only can be seen when the traveller reaches the eminence immediately surrounding. What a strange sensation of interest filled the soul as we slowly drove down the one street of the place, where there is little left now of the dwellings of a century and a half ago ! Several old structures with stone basements, high porches and large rooms are still standing as a remnant of the old days and a dumb protest against the decay in which they have been allowed to fall ; while nature, more merciful than man, seeks by mossy verdure and trailing vines to throw a veil of unspoken sympathy over the fragments where devoted lives wrestled with fierce diffi- culties, and where persistent labor conquered through years of trial and disappointment. From out the windows peeped little flaxen heads, strangely out of place in their tumble-down surroundings, attracted by the rumble of the vehicles, to look with wonder upon people from the outside world of which they know nothing. At either end of the long street is a handsome private dwelling, in modern style,— these and a railroad embankment about fifty feet in front, spoiling the prospect and disturbing to some degree the dream of the past. In the centre of the village stands the wonderful old church, built of grey stone, with broad hall about twelve or fourteen feet wide, running through the centre, from which leads a staircase to the rooms abover One side of the hall is the place of worship ; on the other are four living rooms for the minister and family. The church-yard is covered with a grassy carpet, and umbrageous shade 22 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. trees invite repose, while the liill gradually slopes down in rear ot the church to the meadow, certainly one of the most charming pic- tures of pastoral beauty, through which murmurs a clear stream, crossed by a rustic bridge. Beyond rises the hill where the grave- yard is situated. We could well understand that minds apprecia- tive of the beautiful in nature should have been fascinated by the surroundings, and impelled to make here the foundation for a new colony. At the corner of the church stands a stone monument, or rather slab, upon which is inscribed : Wachovia Settlcmeiit begun ij November, 1753- This marks the spot where the little cabin stood, which the advance guard of the Moravians found and occupied until they could provide better quarters. High up on the end of the church is in- serted a stone tablet, — Chtirch built, ij88. With reverence we passed into the church built by pious hands, the stone quarried from the rocky beds near by, floors made of wide planks slick with the tread of many feet, hewn from forest trees. The walls are plastered and kept clean by whitewash, the wmdows, four in number, have deep embrasures, and are hung with wooden shades arranged with slats that open and close by pulling a cord. A stove serves to heat the building in winter. The benches have straight backs. The pulpit has a candle stand each side and a table in front with claw legs, while a high backed chair, carved by hand, with leather seat fastened down by brass tacks, all made of native walnut, completes the furniture of this quaint house of worship. A melodeon in the centre and kerosene lamps along- the sides of the building, where the old candlesticks are still to be seen, are the only things of modern make within the walls. The choir gallery is to the right of the church, the railing carved with old-fashioned precision. An old trombone, one of the tour used formerly in all Moravian churches, and some ancient music, together with a lot of old German books, are to be found in a small closet on one side of the gallery, which is lighted by two small windows, so arranged as to present the appearance of being diamond-shaped, when in reality there are only three panes of glass in each, let into a diagonal-shaped space becoming more angular as the inner edge of wall is reached. A few steps lead^to the living rooms above and TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WTNSTON-SALEM. 23 the tower from which hangs the same bell tliat frightened the In- dians so badly when sounding the notes of alarm in the first meet- ing-house of Bethabara. In one of the rooms is a tall stove, made of embossed,, earthen tiles, put together quite artistically, made here like those used at that time in the old country, and similar to one in the Virginia State Capitol, sent from England as a present to General Washington. From the church two large doors and win- dows, with sliding panels, open into the broad hall, where benches are arranged to accommodate the people if a crowd was present. A large, square, glass lantern hangs against the wall, and a tall, old- style clock served to warn the worshippers how time passed. The living rooms of the minister have large windows, with deep window seats (the walls of the building are two feet thick), and fire-places across the corner of the rooms. The corner cupboards, wardrobe, presses and desk, with secret compartments, found in these rooms are all made of walnut and cherry, dove-tailed together with a nicety unknown to the fast age in which we live. Benches and split-bottomed chairs are also to be seen. On one of the cup- board shelves is a German Bible presented to Bethabara church by Bishop Spangenberg, and a tall communion cup, made of cut glass, with carved w'ooden cover. Here is also the old baptismal service, a small china pitcher of peculiar make, indented at the mouth, and a china bowl, same pattern. The method is to hold the head over the bowl and pour the w^ater over it three times, in the name of Father, Son and Holy Ghost. The china mugs and waiters for the Lovefeasts are stored in one of the presses of an adjoining room. The kitchen, with dressers, sinks, tables and benches, made of oak, has a bake-oven attached, with huge open fire-place, where a cord of wood could be burned at one time. A swinging crane, hanging within, brings back a suggestion of how the culinary department was managed under the old legime. The floor of this kitchen is laid with blocks of stone, and the whole a marvel of con\'enience for those times. These rooms are not used now — only the furni- ture preserved with care, — the minister preferring to live elsewhere. No portico or vestibule adorns the outside of church, only an entrance over large, irregular blocks of stepping-stones. Several long benches under the locusts indicated the practice of the steady old members who sat there before the service began, discussed neighborhood news, told of letters from distant friends which came perhaps only semi-annually, and made plans for useful guidance amongst the people, regulating their lives by the line and 24 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA^WINSTON-SALEM. plummet of the Bible. Coming in methodically at the ringing of the bell, the niales all on one side of the church, females on the other, and children together on the low front benches, next the pul- pit, under the eye of the minister, — they were seated with the utmost quiet prevailing, all joining in the hymns, led by the minister, no hapless urchin ever daring to raise his tiny hand to misbehave. Obedience was the watch-word of every life, instilled by precept and example at an early age. Beyond the meadow a winding road leads up a steep hill, covered with ferns and mosses in the undergrowth, while above tower the giants of the forest, where the breeze sings a soothing threnody, wrapping the senses in a dreamy mist of sentiment and romance. At the top of this hill, which is about one hundred and fifty feet in height, an enclosure leads into the oldest Moravian graveyard in North Carolina, kept in a state of perfect preservation by the Church .' each grave in shape with small stone lying flat upon the head of the grave, with name, age, death and some Biblical inscription. These are made of the sand-stone, and have become discolored with age, but the dates are perfectly legible. The oldest was buried in 1754. Bluegrass, clover and periwinkle spread a co\'ering of green above the heads of the faithful, who rest in silence far from their native land. In the centre of the middle walk stands a granite monument, about fifteen or twenty feet in height; erected near the remains of a famous missionary from Germany, who came to the settlement and died here, after an arduous life among the Esquimos and inhabitants of different portions of the globe. This was placed here in 1888, the services celebrating the centennial of the building of the church. In Commemoration of Moravian Missions Among the Heathen. " Tliey that sow in tears, sliall reap in joy." MATH.^US STACK. Here lies buried the body of the first Moravian Missionary to Greenla7id. We quietly stole away down the zig-zag path, entered our carriage and came back to busy life with the words of the poet ringing in our ears : — " Here peace divine o'er glimmering grove and grass, Hallows the sunshine in the noon's warm kill ; Ethereal shadows gently pause, or pass, Flecking with gold the hill-slope beautiful." 26 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA— WINSTON-SALEM. CHAPTER IV. The Guardian Angel. Among the early settlers of North Western North Carolina, about the year 1755, was a little colony of Moravians from Ger- many and Pennsylvania. Accustomed to the colder winters of the North, these good people were delighted with the mild climate of the Sunny South, which as late as December was often as balmy as the early Autumn. These hardy people had settled, built a village, Bethabara, surrounded it with a stout stockade to prevent a surprise from the Indians, and for general security in the wilderness. Every im- provement bore the marks of their German taste. Inside the for- tifications were grouped the queerest cottages, with steep roofs, sometimes extending far over and making a kind of porch, all built of the stoutest material. The doors were cut in half, and swung on separate hinges, so that one could be closed, leaving the upper half open for ventilation, while the closed lower half was a kind of pro- tection from sudden intrusion. Separate houses were built for business purposes, for in the usual German management, the nec- essary trades were represented and conducted under the supervision of a warden ; while the spiritual supervision was conducted by the pastor and board of elders. Outside the fort were the farms, the proprietors all living in the village. Thus, in a quiet orderly man- ner, these people were in fact a little community, governed by a board of trustees — all living .happily together, increasing their re- sources as their wants demanded. On one of those bright autumnal days which often linger as late as December, even reaching the Christmas holidays, a group of bright children were playing outside the ' ' palisades. ' ' The busy wives were engaged in spinning or weaving and some gossiping with neighbors, leaning over their half opened doors in the enclosed village. One of the children called out, "Let's get permission to go to the hill-i-ide" — and with a rush they entered the village, and obtaining their wish were soon racing across the meadow to the TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 27 fern-clad hill beyond. In the fields the men were at work, their guns near by, as in the forest beyond lay the " war-path " of the Chero- kee Indians where they passed to attack the Indians of Virginia. The day was indeed beautiful; the birds were singing in the hedge- rows,- and coveys of partridges rose in their short flight amongst the stubble. The older boys of the village were up the hill after evergreens, for it was near Christmas time, and every cottage must have its tree, and the church must be decorated for the season. The girls, meanwhile, were busy gathering the luxuriant ferns and moss, singing cheerful songs. Towards evening, the boys came down loaded with cedar boughs; others came with laurel, gathered from more distant hills, drawn on rude sleds — all singing merrily and joining the girls, they moved homeward — all but one — a little girl the pride of the village and pet of the household. Always gay and full of life she had wandered farther round the hill, attracted by stray creepers of trailing evergreen pine, and the lovely ferns which seemed to grow larger as she crept along the slope — not thinking of her companions — Bunch after bunch was discarded, for appar- ently better specimens, until the deepening shadows caused her to turn to find her companions gone out of hearing — all was silent in the deep damp bordering the wood. She was way beyond the path. Gathering up her treasures, she turned as she thought home- ward, but no familiar land-mark was found, and she was about to call, when she felt a slight touch on her shoulder that startled, yet stopped her intended cry — a swaying cedar twig seemed to be the cause of the touch. Restless and uneasy, yet she really felt no fear, only anxious to get home. She moved on, and again a sharper touch nearly turned her round, and again a cedar bough seemed the cause, and she pushed on at a more rapid speed, the darkness becoming deeper and the heavy undergrowth almost impassible, yet she hoped soon to reach the meadow and see the lights of the town. She knew she was lost, yet felt strangely calm and fearless. Every once and a while she seemed to be touched, and once so strong, she sat down on a log and burying her face in her hands — prayed silently. The moon now arose, and the forest shades were brighter. All at once a strangely human cry aroused her, and rising up she was about to answer when a sudden touch almost sent her prone to the ground. She quickly arose and a lowering cedar limb swayed to and fro. She thought again she had been struck by it. She was now almost ready to drop with fatigue, yet that strange confidence kept her silent. Sitting down, she thought she heard 28 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SAI.EM. the patter of little feet and sprang up only to be rudely, as she thought, foiced into a circular cedar brake, like an arbor in a well- kept park. Here the cry again came, yet a touch again kept her quiet, and gradually completely overcome by fatigue she went to sleep. Again the shrill cry aroused her, and when about to answer a bright light surrounded and a gentle touch silenced her. This time she was startled; yet the moon-light caused her to think she might have been mistaken in both the halo and the touch. She again fell asleep. In the village all was confusion and distress when the loss of the child was discovered. Wild with grief, the children told their story. They thought she had returned with the boys who brought the laurel, among whom was her brother — but not being found the men of the settlement started out, headed by her father and scatter- ed through the forest with lighted torches. The father and three others went to the mill, thinking perhaps she had gone there, as she had friends residing near by. Fail- ing to find her, the almost demented father turned to the hill amongst the cedar brakes. They had scarcely turned before the fearful cry rung out on the night air. They knew, but two well what it meant, and with a heart-rending exclamation the fiither staggered and fell across a fallen tree. On recovering he urged to go on, for he too felt a strange comfort, but the others expected to find the child dead. Upon entering an open space of the forest a treacherous panther was seen stealing along the edge of the wood; and finally leaped out in the bright moon-light. Intantly three rifles rang out, and the animal dropped in his track dead. All pushed on as soon as assured the panther was dead. Led by a guiding hand they came to a clump of cedars. The father noticed the singular shape, intuitively parted the boughs and there on the ground found his darling asleep. With a wild cry of joy, he hugged the startled child to his bosom, and with a thankful prayer in his heart, bore her out to his companions, who all sank on their knees and thanked God for his merciful care of the little one. The faith of the brethren was strong — the first they did was to remember their Lord and Master who had wrought this miracle. The little one related her story as the happy parent bore her home. It was a considerable distance, and ere they were clear of the forest nearly day-break. The father told her it was her Guar- dian Angel who had touched and kept her quiet, and gave her the necessary strength to go on, until the cedar grove was found, and TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 29 then she was allowed to sleep in peace. The good brethren broke forth in songs and thanksgiving as they approached the hill-side. The villagers heard the song and knew by the hymn tune that the child was found. The mother was out in the meadow first, followed by the good pastor and the people, and there, in the open mead- ow, in the early morning, the mother clasping her child to her breast, the whole congregation kneeled while the good pastor re- turned thanks to God for all His goodness. All sang the hymn of praise as they returned home. The day after was Christmas, and the people gathered in the little church and enjoyed a happy and heart-felt love feast, strength- ened in their faith as the pastor read the narrative of the lost child, as nearly in the simple child-like words given him by the little one. A visible emotion agitated every face, and when the little tapers were given to the children, as is the Moravian custom, all was brightness. The Christmas anthem was sung with unusual fervor, and it really seemed as if the Christ-child had indeed hovered over the village. B. T. E. CHAPTER V. The Founder of Salem. F'rederick William Marshall, who had been appointed Super- intendent of the Wachovia settlement in 1763, was an -intellectual, scholarly man, of great administrative ability. His father, an offi- cer in the Saxon army, had given him a fine military education. While a student at the University of Leipzig, he met Count Zinzen- dorf, determined to study the English language and enter the Unity of the Brethren, hoping for a wide field of Christian usefulness. This man is known as the founder of Salem, and to his genius and taste the inhabitants are indebted for the location and improvement o{ the surroundings. He personally superintended the laying out and planting of cedars in the Avenue and graveyard, which are a wonder to all strangers ; so classic in their perfection that one mar- vels at the work of one hundred and twenty-four years — a monu- ment that touches the tenderest chords of feeling. Beneath those fringed cedars his remains crumble into dust, but as long as they 3© TWIX-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. wave above his lowly grave, remain a perpetual reminder of him who spent a large private fortune to assist in building the church and making Salem attractive to the eye as well as noted for thrift and industry, — all dedicated to the service of Him he daily worshipped. Early in 1765 he decided to locate the central town and selected the site, giving it the name Salem (peace), which had been chosen by Count Zinzendorf before his death. The ridge was surveyed,, the square laid out, and a permanent settlement decided upon, de- viating from the original plan which placed the church m the centre of the town, with streets radiating in every direction, — arranging it in parallel lines, to intersect at right angles. In February, 1766, four new arrivals from Europe and four residents of Bethabara moved to the new place, felling the logs to build a hut in the woods. In June the first family house was built, and a loom set up. They increased in numbers, their oppressed brethren in Europe joining them very rapidly, and soon became very prosperous from their wise management. Everything was governed by agents of the Church, the hotel, bakery, provision- store, tannery, saddlery, shoe-shop, and every class of labor— held in community ; the Church paying them only a pro rata for their services. The lands were leased for farming purposes. Henry George himself would have envied the harmony of the working ot this community of interest. No outsider was permitted to live within the Moravian settlements, and no reckless character, like those who often invaded the precincts of other places, ever dis- graced the town by lawlessness. Their meeting-house bell awoke the inhabitants to their daily toil and duty, and sent them to bed at night with ^lethodical regularity. This combination of labor and harmony enabled them to ac- complish wonderful results. Individual emolument was not thought of, — only the grand good of the whole community considered. Saw and grist mills were built, a system of water-works arranged. A bell was brought for the church, serving also as a town clock, and an organ with two stops took the place of the trombones brought from Europe in 1765. The first of the substantial brick buildings, now seen in Salem, was the Brothers' House, which is now known as the Widows' House. This was erected as a home for unmarried brethren of the Church. The lower rooms were used as a meeting-house on one side of the hall, other church offices below, while above was the dormitory, and the basement as kitchen, &c. This was used as a temporary place of worship until 1771, TWIN CITIES ()[•' NORTH CAROLINA — VVTNSTON-SALEM. 3I when a congregation-house was built which was afterwards removed to make room for the main building of the Academy, the brethren's house being afterwards discontinued. The Revolutionary struggle was a time of great trouble to the Moravians. Having been allowed to hold their views about not bearing arms and taking oaths, they were sometimes subjected to many disagreeable indignities. They were permitted to pay the double tax as to the English government, but this was hard as corn and other provisions were very high and Continental money worthless. There was also some anxiety about the title to the lands, which had been transferred from James Hutton in London to Frederick Marshall, who was absent in Europe. When the "Confiscation Act of 1777" was passed by North Carolina, a clause of the title, ' ' given in trust for the Unitas Fratrum ' ' , made it apparent that the act could not be extended to Moravian lands. They were only required to affirm their allegiance to the United States and pay the tax. Frederick Marshall returned and wisely directed them through the trying days of the war. Sometimes the Continental, sometimes the British, travelled through the settlements entailing many losses upon the people. At last peace was declared after Cornwallis' sur- render, whose whole army passed through Salem en route to Virginia. The first fire-engine ever brought to America was received at Salem from Germany in 1785. During this year was built the Sis- ter's House, still standing, a commodious brick edifice of two stories, some twenty-five rooms, one of the most quaint and substantial buildings, covered with tiles. The house is supplied with water and other conveniences, and kept in repair by the interest from a sum acquired when the spinsters of the Church all worked together and placed their earnings in a common fund. This has been dis- continued some forty years, but the unmarried sisters still rent rooms there, who prefer not to live with relatives. The house of the brethren was taken for a Widows' House, managed exactly as the other, on opposite sides of the Public Square. If unable to pay nominal rent it is given them by the Church, but there are few who have not by frugality or inheritance a competency to provide for old age. It is very respectable to have a home in either house. The facts about the Moravian Sisters are not generally under- stood — as even so great a poet as Longfellow in his poem, " Hymn of the Moravian Nuns at the Presentation of Pulaski's banner" got matters mixed. Miss Lehman, editor of the Academy, says : 32 rVVlN-ClTIES OF XORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. "Pulaski, the gallant Pole, who came over to assist in the Revolu- tionary War, was at Bethlehem, Pa., on wounded furlough. Before he left the place the Moravian sisters (not nuns) presented him with a crimson banner, which he courteously accepted, saying it should be defended with his life, and be his shroud in death. The minor details of the poem are incorrect ; there are no Moravian nuns, and the accessories of burning incense in swinging censers before the altar, the cowled heads, the nuns' sweet hymn, sang, low in the dim, mysterious aisle, — all existed only in the poet's imagination." CHAPTER VL Buildings and God's Acre. The new Academy building was erected on the site of the old Congregation House joining the old Academy building on one side and' connected with the church by a covered passage-way on the other during the year 1854. The main building alone presents a front of one hundred feet — opening directly on the street from the broad portico built in the Doric style of architecture — four stories in height — a massive pile constructed of pressed brick. There are north and south wings, broad halls, well ventilated rooms, "by means of trunk ventilators, four of which run up from the low^er floor, e.xtending above the roof. From these trunks, the different rooms are connected by branches." The buildings are supplied with gas and water throughout, and heated by large wood stoves, providing an even temperature during severe weather. This seat of learning, the pride of Salem, has a peruliarly in- teresting history, having maintained itself since 1802, without a single endowment from any source.* The sole property of the Moravian church, it is managed by a Board of Trustees who have sought not to have it a money-making concern, but rather a source of usefulness in preparing young women to fill their positions in life, with credit to themselves and families. Recognizing, first in * Mr. F. H. Fries bestowed a gift of one tlTousand dollars to the Art Department in memory of his infant daughter who died several years ago known as the "Louise Memorial." Mr. H. E. Fries made a valuable dona- tion to the Library, and a gentleman from Tennessee made also a similar gift, but no special Chair has ever been endowed. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 33 the South, that to bring a nation to the highest point of civiUzation, there must be an educaLed, refined womanhood, the early Mora- vians bent all their energies in that direction, and their efforts have been al'undantly successful. Beginning the boarding school, with eight pupils, they advertised their project of having a school where the home-life would be followed as closely as possible, together with strict discipline, thorough teaching and practical instruction. They cherished for years the scheme of an educational mission- ary effort for the benefit of women, but nearly half a century passed away before any active steps were taken, and the corner-stone of the Academy was laid with religious ceremonies. The people of the South responded to the call for students, and sent their daughters for instruction from distant portions of the country — in carriages, by stages, even in ox-wagons, before there was a railroad anywhere in the United States. At least ten thousand Ahimni claim this as their Alma Mater — comprising some of the most distinguished ladies of the South, who have gone forth to shed an Influence upon society, second to none in the nation. Amongst them two who have been called upon to do the honors of the White House — Mrs. President Polk and Mrs. Patterson, daughter of President Jackson. Mrs. Gen. Stonewall Jackson and Mrs. Gen. D. H. Hill were also educated here. Mrs. Polk, now living in seclusion in her Tennessee home, sends an occa- sional letter to the Academy paper, breathing her love and venera- tion for the school of her youth with messages of encouragement to the teachers who have succeeded those of her day and generation. Even during the late civil war the school flourished ; as parents sent their daughters here for a safe retreat, knowing that evil would befall them less likely than elsewhere. When Stoneman's raiding party entered Salem, the Mayor immediately surrendered, and together with the President of Academy asked that a Federail guard be stationed around the building for protection. This was granted, and teachers and scholars pursued the even tenor of their way unmolested. The broad front doovs of the Academy are seldom opened except on grand occasions, as visitors are received at the President's house, but in the rear is one of the most beautiful parks to be found anywhere. Wide spreading weeping willows bending over large fountains, I 'road sweeping walks, terraced hills, cozy little dells, attractive pagodas shaded by Norway spruces, and other trees more than a hundred years old, form one artistic blending of taste and beauty. 34 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — -WINSTON-SALEM. The church, joining the Academy, is large and elegant* in its proportions. With its frescoed walls and ceiling, its pipe-organ of thrilling tone built in 1799 while the church was being constructed, its carvings of wood, wide galleries, and the deep silence, that broods over the congragation at all times, drawing the thoughts to the divine and bowing each head in reverance while the music steals upon the senses as a glimpse of some bright upper sphere, where the " Gloria in Excelsis'" is forever the song upon every lip. Two blocks beyond the church lies the Avenue, over a quarter of a mile in extent, and about one hundred feet in width. Along its outer edge were planted about twenty feet apart tall cedars more than one hundred years ago, and through its centre runs a broad gravelled walk about eight feet wide. The rest of the space is turfed, and as the walk follows the natural undulations of the land, is a most delightful place to spend a leisure hour, while happy chil- dren gambol amongst the grassy glades, and their elders drink in the fresh air enjoying the repose provided so thoughtfully by their forefathers. No vehicle is ever allowed within the gates of this avenue. The Moravian grave-yard lies all along the right of this avenue, entered by three large gates — bearing above their arched entrances the inscriptions: "Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord," "Because I live ye shall live also," "Them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him." The grave-yard is laid off at right-angles, and planted with cedars. Where the walks intersect in the centre, four of these immense trees stand like sentinels above the first grave ever made in the place in the plot adjoining — bearing date 1771. At this spot the members of the church congregate on Easter morning, and hold a religious service, typical of the resurrection, with music from a band of six instruments- — accompanying the singing of sacred an- thems. The graves, green hillocks lying side by side, are provided with a stone lying flat upon the head of the grave, and decorated the evening before with various floral designs, and there can scarcely be imagined a more beautiful ceremony in the early morning, when the sun is first peeping above the tree tops of the distant forest. The females are buried together, the males together, and the children have their own allotted place. According to custom, no costly stone is allowed within the enclosure, and no grave is unpro- Baptismal and Comniunion Service of solid .silver. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA— WINSTON-SALEM. 35 vided for, the church keeping this spot, known as "God's Acre," in perfect order which is beautiful by its neat uniformity. Beyond, lies the cemetery, owned by stockholders, for those who prefer burying families together, and where the people of Winston also bury their dead. The grounds are reached by a rustic bridge spanning a ravine, and are laid off with some attention to modern landscape gardening ; the sections sold to individuals. Some of the monuments are hand- some, with two private vaults above one of which stands a life-size marble figure of Hope guarding the entrance. Six graves in a paled enclosure has a stone bearing the inscrip- tion : "Our Confederate Dead." Soldiers who died in a hospital. When a death occurs in Salem the announcement is made by the blowing of six brass horns in the church steeple, and the tune played indicates the age of the decased. The body of the dead is never carried into the church where the services are held, but rests on a bier on the outside, in former days deposited in a small house at the rear of the church. Preceded by the horns, blowing some mournful dirge, the bier made of carved mahogony, is bourne on the shoulders of pall- bearers, and followed on foot by relatives and friends of the departed, one of the most touching funeral proces- sions that can be imagined. Between the grave-yard and Academy grounds lies Wachovia Park — a beautiful tract of forest land, spring of pure water, and a clear rippling stream murmuring over a pebbly bed — one of nature's choice uudisturbed spots of loveliness. 36 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. HOW OFT I'VE TROD THAT SHADOWY WAY. Full many a peaceful place I've seen, But the most restful spot I know, Is one where thick, dark cedars grow In an old graveyard cool and green. The way to the sequestered place Is arched with boughs of that sad tree, And there the trivial step of glee Must sober to a pensive pace. How oft I've trod that shadowy way. In by-gone years, — sometimes while yet The grass with morning dew was wet. And sometimes at the close of day. And sometimes when the summer noon Hung like a slumberous midnight spell. Sometimes when through the dark trees fell The sacred whiteness of the moon. Then is the hour to wander there. When moonlight silvers tree and stone, And in the soft night wind is blown Ethereal essence subly rare. At such an hour the angels tread That hallowed spot in stoles as white As lilies, and in silent flight They come and go till dawn is red. John Henry Boner. Native of Salem, now of. New York. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 37 CHAPTER VII. Peculiar Customs. One of the peculiar customs of the early Moravians was that of marriage by lot. According to their ideas, young people were not allowed to mingle freely together in social life. There was no vis- iting or meeting except in the presence of their elders, after the European style. The young brethren lived together, and the young- sisters, when fourteen years of age, left their homes and went to the Sisters' House, where they were under the guidance of an elderess of the Church, who directed what kind of employment should en- gage their attention in the various industries in which the sisters were proficient. This was their home, as an increasing family in the paternal' dwelling did not allow room or time for such study and reflection as was needed to fit them for the duties of life. When a brother desired to marry, he went to the pastor of the church, signifying his purpose, and perhaps naming the young lady whose character from reputation would suit him. Assembling the elders, after con- sultation and prayer, the matter was decided by lot, believing if it came out " yes " it was God's will, and if " no " accepting it as not the best for either they should live together in holy matrimony. When the lot revealed "yes," then the minister went to the elderess of Sisters' House and told her the decision. She summoned the young sister, who had the privilege of declining or accepting the offer of marriage after due consideration. If she accepted the day was appointed, and the elderess immediately set to work to help her prepare for the important event, one of the requirements being a goodly supply of linen for household use, which was spun from the flax cultivated so extensively in the country, and woven by their own hands. The marriage was usually celebrated at the church, the bride entering one door with her father, the bridegroom the other, — meeting at the altar perhaps for the first time. The Synod of 1817 decided to abolish marrying by lot, some of the younger members rebelling against its requirements, as ac- 38 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. cording to the Church discipHne, if a brother went in opposition to the lot, he was immediately expelled, and not allowed to live in the settlement. There is no criticism of the custom. The matter was entered upon religiously, and accepted in faith, no evil conse- quences ever followed, and no divorce to this day has ever been known amongst the Moravians of Salem. Marriage has always been with them a sacrament, not a civil ceremony. Their children are considered a part of the Church, not merely Sunday School scholars. Very early they are learned to attend the public services, and each has his hymn-book and reads the litany and engages in singing, presenting a uniformity of worship not found elsewhere. In the homes the daily te.xt is read at the morning meal from a small pamphlet arranged yearly for each day in the year, with some verses from the Bible, one of which is always doc- trinal. This is printed in different languages, and in use by Mora- vians all over the world. The children are also learned at an early age to ask the blessing at the table. The Festival days are an important branch of church services — divided into the Sisters, Single Brethren, Widows, Married Peo- ple and Children, when each class is thus honored, while at Christ mas, Easter and other appointed days, the whole congregation unites in the celebration. The festival day is ushered in by music from the church steeple by the horns, chapel service in the morn- ing, and in the afternoon a love-feast of sweet buns and coffee handed on trays by si.K gentlemen and six ladies, the latter with snowy dress caps and white aprons. The coffee is served in china mugs with milk and sugar already prepared. While partaking of this, the choir renders some fine anthems alternating with hymns by the congregation, only the music and swell of the organ through a continuous service with prayer at the opening and benediction at close comprising the features of the entertainment. On children's day, after the love-feast in afternoon, there is a special programme for the night. Wires are stretched between the church and President's house with a symbolic figure in centre, and upon these are hung dozens of Chinese lanterns. When lighted, the children march out on the steps of the church, while the con- gregation passes through the side doors, and surround them while they sing a hymn led by the cornet. This is one of the most in- teresting occasions that can be imagined. The quiet hush of the night, the myriad of stars twinkling in the firmament above, the varying brilliant lights, the sweet voices of children raised in praise TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 39 to "Jesus lover of my Soul" — all must fasten the scene upon a child's imagination never to be erased. The decorations of tiowers inside the church, and designs for lanterns outside are different every year. On Christmas eve the church is beautifully decorated, one of the attractions being an exquisitely painted transparency, represent- ing the "mother and child," the light so arranged as to throw a halo around the head of the infant Christ. During the services, wax candles, about four inches in length, are passed on trays, then lighted, one is given to each child, emblems of the light which Christ brought into the world. As they pass from the church with their twinkling lights, the scene is picturesque and attractive with its speaking symbolism. The last night of the year the church is generally crowded and two services are held, at eight and half-past eleven. During the first the " Memorabilia " are read— an epitome of important events all over the world and especially the congregation during the year. When the clock sounds out the first stroke of twelve suddenly the congregation rises in the midst of the speaker's remarks, by one mighty impulse supported by the church band and sing rejoicingly the hymn, "Now let us praise the Lord." Then they are dismissed amidst the wishes and congratulations of "Happy New year." Out from this refining atmosphere have gone forth to other localities, young men who have made themselves known in the world of thought and labor — ^many occupying positions on the lead- ing journals of the country. New York, Washington, the West and *Texas, bearing evidence of their correct training whUe the musi- cians from Salem, male and female, have been distinguished for their genius displayed in the leading cities of the Union. West Point and Annapolis had their cadets from Salem who are now offi- cers in United States Army and Navy, amongst the "bravest of the brave ' ' in point of personal courage. A. H. BeK>, PMitur G:ilvcstun .111. 1 Dallas Ac:as. 40 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. CHAPTER VIII. The Old Salem Hotel. The old Salem Hotel is a place of interest to strangers, by virtue of the tragedies that have occurred beneath its roof and the fact that a veritable ghost was said to have made its appearance there, more than half a century ago, and other items of historical im- portance. The first inn which occupied the same site was burned in 1784, and the hotel was built the same year. It was leased to parties who were required to sign a written document pledging themselves "to be agreeable and polite to all strangers, to keep an entirely clean and inviting House of Entertainment — to watch the domestics carefully that they may be polite and obhging and not demand any extra gratuity, and in case they were found guilty of asking for money, to dismiss them without ceremony. They were also required "not to allow gambling, fighting, swearing, immoral conduct or the assembling of minors on Sundays, or to permit the use of spir- ituous liquors to persons intoxicated or any excess of drinking on the premises." "The tavern," as it was familiarly termed, thus conducted became the social centre of the town. It was the customary resort of the burghers, who regularly congregated about the large fire-place of the public room in winter or on the long veranda in summer to discuss the affairs of the place, and general news of the day as they smoked." After the Academy became a success, examination day was the great event of the year. As there were no railway facilities the wealthy Southern planters came in elegant coaches with a train of colored servants and fine horses — the like of which has never been seen since the civil war. ' ' The large hotel yard was literally packed with carriages. It would be difficult to describe those times when Southern aristocry was at its zenith, and nowhere else at that time could be found so great a collection of wealth, beauty, all the courtly TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 41 graces and chivalric bearing which characterized Southerners in O ante-bellum days." The buildings are four in number. ' ' The large red brick are of immense size, the walls as thick as a feudal castle and the queer saddle roof with dormer windows was surmounted by a cupola and bell. The chimneys had great immense fire-places, the kitchen paved with blocks of stone. The property was afterwards pur- chased and kept for years as a place of entertainment for man and beast, but is not now used as a hotel — the rooms being rented in suits. Thus the glory has departed from its attractive history much to the regret of the travelling public who were always sure of welcome and comfort as long as it held out its arms to strangers. ' ' Half a century ago, so the story goes, a gentleman came to this hotel and registered under an assumed name. The proprietor was kind and pleasant. He was sick, and in a day or so was found to be afflicted with the small-pox, and was removed to a house on the edge of town and a nurse provided. He became worse and sent for the proprietor of hotel when found he must die, who did not reach him before death claimed him as a victim. The old gentleman was greatly troubled and for days wondered who he was, and whence he came. Soon afterwards, one of the female servants complained while cleaning the room he had occupied at hotel that his face had appeared to her. The pro- prietor scolded her for such superstition — but after repeated shrieks of fear and declarations that he was really present, he decided to investigate for himself. The uncanny visitor met him within the threshold of the room, told his real name and place of residence and desired his wife should be apprized of his death, disappeared and has never since been seen. The grave old Moravian, pale and col- lected, would not tell his strange experience, but wrote to thei address named, received a reply from the wife and sent all his efTects home. 'Tis said the old gentleman never liked to talk about the incident, which he declared to be literally true. The Widows' House had its ghostly visitant also, in the person of a workman who was killed by a rock crushing out his life while excavating for its cellar. He was atfcired in red shirt and skull-cap, and one of the inmates of the building, long years afterwards declared she met him on the stair-case. This legend of the ' ' Little Red Man" was written up for the Cenf? His son, H. E. Vogler, who is associated with him, is a practical Optician, and can fit i^l.isses to any defect of vision. Opposite hJorchant's Hotel. MAIN STREET, WINSTON, N. C. 84 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. W. p. ORMSBY, SALEM, N. C. -DEALER IN- -: PIANOS, :- -: OI2,C3-J^lTS, :- — AND THE- Lioht Riiiiiiiiiu Domestic Sewiiiir Machine. Sells for cash or installments.^^* Best goods and lowest prices is his motto. J^^ All goods fully guaranteed. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 85 -:- BELO HOUSE, -:- SALEM, N. C. Mrs. J. A. HANSLY, Proprietor. S.^]VII»I^E I^OO]>J[S FR.EE, With many years experience we know how to cater to the wants of the traveHng pubHc. POLITE AND ATTENTIVE SERVANTS. LOCA TED IN B US IN ESS FOR 770 N OF THE CITY, MAIN STREET. F. G. MElNUNg, MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF BUGGIES, CARRIAGES, &c., &c. Business and Delivery Wagons a Specialty. Have a large variety of photographs of same on hand. Will also order any style or grade of Western work. CARTS AS CHEAP AS ANY IN THE MARKET. All kinds ot Repairing and Blacksmithing done at short notice. Main St., Salem, N. C. 86 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. B. F. Hanes. Phillip Hanes, -:- B. F. HANES. -:- Manufacturer of all grades of -■>-Plug,xTwi8t,-^- ->->ai]dxFai]GyxTobacG08,-^^ FINE TOBACCOS A SPECIALTY. -.. PLUG BRANDS. -: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, CAROLINA'S FAVORITE, CAROLINA BOSS, HANES' FROG GOLDEN CHAIN, GILDED AGE, LITTLE SUSIE, BANDIT'S BRIDE, BLACK WARRIOR, OUR SENATOR, HORTENSE, GREY EAGLE, ALPINE MATCH- LESS FAULTLESS, PURITY, TOM BOY, FRESH TAP, DELMONICO'S CHOICE, DIADEM, COTTON KING, OUR EXHIBIT. -:- TWIST BRANDS. -:- MONUMENTAL CITY, QUAKER CITY, SCATTERED NATION, SPECIAL DRIVE DICK'S PET, GOLD CERTIFICATE, SILVER LAKE. LONE STAR, FCLIPSE Rl'SHER, RAVEN TWIST, CHAMPAGNE, RAIL ROAD, CONFIDENCE TWIST, DEAD SHOT. -:■ ROUGH AND READY GOODS- -:- THE CUTTER, OPERA GLASS, PAN ELECTRIC. Very Respectfully, B. F. HANES. TWIN •CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. S" FIRST PTIOpii WWl WINSTON, N. C. Capital, - - - - $100,000. Surplus and Undivided Profits, $70,000. OFFICERS: J. A. BITTING, President. J. W. ALSPAUGH, Casheir. C. HAMLEN, Vice President. L. W. PEGRAM, Asst. " DIRECTORS: C. HAMLEN, T. J. BROWN, R. B. KERNER. BOOK-KEEPERS: P. W. CRUTCHFIELD, L. W. PEGRAM, W. L. PITTMAN. ROSENBACHER BROS., WINSTON, NORTH CAROLINA. HEADQUARTERS FOR Fine Dry Goods, Stytlsb Gloaks and Beautiful Garpets, Sljoes and Hats. Largest Shoe and Hat Store in the State. Ladies' and Gents' Fine Shoes in all styles, widths and sizes, at lowest prices. Ladies' Fine Slippers a specialty. OXjOTHZIHSTG-, LEADING CLOTHING STORE OF THE TWIN-CITY, Lai'gest Stock and Smallest Prices. 88 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. FOGLE BEOS. Manufacturers of Sash, Blinds, Doors, Moulding, LUMBER -AND- : BUILDING MATERIAL, :- ./- BUILDERS -:- -AND— -/- CONTRACTORS, -:- TOBACCO BOXES AND KEGS A SPECIALTY. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. W. A. WHITAKER, Proprietor, Among some of the popular brands of this well known manufactory are: "Lucile, " "Golden Slipper, "Olive Branch," Twin- City, Marsh Mallow, White Wings, Billie Taylor, Em- press, Coronet, Peach and Honey, Royal Gold Bars, Sprig of Acacia, Twin-City Club, Sheila, Jefferson's Choice, Zip. -:- -:- TWIST TOBACCOS. -: -:- Black Fat, Buzzard Wing, Falcon, Ottar of Roses, White Wings. SMOKING BRAND— WHITE WINGS. These Tobaccos are made of the choicest leaf grown in the Pied- mont belt which is unequalled in the world for its fine tex- ture, delicacy of flavor and fine chewing quality, manufactured with great care and sold at BOTTOIVL FRIOES. If you want the best selling line of goods on the market WRITE FOR SAMPLES AND PRICES. 9© TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. A. C. VOGLER. F". H. VOGLER. [ESTABLISHED 1858.1 A. C. VOGLEE & SON, FUNERAL DIRECTORS -AND- FURNITURE DEALERS -:- MAIN ST., SALEM, N. C, BROWN, ROGERS & CO., Wholesale and Retail Dealers in -: HARDWARE,:- -:■ MACHINERY, ■:- Agricultural Implements, Buggies, Stoves, Paints, Oils, etc., etc. POWDER AND DYNAMITE. Winston, N. C. TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. 9I LIBERTY STREET, WINSTON, N. C. DEALERS IN Drugs, Medicines^ Chetiiicals, Fine Toilet Soaps, Fancy Hair and Tooth Brushes, Perfumery, Fancy Toilet Articles, Trusses and Shoulder Braces, Grass and Garden Seeds, Pure Wines and Liquors for Medicinal Purposes, Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Dye-Stuffs, Letter Paper, Pens, Ink, Envelopes and Putty. Physicians' Prescriptions Accurately Compounded. $. G. ROUGR, PROCOGRAPBGR, WINSTON, N C. PRICES OF PHOTOGRAPHS: Cabinets per dozen, $4.00 Cabinets per half dozen, $2.50 Cards " " 2.00 Cards " " " 1.75 Minettes, " " 1.50 Duplicates can be had at still lower rates. Copies made from all kiids of pictures to any size required. CRAYONS AND WATER COLORS A SPECIALTY. Views made in town or country at reasonable rates. When in Winston do not fail to call on HOUGH, The Photographer. ASHGRAFT & OWENS, DEALERS IN -:- PAINTS, OILS, VARNISHES, -:- Stationery and Blank Books, Third and Main Strets, Winston, N. C. 92 TWIN-CITIES OF NORTH CAROLINA — WINSTON-SALEM. ♦^$ALGm BOOK ?TORG.-f • ALWAYS ON HAND THE USUAL SUPPLY OF School Books, Writing Papers, Writing Pads and Scratch Books, Pens, Ink and Pencils. Writing Desks, Lap Tablets, Albums, Fancy Box Papers, Blank Books, Memorandum Books, &c. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS. Poems, History, Travels, Biography, Select Illus- trated Hymns, Juvenile Books of all Grades, Toy Books. Photograph and Autograph Albums, Portfolios, Work Boxes, Writing Desks, Numerous Fancy Articles, useful as well as ornamental. ^ $%IMUI •!• P^ipip •:• 0FFI6E.^ \m We are prepared to print, at short notice, as cheap as the cheapest, Pamphlets, Handbills, Circulars, Tobacco Labels, Programmes, Posters, Business Cards, Cotton Labels, Blanks of all kinds. Letter and Bill Heads, and Printing of every description. -L. V. & E. T. BLUM,- SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA. 4 -«.F.♦^ & •^ f).♦^ FRIG$,^ SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA. MANUFACTURERS OF COTTON GOODS, MANUFACTURERS OF \VOOLEN GOODS, OWNERS OF WACHOVIA FLOURING MILLS, WOOL CARDED, SPUN, WOVEN AND EXCHANGED EOR CLOTH, -:- IF YOU WANT -:- -»GOOD SHEETING-^.^ -:- OF UNIFORM QUALITY -:- —ASK FOR— -/- ARISTA. -/. R & H. FRIES, Cotton and Woolen Manufacturers O < o Q < AND OWNERS OF I] SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS