w !S2. Bulletin No. 20. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF BOTANY. PRINCIPAL POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. V. K. CHESNUT. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. Rnnk Cs-1- -^'A 3^2, Bulletin No. 20. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF BOI'ANY. 94. PRINCIPAL POISONOUS PLANTS THE UNITED STATES, v.'k. chesnut. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. D =?^ ^>\ nx MAR 31 19Ca >\- i^ J^ LETFER OE TRANS]\nTTAL U, S. Department of Agrioultube, Divit^ioN OF Botany, Washington, I). C, December .?(), 1897. Sir: I liave tlie lioiior to trausniit liorewitli for publication as a bulK'tin of this division a mauuscript ou the "Principal Poisonous Plants of the United States." In the annual report of the Botanist for 1894 was emphasized the importance of doing something to lessen the increasing number of fatal cases of poisoning due to carelessness or to a lack of correct knowledge of our poisonous plants, and as a result the Secretary of Agriculture, in ISTovember, 1804, ^appointed Mr. Y. K. Chesnut as an assistant in the Division of Botany to take charge of such a line of work. In addition to the chemical and physiological investigations which have since been in progress, it has seemed desira- ble to distribute at once some simple but authoritative accouut of our commonest poisonous plants. In the prosecution of this work a novel method of securing correct information about actual cases of i)oisoning has been adopted. Through newspaper clii)ping bureaus the Division of Botany receives notices of all the cases of ])oisoning that are recorded in the principal newspapers. Then, through the jiersons mentioned by name in these articles or through the local postmaster, we get into corresiiondence with the physician in charge of the case, secure a speci- men of the plant which is resi)onsible for the poisoning, and place ou file a complete record of the symptoms, treatment, and results. By this means we have secured a large amount of authentic and valuable information, additional to the published statements, the partial benefit of which is given to the i^eople in this i)ublication, and the remainder of which will be used from time to time in more detailed i^ublications on the poisonous qualities of i^irticular plants. The plants which have been considered, about fifty in number, include most of the important poisonous species. Each is illustrated, wherever necessary, by an original drawing from authentic specimens, and is briefiy described in a popular way. This, together with the liberal use of common names and a brief outline of the geographical distri- bution, will doubtless enable individuals in different localities to recog- nize any of the plants. For general educational purposes it has been thought best to follow the scientific classification. 3 It is the puri)ose of the Division of Botany to collect statistics and general inl'ormatiou relating to all of the poisonons plants of the United States, and so far as possible to examine into their chemical and physiological properties and to discover their antidotes. With this end in view, it is hoped that the heartiest cooperation will be received from all those who are able to render assistance. Kespectfnlly, Frederick Y. Coville, Botanist. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS, Page. Introduction 9 Gill fnnoi ( A^aricaceae) 11 Deadly amanitas ( Aiuauita) 11 Fly amanita (Amanita mitscaria) (illustrated).. 12 Deatli cup {Amanita phalloidea) (illustrated).. 14 Bunch-flower family ( Melanthaceae) 16 Ameiican false hellebore ( Veratrum viride) (illustrated) . . 16 Lily of the valley family (Convallariaceae) 18 Lily of the valley ( Con vallaria majalis) (illustrated ) . . 18 Orchid family (Orchidaceae) 19 Lady's slipper (Cypripedium) 19 Showy lady's slipper ( CypripedUim reginac) (illustrated) . . 19 Larger yellow^ lady's slipper {Ci/pripedium hirsutum) . . .(illustrated).. 20 Smaller yellow lady's slipper ( Cypripedium parvifloriim) 20 Pink family (Alsinaceae) 21 Corn cockle {Agrostentma fiithai/o) (illustrated) . . 21 Crowfoot ftxmily (Kauunculaceae) 22 Aconite (Aconilnm cohimhiannm) (illustrated).. 22 Larkspur ( Delphinium) 23 Dwarf larkspur (Delphiniitm tricorne) (illustrated) . . 24 Larkspur ( Delphiniuni geyeri) 24 Larkspur {Delphinium 7ne7icie8ii) 25 Larkspur ( Delphinium recurratum )...'. 25 Larkspur (Delphinium troUiiJ'oUum) 25 Plum family (Prunaceae) 26 Black cherry ( Prunus serotina) (illustrated) . . 26 Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae) 28 Kentucky cotfee tree ((rymnocladus ilioica) (illustrated).. 28 Pea family (Papilionaceae) 29 Woolly loco weed (Astragalus jnollissimus) (illustrated) . . 29 Stemless loco weed (Aragallus lamhertii) (illustrated) . . 30 Rattlebox (Crotalaria sagittalis) (illustrated).. 31 Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 32 Spurge (Euphorbia) 32 Caper spurge (Eupliorhia lathyris) (illustrated) . . 33 Snow on the mountain (Euphorbia marginata) (illustrated) . . 34 Sumac family ( Anacardiaceae) 35 Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac (Rhus) 35 Poison ivy (L'hus radicans) (illustrated) . . 35 Poison oak (Rhus diversiloha) (illusti-ated).. 36 Poison sumac (Rhus vernix) (illustrated) . . 36 Buckeye family (Sapindaceae) 39 Red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) (illustrated) . . 39 5 6 Page. Carrot family (Apiaceae) 40 Water hemlock ( Cicuta macidata) (illustrated) . . 40 Oregon water hemlock {Cicuta vagans) (illustrated).. 41 Poisou hemlock ( Conium maculatum) (illustrated) . . 43 Heath family (Ericaceae) 44 Broad-leaf laurel (Kalmia latifoUa) (illustrated) . . 44 Narrow-leaf laurel {Kalmia angustifolia) (ilhistrated) . . 46 Great laurel ( Rhododendron maximum) (illustrated) . . 47 Stagger hush ( Pieris inariana) (illustrated) . . 48 Brauch ivy ( Leueothoe cateshaei) (illustrated) . . 48 Logania family (Loganiaceae) 48 False jessamine ( Gelsemium sempervirens) (illustrated) . . 48 Potato family (Solanaceae) - 48 Jimson weeds (Datura) 49 Jimson weed {Datura stramonium) ( illustrated) . . 49 Jimson weed ( Datura tatula) 50 Nightshades (Solanum) 51 Black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum ) (illustrated) . . 52 Bittersweet {Solanum dulcamara) (illustrated) . . 53 Spreading nightshade {Solanum triHorum) (illustrated) . . 53 Sunflower family (Carduaceae) 54 Sneezeweed {Helenium autumnale) (illustrated) . . 54 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 1. Fly amanita ( Jmani/« muscaria) 12 2. Death i-np ( Amatiita phaUoidvs) 15 3. False helleltore ( J'eratrum viride) 17 4. Lily of tbe valley ( Convallaria majalis) 18 5. Showy lady's slipper ( Cifprijmlium reginae) 19 6. Larger yellow lady's slipper ( Cypripedium MrsHtum) 19 7. Corn c-ockle {AgrosUmma githaf/o) 21 8. Aconite (Acoiiitiim columhianinn) 23 9. Dwarf larkspur ( Delphinium Iricorne) 24 10. Black cherry {Pruniis serotina) 27 11. Kentucky coffee tree ( Gymnodadus dioica) 28 12. Woolly loco weed {Astragalus molUssimns) 29 13. Stemless loco vreed (Aragallus lanihertii) 30 14. Rattlebox (Crotalaria sagiitalis) 31 15. Caper spurge (Euphorbia Jathyris) 33 16. Snow on the mountain {Euphorbia marginata) 34 17. Poison ivy {lihus radicans) 35 18. Poison oak ( Rhus diversiloba) 36 19. Poison sumac {Bh us remix) 37 20. Red buckeye {Jiscuhis jKuv'a) 39 21. Water hemlock ( Cicuia maculaia) 40 22. Oregon water hemlock ( Cicuia vagans) 41 23. Poison hemlock {Couinm maculatum) 43 24. Broad-leaf laurel ( Kalmia latij'olia) 45 25. Narrow-leaf laurel {Kalmia angustifoUa) 46 26. Great laurel ( Rhododendron maximum) 46 27. Staggerbush ( Pieris mariana) 47 28. Branch ivy {Leucothoe catesbaei) 48 29. False jessamine ( Gelsemium sempervirens) 48 30. Jimson weed ( Datura stramonium ) 50 31. Black nightshade {Solanum nigrum) 52 32. Bittersweet {Solanum d\ilcamara) 53 33. Spreading nightshade {Solanum trijlorum) 54 34. Sneezeweed {Helenium autumnale) 55 7 PRINCIPAL POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. INTRODUCTION. In view of the frequent results of ignorance with regard to poisonous plants, whether the occasional loss of human life, the large sacrifice of animals, and the consequent financial loss, or the annoyance and dis- tress of countless minor cases of human poisoning, it is remarkable that no systematic treatise has been published concerning those that exist in the United States. Statistics in regard to them are lacking on account of a general ignorance of the subject, and it is therefore impossible to form even an approximate estimate of the amount of damage done by them. The various species of water hemlock (Cicuta) kill a number of children each year. In the State of New Jersey two quadruple cases of water hemlock poisoning were reported during the spring of 1896, which resulted fatally to two of the eight individuals affected. The number of cattle killed by one species of Cicuta in Oregon alone is estimated to be over one hundred per annum. The number of deaths among cattle which are attributed to loco weed is very large, and to rid itself of this pest the State of Colorado paid out nearly $200,000 in bounties between March 14, 1881, and February 18, 1885. On the latter date the law was repealed. The distress caused by poison ivy is being constantly exi^erienced by thousands of individuals. Setting aside the criminal uses of poisonous i^lants, there are some other legal problems connected with them which are of general public interest. The common law of England holds a person responsible for damage accruing from the possession and cultivation of poisonous plants. In one case, for example, a jury rendered judgment in favor of a plain- tiff whose horse was poisoned from eating branches of a yew which hung over a fence from an adjoining yard. A similar judgment for $3,500 has recently been rendered by a New York court against the directors of a cemetery in a case of poisoning due to poison ivy which had been allowed to grow within the grounds. All poisonous plants are not equally injurious to all persons, nor to all forms of life. The most familiar illustration of this is to be found in the action of poison ivy. It has no apparent external effect upon animals, and a few of them, such as the horse, mule, and goat, eat its 9 10 leaves with impunity. It acts upon the skin of the majority of persons but with varying intensity. Many people are probably wholly immune, but some lose their resistant power in middle life; others have been known to attain immunity from it to a very considerable degree. There is a similar variability in the effects of poisonous plants taken internally. The qualifications involved in a definition of a [)oisonous plant are numerous, and can not well be introduced into this report. It may suffice here to say that death in some cases is attributable not to any poison which the plant contains, but to immoderate or incautious eating, or to mechanical injury, such as is produced in horses by the hairs of crimson clover, which under certain conditions accumulate in large balls and obstruct the intestines, or to the effect of parasitic growths, such as ergot occurring on rye. Neither the clover nor the rye is poisonous. Excluding all wliich operate in these ways, there is, however, a large number of really poisonous plants whose ]»roperties are comparatively unknown. Information relating to them is obtainable only from the most diverse sources. Cases of poisoning are described in medical journals, communicated by farmers, or simi)ly alluded to in newspapers, and are traceable only through correspondence or personal inspection. Kecords of chemical analyses and toxicological experiments are scat- tered through all kinds of literature. Additional reason for the preva- lent ignorance in regard to these plants is to be found sometimes in tlieir limited geographical range, and sometimes in the uncertainty and often opposite results obtained by unscientific experiments. In this bulletin it has been found impossible to give an adecjuate treatment of all of our poisonous plants. Those cultivated in gardens, such as the oleander {Nerium oleander)^ mezereon {Daplmc mezereum), foxglove {Digitalis ptirpnrea), and the species of Narcissus, have been omitted, as have those wild plants whose poisonons qualities have not been investigated at some length. In the latter category are the cock- leburs [Xanthimn sjnnosum, X. strumarium, and A', canadcnse), sleepy grass {Stijya riridnla rohusta), elder {Sambucus canadensis), pimpernel {AnagalUs arvensi's), and Labrador tea {Ledum groenlandicum). The limit of space has precluded a more extended treatment of many species, and cut out altogether many of the'fieshy and all of the parasitic fungi. The matter loresented in tbis bulletin has been obtained in part from published articles or treatises, but most of it has not heretofore been printed. Besides the direct information secured through correspond- ence with medical men, scientists, farmers, and others interested in cases of poisoning, considerable information has been obtained from personal observation and experiment. The writer has had constant recourse to the valuable treatises of Cornevin, Blyth, Kobert, I3am- mann, Millspaugh, White, and Van Hasselt; to the numerous articles found in the various botanical and chemical journals ; and to the medical literature indexed in the invaluable catalogue and Index Medicus of 11 the Snrgeon-General's library at Washington. Some assistance has also been obtained from the recent special publications of Dr. H. H. Kusby and Prof Byron U. Halsted. The figures, with the exception of Kos. 2, 18, and 21, were drawn by Mr. F. A. Walpole, the artist of the Division of Botany. GILL FUNGI (AGARICACEAE). DEADLY AMANITAS. Amanita. The amanitas belong to the class of plants known as gill fungi (Agaricaceae), and include most of the plants popularly called toad- stools and mushrooms. Many of these are delicious articles of food, and they are rapidly becoming more and more used for this ]nirpose in the United States. In appearance none are more attractive than the deadly amanitas, especially the two which are treated of in this bulle- tin. A few of the 25 or 30 species of this genus are edible, but as fully one-third are known to contain deadly poisons, and as this is not so generally true of any other group, it is important that its characteris- tics should be i)ointed out. The amanitas form the most typical genus of that group of tleshy fungi which is cbaracterized by vertical radiating plates or gills on the under surface of the cap. In the early stages of growth the amanitas are egg-shaped and are entirely enveloped by a white llocculent cover- ing, which is ruptured as the stem lengthens. In a few species this covering adheres in loose, corky patches to the top of the cap, as seen in fig. 1, but sometimes it slips away from the cap entirely and forms a more or less continuous sheathing cup at the base of the stem at the j)oint of enlargement, as shown in fig. 2. This llocculent covering and the invariably bulbous base of the stem are the most important charac- teristics of the genus, while the different position of the fiocculent cov- ering after rupture helps to distinguish the species. These features are well pronounced as a rule, but sometimes it requires some searching to find the cup. Besides the general envelope there is also a secondary one which at first covers the gills, extending from the stem outward in all directions horizontally to the rim of the cap. This breaks away from the cap before maturity and forms a more or less perfect and conspicuous col- lar about the ui)per i)art of the stem. Except in the case of one si^ecies noted below, the gills and spores are white. The geographical distri- bution of these fungi is not well known, as comparatively few individu- als have studied them carefully. 12 FLY AMANITA. Amanita muscaria (L.) Fr. Other names: Fly fungus; flyagaric; fly killer; deadly amanita; false orange amauita. (Fig. 1.) Description and habitat. — A handsome robust species, 4 to IG inches high. It is singularly free from larval pests and the usual signs of decay, and is highly attractive in appearance, taste, and smell. In its early stages the shape of the cap is very strongly convex, but by grad- FiG. 1.— Fly amanita {Amanita muscaria): a, mature plant ; i, top view of cap showing corky patches— botli one-lialf natural size ual expansion it becomes flat and even concave. It is invariably warty. In color it varies from nearly white through all shades of yellow to a bright red. As a rule it is more reddish in the center and light yellow outward, but sometimes the color is uniform throughout. The enlarged base is marked with short, stubby projections of the epidermis, which are generally replaced upward along the lower x)art of the stem by soft flexible shavings, as seen in the figure. The general shape of the plant is very much like that of the orange Amanita {Amanita caesarea), but it differs conspicuously in the absence of a cup and in the posses- sion of white instead of yellow gills and stems. It differs also in usu- 13 ally having a warty instead of a smooth cap. Both grow in pine and oak forests from spring to autumn, but the edible species does not appear so late in the autumn as the other. From the common mush- room (Agaricus campestris) the fly ainanita is easily distinguished by having white instead of puri)le gills and spares, by its warty cap and bulbous stem, and by its place of growth — the meadow mushroom never appearing in forests. The fly amauita is abnndant in several localities in the United States. It is the best known of all the poisonous species of fnngi. As a fly poison it has been used in Europe for hundreds of years, and the origin of its use in northeastern Asia as an intoxicant is probably not much more modern. Poisoning is, however, not so frequently caused by it as by the closely related and more poisonous death cup {Amanita phal- lokles), yet many cases have been recorded, the most notable recent instance being that which occurred at Washington, I). C, on Novem- ber 10, 1807, Avlien Count de Yecchj died, having eaten the fungus for breakfast the preceding morning. Cattle are poisoned as well as men, and it is supposed that their flesh is thus rendered unwholesome. Poisonous elements. — Several ])oisonous compounds are present in this fungus, the best known of which is the alkaloid muscarine. This is probably present in all parts of the fungus, but appears to be esi^ecially abundant in the spore-bearing surface or gills. When fed to animals this alkaloid produces an eflect which is nearly but not quite that pro- duced by the plant itself. Symptoms of poisoning. — As deduced from experiments on animals, from authentic records of the eflect on men who use small amounts of the fungus as an intoxicant, and from reliable descriptions of several cases of accidental poisoning, the symptoms come on generally within a couple of hours after the fungus is eaten. In some cases, however, which are alleged to have been caused by this si)ecies, the eflects have begun to show themselves only after several hours. Characteristic symptoms in cases of poisoning are the retardation of the heart's action and an extreme difliculty in breathing. After from two to three hours there is a profound stupor, often preceded or accompanied by ccdd sweats and nervous phenomena — such as giddiness, double vision, and lockjaw. Vomiting sometimes gives relief to the patient, but it is often difficult to produce this effect after narcosis has set in, even with the most pow- erful emetics — such as apomorphine. Pain at the stomach is not a characteristic symptou of this poison. The stupor may last from eight to ten hours, in milder cases, and one or two days, in more serious cases. Death follows in from eighteen hours to two or three days, from a gradual weakening and a final stoi)page of the heart's action. Treatment. — The treatment for the fly amanita poison consists pri- marily in removing the undigested fungus from the alimentary canal, and in counteracting the eflects of the muscarine upon the heart. The action of this organ should be fortified at once by hypodermic injec- 14 tions, by a physician, of some heart stimulant, preferably atropine, in doses of from 1 100 to 1 50 of a grain. As a stimulant emetic, mus- tard is particularly valuable. If this is not effective, apomorphine should be administered hypodermically by a physician. Tannin is of little or no value in rendering the muscarine insoluble in the stomach. If vomiting- has not taken place, recently burned charcoal may be administered for its mechanical eftect in absorbing the poison, or a couple of grains of permanganate of potash in a 1 per cent alkaline solution to decompose it. The use of this substance should be followed by oils or oleaginous purgatives, and the lower intestines should be washed out with an enema of warm water and turpentine. The use of atropine must be governed by the symptoms, but it is advisable to push it heroically, for in this alkaloid we have an almost complete physio- logical antidote to the poisonous principles of the fly amanita. Experi- ments on animals poisoned by this fungus and also by muscarine extracted from it have very clearly demonstrated that when the heart has nearly ceased to beat it may be stimulated almost instantly by a hypodermic injection of atropine. Its use, as thus demonstrated, has been the means of saving numerous lives. Muscarine may be dis- solved out of the fly amanita to a great extent by vinegar, but the possible existence in the plant of such compounds as phallin (described under death cup) makes its use extremely dangerous. The greatest diligence should be observed by market inspectors in preventing specimens of this and the following species from being acci- dentally mixed with edible species of fungi which are sold in the open markets. DEATH CUP. Amanita phalloides (L.) Fr. Other names: Poison amanita; bulbous amanita. (Fig. 2.) Description and habitat. — This is not so large or brightly colored as the preceding fungus, but is nevertheless decidedly attractive to the experi- menting and untutored epicure. When fresh, it has neither a dis- agreeable odor nor taste, nor has it any ill appearance due to the presence of larv;e. It grows from 3 to G or 8 inches high and has a smooth, satiny cap, which is strongly convex at first, finally becoming- flat or slightly concave. It is usually white or straw-colored, but may be green, light brown, yellow, or even spotted when found growing in dense shade. The stem is white and nearly smooth. The flocculent covering almost invariably slips away from the caj) in this species and forms a more or less conspicuous cup at the base of the stem at the point of enlargement, as shown in figure 2. In dry weather it some- times partially adheres to the cap. The cup is, however, invariably present. In connection with the white gills and spores and the bulbous base it is the distinguishing feature of the species. In general shape the death cup is somewhat like the common mushroom, but it is very 15 mucli more like another species, the smootli lepiota {Lepiota naucina) which is considerably sought after by expert epicures. From the com- mon mushroom the death cup may be at once distinguished by its cup, by its white gills and spores, and by its growing in woods instead of in meadows. Like the death cup, the lepiota has a smooth, satiny cap, white gills, and white spores, but it is distinguished by the absence of a sheathing cup and by the ball-and-socket attachment of the stem to the cap, as well as by its occurrence chietiy in meadows. The death cup is the most poisonous of all tlie Heshy fungi. It is found usually in pine forests, where it often grows in greater abundance than any other species of fungus. Sometimes, however, it encroaches upon lawns near the borders of woods. The plant is listed as growing in California and in vari- ous parts of theEastern and Middle States. In the vicinity of Washington, D. C, it is exceedingly abundant in late autumn. Poisonous element. — The poisonous con- stituent is phallin, a remarkable com- pound which resembles the white of egg in many of its peculiarities. It is there- fore known as a "toxalbumin." Like the albumen of egg it is easily coagulated at a temperature somewhat below that of boil- ing water. Boiling decomposes this com- pound and renders it inert. Salt water dissolves it veiy readily. A large number of cases of poisoning have been attributed to this fungus in ancient as well as in mod- ern times. In most of them the plant was taken to be an edible fungus. In a few instances the mere handling of the plant caused serious trouble. A third jiart of an uncooked medium-sized laited leaves, and one or a few large, irregular pink and white or yellow flow- ers. The following species may be readily recognized : SHOWY lady's SLIPPEE. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Other names : Whip-i)oor-will shoes (Conn.); nerve root (ISTew Bruns- wick); female nervine. (Fig. 5.) Description and habitat. — A robust, somewhat hairy plant, 1 to 2 feet 20 high, with white flowers usually striped with purple, blossoming from Juue to September. It grows in peat bogs and swamps from Maine to Minnesota, southward to Georgia and Missouri. LARGER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. Cijpripedium liirsiiium Mill. Other names : Lady's slip j)er 5 yellow lady's slipper ; yellow moccasiu ; moccasin flower; nervine; American valerian; yellows; Noah's ark; yellow umbil; nerve root; Indian shoe; slipper root; Venus's cup; Venus's shoe; umble; male nervine; monkey flower. (Fig. G.) Description and habitat. — A hairy or pubescent plant, 12 to 18 inches high, with large, inodorous yellow flowers, appearing in May or Juue. It grows in bogs and low woods from Maine to Minnesota, southward to northern Alabama and Arkansas, and sparingly in Colorado. SMALLER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypripedimii parvijlornm Salisb. Description and habitat. — A minutely hairy i)lant, 1 to 2 feet high, with yellow and brown flowers, blossoming in May and June. It differs from the ])receding in the smaller size of its flower and in the posses- sion of a sweet odor. It is found in bogs and low woods throughout nearly the same range as the preceding species, but extends farther northwestward, to the State of V\ ashiugtou. Poisonous character. — The poisonous character of these i)lauts was not susi)ected i)rior to 1875, when Prof. H. H. Babcock, of Chicago, who had annually been suffering, supposedly from recurrent attacks of ivy (IJhus) poisoning, discovered that the affection was most probably caused not by the ivy, but by the two species of lady's slipper tirst named above. Other instances were afterwards reported, but the facts were not positively ascertained until 1894, when an investigation was made by Prof. D. T. MacDougal, of the University of Minnesota. It was discovered that these plants are provided with glandular hairs which cover the surface of the stem and leaves and contain a poisonous oil. This oil is especially abundaut at the fruiting season. Its action on the skin is very similar to that of toxicodendrol, the active constitu- ent of i)oison ivy {Rhus radicans), but its exact chemical nature could not be ascertained on account of the small quantity obtainable. Experi- ments with the stem and leaves upon individuals showed that over half of them were affected by the first two species, and that the last was also poisonous, but in a minor degree. No accidental cases have been recorded against it. No specific antidote has been suggested. 21 PINK FAMILY (ALSINACEAE). CORN COCKLE. » ' Agrosteinma gitkiKjo L. Other names : Cockle; rose Ciiinpion; bastard nigelle; old maid's pink (N^. H.); mullein pink (Nova Scotia); licbeta (Vt.); crown of the field. (Fio-. 7.) Description and habitat. — A wliitisb, woolly annual, 1 to o feet high, with an erect stem, showy, violet-red Howers, and numerous rough, black, irregularly-rounded seeds. The corn cockle is a noxious weed in Europe, and in the United States it is now generally introduced in grain fields from Maine to North Dakota, southward through eastern Kansas to Louisiana and Florida; sparingly in Wyoming and California, and scarcely at all in the dry region extending east- ward from California to Texas and eastern Kansas. Poisonous constituent. — The poi- sonous constituent, saponin, is a noncrystalline powder, very freely soluble in water, and possessing* a sharp, burning taste. It has no odor, but when inhaled in the smallest quantity it produces vio- lent sneezing. When briskly shaken with water it froths like soap. The poison is found in nearly all parts of the plant, but mainly in the kernel of the seed. Causes of poisoning. — Cases of iwisoning have been noted among all sorts of poultry and household animals, but are rarely due to any portion of the plant as found grow- ing in the field. The poisoning is generally produced by a poor grade of flour made from wheat contain- ingcockle seeds. Machinery is used to remove these seeds from the wheat, but the difficulty of separating them is so great that the result is not entirely accomplished. The quantity remaining determines the grade of the flour in this particular regard. It sometimes amounts to 30 or 40 per cent, but this quality is sent out only by ignorant or unscrupu- lous dealers or is intended for consumption by animals only. Flour Fig. 7. — Corn cockle (Agrosteunna (jithago) : a, spriiya showing flowers and seed capsule, one- third natural size ; 6, seed, natural size; &', seed, four times natural size. 22 contaming a smaller amount lias often been made into bread and eaten, sometimes with fatal results, tlie baking not always being sufficient to decompose the poison. The effect may be acute, or, if a small quantity of the meal is eaten regularly, it may be chronic. In the latter case it is sometimes known as a disease under the name of " githagism." Symptoms. — The general symptoms of acute poisoning aie the follow- ing: Intense irritation of the whole digestive tract, vomiting, headache, nausea, vertigo, diarrhea, hot skin, sharp pains in the spine, difficult locomotion, and depressed breathing. Coma is sometimes present, and may be followed by death. Chronic poisoning has not been closely studied in man, but experiments upon animals show chronic diarrhea and gradual depression, the animal losing vigor in breathing and in muscular movements until death ensues. The action is antagonized by the use of digitalin, or of the simple extract of digitalis (Digitalis ^ntrjnirea), a dangerous poison, which should be given only by a physican. Corn cockle meal is easily detected in second and third class flour by the i)resence of the black, roughened scales of the seed coat. These are sure to occur if the Hour has not been well bolted. Its presence is otherwise detected by the i)eculiar odor produced when the meal is moistened and by chemical tests with iodine. Wheat containing corn cockle seeds should be rejected for planting. CROWFOOT FAMILY (RANUNCULACEAE). ACONITE. Aeonilvm coliimhianum Nntt. Other names: Monkshood; friar's cap; wolfsbane; iron hat; storm hat; blue weed. (Fig. 8.) Description and habitat. — An erect, smooth, single-stemmed plant, 2 to 6 feet high, with a leafy base and an elongated terminal cluster of showy blue flowers. Aconite thrives best in moist open woods and bj- the side of brooks in Oregon and Washington, but extends along the mountains southward to Lake County, Cal., and to the southern Sierra IS^evada (occurring sparingly in Arizona), and eastward, likewise in tlie moun- tains, to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, and even as far as South Dakota. Other species. — Four other species are native to the eastern United States, and a tifth, the common monksliood of Europe {A. iiKpelhis) is a common garden plant. All are poisonous, but the western species is of most interest in the United States, being here the most abundant and most widely distributed. Poisonous properties. — Few cases of accidental poisoning have been attributed to these plants, yet the European form has long been classed with tlie most violent poisons, only one-tenth of a grain of aconitine, its poisonous principle, being required to cause death. Most cases of 23 poisoning arise from an ignorant or excessive use of the European aconite in medicine. Its root has, however, been mistaken for horse- radish and the leaves for parsley. Horses and cattle have been seri- ously ijoisoued by eating small ijortions of the flowering tops. All of the parts of the west American aconite are poisonous, but the seeds and roots are the most dangerous. The active principle is not well known, but chemical and physiological' exi)eriments point to the existence of one or more alkaloids which resemble aconitine. The effect of the poison is characteristic. There is tirsta tingling sensation on the end of the tongue which gives rise shortly to a burning sensation, and is rapidly followed by a very pronounced sen se of con- striction in the throat. The chok- ing thus produced is made the more alarming by the retarding effect which the poison has upon the respiration. The tingling and prickling over the entire body is also characteristic. Besides these symptoms there are generally severe headache, abdominal pains, confused vision, vomiting, and diarrhea. Delirium is usually absent. Death ensues from a stoppage of the resjjiration in from one to eight hours. Antidotes. — No specific antidote is recognized, but physicians have used atropine or digitalis and nitrite of amyl with good effects. The ordinary emetics and stimulants must be given. Artificial respiration should be maintained for a couple of hours, if necessary, and a" re- cumbent position must be main- rio. S.-Aconite {Aconitum columUanum): a, flow- . . T ., , , ,1 , , erinji plant: 6, seeU capsule — both one- third natural tamed throughout the treatment, size. LARKSPURS. Delphinium. Description. — Erect herbs, with palmately lobed leaves, and an elon- gated cluster of showy flowers. These are commonly blue, and are further characterized by the absence of green parts, and the presence of a peculiar spur-like appendage. 24 Species. — There are over 25 species native to the United States. Few have a very wide distribution, but some of the Western species are extremely abundant in tlieir native habitat. All share the general reputation for acridity borne bj- the plants of this order. Poisonous properties. — The seed of the European stavesacre {Delplim- ium staphisaelphinium iricorne Miclix. Other name : S ta g g e r - w e e d (Ohio). (Fig. 9.) Description and hahitat. — A smooth, simi)le-stemmed peren- nial, 6 to 12 inches higb, with a tuberous root, deeply 5-parted leaves, and a long, loose cluster of blue (sometimes white) flowers, which appear in April and May. It grows in clayey soil and open woods, from Pennsylvania and the mouiitains of ISTorth Carolina to southern Minnesota. It is especially reported from Ohio as fatal to cattle in April, when the fresh leaves appear. Fig. 9. — Dwarf larkspur (Delpliinium tricorne one-tliird natural size. LARKSPUR. Delpliinium geyiri Greene. Description and habitat. — A somewhat hairy perennial, 10 to 20 inches high, with a large spheroidal tuft of rather thick, dull-green leaves, and a central column of deep azure-blue tlowers. A common high prairie 25 plant of Wyoming and nortberu Colorado. It is reported to be the most troublesome of the poisonous plants of Wyoming. Eanchmen suffer considerable loss from it, especially in early spring, when the dark green tufts of foliage are conspicuous features of the otherwise dry and barren landscape. PURPLE LARKSPUR. Dclphhiiiiiii menziesii DC Description and habitat. — A somewhat hairy, tuberous-rooted i)eren- nial, about a foot high, with a basal cluster of finely divided, long- stemmed leaves, and a single column of showy blue flowers, which api)ear at any time between April and July. The flowers are few in number, but are extra large, being from 1 to 1^ inches broad. This species is found native on hillsides from the vicinity of San Francisco to British Columbia, eastward to Idaho, and even as far as South Dakota. In Montana it is very common throughout the State. In one case of poisoning, reported by the botanist of the Montana Agricultural College, over 500 sheep were affected, 250 of which were killed by the poison. LARKSPUR. Delphinium rccurvatiim Greeue. Description and habitat. — A smooth, or slightly hairy, fleshy-rooted perennial, 1 to li feet high, with a tuft of finely divided light-green leaves and a long cluster of lavender-colored flowers, which appear in March or April. The plant grows in moist, subsaline soil in California from San Francisco Bay southward along the coast, and in the San Joaquin Valley. It is particularly reported as fatal to animals in San Luis Obispo County. LARKSPUR. DelpJimium trolliifolium Gray. Other names: Cow poison (Humboldt County, Cal.). Description and habitat. — A rather smooth, half woody-rooted perennial, 2 feet high or more, with large, long stemmed basal leaves and a loose cluster of blue (partly white) flowers, which appear from March to June. The plant is common in shady places from Monterey, Cal., to British Columbia. Ilei)orts of jioisoning come from northern California aud Oregon. Other species. — These do not include all of the poisonous species. A variety of i>. decorum^ native to the Sierra Nevada, has been suspected, and D. scopiihmm, a Rocky Mountain species, has been reported to the Canadian department of agriculture as poisonous to cattle in the high western prairies of Canada. Poisonous qualities. — The poisonous qualities of one of the above species (X>. trolliifolium) has been considerably questioned, and experi- ments seem to show that neither the tops nor the roots of 24 plants will produce serious results when fed to cows. This does not, however, 26 j)rove that a larger quantity would not be dangerous. A stockman very familiar with the plant claims that cows must feed on it for sev- eral hours before they will be affected seriously. This may also be the case with other si^ecies. Their comparative poisonous quality has not been studied. The i^ercentage of fatal cases in cattle which have eaten larkspur is said to be small. A rough estimate by a cattleman l)laces it at about 20 per cent for one species of the group, when the animals are not properly treated, and 5 i^er cent otherwise. This is probably a low estimate, however, for in a case of poisoning from D. menziesii that occurred in Montana in May, 1897, and was rei)orted by Dr. E. V, Wilcox, nearly 600 sheep were affected, 250 of which died. Remedies. — There is a general similarity in the poisonous action of the larkspurs, and this is strikingly like that of aconite or monkshood, which these i)lants also closely resemble botauically; further, it has been shown that the characteristic alkaloid of each has about the same behavior. The antidotes to be recommended are, therefore, the same as for aconite poisoning. Atropine was used last year with remarkable success by Dr. Wilcox. Melted lard (or bacon grease) is claimed to be an efficacious remedy in the hands of farmers. It is an excellent precaution to allow animals in i)astures containing lark- spur only when well fed, and then only for short i3eriods, until they become thoroughly familiar with the deleterious nature of the plants. PLUM FAMILY (PRUNACEAE). BLACK CHERRY. rrunus serotina Ehrli. Other names: Wild black cherry; wild cherry; rum cherry; whisky cherry. (Fig. 10.) Description and habitat. — A valuable forest tree, 60 to 80 feet high, with thin, reddish brown, scaly bark, tapering, saw-edged leaves, cylindrical clusters of small white flowers apijearing in April and May, and shining black, edible fruit, about a quarter of an inch in diameter. It grows abundantly in forests in the Middle Atlantic and Ohio Eiver States; less commonly in woods and in the open country in the south- ern New England and Gulf States, and westward from Illinois to South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, and Arkansas. As an ornamental and shade tree it is cultivated extensively in Wyoming and Colorado, and eastward to the Atlantic. Fruit. — The fruit is rather agreeable, being but slightly bitter and astringent in taste. In some localities it is much used to flavor liquors. Causes of poisoning. — Poisoning is frequently caused in cattle by eat- ing the wilted leaves from branches thrown carelessly within their reach or ignorantly offered as food. Children occasionally die from eating the kernels of the seed or by swallowing the fruit whole. The poison is formed in the leaves of detached branches by the chemi- cal action of two nonpoisonous substances which are present in the 27 plant. Utider certain conditions tliese compounds liberate prussic acid, one of the most deadly poisons. The fresh leaves are generally considered harmless. As they begin to wither, however, the acid is formed, but as this is volatile it disappears from the foliage in a short time. These facts thus serve to explain how it is that only the partially wilted leaves are considered poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning, — The prominent symptoms of black cherry poisoning observed in cattle are labored respiration, diminished pulse, numbness, fright, protruding eyeballs, convulsions, and death from paralysis of the lungs. In some cases there is considerable froth- ing at the mouth ; in all there is a very perceptible odor of prns- sic acid in the breath. Remedies. — Death comes on rai)idly, but nevertheless it is obligatory in case of a human subject to use emetics and advis- able to wash out the stomach with a dilute solution of perox- ide of hydrogen. A physician should administer a solution of cobalt nitrate, either internally or hypodermically. Artiticial respiration and the use of oxy- gen gas should be resorted to. The extraction of blood and the transfusion of blood serum or salt solution should also be con- sidered. Other native species. — Other closely related species are like- wise poisonous. The Euroi)ean cherry laurel {FrmiKS laurocera- ■sus) has an established reputa- tion. It is not common in this country, but is well known in central Mexico. The laurel cherry {Primus carolini(tna) of the southern coast States is also poisonous. It is largely cultivated in that region for ornament and as a hedge. The choke cherry {Prunns vlrgi)iiana), a well-known shrub or tree distributed from the Eocky Mountains to the Atlantic, has not so tempting a fruit and is not extensively planted for ornament. It is therefore not so dangerous. The seeds of all varieties of cherries and plums, both native and intro- duced, are subject to suspicion; the tlesh of none of the species is in any way poisonous. The freshly cut branches of the trees should in no case be thrown where cattle can get at them. Clack cherry (Prunus serotUia), one third natural size. 28 SENNA FAMILY (CAESALPINIACEAE). KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Other names: Coffee tree; American coffee bean; Kentucky mahog- any; nicker tree; bondnc; chicot. (Fig. 11.) Description and habitat. — A robust, locust like tree, 40 to 60 feet high, with rough, transversely broken bark, thornless branches, bijiin- nate leaves 2 to 3 feet long, with numerous leaflets ; yellowish flow- ers, andlarge, conspicuous, woody seed pods. These are occupied by two or more large stony seeds and a mass of peculiar vaseline-like inil}). The tree grows more or less abundantly in rich soil along rivers from Nebraska to Arkan- sas, throughout Tennessee and the Ohio Eiver region to western Pennsylvania. Poisonous property. — The alka- loid cytisine, which exists in the closely related laburnum tree {Cy- tisHS lahurnum), is reported to have been found also in the leaves and in the fruit pulp of the (.'offee tree. Both of these parts have been used, when rubbed up with milk, to poison tiies. Symptoms and treatment. — Few accidental cases of poisoning arise, but the pulp, in one in- stance, caused severe illness in a woman who ate a small quantity, mistaking it for that of the honey locust {Gleditsia triacanthos), which is frequently eaten by children. The symptoms Avere not fully noted at the time, but are described from memory as conspicuously narcotic. The effect began within Ave minutes and lasted several hours. The treatment should probably be the same as that for laburnum, viz, emetics, stimulants, injections of coffee, and an alternately hot and cold douche to the head and chest. JTlo. 11. — Kentucky cott'eo tree (Oyiiinocladus dioi- ca) : a, young branch with leaves and flowers ; h, seed pod — both one-third natural size. 29 PEA FAMILY (PAPILIONACEAE). WOOLLY LOCO WEED. Asiraf/alus mollis^hnui^ Torr. Other names : Loco weed; crazy weed, (Fig. 12.) Description and habitat. — A silvery-white, silky-leaved i^ereimial 8 to 12 inches high, with an abnndance of soft foliage si)riiiging out in a cluster from a short central stem close to the ground. The flowers are pea- shaped and usually purjde. The pod is distinctly two-celled. This plant is native to the Great Plains region, extending from western Texas and New Mexico northward to South Dakota and Wyoming, being most abundant in Colorado and in the western part of Ne- braska and Kansas. It grows in the pasture lands of the dry prn irie and on rocky hillsides. How stock are affected. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are attected l)y loco, but the principal damage is done to horses. The effect is not acute, but in its slow progress simulates diseases caused by bac- teria, worms, or other parasites or such as are caused in man by the continued use of alcohol, tobacco, or morphine. Two stages are rec- ognized. The first, which may last several months, is a period of hal- lucination or mania accompanied by detective eyesight, during which the animal may perform all sorts of antics. After acquir- ing a taste for the plant it refuses every other kind of food, and the second stage is ushered in. This is a lingering period of emaciation, characterized bj^ sunken eye- balls, lusterless hair, and feeble movements. The animal dies as if from starvation, in periods ranging from a few months to one or two years. Damage done. — The damage done to the live-stock business by this weed is immense. As mentioned in the introduction, the State of Col- orado paid out nearly $200,000 in bounties between 1881 and 1885 to check its ravages. Poisonous properties. — Chemists and medical men have studied the Ki. 12. — Wooly loco -weeil (Astraiiulux tiiollisxi- mus) : a, whole plaut ; b, section of pod — both one-third natural size. 30 plants with much care, but until two years ago their efforts threw little light on the nature of the poison. In 1895, however, Dr. Carl Ruedi isolated an acid (loco acid) from it to which he attributed the poison- ous qualities of the plant. Antidotes. — No effectual antidotes have as yet been published, so the only remedy for the evil is to remove the animals from the vicinity of the i^lants as early as possible after they are affected, and then maintain them on some good nourishing food, in no case permitting them to return to the old pastures until the noxious plants have been removed. The following recipe, suggested by Dr. INIayo ill 1892, may be found serviceable in assisting tbe animal to recover vigor: Ounces. Sulphate of iron, iiulveiized 1 Gentian root, pulverized 4 Auimouium cliloride, pulverized 1 Potassium nitrate, pulverized 1 Mix tliorougbly, and give from a Leaping teaspoon- ful to a tal)lespoonful, according to the size of the animal, in the food three times daily. This genus contains a large number of spe- cies and it is quite probable that many of these should be considered to be poisonous where they grow over wide areas of pasture land, and are green at periods when there is but little green grass. Over a half dozen have been reported to the Department of Agricul- ture as highly detrimental to the stock in- dustrj^ STEMLESS LOCO WEED. Araoisoning are identical with those produced by the jDreceding species. The two plants are considered to be equally j)rejudicial to the stock-raising interests of New Mexico. Fig. 13.— Stemle.ss loco wee^ {Aragallus lamhertii) : a, flower- ing ])laut; 6, sf eil pod.s ; c, cross section of seed pod — all one. third natural .size. 31 RATTLEBOX. Crotalaria HagiUalis L. Other names: Rattleweed; wild pea. (Fig. 14.) Description and habitat. — A liairy annual, 3 to IS inches high, with simple undivided leaves, 1 to 2 inches long, and small yellow pea-like flowers aj)pearing in July. The seed pods are about an inch in length when mature, and are nearly black. They are much inflated, and as the walls are stifl" and thin and very resonant, they make excellent miniature rattles when the seeds have become detached. The rat- tlebox is native in low, sandy soils from the Atlantic westward to Min- nesota and eastern Kansas; also in New Mexico. It is common in Connecticut, New Jersey, and North Carolina, and in some years is very abundant in bottom lands along the valley of the Missouri, in South Dakota and Iowa. Poisonous element. — The i)oison- ous constituent is unknown, but it resides both in the leaves and in the seeds. Horses and sometimes cattle are killed by eating grass or meadow hay mixed with the plant. They are not poisoned so often by eating the plant in the field. Pub- lic attention was first called to the poisonous nature of rattlebox by Dr. Stalker, of Iowa, who in 1884, while investigating the cause of "bottom disease," then prevalent among horses in Iowa, was led to believe that it was mostly if not altogether attributable to this plant. Extracts were prepared which, when fed to young horses, pro- duced analogous symptoms and death. The pronounced symptoms for a moderate dose were great stupor and loud, heavy breathing. A larger dose caused death in one and one-half hours. Small doses repeated daily induced the characteristic stupor on the fifth day, and death on the thirteenth. Symptoms. — As generally described from accidental cases, the symp- toms are much more prolonged, death resulting only after several weeks or months. There is a general decline of vigor, and a gradual loss of flesh as observed in the case of loco, with which this plant is closely related. The rattlebox does not, however, appear so often to produce the craziness characteristic of loco. Fig. ]4.— Kattlebox {Crotalaria sagittalls) : «, whole i)laut; b, cross section of seed pod — both one-third natural size. 32 Antidote. — i^o antiifera 42 bolanderi 42 maculata 40 vagaus 41 virosa 40, 42 Clover, crini.son JO Cockle 21 Cocklebur 10 Coflee tree 28 Colorado loco vetch 30 Coniuni niacnlatuni 42, 4.5, 49 Con vallariaceae IS Convallaria majalis I8 Corn cockle -21 Cowbane 40 spotted 40 Cow plant 47 Cow poison 25 Crazy weed 29, 30 Crotalaria sagittalis 31 Croton setigerus 32 tiglium 32 Crowfoot family 32 Crown of the tield 21 Crow poison 16 Cypripedium 19 hirsutum 19,20 parviflorum 20 regiuae 19 Cy tisus laburnum ? 28 Daphne mezereum 10 Datura 49 meteloides 51 stramonium 49 tatiila 50 Death cup 13, i4, 15 I Death of man 40 57 58 Page. Deer tongue 47 Delphinium 23 consolida 24 decorum 25 ge yeri 24 menziesii ^5, 26 reourvatum 25 scoijulorum 25 stapliisagria 24 tricorne 24 trolliifoliuni 2o Devil's apple 49 Devil's bite 16 Digitalis 22 purpurea ] 0, 18, 22 Dog's mei'ciiry 32 Dog^cood, poison 36 Ducks 19 Ducksretter 16 Earth gall 16 Elder 10 poison 36 Ergot 10 Ericaceae 44 Euphorbia 32 corollata 35 ipecacuanhae 35 lathy ris 33 niarginata 32, 34 Eupliorbiaceae 32 Evening trumpet flower 48 False jessamine 48 Fever twig 53 Fly killer 12 Foxglove 10 Fungi, gill n Fungus, fly 12 Friar's ca]) 22 Gaultheria procumbens 45 Gill fungi 11 Gelsemium aempervirens 48 Gleditsia triacanthos 28 Gly cosma ambigua 42 Gopher plant 33 Gymnocladus dioica 2S Heath, family 44 Helenium autumnale 54,55 Hellebore, American ^vllite 16 American false 16 false 16,17 swamp 16 white 16, 17 Hemlock 43,48 poison 42, 43 spotted 40 wild 40 Herb bennet 43 Hippomane mancinella 32 Honey locust 28 Horse-chestnut 39 Hyoscyamus niger 50 Indian shoe 20 Itch weed 16 Iron hat 22 Ivy 20,44 big 44 Ivy, big-leaved 4 1 branch 47, 4S bush 44 poison 9, 35, 44 three-leaved 35 wood 44 Jamestown weed 49, 50 Jamestown lily 49 Jasmine, Carolina 48 Jatropha stiniulosa 32 urens 32 Jessamine, false 48 wild 48 yellow 48 yellow of the South 48 Jimson weed 49,50 Jinison weeds 50 Kalmia 44 angustifolia 46 latifolia 44 Kentucky coffee tree 28 Kentticky mahogany 28 Kill lamb 48 Laburnum tree 28 Labrador tea 10 Lady's slipper 20 larger yellow J9,20 showy 19 smaller yellow 30 yellow 20 Lady's slippers 19 Lambkin 46 Larkspur S4,25 dwarf 34 purple 25 Larkspurs 23 Laurel 47 American 44 big 47 big-leaf 47 broad-leaf 44, 45, 46 dog 48 dwarf 46 dwarf sheep 46 great 46, 47 high 44 horse 47 lamb 46 low 46 mountain 44, 47 narrow-leaf 46 poison 44 rose 44 round-leaf 44 sheep 44, 46 small 44, 46 wood 44 Ledum groenlaiidicum 10 Lepiota naucina 15 smooth 15 Leucothiie 48 catesbaei 47, 4S Licheta 21 Ligusticum scoticum 42 Lily of the valley IS family 18 59 Page. Loco weed 9, 29, 30 stenileas ■^^ woolly '~^ Loganiaceae '^'^ Logauia family ^ Mad apple 49, 50 Markry ^^ Maikweed ^'^ May blossom ^^ May lily ^^ Melanthaceae ^'' Mercurialis perennis 32 Mercury ^^ black 35 Mezereon ^^ Moccasin flower 19, _0 yellow 20 Mole i)laut 33 tree 33 weed 33 Monkey flower 20 Monk.sbood 22 Mullein pink - 21 Mushroom H common 13 meadow 1' Muskrat weed -10 Musiiuash root 40 Narcissus 10 Nerium oleander 10 Kerve root 19, 20 Nervine 20 female 19 male 20 Nightsliade 52 black 5i common 52 deadly 52 garden 52, 53 spreading 53 vine 53 woody 53 Nightsbades f>l Oenantlie sarmeutosa 42 Old maid's pink 21 Oleander 10 Orchid family W Orchidaceae 19 Ox eye 54 Papilionaceae 29 Parsley, spotted 40, 43 Pea family 39 Physic nut, Brazilian 32 Pick ry 35 Pieris mariana 47, is' Pimpernel 10 Pink family SI Plum 27 family 26 Poinsettia 32 Poison ash 30 creeper 35 elder 36 hemlock 42, 43 ivy 9,35 ivy, jioison oak, i)oi8on sumac 35 Page. Poison oak 35, 36" root 43 sumac 35, 3S vine ; 35 wood 36 Poke, Indian 16 meadow 16 root 16 Potato family 49 Prunaceae 26 Prunus, caroliniana 27 laurocerasu.s 27 serotina 36, 27 virginiana 27 Pup])et root 16 (Jueue des rats 42 Ranunculaceae 22 Eattlebox 31 Rattleweed 31 Rhododendron 47 maximum 47 Rhus 20, 35 diversiloba 35, 36" radicans 20,35,36 veruix 36 Ricinus communis 32 Rosebay 47 American 47 wild 47 Eo.se catnpion 21 Sambucus canadensi.s 10 Sapindaceae 39 Scarlet borr j' 53 Senna family 2S Sheep poison 46 Sleepy grass lo Slipi)er root 20 Snakeweed 40 poison 43 Snee/.eweed 54, 55 Sneeze wort 54 autumn 54 Snow on the mountain 34 Solanaceae 49 Solanum 51 dulcamara 53 nigrum 52 tritlorum 53 t iiberosum 54 Spoon hunt 44 Spoon hutch 47 Spoonwood 44 Springwort 33 Spurge, caper — 3S family 32 garden 33 myrtle 33 nettle 32 Spurges 32 Staft' vine 53 Stagger bush 47, 48 Stagger weed 24, 54 Stinkroot 50 Stinkweed 43, 49, 50 Stink wort 49 Stipa viridula robuata 10 60 Page. Storm hat 22 Stramonium, common 49, 50 Sumac family S5 poiaon 35, sv; poison swamp 36 swamp 36 Sunflower, false 54 . family 54 swamp 54 Sweet cicely, Oregon 42 Teton wort 53 Thorn apple 49, 50 purple 50 Thunderwood 36 Toadstool 11 Tragia nepetaefolia 32 Trumpet flower, evening 48 rmbil, yellow 20 Umble 20 Uncus, Indian 16 Valerian, American 20 Venus's cup 20 Venus's shoe 20 Veratrum album 16, 17 californicum 18 Page. Veratrum virido 1G,\1 Violet bhiom 53 "Water hemlock 9, 40, 41 American 40 Oregon tl Whip-poor-will shoes 19 White man's plant 49 Wicky 44, 46 Wild celery 42 "Wild hemlock 40 "Wild pea 30 "Wintergreen 45 Wode-whistle 43 Wolf grape 53 Wolfsbane 10, 22 Wolt\s milk 33 Woodbine 48 Caroliiia wild 48 Xanthium cauadcnwe 10 spinosum 10 strumarium 10 Yellows 20 Tellow star 54 Tew 9 }• Mr '08 ssayoNoo do xyvyan