• > > > .i> , aj >, , y ■ )> > » ■ " > ••••• '>•> -»> >< > »• I > - >J ^> ]» > %> )•> > ~ »> > >) > >> > ■ - > 2T " o (S ^> , ^> > >» > x> •>>> 3 > > >»5 >> > > > > » j> >) > »>< oj> .> )« .» > > ■> > »"£»■> > * > >„o > »» i>> > » > > "> :> »■> "> >> > ; -» > >>-»-»» j » > » > >>">»■»> » j '» > v ->. 3» » ~> > 1 > ) ^> > ^ • ) > > -i) ~> > > "> •»•>>) •► > ^ i > ) >^> > ^> O ^ > > • ■j » y j -> ■■■ > j > > > > » > d > ) > ^» > > > > 3 » > ^ > »» > LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PHESEl^ED BY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ) »^0 ■> >k-o .»i 3i: >J . > Jb>. > ".a» :» >3»>> > v > : I ' » > a* >» »> » ^ >j» > "SB )>J>i3»->->2 > • » >j» r 1 > s*) i » yy i >) ;»■) "> S > > . >, S3» i>5> . >n >^> 5 O > ) » ~s>j» o» 3 33T» Ste. ^ 53r*§ l 3 V>:>">">!> -> > > > >•>>' » 3 •> 3 J> > ', >_Jg>3 ,)>r> 3> >'->■■;>' :w';Ji. > tts. -> as© ■ »>J>^_ fom >> ;;>, 3>>3>J»>.3> » ! . J> >3 ' j i»> >20»:-: l .. . ■■ ! © ,> &3 I» »3J»' . »J> >:> 3 ^ 3>J >33^ ' _______ p >>:>». j~. >:■>. ~, , -•; .•"■ > ■ oj> ; 5j "nS^ 3>' 3;Yy> 7JED>^'3 > y^jBiy^ J> J> :>" 3:?y/9>.^ >j 33 "^3K>>'.j">i T 3J 3 ) 3 i_j>»' > .3 > 5. = - ■> , W3 .-2»3£ 3">. 3 L; 3 J>^>^ >>5 ' > » ..> >- - -■• ip 3 3 i?»^ vo 3 -■; >__>:_, 5iii^> ;j> > j ?x_>j£_lt ^ 2gp j~> 3>i3> ^> 3> 3^5 1> J) ), \> ) > J - S«> 3 ) >» !'S>' ^^ >i>>. •mm _ ' '3J> ymm» '^ •\-3.i> 3X9D3 ■> >l •"^&3SBBK» 3)-:>Si ^>» »» > 3> 33>"^T» - -»■■ 33> i>^3 SV 3^2>33> 5> ^> ■ 3 ' » 3>3 ■ ;) 3 >.'"i>ja> fe - ; » >^> > > 5»3> 5> "5> >• JJ> ' ■ &':>.> •'ui» vr,W» >3j/3> .»i „3>.)}5i)_> J6)')). 3>3>^ > 3>> a ^at3 ■'> a ^_ 3^>>«)1> > ■■■■ 5>3>.i> _>_ ^>3mJ>> :» 3» >» - j_> > .'i^> > ■> 5,*" _I> V3>3> \X _ -OO'Oj i ">3x>;> :>>_ > >» 33 . j^>»>3> i *>>•> 0>)>3 J»3i»- '» »>3':^31>3 J»31»» •-• » > « >} _J- -' i.3 >))>3>-!> 3>>.';3> ' f> L )»> : '. 5>3tJ)>: i^> 3j>di>") >3:)->>2> < 3 » i>>^>3> 3>x: ■ » ^J333.> >3 = : ',3 33>> -S>aS2p»3i i 33BK my ii^Ji'OJ* '3"); 3> '3_5i> ft- ■3 r >"3 agSS >>y 3* •" .i> > >$> >3>- 2>^i»;> > '■•.i..2>i 4 iVoi : - " 3^» 3 :M,3 3>3>? ■ ^m J PAKIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION, 1867. REPORTS OP THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS. R E !P O H T COTTON, E : R . M IJ D a E , UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER, WITH A SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT, B. F. NOURSE, HONORARY COMMISSIONER. WASHINGTON: GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFIC 1869. ,VA* ^■JllJO CONTENTS. REPORT UPON COTTON BY THE SUB-COMMITTEE, PARIS, 1867. List of cotton samples exhibited and referred to in the reports.— p. 8. SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT. CHAPTEE I. THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. Repeal of the cotton tax and its effect— The planting in 1868— Estimated crop of 1868- '69 and its consequences — Deficiency in the cotton supply — The future product— Past accumulation — Present and future increase of wealth in the cotton States — Opportu- nity for cotton-spinning— Want of laborers — Large plantations must give place to small cotton farms— Restoration of worn-out soils — The South Carolina phosphates— Improvements — Selection of seed, &c. — pp. 9-22. CHAPTEE IE SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES. Introductory — United States— First cotton planting— Prominent incidents in colonial times — Invention of cotton spinning machinery — First exports— Whitney's cotton gin — Comparative progress of cotton consumption — Sea Island cotton — Statistics of cotton production — British India — Egypt— Brazil — West Indies and Guiana — Tur- key — Other countries.— pp. 22-50. CHAPTEE III. COTTON MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES. Prominent events in the history of the cotton manufacture — Statistics of manufacture — Averages of spindles — Returns from cotton mills — Comparative statement of the movements of cotton in Europe and the United States— Conclusion. — pp. 50-69. APPENDICES. Page. A. Capital invested in the Culture op Cotton in 1835 70 B. The Augusta Cotton Manufacturing Company of Augusta, Georgia 71 C. Native Phosphates of South Carolina 71 D. British Cotton Trade and Manufactures 74 E. Exports of Cotton Goods from New York 86 F. Cotton-Spinnlng in the United States 88 G. Exports of Cotton from the United States 89 H. Cotton-Growing in Indla. and other Countries — Report of the Pro- ceedings of the Manchester Cotton Supply Assoclvtion 90 I. Notice of Erroneous Cotton Statistics 91 K. List of the Prlncipal Exhibitors of Cotton and of the Awards 93 L. Report upon the Production of Cotton, by M. Engel Dollfus, Mem- ber of the International Jivry. [Translated from Yol. VI of the " Rapports dn Jury International."] 96 ERRATUM. Page 19, line 18, for "adequate," read inadequate. COTTON. BEPORT OF THE SUB -COMMITTEE. FROM THE COMMITTEE ON RAW MATERIALS AND THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF, ETC. The few samples of cotton exhibited from the United States were not worthy of special mention as representing this great staple. The " Cotton Supply Association" of Manchester, England, had, however, prepared and sent to the Exposition some cases, in which were arranged, suitably for comparison and contrast, samples of all the cotton of the world — that is to say, samples from every country and of every kind from each country, whence was produced the cotton which made up the commercial supply of the world for the past year. The Committee regarded this, as in itself, a literal and truthful exhibition of the cotton " of all nations," and there- fore a better and more convincing report than anything descriptive that could be written to show the present position of our country in relation to others in cotton growing. By the aid and courtesy of the secretary of the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, a similar collection of samples, but more full and complete, was prepared at Manchester by request of the Committee, and is hereby submitted in connection with this report, and with the suggestion that the two cases containing the collection be placed for preservation and reference in one of the public offices at Washington. In the two cases are 154 1 samples from more than 40 different countries or localities, and 12 samples of cotton seed. During the progress of our civil war the scarcity of cotton carried prices very high, reaching in Liverpool to 31d. per pound for middling Orleans, and 24d. for fair Surats. The high prices and extraordinary demand thus created caused and extended the cultivation of cotton throughout the world wherever the proper physical conditions existed. In 1860 the cotton product of the United States supplied home con- sumption, and 85 per cent, of that of Europe. In 1864 the United States imported cotton from Liverpool and from some producing countries, and of the consumption of Europe less than 10 per cent, was of the growth of the United States. Two remarkable effects resulted during this period : first, the improve- ment and adaptation of machinery for spinning the short staples of India, China, Japan, &c; second, an improvement, still more important as favoring their use in the place of American cotton, obtained in the char- acter of their staple by the use annually of American or Egyptian seed. This change of seed has produced in the east cotton which approaches 1 See list of these appended hereto. 4 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. closely our upland cotton in spinning value. A further change for the better has been made in the preparation for market of the great bulk of India cotton, which formerly was so badly charged with held waste and other diri thai the classifications of American cotton could not be applied to it. This adulteration has been lessened very materially. Thus it appears that the improved character of the cotton, in staple and cleanliness, con- curs with the improved machinery and methods of use, to make India cotton approximate much nearer the value of American cotton for all coarse and medium work than before the war. British India is our chief competitor in supplying the world with cotton We have noticed their relative improvement during our disability. It should be noted here that our country otters a higher price for labor than any other. The cotton-growing States cannot be an exception. Other countries that produce cotton to any considerable extent, such as Egypt and India, have labor at the lowest price — that of a cheap subsistence. The position of the planter in America should be contrasted with that of the planter in India, both hiring labor, the one at the practical cost of $25 per month, the other at a cost of $25 per year. A like contrast should be made between the ryot of India and the farmer of America, such as it is hoped and believed will be most of our southern citizens, both white and black, who have no labor but their own and their famibes, when the only salable product of their few acres shall no longer be taxed. The annual cotton statistics of the United States are made up to 1st September. It is the point of time between the old crop just gone and the new crop just coming in. It is a fair time at which to take the annual average price. ^Middling cotton was worth in New York — Cc?its. September 1 Average of the year ending September 1 Cents. Cents. 52 i 67 43i I 76 1864. 1865. Gents. Cents, 187 45 117 60 1866. Cents. 35 38 Owing to the great fluctuations in the rates for sterling exchange, or gold, the price at New York varied from that in Liverpool, where cotton statistics are made at the end of the year, when the price was for mid- dling Orleans: December 31 Averiige of year. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. Pence. Pence. Pence. Pence. Pence. 12 22 27£ 27 21 71- 16 23 i 26} 19 ]8fi6. Pence. 15 ISi COTTON. 5 For the five years, 1856-'60, the average consumption of cotton in the world was, per annum — In Europe 3,755,000 bales, or 1,574,700,000 pounds. In the United States 720,000 bales, or 331,300,000 pounds. Total amounts 4,475,000 bales, or 1,906,000,000 pounds. Of which was grown in the United States 3,585,000 bales, or 1,606,000,000 pounds, equal to 84.26 per cent, of the whole. In 1864 the whole import of cotton into Great Britain was 2,587,000 bales, of which only 197,000 bales, or less than eight per cent. (7.62) were of United States growth; while other countries supplied 92.38 per cent., or 2,390,000 bales, so rapid was the increase in their production. In 1865 and 1866, countries other than the United States supplied 83.28 per cent, and .69 per cent, respectively, or 2,293,000 bales, out of an import of 2,755,000 bales, and 2,587,000 out of an import of 3,750,000, notwithstanding that 50 per cent, had been lost from the highest price, or from 31 pence per pound in 1864 to 20 pence in 1865, and 15^ pence in 1866. At this time (August, 1867) the value of cotton is still declining. In England the decline encountered already since the close of our war has been most disastrous to importers and others dealing in cotton; and it is believed that prices will fall to or below seven pence per pound for fair Dhollerah, (Surats,) and nine pence per pound for middling New Orleans, which last price would be equivalent to 20 cents per pound in New York, or 19 cents per pound in New Orleans. The import to Europe (principally to Great Britain) from India is already large, and will probably exceed 1,500,000 bales for this year, or nearly the same as last year; while the crop of the United States for 1866-7, including the stock remaining September 1, 1866, will hardly exceed 2,000,000 bales, from which 700,000 must be taken for home use, leaving for export only 1,300,000 bales, or less than the supply to Great Britain from India alone. Thus it appears that while prices have fallen so far, and are yet falling from year to year, the production of cotton in other countries is contin- ued on a scale so large that a large surplus remains over at the end of each year, and the United States crop supplies only about 35 per cent, of the European consumption. It is estimated that our crop this year will be more than 2,500,000 bales, if the picking season be favorable, and that other countries will produce as much as the average of the last three years, if not more, which may be shipped to Europe in greater or less quantities, as the prices shall be higher or lower. Should these estimates be sustained by the fact, it seems to follow as a necessity of the bad state of the trade that prices shall decline to a range below a just value in view of the probable future supply, and far below the cost to the planter who has hired labor to make his crop. Eor the moment, the effect of so great 6 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. cheapening of prices is to lessen the demand instead of increasing it, because the business of manufacturers, which is the source of demand for consumption, is itself suffering and unprofitable under a great decline in the value of their products, and the trade insists upon further conees- sion in view of the present and impending decline in the raw material. Suppose cotton shall decline to 20 cents per pound for middling in New York. This would return to the planter only 16 cents on his plantation, and the planter who has been able to make his crop with hired labor at a eost not exceeding 10 cents must have had very favorable conditions. If the price shall be oidy 10 cents in New York, (which should not be regarded as impossible in view of the possible supply, and the fact that the average price before the war was for many years below 10 cents,) — if the price shall be only 10 cents in New York, or 12 cents to the planter, he cannot pay his hired laborers with the entire net proceeds. A tax of 2£ cents per pound on 10 cents, if the planter shall get so much, is equal to 15§ per cent, and on 12 cents is 20f per cent. 1 Wlien the first excise tax of 3 cents per pound was laid upon cotton, middling American cotton was worth 50 cents per pound. At such a price there would have been great profit in cotton growing, if fair crops were obtained, and the tax would have been lightly felt. The price fell to 35 cents the following year, notwithstanding such a failure of the crop as left that price unremunerative, and at the close of the last ses- sion Congress reduced the tax to 2^ cents per pound. When Congress again assembles the price of the new crop will be known, and the proportion which 2£ cents per pound bears to it. During many years the English manufacturers have sought to extend and improve cotton planting in various countries. In promoting this object the Manchester Cotton Supply Association has been the chief, as it has been the most able and efficient, agency. Its thorough organiza- tion for gathering and transmitting information to and from all parts of the world prepared it for the emergency occasioned by our Avar, when it was necessary, by prompt diffusion of information, encouragement, seeds, machinery, &c, to avert the threatened exhaustion of the supply of this important material, and mitigate the evils of its scarcity. All the energy and perseverance of this association, guided by wise counsels and unceasing experiments, supported by the wealth it could combine with the favor and assistance of the British government, had failed to achieve success in introducing the culture of cotton anywhere, or to extend it where previously existing, as in British India, so as to compete in any appreciable degree with the cotton product of the United States. 1 In proof that this industry cannot bear this tax, it is only necessary to call attention to the samples of India cotton, which, when selling in Liverpool at 5d. per pound, returns to the ryot producer in India only 2d. Upon this price 2i cents per pound is equal (at 135 for sterling) to Id. or 50 per cent., and that advantage or premium is offered to the Indian pro- ducer by our tax system. COTTON. 7 It lias been demonstrated that no advantages of cheapness of labor elsewhere could counterbalance our advantages of soil and climate for cotton-growing, so long as we had labor well organized at low cost. We lost our position ; it remains to be seen if we can regain it. Short as was the time, 1861 to 1865, it sufficed to work out wonderful results by the extraordinary power of price in forcing cotton-growing. Excessive pro- duction and supply must so reduce price as to lessen production and enlarge consumption. Shall the cotton product of the United States be reduced as in other countries'? or shall our natural advantages be improved to restore this great industry to its proper pre-eminence'? This, it is believed, depends almost entirely upon the legislation by Congress. Shoidd an excise tax be continued, it is very evident that production in the United States, being unprofitable and burdened, must fall away until scarcity shall again cause high prices ; whereas, without the tax, the southern, people can successfully compete with the world, and more than recover the old monopoly of supply. Having carefully observed what has been done and is doing by other nations, the Committee present the following conclusions : 1. That cotton-growing in our southern States, if untaxed, can be con- ducted profitably and successfully as against all competition elsewhere. 2. That if burdened by a tax sufficient to be worth to the treasury the cost of its collection, it cannot at present, if ever, be successfully prosecuted. 3. That, already familiar to our people in all its details, it is the only industry immediately available and practicable, to the great body of the laboring population of the south, for the profitable employment of sur- plus labor ; that is, beyond the necessities of crops for subsistence, in the production of something salable and exchangeable, whereby wealth can be regained ; and, 4. That the importance of a large production of cotton as the chief export of the country in adjusting balances of trade and exchanges, and especially in its bearing upon the future position of the public debt, so largely held and to be held abroad, cannot well be overstated, and so far transcends the value of the present tax, that to preserve the latter at the cost of losing the former would be a "ha'penny- worth of wisdom to a pound of folly." In conclusion, the Committee desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to B. F. bourse, esq., of Boston, for the very valuable statistics furn- ished by him, and which they have adopted, as coming from a source entitled to the highest consideration, his long acquaintance and connec- tion with the cotton trade of the United States having given him unsur- passed opportunities for obtaining correct information. Respectfully submitted. E. E. MUDGE, United States Commissioner, Paris Exposition. Paris, August 2, 1867. 8 PAEIS UNIVEESAL EXPOSITION. List of cotton samples referred to in the report of the Committee. South Pacific. — Peejee islands, Navigator islands, Polynesian islands, Karatonga islands, Friendly islands, Tahiti, (Society islands,) Oalm, (Sandwich islands,) New Caledonia islands. AUSTRALIA. — Wooloomaloo, New South Wales, Sidney, New South Wales,- South Australia, North Australia, West Australia, Wide Bay, Queensland. EASTERN Asia. — Java, (American seed,) Java, (native seed,) Philip- pine islands, Shanghai, Pegee, Kangoon, Siam. British India. — Tenasserim, Assam, Indore, Palghant, Dhullen, Broach, Oomrawuttee, Hinglienghat, San Ginned Dharwar, Dharwar, (New Orleans seed,) Comptah, Ferozepur, Ohandah, Salem, Madras, (Bourbon seed,) Tinnevilly, (Madras,) Madras, Chwyleput, (New Orleans seed,) Berar, (Egyptian seed,) Nagpore, Delhi, Shorapore, (New Orleans seed,) Shorapore, Hyderabad, Khaudeish, (Berar seed,) Khaudeish, (Egyptian seed,) Khaudeish, (Oomrawuttee,) Kurraehee, India, (New- Orleans seed,) Ceylon. Africa. — Soudan, Natal, Algoa Bay, (Cape of Good Hope,) Fort Beaufort, (Cape of Good Hope,) Kafiraria, Loanda, Cape Coast, Gold Coast, Bonny river, Onitsha, Fernando Po. Indian Ocean. — Mauritius. Asia. — Georgia, Circassia, Caucasus, Bagdad, Mosul, Kashan, (Persia,) Jaffa, Tarsus, Smyrna, Smyrna, (New Orleans seed,) Latakeea, (Syria.) Eastern Europe. — Constantinople, Moldavia, Trebizond, Salonica, (New Orleans seed,) Thessaly, Volo, Volo, (New Orleans seed,) Serres, Mytilene, Aleppo, Enos, Larnica. Southern Europe. — Laconia, (Greece,) Patras, (Sea Island seed,) Patras, (Egyptian seed,) Patras, (New Orleans seed,) Sassano, Italy, (Sea Island seed,) Terra di Otranto, (Siamese seed,) Marcerata, Italy, (New Orleans seed,) Catania, Sicily, (Nankeen,) Naples, (Sea Island seed,) Valencia, Malta. Northern Africa. — Egypt, Egypt, (New Orleans seed,) Algiers, Bona, (Algiers,) Eabat, (Morocco,) Mazogan, (Morocco,) Madeira. South America.— Lima, (Peru,) Paita, (Peru,) Callao, (Peru,) Taena, (Peru,) Bolivia, Paraguasu valley, (Bolivia,) Maranham, Maccio, Per- nambuco, Soracoba, (Brazil,) Bio Grande do Sol, Ceara, Suo Paulo, (Brazil,) Ecuador, San Luis, Estardo, (Bolivia,) Berbice, Demeraia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Guatemala, New Granada, Paraguay, Rosario, (Argentine Confederation,) Buenos Ayres, Salto, Catamania, (Argentine Confederation,) Maracaibo, Salvador, Honduras, Yucatan, (Mexico.) West Indies. — Jamaica, Cuban- Vine, (Jamaica,) Jamaica, (Sea Island seed,) St. Kitts,. Trinidad, St. Thomas, Tortola, St. Bartholomew, Dominica, Tobago, Porto Pico, Bahamas, Antigua, Turk's Island, St. Domingo. United States of America.— Sea islands, New Orleans, Mobile, Uplands. Also samples of 12 kinds of cotton seed. SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT, CHAPTER I. THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE COTTON CUL- TURE IN THE UNITED STATES. Repeal of the cotton tax and its effect— The planting in 1868— Estimated crop of 1868-69 and its consequences— Deficiency in the cotton supply — The future product— Past accumulation — Present and future increase of wealth in the cotton states — opportunity for cotton-spinning— want of laborers — large plantations must give place to small cotton farms — res- toration of worn-out soils — the south carolina phosphates — improvements — Selection of seed, etc. THE CHANGE SINCE 18G7. Since the first part of this report was prepared, in the summer of 1867, nearly eighteen months have passed, which cover one of the most inter- esting and instructive periods in the history of the culture of cotton in America. For a better comprehension of the important facts, and the lesson which they convey, it is well to recur briefly to some points set forth in that first report, which, having stated the unfavorable circumstances attending the cotton trade in the latter half of the year 1867, predicted a further decline in prices in Liverpool "to or below Id. per pound for fair Dhollera, (Surat,) and 9d. per pound for middling New Orleans, which last would be equivalent to 20 cents in New York." It also stated that this price in New York "would return to the planter only 16 cents on the plantation," and that "if the price shall be only 16 cents in New York, or 12 cents to the planter, he cannot pay his hired laborers with the entire net proceeds." The event gave singular confirmation to the anticipations thus expressed. Under the depressing influences then in force, cotton declined in price until December, 1867, when fair Dhol- lera was sold in Liverpool at 5%d., and middling New Orleans was sold there at 7§ O O O 1 c cj o ci t- oo -o" «o ti • c > if c O O O O i-i o 0> 00 t-i CO CO -3 -q cr c O O O O V Cf co -H •-• ~- CO 00 c r c I S " o" i-^" o" i r^* •^" ccT r* m c n w c t- K ) co o co f co en tji co CO r-i rH -S c 1 K co CM 1 °° i "" OD j- t c ) 1 «- ■ CO i—i ~-l i—l if r- c c c a c c " o o ) (~ to in co c c- CC c< I c o c c o o ci "ej* OC "3 a t- c cj a c 00 CO CO CO CO in CO 1 I" CO N CC C\ CO *- *l i- t- CO CO CO C- a 5 cr o ir c t- TJ1 C) r-< a ■^ CO B» a r- 1 CO ■ 00 [ i? f CO CO in CO CO If t- 1 - t- o c c c CT O O CO CO 1- 00 OC u ■^ B o o c: ij» O ifj h,* o >-t ti a 1 c a O O' c c ^-< O co l o in o c; a C£ cr f~ t- a BJ a "l CO 00 t- i-l r-< cv c TJ 01 c- i- o CO r- c ! s 1 CO rH r- CO - 1 00 I Tl c f- i-H C! f- Tl< Tj IT o if c o c c CO o >— CO 00 00 c\ C*" ir c o c cz ^ o o S OC a CO CC — o 5 l c IT c: o c c 00 1 - f ■ a GO Tf Tp cs c «r in -c c ■ CO' 1 ~T CO CC fr- CC C~ GC CO cc Tt 00 CM c OC OC "S t" CO 1 00 CC ^ ' oi n is c CO CC ■ C ir "" O- O CC c CO Ti- co c>J ti< co a cr c*- f CO cr c . CC oo' l- c- cr m r- IT c 1 CC CO c c: c 1 in er 05 C- CO — TT <= 1 CE in OC »- c t ° 1 ir c f- c— c c °" B> ii C\ c OJ f~ co r- J i* CC 1 r- CO | CO c\ C c r t- =: O c CC CC CC c OC ck c s i <= ^ O" OC £- OC r c\ CO c [ c c c ? c »o CO K a B 1» c CC t- c CO c 1* cr ~t co- t- a cr IT CC V *" IT IT rf CO ck CO a- a CO OE CO 00 CC F 1 c c C c c >c a. c c c c d "a ■c c t ^ t r a: a °E B B c B a u B c C c Z ) c I ■c >c "C >c IS i> ■c 1 ,E CO b ) >c v- e ci <* c | "t S ct c c P _c 1 c B 14 cm c E e fcj 3 S 'C a a c "c A (J 5! a c c 5 i s" c c e > « C 1 o . _o C C ct £ F < E- g s £ E- p. 'S c a C 3 f £ 5 r _c 'S 5 t c f 1 a C SB e - < c c c 1 C a £ c u £ c £ E c E c £ c '- c c £ - c c . B i a ft 1 Ps £ £ ft PS £ p F v. COTTON. 31 co m< ■* t- in (N a: en r-* 10 C3 a CO rl o c< f~ o> (O rt co co f- « o o o l-H « th -H r-C CO -H £— rf Oi 10 O CO ICO — ' -* O i-l CO i> LO t- t~- m O <* i- Oi n i> i> w co cf to" to* co~ of o" to OS ^ 00 CO CD — t t- ~& o* in to 0$ CO to to ^H CO i-H CM C^ C~ I> -iO O ^h — ' OS to — < f- CO to i> CO 00 to OS IQ O* tO tO tD 00 OS TT i-h lO o to <-* w co i> a i- i-i a o to ifl os — * 00 0O OS tO CO OS i> OS f* CtS r-^ i> to" os" *^~ lO O* £^ CO ^ lO I- r-i P? o o o o o o o to o *d 'd is >d "d 1 5 S cs w a ^ fH pfcl [l( ^H ?H £< C5 fe H H H 32 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. © H^> o O ^ 2Q ^ & a O o CJ ~, CM o r~ _^ ^_i 1 ^ _J ' 3 ~ o o 1 o ?^ — LO ih t~ in in CO CO = s a a O CO t- c* — GO 5" en CO CO CO Ijl in c; tt 00 CM O CO f^ ^f CM c" c r- CO in 00 CO GO 1 CO — 00 H || CO T cn CM CM t- £~ CO Tj« CO Ci — ' CM co CO t^ r- t^ m CO CM r^ C?i Tp (M cc CO CO 1 in Ci ^ CO -■ 00 f- f~ _l ^ ! «= O o o o c* © GO cc o CO CO o S cr o O CJ en ■^p ~ en o in m TT t- 1 o r- o c- CD — < to ^ 1-T o~ o" o" 1 cv cn" in" co" c CO CO CM CO TJ1 rH in *& •cm" CJ CO GO CO o r~ CO CO CO CO « 1 o m o o o o o o — CD en 7! o CD TJ1 = o O C! CO CO cc m in 5 t^ 1 o ■^i CO If O HI in in" en 1^ TJ» "* 1 CO en en in CO en co en CT CO GO CM en en I " in CO CO co en CI ■*»• W e~. CO CO t- "* CO CM o CO J CM CTJ ' CO on GO en r- o — ! CM c _, en en } CM 00 1 o o o o O Oi en i> CO □3 r- CD o ~ c; o o iro t^ lO 7/ in Tf ^H in in t- CO LO 1 t- t^ m~ Tp" „ in" i--" cm" o" °" CO ex CM- ^r Cft" cd" oT in o cs ■* •-C CO CO CO c; *-ct* CM ■<* o "l CM CO -■3» GO o CO 1 ih CM CM CO CO r-i CO HI CM CM cd" i- CO 1 " CO ^ CO CO 00 -r CO ; in 1 » 1 a, m O O o o en co en i": t- GO -r . t> *- o o — o CM CO nji CD co O C- CM . oo 00 1 i* i c o o o 1 rH XJ> co en" _,- Tp ^ H - ^ o" acT CO cn" o co- ■*" o~ in" T?" en >-. CN !C GO CC t~ t^ m en o) en "l CM .o ■HJi o CO CO 1 en co o ! co -* cm" 1 CM I cm" CT CO j^ rH C35 1 i _ j •^ o CO in GO -H "* 1 t~ CO o o o o 1 5 £; i~ CD Irt lO i^ £- as i~ o o in o CM t- HI CO CO m 1 in 1 CO CO m o 1 00 00 CM H- cm" o" c -*" 00~ £-" CO" co- CO 1 CO CD r* LO" | t-" rn" CO -.r CM CO co i~ 1 CO CD CO CO 'l C-i cu ~H CO t- CO I CO 1 CO CJ1 CO - 1 ** 1 CM fh" 1 r-T cd 1 CO CO i— t CO t- ~ »n CM o o H> Tt< ■ ) ! o Pi [5j o [5i • CO - p c ■ .2- o o. p n fj _e ■ 1 o o to td c to CD c < \ "3 "3 £ "3 p s o ^ s 5 oj O > ca C3 "o Eh o Eh > p g c 5 p 6 p o - — o O, £ ^ & J & ^ € to f= H H Eh co COTTON. 33 CO Oi r -o Oi irt o OJ OJ •V 1 00 OJ o 00 OJ o CO 71 CO o t-i GN j> cr. *# 00 0J en CO OJ •* cs CO CO i- CO 00 CO OJ rt< o 00 -3< co CO CD oo" in © ITS in~ 00 of CO co" in ^ 3i CO CO* CO J- to" CD oo" OJ m o in CO CO in CO OJ co- co" of of CO QCJ ^r ■* ■^ CM oa OS ■^ OJ lO rn _, o GO o cr. in ot CO OJ ^-i CO CJ o in t> CO o; ^f c^ i> S •*r ■^ ^ o o OJ CO -5t< CO t~ CO in OJ in ITS co r> CO in" CD" o" oo" co" co" OJ i- CO CO ^h r- CD OJ CD CO OJ in 'l CO ■* in CO o o CO TJ1 CO LO rH - co" co" oo" ci QO CO CO CO in 00 -r 00 cr> o 1> t- m OJ CO OJ in 00 t~ o en m ■* CO 0J 00 t- CO l.'Ti GC CO o 00 ci t- CO oo m of ■* 00 OJ CO O t~ Tf in OJ Of CO in" Cl" ■* t~" oo" ^r en" oo" to" en" oo" Of CO X in CO •^ en o CO GO GO "l CO CO •<* Ol CO o CO OJ o of of 1 -j" ,_,- r-T 00 1 0J ■ o T-T 1.0 lO _J •* Oi CO CO CD OJ 00 O) 0J' o o o o CO Of o lO o OJ OJ o ~ o CD CM CO CO Ol oo OJ O o i> -* 1 o ° !> 0J "* o in CO*" t^" co" 1 in i> Oi co" o" co" t-" C-" CO CO CD ° 1, 05 en l> CO "i CO CO iH CO t* o OJ OJ -^ OJ in ^t 1 en 1 - •& 0? O) 1 00 00 1 s Of I> CO CO fc" i> CO OJ oo CD 00 o — O o ! 9 0> CO ~- 00 o cn of en TJH CO CO CD o c; o CO lO i> t- 00 in CO en •* Ol o O o IT 00 r> o 00 CO 00 oo" oo" co" ^" oo" oo" of oo" ■* OD ■** S CO cj CO CD 1 CO CO CO OJ CO ■^ C?i o t~ 00 en m CO CO 0J i in T— i oo *cp 0J OJ OJ CJ 1 s in OJ o CO r -D ro o» ■* OJ CD (> OJ o o o OJ OJ CO in CO >n 00 CO o o CO o en oo i> -tfl t- t- CO t~ ^ t^ o o o o 00 CO -*" _-.- o" CO CO" cT Oi f>" of crT o" ^h" o" m" co" co" of — ~ m CD 1" CO Tf C5 CO cm (^ in m OJ en 1 OJ 01 CO ^ CO CO OJ OJ 00 in t~ ■<* OJ OJ h-" 00 O ■k - o c d c o d o d d ■a a d cy c d d o d d *c"i ■^ tS ■a ■a •c i3 t3 "S "t ■a CO "C ^ ,0 ca o c > CD 3d '8 cu o p< "3 p< a, p J= '3 '_5j > o O. "3 o 1 o [3> A ,a CO < c3 ■3 C3 a o p. Cti _£1 'o CD o o Oh O CO CD 6/> a a _0) o o a © o CD "p p "3 ii "3 -5 ■^ « § "3 B S ~£ 3 5 c3 ce "c. o 13 o > o "S s t- o a CD s cS O o - § '3 EH u Eh <; EH £ ,T3 Eh o O Pj '5a o | .g c C6 ca o: CD Eh £ 3 o o o o =2 a ^5 rS a o 02 S £ 5 o .a 2 ^ .3 5 P p c Ft S p 6 p o 5 o c a o a, 1 Eh o o 02 34 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. £ §< &* CO M C! ^ '^3 ^ OJ LO GOmcOOOOt^COt"* t- CD CO -rr rr Gt O >~i lO O .X « t 3J (?1 t^ oo o t- o co a> ^f TT r-< £~ ZD ~* Ot CO m ■-i m m i-- m co ic cd o oo co oj to •# n w o w n go o o a ot t- ^ O GO CO .-l^CJ^t^OOICS Q> CO <-icomTt— < cot^cococo-^coco cooir-mincooo 00 CD CO co i> CO CO CO t^ co in of co" •***" — m co t- co *^ o i-t *H SQ ^ m -* o -^ m m o o in m Tji co oi oi -^ o i-- ^f tp co co "" co" to" of m" oo"" co" - co tp o co ~* .— I -rp %> "3 'O ^3 *& ^ 'O P C* O oj £ &< ~ oc r-" to i^ t~ CO to to c» OS CJ OS ■* CJ CM CO W l-H CO rf m to CQ H CJ to t~ r ** Is cm" O) 1 to 1-1 ■-i" QO Ci 1 1-1 in t- OS as to ^ OS (J* 00 c« a ■* o CJ e^ in -* t~ CJ to CO GO f^ to ^p ■w* to ■* TH a> N co m rH t~ as to to 1 "* o CJ to o CO CJ t-' in cj CJ 00 OS EM LO in to X in to" 00 cj" t-" co" ■-c o" in CD cc in CO O CO to CO 00 00 OS ■^ 1 cj CI L~ CO o CM ■^ CJ rH CD to of CO to to CJ CQ as as -rr rh £■- tN co" cj" CD ^h" nT 1 -p t* co" to o ci i> m 00 "<* t- to CI i> in oo ~l CJ ■* i> CJ CO 00 CJ CJ in o CJ m to CJ CD w rH 00 CO o in : : to i ; ^ to 00 i •«« 31 o c? 2< as t-~ ^P to CO cc f~ CO IO CO o 00 i> c t- 00 CJ i> CS CJ 00 00 '-£ f~ CJ '-C' oo CO lO CO ■* t» m 1- •^ CO rt i ^ f~ CJ o CJ m co cr ~H t~ CD to -p CO to CO a- to" in oo" tr" t-~ o" e'- co" t~ co CO Q> sfl w t« rr in as ~t as f~ c- r- CJ m er CO "l ■^ CO in i~ r-H to a m CO o to l _f co" c ' to- cj" co" 00 co 00 OS OS . ■* CM in -TT- to o IN G\ — ' * CO en OS CO IO o i^ 00 to m to OS 00 CJ "l lO *o 1— f CD Ci to 0C 1 o in m i> t^- rH CM a> - m C! -^ 1 CJ CO ao rfj CJ Ci : : : ■a o © o o © o o o o c a; 6 o d 6 o c c 'ce TJ T3 >0 ■d •a •T3 13 •a -a x § •a *3 n -d rs n3 •n ,P o a o ! fee o, ^2 C3 '5 '5b o as > a ? a o o c3 > 1 ce o p. .5" P o a o c s c 'S [5j 'S a '5 'S .2 'G a s o p. X CO o a c a CO "S 1 < "o "3 'oi T3 03 g "3 PQ CO o o "o3 a =5 cj a .2 CJ 03 03 oi a, o c > o 03 a CO o 3 o £ c 3 c« o o 03 3 °8 H & e- 67 is attained by taking the import of Madras cotton to Great Britain and assigning to that a proportion of the whole export similar to that from Bengal. (The export from Madras for one year corresponds very nearly with the imports into Great Britain during the last seven months of that year and five months of the next year.) Thus ascertained, the export from Madras to Great Britain stands : For 1865 175, 000 bales, weighing 52, 500, 000 pounds. For 1866 275, 000 bales, weighing 82, 500, 000 pounds. For 1867 276, 000 bales, weighing 82, 800, 000 pounds. Assuming that the Madras export, other than to Great Britain, (to China, &c.,) bears a proportion much less than that from Calcutta and Bombay, the total export from the Madras presidency, for 1867, was approximately 300,000 bales, equal to 90,000,000 pounds. The total export of cotton in the year 1867 from the three presiden- cies, besides clothing their 180,000,000 of people, was thus : Bales. Pounds. 1, 175, 967 432, 865 300, 000 449, 219, 394 128, 128, 040 90, 000, 000 From Madras, estimated 1, 908, 832 667, 347, 434 COTTON CULTUBE IN EGYPT. It has been stated that cotton was grown in Upper Egypt in the time of Pliny, but the cultivation had been long discontinued, when, about the year 1821, that energetic viceroy, Mehemed Ali, having made some successful experiments in cotton planting, began the cultivation on a large scale in Upper Egypt. The result was very favorable. The pro- duct of the first year was 60 bags ; the second year, 50,000 • the third year, 120,000; and in 1824 140,000 bags were obtained. 2 The bags varied in weight from 180 to 240 pounds. 1 See on page 38 a table showing the export of Bengal cotton down to 1858. 2 Baine's History of Cotton Manufacture, page 306. 4 c 42 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Iii 1827 or 1828 a quantity of seed of the Sea Island cotton was planted in Egypt, where it flourished, and yields cotton second only to the Ameri- can Sea Island. About 1833 or 1834 the cultivation of cotton in Egypt fell to an inconsiderable quantity, but was afterwards increased, as appears from the table of the quantities exported from Alexandria during the ten years 1850-'59 : Pounds. Pounds. 1850 46,059,965 1851 30,347,338 1852 66,424,960 1853 43,885,201 1854 43,546,500 1855 56,874,300 1856 54,419,904 1857 49, 489, 552 1858 52,369,408 1859 49,259,210 Averaging about 49,000,000 pounds, or 95,000 bales per annum. In Egypt, as elsewhere, the American war gave a new and forcible impetus to the cotton culture. Unfortunately the exact statistics are not at hand. The crops of 1864 and 1865 were very large, say 360,000 and 340,000 bales respectively. In 1866 and 1867 they fell off to 210,000 and 225,000 bales. The crop of 1868-'69 is estimated as equal to that of 1865, say 340,000 bales of 500 pounds each. It seems to be the fact that cotton culture in Egypt has reached its highest point, even under high prices, in the present condition of that country ; and that with lower prices the production will fall away and give place to grain crops. BBAZIL. The Maranham Company exported the first cotton from Brazil about 1760. The limited demand for it in Europe appears from this incident : A Portuguese merchant, in 1762, bought at the company's sale 300 bags, (the wild cotton of the province,) at 300 reis per pound. He sent it to Kouen, the only market, but was a loser because of the peace of 1763. At the next sale there was no bidder for any large quantity. The direc- tors took it at 160 reis, and were also losers. 1 England first received cotton from Brazil in 1782, although the Dutch colony of Surinam had sent cotton to Holland as early as 1735 ; thus early making known the quality of South American cotton, its time had not then come. Soon after the introduction of Pernambuco cotton to Great Britain, the value of its staple was discovered, and as early as 1825 there was a large import to England of Brazil cotton. 1 Southey's History of Brazil, quoted in Bishop's American Manufactures. COTTON. 43 EXPORTS FROM BRAZIL. The exports from Brazil from 1840 to 1855 were stated in Mr. Ellison's hand book, as follows Pounds. 1840 22,335,520 1841 22,140,030 1842 20,466,566 1843 22,324,718 1844 26,056,160 1845 26,446,240 1846 20,651,040 1847 19,419,224 Pounds. 1848 20,457,116 1849 27,181,312 1850 35,498,048 1851 28,270,080 1852 28,744,000 1853 31,933,056 1854 28, 551, 584 1855 27,838,720 While there is no apparent limit to the capacity of Brazil to produce cotton on account of soil, climate, or other natural condition, economic reasons seem to have fixed an early limit. There was but very little increase in the production during the 16 years above stated. The rea- son is probably to be found in the greater profit of other crops, especially of coffee. During and since the war the cotton culture of Brazil has been largely extended. The import to Great Britain alone was in — Year. Bales. Weight per bale. Pounds. 1864 212, 190 340, 260 407, 650 437, 210 636, 897 Pounds. 180 160 174 162 155 38 194 200 1865 54 441 600 1866 70 931 100 1867 70, 828, 020 98 719 035 1868 Here was a progressive increase, and the estimate for the crop of 1868-'69 calls for further increase. It remains to be seen if the exten- sion of this culture in Brazil is to be permanent and progressive, irre- spective of occasional depressions of price; or if, npon the recurrence of a low range of prices, the effect of over supply, cotton will not again give place to the more profitable coffee. WEST INDIES AND GUIANA. At the time of the discovery of these islands by Columbus, the cotton plant was cultivated, and large quantities of its fiber were manufac- tured by the natives. The early cotton manufacture of England and other parts of Europe was supplied chiefly from the West Indian colo- nies, and from the Levant. In 1787 Great Britain imported from her West Indian colonies 6,600,000 pounds of cotton, or about 38 per cent, of the entire import to the United Kingdom. Our own early importations of cotton were chiefly from the same source. The quality is generally good, especially that produced in Guiana from the black seed, ranking nearly with the Egyptian. 44 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The successful culture of cotton in the United States, and consequent low prices, had caused a great falling off in the "West Indies, where sugar became the preferred crop as more profitable. British emancipation next occurred, and almost caused the abandonment of cotton culture. The diminution is shown in the following table of British imports from the West Indian colonies, embracing nearly the whole product for the several years. 1 They were from — British imports of cotton from the West India colonies. The Bahamas. Pounds. 183, 794 157,118 925, 751 257, 507 8, 532 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851 1856 1857 1858 Demarara. Berbice. Grenada. St. Vincent. Barbadoes. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 979, 720 554, 0S3 141, 038 49, 576 333, 405 818, 648 262, 049 117, 935 71, 864 121, 752 83, 285 3,154 61, 776 49, 622 99, 032 275, 901 113, 638 9, 335 53, 382 380, 248 157, 596 210,560 112, 224 227, 696 24, 715 67, 760 42, 336 42, 687 35, 616 69, 328 86, 948 51 632 28, 000 57, 476 57, 120 3,472 1, 113, 392 In 1809, Great Britain imported from all countries 440,382 bales, of which there were from the United States, 160,180 bales ; from Brazil, 140,927 bales; from the East Indies, 35,764 bales; from the West Indies, &c, 103,511 bales. In 1815, the imports by Great Britain were 100,709,146 pounds; from the United States, 54,407,299 pounds; from the British W r est Indies and Guiana, 15,341,197 pounds; from all other sources, 30,960,650 pounds. In 1859, the production of cotton in the British West Indies and Brit- ish Guiana had so fallen off that the total import to Great Britain from all those possessions was only 6,800 bales, or 592,256 pounds. Here, as elsewhere, high prices, the effect of our war, induced a rapid restoration of the cotton culture. Nearly all the production of those British possessions is exported to Great Britain; therefore there will be no material error in taking the British imports as the measure of the colonial production for the last three years: 1866,41,193 bales; 1867, 43,446 bales; 1868, 20,630 bales. The imports from the British West Indies in 1864 and 1865 were respectively 59,645 and 131,120 bales; but the greater part of these was of cotton from the United States which had run the blockade. In Turkey, &c, prior to the war, its stint of cotton aud high prices, the commercial supply of cotton from Turkey and other countries on the Mediterranean (Egypt excepted) was too small to find separate mention in the commercial or any general statistics of the cotton trade. There, where cotton was first transplanted from the east, its cultiva- 1 Mann's Cotton Trade of Great Britain, p. 81. COTTON. 45 tion had long ceased, except for domestic use and as an insignificant article of local trade. Following the universal rule, there also the culture of cotton was quickly extended so as to afford a contribution of some magnitude towards the needed supply after 1862. The statistics of that production are not accessible to us. The imports of cotton from Turkey, Greece, &c, to Great Britain, for the last five years, were 1867 16,615 bales. 1868 12,623 bales. 1864 62,052 bales. 1865 80,303 bales. 1866 32,632 bales. To these should be added the quantities taken for use in France and other portions of the continent of Europe. The rapid decline in the pro- duction from 1865 to 1868 will be observed. It indicates a probable cessation of the culture for export whenever the United States and other countries of abundant and cheap production shall again offer to the com- mercial world a full supply of cotton for its wants. OTHEE COUNTRIES, AND COMPARATIVE VALUE OF AMERI- CAN AND FOREIGN COTTON. The leading cotton-producing countries — the United States, the East Indies, Egypt, Brazil, the British West Indies, and Guiana, and the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean— having been passed in a rapid review of their past and present cotton supply, it remains only to notice briefly the culture in other countries, extended or called into exist- ence by the recent famine and its prices. Samples from all these countries, showing the comparative length and quality of their respective staples, were exhibited at the Universal Expo- sition in a very interesting and well-prepared collection by the Manches- ter Cotton Supply Association. Through the courtesy of the officers of that association (acknowledged in the first part of our report) a similar but even more complete collection of samples was prepared for and brought home by the commissioner for cotton who makes this report. During the war, and under the influence of high prices, experiments were made with both black and green seed wherever cotton planting was attempted, with few exceptions — the former of American Sea Island and Egyptian, and the green seed principally of New Orleans and other superior staples. Australia, the South Pacific islands, South Africa, and the west coast of South America produced fine specimens of long- stapled (black seed) cotton, vieing in spinning value with the best staples from Egypt, Surinam, Pernambuco, &c. Eastern Europe and western Asia exhibited specimens of green seed cotton grown from New Orleans seed that were much better than the native cotton, and quite equal to the upland cotton of the same grade in the United States, as were a few of the specimens from India obtained from the same seed. . The commissioner is so convinced that cotton culture in most of the 46 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. places where these experiments were made will cease with the high prices that induced them, that he deems it unnecessary to make mention of them separately. The samples are all interesting - as displaying evidences of what can be done under the power of price or necessity, and useful to the people where they were successful in testing the fitness of soil, cli- mate, and other conditions for cotton growing. But cotton growing will he a leading business permanently only in those countries where it can be made more profitable than other pursuits. Where indigo, rice, tobacco, sugar, coffee, or breadstuff's will pay better, or will better suit the soil, or climate, or the necessities, habits, or other conditions of a people, than cotton, the culture of cotton may be temporarily forced by the power of high price as well as by the decree of a Pacha, or by the well-directed efforts of a resolute, intelligent, and persistent manufacturing people; but it will be only temporary, like any other enforced industry attempted in defiance of the laws of true economy. x Those laws find a parallel and illustration in the laws governing the vegetable world. Indian cotton seed brought to the United States (from where it is a native to where it is an exotic) will produce a better cotton here than in India, tending to longer and better staple continually. On the contrary, New Orleans seed planted in India will produce cotton the first year nearly equal to its original, but every year of reproduction from the same seed will exhibit more and more deterioration until the product shall have assimilated to the native Indian cotton. The con- ditions of the two countries cause the characteristics of cotton to deter- mine in opposite directions ; hence the necessity for frequent renewals of good staple seeds in India. It is forcing a temporary deviation from nature's course, but always the tendency is to obey the natural law. COMPARATIVE VALUES OF AMERICAN AND OTHER KINDS OF COTTON. The classification or grading of cotton is not applied uniformly to the cotton of all countries, even in Liverpool, where all are found in market. " Fair" cotton from any part of the United States is a very high grade, almost clear of impurities and defects. It is four grades higher than the American " middling," yet the latter is a better grade in point of cleanliness than the grade of "fair" in Surats and some other sorts. These incongruities make it difficult to convey to any one not familiar with the trade and its technicalities a proper idea of the relative value of the several kinds of cotton by the quotations of a price list. The following arrangement, classing American "middling" with the "fair" cotton of other countries, will bring them all nearly to uniformity of cleanliness and appearance. Differences of price from a common level will then indicate the relative values of all kinds by their merits for x See, in the Appendix I, a report from the London Times of the last meeting of the Cotton Supply Association. COTTON. 47 spinning. The prices are those of per pound : December 30, 1868, at Liverpool, Long staple or black seed va "ieties. Mobile, middling, iop Sea Island, middling, 23d Upland, middling, * 10%d Egyptian, fair, U$d Smyrna, &c, fair, 9%d Peruvian, fair, llJcZ Surats, Dharwars, fair, 9f(Z Pernamhuco, fair, U±d Surats, Dhollerahs , fair, 8ftf West Indian, fair, lid Madras, fair, 8±d Green seed varieties. Bengal, fair, lid New Orleans, middling, lid ANNUAL STATEMENT OE COTTON SUPPLY. Annual cotton statistics are made up in the United States to the 31st of August, and in Great Britain, and Europe generally, to December 31st. To make up tables for both Europe and the United States in which the statistics of Europe shall conform in date to our crop statements, the account must be taken in Europe about September 30. For the greater part of the European statistics of that date we are indebted to the val- uable tables of M. Ott-Triimpler, of Zurich. SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON. Table of the supply and consumption of cotton in all Europe and the United States for the year 1859-'60. Supply and consumption. Bales. Pounds. Bales. Pounds. Stocks of cotton in ports — In Europe September 30, 1859 750, 000 150, 000 315, 750, 000 In the United States August 31, 1859 67, 050, 000 4, 861, 000 700, 000 127, 000 167, 000 2, 192, 311, 000 267, 400, 000 22, 987, 000 68, 470, 000 Cotton crop of the United States for the year ending August 31, 1860 900, 000 5, 855, 000 382, 800, 000 Import te Europe for year ending September 30, 1860— 2, 551, 168, 000 Total supply, Europe and America, for the year. 6, 755, 000 5, 283, 000 2, 933, 968, 000 978, 000 168, 000 2, 560, 000 1, 577, 000 441, 078, 000 75, 768, 000 1, 113, 600, 000 654, 455, 000 Consumption of American cotton in Spain, Rus- 2,284,901,000 228, 000 1, 244, 000 1, 472, 000 649 067 000 48 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The foregoing table, or statement of 1859-'60, represents the year of largest supply ever known. Compare with it the following statement of the last complete cotton year, 1867-'68 : Supply and consumption of cotton in Europe and tlie United States for the years 1867-'68. Supply and consumption. Stocks of cotton in ports — In Europe September 30, 1867 In the United States August 31, 1867. Cotton crop of the United States for the year ending August 31, 1868 Import to Europe for year ending September 30, 1868— From India From Brazil From Egypt From others Total supply, Europe and America Consumption in the United States Consumption of American cotton in Spain, Rus- sia, and Sweden Consumption in Great Britain, all kinds Consumption in rest of Europe Stocks on hand in the United States August 31, 1868 Stocks on hand in Europe September 30, 1868 Bales. 2, 600, 000 1, 312, 000 675, 000 233, 000 330, 000 968, 000 35, 000 2, 822, 000 1, 845, 600 37, 400 614, 000 Pounds. 1, 157, 000, 000 478, 880, 000 106, 650, 000 116, 500, 000 66, 000, 000 430, 760, 000 15, 575, 000 1, 001, 810, 000 645, 960, 000 Bales. 1, 092, 000 80, 000 1, 172, 000 5, 150, 000 Pounds. 404, 040, 000 35, 200, 000 439, 240, 000 1, 925, 030, 000 6,322,000 I 2,364,270,000 5, 670, 600 2, 094, 105, 000 651, 400 270, 165, 000 M. Triimpler's tables exclude the cotton trade of Spain, Eussia, and Sweden. The entire cotton crop of the United States being stated on the side of supply, it is necessary to state on the side of consumption the export of United States cotton to those countries. 1 1 See, in the Appendix G, a table of exports of American cotton to Spain, Russia, and Sweden and Norway, 1849 to 1867. COTTON. 49 Table of the supply and consumption of cotton in all Europe and the United, States, stated for a comparison of the three years 1858-'59 to 1860-'61 with the two years 1866-'67 and 1867-'68, (the year ending August 31 in the United States, and September 30 in Europe.) bo o ™ a a .£: agj S ,8 a b so H -d P . 2 1 3 cn en rc CO C~ 5 S CO t~ i- t~ -i CO 3 3 CO CO ■* 3 3 CO CO 50 CO co t* cm CO ■^ t~ CM en t- CO CO CM rH 3 3 m CM 3 LO Qi m "3 C to" 7 t- J>" CO ef CM 0" > ft «» CO H 00 o 00 to O 00 CJ CN Tl« ■* CM o 3 CO 3 © O 3 3 3 3 CM ■* 3 3 3 ■^1 CO CM CM - \r. ** - en 00 CO 3 O CO CO 00 — CO CM i~ CM 3 CO 3 3 3 1 3 LO CO in 5 CO CO TJ< ■"3* en o o -a" in 00 3 3 7 r- _p- ■^" CO* rH t- CO - r£ in in 01 •^ oT cm" CM* ^~ ^ -T cm" co" - CN I> CC Tt< 3" co" t~ 3 3" t^ ? in t- CO CO a CO CM CO CC 00 3 CO) CO CO 3 3 o CM LO CI ■*J< ■^ CM : ■^ a ■^ 1— 1 CM l-l •-I ^r CM H CO t~ CM - CM CO o ■€©■ CM « . o _ 00 en en ,_, ~ -=). i~ in m o CO CO o CO CO 'O 3 in ir C! 3 3 3 3 _, 3 c >n in in CO 7. 00 X :- CM = en CC t^ t en i- 00 3 3 :: CO CM O CD CM CO — cp in CO 1r~ CM — m CO CO r-l CO 3 3 CM cr CO 3 en s ^ cc o — • i- l> CM CM CM CO 00 p-ft CM CO 6 S S5 u £ o o ^ o o o in CO CM CO CO 3 3 o o 3 t- CM 3 LO 3 CO 3 3 3 3 CO m o CM o 3 t- i- ■3 CTi CO = 3 3 3 3 i^ 3 t- 3 CO 3 CM 1." CO CO ^ ^ CD en 3 CO o 3 CM CM CO •*P en •* 3 3 3 in O 3 3 in 3 3 3 3 3 ^ t~ 00 t~ C8 o 00 CO CO 3 CM CO t- C 3 CO ■^ en 3 — 3 CT CO CO CO CO CC CO ■^ 3 PQ t^ CO 3 CO - CM rji -^ m 3 CO £~ '3 CO CM OC t~ 3 00 3 ° o o r- t- (M ^ en t- CO in CO CM «H rH t- in ■* CO 3 CM "-I OJ 3 § "S CO en m ■* CM •J ,-T r- LO "3 " •ee- rH in > -i p. -* — Ol 00 — CO — . in o OJ t- 3 3 o 3 3 i^ 3 pH Ttl 3 O 3 O 3 3 CO o cm 1- CO CO T t— ■^ CO = e; 3 3 3 3 3 m 3 3 ■^ 3 3 3 CD CM « ti £- CO O* o co iH CO ~ CO CO 1—1 *- 1 ~ 3 3 3 3 t~ t^ 3 3 3 t~ 3 ■V 3 3 rH ndsof m use 3 CO t- l> o ■* in 3 3 3 r-l CM CM in £~ 3 3 in _ CM cb" '3 CM in CM ~ 3 ^)* 3 i-H 3 T i> 3 V. 3 CO CC i> CO CM s CD m i> en CO CM c- c; CM 00 CO CO CO CC 3 o CO in m (—1 CO 3 to 00 in in CJ CM CM CM t~ m CO ~ TJ CO 3 £ o CM CO GN CO 1-1 CM CO 1-1 ""^ CO CM in c :_: o en ~ S ~ — O 3 3 3 3 3 CO 3 in CO 3 3 3 3' 3 3 in — 3 3 o t- = a 3 e; = 3 3 3 "3* in CN 3 3 3 3 3 CD 3 fl . CO S — 5 o o ■± o = L~. e: 3 3 O 3 CO CM t- CC CC 3 in 3 3 3 3 tj< rH 'O 3 o t^ CO in CM Tji in 3 3 3 en -^ in 3 t- 3 CC u _ U C3 _g CI o CM It ^f t~ •* in 1- rH r — 3 C-1 CM C 3 t^ 3 '-. L<" CO in CO CO CO IT. 5 "^ CM ifl CJ CM CM r-l CO 3 X oc CO 3 m CO 3 in ft P c3 >■ o CO CO CO CO in 00 c 3 00 r- CO en -.' 00 t- CT t^ CO m 3 ic 3 o< 00 m o s <*& as 3 t~ in CO ^r in ■* CO ira ■^ ~ 3 3 ■^ o CO t- *T CO CO t- o ^T p- ctT o o" ^f CM. i—i [25 in a 3 O 3 CO 00 CM t}< rt 3 o 3 3 3 3 ~* _l CM 3 m -1. ■* CO C 3 t- !-H 3 en CC 3 3 3 3 3 •* CC -T o 3 3 ^ ^ o 00 i> £-- CO S CO in t- 00 in 3 3 m m t^ r- -^ CO V CM 1- 00 3 t- o ^ . >a o a " A "3. o — Ci CO ■^ CO CO CO m en CM in rj< 3 CO 3 CC ■-a- Tf cn: 3 to CO CO CO 71 >- en CM ■* (— t CM CO ■^ , CN CO •^ r-l t~ ■* CO CO Ifj" ^ ■* — — in ■* O _ as ^ en ,_, t- CM CO CO ■* CO CO t~ c CM ■**! r_ in m O BO ^ c; CO EC £~ LO zt CO CO CM 3 CN T^ 5 02 3 X '. 3 3 _B CC ft g W 1 CO + > o 3 ": "3 '5 c E 1 ! a ! T ! * j 1 > c N ! -si is : % > £. 3 ^ ( 1 : c - 1 a> ■t •J CD P B eg ">> C3 s o o R 2 a o O C "a ! '5 s > a O -= o t CC C f c -J - 1 c j CC 1 s f 8 i < i C3 X CD "5 ft i E C 8 ^< J- < 2 a CD EH Eh COTTON. 61 From the foregoing table appear the following averages per spindle in most of the States : Averages per spindle according to the table, States. Capital invested. Pounds cot- ton con- sumed. Value per lb. of raw material. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts.. Rhode Island. .. Connecticut New York Pennsylvania . * New Jersey. .. Delaware Maryland Ohio Indiana Missouri Kentucky Virginia North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Alabama $20 36 20 71 16 30 19 14 15 00 12 93 16 50 23 00 19 20 22 25 44 38 16 67 22 73 11 65 10 95 46 18 34 82 50 29 41 85 45 77 78.13 58.52 56.20 72.81 50.30 34.05 79.11 91.60 23.49 105. 72 240. 92 121.00 72.72 6.89 32. 74 257. 93 170. 93 233. 63 292. 87 153. 80 $22 12 24 87 18 13 21.12 16 00 16 47 22 73 32 79 33 83 35 76 56 05 41 97 31 73 15 86 17 63 37 06 30 87 35 17 50 00 32 13 $0 12J 25 121 HI 13$ 25* 11* 20* 75 19i 131 13f 12* 14* 44S 10* 11 11 13 144 * The light quantity of cotton consumed and large value per pound of the raw material in New Jersey indicates thread spinning and the use of sea island and other costly cotton. This is confirmed by the small number of looms. The Preliminary Eeport on the Eighth Census, by J. G. C. Kennedy, superintendent, says of the facts exhibited in the foregoing census table : "The product per spindle varies in the different States, partly accounted for by the fact that many manufacturers purchase yarns which have been spun in other States. * * * * The quantity of cotton used in the fabrication of the above goods was 364,036,123 pounds, or 910,000 bales of 400 pounds each. Of this amount the New England States consumed 611,738 bales, and Massachusetts alone 316,655. The consumption per spindle in that year in the various sections was as follows : Consumption of cotton per spindle. No. of spin- dles. Pounds of cotton. Pounds per spindle. 3, 959, 297 861,661 174, 340 5, 035, 798 237, 844, 854 76, 055, 666 40, 530, 003 364, 036, 123 61.8 88.26 232. 48 In the United States 72.2 * We have interpolated this line showing in a separate aggregate the spindles and consumption of the south- ern States (south of the Potomac) from the census table. The cotton consumed must include cotton used in families, or otherwise than upon mill spindles, the utmost capacity of which would be equal to the consump- tion of a quantity only about half as large as the above rate per spindle. 62 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. STATISTICS FROM THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFAC- TURERS AND PLANTERS. Allusion lias been made to the publications of the " National Associa- tion of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters." That association was organized in the early part of the last year, chiefly "to promote the cul- tivation of cotton in our country, and a recognition of the identity of interests between the cotton planters and manufacturers; and generally to accomplish by associated efforts whatever may be for the common good within the sphere of the association, shunning everything of a local or partial character." By the courtesy of the officers of that association we are permitted to take the following table and remarks from a report prepared by its sta- tistical committee, to be presented at an approaching meeting to be held iu Baltimore. The table is compiled from the actual returns made from the mills, in number and locality as stated, and these carefully collected by the sec- retary of the association. The number of spindles is less than 7,000,00c 1 Synopsis of returns from cotton mills, January 30, 1869. 2 States. O Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania ... Delaware Maryland Ohio Indiana Illinois Missouri Northern. Virginia North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia Alabama 22 49 16 150 126 81 88 30 71 9 11 5 1 1 4 443, 800 734, 460 28, 038 2, 386, 002 1, 082, 376 545, 528 437, 482 175, 042 384, 828 48, 892 45, 502 22,834 10, 800 24? 25f 29£ 27* 35i 29 32£ 32J 17 21 12f 13 14 Pounds. 28, 838, 608 48, 089, 439 1,281,125 138, 081, 144 51, 938, 373 31, 652, 920 22, 097, 044 10, 767, 600 34, 806, 531 3, 288, 280 7, 972, 896 3, 170, 000 1, 493, 061 Pounds. 65 65.46 45.69 57,87 47,06 58 50.51 61.51 90.45 67.46 175.22 138. 82 138. 26 13, 436 2, 475, 000 184. 21 6, 359, 020 28 385, 952, 021 36, 060 24, 249 31, 588 69, 782 25, 196 15J 10^ 131 12f 17 4, 010, 000 3, 537, 000 4, 174, 100 10, 864, 350 2, 820, 596 111. 18 145. 85 132. 14 155. 70 112 Pounds. 1,297,600 953, 500 197,000 890, 800 492, 500 4, 125, 000 7,000 2, 336, 500 600, 000 126, 500 11, 026, 400 1 See appendix (F) for the report upon cotton spinning in the United States, as made by the international jury of the Paris Exposition, 1867. 2 From the records of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters. COTTON. 63 Synopsis of returns from cotton mills, January 30, 1869 — Continued. States. 1 ■3 g 'pi 02 a . is n ~ o n p. d o o O g '3. a) P. 6 p "3 bo .a •» o S H ^ o o O 6 4 2 10 3 8,752 8,528 924 13, 720 6,264 9 91 8J 10 10 1, 457, 000 1, 372, 104 258, 400 1, 847, 200 1, 075, 000 166. 48 160. 90 268. 83 134 171. 62 86 225, 063 12| 31, 415, 750 138. 12 664 86 6, 359, 020 225, 063 28 121 385, 952, 021 31, 415, 750 60.70 138. 12 11 026 400 Total 750 6, 584, 083 27* 417, 367, 771 64.88 11, 026, 400 There are not probably more than 100 mills nor more than 250,000 spindles in the country not yet returned. The secretary has upon his list only 81 mills unreported, in which he estimates that there are 233,000 spindles. This list includes all of which he can get any mention whatever. In explanation of the greater number of mills (1,091) reported in the census of 1860, he submits the following : Mills of which he has returns 750 Mills on his list not returned 81 Mills originally on his list not now using cotton : That have ceased running 72 Consolidated with others 11 Printing only 11 Weaving only 75 Using waste from other mills 10 = 182 Total 1, 013 It is probable that many factories were classed as cotton mills in the census of 1860, which would be excluded by us as not properly cotton- spinning mills. The secretary finds that cotton in considerable quan- tities is " used otherwise than in cotton-spinning." He is trying to get complete returns of it, but finds obstacles not easily overcome, and is satisfied that the partial returns stated in the column for " cotton not otherwise used " do not represent one half the proper quantity. 64 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. The mills reporting which spin cotton use per year 417, 367, 771 pounds. Eighty-one mills not reporting are estimated to use 27, 9G0, 000 pounds. Cotton otherwise used, that is, for textile fabrics, batting, &c, but not in cotton mills proper, esti- mated at 24, 672, 229 pounds. 470, 000, 000 pounds. Deduct, for the exceptional cases in which the quantity reported is the usual consuming capac- ity, and not the actual consumption of the year 20, 000, 000 pounds. Total consumption for 1868, (in part estimated, as above) 450, 000, 000 pounds. Of which was used in the southern States, about. 38, 000, 000 pounds. INCREASE OF MANUFACTURED GOODS. The sum of the increase of the manufacture of cotton goods and yarns in the United States is shown approximately in the following recapitu- lation of the aggregates at the decennial periods : Sum of increase of the manufacture of cotton goods. Year. No. of mills. No. of spin- dles. Pounds cot- ton con- sumed. Average per spin- dle. Average No. of yarn. 1840 1,240 2, 284, 631 3, 300, 000 5, 035, 798 6, 817, 083 171,201,218 264, 000, 000 364, 036 ; 123 450, 000, 000 74.94 80. 72.2 64.88 20 1850 . . . 22-V I860 915 831 23 186S 37JL The rate of increase thus appears to have been — 1840 to 1850. . .in spindles 44.4 per cent in cotton used 54.2 per cent. 1850 to 1860. . .in spindles 52.6 per cent in cotton used 37.9 per cent. 1860 to 1868. . .in spindles 35.4 per cent in cotton used 23.6 per cent. 1840 to 1868. .in spindles 198.3 per cent., .in cotton used 162.8 per cent. We do not find any complete statistics of the various kinds of cotton goods produced. The custom-house returns afford some materials for a table of cotton goods exported, which table will be found in the appen- dix, (E,) embracing, however, only plain white or brown goods, and only from the ports of New York and Boston for the years 1849 to 1868, inclu- sive. This table shows nearly the whole export of domestic cottons, and in a comparison of the several years the fluctuations of increase and diminution may be observed. In the appendices (D) and (H) will be found a table containing the principal facts of the British trade and manufac- COTTON. 65 ture of cotton. The statement for the calendar year 1868, in Great Britain, stands thus : x Imports, exports, and consumption in Great Britain, 1868. Stock held by spinners January 1 Stock in the ports January 1 Import during the year 80, 000 554, 800 3, 660, 130 30, 253, 000 191,415,360 1, 296, 957, 930 Total supply. 4, 294, 930 1,518,625,290 Export during the year Stocks held by spinners December 31. Stocks in the ports December 31 915, 120 80, 000 497, 870 315, 195, 100 28, 953, 000 178, 280, 090 Total deduction . 1, 492, 900 522, 428, 190 Leaving as the actual consumption . 2, 801, 940 996, 197, 100 Which compares as follows with the preceding nine years 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 Bales. 2, 801, 940 2, 552, 498 2, 406, 394 2, 034, 730 1, 566, 400 996, 197, 100 954, 517, 505 890, 721, 031 718, 651, 000 561, 196, 000 1863 1862 1861 1860 1859 1,303,500 1, 185, 500 2, 363, 600 2, 523, 000 2, 296, 700 476, 445, 000 449, 821, 000 1, 005, 477, 000 1, 079, 321, 000 977, 633, 000 In order to give a correct comparison of the amount of cotton con- sumed in each of the past ten years, we have reduced the bales to the uniform weight of 100 pounds each, as follows : Amount of cotton consumed, 1859 to 1868. 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 Total in bales of 400 pounds. 2, 490, 490 2, 386, 290 2, 226, 800 1, 796, 639 1, 402, 990 Average per week. 47, 890 45, 890 42, 820 34, 550 26, 980 Years. 1863 1862 1861 1860 1859 Total in bales of | Average 400 pounds. per week. 1,191,110 1, 124, 550 2, 563, 690 2, 698, 300 2, 444, 080 22, 910 21, 620 49, 300 51,890 47, 000 As compared with 1867, the consumption of 1868 shows an increase of only 2,000 bales of 400 pounds per week. In Simmonds's statistical supplement to lire's Cotton Manufacture of 1 From Ellison & Haywood's Annual Eeview, for the year 1868, published in Liverpool January 14, 1869. 66 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Great Britain, Loudon, 1861, page 397, the items of the following table are found : Pounds cotton consumed. No. of persons employed in cotton mills. No. of spindles. Average weight of cotton con- sumed per spindle. 1856 1859 1860 891, 400, 000 976, 600, 000 1, 050, 895, 000 379, 213 415, 423 446, 999 28, 010, 217 30, 759, 368 33, 099, 056 31J pounds. 3 If pounds. 31J pounds. A parliamentary return stated that there were in Great Britain, in 1850, 20,858,062 spindles, consuming 629,798,400 pounds cotton, equal to 30 pounds per spindle. The increase of cotton spindles in Great Britain since 1860 is estimated to exceed 10 per cent. If now only 36,500,000 in number, and using the same number of pounds of cotton per spindle when fully employed, as in 1859-'60, they would require about 1,159,000,000 pounds. The quantity used in 1868, 996,197,000 pounds, was only about 85 per cent, of the quantity required for the machinery to run full. The following very interesting statistics of European cotton trade and manufacture are derived from the Annual Beview of Messrs. Ellison & Haywood, of Liverpool, who give credit for some of the continental figures to Messrs. Stolterfoht, Sons & Co. : COTTON. 67 ooooooooc o c c ooooooooc o c o ooooooooc o c o cor-it~"*t-r^eitoT! -H C ca CO(Mr-itDOC-t^OO OJ tc 00 .9 QO tO CO rH CO i-l c co a rH 1 i-H of ■* in a o '-J3 P) OOOOOOOOC o c o S g 3 OOOOOOOOC o c o OOOOOOOOC o c o to tO -fl < -3> •& of ^<" Tt<~ >> 03 ooooooooc o c o cd ooooooooc o c o >i ooooooooc o c o 3 ad flOMnt-nio-iir to a in o o cc o r~ o cw to o CO o 00 CO H rl ^ -H C CO 5 to H of ■* in ooooooooc o ooooooooc o ooooooooc o o 00 00 c oc 00 lO CJ( - in o oo o m i~ to r- 1 t- f- co CO i-H O- t- of TjT o oooooooc o ooooooooc o ooooooooc o to 0(»^ OJ aoaor-om— icoa to tO H ■V .-H o "* o3 ,0 of ■ch" i M c o o o c o O ooooooooc o Ph c o o o o o o c c c 8 to 00 C£ rH lO Iff "<* rt Oi o tc CO H OL lO TJt TJ< Q 0Q W Tt ■*r in .- cr p c o Tj c o c o c O C o c c 1 c o c o c c o o c o o o c c c c c o c c 00 to 00 ir o* tr a- 00 IT 02 IT c 1 -r tc c IT 00 C\ in o- W l~ ?• r- I— It c i> ) Ci ■<* 1 a T c c C tS CO s s < c cu c c Tj > c c 1 tD 1 oc "7 o 1 '3 "S "is s E > * o '3 o PC a c F § cd c .3 Eh t= EH d J ^ 3 '3 tc p = c £ w PC C E* e CC g 68 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. o o — 3 — c 3 c O ~ 1 ° o = 3 CO — 3 c o ~ 1 ° o o - O o o 3 o o = I w _ m in CM CM © o 00 o CM — 4 OS o CM CM CM 00 QO W r- ■■£ T. co o o o o o 3 o o 3 o o a o 3 o 3 o o = o e o 3 s c 3 3 3 o c; o t-' co 00 T* CM !> CM o C o m CO 00 -o ■^ c in CO CO o rH « ■= o o o c o 3 3 o 3 o = o = 3 ~ 3 CO o ~ o o o = 3 3 3 o o — o c c CO t-" o pj - 1.0 cm" cm" os" co~ Ci oo" 00 OS 00 Ci Tf CO CO as 5 as £~ co m H t- o »* rH C- 1> ■* CO OS 00 CO t- CO C^ T]i - (-' CM or *tf CM CM CO CO rr CO Tl< V- OJ CO CM 00 CM 00 r-T r-T CM ■3 a p< t~ 00 -cf m ~ ■* CO rH CO ■* rH in =M in 00 m in cc GO m 00 o ^tl -r 00 o CO CM c- CO 3 CM r CD as CM in CN 00 o 00 rH~ rH s a co CO o •* t- CO o OS CO 00 ~ 00 as 00 o CO OS 00 m o t-° CO LO cc CM **" in T i> OS ~; in C" 00 eg o oo rn" rH >-> a TI o © in 00 CO m CO 00 ^ as o CO oc rH "S. S tM in — i^ t- c ■* 00 00 00 o 00 -r- in CO C£ CO -^ as as ■-T m CO as CM CO CO o g 00 r-T cs" a o o ,3 CO , A in 00 00 LO = 00 CM ■•CN c 00 3 CO 00 >r 00 oo rH in CO o- CO ^ 00 00 m CO i- as t- CM CM CO 0! CM ■^ n< o 3 o e OS CO C rf in m as c as CO CO £~ 00 m ■* CO CO OS CT 00 0. c-^ 00 ,_J CM t' CM CO _- cv in 3 oo ■* 1-1 00 as | o ■"CK m o c XI o CO CO as 3 as oo 00 rH 00 (- 00 00 en r» CO IT 00 CO OS i> ■>;" = CO in t- CO 00 CO m CO CO rH CT CO m CM as ir 00 o cS o S. to < .2 c fj CD c id 3 — p C3 o o a '3 .2 c7 p. p 5 -> ■ <3 "3 o la o CD d cd d a 'So [ i i .2 (3 o d d '5 .2" 3 Eh p EH o T Pi $ £ w M c ! H oo 8 COTTON. 69 The deliveries to Great Britain in 1868 show a decrease of 343,500 bales (of average of 400 pounds each) compared with 1860, while those to Holland and Germany together show an increase of 128,000 bales of same weight. The absolute increase in the consumption of Great Bri- tain in 1868 over 1867 was only a trifle over the increase in Germany, the figures being 115,000 and 112,000, respectively. The aggregates for the several years in the foregoing table differ a little from those in our own comparative table on page 49, because the latter were computed for years ending 30th September in Europe and 31st August in the United States, while the former represent the results for the calendar years. (See Table H in the Appendix.) CONCLUSION. The experience of the past year fully justifies the conclusion stated in the report made from this commission in August, 1867. The peculiar advantages of our country for producing cotton are rapidly regaining the position held before the war — quite fast enough, in view of the extra- ordinary change in the condition of the laboring population and of the wastes by war. The cotton-planting States should continue to produce, as of first necessity, ample supplies of food for home use. The power of high prices (the seasons being favorable) will not fail to secure a progressive increase in the production of cotton at a cost cheapening from year to year, until its excess shall at length drive from competition the cotton of less favored countries. B. F. NOUBSE, Commissioner. Boston, February 1, 1869. APPENDICES APPENDIX A. CAPITAL INVESTED IN THE CULTURE OF COTTON IN 1835. The following statement of the capital invested in the culture of cotton in 1835 is taken from "Woodbury's Tables and Notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture and Foreign Trade of Cotton" — a report to Congress March 4, 1836, before cited in this report. "The crop of 1834-'35 was set down by the same authority, and cor- rectly, at 160,000,000 pounds, which would be 230 pounds per acre on the area of land as stated below. "The capital invested in cotton lands under cultivation at 2,000,000 acres, and worth, cleared, on an average, $20 per acre, is $10,000,000 "The capital in field hands, and in other lands, stock, labor, &c, to feed and clothe them, at $100 per year, on 340,000 in number, would require the interest or income of a capital at 6 per cent, of 541,000,000 " The maintenance of 310,000 more assistants, &c, at $30 each per year, would require the income of a capital at six per cent, of 167,000,000 "The capital to supply enough interest or income to pay for tools, horses for ploughing cotton, taxes, medicines, overseers, &c, at $30 for the first 310,000, would be 167,000,000 " Making in all a permanent capital equal to 918,000,000" Apply to this formula the quantities and values of 1860, and we should have a total capital of $2,682,000,000 employed in producing the crop o± 1859-60, allowing 210 pounds to the acre. The capital now required for the production of 3,000,000 bales per annum, of 150 pounds each, is but little more than the value of about 8,000,000 acres of land, and buildings which at present values can hardly exceed $100,000,000, and so much more capital as would pay from its interest the wages and maintenance of laborers a few months until crops begin to come in. The latter portion of the required capital rests chiefly in the surplus of crops for subsistence carried forward froni the previous harvest. COTTON. 7 1 APPENDIX B. THE AUGUSTA COTTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY OF AUGUSTA, GA. It appears from the report of the president of the company, Mr. Wil- liam E. Jackson, that the gross earnings of the company during the six months ending June 30, 1868, amounted to $135,510 65 ; interest received, $3,921 65; total, $139,432 30. The expenses and taxes for the same time were $31,898 16; leaving a net profit of $107,544 14. Two divi- dends amounting to $60,000 were paid, enabling the company to carry to the credit of profit and loss account $47,534 14, making the amount at present to that account, $224,798 22. The goods manufactured from December 14, 1867, to June 13, 1868, were, pounds, 1,184,845; pieces, 98,348; yards, 3,888,301. The cotton consumed amounted to 1,362,571 pounds ; average cost of cotton, 19.98 ; the average number of yards per loom made daily was 49 1-5; number of looms running, 505; number of hands employed, 507 ; aggregate wages paid,$87,546 93; aggregate sales, $519,965 01. Between June 13, 1865, and June 30, 1868, the com- pany increased its machinery to the extent of $92,686 76 worth, and paid to the stockholders $360,000. The company commenced business with a capital of $60,000. The gold value of their property on the 30th of June last, irrespective of the $224,798 22 before mentioned as standing to their credit, was $600,000. The aggregate sales of the company since their organization have amounted to $3,765,301 80; the wages paid to $622,280 15; average number of hands employed, 578, and the average number of yards per loom per day 45.90. Their production during three years was, pounds, 6,261,655; pieces, 527,114; yards, 20,364,919. The original factory property was purchased about ten years ago from the city of Augusta for $140,000, on ten years' credit. Already the entire property has been paid for. APPENDIX C. NATIVE PHOSPHATES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Dr. N. A. Pratt, the chemist and general superintendent of the Charles- ton, South Carolina, Mining and Manufacturing Company, has contributed an article to the Southern Cultivator upon the discovery and extent of the phosphatic deposits, and the following is abridged from his descrip- tion. The calcareous beds of South Carolina are justly considered the most remarkable perhaps in the world, and very early attracted attention; and in the time of the late venerable Edmund Buffin, esq., were extensively explored and analyzed. Many subsequent explorers — among whom stand pre-eminent Professor M. Tuoiney, State geologist of South Carolina, 72 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. and Professor F. S. Holmes, of the (Charleston college — have so system- atically explored and studied these beds that, previous to the year 1850, they were as well and widely known geologically and palpeontolo- gically as any other equally extensive in the world. The calcareous marls of South Carolina have been closely studied, classified, and analyzed, and their value as marls, containing a small per- centage of phosphate of lime, has been known for 20 years; but there is another bed, not of marl, but adjacent to these, equally well known and described, the composition of which has, until lately, been unknown and misunderstood. Bet'erence to the Geology of South Carolina, by Professor M. Tuomey, published in 184S, will show all that was known of them up to the year 1807, viz: 1st. That the calcareous beds of this section had been carefully .studied, classified, and analyzed, and were known to contain from 50 to 85 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and from 2 to 9.20 per cent, of phosphate of lime. 2d. That the marlstones, nodules, or conglomerates, (constituting a bed which overlies the newer eocene marls,) bedded in the clay, were universally considered as silicified, having lost all or most of their lime, which rarely exceeded six per cent. — (Tuomey's Geology of South Carolina, p. 165.) 3d. That the fossil bones, marine and terrestrial, were also considered petrified or silicified. See, also, the magnificent work on the "Post Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina," by Professor F. S. Holmes, (1859), Introduction, p. ii. These are the published records; but Professor Holmes has informed Dr. Pratt that Professor Tuomey made a crude analysis of these nodules some years ago, and he thought the estimate was fifteen to sixteen per cent, of phosphate of lime, but not enough to counterbalance the car- bonate of lime, iron, and sand which they also contained, and it was con- sidered unavailable for agricultural purposes. During the late war, while in charge of the chemical department of the C. S. Nitre and Mining Bureau, and engaged in inspecting the salt- petre beds of Charleston and Ashley river, which were constructed under the charge of Prof. F. S. Holmes, Dr. Pratt's attention was repeatedly directed by Prof. Holmes to the remarkable accumulation of fossil bones in a bed long since described and known as the " Fish Bed of the Charles- ton Basin," and also to the existence of from two to nine per cent, of phos- phate of lime in the heavy marls below, as indicated by the analysis of Prof. C. U. Shepard, published in the Geology of South Carolina in 1848. Knowing that the marls of Georgia were comparatively poor in that ingredient, rarely exceeding three per cent., the contrast was too strik- ing to escape notice ; and the doctor took various samples to Augusta, Georgia, for examination, but more urgent matters at that time pre- vented the analysis, and the fact was almost forgotten. COTTON. 73 Later, in May, 1867, Dr. Pratt was fortunate enough to discover that a bed outcropping within ten miles of Charleston contained as large a per centage of phosphate of lime as any of the phosphatic guanos imported from the tropical islands, and used in this country and abroad, for the manufacture of fertilizers. This bed has been long known in the history of the geology of South Carolina as the "Fish Bed of the Charleston Basin," on account of the abundant remains of the marine animals found in it, Professor Holmes, of the College of Charleston, having in his cabinet not less than 60,000 specimens of sharks' teeth alone, some of them of enormous size, weigh- ing from two to two and a half pounds each ! The bed outcrops on the banks of the Ashley, Cooper, Stono, Edisto, Ashepoo, and Combahee rivers, but is developed most heavily and richly on the former, and has been found as far inland as 40 or 50 miles. Near the Ashley river it paves the public highway for miles ; it seri- ously impedes and obstructs the cultivation of the lands, affording scarcely soil enough to " hill-up the cotton rows," and the phosphates have been for years past thrown into piles on the lawns, or into cause- ways over ravines, to get them out of the reach of the ploughs ; it under- lies many square miles of surface continuously, at a depth ranging from six inches to twelve or more feet, and exists in such quantities that in some localities from 500 to 1,000 tons or more underlie each acre. In fact, it seems that there are no rocks in this section which are not phos- phates ! Chemical analyses made by Dr. Pratt, in the laboratory of Dr. Bave- nel, showed that samples from different localities contain from 31 to 55 and 67 per cent, of phosphate of lime. A company was soon after organ- ized for thoroughly working this invaluable deposit, and South Carolina has now become the exporter rather than the importer of fertilizers. 6C 74 PARIS .UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Ot- P_ rH So 2 O tH « 1 fife 1 Si O r^ O ° — w GO HS r-r-~i so I— I s l-l S c- o C3 o ~t CO -TT c r cr co in CO ^» m ■^ O "^r CO o ■^ cr cr 01 ■3' CD CM 00 » cr. Oi r- o: 01 c; 6 CS rH ^ ^ re o o t~ c pj in CO _ c- cr cr cr o Cft _ in o cr cr ^ ^» c^ O ~ o c K3 a X c'i -r ~ cr cr i~ t> 10 cr cr cr 'X 00 o c CO c; 03 E c s 03 r O) in o cr C3 o "^ US o oc t^ r -c t^ ph d cr o 00 t t- cc 00 CO o" co o 33 o ■V r^ c "/_ m CO c CM o <* CO to 00 o .-o f-l cr. 1< CO i~ ■^ _l — CO o o Ol cr CM c cr c in = o C! c c: X - in cr cr CO cr cr in c; cr Ci IC 0! CO o C! i> m T CO cr cr Ci i> o CO fr- cr LO I-i S3 Q tc !- X t- 01 i> c cr (M cr 00 CO ee -r LO o o CO CJ o cc -^ 1:0 o CI cr CM in a OO r " 1 — cc CM CO ■^ cr en c e c^ c ■* t- a > £0 r- -^ ^r pn Oi T cr cr re c a ,Q o Ti i> o C( C! cr 00 ft o a oo I— t 3 s= 00 fr- (N 1^ c o m cr cr cr cr oc cc It cr CO ^+0 -* c- i- 1~ c^ cr 10 cr o oc cr cr cr IT CM n •* c "* CO GV cr c ■* o T cr CO t- CO , ,„- a ff cc CO c cr cr fr- c cc in oc o cc cc CO -3- c ee CM a CM ■j* scj c cr CO £^ CM 1 •■§ So cc 00 CO cr a a. .Q " S CO ^3 Cw co" eg QJ fr- * .a c 'T | a c c c C o C cc c C j C c 'C c a & c C a T r ■c >c t rrj rs -c -c "5 c ■c ■c ■c P ■c n "5 of E3 bo © 5> ^ c , I ^ o ft £■ ft c c • % X! re £ £ ■o ft .C3 00 S in "-" 3 rt< m in " § 00 fr- «M « O m 3 | ¥ "t 00 _to 13 re c fe c a: a> b o C re o 5 o c O o c - ^ p. 00 £ > -z ■c ■c c C 1 c c c ■r 5 3 CM 1 ' c £ c C F< ( r c r a i. cc c c c _f c c 3 _C c a = < C a - f F- 3 J 55 ,-T O s -° |1 H o S rt *[> re 1 =* ■S -1 u I r- r t i p 5 1 : r ; 1 - ( 5 E ; c C c 'i I < i .: x •.- r t i ! \ i 5 - 1 -. f : c C i pi p: c 'c £ 1 t £ c I 1 - H "■ en I C2 5 a > o ! g j 5 - ^ - u c c 1 ) * < c e X t n a ■> > c c. '? P< a 5 C _c c c . c j 1 c f 5 5 : 6 ) o r* a a !■ a - c c _c . 'e ! ! § > « a i 1 -1 !] ; ( . p p o t a - 1 c _ c ) c a P 5 a r C r- i " pi + ( 5 r , c s 1 1 r ^ cl - - ) <: ' J "c z - - ; ry *■ c a c - % a _ : . c 1 P _g f . s. IS l, -C3 03 _> 1 PI ca 1 ,- H 1 - 1 c 5 c 3 £ 5 6 a t. 3 •*" s . c c t ■ i- > ci ' -. T a H 03 ? 3 C : - 3 f i £ 7 .: 5 < 1 * 3 C > C ) o o C > "c c ' I 3 E . c - C - 1 I i ) c ) C - ! - r ! \ 1 a c e 4 C 1 - C a - i a O *, c 3 5 il 3 c J. 1 : ! - i 5 C - C 3 ' H h 5 H 3 o 1( Cm h H c p 1 2 i * ) < "i < < , t : o '- > > < . j c E t c c • r s s ; s S3 U ' r ^ < j: 6 [ c r < 3 c 1 t % c 3 ) COTTON. 75 O O CO o co to © O ^ O CO 1> OOOOOOCOOOt-TPOIOOO • - i> o o o "to * O O ClOCOOOOOiCOr-Or-fO CO -* co O CM CO o ,-i CO CO i-H ■ CM CM £- CO © O CM 00 O £~~ C5 O O O GO © O CM O o o co o to io en CiOOOLO©©toto-4si © O — ^H O © i— I o © OOtOOMtOlMCO © © CM © 03 00 © © © © ^fMCOCOOh-OOM 1000004»^WO 00 © © © CO^OlO^QOOtOOOlOOOOOOH 00 CM © CO CO ■— i © t-1 © OJ (M N O) OJOHtOOlCOlMO © en — • co © O O CO O h CO © © co - CO CM © r-i O © __ co-— icMcnco©oo©©r^oo^ ©i>io©cococo©Q^rH©j>tocn 00 00 © © © WCOCJ^IOCO^O CM CO IO ^ CO CM © ©O©CO00©to© CO © rH CO CO © IO rH rH O © © Tt* © CO©©i>©©i>COCO©©©H*t-toHw © TJH OS to co" co" en co" CM CO CM Tti r-i o co i-h CO i> .© CO © © I**- CM r- © CM 00 © ©©©©00COCM© © i> © co © i-h © ■^©©COOOCOOi© is ^ c 3 r O'C r 7j r On3^J 3 *U "3 eZ2 o PB a a a a p. -S -a 'g a. -r* « ,£ » » o « 3 « a; 4> * * P. p. pq ffl W W g pq oo 3s 02 OQ CO cc pq pq pq pq pq pq - s «s ■S 9P .9 P. 6 cj o c5 c5 c5 P, P, P, P< P, P, pj o ^ 2Q § § 3 a" J- w C5 CD CD '-J S C5 3 ss>> p. "o 02 a a a n n -P -c 76 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. oooococococococoot-- oocococvooo O O M O t— ' GO O CT. rfO CM OOCMCJCOOOOCOCO cococoocoooolocoqoo o o o o co m co co co -^ co GO O rH rH -— I CO Cl O — i t- oocooc*coincocoooo)OOc ©OCMOCMCOGOOOOOOi— m o o o o to o t^ *o ^H o a o co r-i ^Of-CMCOOt-O OOr-HrHrHCltOO oocoot-r-oo^ O O CM O oooococoj^oooco COCOCMtOOO— r- 1 o CM CD CO r-f tp m tjh o CO o o o o o o e o o cm -+i !> m" t-" t* 00 ai ■* o o o o i> t> CM Ol •— < O O O O CM oocMOcoiOitom'— iGMOOooocomoooco Ha> m O) O Tf TJ1 lO "^ C- O t— C0i-HOOC0OOTt" o" ^ n ^ o O O f- O i> co O O CO o o as ai t> © i> o o " CO CO O Oi o o o o o COI>Omi>"^COOGMCMOCO ^rpcomCMCOr-tO i— t ■^ «-i o -^ O © O O o o o B © O CO t>. i> r-t f- o o -^ o Tf o o o CO O t- O w of tji i> w * o o O Tf Oi i— < rH OS CO O Q O O CO CO O*" in" rH~ GO rH CO £ ^ ^ 'o i3 *a *a d ^ 5 d -2 3 * J « £ « PBHH? a a £ -S. 5 -13 »i S ~ « < g 1 B (5 g- S* ^ « (5 fq eq « « w a .o a £ * a a c a +» ■** ** " o ~ d ■a -s 73 CO 2- — — — ^H — 2 s a a a a a to to ^ £ CD 2 s s a a g g & ^ 2 * B E h .. J d * TolSslSoo •3da~-£?^ c ' to 60 Q > -z -z. & a a C p- > « s, o o p: «a) «JJ H O O O COTTON. 77 OOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOT^iitiOOO O O C* O _ O O O © o ©©■"^©COCMCD© r-Jr-lt— I © CO CO CO © , lo o o o t- m CO © O CO o ©" H IC t- CO I— © © CN rH p-l CO rH © © © © CO CD CO © © CO © © ©©©©©©©© ©©I— I©©©©©©© 1 © o © © ■^•^©©©t-10©©©© HtOCOOt*CT^OCl«DO(M«QOU5nO CD © CO i> CO © © Ci *H i-t W« CD © © O) CO C< N oooiOiotNiort^HOiHoop: © © t-H © t~- lO ©> CO © © © t- © o co i> ^ ©©cot-©©©© ©©©t-M»CO©©© ©COCO©CO©CO©^© i>LO-wt>i-HlOt^© ^p rr CN( © i>©©-^CD©CO© O O CI H H OJ CJ O © © ^ o O © W © O O i-C ^inCOCQCOOQJOOCJO'- 1©©'© ■ ■■■ — cD©TP©©m^-©©o < © COCOi>t-©^f , lO©COO© , ^CO TF CO -<^ CO rt* © Tt< © © -^ CO <— i rH tM t* rH CM j— (©©TFCDGMUO© i— i©r-ii— t i— i m o o ccH< r^ © © © W W W CO OOtOCOOJWi-ilOCOO t^CN*CD©©CO©© iOG>*fHiOt-as£^©C0 ©" i-T co" co" co" t»" c»" ©" TO © © © CO -+* H« i> t~ © © © © t- © CO © © tp" ©" co" tjT -^jT irT of ©" e -"« t- o © CO Ci Ol CO w io ©©00©'*CO'-Ot--C0lO©t-©©t^c7<[CO©©© m|m O © © ©fot-ocomcMcoooo ©©cr>co©0i©©0 CO^HCOCOt^©^© i> lO CO © 00 .M CD CO O N CO lO (?J ID O ^©rHi-HrHOlGOO rH © O CO o w w ^ »d 'O 3 ^3 o o fl £ ^3 T3 m 3 ^ cS 13 £ © © P w w w J 5 a g a a e. ~ •-- 5 5 15 ,M ^ ^ ^ o •3 =! J3 « •s p ; ea o p, "S S-<° a p ft ft d -2 •3 S flo S ^ O O +3 g ■r; S S & a 5 ttl ! pp pq w W PQ « « d Ji .1 ri S ii 5 5 5 5 d » C3 I . 5 S to &P -^ ? *-- a a ,2 ^ tp P w p, p, p. fe ■■£ fl •- r=) « .gs-s^aaaaaa 02£BCC:»MMI-IIHrHl-l 78 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. ft O 00 o o _ QOC^OOOOOO ft o c ^ tc CJ 3 ^ ooooooccoot---^ „oot~ocoooft ooftco^ftCMooooftaoo v" O ft o" CM LO 00 © l> O CO CM CM CO CM O CO CO o o o o o o ?3 O O CO f. H ffi* H O ft CO *-* co t> ft O LO ft O O CO o o ooooooocoooco^coooo wOOOOOOOOOOl^lOtOOOO CVOftftt^^'OOCOCDO'^CDlOCOCOO r: h ft CD I— CO CO o CM l-T o o o OOOOOOOOCMOO-^lOOOOO«*»"+o OCOOOOOOOOOCOOOCTilOftOOO g"^^G0^00.-lt^OC0C0OCMC0C0£--CMO eo^tooooocMt*-© r--^ftft"^00r-tft t^ O CO rH CO ft O (O O CM CM CM CC CM CO CO o o p O CM CM CO CO ^ 00 O CO o CM rH S y L. r i; — X , — . f~- , — i—\ >s_ i—v (— . i n— nm ■ — ir-ir-i O CO o o o CO ft "^ CO lO CO ftt^Oft— 't-COOftftlQ CO CM ^ O ^ CM CO ■^ ft ^H CO CO o i' ft in t^ o ftftCM£-ftft-<*© COOCMrHi— I ITS CO ft ft o o o o o o e o o co -fc* ft" *0 ft" CO ^ ft w co cm © O O CM O O O OOOOlOOOftlOftOOO-H-» o o io co i> OOOOCOOOCMt^ O CO CO ft 1£0 t- GO CO O COTfCMrpOCOCMO O^ftftTPt-CO© GMOCMI--ftl(OCOO -4» O O O CO CO o o H*i 00 CM ft CO CO CO o O O i> O O CO ft o o O CO ft O CO ft CM ©©©©Q222iQ22^ c 2S$£££ CD ^ l01 ' 00 § Q O O i> r^S W lO CO" couoiocoo^roococoo lO t- o i> o CM ft I*- CO CO r-i CM <3 r— lO-^fftOftftO IQOGMi-fCMOJr-HO ,2 ^ J4 V, S 5 O 13 o ^ 'O TJ T3 G 'O B H ."£ 2 0* 0) Ct5 t£ b S 2 2 ^j rt CS (S •s ^ ?; co I 5 e 3 B B B S ,-. to a ei •3 -3 c.i « B B B g £ £ S .£ ft & 5 =5 C5 3 O * > O O O o ' 60 S « O © ao ~ -r D § o = 2 <" 55 ■s fc a K P p, a & £ '-S s .M M M M B — J bo M CC CC 0D M M M C P< P( ft & A s b a a - £ .1 5 £ is 6 << O rji CO OOCMOO©000©OCM©Oini>inO©0 O O CM o o o O O CO O O co t- o co *n o qo t- i> o O CO co O W W Ci Ol t- o r+O O O O O io i-< o o in co m o co oooooooooo o © cm © OOOOOOOlOO COOOCOOOCMOOO 00 CO o co^t^oococMr—ioco^oincocoincMO o m co oomt-cocMCMOs© r*< o r- co t> CO o CO CO TP rH rH CO O O O CO Tf 't o CO O CO CM CM i> o o o O CD O o o co H« CO O CO CO O CO 00 O O CM O O O O o o o o o o m o o co m COOOTjHt^-COOOO CMO^CMOmCOOCOCOOr- I CO t- CD © © coomocoot-t^o CO ^r f^ O CM CM CD CM t- CO t-H CM - "^ CO O CO CM CO CO CO O CM CM ©CMC0COCOrHO mOCMr-(r-lCOCMO OOCOOOOOOOOOCOOOQOCOCOOOO O O CO CD O O O 00 o o oocomoococoo OOTpCM'tfCOCOCOO o co co go m tii o _ O O rji CO CO CM O O O O O mooTPi>00Tj'O COOCOCMCMGOCOO *& M ,2 v3 *3 *& *& *& ?& fl -O s -a {§ M H I £ a § g a a o 5 I & B " -*J c3 cfl o3 c3 tS c3 eg CD CD CD CD •-■" o .jh ft ft ft £ t» ai g a a a .a ft •£ £ £ oo-^^^Ha^-aj^aooo 80 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. OOCJOOOOOOOO OOLO~Hf--000 r— *©©o©©©o©©©©co— <— <©o©r-~ coooaioc^o^ O O r-. 00 co co 00 LI © r— I O co i> co w © i-i CO rH i-HO©t*.t*.cot'-© co o co a co © co o o o © o H W CO OCt'OOOOOOO© O O i— i o o o o o ©©t-^cs©©©co o o co © COCiCOCOCTjO'^O'^COOOIiTtCNCO^O CO0000 — COCOi-hO CiCOlOCM'- o o o o ©©©©©©©t>coco© ' as o co o o m co co o t- CO CO Tf CO 1> GM CO CO <-< o © © t- w n co h g CO Ci O h 0©CM©©©©©©0000©©_. ooc*o©oo©ooo©oocj © lO © © © i-H © 00 CO © T-t © cj no co r-i co CO J> CO O CO © t^ © r- © ^r t- CO © CO CU CO Tf< -hJn O © O CO © o © _ © © © O©C0©O©©©©O©00©©C0— lCO©©©«!Tj«00©© © © CO CI CO CW LO o -:ci © © © oo © © © o©©©©©©©© ONOOOCOHOOO ©©©©©©©©©©©©©uot- CO CO 00 o ©t^©"*©^!?*© X W H O CO © CO C* CO © o? © o © © H* CO 00 © J> Qt CO <2l "^ -3 a» c3 a .2 3 i* a « w P5 = s a = 5 = > £< s s » * .2 is o o •£ CO Q CO O <5 cococoocMOJ© OJ W (M 03 CO" O t(0 O* r- 1 00 LO O <3 O GO CO O © i-t © i--o©©©©©©©©©© 10 © 10 o O CO © O Cft i-< o COO^OO^^C^OCOlOOi^OOCO CO ^ Cft GO © CO "* 1> CO CO CO O Oi ^ © ^ Cft © © o 5 O CO 00 cm © © © ©0©©©©©OUOOOTtiC3 OOOOOCD©©-— <©oirtco COt-^OOCO!DI>O^COO^^- oT io" ^-" ©" *>" co" oT ©*" CO CO T> © © 00 © o © o cooo^wcftOQ ^©•cpco'^T'C^c^© ph ir- CS O O © — © © © e o © © oonoooooooo^ooM"* ©©rH©0©©© © © © r^ «ia> Cft © © © OOWOOClOtDOCOlO^ co" so" ©" co" ©" co" of ©"* t~ co co o © co © CO CO ITS rH i-4 io CO CO O" QO" H OD •* CO © CM © TP -Th-sP O ©CD 53 O O O «t*> co" of i-T Q0 W i> a ©©o©©©©© ©©i—l©0©©©©© ©O W H CO 05 ^r t' CO of ©" iff ©" co" ^~ ■— " ©" ©" CO© CO CO 00 CM © >— i 3 5 OS © O CO CM Cft © © © © © © co t> © rH CO © co" ©" ^ co" co" ■*"* no" ©" o:O^CO^«ono «Mi Cft © © © © © © (5 © © CO 00 h CM CM OOtOOOOOOOOOOO^CJ ©©©©©©©CM © O © r+* •4* Cft © © © CO CO CO OJ CO © io »o of co" co" irf ■-." CO ^ co © © © ©rHlOCOO©©©^ 1 Tpwoco^cicot>o tc" o" h h o" K co" o" CO -^ © "^ © Q © © LO 3 c © -2 cd B CD 03 'C'O'w'O'O'C £ *C "5 5 S ft HH ^ « fell A s I £ saga c3 <£ c3 cs c3 S »t B B B m m g m ca ° a »■ e e cfi rt r3 J^ t« & * -s •y :g •£ Pi ffl M M .§ a a pi t % a a cb c5 w A M <- s o _r -S p oj > T3 q t "3 se co 00 LO r-i in «1 tl O rt » O C^ rH ^H •—mcor-^como o r» o oj •* c» i— o co "-j* CO O 1^ COOOOO'OO© O O rH Ci O O © © © t- CO o o --. -—. COCt^CXCMCOrrOCO © © © Co O © — rH<-.jir3-H©H^C7>inocr- OCO'^rMt^OO'O 1- r-i m I- — ' CO CO o CDOeVCOCO©^© rHinci^r-imi-iiN cm o co o co cm tt o — o e ~ o co m ■* CO ©©©©©©©©©©ocM©©coGMm©©o^~-^rH©©o i-( o o o o i- to in co oooocDoom--- ©CO© -£?'«>* in TP CO i> i-H m r-T t- E^ i> CO O O CO rr co o -•cr rr co i-h © O CO t- O C7> CO O CO O rr t— t -^ CO © IS C3 rfa JO CO C5 CM rH £~ o « —I CO o o o o o o 7-1 O O tp co © co co o o o o o omoooiinroooo^--^ ©o — - CO © *H< Tp CM CO CO O CM CO O O O e e ' o" o" ■«<" ■* CM CO CM O i> CM ^_, r= ^ > a £ w> c3 a ^ h a cm M -3 s &i P- 0> CD at O H -O a P, a 5 ? as •=. a, A .5 .2 .3 o » — Ji'siSOOSOO o a a m u M m w oa w co B -J r-2 =o <3 g ^ 6H h Q, Q, A P. P. P. a a a s a a £ £ < <, h H so m g ? -3 ^ ^ rd P ,£& fc << f« a ft O ■s> H « H O 1 O 1 i> 1— 1 S i-l W 3 H © io © © © co to o fr- o o © to -h © O O Gl Gl Gl Gl © o ci cc © j- © o ci o fr- to o co o oj © o © o fr- ee es (N co lO o o o O tt fr- Gl Gl CM 00 O fr- CI to CO O © CM fr- O »o CI TJ» 00 fr- CI CO OS CM CI CO © © cm ci © co © © CO © CI —< © CO © CI CM CI © CI <£> CO OU O O GM Cl fr- CO O CO •^ CM Ci rH O O CO 00 CO CI CO " lO "3< CO Tji -rt* © © rf CO CO O CO CO CO O CO fr- i-H O CO r-t © O CO Ol fr- -^ CM £ 3 O O to CI C3 > i= -C go c ^ cp 3 2* 3 £ fc o o o o o o o O O O O O CO o O o» •■•J (- H •_■ OU OS CO O CO CO fr- CO -3« fr- CO O O O © © Gl © © O © © © CO o © CO © © "^ CM CO CO — . o CO '•■ CO CO o a fr- CM CO CI CO fr- CO © fr— ^ © rH CO i-H CO © © © © © Tj< © © © © © © to © © CO © © CM Gl rs* CO*" CM*" CO*" ©"" CO*" e ©*" CO OS © © © © —1 CO © CO © CO © t- fr- © CI CO CM © i— f tO tO ■— < © © o o © © © © o © CO o o H o CM LO 00 CO CO t~ OJ rH 00 lO 00 00 ri lO H t! a a J5 p. a * >» J5 d - 5 ^ <-««•; co g of S s a >H "^i S J5 >> H ,T o "3 2 S K r" Pm Pi o p. 3 !> Ph <; COTTON. 85 © 1 o o 1 ° III 1 o 1 O 1 ^ o o o ° o CD CO o o o ° o 00 cS i> l-t of co" ° co" o CD CO o II Ol 1 CO l CD O! CO CO 1 in "^ rH F-" i-T co" 1 "*" of CD 00 T^H CO £- CO °a 1 =« | | ^ ] | o n o o CD 1 o 1 CD 1 O O CO o CD o CD CO ° o o CD o O C3 I _7 oo" oo" co" 1 in" 1 2 1 O co CD in CO ■"*" t- ° l-l 1 05 CM CM CD 1 Itfl 1—1 00 CO" | cjT r wo i o 1 5 1 in co 00 1 55 a O 1 o o ° 1 o 1 ° 1 O o o o CD o o CD O O o oa e in CO 00 cc" £~-" 0~ f~-" of co" 1 o in in o in 1 CO cm ;■ si oo i -1 1 ^ ^ co" 1 t-" co O) 1> 1 00 ! 'J' CM i> LO qj l! <*l 1 qj | o o o o o o CD O CD o o o o o o o o e CO t-T cm" © cm" in" of o CO CO tp CO o co •* CO I~H !> 1-1 co" cm" oo" f _ H " in" rjT i in i-i r- "* CM 1 ^ °a o o o o O 1 °> o o o o o o o o o 00 e co ■ co in" o:" o" G) co" s" 1 ° CO OJ i> I o> r- CD CO co -a< CO r-\ o~ in" co" co" co" in ^1 i-H m i> in CM ■* CD i-H ©f co" ^" t-~ "3< ■* ' o o o o o o^ o p o o 00 e in" o" in" co" co" CD CO 00 1 CD CD CD CD t- o CO I CM CO O t~ CO rH Tj^ | CM" i-T co" o" r-T i> CO CO CO LO <% 1 " o" i> ■*" oo" r- CM CO in CO =ti 1 <=a 1 « 1 I o o o 1 o o CJ o o o CD CD o o o o o O ■ of 1 K c o CO CM OJ in -qj 1 °a 1 =rt 1 C3 ! ^ : o ; <*H ' P o a ° o ^ CF c ■ S a F- S o P i< ; T 1 '• "3 £ X ■ 1 i ; a *> !■ i< • 'i i ! I § . IS O 05 c ! O M o > i * g a _ c i C : . o P. O £ i \ m X h 3 t > ■* J m o f oods otton 5 o > " 3 c3 1 dollar; on of c d othei ao o c 3 O o o , ^ CD ° ™ £ j ! 10 3 5 S o a, 86 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. # § S *> [x a > s z ft sz; £> o o . ft3 3 2 S ° 5 O ■a a x o h- 1 r-3 Wl o o © S a> . ?> ^ o o o o o E— i E-h O o o GO O e-j X P=3 "3 ft p, Cm? .g k. ~ fcy 5j << a "a © J! s a ^ *° £ "S , "Si 6, ©^ § a g © a 5 ~ :>> § 3 -° -a 8 Z ° * 3 O 0) ~ « ja 1 a a ■g « « a -*S t3 8-3.2 ?" o. ° ft * .2 02 ° o> £■ s ° | ° <§ *"* OJ oo .55 >» M ■=» « .a h - -s p as & ■a • o o j^ to r^ oo c- t» cn co • m to cn co uo oj ■o cn — o « c- co 'OM©t.HOf:rO • in o in oj co to cr -r to OS J> Tjl 1ft 6 o - ; to « n o en to cr. en SO 01 CO rH to r- m so 0J lO e m co~ so CO rH ■* rH so GO in J> CO a i-H «e^i<^C3cowi CO OJ OJ c-7 is Oh -^ m oj 00 % <* „ ••*t~CO-HOJOrHOOO • rH O O ^C C o to CO CO o CO f CO 00 oc o m 'C03ojcn-<^soiosocn • O — ' f~ rH r r J~ O m o in r^ ■ io oj oj lo ics r- oj ' H P H "? V IO C) to o so m S3 „- iJS CM ! oj CO l-H CM to to 01 2 53 Oh OJ OJ in oSl-rn'or-OrHOOinOJCOinO • O 00 O -3< O Tt< t- OJ o OJ joiiiHoiJinfflMi'onai • cn in so t> c. D t~ to 00 00 to so QCOOi-H f 00 H M OJ t- CO in • -H rH rH 00 O to OJ C^ 00 00 ^s ■» co rH OJ r rr t~ OJ e Oh i-* CO CO t- »0!^CP-*OinHCB^. **00 ! in OJ rH -^ 00 OJ rH in co 00 ? fr CO 00 Ol 11 - ' rH CO SO OJ CO bo OJ CO W Tf H •* i-H i> O "3" . oj in o oj o oj m 00 OJ £^ in • "^ rH 'n 1 CO OJ OJ OJ in o to in 00 .js of i-T of i-T t~ H* Bh OJ CO to «on©nhnoiaivM«ccio • co oj to r~ oj to o O 00 oo «^0 ■^'OCOOWi-IOOCG'**' oot^co 1-H02 oj i-JtocnTf" • TP O J> O OJ 1 00 OJ o ** oo oj o in i* in OJ Tf (3 - ►!e •-< OJ rH r-l of ■* in OJ 1-1 «3 Oh OJ CO m »' io c! n n a n m « (o » « o ■ co oi oj cn o cj oi 00 OJ i> ?JCDOJ OOCOrHO^L'iClOOm r Tji J> CO O 00 00 OI OJ in CO bo t~ cj oj n h >* in t- SO rH OJ OJ 00 00 t- m <3 » * 00 i-H 00 -a- •* cn rH Oh rH co m oo WOlHHOHhCDODnHWlO co co to in • co in oj in t~ QC^CO rH t* H « W O) V in rr th O t rH OI OJ OJ ao oj to h 5) ■* 1 ^ to CO OJ C3 - JiS i-H CO H OJ CO •^ OJ CO rH Oh • CO m in 3 wooj-*— IrHOJlOlOMOOmtO j m o oj ■ OJ r-i O OJ OJ ^OJLOOJ'TSCOCOOailOt^COOO j-* oj in t~ ■ O CO to CO ■* bQ CO CO OJr-irHOOi—rHi— 100 OJ CO r-i t> • OJ in « Q - 00 ^ rH CO ^\ 1-. • r~ o to f- 0^ OJ ■» "* 00 ftScooscocOr-'CJiOor^cooooo J> SO rH 00 •-< o in i> OJ ^COOOrHirjCOOIO-^Ot^CnTJi O OJ O CO OJ CO m o o ClO^OJ -HrHOJ OJHJOJ SO ■* rH m O rH <-< CO « - ^ Oi i-H rH CO O OJ HJ< to 1-1 S3 Oh OJ CO CO to eooajrHCOCftt^'^'^COCOOOt^ •* n oi n CO rH to •* o ^OJlOlOrHrHOJCJ SOQO-^lO in o in j> ■* CO o cn &J)CftCO rH CO H t> lO O) ffl CO V rH OJ O CO CO 00 ^ 1-h" r-l OJ CO T3i r- m S3 t~t OJ Tfl to 0j "t< O ft ■i « o o >H H= r= 2 5* s a u o ft a a g ^ •2 o a ft OJ ft ft a p 0J fl a 3 .2- ^ .a 'so 5P » a to ^ a bo a | B I a o Q a a 3 O ft a a ft 2 § "a .2 -9 "O l-H c rj g a 3 3 3 K a a ft 3 C — 1 3 rH ■aj s 3 rj o *a o o c "f 1 a r= 5 DO a '5 a R 1 'A 1 o bj g - 1: o a a c a r^ rt a) s c 03 b, < ft 0J g s < 3 e c O DQ s! o CJ a: a p. £ o w < # a 3 a a o < t-i < b COTTON. 87 !~- t» l^ c C c 00 E? 00 Tt in cm c\ co co f~ in o t~ ir -H c CO* CM >* CM CM 00 a> tj< a CM CO 53 co" of cc co" 00 *&; r-i fin « CM oo as o ,_i ■* r~ co ■* a CM §> CO rH CT3 C iO LO CO a 00 1—1 53 ft. oi r ■— i *■=* CO G\ CO T> CO CM 00 CO CM -5* -^ i> oc CM H CO 5) T* CM CO r- 00 CM — ■* CO ^ Q, CO 53 GO " 53 ft, B CO C7 cr ai co c cc cc cc CM co en i-i Ln i-H in <= CO — f~ 5) CO Oi -rf in a CO rl rH c t^ C^ OS CO 00 p- i> TJ CO 53 CO *« (2 r- Tt CO »o O TJ c Oi 0" r-i m rH r- B o r t- t- t>- a m cm a rH CO -a ac o. o ir Tji TJ1 O0 Tj oo c CM l> h. CO t-l rH "3 CO a t-H r-1 rH t- & O cm CO 53 CM in n o CO rH 53 ft| q a Tr t- c in c i-l o CO O in to c ^ C CO cc CM 0" a co r- it cc o c CM CO CM O •^ t^ a -J O CO ^ CO S) t- ir lO 1Q CO GN O Tf Tf TJi O CM 00 r- a> a i> r- ' 53 CM CM IT rH If a CO CO *«S CO iri r- o 53 CO "^ t- G\ t- c a- c p 00 rH CO ^ a> co o- m ir co a CO t- 5C ■0 ir a- Oi cc a c CM ^ in a 00 O CN co a i §1 00 cc a- -j C I- CO ^ &■ CO -* c t- t- co li- O) O ' 53 ■^ C* cc r-i r- IT i~- i- ce c Oi CO iJfi ■* co r n 53 rH 4« c t> c | c 5 a a i < - B 1 | C - '1 1 = 1 c c a g ■r < < e cc a 1 c < o < o B 88 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. APPENDIX P. COTTON SPINNING IN THE UNITED STATES. [La filature du coton des Etats Urns.] "Apres l'Angleterre viennent, coinme importance clans Pindustrie du coton, les Etats Unis, qui comptent aujourd'kui pres de 8,000,000 de broches. Les renseignements statistiques que nous avons pu nous procurer et tirer des publications du Congres sont moms precis que ceux que nous possedons sur les autres pays. La filature du coton date, en Amerique, de 1824 seulement ; Lowell, le Manchester Americain, possede des etablissements tres-importants qui, il y a quinze ans, ne comptaient encore que 5,500,000 broches ; mais, depuis la reconstitution de l'Union et l'elevation des tarifs protecteurs, le nombre des filatures tend a s'accroitre rajfidement, et avant peu les Etas Unis auront plus de 8,000,000 de broches. D'apres des chiffres offlciels, 100,000,000 de kilogrammes de coton etaient, sur la recolte, conserves chaque annee en Amerique, alors qu'il n'y avait a alimenter que 5,500,000 broches ; aujourd'hui les Americain s doivent done en conserver 145,000,000, qui, convertis en fils de numeros generalement assez gros, suflisent a leur consommation et leur perinettent meme une exportation considerable dans 1' Amerique du Sud ; ils n'ont done a tirer de PAngleterre que les numeros plus fins." (From the Rap- ports du Jury International, Exposition Universette, de 1867.) COTTON. 89 APPENDIX GL EXPORTS OF COTTON FROM THE UNITED STATES. Table of exports of American cotton from the ports of the United States to Sweden and Norway, Russia and Spain, for the years ending 30th of June, from 1849 to 1867, inclusive, giving pounds and value. (Compiled from official records for Mr. Nourse.J SWEDEN AND NORWAY. RUSSIA. SPAIN. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1849 7, 030, 305 3, 624, 123 5, 160, 974 5, 939, 025 6,099,517 9, 212, 710 8, 428, 437 17, 289, 637 10, 038, 095 4, 057, 593 11, €32, 609 11, 662, 859 582, 831 $482, 474 412, 132 571,616 510, 103 613, 857 898, 926 741, 278 1, 652, 049 1, 249, 042 458, 776 1, 268, 302 1, 306, 071 73, 822 10, 650, 631 4, 338, 705 10, 098, 448 10, 475, 168 21, 286, 563 2, 914, 954 448, 897 4, 643, 384 31, 933, 534 32, 110, 204 43, 619, 863 21, 698, 054 4,251,273 $852, 198 540, 422 1,297,164 962, 346 2, 254, 345 301, 293 48, 647 514, 161 4, 267, 234 4, 122, 996 5, 432, 422 2, 644, 514 543, .432 23, 285, 804 27, 676, 266 34. 272, 625 29, 301, 928 36, 851,042 25, 024, 074 33, 071, 795 58, 479, 179 45, 557, 067 39, 630, 463 60, 522, 742 44, 021, 833 11, 155, 049 582, 747 $1, 527, 720 3, 170, 086 4, 387, 262 2, 262, 195 1850 * 1851 1852 1853 1854 3, 683, 045 3, 320, 134 5, 841, 517 6, 165, 751 1855 1856 1857 1858 4, 862, 777 1859 7,222,908 1860 5, 268, 397 1, 262, 136 98, 411 1861 ] 862 1863-'65 1866 323, 380 125, 845 2, 685, 884 5, 089, 784 1, 065, 803 1, 553, 995 8, 815, 730 11, 034, 094 3, 802, 040 3, 110, 838 1867 The above table was compiled for this work by the careful and accu- rate statistician of the New York Journal of Commerce. 7 c 90 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. APPENDIX H. COT'JM-GROWmG IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES-REPORT OF THE PRO- CEEDINGS OF THE MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION. [From the London Times of December 26, 1868.] At the usual meeting of the executive committee, held Tuesday, Decem- ber 22, a letter was read from Dargeeling, Bengal Presidency, stating that the views which the writer expressed when in England six years ago, and which were founded upon personal experience during 12 years' res- idence in various parts of India, have since been fully confirmed, and that he is more than ever convinced of the possibility of securing a suc- cessful cotton field in India. New Orleans and Egyptian seed, can be advantageously cultivated in that portion of the Bengal Presidency with which he is connected, as he has satisfactorily proved ; and, he has no doubt, also in the neighboring districts of Doar Teraies, which contains hundreds of thousands of rich, unreclaimed acres, similar in soil and sub- soil, as shown by chemical analysis, to the cotton soils of Georgia and Alabama, and capable of yielding large future supplies of fine cotton. The natives, however, are so averse to change their rude agricultural system, and are so firmly attached to their patriarchal method of hus- bandry, that it is extremely difficult to persuade them to enhance the value of their crops by means of superior seed and a better mode of cultiva- tion. Moreover, the common country churka is not well adapted for cleaning New Orleans and Egyptian cotton, and they are therefore nat- urally disinclined to cultivate crops from foreign seeds, the produce of which, ungiuned, is actually of less local value than the crops from infe- rior indigenous seed. It was therefore resolved to send out, at the expense of the association, some gins to meet the exigency, as well as a fresh supply of New Orleans and Egyptian seed. A letter was received from Broach, stating that a prize list of the Broach exhibition, which was to opeD on the 22d of December, has been forwarded, and, conse- quently, that the medals and money offered by the association will be immediately awarded. A letter was read from the Cape of G-ood Hope, acknowledging a grant made by the association of seed, which has been publicly offered for distribution to all persons willing to give cotton cul- tivation a fair trial in the colony. The only article of export (wool) being very low in price in the home market, it has become necessary to try some other industry, and it is expected that self-interest will induce many to grow cotton largely, though the people are somewhat apathetic. His excellency the governor has taken an interest in the* subject, and it is hoped that government influence will have a beneficial effect upon the natives. All that is wanted to make the colony a valuable cotton-pro- ducing country is a little enterprise, and some capital judiciously ex- pended. A report, forwarded by the foreign office, upon the cultivation of cotton at Guayaua was received from Her Majesty's charge d'affaires COTTON. 91 at Caracas, and a consular return from Bio Grande do Sul. In Venezue- lan Guayana, want of agricultural laborers, owing to a scanty population and the discovery of rich gold fields, are, and will continue to be, the only hindrances to the extensive cultivation of cotton in this state. Vene- zuelan Guayana offers to the cotton planter all the advantages that could be desired — an immense territory traversed by navigable rivers and streams, which facilitate the means of transport, abundance of' excellent pasturage and agricultural lands, and well-distributed seasons for sow- ing and picking. Cuidad Bolivar, the capital of the state, is the only port on the Orinoco for embarcation, and every facility exists for stor- ing and shipping produce. The local tax on cotton amounts to 100 cents, and the export duty to 80 cents per 100 pounds. The cotton shipped from this port to Liverpool, New York, Hamburg, and Bremen, is brought, from the adjacent states, but principally from the state of Zamoza, (Varinas.) The cotton exported during the year to the above-mentioned ports amounts to 225,400 pounds, and the stock on hand to 1,024 bales of 100 pounds. In the province of Bio Grand do Sid cotton cultivation has proved unsuccessful. Though the plant was not uncommon in many gardens and fields, where it grew spontaneously, no cotton previous to the American war was raised for export. In the year 1864, its cultiva- tion on an extended scale was commenced by Mr. John Proudfoot ; he sent to Scotland for laborers, and introduced the most modern and approved agricultural implements, as well as quantities of foreign or exotic seeds. This seed he distributed gratuitously to every person who would accept it, and he agreed to purchase, at remunerative rates, all the cotton they could raise. His exertions and outlay were not, however, successful ; the laborers he brought out were novices in the science of cotton cultivation, equally with the natives of the country. It was an experiment begun by people having no practical experience; various mis- takes were made in consequence, and to this may be attributed, in a great measure, the failure of cotton cultivation in this province. In the Ger- man colonies very little cotton is now planted ; as long as other agricul- tural produce obtains such high prices as hitherto, cotton will be neg- lected as an article of export. In these colonies a good deal of flax is produced and spun. Many of the colonists wear home-made clothing. The climate is considered better adapted for flax than for cotton. APPENDIX I. NOTICE OF ERRONEOUS COTTON STATISTICS. The following extract is from DeBow's " Industrial Besources of the Southern and Western States, vol. 1, p. 216 : " It has already been stated in a former part of this work that Massa- chusetts is the principal manufacturing State in this country. An act 92 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. was passed by the senate and house of representatives of that State, in 1837, for the purpose of obtaining' ' statistical information in relation to certain branches of industry within the commonwealth.' The following- table is copied from the report of the secretary of the commonwealth, which he prepared from the returns of the assessors in the various towns and cities in the State : Statement of the cotton manufactures in twelve of the States in 1831. States. Capital. Number of Yards of cloth spindles. jproducedy'rly Pounds cloth Pounds cotton produced y'rly consumedy'rly Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island. .. Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. .. Delaware Maryland Virginia Total $765, 000 5, 300. COO 295, 500 12,891,000 6, 262, 340 2, 825, 000 3, 669, 500 2, 027, 644 3, 758, 500 . 384, 000 2, 144, 000 290, 000 40,612,984 6,500 113, 776 12, 392 339, 777 235, 753 115, 528 157, 316 62, 979 120. 810 24, 806 47 222 9,844 1,750,000 29, 060, 500 2, 238, 400 79,231,000 31, 121, 68J 20, 055, 500 21, 010, 910 5, 133, 776 21, 332, 467 5, 203, 746 7, 649, 000 675, 000 525, 000 7, 255, 060 574, 500 21, 301, 062 9, 271, 481 5, 612, 000 5, 297, 713 1, 877, 418 4, 207, 192 1,201,500 2, 224, 000 168,000 588, 500 7, 845, 000 760, 000 24, 871, 981 10, 414, 578 6, 777, 209 7, 661, 670 5, 832, 204 7,111,174 1, 435, 000 3, 008, 000 1, 152, 000 1,240,703 | 230,461,990 59, 514, 926 77, 457, 316 "The preceding table shows the extent of the cotton manufacture in. the United States in 1831 ; since that time there has been a considerable increase." It will be observed that the foregoing extract from DeBow purports to give the statistics of the cotton manufactures in 12 States in 1831, from the returns made by the assessors in the various towns and cities in the State of Massachusetts in obedience to a law passed in 1837. The apparent incongruity may have occurred by a mistake in arrange- ment. But there are errors in the table which cannot be excused, and indicate that it was made up from random estimates without proper data. The present average number of yarn is 27£ ; in 1831 it was not prob- ably finer than No. 18. The present average consumption of cotton per spindle is 05 pounds; and in the southern States, on an average of about No. 13 yarn, it is 138 pounds per spindle each year; the number of spin- dles employed and pounds of cotton consumed in 1831, according to the table, allow only G2£ pounds per spindle, or less than the present rate ; spinning, 50 per cent, finer. The difference between the pounds of cotton consumed and the pounds of cloth and yarn produced should be the " waste'- in working. With medium grades of cotton, producing medium goods, the waste now would be about 10 per cent. In 1831 it was probably 20 per cent. In Mr. De Bow's table the waste in 1831 was shown to be, in New Hampshire, 7J per cent.; in Maine, 10 per cent.; in New York, 30 per cent. ; in Pennsyl- COTTON. 93 vania, 40 per cent. ; in New Jersey, 67 per cent. ; in Virginia, 85 per cent. As only pounds of cloth are stated in the table for production, some allowances should be made for yarn produced and sold unwoven ; but this would furnish a correction only in the cases of excessive waste, for it would aggravate the error when the waste is too small already ; aud then Mr. He Bow appends, below the table quoted, auother one, in which he gives the number of looms employed in 1831 as 33,433, equal to one for each 37 spindles, quite enough to weave all the yarn produced, even if the waste was less. ~ l APPENDIX K. LIST OF PRINCIPAL EXHIBITORS OF COTTON AND OF THE AWARDS. ENGLAND — MANCHESTER COTTON SUPPLY ASSOCIATION. The collection of samples of cotton from the localities mentioned in the list given on page 9, was made and exhibited by the Manchester Cotton Supply Association. It comprised samples from most of the cotton-producing countries, and from nearly all of the sources mentioned in the catalogue appended to the report of the International Jury. — (See Appendix L.) EXHIBITORS FROM THE UNITED STATES. Alabama, State of. — Samples of cotton. Silver medal and honorable mention. Hodgson, J., Alabama. Humphries, John 0., parish of Bapides, Louisiana. — Samples of cotton. Bronze medal. Illinois Central Bailroad Company. — Hemp, flax, cotton, and tobacco. Silver medal. Johnson, C. G., New Orleans, Louisiana. — Specimen of cotton ; in the Louisiana cottage. Maginnis, A. A., New Orleans, Louisiana. — Cotton seeds. Meyer, Victor, parish of Concordia, Louisiana. — Sample of cotton. Gold medal. Missouri, State of. — Cotton, hemp, cashmere wool. Oglesby, J. H., New Orleans, Louisiana. Townsend, J., Edisto Island, South Carolina. — Specimen of fine sea island cottou. Trager, Louis, Black Hawk Point, Louisiana. — Samples of cotton. Gold medal. Wells, J. M., parish of Bapides, Louisiana. 94 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. EXHIBITORS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. We have not space to name in detail the exhibitors from other countries, who were very numerous. There were 20 from Greece; 35 from Italy; 50 from Turkey and other parts of the Ottoman Empire; 60 from Algeria, (in which Kabyle and Arab names mingle with French names;) and goodly numbers from Egypt, Brazil, British India, China, Hawaii, the South American Kepublics, the colonies of Spain, Portugal, England, France, and other countries in Europe; from nearly all the South Sea islands, Polynesia, the islands of the Indian ocean, and all the coasts of Africa, Asia, &c. Contrasted with all these, the samples from the United States were insignificant in number and quality, as they were unworthy to represent the principal source of the commercial cotton supply of the world. It must, therefore, have been rather of courtesy than of right, rather of prior knowledge of the true position of our country in the produc- tion of cotton, than of evidences presented at the Exposition, that such liberal recognition of exhibitors from the United States was made in the distribution of recompenses. LIST OP AWARDS. [Exhibitors of long staple cotton marked.*] Grand prize. — To Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, Ottoman Empire, British India, Italy. Gold medals. — To L. Trager, Black Hawk Point, Louisiana, United States; Victor Meyer, Concordia, Louisiana, United States; Masquelia fils et Cie., * Saint Denis du Sig., Algeria; Towns, *Brisbaue, Queens- land, Australia. Silver medals. — To Herzog, *Oran, (province of) Algeria; L. Dacosta,* Bio Grande du Sud., Brazil ; The State of Alabama, United States; Sideri, Naples, Italy. Bronze medals. — To *Davis, Queensland, Australia; to *Dufourg, Biskra, Algeria; to *Fleury, Heunaya, Algeria; to*Ferre, Oran, Algeria; to *Soarez & Cie, Tahiti, French colonies ; to *Winter, Guiana, English colonies ; to Davies, Cumana, Venezuela ; to J. C. Humphries, Louisiana, United States ; to Dodero, Barcelona, Spain ; to The Baroness Camo- rata, Scorazzo, Italy; to Basetto Fisola, Venice, Italy; to Senoval, Porto Bico, Spanish Antilles ; to Cabrera, Porto Pico, Spanish Antilles ; to Ali Pacha, , Egypt ; to Pic aine, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to John Proudfoot, Eio Grande, Brazil. Honorable mention. — To * Winter, Guiana, English colonies; to *Bellecote, Bone, Algeria; to *Dante, Oran, Algeria; to * Goulard, Constan- tine, Algeria; to *Guieysse, Algiers, Algeria; to * Jacques, Elezane, Alge- ria; to *Laquiere,Boue, Algeria; to *Lescure, Oran, Algeria; to *Vallier, Lac Halloula, Algeria; to *Viret,Dellys, Algeria; to *Cordier,LaBassau- ta, Algeria; to *Chuffart, Oued-el Haleugh, Algeria; to *Goussons, Oued- COTTON. 95 el-Haleugh, Algeria ; to*Sebourt, Saint-Denis-du-Sig., Algeria; to*Sceurs Saint Bernard, Saint-Denis-du-Sig, Algeria; to *Halla.ire, Italy; to*Bar- bolace, Calabria ; to *F. L. Davis, Venezuela ; to *Panton, Queensland, English colonies ; to *Orr, Queensland, English colonies ; to *P. F. Fair- burn, British Guiana, English colonies ; to *Leroux, Preville, Martinique, French colonies ; to *Albert, Preville, Martinique, French colonies ; to *Bonneville, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Bonnet, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Monegre, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to *Heil- mann, Senegal, French colonies ; to *N'Gour Coumba N'Dar, Senegal, French colonies ; to * John Gregor, New South Wales, English colonies ; to J. L. Michael, 'New, South Wales, English colonies ; to Ensworth, New South Wales, English colonies ; to O. B. Zanellia, New South Wales, English colonies ; to Sub-Conmiission of Lecco, Italy ; to Jourdon, Naples, Italy; to Societe Cipontine, (Bro's Menzini,) Italy; to Don Emmanuel Lisi, Italy ; to Grossi, Italy ; to Gallozzi Freres, Naples, Italy ; to Gamier, Duvivier, Algeria ; to State of Alabama, United States; to Achmet Bey, Salonica, Turkey; to Adolphe Eunge, Porto Eico, Brazil ; to Almeida, Mossamedes, Portuguese colonies ; to Botelho, Novo Eotundo, Portuguese colonies ; to Alvez, Mozambique, Portuguese colonies ; to Xavier, Pangein, Portuguese colonies ; to Count d'Audlau, Martinique, French colonies ; to Abbe Granger, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to Beauperthuy, Guadaloupe, French colonies ; to Goyriena, French Guiana, French colonies ; to Arda d'Elteil, Senegal, French colonies ; to Fritz Kocchlin, Senegal, French colonies ; to Touaris Freres, Reunion, French colonies ; to Lopez de Oliveira, Saint Paul, Brazil; to Mavanhas, Brazil; to Jose Barboza, Brazil; to Le Marechal del Duero, Spain ; to the Viceroy, Egypt ; to Francois, Tournabene, Catania, Italy ; to Jardin Botanique de Naples, Italy ; to Hortoles fils, Montpellier, France ; to Lacan, Calvi, France. 96 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. APPENDIX L. REPORT UPON THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON. BY M. ENGEL DOLLFUS, MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY. [Translated from Volume VI of the "Rapports du Jury International." x ] I. PEODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF COTTON BEFOEE AND AFTEE THE WAE OF THE UNITED STATES. It would be difficult to fiud in the annals of industry a situation so threatening and perilous as that which the prospect of a prolonged war in the United States offered to industrial Europe in the year 18G0. The fate of the most important of our industries was regarded with increasing anxiety at the thought of seeing the almost exclusive sources of cotton supply exhausted ; especially in England, where the manufac- ture of cotton employs directly 400,000 to 500,000 persons in 2,715 estab- lishments, containing 28,000,000 spindles and 368,000 looms, the danger causing inoccupations of the gravest nature to agitate the public mind. Thought had been given many times to the terrible contingency of a scarcity of this raw material. The continued extension of its consump- tion ; the possibility of a conflict with the United States ; the conscious- ness of a dependence so exclusive, which might chance at any moment to give to foreign policy a direction hardly conformable to the demands of national self-respect ; and finally a very active desire to promote colo- nial production, and particularly that of India, had, since 1858, led Eng- land to study the means of escaping a monopoly which might become a real danger to that country. These sentiments had found their most characteristic expression in the formation of an association for the development of the cultivation of cot- ton, 2 (Cotton Supply Association of Manchester ,) a vigilant forerunner, 1 It is the cause of much regret that by a series of misfortunes I was deprived of the vol- ume (sixieme) of the " Rapports du Jury International de l'Exposition Universelle de 1867, a Paris," which contained the jury report upon the production of cotton, while writing the report of our commission upon that topic, and did not see it until my work had gone to press. This fact will explain, what otherwise might seem discourteous, the absence in that work of all reference to the interesting report by M. Dollfus. For the satisfaction of our readers, especially the American planters, a translation of the jury report, with its statistics, is here given almost entire. — B. F. N. 2 The Cotton Supply Association was founded in 1856. Its object, to use its own expres- sion, is to develop as soon as possible,, and by all sorts of means, the fitness of countries other than the United States to produce cotton, and it has energetically performed this duty. A voluntary subscription to meet its expenses was raised for 18ti6-'67 to 42,000 francs, which amount was expended in the purchase of seeds and gins for distribution in the distant countries ; in the printing of information and advice to planters ; in the getting-up of peti- tions to obtain or hasten the construction of means of communication, and other great works in India ; and in the expenses of administration and correspondence. An idea can be formed of the extent of the relations of the association by the figures of COTTON. 97 possessing in the highest degree the energy, the capacity, and the activity of association, produced spontaneously in England, when great difficul- ties are to be conquered; but until 1860 they had not obtained « effect- ive" results, because public opinion was but partially interested. It is difficult, indeed, to make foresight concur with the logic of eco- nomical laws, when applied to prediction of events contingent, or at least to the accidental. The most justifiable fears, the most urgent appeals had to remain unheeded in view of the moderate cost of cotton from the United States ; based upon excellence in qualities, advantage of prox- imity, and the habits of daily exchange mutually favorable. The crises of 1861-'65 found England and the continent unprepared ; the markets, it is true, held over large stocks from the two most produc- tive cotton seasons which had ever occurred, 1 but were without visible resources for replacing them. The first efforts which had been made for the development of cotton culture could not be fruitful in important results. Very rarely bad the stocks in the ports been more considerable, 3 and the uncertainties relative to the duration of the strife, the inexperience in the matters of culture, the habit of dependence upon another routine, and the very natural idea that the most favorable lands for cotton-growing had been already occupied, could not fail to be the attendants of this beginning. Changes of crops and methods of culture are accomplished very slowly and with caution ; they are consequently unfit to satisfy new and sudden wants. Besides, the culture of cotton is one of the most delicate ; there are few plants which have so many enemies; there are few which depend so much upon the experience of the planter, the climate, and the nature of the soil. What more natural than the hesitations which marked the years 1861 and 1862? The years 1863 and 1864 witnessed more commendable and more deci- sive efforts everywhere ; industry, in spite of its distress, found capital available for the promotion of cotton-planting and for advances to plant- ers. Companies were formed, but these attempts, very limited in view of the object sought to be obtained, and impeded by divers circum- stances, attained nowhere a magnitude to compensate for, or neutralize the effects of, the enormous deficiency which existed in the supply from J, 140 letters and appeals for information received in 1867, from the following countries: India, Java, New South Wales, Queensland, Feeje, Friendly islands, Navigators' islands, Hayti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Tobago, and other parts of the West Indies ; Brazil, Argentine Eepublic, Peru, and other parts of South and Central America; English Caffraria, Cape Coast, Algeria, Syria, Egypt, Bursa, Belgrade, Beyroot, Constantinople, Smyrna, Cyprus, Latakia, Bagdad, Scutari, Jaffa, Caifa, Greece, Ionian islands, Russia, Trieste, Vienna, Genoa, Turin, Naples, Terranova ; that is to say, its relations embrace the whole world i Crop of the United States, 1859-'60 4, 662, 000 bales. Crop of the United States, 1860 -'61 - 3, 656, 000 bales. 2 Stocks in the ports : • , rt S Po^s in America, September 1 , 1 859-'60 1 , 472, 000 bales. End of the season, j portg in Europe) October 1, 1860-'61 ..1, 102,000 bales. 98 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. the United States. We then saw the prices of cotton, after a short period of hesitation, rise successively under the impulse of immense speculations, since dearly expiated, and attain their highest range in October, 1863, at the price of 29 J pence (or 3.09 f. 1 ) per pound for mid- dling New Orleans at Liverpool, and 3.85 f. for bas Louisiana at Havre — that is to say, prices more than four times their normal value. Here are shown the fluctuations or average prices in each year of New Orleans middling cotton at Liverpool, according to Messrs. Hollings- head & Co. : From October 1 to September 30. Years. 1853-'54 1854-'55 1855-'56 1856-'57 1857-'58 1858-'59 1859-'60 1S60-'61 Francs per Pence per kilog. pound. 1.30 5.60 1.31 5.63 1.39 6. 1.80 7.80 1.65 7.14 1.63 7.03 1.53 6.61. 1.77 7.68 Years. 1861-'62 1862-'63 1863-'64 1864-'65 1865-'66 1866-'67 1867, (October) Francs per kilog. 3.43 5.34 6.67 4.73 4.06 Pence per pound. 14.81 23.04 28.38 20.47 17.53 12.85 8.50 See, again, the extreme prices of bas Louisiana in Havre at different periods : Approximate prices per 50 kilograms at Havre. Years. Lowest, in francs. Highest, in francs. Years. Lowest, in francs. Highest, in francs. 1860 82 94 145 245 103 150 160 385 1864 1865 310 190 165 382 1861 343 1862 1866 257 1863 It does not come within the scope of this note to develop the gradual and fatal consequences of an increase of price without precedent, plac- ing the calicoes and prints of the working classes at the high prices heretofore held by the finest tissues, inverting old relations by making Liverpool a market of supply for American manufacturers, 2 quadrupling the cost while unsettling the value of products, and monopolizing among the most privileged the inadequate resources available for preventing the partial or complete stoppage of thousands of industrial establish- ments. 1 One has to look back to 1814 to find in England the price of 30 pence (or 3.15 f.) and to 1806 in France to find that of 5 francs the kilogram. 3 Re-exportation of cotton from Liverpool to the United States and Canada, 1863 : Ameri- can, 3,580,050 kilograms. Indian, and others, 2,937,150 kilograms. Total, 6,517,200 kilo- grams. COTTON. 99 The phases of this crisis belong to the history of cotton manufacture, and we will notice only two features — the admirable resignation of the working class, deprived of work for want of cotton, and the brotherly assistance bestowed in England l and France by all classes of society ; the remarkable bearing of French industry, and particularly that of Alsace, 2 which has known how to keep constant activity in its work- shops. The object sought by our work should be to state the quantity of cot- ton available to-day for the general market in comparison with that received in 1860-'61, before the war in the United States, and to deter- mine, for each producing country of ancient or modern date, the part which it has contributed to the general supply during the last six years. We shall seek to establish these figures and complete them by a com- parison of the respective qualities and an exhibit of the prices at dif- ferent epochs of the exceptional period that we have under considera- tion. Before all we should make reservations as to the relative signifi- cation of some of our tables. Let it be understood that the quantities absorbed by consumption are not equal to the quantities produced, as expressed in statements of the crops. It is admitted that no positive idea exists of the actual production of cotton in India, the estimates of statisticians differing widely, some being twice as large as others. The consumption of that country itself is immense, and this consumption varies according to the price. The same facts are repeated in the Levant on a more limited scale. Italy itself, so near us, does not give the exact figure of its production. Eus- sia imports a certain quantity of cotton overland from Asia. On the other hand, to avoid the arbitrary estimates habitually given of the consumption in the American manufactories, we have for many years vainly sought to obtain the number of spindles worked in the United States. Hitherto unable to obtain this information, we were upon the eve of the decennial census, which perhaps would have in- structed us, when the war broke out. Under these circumstances atten- tion ought to be fixed less upon the production of the world than upon the importation in Europe. We will make it the basis of our deductions. The English statistics and those so remarkable which M. Ott Triim- pler, of Zurich, communicates so liberally to his friends, and of which we have made great use, are made out in bales of average number of pounds. We have adopted the same units, which will be converted into kilograms in all cases where this conversion will offer special interest. 1 In England, where the factories were sooner and more generally stopped, 457,000 work- ers received help before the end of 1863. 2 Forget not, especially, that if so many establishments in Alsace and other places were enabled, not without great sacrifices, to be exceptions to the common rule by continuing full work, it was only by the aid of the raw material left at their disposal by the equal standing still of other wheels of industry. 100 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Here follows the average of weights by pounds according to the Liverpool brokers, (the English pound equal to 0.4531 kilograms :) l Average weight of bales of cotton. Louisiana Mobile Georgia Florida Georgia, (sea ibland). Brazil Egypt East Indies China and Japan Other sorts Lbs. Eng. 438 493 440 499 338 180 430 380 200 198J 223* 199| } 226 153 J 81£ 195 172 90^- Lbs. Eng. 160 492 375 240 230 Kilo. 701 223 170 109 104 Lbs. Eng. 174 490 370 326 230 Kilo. 79 222 167£ 147* 104 Average tceights of all sorts imported into England. Pounds. 1859 1 421 1860 421 1861 415 1865-'66 365 1866-'67 371 Having these preliminaries adjusted we can proceed to our inquiry, applying it directly to the sorts other than those of the United States. Kilograms. 190.75 190.75 188. 165.35 168.10 II.— COTTONS OTHER THAN THOSE OP THE UNITED STATES. GENERAL IMPORTATION INTO EUROPE. Two seasons before the American war, (seasons from 1st October to 30th September:) Bales in 1859-61. Bales in 1860-'61. 700, 000 292, 000 782, 000 276, 000 Total 992, 000 1 058 000 * These cottons were principally those of Brazil and West Indies, including a small portion (roni Hayti, Central America, and the South Seas. Average of the two years, 1,025,000 bales. In the face of a consumption which was then more than 4,000,000 bales, the figures of 292,000 and 276,000 bales, averaging 284,000 bales, presented but a feeble interest. Let us see what they have become : 1 These are the figures given in the original. It is usual to regard 0.4536 kilograms as the equivalent of the avoirdupois pound. COTTON. General importation into Europe of the same sorts : Importation, by bales, into Europe. 101 Bales in 1865-'66. Bales in 1866-'67. Cotton from India Cotton from Brazil Cotton from China and Japan Cotton from Egypt Other sorts, from Turkey, Italy, West Indies, Central America, South Seas-, Persia, Algeria, and Africa Total 1, 992, 000 1, 524, 000 518,000 481,000 19,000 9,000 248,000 228,000 397, 000 3, 174, 000 359, 000 2,601,000 102 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. ■a _a M CD o CO c> 1! : si o CO LO r* ' _o ira 00 •n o 33 . a 15 of co" oT oo" P0 II : Ci c< CO '^r 01 o 1-1 CM j • > 1 ■a t~ lO 00 CM -) CO CT _c fci C} i~ IO o CM CD CI 1 j 3 2 ira i^ o 00 CM ijo CO CO CM CO H o ^ -* 00 00 IT. to a OJ 00 CM CD c lO ^r CM CO £ ^ 'l CD CD S C5 .a -r CM rH 00 =*-t P3 H ° J3 itf) "a Yi £ •* s ■* £ # O i- ■^ OS O CI o ■* £ t~ CO t- i> o c* CO o H ft CO r-( rr CM 0( — I S3 H T3 o in T* ■* CO ti a ti lO o CD CO o CO lO CO c< f^ H H o co CO lO ■V i- -a o co "^ E-i ■a cm oo 00 CO ■^ 1 iO © {- to OJ LO a TP IO "l in 3 're ,0. r-T CO" co o 00 o ■a a5 "3 £ ■* J o £ •* £ ^ "i? ,o W o o cm a co O -^f £ ^ ' i> t- CD C~ Oi GV CO o ft co —■ C~s~ •5P CJ H 'M o o (N o uo 1 "3 co" 00 J5 %-i H ° 3 ,C £ — IT £ •* TS o cm O rH o »o o o £ 00 t- 00 00 co o> O OS co — ^p r-( c^ ft v^-V~> V-v-"-/ N-»~^^ >^-v-^ ^ 30 ' <£-S : o . a -a • a w a : o r- ? '. ft a a ' s *; o ■ 3 £ a • a f a . o u Sjs • A *- ; cd ™ 5 3 ^ ! p a ■ £ B a o ^_ ft w s s S a 5 £2 p o u o p £ 6w s £ H COTTON. 103 The report of the jury of the Exposition at London estimated as fol- lows the consumption of Europe in 1860-'61 : Imported from — Kilograms. United States : 716, 000, 000 East Indies 92, 000, 000 Egypt 27, 000, 000 West Indies 10, 000, 000 Other sorts 5, 000, 000 850, 000, 000 or 4,388,000 bales, averaging, at 188 kilograms, 825,000,000 kilograms only. We proceed to put in comparison the European consumption in 1861-62 and 1862-'63, the years when the least American was used and when consumption fell to its lowest point. Consumption 1861-'62, (applying the average weights of 1861 in the absence of others :) Kilograms. From the United States . . . 562, 000 bales, at 192 kil . . . 107, 900, 000 From India, (East) 1, 090, 000 bales, at 172 kil . . . 187, 500, 000 From Egypt 164, 000 bales, at 195 kil . . . 32, 000, 000 From Brazil 122, 000 bales, at 82 kil ... 10, 000, 000 Other sorts 55, 000 bales, at 90 kil ... 5, 000, 000 1, 993, 000 bales ..:.... 342, 400, 000 Consumption, 1862-'63 : From the United States . . . 133, 000 bales, at 192 kil . . From East Indies 1, 464, 000 bales, at 172 kil. . From Egypt 227, 000 bales, at 195 kil . . From Brazil 160, 000 bales, at 82 kil . . Other sorts 162, 000 bales, at 90 kil . . Kilograms. 25, 500, 000 251, 800, 000 44, 200, 000 13, 100, 000 14, 600, 000 2, 146, 000 bales 349, 200, 000 See again the figures of 1866-'67, which indicate a well-marked turn back to the normal situation : Kilograms. From the United States. . . 1, 548, 000 bales, at 200 309, 600, 000 From the Indies 1, 592, 000 bales, at 167^ 286, 600, 000 From Egypt 315, 000 bales, at 222 47, 700, 000 From Brazil 450, 000 bales, at 79 35, 500, 000 Other sorts 342, 000 bales, at 104 ...... . 35,600,000 4, 147, 000 bales, or 695, 000, 000 at 168 kilograms, average would be 696,700,000 kilograms. To complete this statistical exhibit, without pretending to be rigor- ously exact, which is impossible, but at least with a sufficient degree of 104 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. approximation, we will give here the analysis of the 368,000 bales of other kinds than those of the following countries : America, the Indies, Brazil and Egypt, imported to Europe from the 1st October, 18G6, to the 30th September, 1867, viz : Importations in England, 153,000 bales ; importations direct to the continent, 225,000 bales ; total 378,000 bales, from which to deduct 10,000 bales re-exported from the continent to England. (The cottons of Naples and Sicily, which remain in the places of production, or which went to other parts of Italy by Genoa and Leg- horn, do not appear in this table.) IMPORTATIONS INTO EUROPE, 1866-'67. Analysis of the 368,000 bales of other sorts. From — Ports of England. French ports. Other ports of the con- tinent. From — Ports of England. French ports. Other ports of the con- tinent. Bales. 53, 000 43, 000 28, 000 Bales. 14, 000 20, 000 77, 000 6,000 Bales. Bales. Bales. 4,000 Bales. 44, 000 58, 000 2,000 China and Japan. Total 19, 000 Persia and Malta. . 143, 000 121, 000 104, 000 From the preceding tables we have the following results : 1. That the total consumption of Europe, stated at 850,000,000 of kilograms for 1860-'61, is reduced, by the effect of high prices, to 349,000,000 kilograms in 1862-'63, and to 312,000,000 kilograms for 1861-'62, which, taking the average of these two quantities, shows a diminution of 505,000,000 of kilograms, or nearly 60 per ceutum of the consumption in the normal year 1860-'61. It has again risen to 691,000,000 for the year 1866->67, which shows a diminution yet of 156,000,000 of kilograms, or 18 percentum below that of 1860-'61. 2. That the quantities which have been contributed to the general supply by the countries formerly productive and those of new and acci- dental culture during the two years since the war, lS65-'66 and 1866-'67, amounted to only 31 per cent, of the consumption during the two nor- mal years 1859- ? 60 and 1860-'61 before the war, thus : Countries formerly producing cotton — Kilograms. 20 per cent., India. 169, 500, 000 3 per cent., Brazil 27, 000, 000 3£ per cent., Egypt 29, 500, 000 226, 000, 000 Countries newly producing — 4^ per cent.. . .' 38, 000, 000 Total 261,000,000 COTTON. 105 or 31 per cent, of the consumption in the normal year 1860-'61, of which 26£ per cent, from old cotton-producing countries, 4£ per cent, from countries where the culture is accidental or wholly new. It should be noted that we have included among the countries of acci- dental or irregular culture the Levant, Italy, Malta, Persia, West Indies, Algeria, Spain even, and many other countries which, before the seces- sion war,, contributed their quota, more or less, according to the course of the day, to the supply of the European markets. A more minute analysis exhibiting the extent of the temporary capa- city of supply by the countries not usually productive, and the rank of those (other than the United States, India, Brazil and Egypt) which contributed to the supply of the 368,000 bales imported into Europe in 1866-'67, is given in the official table, placed in the order following : Bales Turkey, Greece, Persia, Malta, Italy, &c 171, 000 West Indies and Central America ■ 107, 000 Peru 67, 000 China and Japan 19, 000 Algeria 4, 000 368, 000 which arrangement assigns to the Levant the first rank among the countries of secondary production. To sum up, we find that British India has brought the most effective aid to Europe in her distress, and that this aid, or excess of their usual exportation, has only been the equivalent of 20 per cent, of the normal consumption of Europe, the remaining 11 per cent, being furnished in three nearly equal parts by Brazil, Egypt, and the countries where cot- ton culture is new. This proves, in the matter of cotton-growing, that if the productive faculties seem to be in some sort indefinite with the stimulant of high prices and the infinite areas which remain accessible to this culture, time (that is to say, a sustained confidence in the maintenance of these high prices and the delays inseparable from a culture both difficult and touch- ing, under certain relations to industry, the important process of clean- ing from seed) is an element with which it is necessary to reckon — more, even, than with the success of the plant itself and that which it will always carry, whatever may be done — the inevitable hindrances to the restoration of an equilibrium too rudely broken. III.— STATISTICS OF PRODUCING COUNTRIES. In the second part of this report we shall follow summarily the coun- tries which are the principal producers of cotton, in the different phases of their culture, before and after the war, in giving, with the indications of the prices of these last years, some details upon the qualities of the products. 8 c 106 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. A general table, recapitulating- the production for these last years of cotton dearth, will end our work. UNITED STATES. The American statistics have naturally been interrupted by the war. We borrow the following figures, which offer some interest in spite of tbe vacancies, from the Circular of Mr. Win. P. Wright, of New York: Statistics of production and consumption in the United States. Apparent crop. Consumption in the north. Consumption elsewhere. Total consump- tion in the United States. 186u'-'67 Bales. 1, 9951, 988 2, 151, 043 3, 786, 986 4, 675, 770 Bales. * 573, 367 540, 652 650, 557 762, 521 Bales. 280, 672 126, 640 193, 383 185, 522 Bales. 854 039 1865-'66 667, 292 1860-'6L....' I 843, 740 978, 043 1859-'60 *Mr. Wright's figures follow the tables of the New York Shipping List, which, in its division of the Ameri- can consumption in 1866-67, erred by assigning to the northern consumption 135,000 bales less than the actual, and a corresponding excess to the consumption elsewhere.— B. r. N. By these figures it may be seen what a terrible shock the American culture received (fallen, they say, to 500,000 bales for 1863-'64, and 300,000 for 1864-'65) since the crop formerly supplied an annual average of 4,000,000 bales ; that it attained in 1866-'67 to only 2,000,000 of bales, and that it is estimated at only 500,000 bales more for the following season. Let us state that the beautiful long staples of Georgia have wholly disappeared from the market. The classes 1, 2, 3, are completely ex- hausted, and as the islands of Georgia and Carolina, alone capable of producing the most beautiful kinds, have been from the first devastated throughout, it is probable that the fine specimens, results of a culture wholly artificial and of seed selected of the best, year after year, will not be restored for two or three years. The manufacture has, however, known how to satisfy its necessities by spinning the grades less fine; but the prices, 80 to 100 pence the pound English, (24 francs the gross kilo- gram,) paid for the choice Georgia sea island cotton, will not the less remain a testimony of an unheard-of and exceptional penury. BRITISH INDIA. A memorial address by the Cotton Supply Association of Manchester gives the following details: the sum paid to India for cotton has risen from less than 8g,000,000 francs in 1860 to more than 705,600,000 francs in 1864 ; more than 630,000,000 francs were paid to India in 1865, and more than 636,000,000 in 1866. COTTON. Here we give the comparison of productions : GREAT BRITAIN ONLY. Five years before the tear. 107 Year. Importation. Official value. 1 856 Bales. 463, 000 680, 500 361, 000 510, 700 563, 200 Pounds. 3, 572, 000 5, 458, 000 2,970,000 3, 939, 000 3, 373, 000 Francs. 89, 300, 000 1857 136, 450, 000 74, 250, 000 98 475 000 1858 1859 I860 3, 862, 000 96 575 000 Five years following the beginning of the tear. Importation. Official value. 1861 Bales. 986, 000 ■ 1, 072, 439 1, 223, 700 1, 399, 500 1, 266, 520 Pounds. 9, 459, 000 22, 042, 000 34, 700, 661 38, 214, 723 25, 005, 856 Francs. 261, 475, 000 551, 050, 000 867, 516, 525 955, 368, 075 625, 146, 400 1862 1863 1864 1865 Making an annual average of 25, 884, 646 Prices were quoted as follows at Liverpool for fair Dhollera, (Hollins- head's Circular) for the kilogram, and in francs : 1859-'60, 0.46 francs ; 1860-'61, 0.57 francs; 1861-'62, 1.03 francs; 1862-'63, 1.83 francs ; 1863-'64, 2.45 francs ; 1864-'65, 1.47 francs ; 1865-'66, 1.42 francs ; 1866-'67, 1.06 francs. According to the Annales du Commerce Fxterieur, the importations of India cottons direct to France have been, in — Metrical tons, I860 ."....' 1,828 1861 2,407 1862 2,989 1863 9,339 1864 12,617 1865 9,645 Added to which should be all the cotton (Indian) received from London, from Liverpool, and by transit for Switzerland and the Zollverein, the figures of which we have not at hand. 108 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Of cotton from India consumed. By all Europe. By Eng- land. By the con- tinent. 1859- 60 1862-'63 18G6-'67 Bales. 592, 000 1, 464, 000 1, 592, 000 Bales. 207, 000 905, 000 815, 000 385, 000 559, 000 777, 000 The samples of cotton from the Indies, grown from American and Egyptian seed, have, in several experiments, proved that with more care and better processes of culture, India can realize vast progress in the improvement of qualities. A considerable step has been taken in many districts j they will be still more decisive because of the appointment of agricultural commis- sioners who know the language of the country and the character of the natives. Already the government of India has named one for the dis- tricts of the central provinces and the Berars, and it is a question of extending the same measure to the presidency of Madras, including Coimbatore, and at Scinde for the parts more to the north. English industry, by its variety of manufactures, has, more than that of France, the opportunity to use profitably the cottons of India in their imperfect state, as well as when properly cleaned, as they may appear in market ; however, thanks to improved machinery, a rapid and con- siderable progress has at the same time been made in our country in the use of these common sorts, and we believe that their use advantageously acquired will continue, and, to a certain degree, aid the establishments producing coarse fabrics. [The remainder of the section treating of the cotton culture in India is devoted to a description of the public works for irrigation — " Grands travaux d'irrigation" — and an enthusiastic statement of their actual and possible benefits for both transportation and irrigation. Want of space compels its omission here.] eg-ypt. The importation of this excellent sort of cotton, suitable for the spinning of numbers of yarn, fine and half fine, (from 50 to 120) but often used for medium numbers, (28 to 40,) in consequence of the scarcity of American cotton, had been as follows in Europe before the war : Bales. 1856-'57 204,000 1857-'58 124,000 1858-'59 159,000 1859-'60 266,000 Annual average 188,250 bales, of 430 pounds English, (195 kilo- grams)=36,660,000 kilograms. COTTON. 109 We have seen the consumption of Europe raised successively to — Bales. 1862-'63 227,000 1863-'64 124,000 1864-'65 ..- 374,000 of 490 pounds, English, (222 kilograms) 83,000,000 kilograms. England is said to have received 365,000 hundred- weight, English, in 1861, or 18,250,000 kilograms, against 1,580,000 hundred-weight, English, in 1865, or 79,000,000 kilograms. These remarkable results were due to the natural richness of the soil, and to the propitious measures decreed by the Viceroy ; exemption from contributions for the new lands devoted to the culture of cotton, gifts of seeds, grants of the use of the steam-ploughs and other perfected agricul- tural machines, employment of better gins, all had been put to work for the encouragement of this cultivation. But it is only necessary to say that the first power moving this important increase had been, there as elsewhere, the high price of this raw material. FairEgyptain ("jumel fair") which was worth in Liverpool, the principal market for its import- ation, 1 franc 96 centimes the kilogram in January, 1861, rose to 6 francs 80 centimes in October, 1863. There was in this extraordinary advance a premium which could not but stimulate the production ; it has been indeed greatly developed, but it would have been much more so without the epidemic which ravaged the country in 1865-'66. The quality of the staple varies from one season to another, and depends much in the whole crop upon the general conditions that may favor or impede the plant to the time of its maturity ; the finer and higher the quality sought to be produced, the more it is subject to these variations. With this reservation it may be admitted that, contrary to what often happens, the extension of this culture and coincidently that of the relative production by " feddan," the agrarian measure (or divis- ion of lands) of Egypt have not impaired the quality of cotton there. The effect of the epidemic in 1865-'66 was shown in the temporary low- ering of the quality; but on the other hand, the perfected cotton-gins of Piatt had given to consumption a better cleaned material properly handled, (that is, without broken staples; and the use of these gins is made so common by the erection of vast establishments for their con- struction, that the McCarthy gin is no longer found in market,) which indicates for this operation a marked superiority over the same grade cleaned by the Egyptian mill or by the roller gin, these means of clean- ing the cotton from the seed being now the exception. * * BEAZIL. We designate under this generic name cottons of diverse qualities and values, which, by the use of different methods of cleaning from the seed, are rendered even more dissimilar in market. Taking the crops through- out, the cotton of Brazil (the types of which have heretofore been repre- 110 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. sented by the Baliia and Pernainbuco cottons) have rather depreciated in value. One seldom fears to employ the saw-gin to obtain a mistaken economy /roin the expenses of cleaning saved, and a larger net weight, without ceasing, on the other hand, to leave in the cotton, as cleaned by other processes, a certain proportion of seeds which the buyer takes for cotton. We hope this last abuse will cease. The sorts of Brazilian cotton which come upon the European markets, are the Aracati, Bahia, Ceara, Camouchi, Pernambuco, Parahyba, Minas, Maceio, Maranham, Para, Bio Grande. The price before the war was 8 J to 9 pence, or 1.75fr. to 2.10fr. the kilo- gram. The price at the moment of highest cost was 29 pence, or 6.70fr. the kilogram. Before the war Europe received only the following quantities from Brazil : 1856-57 165,000 bales. 1859-60 127,000 bales. 1857-58 124,000 bales. 1860-61 96,000 bales. 1858-59 116,000 bales. of 180 pounds, or 81.5 kilograms each=7,800,000 kilograms. The consumption of these cottons, (of which England has taken two- thirds,) under the force of circumstances, has risen successively to — 1864-65 324,000 bales. 1865-66 423,000 bales. 1866-67 450,000 bales. 1861-62 122,000 bales. 1862-63 160,000 bales. 1863-64 208,000 bales. of 174 pounds, or 79 kilograms each=35,500,000 kilograms. It has, then, more than quadrupled. The whole of the vast territory of the Brazilian empire is suitable to the culture of cotton ; but it is chiefly the south (albeit it is the north which now exports) which supplies the finest qualities, of which that of Bio Grande should be cited before all. It is agreed by all that this cul- ture is susceptible of an immense development. OTHER SOURCES OF PRODUCTION. A quantity of 368,000 bales, or in weight 4£ per cent, of the 850,000,000 kilograms of cotton which Europe consumed in 1860-'61 — such is the account of what has been produced by the efforts made to introduce cotton culture in new countries, and to extend it in countries where it had already existed on a small scale. It is at once little and much ; little, if compared with the wants to be satisfied ; much, if we take account of the difficulties overcome ! It is the fact, that in this culture the capacity to produce is far from being a pledge or giving assurance of production. The conditions of capital, of skill, and labor ; those even of political or administrative regulation, play parts of an importance nearly equal to the influences of climate and geographical situation. It woidd be difficult to say at present which will be the new countries COTTON. Ill permanently acquiring the cotton culture 5 but there are some where it will infallibly extend, because there it succeeds perfectly. Queensland and Tahiti stand in the first line for their long staples (soies.) As to those countries where the culture has been a long time established and developed, as in the Indies, Brazil, and Egypt, it is evident that from them will be received the most important assistance in a time of scarcity. The further we advance in our task the more difficult it becomes to follow each country in its successive steps of progress in the cotton cul- ture. The extent of a work of this kind will be better understood, and the absence of interest which would attach to it if pushed to its extreme limits, when it is known that, in addition to the sources of supply to which Europe habitually looks, there happen to be one hundred and sev- enty-one places of production, and that in observing the arrivals in the ports we constantly learn of new ones. We will then only pause a moment at those which, like Turkey and Greece, are too near us not to feel the effect of our stimulations to a larger production, and in closing we will devote a few lines to our colonies. TURKEY, GREECE, PERSIA, MALTA, ETC. Importation into Europe, 163,000 bales in 1866-'67. In an address to the Sultan in July, of this year, on the occasion of his visit to England, the Cotton Association congratulated him that the exportation of cotton for England, from the states of his dominion, had increased from 41,212 hundred weight, (2,060,000 kilograms,) which it attained in the* year 1862, to 223,000 hundred weight, (11,150,000 kilo- grams.) There had been, as there ought to be, under the influence of repeated encouragements, a very considerable increase, independent of an improvement of quality, from the use of better gins and seeds. The steps accomplished in respect of quantity would have been even more conspicuous but for the extreme haste attending the shipments. Especially was there very great improvement upon the cotton of Salo- nica, Volo, and Piree, both in staple and cleanliness. The contributions from Smyrna and Syria have equally presented good results, whereas the cotton from Egypt and Algeria has, on the contrary, left something to be desired in respect both of strength and length (of fibre.) The cot- tons of Cyprus are not improved. ITALY. Importation into France : In 1861, in 1,000 kilograms 30 In 1862, in 1,000 kilograms 37 In 1863, in 1,000 kilograms 441 In 1864, in 1,000 kilograms In 1865, in 1,000 kilograms. 3,150 112 PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. Estimate of crops : Manchester, upon the Italian data given, valued that of 1863 at 89,000 bales of 100 kilograms ; x an exaggerated figure. For 18G5, the estimate was 8,500,000 kilograms. These statistics want exactness. The mills of the country retain a good part of the cotton which grows at their doors. Here are yet further figures that we owe to a house in Naples, who regret their inability to give only approximations : 1. Before the American war we estimated the production of the Nea- politan provinces at 1,335,000 kilograms ; that of the Sicilian provinces the same; say, together, 2,670,000 kilograms. 2. In 1864 and 1865, we estimated the production of the Neapolitan and Sicilian provinces each at 4,150,000 kilograms ; together, say, 8,900,000 kilograms. Whereas the exportation (it being relieved of the duty imposed upon the foreign article) in 1864 was 2,581,000 kilograms, and in 1865 it was 4,005,000; the remainder has thus been consumed at home, especially by the mills in the north part of Italy. SPAIN. The decrees of 1810 and 1811, which regulated the right of admission for cotton and wool into France, treat with comparative favor the cottons of Naples (Castellamare) and those of Spain, (Motril ;) but the differential duties disappeared in 1814, and soon with them the names even of the Castellamare and Motril cottons, which the generation that preceded us had heard so often while the continental system endured. We have mentioned the resumption of tlie cotton culture in Italy. It was in 1865 only that it appeared to have had a place at Motril, a small port near Grenada. They estimate the crop of 1865-'66 at 630,000 kilograms ; of 1866-'67 at 840,000 kilograms ; and it is supposed that the crop of lS67-'68 will attain to 1,000,000 kilograms. The larger part of these cottons have been spun by an establishment at Malaga. Only a small quantity has been shipped to England, and none of it to France. It is sold at the current price of Egyptian, with which it corresponds in quality. Some cotton has been grown at Iviza, (Balearic Isles,) and sold to the spinners at Barcelona. These appear to be the limits of the attempts at cotton culture in Spain. 1 Weights of bales fictitious, for the bales of Castellamare are reckoned ainoug the heavi- est that appear in market. COTTON. 113 FRENCH COLONIES. The following are the quantities taken for consumption in France, for the several years and the places of production, (in kilograms :) 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 246, 000 134, 000 157, 000 443, 000 105, 000 560, 000 242, 000 50, 000 65, 000 187, 000 639, 000 304, 000 The importation of cotton from Algeria constituted in 1860 and 1861 only .05 (five hundredths of one) per cent, of the general importation ; but this quantity, so insignificant in appearance, represented not less than five or six per cent, of the manufacturing demand for fine cottons, long staple, and has rendered precious service. So we shall be happy to see realized the hopes which depend upon the great works of damming destined to bestow upon Algeria the means of irrigation, indispensable to ts cotton culture, so often compromised by drought. Gruadaloupe, which has produced about one-half less than Algeria, appears to be stopped in its attempts ; and it is grievous, for its fitness to produce the finest sort of long staple remains undisputed. Guiana, Cochin-China, Senegal, Corsica, even our own departments du Midi, which had for a time believed they could enter the lists, forget- ting that they lacked two months of sun, are not outside the limits of attempts more or less successful, of which the results are too limited to enter into statistics. IV.— SOUECES OF SUPPLY OF THE VABIOITS KINDS OF COT- TON EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURES, 1864 TO 1867. [Long-stapled sorts are marked ".] Alabama United States. Arica * Peru. Aricati "Brazil. Adenos Levant. Arkansas United States. Angola West Africa. Algeria *Africa. Armenia Asia. Acre, (St. Jean d') Syria. Akoot „ Hindostan. Banda "Dutch possessions. Barbadoes * Antilles. Bahia ."Brazil. Broach Hindostan. Bourbon *French possessions. Bermuda ^English possessions. Bahamas English possessions. 9 c Bownuggur Hindostan. Barri Italy. Bagdad Turkey in Asia. Ceylon British India. Candia Archipelago. Camptah Hindostan. Cassaba Smyrna, (Levant.) Caraccas * Central America Cyprus Levant. C6ara "Brazil. Candahar East Indies. Carthagena "Venezuela. Coimbator Hindostan. Cote Ferme. Cumana - "Central America. Castellamare Italy. Cayenne "French Guiana. 114 PAEIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. China. Camouchi "Brazil. Carolina United States. Cuba "Spanish Antilles. Casma "Peru. Caramania Turkey in Asia. Cephallonia Ionian Isles. Cote d'Or Senegal. Caucasus Asia. Constantinople Turkey. Cocanadah Hindostan. Catania Italy. Calabria Italy. Dhollerah Hindostan. Dharwar Hindostan. Demarara "English Guiana. Dardanelles Turkey in Europe. Elias "Peru. Feejee Islands Florida "United States. Francavilla Italy. Georgia, (uplands) United States. Georgia, (Sea Island). "United States. Guadaloupe "Little Antilles. Guayaquil "Ecuador. Grenada Spain. Galles of the South East Indies. Hayti "Grand Antilles. Hinghenghaut East Indies. Jumel *Egypt. Jamaica * West Indies. Idelep Syria. Java "Isles of Sunda. Japan Asia. Jujures Jumboreer Hindostan. Kandish Hindostan. Kircagach Levant. Kurachee Hindostan. Kinick - - Levant. Kirekly Hindostan. Louisiana United States. La Guayra "Venezuela. Lagos Africa. Liberia Africa. Livadi Greece. Loanda Africa. Latakia Syria. Majorca "Spain. Manjalore "Hindostan. Minas "Brazil. Macedonia Turkey. Malta English possessions. Maceio "Brazil. Metelin Turkey. Madras Hindostan. Martinique "Little Antilles. Mobile United States. Maranhain * Brazil. Mazzara Italy. Marocco Africa. Nevis Little Antilles. Navigator's Island Polynesia. Nasca "Peru. Naplouse Syria. Natal Africa. New Orleans United States. Nicaragua "Central America. Oomruwuttee Hindostan. Philippine islands South Seas. Pay ta "Peru. Persia Asia. Pisco "Peru. Paraiba "Brazil. Porto Rico "Antilles. Para "Brazil. Puerto Cabello "Venezuela. Paramaribo "Dutch Guiana. Pirteus Greece. Pouille Italy. Pacchino Italy. Pernambuco "Brazil. Queensland "Australia. Rangoon India. Realejo "Central America. Rio Grande "Brazil. Red Western Madras. Rio Hacha "South America. Rarotonga South Sea islands. Surat Hindostan. Smyrna Turkey in Asia. Senegal Africa. Surinam "Dutch Guiana. Sonboujeac Levant. Scinde East Indies. Somanco Salonica Turkey. Syria Asia. Shanghai China. Salem "Hindostan. Sciacca Italy. Siam "Asia. Singapore Asia. Seychelles Indian ocean. Sardinia South Seas Tahiti "Society Islands. Tobago English Antilles. Tinnevilly Madras. COTTON. 115 Tennessee United States. Tortola . * Antilles. Trinidad de Cuba ^Spanish Antilles. Texas' United States. Toomels Hindostan. Tarsus Turkey in Asia. Tripoli Bar bary states. Trebizond Asia. St. Thomas *Danish Antilles. Tunis Barbary States. Terranova Italy. Tampico Mexico. Tarranto Italy. Uruguay South America. Virginia United States. Varinas Venezuela. Venezuela *South America. Volo Macedonia. Weraoul Hindostan. Yucatan *Mexico. Zante Ionian Isles. New Zealand English possessions. The foregoing catalogue concludes the section of the jury report by M. Dollfus upon the production of cotton. This catalogue is given in full here because it is nearly identical in extent and details with the list of samples of the cotton of all countries exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1867 by the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, and with the excellent collection of samples sup- plied to the United States Commission to the Exposition, by the cour- tesy of the same association, as described in the first part of this report. rrtS»Oi? 7» 3C&1 3> ~> >*3 O < ^r> ^P> ~3B> ID ^ DXXD :ss>V:>5> ^> ">•; "4 n^&?¥ , 30 » ^& >5>3» ^> < rm>P r OT^^l a> vie. @»i ? 3> ■5-55 V .^3 IT i5-» ?-S^ : ^ r S»>'^^^ r5S) , TJ^»"^S S"> >5l Sescb >^0D 3> 3 2>r r75>3^