F 127 .N8T86 ■■iiiiiiij v-^^ "oV" :V .A^ •" ^ :^^^. > Digitilea by the Internet Archive .^ - ^ ^ ^ in 2010 with funding from '^"S-^ The Library of Congress? -s^-. /Mww.arfchiYe.org/cletails7tunisstopographi01tuni !? ^^^ X^ ^^yJi^Ul m Pf^^ m TO t &KD TRAVELER'S COMPANION. KIAGARA FALLS : ^/§^ PUBLISHED BY W. E. TtTNIS. J r%^-^-r%,-^Th5'':|"V " >VZ7 ^:^'^f'ii^ "^ /,,''//' r ^0J^ "^ ^^^ ro rW.^^ GOAT "".^^\ j; Mm'^'-'^^"'^^^"^ . .'» n.f,.r.\h".. /. Mansion ,y, /(,.,.„, i,\ i!,.^„l,)icr,r,o,ur. .,' Churches U TunU- Ct.W.Sooh Store, + Aferjjs I-off- /■>(■,„/,:-/ /.■M.Otpct. ^NIAGARA FALLS and BI^J^^ i ^° , - /^««#fr^^/^m' sliowm.g aU live j ^^ ^#2SaB:^^*"V"«*""^'''f-'^'''' PROPONENT POmTS AD JACEKT. kr,--;^.'-VouSdr^'T^ ' ^ ''''•• ^'•' *i i? Jfiaga .Fcdls N.r. r-'SffflT' ;z2a,iidSi^SiSi^ Txjjsris's TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL GUIDE TO NIAGAEA CONTAINING, ALSO, A DESCRIPTION OF THB ROUTE THROUGH CANADA, AND THE GREAT NORTHERN ROUTE, FROM NIAGARA FALLS TO MONTREAL, BOS- TON, AND SARATOGA SPRINGS. ALSO, FCLL AND ACCURATB TABLES OF DISTANCES, ON ALL RAILROADS KaNNINO TO AND FROM NIAGARA FALLS. NIAGARA FALLS: W. E. TUNIS, PUBLISHER. 1856. Entered according to Act of Congress, in ilie year 1855, By W. E. TUNIS, In the Clerk's OfBce of the District Court for the Northern District of New York J. A 0. E. FELTON, STEEEOTTPEKS, BUFFALO. li^ii) PREFACE. The design of the present work is to supply a lack whieh a comparison with other works of the kind will best evince. No other Guide now before the public is either suffi- ciently recent or sufficiently comprehensive to be safely followed by the tourist, at Niagara, and to the West and North, It is not without confidence, therefore, that we commit this compilation as a reliable and needed " vade niecum" to the traveling public. CONTENTS. Niagara Falls, 9 Bath Island Bridge, 9 Goat Island, 11 Luna Island, 12 Hog's Back, 12 American Fall, 13 Center Fall, 15 Three Profiles, 14 Biddle's Stairs, 16 Three Sisters, 21 Nary Island,... 28 Grand Island, 31 The Rapids, 32 Ferry Railway and Stairs, 35 Catlm's Cave 37 Suspension Bridge, 38 Whirlpool, 41 Table Rock, 46 Lundy's Lane Bat. Gr'd.. 49 Niagara Frontier, 60 NoRTHEKx Route, 71 Lewiston, 72 Queenston, 73 Brock's Monunaent, 74 Toronto, 76 Cohourg, 77 Kingston, 77 Oswego, 79 Sackets Harbor, ^.. 80 Cape Vincent, 80 Thousand Islands, 81 Ogdensburg, 83 Lake St, Francis, 88 Montreal, 87 Lake Champlain, 89 Guide to the West, 91 Niagara Susp'n Bridge,., 92 Crossing the Mountain,.. 93 St. Catharines, 95 Hamilton, 100 Hamilton & Toronto R.R.103 Toronto, 106 Dunda.B, 108 Fairchild's Creek, 109 Paris, 110 Gait, 110 Woodstock, Ill Ingersoll, 112 London, ..113 Lobo, 115 Chatham, 116 Windsor, .118 Refreshment Saloons and Telegraph Stations, 119 Tables of Distances, 123 New York Central R. R .125 Hudson River R. R 127 Elmira, Can. & N, F. R. R.128 N. Y. & ErieR. R 129 Great Western Railway, .130 Michigan Cent. R. R 131 Williarasport & Elmira,.. 132 Cat., Will. & Erie R. R...133 Schenectady & Saratoga,. 133 Western Railroad, 134 Great Northern Route, ..135 SaratoQja Springs, 135 N. Falls and Montreal,.. 136 Buf., N. F. & Lewiston,.. 136 Erie & Ontario R. R 136 TUN"I8'S , GUIDE TO NIAGAEA. arrfbal at m i?alls. Feom whatever point of the village you may be starting, a cloud of spray, or the noise of the cataract, will indicate the general direction of your footsteps. Arriving on Main Street, pass down the street leading between the Cataract and International Hotels, and you are in full view of the river at the point where it is spanned by 2Sati[) £slanU 3Stiti3c. It is Oilener asked than answered, how this bridge wag. constructed ! In the first place, a massive abut- ment was built at the water's edge, from which long timbers were projected, heavily loaded at the rear ends with stone ; the ends over the water being additionally supported by legs resting on the river's bed. Upon these timbers a platform was built, from which an abutment of stone was sunk in the water ; this abut- ment serving as a new basis for building another, and so on until the whole was completed. 10 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Bath Island Bridge — Chapin Island — Bath Islaad. The first bridge was thrown over at the head of Goat Island in 181*7 ; but having been carried away the ensuing spring by ice-floats fi-om Lake Erie, it was succeeded by the present one in 1818. It was while this bridge was repairing, in the summer of 1839, that one of the workmen, a Mr. Chapin, was. acci- dentally thrown from the frame-work into the river, and carried by the current to the first of the two smallest islands below, since called, fi'om this circum- stance, Chapin Island. He was thence rescued by the strong nerve and skillful hand of Mr. Joel R. Robin- son, a name associated with many a gallant rescue fi:om these waters. No point commands so fine a view of the rapids as the bridge. The delicate tints of the water are here especially noticeable. The waves break into a myriad fantastic forms, in every moment of time ; in each successive change catching the sunlight under somfe new variety of condition, and throwing it back in some new transfusion of hues. The fall of the river's bed, fi:'om the head of the rapids to the verge of the precipice, is fifty-eight feet. This gradual descent, by confusing the fines of vision as you gaze up the river, gives to the fiirthest crest of the rapids a skyish, indefinite appearance, suggestive of the Infinite ; then turning from this to where the river disappears in its final leap, you seem to have real- ized in space the similitude of life " — Standing 'twixt two eternities." Having crossed the bridge you are at the toU-gate on 1 GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 11 Bath Island — Lover's Retreat — Brig Island — Goat Island. 3Sat!) Kslanti, Enter the toll-house, pay twenty-five cents, register your name, and you are entitled to cross as often as you please during the current year with no additional charge. Leaving the toll-house, that small, sentimental-look- ing island on your left is called " Lover's Retreat ; " the island just beyond that, Brig Island. That large build- ing on your right is a paper-mill, owned by Bradley & Co. of Buffalo ; said to be the largest in the state. Passing from Bath Island over a short bridge, you stand on €Koat Kslantr, This, though not the largest, is by far the most beautiftil island in the Niagara. Long before it was bridged to the American shore, it was visited from time to time by the few to whom its attractions were of more potent consideration than the peril of reaching it. The late Judge Porter, who visited it in 1805, remembered having seen the names of strangers cut into the bark of a beech near Horseshoe Fall, with the subjoined dates of 1111, 1112, and 1119. The island is now owned by the Porter family, to whom it was ceded by the state of New York in 1818. It derived its name from the circumstance of a Mr. Stedman, of Schlosser, having placed some goats on it to pasture. This was in 1110. The area of the island is sixty-one and a half acres ; its circumference about one mile. Three paths branch off from the road by which you 12 GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. Hog's Back — Luna Island — Dreadful Accident. ascend the bank, the middle one dividing the island into two nearly equal parts, the left leading to the head of the island, and the right (the one usually taken) to the American Fall. Following this path, you are conducted through a colonnade of forest trees, with the rapids at your right, over a space of eighty rods, to the north-western point of the island, called, by what process of association no mortal can tell, It was while walking directly under this point that the lamented Dr. Hungerford, of West Troy, N. Y., was killed in the spring of 1839,^ by the crumbling of a portion of the rock from above. This is the only accident that has ever occurred at the Falls by the falling of rock. Passing by a narrow foot-path down the bank, and crossing the short bridge at your right, you stand upon a lovely spot called SUnnn JEslanU, On the northern edge of this island, a few feet above the precipice, is a spot of mournful memory. On June 21, 1849, the family of Mr. Deforest, of Buffalo, together with Mr. Charles Addington, their friend, were viewing the scenery from this point. The party, in fine spirits, were about leaving the island when Mr. Addington, advancing playfully to Miss Annette, the little daughter of Mrs. DeiOrrest, said, " I am going to throw you in," at the same time hfting her lightly 14 GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. The Three Profiles — Center Fall. over tbe edge of the water. With a sudden impulse of fear, the startled child flung herself from his hands, and struck the wild current of the river. With a shriek the 3'oung man sprang to her recoveiy, but before the stricken group on. shore had time to speak or move, they had both passed over thg precipice. The crushed remains of the lately blooming and buoyant child were found in the afternoon of the same day in the Cave of the Winds ; and a few days afterward the body of the gallant but fated young Addington was likewise recov- ered, and committed with many tears to the village cemetery. This is perhaps the most touching casualty that has ever occurred at the Falls. Leaving Luna Island, pause for a moment at the foot of the path before you ascend, while we point you out an appearance which certain imaginative persons have been pleased to call ®i)e E^xzz 3Profiles. These so called profiles are formed by the inequahty of projection in that portion of the precipice which is formed by the western side of. Luna Island. The rock is adjacent to, and almost under the American Fall. Etiz €zntzx ifall. This is that portion of the American Fall which ia cut off by Luna Island. Having now ascended the bank, and rested from your fatigue, pass on a few rods to where a guide-board points out 16 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Biddle's Stairs — Sam Patch — Cave of the Winds. aSitJUle's stairs. These Stairs take their name from the well-knowii president of the United States Bank, Nicholas Biddle, Esq., at whose expense they were erected in 1829, They are secured to the solid rock by ponderous iron bolts, and are said to be perfectly safe. The perpen- dicular height of the bank at this place is 185 feet; the staircase itself being eighty feet high, and consisting of ninety steps. From the stairs to the river there is a rude pathway ; but it is seldom traversed, except for the purpose of angling, an art which, at the .right time of the year, is here practiced with the happiest success. In 1829, shortly after the completion of the stairs, the eccentric Sam Patch, of saltatory memory, made his famous leap from a scaffolding ninety-six feet high, erected in the water at a point between this and the Center Fall. From the foot of Biddle's Stairs two paths lead in opposite directions, one toward the Canada, and the other toward the American Fall. The former has been obstructed by sKdes from abo\e, and is not, perhaps, altogether safe. Taking tlie latter, a few minutes' walk brings you to the celebrated Cave of the Winds. Dresses and guides are here ready for your accommo- dation. The formation of this cave was of easy process. The gradual wearing away by the water of the shaly substratum of the precipice has left the limestone rock above projecting at least 80 feet beyond the base ; thus forming an open cave, over which falls in det^ folds of GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. l7 iEolus's Cave — Byron's Description of Cascade of Velino. azure, the magnificent curtain of tlie Center Fall. Tlie compression of the atmosphere by the falling water is here so great that the cave is rendered as stormy and turbulent as that of old Jjlolus himself, from whose classical majesty, indeed, it derived its first name — Gazing now below you at that delicate textured ram- bow trembling in the angry sui^ge, you will hardly fail to remember Byron's vivid description of the bow at the cascade of Yelino : " From side to side, beneath the glittering morn, An Iris sits, amidst the infernal surge, Like hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn Its stealy dyes, while all around ia torn 18 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Precipice — Goldsmith's Description. By the distiacted waters, bears serene Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn ; ' Resembling, 'mid the torture of the scene, Love watching madness with unalterable mien." Ascending Biddle's Stairs, your course conducts you to the right, along the verge of the precipice. Observe how the bank is gradually wearing away, by slides of land and crumbling of rocks, from its side. It was near these stairs that the crash occurred in 1843. The detached rock now Hes at the foot of the staircase. By the time you have reached the other side of the island you will be prepared to duly appreciate the esti- mate of its width, with which Dr. Goldsmith edified the ingenuous youth of his time : "Just in the middle of this circular wall of waters, a little island that has braved the fury of the current presents one of its points, and divides the stream at top into two parts ; but they unite again long before they reach the bottom." Its width is, in tact, from fall to fall, seventy-five rods. Some ambitious candidate for applause, in speaking of this island, has called it "the forehead of Niagara, and the cataracts on either side, her streaming hair, puffed up a la Jenny Lind, and tied back with rainbows." But you have, by this time, reached the south- Avestern corner of the island. Be seated in the arbor near by, if you please, and we will pay the highest possible compliment to yourself, while gracefully acknov/ledging our own impressions of the scene, by — silence. There are many descriptions of the Falls ; but they are all too lucklessly true to the /o?"m of their subject — oceans GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 19 Description of the Falls — Horseshoe Fall — Prospect Tower. of sublimity falKng into perilous depths of bathos. It may, however, be remarked in passing, that, take whatever point of view we may, we find Nature here expressing herself in bold and beautiful antitheses ; the Titanic strength and majesty of the cataract, and the soft, grovy tendrils that bathe their verdure in its spray, — the wild, distracted, maniac surge, and the delicate rainbow shivering in its embrace, — the whirl- wind roar of falling floods, and the braided lullaby of lapsing streams. Niagara is all- antitheses, all " contrasted charms ! " This is commonly called the Horseshoe Fall, a name derived from the shape that the curve formerly assumed. The gradual wearing away from beneath, and falling down from above of the rocks, has now changed the figure from that of a horseshoe to something more nearly resembling that of a right angle. The width of this fall is about 144 rods ; its height, 158 feet. The depth of the water in the center, or deepest part of the stream, id estimated at twenty feet. That fight-house looking structure built out in the water, two or three rods fi^om the Fall, is caUed 3Prosj)ect Eotoer. It was erected in 1833, by the late Judge Porter. Its height is forty-five feet. The bridge leading from the island to Prospect Tower is called This Bridge is subject to the action of the spray ; a 20 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Terrapin Bridge — Accident — Fall of a portion of Rock. little care should therefore be taken in crossing it. In the winter of 1852, a gentleman from West Troy, N. Y., while crossing to the tower, fell into the current, and was carried to the verge of the fall, where he lodged between two rocks. He was discovered by two of the citizens, who rescued him by throwing out lines which he fastened around his body. He remained speechless for several hours after being taken to his hotel. From the tower, you get the best view of the shape of the fall, and the clearest idea of how it has been modified by the action of the water. This action has been especially violent during the last few years. On Sunday, Feb. 1, 1852, a portion of the precipice, stretching from the edge of the island toward the tower, about 125 feet long and sixty feet wide, and reaching from near the top to the bottom of the fall, fell with a crash of thunder. The next day another, a triangular piece, with a base of about forty feet, broke off just below the tower. Between the two portions that had thus fallen off, stood a rectangular projection about thirty feet long and fifteen feet wide, extending from the top to the bottom of the precipice. This immense mass became loosened from the main body of the rock, and settled perpendicularly about eight feet, where it now stands, an enormous column 150 feet high by the dimensions named above. The line of division between the government of the United States and that of Canada is in the deepest part of the channel, or through the angular part of the fall. GUIDE TO NIAGARA PALLS. 21 The Three Sisters — Narrow Escape — Moss Island. Leaving Prospect Tower and the Horseshoe Fall, and wending our way along the bank of the river to the east, the next great point of interest is STIje Sljree Sisters. These are three small islands, lying side by side, near the head of Goat Island- The remotest of this trinity is the island from which Mr Joel R. Eobinson rescued a Mr. Allen in the summer of 1841. Mr. Allen, having started just before sundown for Chippewa, (a village three miles up the river on the Canada side,) had the misfortune to break one of his oars in the midst of the river. The current caught his boat and bore it rapidly toward the Falls. As his only hope of safety, he steered with the remaining oar for the head of Goat Island ; but failing to strike that, he was bearing swiftly past this little island, when, knowing that the alter- native was certain doom, he sprang for the land, and reached it with but little injury. Having matches in his pocket, he struck a signal light at the head of the island, but it was not seen until morning. Mr. Eobinson rescued him by means of a boat and cable. The first of the sisterhood, or the island nearest you, is called Moss Island. That feathery show of a cataract between yourself and Moss Island is called the Hermit's Cascade, from its having been the usual bathing-place of J?rancis ^b&ott, tt)e ?i|ennit of Magara. Beside his once favorite haunt, we will, with your permission, relate his story. The history of this 22 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Hermit of Niagara. singular individual has been given ih various forms, from the hurried compilation of a guide-book to the extrav- agances of a romance. We present you with only what is known of him by all who lived in the village at the time of his residing here. His first appearance at Niagara was in the afternoon of June 18, 1839. He was a young man then, tall and well-formed, but emaciated and haggard; of an easy and gentlemanly deportment, but sufficiently eccentric in his appearance to arrest the gaze of the stranger. Clad in a long, flowing robe of brown, and carrying under his arm a roll of blankets, a book, portfolio, and flute, he proceeded directly to a small, retired inn, where he engaged a- room for a week, stipulating, however, that the room was to be, for the time, exclusively his, and that only a part of his food was to be prepared by the family. Soon after, he visited the village library, entered his name, and drew books. About the same time, also, he purchased a violin. At the expiration of a week he returned to the hbrary, where, falling into conversation, he spoke with much - enthusiasm on the subject of the Falls, and expressed his intention of ' remaining here some time longer. Shortly afterward he asked permission of the pro- prietor of these islands to erect a cabin on Moss Island, that he might live here in greater seclusion than the village afforded him. Failing in this "request he took up his abode in part of a small log-house, which then stood near the head of Goat Island. Here for nearly two years he continued to live, with no companion^ GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 28 The Hermit of Niagara. but his dog, his books, and music — blameless but almost unknown. On this island, at hours when it was unfrequented by others, he delighted to roam, heed- less, if not oblivious of danger. At that time a stick of timber about eight inches square extended from. Terra- pin Bridge eight feet beyond the precipice. On this he has been seen at almost all hours of the night, pacing to and fro beneath the moonlight, without the slightest apparent tremor of nerve or hesitancy of step. Some- times he might be seen sitting carelessly on the extreme end of the timber — sometimes hanging beneath it by his hands and feet. Although exquisitely sensitive in- his social habits, he seems to have been without an apprehension in the presence of danger. After residing on Goat Island two winters, he ' crossed^ Bath Island Bridge, and built him a rude cabin of boards at Point View, near the American Falh ( Vide p. 36.) Al- though brought into the immediate neighborhood of the villagers, he held but little intercourse with them ; sometimes, indeed, refusing to break his silence by oi-al communication with any one. At times, however, he was extremely affable to all, easily drawn into conver- sation, and supporting it with a regard to convention- alism, and a grace and accuracy of expression that threw a charm over the most trivial subject of remark. The late Judge De Vaux was perhaps the only per- son with whom he was really familiar. With him he would often interchange arguments, by the hour, on some point of theology — his favorite topic of discus- sion. His views on this subject '^IZ'C by no means 24 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Hermit of Niagar^. Stable ; but as far as they assumed a definite form they seemed neai^ly akin to those held by the Society of Friends. But it was in his brUhant reminiscences of foreign lands and scenes that he was especially glorious. All his subjective speculations were tinged by shadows of melancholy or despair ; but in describing the glo- ries of nature and art, the scholar and the amateur lifted off the cowl of the hermit, and revealed the en- thusiasm of a spirit still exquisitely aJive to the kindling touch of Beauty. He had wandered among the ruins of Asia and Greece, and studied the trophies of art in the celebrated picture galleries of Italy. Of music he was passionately fond, and played his own compositions, in the opinion of some, with ex- quisite taste; while others declare his execution to have been only mediocre, if not absolutely inferior. Every day, after his removal to the main-land, it was his custom to descend the ferry stairs to bathe in the river below; and it was while thus engaged that he was accidentally drowned, June 10, 1841. Ten days afterward his body was found at the outlet of the river, and brought back to the village, where it was committed to the earth in sight of the scenes he so much loved. After his decease a number of citizens repaired to his cabin to take charge of his effects. Little how- ever was to be found: his faithful dog guarded the door; his cat lay on the lounge; and his books and music were scattered around the room. Writing was sought for in vain. It is said, notwithstanding, that he wrote much, but always in Latin, and committed GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 25 The Hermit of Niagara. his productions to the flames almost as soon as composed. You will now ask, " What caused him to lead the life of a hermit ? " This question has never been an- swered. It is commonly supposed that he had been the victim of some disappointment; but we ha/ve nothing to relieve the supposition. Members of his family have, since his death, visited Niagara; from whom we learn only that Francis was a son of the late John Abbott, of Plymouth, England, a member of the Society of Friends, and that in his youth he al- ternated the most indefatigable devotion to his studies with the most excessive dissipations of a gay me- tropolis. If we were to decide from our present knowl- edge of his history, we should say that his social eccentricities were owing rather to the constitutional tendencies of his muid, developed by the tenor of his early life, than to any one controlling circumstance ; that study, dissipation, and, possibly, disappointments, had so far destroyed the harmony of both mind and body, that, with Childe Harold before him, he " From his native land resolved to go, And visit scorching climes beyond the sea; With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe, And e'en for change of scene, would seek the shades below." We have given only what we know of his life. There still remains a wide margin which each may fill up, as best suits himself, with the speculations of romance. 26 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Gallant Feat of Mr. Robinson. Begging your pardon for detaining you here so long, let us continue our course around the island. On tliis rise of ground, a few rods above the Her- mit's Cascade, pause a moment, while we relate a gaUant feat performed here in June of 1854. A large sand-scow had broken loose from its moorings, and lodged between two rocks nearly opposite the head of the island, and in range with the furthest of the Three Sisters. Property was on board, and Mr. Robinson consented to undertake to save it. Accordingly, in the presence of hundreds of spectators, accompanied by ' his son, he pushed his skiff from the head of the island, struck out above the boat, and then dropped with the speed of an arrow down the ctirrent. With incredible quickness the son sprang from the skiff' at the right moment, and secured it to the scow. But how to re- turn! Strangers said that h£ could rut doit. Those who knew Mr. Robinson felt that he wotdd, while they wondered how he could ! Below him is a cascade eight feet high ; there is a danger of his going over that, and then ^— but meanwhile the father is again in the skiff, and now the son loosens the fastening, and there they go like thought. ^^ TJiey^re lo.st f^ runs through the crowd on shore. They are nearing the fall ; in a second they are on its brink, and — a graceful touch of the oars, and the flying boat is as motionless as if on land. Their skiff" is poised on the very verge of that wild cascade ; " but they can return," was now the hope and the thought of aU. Quickly they lift their oars, — and quickly are lost in the dashing surge. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 27 View frdm Head of Goat Island. They are not lost long, however ; for, landing on the second "Sister," they carry their boat to the foot of that island, launch it again in the waves, and careering in a bold sweep through the rapids, reach the shore amid deafening plaudits. A few rods fm^ther on, and you have reached the mtnXi of ®foat 35slanti. This point commands a comprehensive view in out- line of the river and its environs for some miles of its course. Looking up the right bank, you behold, at a distance of about one mile, a small, white farm-house, with a chimney of most disproportionate size. This SCULOSSER LANDING. is the site of the old Fort Schlosser, a name cele- brated in border story. That towering chimney was taken entire from the mess-house attached to the es- tablishment. This fort was built at an early date by the French, and called by them Little Fort. At the close of the Anglo-French war in America, it was ceded to the English, and was first occupied as a military post of the latter by Capt. Sclilosser, from whom it derived 28 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Navy Island — Canadian Rebellion. its second name. One mile above Fort Schiobser is Schlosser Landing. In a diagonal direction from this point, and near the Canada shore, is !^ab» Sslaiitr. This island has an area of 304 acres, and belongs to the realms of Her Britannic Majesty. It is closely asso- ciated with Schlosser by an affair which, as it has not yet found its way into the pages of Bancroft or Hil- dreth, we will briefly relate : In IS^*?, a rebellion was stirred up against the authorities of Canada, by some disaffected " Radicals," under the leadership of Wm. Lyon McKenzie and some others ; but, Her Majesty's subjects not caring to side with the "Rebels" in any great number, the movement was speedily put down. But not so the leaders. They — i. e. McKenzie, Gen. Sutherland, and five or six and twenty others — at the suggestion of a Dr. Chapin of Buffalo, unfurled the standard of rebellion over this island, designing to make it a rendezvous for the restlessly patriotic of both sides of tlie river, until sufficient strength should be gained to renew the attack. Matters were going on pleas5,ntly — the "Patriots " being daily edified by ac- cessions to their strength, though greatly demoralized by a barrel of whisky that found its way to their pant- ing hearts — when the dilficulty of " transporting vol- unteers and supplies to their place of destination," and " the number of persons from motives of business or curiosity constantly desirous of passing and repassing from the main-land to the patriot camp, suggested to GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 29 Machination of Sir Allan McNab. Mr. Wells, the owner of a small steamboat lying at Buffalo, called the Caroline, the idea of taking out the necessary papers, and running hiri vessel as a ferry-boat between the American shore and the islands, for his own pecuniary emolument." * Accordingly, Friday, Decem- ber 29, the CaroUne left Buffalo for Schlosser; and after having arrived, having made several trips during the day, on account of the owner, was moored to the wharf at Schlosser Landing during the night. Colonel Sir Allan McNab, then commanding at Chip- pewa a detachment of Her Majesty's forces, having got word of the enterprise of the Caroline, resolved upon a deed which relieves the farcical story of the rebellion by a dash of genuine outrage. It is asserted that Sir Allan was informed that the Caroline was in the inter- est of the Patriots, chartered for their use, and intended to act offensively against the Canadian authorities. Whether this be true or not, he planned her destruc- tion that very night. For this purpose, a chosen band is detailed, and placed under the command of a Cap- tain Drew, a retired-on-half-pay officer of the royal navy. At midnight the captain received his parting orders from Sir Allan, and the chivalrous band departed in eight boats for the scene of their gallant dating. The unconscious Caroline, meanwhile, lay peacefully at her moorings, beneath the stars and stripes of her country's banner. As the tavern at Schlosser — the * Peek's Tourist's Companion. 30 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Seizure of the Caroline — Tht» Buruing Boat. , , . ___ only building near by — could accommodate but a lim- ited number of persons, several had sought a night's lodging within the sides of the boat. Dreaming of no daiiger, they had retired to rest unprovided with arms. Thus was the night wearing on, when so stealtliily came the hostile band that the faint plash of muffled oars was the first intiuiation the sentry had of their ap- proach. In reply to his question, " Who goes there ? " came, first, '■'■ Frie7ids ! " then, a heavy plashing in the water; then, the leaping of armed men to the deck. The bewildered sleepers start from their dreams and rush for the shore. " Cut them down ! " shrieks the heroic Drew, as he thrills with the memory of Aboukir and the Nile — "Cut them down, give no quar- ter." More or less injured, they escape to the shore, with life — all but one, Durfee, the last man to leave, who is brought to the earth by a pistol-shot, a corpse ! A few minutes and the Caroline moves from the shore in flames ! Down the wild current she speeds faster and faster, flinging flames in her track, till striking the Canada waters she spurns the contact, leaps hke a mad fury, and in a .moment more is as dark as the night around her. The common account of this affair takes it for granted that the boat went over the Canada Fall aflame. You will read of the fated vessel lifting her fairy form to the verge of the precipice, lighting up the dark amphitheater of cataracts, etc., to the end of endurance. The case was far otherwise. The physician who was called to the wounded at Schlosser was riding up the river's bank while the Caroline was GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. SI City of Ararat — Burning of Store-ships. descending the rapids. This gentleman testifies that the boat, a perfect mass of illumination, her timbers all aflame, and her pipes red hot, instantly expired when she struck the cascade below the head of Goat Island. €SranU Kslantr Lies not far above Navy Island, is twelve miles in length, and from two to seven in breadth. The land is highly fertile, and much of it is in actual state of cultivation. It was on this island that the late "Major Mordecai M. Noah, of New York, designed to build the " City of Ararat," as a place of refuge for the scattered tribes of Israel. In 1825, he even went so far as to lay the cor- ner-stone, amid infinite pomp, and to erect a monument commemorative of the occasion. The monument is still standing, in excellent state of preservation. At the foot of this island lies Buckhorn Island, with an area of about 300 acres. Between these two' islands is an arm of the river, deep and clear, caUed 2Surnt SMp 3Sas, From a circumstance connected with the close of the French war in 1*769. The garrison at Schlosser had already made a gallant resistance to one attack of the English, and were preparing for another, when, dis- heartened by the news of the fall of Quebec, they re- solved to destroy the two armed vessels containing their military stores. Accordingly, they brought th-^ra to this bay and set them on fire. The wrecks, even at this day, are sometimes visible. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 33 A Man in Jeopardy. On yoiir return from Goat Island to the main-land, nothing requires special notice until you are again crossing Bath Island Bridge. Standing midway be- tween the toll-house and main-land, and looking toward the precipice, you see, at a distance nearly half-way between the bridge and the cataract, a log protruding fi'om amidst the waves. That is the spot so intimately associated with Bf^t JFate of ^bcrj. On Friday evening, July 19, 1853, two young Ger- mans, belonging to a sand-scow which lay moored for the night at the French Landing, took a small boat at- tached to the scow^, and started out on the river for a pleasure sail. Nothing more is known of them until the next morning, when one of them, Joseph Avery, was discovered chnging to that log; the other had, doubtless, oeen carried over the precipice the evening before The inmates of the toll-house heard cries thi-ough the night, but not suspecting their source, gave them no further heed. As soon as the peril of the man became known, vast numbers of citizens and strangers thronged to the river's side, anxious to witness his escape. A boat was procured, and let down the current by ropes, but it swamped before reaching him. Another was brought and sent to the log, but the lines attached to it became hopelessly entangled among the rocks. In this way, all the plans of the forenoon miscarried. Early in the afternoon, a stoutly built raft was prepared, and let down 34 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Futile Efforts for his Rescue. the river till it lay along side the log; to w^hich Avery bound himself with cords provided for that purpose ; not touching, however, the food that was also sent him, so anxious was he to escape. The raft was then drawn slowly toward the shore, but had gone only a little way, when it became immov- ably fixed in the rocks. The excited throngs that had waited since mormng for the rescue of the unhappy man, now doubly moved as hope grew fainter and fainter, prayed passionately for his deliverance.- The poor fellow himself labored with all hia might, in con- cert with his helpers on the; shore, but in vain. It was nearly sunset when the attempt was finally re- peated. A ferry-boat Wiis then brought from the ferry, and sent down toward the raft. Seeing it approach, Avery cut away the cords that bound him, and when it was within a few feet of him, sprang to reach it; but, weakened by long fasting and fatigue, his strength failed him, and he struck the water. Just at this crisis, a young man, breathless with haste, presented himself at the bridge, and applied for admission to the guards who were keeping off the crowd. On being refused, he cried out piteously, in broken accents, '■'■It is my brother ! " He had heard of his brother's peril in a neighboring city, and had hurried to the scene of dan- ger, only in time to hear that brother hailed by the despairing cries of thousands, and to see him struggling amid the wild waves that soon closed over him forever. Having now visited the most interesting portion of the scenery on the American side, you will, perhaps. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 35 Ferry Eailway and Stairs — Point View. wish to cross the river, and explore the Canadian bank ; if so, for topographical directions, turn to page 45. For convenience of reference, we shall &st complete our view of the American side, and then take up the Canadian topics by themselves. Following the course of the river from the bridge toward the precipice. Whether on the bank or through Ferry Grove, a short walk brings you to STfte JFcrrg 3?*ailiDa2 antt Stairs. Which descend through a cut in the bank to the water's edge, a distance of 360 feet. The spiral stairs constructed here in 1825, having become shaky with age, the present novel but commodious contrivance was inaugurated in 1845. The flight of stahs leading along the railway consists of 290 steps. The car is drawn up the inclined plane by water-power — an over- shot- wheel being turned by a stream diverted from the river for that purpose. Around a wheel eight feet in diameter, which turns in a horizontal position, at the head of the railway, runs a cable two and a half inches in diameter and 300 feet in length, attached to a car at either end, and supported by pulleys placed at con- venient intervals down the grade. $3ofnt Ufeto Is a sudden elevation of the bank a few rods below the ferry-house. UntO five or six years ago, the adjacent grounds were tastefully arranged into a pleasure-gar- den and bowling-green. Upon this spot stood a so TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Chinese Pag-^da — Stanzas. POINT VIB-W. Chinese Pagoda, surmounted Dya camera-obscura. A few rods to the east of this stood the cabin of Francis Abbott. Apropos of the place, we subjoin Stamas Addressed to the sojourners at Niagara Falls, on com- mencing building the Pagoda, Aug. 11, 1843. Those -who have rambled o'er the wild domain, And still desire to view it once again, Enter the garden where an Abbott dwelt, And roam where he, enraptured, gazed and knelt. Still, even yet those plaintive strains I hear, Which once he wakened — and the pensive tear Steals softly o'er my cheek, while the full heart Essays to know what sorrow winged t]ie dart Which sent him forth, a wanderer from his home, 'Mid these majestic scenes in silent grief to roam. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALBS. 37 Stanzas addressed to Sojourners — Catlin's Cave. Say, wanderers ! Tvould ye dare the wild excess Of joy and wonder words can ne'er express ? Would ye fain steal a glance o'er life's dark sea, And gaze, though trembling, on eternity ? "Would ye look out, look down, where God has set His mighty signet ? Come — come higher yet, And from the unfinished structure gaze abroad, And wonder at the power of God ; To the Pagoda's utmost height ascend. And see earth, air, and sky, in one alembic blend ! Up — though the trembling limb and nerveless hand Strive to detain thee on the solid land ; Up — though the heart may fail, the eye grow dim, Soon will the spirit nerve the quivering limb. Up the rude ladder ! gain the utmost verge ; Far, far below, behold the angry surge ; Beneath your feet the rainbow's arch declines. Gleaming with ticher gems than India's mines ; And deep within the gulf, yet farther down, 'Mid mist, and foam, and spray, behold Niagara's crown. Almira. ©atlfix's €:abe. Two caves were discovered about three-fourths of a mile below the ferry, in 1825, by a Mr. Catlin of Lock- port. The one which bears his name — the larger and more curious of the two — is "a round hollow in the center of a large, and nearly spherical rock, formed by a deposit of calcareous tufa, from the drippings of lime- water springs, which gush out_ of the rocks in many places at and near the cave." The entrance to this cave is extremely contracted, being hardly large enough to admit a medium sized man : and the cave itself is 38 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Giant's Cave — The Suspension Bridge. but little more than ten feet in its greatest dimension. The other, called ^Slant's €:abe Is a little distance above the former, and differs from it in being the result of mechanical, as that was of chem- ical agency. The hollow was formed by the disinte- gration of a portion of the cliff", and somewhat resembles an immense fireplace. In both of these caves, speci- mens of petrified moss, and stalactite forms of carbonate of limie are found ; but not always. From the difficulty, if not danger, of reaching these caves, they are seldom visited by strangers, and to most persons would, perhaps, not repay the trouble of a visit. STJe Suspcnsfon 3Sritiflc Spans the river two miles below the Falls. This stu- pendous enterprise was commenced in the summer of 1852. It is the work of John A. Roebhng, of Tren- ton, New Jersey, whose distinguished reputation as an engineer has long been established by the successful construction of several of the best known suspension bridges and aqueducts in the United States. It forms a single span of 800 feet in length between the towers, and consists of two floors ; the upper, or railway floor, being eighteen feet above the lower or carriage way. These floors are connected together at the sides by open truss work, so as to form, as it were, an immense car, 800 feet long, 24 feet wide, and 18 feet high — all suspended by wire ropes from four 40 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Description of tlie Suspension Bridge cables of about ten inches in diameter, each. Two of the cables have a deflection of fifty-four feet, and sus- tain the upper floor ; the remaining two, a deflection of sixty-four feet, and support the lower floor. The connection, however, of the floors by means of the side trusses, is such as to cause an tqual strain on both sets of cables, from any load passing over either the upper or lower floor. The cables are composed of No. 9 wire, and are fastened, on both sides of the river, by massive iron chains let down from twenty to thirty feet into the native rock, and resting upon cast-iron saddles on the tops of the towers. The following statement will be interesting to the general reader, and may be relied on as correct : The towers are 15 feet square at the base, and 8 feet square at the top. Ileight of the American towers above the rock, . . 88 feet. Height of the Canadian towers above the rock, 78 " Length of each of the upper cables, . 1,256 " Length of each of the lower cables, . 1,190 " Average number of wires in each cable, 3,684 Total number of wires in all four cables, 14,736 Number of feet of wire, .... .18,129,004 Number of feet of wire in wire rope, . 3,043,022 Aggregate length of wire, 20,463,422 feet, or more than 4000 miles. Ultimate capacity of the four cables, 12,400 tons. Total weight of the Suspension Bridge, 800 " GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 41 Suspension Bridge — The WhirlpooL This ample capacity of tlie cables will be better ap- preciated when it is stated that the total weight of a loaded train of double freight cars covering the entire length of the bridge, including the weight of the loco- motive, and added to the above weight of the super- structure, would be less than 1300 tons. The successful completion of this bridge must be considered as a new and most important era in the his- tory of scientific achievement. It presents the sus- pension principle in a manner decidedly original, and combines, in a most astonishing degree, strength, stiffness, durabihty, and beauty. Ef}z 2Wf)irIpooI. Three miles below the Falls, the river turns abruptly in its course, and springs away to the right. At this point the current breaks against a spur of the Canadian 42 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Whirlpool — Devil's Hole. clijBF, and a part of it, being thrown to the left, sweeps around in a circular direction before reuniting with tJie main stream. This circular current is caUed the Whirl- pool. It is usually esteemed by tourists an object of considerable interest. An easy path and stairway lead down the bank, and the descent is quite free from dan- ger. The scenery around this place is subhmely wild and picturesque. Three miles and a half below the Falls, is a large, tri- angular chasm in the river's bank. Into this chasm GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 43 Legend of tlie Bloody Run. falls a small stream called the Bloody Kun. Whatever interest the place may possess, aside from its unmiti- gated gloom, is derived from association with the tragic event that occmred here in 1763, commonly known as the Sltgents of ttje Mootis 3Elun. Among the papers of Sir Wilham Johnson, now deposited with the Secretary of State, at Albany, the original of the following account is to be found. The account itself we extract from Mr. Turner's excellent "History of the Holland Purchase." " After the possession of Fort Niagara and Schlosser by the English, Sir WiUiam Johnson made a contract with John Stedman to construct a portage road be- tween Lewiston and Schlosser, to facilitate the trans- portation of provisions and military stores from one place to the other. The road was finished on the 20th of June, lYeS, and twenty-five loaded wagon? started to go over it, under the conduct of Stedman, as the contractor for army transportation, accompanied by ' fifty soldiers and their officers,' as a guard. A large force of Seneca Indians, in anticipation of the move- ment, had collected, and lain in ambush near what is now called the De^a^s Hole. As the EngUsh party were passing the place, the Indians sallied out, sur- rounded teams, drivers, and guard, and ' either killed on the spot, or drove off the bank,' the whole party, 'except Mr. Stedman, who was on horseback.' An Indian seized his bridle-reins, and was leading him east 44 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Legend of the Bloody Run. to the woods, through the scene of bloody strife, prob- ably for the pnrpose of devoting him to the more ex- cruciating torments of a sacrifice ; but while the captor's attention was drawn in another direction for a moment, Stedman, with his knife, cut the reins near the bits, at the same time thrusting his spurs into the flanks of his horse, and dashing mto the forest — the target for a hundred rifles. He escaped unhurt. Bearing east about two miles, he struck GiU Creek, which he fol- lowed to Schlosser." The Indians, convinced that this miraculous escape was the work of the Great Spirit, made Stedman a present of all the land he had sur- rounded in his course.' This land the heirs of Stedman have claimed at law, but the claim has never held CROSSING THE KIYER. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 45 Crossing the River on the Ferry Boat — Canada Side. « CANADA SIDE. The advisable course, we think, is to cross the river bt the Ferry in going, and at the Suspension Bridge in returning. The best time for crossing at the Ferry, in summer, is either in the morning, or two or three hours before sunset. If the light is favorable, — and in sum- mer, at these hours, it almost always is, — this crossing will probably afford you your most vivid and lasting impression of the Falls. Nowhere do you have so fine a view of the Falls as /rom below. You may here test in your own experience the worth of Burke's aesthetic principle with regard to height and depth: "I am apt to imagine [Burke on the Sublime and Beautiful, §8, ] that height is less grand than depth, and that we are more struck at looking down from a precipice, than looking up at an object of equal height; but of that I am not very sure." This was a necessary result of connecting the feeling of the sublime with that of self-preservation. We doubtless feel more of terror (are more " struck ") in looking down a depth than up a height; but terror, so far from being a principle, or even a condition of subhmity, can not for a moment coexist with its nobler forms. Carriages await you at the landing on the Canada side. The distance up the bank from the water's edge 46 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Barnett's Museum — ^ Table Rock to the Clifton House is 160 rods. Proceeding fi'om the CUfton House along the bank toward the Canadian Fall, the first object to arrest your steps is SSarnett's MvLSzmn, This collection of natural and artificial curiosities is well worth seeing. The galleries are arranged to rep- resent a forest^ scene, filled with beasts, birds, and creeping things. There are, besides, several chained- up ferocities in the yard, and a tastefully arranged green-house in the garden. The admission fee is twenty-five cents. A few rods below the museum, Miss Martha K. Rugg fell from the bank while attempting to pick a flower that grew on its edge. She was hving when reached ; but expired soon afterward. This accident occurred Aug. 24, 1844. EnUz modt Is about twenty rods above the museum, at the angle formed by the Horseshoe Fall with the Canadian bank. The bank here sends out, far beyond the fine of its general perpendicular, a regular table-hke ledge of rock, in the same plane with the crest of the cataract. The form and dimensions of Table Rock have been changed by fi:-equent and violent disruptions. In July, 1818, a mass broke off 160 feet in length, and from thirty to forty feet in width. December 9, 1828, three immense portions, reaching under the Horseshoe Fall, fell "with a shock like an earthquake." In the summer GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 47 Table Rock — Mrs. Sigourney's Apostrephe to Niagara. of 1829, another large mass fell off, and June 26, 1850, a piece 200 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 100 feet thick. In the part of Table Eock that still remains there is a fissure 125 feet long, and 60 feet deep. Those who wish to go mide» the Horseshoe Fall can descend a road, cut from the museum to the foot of the fall, or by an inferior looking flight of stairs, and pass under Table Rock to do so. It was on Table Rock that Mrs. Sigourney wrote her spuited i^pos'troplje to Ma^ara, Flow on, forever, In th}'- glorious robe Of terror and of beauty. God has set His rainbow on thy forehead, and the clouda Mantled around thy feet. And He doth give Tliy voice of thunder power to speak of Him Eternally: — bidding the lip of man Keep silence, and upon thy rocky altar, pour I«icense of awe-struck praise. And who can daro To lift the insect trump of earthly hope, Or love, or sorrow, 'mid the peal sublime Of thy tremendous hymn! Even ocean shrinks Back/rora thy brotherhood, and his wild waves _ Retire abashed; for he doth sometimes seem To sleep like a spent laborer, and recall His wearied billows from their vieing play, And lull them to a cradle calm: but thou. With everlasting, undecaying tide, ' Dost rest not night nor day. The morning stars "When first they sang o'er young creation's birth, Heard thy deep anthem; and those wrecking fires That wait the archangel's signal, to dissolve 48 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Burning Spring — Battle of Chippewa. The solid earth, shall find Jehovah's name Graven, as with a thousand diamond spears, On thine unfathomed page. Each leafy bougJi That lifts itself within thy proud domain. Doth gather greenness from thy living spray, And tremble at the J|)aptism. Lo! yon birds Do venture boldly near, bathing their wings Amid thy foam and mist. 'T is meet for them To touch thy garments here, or lightly stir The snowy leaflets of this vapor wreath, "Who- sport unharmed on the fleecy cloud. And listen at the echoing gate of heaven "Without reproof. But as for us, it seems Scarce lawful with our broken tones to speak Familiarly of thee. Methinks, to tint Thy glorious features with our pencil's point. Or woo thee with the tablet of a song, Were profanation. Thou dost make the soul A wondering witness of thy majesty; And while it rushes with delirious joy To tread thy vestibule, dost chain its step, And check its rapture, with the humbling view 4 Of its own nothingness, bidding it stand In the dread presence of ttie Invisible, As if to answer to its God through thee. 3Surnina Sjirfng Is about one mile above Table Rock, near the river's edge. The water of the spring is highly charged with sulphureted hydrogen gas, and emits a pale, blue light when ignited. To heighten the effect, the phenomenon of the burning water is exhibited in a darkened room. Near this spot was fought the battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 49 Lundy'a Lano Battle Ground — Bender's Cave — Maid of the Mist. Is one mile and a half westwardly from the Falls. On this plain was fought the great battle of the last war, July 25, 1814. The loss on both sides, in killed and wounded, was nearly 1800. The village near by is called Drummondville, in memory of Gen. Drummond, then commander of the British forces on the line. 3SentJcr*s €abe Is one mile below the Clifton House, and twenty feet below the top of the bank. The cave is a natural hollow in the rock, in shape somewhat resembling a large oven, and measuring about forty feet in breadth and depth. Hermits are respectfully invited to caU and m)t neb) JHaftJ of t$e J^fst. This beautiful little steamer makes hourly trips every day, Sundays excepted, during the summer season, between the Suspension Bridge and the Falls. From the bridge you have a fine view of her, either lying at her mooring, or in graceful motion on her feathery course. A trip on the " Maid " can not fail to prove a thrilling experience to the most immovably apathetic. Passing through two miles of the romantic gorge of the Niagara, in full view of its giant wonders, she dashes into the very jaws of the cataract, and emerging gaily from enveloping rainbows and spray, turns proudly on her homeward track. The sublimity of the scene in 50 TOPOGRPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Yillatre of Niagara Falls. passing through the whMing spray cloud, is utterly ineffable. The first, or trial'Steamer^ was launched in 1846, and performed her trips regularly for six years, without an accident. The new Maid of the Mist is in every way a superior boat. She is of one hundred and seventy tons burden, propelled by an engine of over one hun- dred horse-power, built expressly for this route. Those wishing to make the trip will find omnibuses running from the depots and hotels in connection with the boat. The boat also touches for passengers at both the ferry landings. \Yater-pi'Oof dresses furnished on board, free of charge, for those who wish to remain on deck while passing the Falls. This trip is considered by the ablest judges to be perfectly safe, both from the ample secmity of the boat itself, and from the peculiar character of this part of Niagara river. An evidence of this is the foct that the boat is insured at one-half of the usual rate on the adjacent lakes. Let us now retm^n whence Vv^e set out, to the Uniafie of Kiasara jFalb. This place is not yet large, it is true, but its recent growth has been extremely rapid. Within the last five years its population has increased from one thousand to nearly three thousand persons. Buildings are every- where springmg up, and yet not fast enough to meet the demand. The pecuHarities of the place adapt it to all classes of persons — to the adventurer, the GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 51 Village of Niagara Falls — Niagara by Moonlight, capitalist, the amateur, the rigid utilitarian, and the lover of elegant retirement. One great cause of its present prosperity is found in the energetic efforts now making to render available for mechanical purposes the vast wealth of natural power that has here slumbered for ages. An instance of this is the hydraulic canal now in process of cutting, fi^om a point about a mile above the precipice to a point a half a mile below it. The completion of this enterprise is confidently awaited as the beginning of a new era in the industrial history of this part of the country. The village is not yet large enough to render a particular account of its topography necessary. The stores and hotels are situated princi- pally on Main Street. The churches stand on the street immediately in the rear; that is, to the east of this. The white frame church belongs to the Methodist denomination ; the lai-ge stone one, v/ith the town clock in its steeple, to the Presbyterian; the brown church, surmounted by a cross, to the Episcopalian; and the white stone building north of this, to the Baptist. The Romish church stands back of the thnd street in the rear of this. There is much the same difference between Niagara in tlie " gairish light of day" and Niagara bathed in the soft splendor of moonlight, that there would be between the Paradise Lost in the fi-eedom of its epic grandeur and the same translated into vapid prose. The peculiar charm of the scene is not in the separate enjoyment of 52 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Lunar Bow — Indian Tradition. the silvery light and of the forceful flood, nor yet in any contrast betwee^i the grace of the one and the strength of the other, but in the instantaneous blending of complementary influences, a sort of "gladness in accomplished promise." The pecuUar effect of moon- light upon the features of a landscape is to harmonize, to soften, to spiritualize. Every thing within its smile is hghter and more graceful. The rivers are turned into "vales of winding light;" the cliffe loose their harshness of outline ; the trees, in their picturesque re- pose, look hke the trees of a dream ; even sound itself, in sympathy with the scene, falls upon the ear with softer cadence. A favorite haunt at Niagara in this magical season is Goat Island. It is here that the best views are obtained of that rare phenomenon, the Lunar Bow. At the time of the full moon this exhibition is as perfect as lunar light can make it. At best, how- ever, it is very faint, a mere belt of the saintly hue. Many persons consider the lunar bow a suf- ficient justification of immoderate raptures; but its attractiveness, we can not but think, is owing more to its being so seldom seen than to any intrinsic beauty it may possess. KntJicin STratirtion. In connection with a list of the casualties at the Falls, it is usual .to mention a tradition among the Indians that at least two persons must annually be sac- rificed to the Great Spirit of these waters. The limit on one side, at least, has often been too sadly transcended. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 63 Grandeur of Niagara in "Winter. ^Ciasara In OTmter. Comparatively few persons know any thing of the indescribable gi^andeur of Niagara in winter. The most appreciative of those who have seen it at this season pronounce the view superior, in its kind, to that of the summer scene. "We copy the following from the edi- torial colums of the J^oidsville Journal. It is worthy the pen of its poet editor. "No one truly appreciates Niagara who has not seen it in midwinter. Deeply as the manifold grandeur and beauty of its summer aspect impresses the beholder, and solemn and deUcious as are the emotions it inspires when arrayed in the rich drapery of autumn, it is still more impressive when clad in the superb and dazzling Hvery of winter. There are few who have had the fortune or the hardihood to visit the great cataract at all seasons, who will not heartily unite in this judgment. We have looked upon it every month in the year, and under almost every possible relation, and never without a sense of strange, inexpressible elevation, such as one might experience in the actual presence of the Infinite ; but at no period have we ever felt so exalted and transported by its magical sublimity as in the depth of winter. There is at this time a universal bleakness which repels the vision from discursive movement, and concentrates it, with overwhelming effect, upon the brilliant spectacle of the cataract itself; and certain?^ that spectacle is among the most striking and splendid of earthly scenes. We know of no mere physical 54 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara in its Winter Robos. appearance that can rival it in those features which impress the human mind most deeply and permanently. "Its wonderful enchantment is chiefly due to the gradual freezing of the spray, blown thinly over the islands and adjacent shores, until the simplest objects assQme the most grotesque or significant forms, shaped in transparent ice. Yery.marvelous is the change to one who stood by that majestic tide in the bright hours of August or October. The islands that were then car- peted with verdure, and beaming with the soft tints of summer, are now laid in ice as' pure and solid as the most stainless Parian; while the trees and shrubs, that so lately blazed vdth the splendors of autumn, are robed in the same spotless vesture, and borne down to the very ground by its massy weight. Even the giant rocks that shoot up so boldly from the far depths of the precipice are hooded and wrapped with vast breadths of ice, as if to rebaHe thdr fantastic imperti- nence. All things are incased and enveloped with gleaming ice. Ice islands are covered with forests of ice that bend down to the ice with the iciest of fruits. Everywhere but in the immediate channel of the swollen and surging river, the ice-giant reigns sover- eign of the ascendant —- as sovereign as the Scandina- vian mythology would have him reign in the generation of the universe. Indeed, when one looks over this shivering but radiant scene, it is easy to sympathize with the ancient Scalds, who held ice to be the pri- meval matter. " One of the most singular effects of this frosty GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 55 Niaa'ara in its Winter Robos- doDjinion is displayed upon Luna Island, (of beautiful memory,) where the trees are bowed down to the earth with their snowy vestments, like so many white nuns doing saintly homage to the genius of the place. But the most magnificent and bewitching effect is produced by the morning sun when it pours over these fairy-lika islands and forests a flood of kindling rays. At such a moment the characteristic attributes of Niagara seem fused and heightened into ' something more exquisite still.' Its intrinsic sublimity and beauty experience a literal transfiguration. Nature is visibly idealized. Nothing more brilliant or enchanting can be conceived. The brightest tales of magic 'pale their ineffectual fires.' Islands, whose flowers are thickset with dia- monds, and forests, whose branches are glittering with brilliants, and amethists, and pearls, seem no longer a luxurious figment of genius, but a living and beaming reality. One feels in the midst of such blazing cor- ruscations and such glorious bursts of radiance as if the magician's ring had been slipped upon his finger unawares, and, rubbed unwittingly, had summoned the gorgeous scene before him. It is as if Mammoth Cave, with its groves of stalactites, and crystal bowers, and gothic avenue and halls, and star chambers, and flash- ing grottoes, were suddenly uncapped to the wintry sun, and bathed in his thrilling beams ; or as if the fabled palace of Neptune had risen abruptly from the deep, and were flinging its splendors in the eye of heaven. "It is indeed a scene of peerless grandeur, and would richly^ repay a pilgrimage from the extremest 56 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara in its Winter Robes — Hackmen and Guides. limits of the nation. A man of taste and feeling should be willing to ' put a girdle round the globe ' to witness it. We are amazed that parties of enterprising tourists do not flock thither from all quarters of the Union. They surely have little passion for the sublime and beautiful who think of the scene only to shudder at it and forego it. "A recent visitor to Niagara states that he found him- self preceded a few days by a large .party from the sunny region of Barbadoes. We suppose that, since the hurricane season is over, the gay adventurers of that beautiful island are dying of ennui. They ca.n hardly find a nobler substitute for their loved whirl- winds and tornadoes than Niagara in its winter robes. " Complaints are frequently made by strangers of beJM^ outrageously gulled by hackmen and guides. T>'Us complaint is a general one, and there is no reason for making it with pecuhar emphasis at Niagara. The experienced tourist will always settle the price before- hand, and so avoid any unpleasant scene at the end of his trip. This precaution, so regularly observed iu all other matters, should not be omitted in this ; the price of a thing should be known before we engage to pa9/ for it. The usual charge for carriages is one dollar an hour. The compensation for the service of guides is less definitely fixed. Other complaints, of a less specific character, are also often made ; such as, "a quarter is demanded at every corner," &c. The truth is, no more GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 57 Charges of Serran ts, etc. — Retrocession of the Falls. money is asked here than elsewhere for an equal, or perhaps less amount of value received ; but the greater part of the world are so much accustomed to consider a tangible, material return as the only form of the quid pro quo^ that they can not understand how so gross an affair as money should enter into considerations of tl is kind, and consequently regret its expenditure the more keenly. S^etrocessiou of tje JFalls. We copy the foUowing from Prof's Gray & Adams' Geology : " One of the most magnificent and instruct- ive examples of the denuding agency of rivers is to be seen in the retrocession of the Niagara Falls, which have cut an enormous ravine from Queenstown, seven miles back, to their present situation. Soft shales at the base of the faUs underhe the harder hmestone, which is gradually undermined, and fragments of the overlying rock are detached from above. In this way, the falls are nojv retrograding at a rate not easily reck- oned with precision for the want of historical data, but variously estimated to average from one foot to one yard per year. As the rocks have a small dip back- ward in the direction of Lake Erie, the water will at length cease to act on the soft shales for the want of sufficient fall below to remove the materials. The pro- cess will therefore be arrested long before the falls can have traveled back as far as the lake." 58 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Quantity of Water — Table Rock. ^uantits of m^ttv, la crossing the river just below the falls, the view is justly regarded as one of the most sublime in the nat- ural world. As you look up from the deep ravine, you see at least 20,000,000 cubic feet of water each minute rushing down from a height of IGO feet, and appearing in truth "Ag if God poured it from his ' hollow hand ' — and had bid Its flood to chronicle the ages back, An-d notch his centuries in the eternal rock." TABLE ROCK. « 5\ftS»M?- r9 r ^11 M^h P' M ill! 'IV I I, ^iil^ 60 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Description of Niagara Frontier. ©tje jX^iasara iFrontier. After the battle of Chippewa^ Gen. Brown wrote to a friend, from his encampment at Queenston, as fol- lows : " I have now seen the Falls of Niagara in all their majesty, and my camp is situated in a region affording the most sublime and beautiful scenery. I can fancy nothing equal to it, except the noble contest of gallant men on the field of battle, struggling for their country's glory, and their own." The region to which this tribute so gracefully alludes, the Niagara frontier, it is the design of this section to briefly sketch in its local character and historical relations. Niagara river, from lake to lake, comprehends a length of only about thirty-six miles. Contracted as this border re- gion is, as an unportant section of the geographical line between governments that have not always been on terms of amity, it has often been made the theater of war. Its localities are therefore associated with the history of our country, and with the fame of her mili- tary chieftains, and on this, if on no other account, are worthy a description. The history of this region dis- closes to our view, first, the lordly Indian roaming the majestic solitude ; next, the wary pioneers of the civili- zation and the vices of Europe, mingling the hereditary hatred of their respective nations when crossing one another's path ; then a protracted strife for the mastery between the delegated powers of those nations ; then a lull of peace and prosperity ; again the atrocities of war ; and again and now the blessings of peace. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 61 History of the Five Nations— The Iroquois. First, oui- immediate predecessors, S!)e Kroquois. This was the name given by the French to the con- federa(?y of the Five Nations, consisting of the Mo- hawks, on the river of that name, the Oneidas, on the southern shore of Oneida lake, the Cayugas, near Cay- uga lake, and the Senecas, stretching from the Seneca lake to the Niagara river. Father Hennepin says that there were villages of the Senecas on the Niagara, not many miles above the falls. The Iroquois Senecas were therefore the immediate predecessors of the whites on this frontier. Remnants of this once mighty people, whom Yolney, in a burst of enthusiasm, called the Romans op the West, still linger around their prime- val homesteads. The Tuscaroras, a tribe incorporated with the Iroquois in 17 12, still enjoy the reservation of their lands, aiid occupy a village about nine miles from the Falls. The remains of the Senecas dwell further to the south. It is a curious fact that while the rapacity of the white man has stripped them almost entirely of their possessions, and shorn them of their power, their ancient league is still in force, their traditional customs still observed. Yearly they ghde to their council-fire, through the waving grain-lands of their once forest home, like hngering spirits of the past, to banquet on the recollections of their traditionary greatness. " From their ancient seat at Onondaga, the council-fire is trans- ferred to Tonawanda. Here their representatives 62 TOPOGRAPRICAL AND PICTORIAL The Five Nations — The Neuter Nation. yet assemble and perform their ancient rites and ceremonies." It must not, however, be inferred that the Iroquois Senecas were tlie original proprietors of the soil, or the first of whom we have any account. Just above the horizon of history Hits the shadow of a great and peaceful tribe, E])z "Ntutn Nstfon, Supposed to be identical with the Kah-Kwas, "in whose wigwams the fierce Hurons and relentless Iro- quois met on neutral ground.'''' Father L' Alternant, in 1641, mentions distinctly "the easternmost village of the Neutral Nation, ' Ongniaarha, ' (Niagara,) of the same name as the river." In the following year Char- levoix also mentions this people, and says that they were called " ' neutral' because they took no part in the wars which desolated the country." Canada West was the seat of the "fierce Huions." Situated between this warlike people and the Iroquois, the neutrality of the Eah-Kwas could not long be preserved. "To avoid the fury of the Iroquois they joined them against the Hurons, but gained nothing by the union." They fell victims to the furious power they sought to concil- iate, and disappeared as a nation about the year 1643. To their seats, as we have said, succeeded the Senecas, who were in occupation of them, when first visited by €:f)e 2Burojpenn ^Pioneers. It is not known when this region was first visited by GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 63 First Settlements — Expedition of La Salle. Europeans, though such an event -wsiS possible anytime aftei' the discovery of the St. Lawrence, in 1534., " French traders are said to have visited the Falls as early as 1610 and '16, but there are no authentic accounts to confirm this statement." Side by side with the French trader came the missionary priest, — first the humble Franciscan, and then the wary disciple of Loyola. Father L'AUemant, writing of the Neuter Nation from St. Mary's Mission in 1641, says: ' "Although many of our French in that quarter have visited this people to profit by their furs and other commodities, we have no knowledge of any who have been there to preach the gospel except Father De La Roch Daillon, a recollet, who passed the winter there in the year 1626." This good father was probably the first European in western New York, and even of him it is said " there is no evi- dence that he ever saw the Falls." In the fall of 1640, two missionary fathers, Jean de Breboeuf and Joseph Marie Chaumont found their way to some part of this region, but if they saw the Falls they made no mention of them. In 1660, Ducreux wrote a work called "Historias Canadensis," and noted the Falls on a map ; but the probability is that he took them from hearsay, as he makes no allusion to them in his narrative. 5rt>e 2S):petrftfon of 3Lk Salle. Robert Cavalier de La Salle, a native of France, set out for the new world in 1667. Following up the St. Lawrence, he explored Lake Ontario, and ascended to Lake Erie. La Salle had heard from the Indians of 64 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Expedition of La Salle — Father Hennepin. the majestic Ohio, and of the fertile regions beyond ; and in the mind of this man was first formed the pro- ject of uniting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi by a chain of military posts. Presenting his plans in a memorial to his government, and obtaining a com- mission for the exploration of the Father of Waters, he set out on his expedition in the fall of 1678, with a numerous band of followers, among whom was Tonti, the Italian, and Father Hennepin. Touching at the present site of Fort Niagara, he there established a trading post. Making the portage from Lewiston to Cayuga creek, on the American side, the whole com-' pany improved the opportunity of viewing the Falls. Good Father Hennepin was qttite bowed down beneath their grandeur. He is confident that they are above six hundred feet high, and describes them as "a vast and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch that the universe does not aiford its parallel." As they purposed visiting the head waters of the Missis- sippi, it was necessary first to build a suitable vessel to navigate the upper lakes. Accordingly a vessel of sixty tons burden was biiilt at the mouth of the Cayuga creek, on the American side of the river, about five miles above the Falls. The vessel was named the "Griffin," in allusion to, the arms of the Count de Frontenac, the early patron of La Salle. On the Vth of August, 161 Q, amid the firing of guns, and the singing of the Te Beum^ the Griffin lifted her sails to the breeze — the first keel to enter the waters of the upper lakes. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 65 Expedition of De Nouville against the Indians. STSe Hjrpetjftion of 3Bz NoHbflle. When Champlain came out from France in 1603, he unwisely made the Iroquois the deadly enemies of the French, by actively co-operating with the Hurons against them. This course of pohcy had been afterward pur- sued as a tradition, and when the Marquis de Nonville succeeded to the government of New France, in 1685, he found himself involved iii a war with the Iroquois, in defense of his Indian aUies of the west. He at once resolved to attack the Senecas first, and to build a fort at Niagara, where La Salle had left a trading post. " The commandants of the French posts at the west were ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, with their troops, and the warriors of their Indian allies in that quarter." The French army set out from Montreal on the 18th of June, and reached Irondequoit, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, on the 12th of July. According to previous arrangement, the commandant at Niagara, with the reinforcements from the west, reached Irondequoit in the same hour with the division of De Nonville. After laying waste the country in his course, and taking formal possession of some of the principal vil- lages of the Senecas, De Nonville dispatched a detach- ment to Fort Frontenac, (Kingston,) to communicate the result of the expedition, and with the rest of hia force, set out for Niagara on the 26th, which he reached on the 30th. "In three days," says he, "the army had so fortified the post as to put it in a good condition 66 TOPOaRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL De Nonville's Expedition — The Tuscaroras. of defense in case of an assault." A detachment of one hundred men left here, soon fell beneath the com- bined attacks of disease and the Senecas, and the post was again deserted. De Nonville left Niagara on the 2d of August. La Hontan was ordered to take a detach- ment of troops, and accompany the Indian allies on their return to the west. Rowing up from the fort to Lew- iston, they carried their canoes over the portage on the American side, and launched them again at Schlosser. Scarcely had they pushed their skiffs from the shore, when a "thousand Iroquois" appeared on the river's bank. It was under the terror of such a pursuit that La Hontan, with three or four savages, left the main body to catch a hurried glimpse of that "fearful cata- ract " which, in his trepidation, he describes as " seven or eight hundred feet high, and half a league broad." The facts of De Nonville's expedition are woven into W. H. C. Hosmer's beautiful poem of " Yonnondio." 2Ct)e STuscaroras. The Tuscurora reservation is upon a mountain ridge in the town of Lewiston, about nine mules north-east of the Falls. Driven from their original seats in North Carolina by the aggressions of the whites, they migra- ted to New York in 1712, and became merged in the confederacy of the Iroquois. In the revolutionary war a part of them inclined to the Enghsh, and a part remained neutral. "Such portions of the Tuscaroras and Oneidas as had been allies of the English in their flight from the total rout of Gen. Sullivan, embarked ^ GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 67 Niagara Frontier in 1812. in canoes upon Oneida lake, and down the Oswego river, coasting along up Lake Ontario to the British garrison at Fort Niagara. In the spring, a part of them returned, and a part of them took possession of a mile square upon the mountain ridge, given them by the Senecas. The HoUand Company afterward donated to them two squtMs post, in treating of the Niagara ;Fr'oi!i*ier'.'"'Witfain' the last few years, important repairs have been made around the fort, and the entire wall has been constructed anew. " During the progress of these repairs, many relics of former days Avere found. The entrances to several underground passages were discovered; but owing to their ruinous state, they were not entered ; could this have been done, no doubt many interesting discoveries would have been made." This spot is inter- esting as historic ground, when associated with the mem- ory of the heroic La Salle, and the gentle and courtly De Nonville, and all the gallant "chiefs and ladies fair " that have graced its frowning walls. The village adjacent to the fort is called Youngstown, from the name of its founder, the late John Young, Esq. Here was fought the battle of the 24th of July, 1769, in which Prideaux, the English general, fell, and after which the French garrison surrendered to Sir William Johnson, who succeeded to the command of the English. Opposite Youngstown, is one of the oldest towns in Upper Canada, and was at one time the capital of the province. It is on the site of the old town of Newark, burnt by Gen. M'Clure, December 10th, 1813. It is a 1Q TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Port George — Fort Mississaga — Toronto — Port Hope. pleasant town, facing lake. Ontario on one side, and the river on the other. In former days its importance was much more considerable than at present. Since the completion of the WeUand Canal, St. Catharines, being more centrally situated, has absorbed its trade, and detracted very much from its prosperity. A short distance above the village are seen the ruins of the old Fort George, taken by the Americans under Dearborn, May 29th, 1813, destroyed by M'Clure, De- cember 10th, and has never been rebuilt. A httle below the town is Fort Mississaga, where a detachment of British soldiers is stationed. After leaving the Niagara we shall describe first the Canadian, and then the American side of Lake Ontario, to suit the tourist, whether he patronizes the Canadian or American Hne of boats, and, commencing again at Kingston, continue the description of places in their natural order. See page 106 — description of Great Western Railway. 3Port ^opt Is a pretty town, sixty-five miles from Toronto, situated in a valley excavated by a small stream which here falls into the lake, the mouth of which forms a shallow, but commodious and secure harbor. On the western side of the town is a succession of hills rising one above another, the highest of which, called " Fort Orton," over- looks the country for a great distance around. The NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 77 Cobourg — Duck Island — Kingston. village is incorporated, and contains about 2,200 inhab- itants. It has four churches — Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist — branches of the Upper Canada, and Commercial and Montreal banks, two grist-mills, three foundries, a last factory, and a number of other factories and mills. €06 ours, Containing about 4,000 inhabitants — lies seven miles below Port Hope, in a broad valley which rises gradu- ally from the lake to meet the forest-clad hills in the distance. The town contains seven churches, two banks, the largest cloth factory in the province, three grist-mills, two foundries, etc. Cobourg is also the seat of a Theological Institute, and of Victoria College, — one of the best institutions of the kind in the province. Midway between Port Hope and Cobourg, a little island, or rather rock, protrudes from the lake, called "Duck Island," on which the government maintains a Ughthouse. A place celebrated in the early history, and influential in the present condition of Canada. The Indians called it Cataracqzii. The French commenced building a fort here as early as 1672, under De Courcelles, the then governor of Canada. It was finished the next year, and named Fort Frontenac, in honor of the Count De Frontenac, the home administrator of the French colonies. On the return of La Salle to France, in 1675, 78 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Kino;ston — Fort Frontenac — Charlottesville. he obtained, by the aid of the count, the grant of Fort Frontenac, on the condition of maintaining a military post there. In 16*78, he rebuilt it with stone. In 1688, it was captured by the Indians, but regained by the French in the following year, by whom it was held until destroyed by the expedition undep Col. Brad- street, in 1758. By the peace of 1762, it fell into the hands of the EngUsh, from whom it obtained its pres- ent loyal name. As a military post, it is one of the most important places in Canada. Its population is something over ten thousand. Its distance from Co- bourg is one hundred and ten miles. Kingston contains thirteen churches, two colleges — Queens College, under Presbyterian, and Kegiopolis College, under Koman Catholic discipUne — market building, and a magnificent city hall. Let us now return, and briefly glance at the places on the American side of Lake Ontario, before proceed- ing down the St. Lawrence. ©SHrlottesbille, At the mouth of the Genesee river, seventy-five miles from the mouth of the Niagara, is the port of entry for Rochester. The river is navigable by steamers five miles from its mouth, as far as Carthage, whence pas- sengers who wish to stop at Rochester take omnibuses for the city, two miles distant. NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 79 Oswego — Ogdensburg — 'Defeat of the English by the French. Is the next port at which the boat touches. We have spoken in another place of the early project of the French to unite Quebec with the Gulf of Mexico by a contiuous line of military posts. To defeat a project from which the EngUsh had so much to fear, Gov. Barnet, of New York and'New Jersey, built a fort on the present site of Oswego, at his own expense. On the 11th of August, 1756, the Marquis De Mont- calm, commander of the French forces in Canada, in- vested the fort, and, on the 12th, reduced Col. Mercer, the English commandant, to the necessity of spiking his guns and retreating across the river to Little Fort. Montcalm opened a destructive fire upon the English in their new position, during which Col. Mercer was killed ; and, on the 14th, the English agreed to capitu- late, on condition of their being protected from the merciless fury of the Irl^ians. After the capitulation, in direct violation of its terms,- "Montcalm gave twenty of his prisoners to the custody and tortures of the sav- age allies, as victims for an equal number of Indians that had been killed during the siege." The French then razed the fortification to the ground, and returned the land to the Onondaga Indians. Three years afterward, the fort was rebuilt by the English, by whom it was held until deUvered up to the United States, in 1796. On the 5th of May, 1814, this post was attacked by above two thousand soldiers and sailors of the British service. 80 TOPOGEAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Capture of Little Fort by the British — Sackets Harbor. Col. Mitchell, with his gallant three hundred, defend- ed the place until he was obliged to yield before over- powering numbers, and then retreated in good order, inflicting five times as gi-eat a loss upon the enemy as that which he received. Oswego is a beautiful and flourishing town, the com- mercial center of a fertile and wealthy part of country, and contains some of the largest flouring mills in the world. Its population is about fifteen thousand. It is the terminus of both a railroad and a canal, connecting it with Syracuse and the New York Central Railway. Sacftets JJ^nxhoXf A small town lying on a spacious bay, forty-five miles below Oswego. It was founded in 1199, by a Mr. Sackett, of Jamaica, L. I., from whom it took its name. From its position on Lake Ontario, it is admi- rably suited to the purposes of a naval station, and was, in fact, the American heacPquarters of the Ontario fleet in the last war. It is now the seat of a military post, called "Madison Barracks." crape IJincent Is a pleasant little town, lying at the head of the St. Lawrence, named in honor of one of the pioneer set- tlers — M. Vincent Le Roy De Chaumont. It is said that this place was selected as the retreat of the Em- peror Napoleon, in case he should be obliged to seek an asylum in this country. Cape Vincent is connected NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 81 The Thousand Islands — Clayton. by railway with Chaumont, Brownville, Watertown, and Rome. STJe 2r|)ousanIi Sslan^s. About six miles below Kingston these islands begin, and extend as far as Morristown. Notwithstanding their name, their number is in fact nearly ^^ee^i hun- dred. On account of their size, they are not, at first, very numerous. The largest is Grande, or Wolf Island, — about thirty miles in length. They lessen in size, and increase in number, as you approach Clay- ton — a little town on the American side, and the great rafting station of E. G. Merrick, Esq. Yan Cleve's Guide says: " This is, also, the residence of the well- known William Johnson, who figured in the late Canadian rebeUion. In consequence of his participa- tion in these troubles, he was obliged to seclude him- self from the search instituted for him by troops under the command of the late General Worth. It was during this seclusion that liis daughter, 'Kate,' ac- quired her title of ' Queen of the Thousand Islands,' from her visiting, and carrying him provisions in her canoe." A few miles below Clayton, the river appears covered with floating islands. Smith, in his "Past, Present and Future of Canada," describes these islands thus: "Islands, of all sizes and shapes, are scattered in profusion throughout the waters ; some covered with vegetation ; others bare and rugged rocks ; some, many acres in extent ; others, measuiing but a few feet ; some showing a bare, bald head, a little above the level of 82 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Gananoqui — Gore Island — Wellesley Island — Brockville. the water, while a short distance off, a large island, or rock, crowned with a considerable growth of pine or cedar, wiU rise abruptly out of the water, to the height, probably, of a hundred feet and more. These islands are mostly of granite or sandstone. The locality appears to have suffered, in some by-gone time, from some great convulsion of nature." Nearly opposite Clayton, on the Canada side, is Gananoqui, a pretty village of about nine hundred inhabitants, founded in 1798, by the late Col. Joel Stone, at the confluence of the Gananoqui river with the St. Lawrence. Midway between these two last named towns is Oore Island. The next large island below this is Wellesley Island. Opposite the lower end of this island, on the American side, is the Uttle rock-perched town of Alexandria. aSrocfebille, A pleasant town of about three thousand inhabitants, lying at the foot of the Thousand Islands, on the Can- ada side of the river. It is situated on an elevation of land which rises from the harbor in a succession of ridges. The town was laid out in 1802, and is now a place of no little importance. In the war of 1812, it was captured by the American major, Forsyth, who was, afterward, killed at La Cole. J^orrfstotDii Is on the American side of the river, directly opposite Brockville. It was first settled by emigrants from NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 83 Ogdensburg — Fort La Presentation. Morristown, New Jersey, by whom it was named, in honor of their native place. The river at this point, is two miles and a half wide. On the American side, twelve miles below Morris- town, is ©Sticnsliurs. A mission was founded here about the year 1741, by the Abbe Frangois Picquet — the "Apostle of the Iro- quois." As a protection to the mission, and, perhaps, for other purposes less sacred, a fort was built at the same time, called "La Presentation." Remains of this fort are said to be visible at the present day. The corner-stone has been dug up, and is no;v in the pos- session of an inhabitant of the town. It bears the following inscription: . En nomine f 53ei ©mnfpotentts J^VLic Ijaijitatfoni initfo UeUit, Ji-ans gicEuct, 1749. Ogdensburg was twice attacked by the British,, during the last war — once in 1812, but without success, and again in 1813, when it was captured, plundered, and a portion of it burnt. On the arrival of the boats, the cars leave Ogdensburg for Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain — one hundred and eighteen miles distant — where they connect with trains to Boston and Montreal. 84 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Prescott — Fort Wellington — Windinill Point — The Rapida. 33r£Scott Is an old-fashioned looking town, of about two thousand inhabitants, on the Canada side, opposite Ogdensburg. Before the opening of the Rideau canal, Prescott was the center of the carrying trade between Kingston and Montreal ; but since that event its growth has been checked. The place has several factories and mills, five churches, and is a port of entry. On the east- ern side of the town, a fortification has been thrown up, called Fort Wellington. About a mile below the town is a place called Windinill Point — a collection of stone buildings, in which the "Patriots estabhshed them- selves in ISoT, under one Von Shultz^ a Polish exile, and held out against the British troops for three days. About five miles below Ogdensburg, the first rapid of the St. Lawrence breaks around an islet called Chimney Island^ from a number of old stones that have remained standing from some early fortification. The next town on the American side is Waddington — and in the river, over against it, Ogden Island^ from the name of its proprietor. On the Canada side is Morrisburg, formerly called West Williamsburg. It contains about two hundred inhabitants, and is called the port of Mariatown, although the settlement bearing that name is two miles distant. A short distance below Morristown is Chryseler''s Farm, where an American force was met, on its descent to Montreal, in 1813, and defeated and turned back, by a detachment of the British troops. Thirty miles below Ogdensburg, the NORTHERN- ROUTE GUIDE. 85 Long Sault Rapid — Cornwall — St. Regis. boat touches at Louisville, whence stages run to Mas- sena Springs — distant seven miles. These springs are said to have proved effectual in restoring debilitated constitutions. A continuous rapid for over nine miles, divided in the center by Long Sault Island. The channel on the north side of the island is called ^^JLost Channel,^'' from a once prevalent belief that any thing so luckless as to be drawn into it must inevitably be lost. It is now descended with safety, although the usual path of steamers is on the south side. Cornwall Is situated at the foot of the Long Sault, on the Canada side. It is "a neat, quiet, old-rashioned looking town," of about sixteen hundred inhabitants, but not a place of much business. Cornwall Island hes in the river, opposite the town, and belongs to the Indians of This is an old Indian village, a little way below Corn- wall, on the opposite side of the river. The tourist will observe, from the deck of the steamer, the old church, Ufting its tin roof above the neighboring houses. The bell hanging in this church is associated with a deed of genuine Indian revenge. On its way from France, it was captured by an English cruiser, and taken into Salem, Massachusetts, where it was sold to TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL ■■ Lake St. Francis — Coteau du Lac — Grey Nunnerj, the church at Deerfield, in the same state. The In- dians, hearing of the destination of their bell, sot out for Deerfield, attacked the town, killed forty-seven of the inhabitants, and took one hundred and twelve cap- tives, *' among whom was the pastor and his iamily." The bell was then taken down, and conveyed to St. Regis, where it now hangs. Slake Sst jFicancis. This is the name of that expansion of the St. Law- rence which begins just below Cornwall and St. Regis and extends to Coteau du Lac. Many little islands are scattered here and there over its surface. Goteau du Lac is a small village at the foot of the lake ; and, on the north side, over against this place, is Grand Island. Just below are the Coteau Rapids. The Cedars is a small town^just above the rapids of this name. Passing these rapids — a very exciting pas- sage — you glide into Lako St. Louis, from which you catch a view of Montreal mountain in the distance. On the right you see Nun's Island, belonging to the Grey Nunnery^ at Montreal. Passing out from Lake St. Louis, the first place we reach after having left the lake is La Chine — a town nine miles distant from Montreal, and connected with it by railroad. Below the town, the La Chine Rapids begin — ■ a current so swift and wild that, to avoid it, the La Chine Canal has been cut around it. After passing these rapids, we glide past the little village of La Prairie^ and are in full view of beetling heights and the city of NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 87 Montreal — Black Nunnery — Grey Nunnery, iKontreal. At the dawn of Canadian history, the site of this place was occupied by an Indian village, called Hochelaga. Subsequently becoming a French trading-station, and, still later, the poUtical center of the colonial govern- ment, it advanced quickly into prosperity and import- ance. Its growth, however, was not unattended by those savage cruelties so fatally incident to the early settlements on this continent. In the summer of 1668, a party of Iroquois Indians — the hereditary enemies of the French — stealthily landed their canoes on the island, and cruelly massacred men, women, and children, to the number of over one thousand. Again peopled, it continued, for a long time, the head-quarters of the French forces in Canada; and its fall, in 1759, was the virtual announcement of the conquest of the coun- try. At the peace of 1763, it was surrendered to the Enghsh ; and, in 1775, was taken, and temporarily occu- I pied by the Americans, under General Montgomery. Although so long under English rule, Montreal is still a French city. One of the most obvious notes of the visitor is, that the city is divided, by its styles, into an old part and a new — the long narrow streets, darkened by high, steep-roofed houses, plainly indicating the for- mer. Among the principal objects of curiosity in the city are the cathedral, an imposing structure of gran- ite, capable of holding fifteen thousand persons ; the " Black Nunnery," not open to visitors ; the " Grey Nunnery," open to visitors; the monument to Lord TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Montreal — Vermont Central Railroad. Nelson, on Notre Dame street; the quays of the city, the finest on this continent; and, to many, the mountain itself, against which the city is built. A Macadamized road has been laid around this mountain, and the drive over it is far from unpleasant. On that part of the island opposite the mouth of the Ottawa river stood a chapel ; in early times, dedicated to Saint Ann. To the fur traders' custom of stopping at this place, and imploring the protection of the tute- lar saint, before ascending the Ottawa on their long trading expeditions, Moore gracefully alludes in his Canadian Boat Song. " Faintly as tolls the evening chime, ur voices keep tune, and our oars keep time. Soon as the woods on shore look dim, We '11 sing at St. Ann's our parting hymn. Across the river from Montreal, and connected with it by a ferry, is the depot where passengers take the cars for House's Point. This latter place, situated at the north-western extremity of Lake Champlain, is like- wise the terminus of the Ogdensburg Kailroad; and here passengers for Saratoga, or any of the intermedi- ate points, take the Champlain boats. Passengers for Boston can either take the Vermont Central Railroad here, or if they prefer a sail as far as Burhngton, can there take the Burlington and Rutland Railroad. NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. Lake Champlain — Burlington — Grown Point — Ticonderoga. 3LRtz ©Ijamplain. Samuel Champlain, at the head of a company of Rouen merchants, established himself at Quebec,' iu 1603, and having soon afterward espoused the cause of the Hurons against the Iroquois, joined an expedi- tion against the latter in 1608. On this expedition, he discovered the beautiful lake which still bears his name. The length of the lake is one hundred and twenty miles. It contains several islands — the two largest of which are situated toward its northern extremity, and are called, respectively. North Hero and South Hero. The places on the route are, Plattsburg, on the west- ern side of the lake — the scene of Commodore Mc- Donough's brilfiant victory over the invading force of Prevost, September 11, 1814; Burlington, on the east side of the lake — beautifully situated on a slope which rises gently from the water toward a distant gir- dle of hills, near which place repose the remains of Col. Ethan Allen; Crown Point, on the west side of the lake — the old Fort St. Frederic of the French — built by the French in 1731, captured by the Enghsh in 1759, and taken from the latter by the Americans under Col. Warner in 1775 — is now in ruins; Ticon- deroga (from Cheonderoga, its Indian name,) is sit- uated on a tongue of land between Lake Champlain and the outlet of Lake St. George. This place was built by the French in 1756, it was taken by the Enghsh in 1759, and from them captured by Ethan AUen, on the 10th of May, 1775, — the same day that Crown 90 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Surrender of Fort Ticonderoga to Allen. Point surrendered to Colonel Warner. "The com- mandant of the fort was surprised in his bed by AUen, Arnold, and a few of their followers, who had entered by a subterranean passage, and made themselves mas- ters of it without any loss. On being ordered to sur- render, he asked by what authority he was required to do so : Allen replied, ' I demand it in the name of the great Jehovah, and of the Continental Congress.' " The Champlain boats pass up the lake to Whitehall ; but many prefer taking carriages at Ticonderoga for the Lake George Stemnboat Landing, distant three miles and a half, and there taking the Lake George boat for Caldwell, at the southern limit of the lake. Lake George is thirty-three miles in length. Its Indian name was Horicon. By the French it was called Lac Sacrement, from the purity of its waters. At Caldwell, passengers take the stages to 8&ndy Hilly and the cars from there to SAraioga. NIAGARA FALLS TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. VIA THE GREAT WESTERN AND MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROADS. The Great Western Railway^ connects the Detroit with the Niagara frontier, at the respective points of Windsor, opposite Detroit city, and Elgin, at the Cana- dian terminus of the Niagara suspension bridge. A glance at the map, in connection with this simple state- ment, will fully illustrate the importance of this road, and account for its early-won success. The two great ends it has achieved, are : first, it has helped to establish between the east and the west a continuous thoroughfare, easy, economical, and expedi- tious, and, at the same time, available in all kinds of weather, and all seasons of the year — a consummation forever impossible to upper lake navigation ; and, sec- ondly, it has opened to a broad and productive tract of country the markets, whose previous inaccessibihty had well-nigh proved an offset to the extraordinary fertility of. the soil. " The company," says Smith's Canada, " was orig- inally chartered in 1834, as the London and Gore Rail- road Company; but after an ineffectual attempt to •For table of telegraph stations and saloons, refer to page 119. 92 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara Suspension Bridge. raise the necessary capital, and a lapse of* years, the charter expired. In 1845, the legislature revived and extended the act of incorporation, with power to con- struct a line of railroad from the Niagara river, via Hamilton, to the Detroit river, with a branch to the St. Clair river. In 1847, the company completed the surveys of the entire line, placed it under contract, and commenced work at various points j but unexpected difficulties caused a suspension of operations until 1850, when, having obtained from the legislature the further privileges of the guarantee of the province for the interest of one-haU the cost of the road, and authority to municipalities to subscribe for and hold stock, the company, thus encouraged, were able to resume opera- tions," and the roaa was completed in the latter part of 1853, at a cost of twelve miUions of dollars. The whole length of the road between the termini is two hundred and twenty-nine miles. Starting from the Niagara suspension bridge, it runs in a direction slightly north of west to Hamilton, at the western hmit of Lake Ontario ; and thence inclining to the left, its general direction to Detroit is nearly south-west. S^Se TCfasara Suspension 23riti2e. In another part of this work, page 38, we have de- scribed this magnificent structure in detail ; and have now only to mention that the upper part, or railroad bridge, has been leased for a term of years to the Great Western Railroad Company, under whose judicious GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 93 Elgin — Crossing the Mountain. control it is now winning the golden opinions it so fiilly merits. The Great Western connects, at the suspension bridge, with New York Central, Niagara Falls, Canan- daigna and Elmira, New York and Erie, and Erie and Ontario railroads. The Erie and Ontario Railroad runs from Chippewa to Niagara, and connects at Niagara with the " Zimmerman " steamer to and from Toronto. Elgin, at the eastern terminus of the road, hke its sister village on the opposite side of the river, dates back its origin no further than the construction of the suspension bridge, and of course has been exempt from the successive stages which mark the growth of most of the surrounding towns. It sprang into existence at the call of a movement, at once sudden, definite, and complete ; and it presents the appearance of hav- ing been suddenly imported for a temporary purpose — buildings, population, and all. By this we mean noth- ing disparaging. The buildings, although few as yet, have been erected with taste, and the place is rapidly increasing under the unusual advantages of its location. It was named in honor of Lord Elgin, the late gov- ernor of Canada, and contains a population of about five hundred. ©rossfns tSe i^ountaiir. " The Mountain " is a range of lofty hills, stretch- ing along the southern shore of lake Ontario, fi-ora 94 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Crossing the Mountain — Thorold. Queenston Heights, westward, to Hamilton. At a point about four miles from Elgin, the road enters the side of the mountain by a heavy grade, and is carried through a deep cut and over a high embankment to its foot ; between which and the lake its course continues f%v about forty miles. A narrow carriage-road, descending the mountain through a winding gorge, partly natural and partly excavated, cuts the line of the raQway at right angles, and passes beneath it through a magnif- icent stone arch of twenty-four feet span. The vieAv of the mountain from this point, and of its gray ser- pentine gorge, half-hidden by the evergreen shrubs that clothe its sides, is extremely beautiful. 2L|)oroIti, From Elgix, 9M miles. " Detroi^, 21954 " This is the first station west of Elgin. The town is on the south side, of the raUro&d, nearly a mile distant fi:'om the station-house. Thorold is the Lockport of the Welland Canal, which here descends the mountain by a system of locks, and supplies the place with the hydraulic power of five flouring mills, and a variety of other establishments of the kind. Thorold has in- creased rapidly during the last few years, and though there is yet little about it to call forth rapture, it is not an unpleasant town. Its population is about fifteen hundred. One mile west of Thorold the cars cross the Twelve Mile Creek on a temporary trestle structure eight hundred feet long. This trestle structure will GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 95 St, Catharines. only be used till the permanent stone viaduct over the ravine is built along side of it. The viaduct will consist of three arches of masonry, each seventy-five feet span, and eighty feet above the water of the creek below. Our next station -is' SU ®at|)arines, FromTHOEOLD, 2 miles. " Niagara Falls, IIX " " Detroit, 217>i " This is one of the most flourishing towns in the Canadas. The city lies about a mile north-east of the station, but the best view of it is obtained from a point midway between this and the station of Thorold. For a history of St. Catharines we take the liberty of condensing an extract from the Anglo-American Magazine, for Sep- tember, 1852. The site -of St. Catharines, formerly known as the Twelve Mile Creek, was first selected as a country residence by the Hon. Robert Hamilton, father of the Hamilton who gay§ his name to the flourish- ing city which still bears it, so early as the year 1800 ; but it was not until the year 1816 that the town plot of St. Catharines was first purchased and laid out as a village, by the Hon. W. H. Merritt and Jonathan H. Clendennen, and received the name of St. Catharines, in honor of Mrs. Robert Hamilton whose name was Catharine. At this time, the supply of water from the Twelve Mile Creek was found so very limited for milling and manu- facturing purposes, that, with a view of augmenting 7 96 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL St. Catharines. it, a few of the inhabitants conceived the idea of ob- taining an increase from the river Welland, which empties itself into the Niagara river at Chippewa, two miles above the Falls. The surveys and examinations for this purpose gave rise to the projection and ultimate construction of the Welland Canal. The project was carried out in 1824, chiefly through the instrumentality of the Hon. William Hamilton Merritt, and from this time dates the prosperity of St. Catharines. Within the last few years the place has been built up almost entirely anew. PubUo buildings, erected at a liberal expense, and elegant residences, now meet one on every hand. St. Catharines considers herself as the head of ship navigation on Lake Ontario, as the largest vessels that navigate the lake are now able to come up as far as the town. There are six flouring mills in the place, two large foundries, a pail factory, a last factory, a ship yard and dry dock, a telegraph office, branches of the Upper Canada, Commercial, and Montreal banks, an academy, seven or eight churches, and about seven thousand inhabitants. At St. Catharines, also, are the most cele- brated mineral springs in Canada ; whose virtues have been attested by the finest analysts in the country. Two magnificent hotels have lately been erected in the place — one more particularly for the convenience of those visiting the springs, and the other for more general accommodation. Leaving St. Catharines the road inclines more to the 08 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Jordan — Twenty Mile Creek — Jordan Bridge. west. On the south, the country is hilly and broken ; on the north, low plains of bottom-land stretch away to the lake. From St. Catharines, 5X miles. " Niagara Falls, 17 " " Deteoit, .212 " This is the next station west of St. Catharines. The town is situated about a mile and a half south of the station-house, on the Twenty Mile Creek — one mile from the mountain, and three miles from the lake. Jordan contains several small factories and mills, four churches, and a popvdation of about three hundred. A project, it is said, is in contemplation to connect the Twenty Mile Creek with the Chippewa River, for the purpose of increasing the supply of water-power at this point. A few rods west of the station, the train passes over the Twenty Mile Creek on the Jordan bridge. This is one of the finest bridges on the road. Its length is twelve hundred feet ; its height above the water, sixty feet ; spans, one hundred feet each. The structure is of timber, strongly trussed, and finished with a regard to nicety and completeness of execution that adds not a little to the credit of the road. In passing over this bridge, the eye is unexpectedly gladdened by a sight of the lake burstmg at once into full view. ROUTE TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. 99 Beamsville — Grimsby J 3SeamsfaiIle. From JOEDAN, 6 miles. " Niagara Falls, 22 " " Detroit,^ 207 " This is a small village of about four hundred inhab- itants, prettily situated three miles back from the lake, and a little distance west of the station it may be seen on the south, looking through a grove of pines. The town is about a mile and a half distant from the station. West of Beamsville tte land is more rolling, and the timber is largely mixed with hemlo<;k and pine. The road now approaches the lake in some places to within a quarter of a mile, and for several miles holds it in full view. * From Beamsville, 4% miles. " Niagara Falls, 2dK " " Detroit, 202K " The village of Grimsby is about a quarter of a mile south of the station. It nestles gracefully among pines at the very foot of the mountain, and is only three-fourths of a mile distant from the lake. The scenery around Grimsby is unsurpassed in rural beauty by any on the road. On the south, the lake, fringed with a grove of pines, and the hazy headlands of its opposite shore, are in full view. • Leaving Grimsby the road runs along the foot of the mountain, with the lake still in sight, to lOO TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Stony Greek — Hamilton, From Grimsby, 10 miles. " Niagara Falls, 36M " " Detroit, 192^ " The village is not visible from the station, from which it is distant about a mile and a half. It is built on the bank of .a creek of the same name, and has a population of Only about two hundred. This is the first stopping place in the county of Wentworth. From here, for six miles westward, the rails so match with one another as to render the motion of the cars as uniform and easy as could be desired. Four miles from Stony Creek the road comes in sight of Burlington Bay — an arm of lake Ontario, three miles in length — and continues in sight of it to From Stony Creek, : 63^ ndiles. " Niagara Falls, 43^4 " « Detroit, 185% " The city stretches from the south-western extremity of Burlington Bay to the base of the mountain. The view which we give of it is taken from the mountain immediately to the westward, and affords a very pleas- ing prospect of the surrounding country, the waters of the bay and lake, and the opposite coast in the distance. Hamilton was first laid out in 1813, but its growth waci by no means rapid until after the completion of GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH, 101 Description of the city of Hamilton. the Burlington Bay Canal, connecting the town with the lake, in 1825. Since that time it has steadily ad- vanced in importance and prosperity, until in 1845 it contained six thousand four hundred and seventy-five inhabitants, and its present population is not less than twenty-five thousand. Much of its recent prosperity is due to the Great Western Railway ; of which it may be considered the head-quarters, as all the oflScers of the company have their offices established here. Its original population was mostly made up of Scotch merchants, and loyahsts, or the descendants of loyaUsta, who left the United States on the breaking out of the revolutionary war. Recent immigration has somewhat changed the character of the inhabitants, but traces of the early stock are still distinctly perceptible. Hamil- ton surpasses every other place on the route, not more in its size than in the character of its buildings. The abundance of beautiful freestone and limestone, in the mountain near by, has been made use of in most of til 6 buildings of any pretension, to the better harmony of the style of the place with the character of the surrounding scenery. The most busy portion of the city is King Street, about a mile back from the bay. South of King Street, is a large open space called Court House Square, in which stand the court house and jail. A httle north of King Street is Market Square, containing the Town Hall. The churches of any place contribute largely to the char- acter of its architecture. Of these there are thirteen in Hamilton — many of them handsome structures. ] 02 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Description of the city of Hamilton. There are six banks in the city: the Gore Bank— of which Hamilton is the head-quarters — a branch of the Bank of British North America, a branch of the Commercial Bank, one of the Bank of Montreal, and also two Savings Banks. To enumerate the industria^ establishments in this place would be tedious. Almost all the ordinary arts are here more or less largely represented, the motive power of the machinery in every instance being steam. No description of Hamilton would be complete with- out some mention of the Great Western Railway Com- pany's very extensive establishments, in the various branches of their enterprise. The not less than sixteen hundred cars now belonging to the company demand a great number of workshops on the route ; and to this end, several massive stone buildings have been erected in Hamilton. The freight business here is immense, and every accommodation has been provided to facili- tate it. Two frame buildmgs, one three hundred and ten by fifty feet, the other two hundred and thirty-five by fifty feet are exclusively used for the city business. One frame store, two hundred and sixteen by eighty -two feet, and a magnificent stone store, four hundred and fifty by eighty-two feet, are wholly devoted to the shipping business. In the latter of these stores, stea7n elevators raise barrels of flour from floor to floor, with extraordinary rapidity. The wharfs constructed in the most durable manner, is about a half a mile in length, and lake vessels of any size can draw up along side it. GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH, 103 Hamilton — • Hamilton and Toronto Railway, Passengers who get out of the cars here can leave every morning by the mail boats for Montreal, Kings- ton, Ogdensburg, Cobourg,Toronto, and all other lake a.nd river ports. These steamers are, of course, fitted up with all of that regard for elegance and comfort for which American boats are so widely famed. The com- pany's steamers, the " Canada " and the "America," are to run from Hamilton to Oswego, immediately, leaving each of thos(3 ports every evening. A word as to the hotels. The '■'■Gity^^'' '•'•Btirlington^'' '■'•Hamilton,^'' ^'■Norion^s" and very many other hotels, can accommodate any number of guests, and too much can not be said in praise of the spirited exertions made by their proprietors to please the traveUng pubhc. Surrounded by a productive country, connected by railway with the marts of the west, the natural head of navigation on Lake Ontario, gifted by nature with a healthful and pleasant location, it is hardly possible that Hamilton should not be what it is — an attractive and a flourishing city. A branch of the Great Western Railway, mtffz ?l!amiIton antJ SToronto SHafltoag, Commencing at the Hamilton station of the Great Western Railway, runs parallel with that road a mile and a half along the snore of Burlington Bay ; the two roads then diverge, the Great Western taking a course nearly due west, and the Hamilton and Toronto a north-easterly course, varying but little from a direct line for tliirty-three miles, thence nearly due east into 104 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Desjardine's Canal — Wellington Square Station. Toronto, the whole distance being about forty miles, and nearly parallel with the shore of Lake Ontario, not varying more than one and three-fourths miles from the lake at the widest point The Hamilton and To- ronto, the Toronto and Guelph, (a portion of the Grand Trunk,) and the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron railways, all enter Toronto at the same point, near the old garrison, and arrangements will probably be made to have one general station for all the railways en- tering Toronto, Leaving Hamilton, the first object of interest is the Desjardines canal, two miles from the Hamilton station, a ravine with a deep, marshy bottom, crossed by a strong trestle bridge, supported on piles driven through an embankment ten feet above the level of the marsh. Length of bridge, seven hundred feet on the top, and height of rail fifty-seven feet above the level of the wa- ter. The next three miles is a rapid succession of deep ravines, crossed by soHd embankments on stone culverts. At the seventh mile from Hamilton, is the WelUngton Square station. The village hes on the lake shore one and a quarter miles s6uth of the station. We are now on the plains, the grade of the road varying very httle from a level. At the thirteenth mile is the Twelve Mile Creek, a deep ravine, with a clear stream and a rocky bottom, crossed by a strong timber truss bridge of six spans, supported on piers and abutments built of first class stone and brick. Length of bridge, five hundred and fifty feet; height of rail above stream, sixtv-five feet. On the east side of the creek, and GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 105 Bronte Staiion — Oakville Station. adjoining the plauk road from Milton to Bronte, is the Bronte station. The village lies on the lake shore, one and a hah" miles south of the station. A great quan- tity of wheat and lumber is shipped here for exporta- tion. At the seventeenth mile, we come to the Sixteen Mile Creek, a deep ravine with a clear stream and hard bottom, at this point, crossed by a strong timber truss bridge of five spans, supported on piers and abutments of first class stone and brick work. Length of bridge, five hundred feet; height of rail above stream, seventy- eight feet. The creek is navigable for schooners to within four hundred yards of the bridge. On the east side of the creek is the Oakville station, a Httle less than a mile from center of village. This is the most import- ant village on the route. Here are several ship yards which turn out a number of first class schooners annu- ally. A large quantity of wheat is shipped here for ex- portation. In the twenty-sixth mile is the river Credit, a fine rapid stream, extensively used for mill power throughout the whole of its course; but here it is a marshy creek, nine hundred feet wide, being only seven hundred yards from Lake Ontario, cx'ossed by an em- bankment and a timber truss bridge of two spans of eighty-four feet each, resting on piles protected by a double row of close piHng round each pier filled up with cobble-stone. Level of rail above water, twenty feet. On the eastern bank is the Port Credit station, in the tillage of that name. At the twenty-ninth mile is the river Etobicoke. The valley is sixteen hundred feet wide, crossed by a sohd embankment, and the I. 106 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL River Mimico — River Humber — Toronto. Stream by a timber truss bridge of two spans of ninety feet each, resting on piers and abutments of first class masonry. Level of rail above stream, thirty-three feet. On the thirty-third mile is the river Mimico, ravine five hundred feet wide, crossed by an embankment and stream by a timber truss bridge of one span of ninety feet, resting on abutments of first class masonry. Level of rail above water, thu-ty-six feet. On the thirty-fifth mile is the river Humber. At this point, a deep marsh, (being at its confluence with the lake,) four hundred feet wide, crossed by an embankment and a timber truss bridge of two spans of one hundred feet each, supported on piles, protected by a double row of close pUing round each pier. The railway then follows very near to the lake shore iuto Toronto. The maximum grade is forty- five feet to the mile, of which there are three lengths, amounting to only two miles in all, and one piece half a mile long of forty-one feet per mile ; all the rest varies but httle from a level, and the curves in the line are few and very easy. The highest speed and safety is expected to be attained. This road forms the con- necting Hnk between the Grand Trunk and Great Western railways, and is leased by the latter. It will form a link in the main route from that portion of Canada north-east of Hamilton, to the south and west. The chief town in Upper Canada, is situated on an arm of Lake Ontario, thirty-six miles fi-om the mouth of the Niagara river. Its early name was Little York. GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 107 Toronto — Dundurn Castle — Desjardine's Canal. It was first surveyed in 1793. In the last war, it was taken by the Americans, April 27th, 1813;'in an assault led on by General Pike ; but in the moment of triumph, that gallant officer with many of his comrades, was killed by the explosion of the enemy's magazine. In 1832, it contained but four thousand inhabitants. In 1834, it was incorporated as a city. It now contains about fifty thousand inhabitants, and is one of the most beautiful and flourishing cities in the two provin- ces. It is the seat of three colleges, and numerous high schools. Among its many fine buildings are the Parliament House, the governor's residence, the col- leges, Osgooc^e Hall, the banks, the custom-house, and lunatic asylum. Return to Hamilton. From the railroad, west of the station at Hamilton, the view is extremely beautiful. On the north, the eye follows the bright waters of Burlington Bay, as they sweep along banks studded with villas and groves, until their silvery sheen blends with the soft blue of the distant lake. On the south, the city is spread out in panoramic view from mountain to bay ; and promi- nent among all is Dundurn Castle, the residence of Sir AUen McNab — looking down as proudly in the strength of battlement and tower, as if it shared in the pride of its knightly owner. Scarcely beyond the western limit of the city, the railroad crosses the Des- jardine's Canal, which connects Hamilton with Dundas. From the raUroad bridge, a good view is obtained of the suspension bridge which spans the canal at a point a few rods to the south. The structure of this bridge 108 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTOillAL Dun das. is similar in ererj respect to the Niagara Suspension Bridge,' of which it was doubtless an imitation. West of Hamilton, the road passes by a heavy grade through a range of hills — a continuation, doubtless, of the mountain ridge which has attended us on the south from the banks of the Niagara. Th^ highest hills, for some distance, we shall now have on the north, and a range of lesser elevation on the south, with an irregular and picturesque valley between. About three miles west of Hamilton the higher range rises precipitously to the height of nearly two hundred feet, and the valley sinks correspondingly low. On the narrow ridge be- tween the verge of the valley and the foot of the moun- tain the railroad runs till we reach From Hamilton, 5M miles. " Niagara Falls, 4S}i " " Detroit, 1S0)4 " No town between the termini of the Great Western road is so favorably situated to be viewed aa a whole, with one sweep of the vision, as Dundas ; and none, we may add, leaves a more favorable impression on the mind of the tourist. From the elevation of the road looking down into the valley beneath, the eye com- mands a distinct view of every part of the town, yet under such favoring limitation of distance as to conceal minor defects, and give the whole the most graceful arrangement of which it admits. Dundas, as already incidentally stated, as connected GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 109 Dundas — Flamboro* — Fairchild's Creek. with Hamilton by the Desjardines Canal, which runs through the valley to Burlington Bay. The town has a valuable supply of water power, and has long been known as a manufacturing place of considerable note. It contains seven churches, three flouringmills, a paper-mill, a very extensive foundry, a large ax fac- tory, a last factory, a sash factory, a corn-broom factory, and several other establishments of hke importance. Leaving Dundas for the west, the land is extremely uneven — alternating deep valleys with "difficult" hills. The timber for some distance is the short mountain pine. From Dundas, - - 33^ miles. " Niagara Falls, 52 " " Detroit, 177 " This is a small village of about three hundred and fifty inhabitants — though a village, will be looked for from the station in vain. The stream which passes as the "Dundas Sb-eam," at Dundas, is appropriated by the name of the " Flamboro' Stream," There4Are three or four small mills near by, and two churches in the village. JFairc|)nu*s Crcett, Prom Flamboro', 10>< milea. " Niagara Falls, 6'2}4 " " Detroit, 1663^ " The Gait branch of the Great Western here con- nects with the Main Trunk. The branch road turns to the north-west from the station, and proceeds twelve miles to 110 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Gait — Paris. The town, so called in honor of the aiathor of this name, is a thriving manufacturing place, situated on both sides of the Grand River, and contains upward of three thousand inhabitants. It has four flouringmiUs, two foundries, two woolen factories, a last factory, a pail factory, two ax factories, a large paper-mill, two bank agencies — one of the Gore Bank, and one of the Commercial Bank of the Midland District — two newspa- pers, and six churches. The late increase of the place shows how much it owes to its branch of the Great Western. Stages leave Gait station, on the arrival of the afternoon train, for Preston, Berlin, Waterloo, St. Jacobs, Hayesville, Petersburg, Stratford, Harperhay, CUnton Corners, and Goderich ; also, New Hope, Gnelph. Leaving Fairchild's Creek, the land is still uneven but fertile and well cultivated. Eight mUes further west we pass over Paris Bz'idge. From Fairchild' s Creek, 9K miles. " Niagara Falls, 12)^ " " Detroit, 15QK " This is a place of about two thousand inhabitaata. situated on a hill-side, a quarter of a mile distant from the station-house. It takes its name fi-om the beds of plaster of paris in the vicinity. A small stream, called Smith's Creek, flows through the place, separating it into an upper and a lower town, and supplying a con- GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. Ill Buffalo and Brantford Railroad — Princeton — Woodstock. siderable amount of water power. Paris has two flouringmills, two plaster-mills, a woolen factory, three foundries, a Bath brick factory, an agency of the Gore Bank, a newspaper, and six churches, and is also a telegraph station. The beds of plaster of paris near by are a source of considerable revenue to the place. At Paris, the Great Western Road is intersected by the Buffalo and Brantford Railroad. About two miles and a half west of this place we cross Smith's Creek. The land as we proceed grows more and more even, and the pine timber less abundant. Stages run regularly between Paris, Gait, Ayr, Scot- land and Simcoe. 33t:inccton, From Paris, 7 miles. " Niagara Falls, 79)i " " Detroit, 149%-" A few scattered buildings, as seen from the station, — said to contain two hundred inhabitants, and an Epis- copal church. \ From Princeton, ' 11% miles, " Niagara Falls, 91 " " Detroit, 138 " Visible from a point about half a mile west of the sta- tion, the county town of the county of Oxford, laid out in 1883, and now containing about thirteen hun- ared inhabitants, a court-house and jail, a registry- office, a grammar school, and six churches. 8 112 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL "Woodstock — BeachviUe — IngersoU. Stages leave Woodstock for Simcoe, OtterviUe, and places south, on arrival of the trains from the west; to Stratford and other places north, every evening^ Sundays excepted, on arrival of the afternoon train from the east. To the west of Woodstock, the road is bounded for some distance on either hand by a range of hills. From Woodstock, 5 miles, " Niagara Falls, 96 " « Detroit, 133 " A town of about four hundred inhabitants, lying on the bank of the river Thames, south of the station- house, and in full view from the road. There are two churches in the place — an Episcopal and a Presbyte- rian, — a gristmill, sawmill, carding machine, fulling- mill, tannery, distillery, and post-office. ■ From Bbechvillb, " Niagara Falls, " Detroit, 4K miles. lOOM 128^ This place is very prettily situated on a hiU-side, south of the road, with the river Thames running be tween them. It contains about five hundred inhabit ants,, and has a flouringmiU, a foundry, a fullingmill and five churches. This place is also noted as a ship ping station for lumber. A stage runs daily between Ingcrsoll and Vienna. The surface of the land in this nei2;hborhood is roll- GUIDE TO J"HE WEST AND SOUTH. 113 Dorchester — London. ing — the timber mostly hard wood, interspersed here and there with the short mountain pine. From Ingersoll, 9K miles, « Niagara Falls, „ 109M " " Detroit, , 119>^ " A station south of the road, on the bank of the Thames, with extensive pine woods in the rear. The land Hes tolerably high, but the country wears a newer aspect than before, and the tourist is, therefore, the more unprepared to meet with so large and elegant a town, in its midst, as SlonUotT, From Ingersoll, 9>^ miles, " Niagara Falls, 119>^ " " Detroit, 109^ " The capital of Middlesex county, is situated on an elevated plain, at the confluence of the two branches of the river Thames. The view of the place from the railroad station gives no adequate impression of its beauty or size. London was first laid out in 1826, and increased so rapidly that in 1834 a second survey was made, and sufficient land added to the town plot tb include within its limits an area of fourteen hundred acres. Of this, five acres were reserved for a grammar school, the same quantity for a market, and ten acres for a public square. 114 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND jPICTORIAL London — London Bridge. Beside being the county seat of Middlesex, London is the trading center of a wide and prosperous agricul- tural region, has agencies of the Bank of Upper Can- ada, the Commercial Bank, the Gore Bank, and the Bank of Montreal; two extensive foundries, several mills, and supports four newspapers — the Gore Mer- cury, the Prototype, the Free Press, and the Times. London has some fourteen churches in all, many of them handsome structures. In particular we may mention for their architectural beauty, the Church of England, and the Romish Church, the former of which is said to be the handsomest Gothic building in Upper Canada. The population of London is about twelve thousand. Stages leave Robinson Hall daily, Sundays excepted, for Goderich, Port Sarnia, Port Stanley, Stratford, and places intermediate. One mile west of the town the railroad crosses the London Bridge, the best structure of the kind on the road — carried over the river Thames on three timber arches. The length of the bridge is four hundred feet; its height above the water, twenty nine feet ; the span of each of its ai^ches, one hundred and thirty feet. Leaving London, the land continues high and somewhat uneven for a distance, but finally spreads out into broad and fertile flats as it approaches Lobo. GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 115 Lobo. From London, lOX miles. X " Niagara Falls, 129>^ " " Detroit, 99>^ «. This is a little village of about eighty inhabitants, situated a mile and a half to the south of the station, in the midst of a flat but fertile and well cultivated dis- trict pf country. At Lobo the road strikes an airline, and keeps it uninterruptedly for a distance of fifty-six miles. From this place the surface of the country is low, level, and, in many places, even swampy, through the remainder of the road to Windsor. The interme- diate places set down on the time tables of the rail- road company are mostly mere station-houses, without any adjacent villages to answer to the names ; or, when otherwise, the buildings are so few, or so scattered, or so distant from the road, as to puzzle the tourist to recognize them as towns. We shall, therefore, merely note down the several remaining stations on the route, with their relative distances, and the changes in the face of the country which may happen to coincide with their respective stations. Throughout the entire exteitt of the airline, the scenery is extremely uniform, the road running over a low embankment, through a flat, and, for the most part, thinly settled region, and flanked on either side by an almost unbroken forest of black ash, elm, and such other timber as usually grows on low ground. 116 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Adelaide Road — Ekfrid — Mosa — Thamesville — Chatham. From LoBO, 5 miles. « Niagara Falls, 134^ " " Dktkoit, „ U)4 " From Adelaide Road,. 5 milea. " Niagara Falls, 1S9K " " Detroit, - 89>i " J^osa. « From Ekfrid, 9}4 miles. " Niagara Falls, 149 " " Detroit, — 80 " From Mosa, C2 miles. " Niagara Falls, 155>i^ " " Detroit, IZ^i " ®|)ames\)iUe, From Wardsville, 13 miles. " Niagara Falls, 168K " " Detroit, 60K " €:]^at|)am, . From Thamesville, 15 miles. " Niagara Falls, 183K " " Detroit, 35>^ " Chatham, the capital of the county of Kent, is a well built and thriving town on the bank of the river Thames. It was originally laid out by Governor Sim- coe, and for the last ten years has increased rapidly. It now contains six churches, several mills, two foundries, GUIDE TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. llV Chatham — Baptists Creek. two machine shops, two tanneries, a woolen factory, etc. "Within the last few years a new jail and court house have been erected, at an expense of about six thousand pounds. This is a handsome structure, built whoUy of white Kmestone, from the Anderdon quarries. A new bridge has lately been constructed across the Thames at this place, at a cost of two thousand pounds. The town is situated on the north side of the road, about a mile distant from the station. Two or three miles west of Chatham a prairie sweeps off on either hand, and extends to the shores of Lake St. Clair ; hraited, however, on the north and south by woods, at an average distance of a mile from either side of the road. About nine miles west of Chatham the road comes in sight of Lake St. Clair, along the southern shore of which it continues to Windsor. The coast of St. Clair is low, even, and but lightly timbered. Often the eye may wander for miles over low, cultivated plains, without meeting with a single stump or otb sr object to interrupt the monotony of .ae surface. This low land is covered with an ^.avial deposit of extraordinary fertility, and in ^ .^mer forms a waving expanse of the richest ' cigetation. ^ 23a|3tiste ©reeft, |r From Chatham, 15 miles, " Niagara Falls, 196^ " " Detroit, 32>^ " A little west of the station the railroad crosses the creek of this name. 118 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Rochester. 3^oc!)ester« Prom Bapti STB Creek, , 13K milea. « Niagara Falls, 210 " " Detroit,.... 19 " 213Fintrsor, The western terminus of the Great Western road, is situated on the Detroit river, opposite the American city of Detroit, of which it commands the best pos- sible yiew. The village was incorporated in 1834 ; and its present population is about fifteen hundred. The reason of this great disparity between the number of its inhab- itants and the importance of its situation is, that much, if not most of the business done here, is in the hands of residents of Detroit. The bank of the river is here about thirty feet high, and the distance between the opposite shores, half a mile. Two steam ferry-boats ply between Windsor and Detroit, in connection with the Great Western and Mic'iigan Central railroads. The time occupied in crossing is about five n. 'ites. The Great Western connects with 3ficu, ""i Cen- tral Railroad for Michigan City, Chicago, etc.; ji> •-»»< and Pontiac Railroad; Chicago and Burlingtou, Galena and Chicago Union ; Chicago, Alton and ^, Louis ; and Illinois Central railroads. REFEESHMEIT SALOONS AND TELEGKAPH STATIONS. For convenience of reference, we arrange the Re- freshment Saloons and Telegraph Stations in columns below : 3aefresl)ment Saloons.* Suspension Bridge, London. Hamilton. Paris. Steamer Transit. S^eltgrap!) Statfons. Suspension Bridge. Woodstock. St. Catharines. Ingersoll, Grimsby. London. Hamilton. LOBO. DUNDAS. Wardsville. Fairchild's Creek. Chatham. Galt. Windsor. Paris. •Cars stop ten to fifteen minutes. SIGNALS. The signaJa on the Great Western road have been devised with care, and are observed with the most rigid exactness by every officer on duty. The follow- ing statement will afford the tourist a ready key to their meaning. 9 Of the colors : red signifies danger, and means stop ; green signifies caution, and means proceed slowly ; white signifies all right, and means go on. In the day-time there are four signals used: 1st, the sema- phore or station signal, which is simply a sign-board, and means, when extended horizontally, stop; when raised to the angle of forty-five degrees, or only half ways, proceed cautiously; when not seen, all right. 2nd, the switch-signal, which is attached to each switch leading into the main line : if the switch is all right, no signal is shown; if the switch is turned for the siding, a red oval signal is shown, when the train must stop, unless it is going into the siding ; in which case the switchman shows a green flag by day, and a green light by night. Sd, ihe Jlag-signals, a green and a red flag. 4th, the distance-sig7ial, consists of a half disc, and is placed at drawbridges, junctions, and other places where it may be necessary. It remains con- stantly on, and is turned off, if the hne is clear, upon the whistle announcing the approach of a train. GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 121 Train Signals ■The night signals are the same as those of the day, excepting, of course, that colored lights are used exclusively. KxRln Signab, One red light and one white hght on front of an engine denote a gravel train. A green hght on front, and tail, of a train indicates that a special or extra train will speedily follow. In the day-tirae, a red flag placed in front of the engine, and a red board, ^^ engine follows^''^ on the rear of the train, denote that a special or extra train will speedily follow. After dusk or in a fog, every train, or engine with- miERMEDIATE AND TOTAL TABLES OF DISTANCES ON THE GEEAT CENTEAL EOUTE, VIA NIAGARA FALT^S, TO AND FROM NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BOSTON, SARATOGA SPRINGS, AND CHICAGO, AND THENCE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. TABLES OF DISTANCES TO AND FROM I^IAGAEA FALLS A]\^D THE EAST MJ) WEST. NEW YORK CEMHAL EAILROAD, CONNECTING WITH Hudson River Railroad and Boats on the Hudson River, and Railroads for the New England States. ilnter-i Total NIAGARA FALLS* TO imedi-| Dis- ate. itance. Suspension Bridge,. Pekin, .. Lockport, ... Gasport, Middleport, Medina,... Knowlesville, Albion, Murray, HoUey, Brockport, Adams' Basin, Spencerport, Rochester, Fairport, Macedon, Palmyra, Newark, Lyons,... Clyde, Savanah, Port Byron, ., Weedsport, Jordan,...'. Canton, Warners, Syracuse, Manlius, Kirkville, Chittenango, ..2. ...2 ..10 ..20 -.25 -.31 -.36 ..51 ..64 ..59 ..64 -76 ..86 ..95 ..99 .107 .112 .119 .126 .133 .136 .140 .146 .148 .157 .165 .168 .172 ALBANY TO Inter- medi- ate. Total Dis- tance. Troy, Schen-ectady, Hoffman' s, Crane's Village, Amaterdam, Tribe's Hill, Fonda, .17- -.9. ..4- -.3- -6- 5 -.17 -26 -30 -33 -39 44 Yost's, 5 49 Spraker's, 3 5-? Palatine Bridge, Fort Plain, -3. 3 -65 58 St. Johnsville, Little Falls, -.6- -10. ..64 ..74 81 Ilion,... Frankfort, Utica,... Whitesboro', .-2- ..3- --9- 4 -83 .-86 -.95 QQ Oriskany, 3 10"? 7 109 Green's Corners, Verona, ..5. 4 .114 118 Oneida, 4 T>,'?, WampsviUe, Canastota, Canasaraga, Chittenango, Kirkville, Manlius,. .-3- 2 Va'. ..2_ .-4. 3 -125 .127 -131 -133 -137 140 Sj'racuse, -8- -148 126 TABLES OF DISTANCES. NIAG. FALLS TO luter- me- diate. Total. 2 174 Canastota, Wampsville, Oneida, .-4. ..2. 8 .178 .ISO 1,S8 Vernon, Green's Corners, ... Rome, -. O.riskany, .- Whitesboro', Utica Frankfort, .A. .A. ..5. ..4. 9 .187 .191 .196 .203 .206 .210 219 8 299 Herkimer, Little Falls, St. Johnsville, Fort Plain, Palatine Bridge, Spraker's, Yost's, 2. ..7. .10. ..6. 3. ..3. 8 .224 .231 .241 .247 .250 .253 ?M Fonda ft 261 Tribe's Hill, 5 .266 272 Crane's Village, Hoffman's ..3. 4 .275 Schenectady, Trov, I ..9. .17. .288 Albany, I .305 ALBANY TO Inter-[ me- I Total, diate. I Warners, Canton, Jordan, Weedsport, Port Byron, Savanali, Clyde, Lyons,--. Newark, Palmyra, Macedou, Fairport, Rochester, Spencerport, Adams' Basin, Brockport, Holly, Murray, Albion, Knowlesville, Medina, Middleport, Gasport, Lockport, Pekin, Suspension Bridge Niaa^ara Falls .9. 1-157 .2. 1-159 .6.1-165 ..4 1.169 ..3.1-172 ..7.1.179 ..7.1.186 ..7.1-193 ..5. .198 ..8. .206 ..4.-210 ..9.i.2]9 10;i.229 10-1-239 ..2.1-241 ..5 1-246 ..6_1.261 .-3-1-254 ..5-1-259 .10-1.269 ..5.1.274 ..6.-280 ..5.1-285 .10:|-296 -305 *Connects with Niagara Falls and Lewiston Railroad. " Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad. " Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad. " Great Western Canada Railway. " Erie and Ontario Railroad. TABLES OF DISTANCES. 12V 1 HUDSON EIVEK RAILROAD, Coiinecting with the N.Y. Central R. R. for Niagara Falls. TROY TO Inter- me- iiate. TotaL NEW YORK TO Inter- i me- { Total, diate., East Albany, ..6. ...6 -.14 31st Street, N. Y., .. Manhattan, Yonkers, Hastings -.3. ..5- ..9. 4 ...3 ...8 Scliodack P, -.17 Stuyvesant, -i- -24 ..27 -.30 S4 Dobbs Ferry 1 oo Stockport, 3- ?; --25 9 OY Oak Hill 1--6- ..40 Sine Sino" 5 1 -^2 Germantown, . 5 45 Crugers, ..4-1. .36 Tivoli, 5 ..50 Peeks-ville, 7 43 Barrytown Garrison's 8 51 Rhinebeck, q -.59 Gold Spring, Fisbklll 3 ^_54 Staatsburg fi ..65 6 1 60 Hyde Park, . 4 fi9 New Hamburg, Pokeepsie, -.6.!. .66 9 1 .75 Pokeepsie, fi ..75 New Hamburg,. .... Fislikill, ..9. 6 ..84 -.90 Hyde Park, . .6-1-. 81 4 I-.85 Cold Spring, ... Garrison's, Peekskill, ..6. ..3_ 8 ..96 -.99 .107 .114 .117 .123 -125 .128 -129 .133 .142 _147 J 50 Rhinebeck 6 1 91 Barrytown, Tivoli q 100 7 Gei-maatown, Oak Hill, ..5. .105 Sing Sing, Tarrytown, Irvington, Dobbs Ferry, Hastings, Yonkers, ..3- ..6. 2 '.'.3, ..1. 4 -110 Hudson, Stockport, ..6- 4 .116 120 Coxsackie, Stuyvesant, • Schodack, ' Castleton, ..3. ..3- ..7- 3 .123 -12fi 133 Manhattan, q -136 SlstStreet, N. Y.,..L-5- NewYork, 1.3 East Albany, Trov ..8- -.6. -144 .150 128 TABLES OF DISTANCES. ELMIEA, CANANDAIGUA & N. F. R. R., Connecting vnth the NewYork and Erie Railroad for N.Y. and Williamsport & Catawissa, and other Railroads, for Philadelphia. Niagara Falls, Cayuga Creek, Tonawanda, Vincent, Transit,... _. Clarence C, Akron, Richville,..- East Pembroke, Batavia, Stafford, Le Roy, Caledonia, Canal, G. V. R. R. Junct'n, Honeoye Falls, West Bloomfleld,..- Miller's Corners, ... Sast Bloomfleld, Canandaigua, Hopewell, Gorham, Hall's Corners, Bellona, Benton, Penn Yan,... Milo Center, Himrod's, Starkey, Big Stream, R'k Stream, Jefferson Havanah, Millport, Horseheads, . Junction, Ehnira, ELMIRA TO Junction,... Horseheads, Millport, Havana-, Jefferson, R'k Stream, Big Stream, Starkey, Himrod's, Milo Center, Penn Yan, Benton, Bellona, Hall's Corners, Gorham, Hopewell, Canandaigua, East Bloomfleld, ... Miller's Corners, West Bloomfleld,.-. Honeoye Falls, G. V. R. R. Junct'n, Canal, Caledonia, .. LeRoy, Stafford, Batavia, East Pembroke, Richville, Akron, Clarence C.,....l Transit, I Vincent, Tonawanda, Cayuga Creek, Niagara Falls, Suspension Bridge,. ..30 ..33 ..37 ..41 -.45 .51 .55 ,.58 .63 ..95 -.96 -102 .109 .113 .119 .125 .132 .135 .142 -146 -162 -155 .161 .166 .168 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 129 NEW YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD, Connecting, at Elmira, with Elmira, Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad. ELMIRA TO Wellsburg, Chemung, Waverly, Barton, Smithbci'o',.-. Tioga, -.^ Owego,.., Campvillc, Union, Binghamptoa, Kirkwood, Great Bend, .. SusquehanDEe,. Deposit, Hale's Eddy,.. Hancock, Stockport, Lordville, Hankin's, Callicoon,".... Cochecton, ... Narrowsburg,. Mast Hope, ... Lackawaxen,.. Shohola, Port Jervis,-.. Otisville, Howell's, . Middleto^vm,,.. HamptoQ, .... Goshen, .,,... Chester,..,,.,. Junction,. . Oxford, Monroe, Turner's, Greenwood, , Southfield'8, .. Sloatsburg, ...7 -.13 ..18 ..25 -27 -.32 -.37 ..44 ..50 ..59 -.73 ..82 --97 .102 .110 .115 .120 .131 .138 .143 .152 .158 .163 .167 .196 ,208 .213 .217 .220 ,224 .229 ,230 232 234 240 242 248 11 NEW YORK TO Jersey City, Bergen, • Hackensack Bridge, Boiling Spring, Passaic Bridge, Huylor's, Paterson, Godwinville, Hohokus, Allendale, Ramsey's, Suffern's,... Ramapo, Sloatsburg, Southfield's, Greenwood, Turner's, Monroe, Oxford, Junction, Chester, Goshen, Hampton, Middletown, Howell's, Otisville, Port Jervis, Shohola, Lackawaxen, Mast Hope, Narrowsburg, Cochecton, ; Callicoon, \ Hankin's, | Lordville, ! Stockport, Hancock, Hale's Eddy, Deposit, Inter-i me- [Total, diate,! ...1 ...3 ...•7 ..12 ..13 ..17 ..22 ..24 .28 ..34 ..36 ..43 ..45 -.48 ..50 ..56 ..56 ..60 ..64 .108 .112 .117 .123 .132 .137 -144 .154 .160 -165 -1T3 -178 130 TABLES OF DISTANCES. ELMIRA TO Ramapo, Suffern's, Ramsey's,... Allendale, Hohokus?, Godwinville, Paterson, Huyler's, Paasaic Bridge, Boiling Spring, Hackensack Bridge, Bergen, Jersey City,> Xew York Inter-' Inter-i Total. NEW YORK TO ™«- TotaL Giat«. I diate. .-2.1.250 ..2.1.252 .-4.1.258 ..2.|.2o8 ..2.1-260 ..2.1-262 ..5-1-267 ..5-1-272 ..1.1-273 ..2,1.275 ..2,-277 ..4-1.281 ..2.|_2S3 _, 1.1.284 Susquehanna,. Great Bend,... Kirkwood, Binghampton, Union, Campville, Owego, Tioga, Smithboro',,.. Barton, Waverly, .:. Chemung, Wellsburg, Elmira" .193 .201 .207 -216 .224 .231 .238 -243 .247 .250 .257 .261 .267 .274 GKEAT WESTEEN RAILWAY, Connecting with tlie Michigan Central Eailroad for the Y/est and South. N. FALLS TO Thoroia, St. Catherines,.. Jordan, BeamsTille, Grimsby, Stoney Creek,... Hamilton, Dundas, Flamboro', Fairchild's Creek, Gait, Paris, , Princeton, "Woodstock, Beachville,. . ; Ingeraoll, Dorchester, London, diato. 1 ..2..!. 11?^ ..5M1-17..- ..6--1.22.. ..4.'4J-26M .10.. .;^M ..6%;.43ii ..3>^|.52.. .12..|.74>^ ..9MI-72>^ ..7..1,79>i .11^1-91.. .5. .1.98.. -9KI109K .-9KI119M DETROIT TO ■ Inter- , ! me. Total. diate. | Windsor, ! j Rochester, Baptiste Creek,... Chatham,. Thames vi He, Wardsville, '.i9..i.i9-. -13>^|.32J^ .13- 1-453^ .16.. 1-601^ .13..\.73)i ..6M!-80.. Ekfrid, Adelaide Road,... Lobo,. London, -5.. .94>/ -5..1.99K .10^11093^ Dorchester, .-9J^|119i^ ..9Kil283^ Beachville, . 41^1133. Woodstock, ..5. .1138.. Princeton, Paris,.. .llK|l49?i ..7 .'imX Fairchild's Creek, .-9M!166K TABLES OF DISTANCES. 131 N. FALT,S TO Inter- 1 Inter- \ Total. . DETROIT TO j ^^^_ j Total. Lobo ..5.. 5 129)2^ 134M 139M 149.. 1-55J2 168^^ 183J-^ 196,;^ 2101^ 229.. Gait, 1-12.. Il78^ Flamboro', .10>^ 177.- Dundas \..S}< ISOK Adelaide Road,. - Ekfrid ..9« Hamilton, j.-5>i 185M Wardsville, (3 }■:, Sloney Creek, '--6% 1923^ Thamesville, -13-. .15.. .13.. -133.^ -19.. Grimsby, I - 10 . . 202>^ Beamsville, <-A^^20'' . Baptiste Creek, .. Rochester, Jordan, -.5 '212.. St. Catherines, .-. Thorold, .-5K!217K -.2. '219% Detroit, 5 Niagara Falls, --9>^|229.. MICHIGAN CEIfTSAL EAILEOAD, Connectmg, at Chicago, with Eailroads for the South and Y/est. DETROIT TO Inter- me- diate. Total. Dearborn, .10- 8 -.10 18 Ypsilanti T^ .-30 Ann Arbor, Delhi, -.7. 4 ..37 .-41 .46 ..55 -.65 ..76 ..86 .-96 -IGS -121 .134 .141 .150 Dexter Clielsea, Grass Lake, Jackson, Parma, Albion, Marshall, Battle Creek, Galesburg, Kalamazoo, Paw Paw, . . -.5- -.9- .10. -11- .10. -10- -]2. -13. v.T. 9 Decatur, Dowagiac, Poka'^oE, . .17- . ll- .167 -178 184 Nih-s'; Buchanan,... -.7. -.5. -191 .190 1 CHICAGO TO Three Mile Side, Junction, Gilison's, Lake. Porter, Michi.ean City,.. 2s^ew Buli'alo, Terre Coupe, Buchanan, Nil(?s, Pobagon, Dnwagiac, Decatur, Paw Paw, Kalamazoo, Galesburg, Battle Creek, Marshall, Albion, Parma, Js.ck.son, .14-;. .14 .10.|..24 .10.1. .34 ..8-I-42 .12. 1. .54 .10.1.-64 -.6-1. .80 -.6.1.-86 -5. 1 91 .-7-1-.98 .-6-1-104 -11-1.115 ..8.1.123 .-7-1.140 --8-I-148 --3-1-161 .13-1-174 -12-!- 186 .10. j -196 .10-1-208 132 TABT.-RR OF DISTANCES. DETROIT TO Inter- me- diate. TotaL I Inter- CHICAGOTO l^^«^ 7ot»l. Terra Coupe, New Buifalo, Michigan City, Porter, Lake, ..6- .16. -10- -12. 8 .202 .218 .228 .240 .248 .258 .268 1278 Grass Lake, 9. Chelsea, 12. Dexter, ..9. Delhi, I..6. Ann Arbor, I. .4. Ypsilanti, I..7- Wayne, !.12. Dearborn, ...'..8. Detroit, |..6. .215 .227 .236 .241 .245 .252 .264 .272 .278 Gibson's, Junction, Three Mile Side,— Chicago,- -10- .10- :io: WILLIAMSPOST AND ELMISA R. R., Connecting the Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falls with Cat.,Will. & Erie K. R. for Philadelphia. ELMIRA TO Inter- medi- ate. Total , , Inter-! WILLIAMSP T TO !^^^ Total. SLate Line, Dunning's, Columbia Road, Troy, Granville, Alba, -.9. ..4. ..8- -4. -.5. ..4- 4 ...9 ..13 ..21 ..25 ..30 ..34 ..38 McKinney's, 5-. ...5 Mahaffey's, 2. ...7 Cogan's Valley, ..1. .. Crescent, 8. ..11 Trout Run, 4. ..15 Field's, - 3.. ..16 Ralston, Lycoming, Bodine's, -15. -.3. ..63 ..56 ..58 Bodine's, j.-l. ..20 ..22 Ralston, |..3. Canton, !.14. Alba, i..5. Granville, !..4. Troy,.... .I..4. Columbia Road, |..5. Dunning's, j..8. State Line, ' 3 ..25 ..39 .-44 ..48 ..62 ..57 .-65 68 Dubois, 1 .-59 Field's, R 62 Trout Run, -.1. 4 ..63 -.67 Cogan's Valley, Mahaffey's, -.3. 1 ..70 --71 McKinney's, Williamsport, J: -73 -78 Elmira, !.io. ..78 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 133 CATAWIS3A, Wn.T.TAMSPOET & ERIE R. E., Connecting with Will. & Elmira, and Elmira, Canandai- gua and Niagara Falls Eailroads williamsp't to me- diate. Total. PHILADELP'a TO Inter- diate. Total. -78 -.88 -98 -110 .123 -130 Muncy, Uniontown, Milton .10. .10. 7 ..10 ..20 Port Clinton, Ringgold, _ Tamaqua, Summit, Ringtown, , -78. .10. .10. .12. .13. 7 Mooresburg, Danville, Rupert. Catawi^sa .10. -.6. -.7. -37 ..43 -.50 62 Mainoville 8 138 7- -.59 7 .145 Beaver .... 8 67 Rupert, '>: -147 7 -74 Danville, Mooresburg, . MUton, Uniontown, Muncy, Williamsport, -7. ..6- .10. -.7. .10. -20- -154 .160 .170 -177 .187 .197 Summit, .13. .12. .10. .10- .78- -87 -.99 .109 .119 .197 Ring2;,old, Port Clinton, Philadelphia, SC?HENECI Oonnecting, at Sch r< ABYAISTDSAEATOGARB enectady, witH the N. Y. Cent )ad for Magara Ealls^ •> ral Eail- 1 Inter- j N.FALLS TO | -tc^'^^- SARATOGA TO Inter.j me. Total, diate. Rochester, 1.76.!. .76 Ballston, . -7. 7 Schenectady, Ballston,. 212- -15. 7 .288 .303 -310 Schenectady, Rochester, Niagara Falls, .16. 1. .22 212.1.234 .76.1.310 '' 134 TABLES OF DISTANCES. WESTEEH EAILEOAD. Gonnecting with the H. Y. Central E. S. for Boston. ALBANY TO Inter diate .Total. BOSTON TO iiate. Total. Greenbusli 1 1 I 1 Worcester, Clappville, „ Charlton ..9. 4 ..63 -67 Schodack, Kinderhook, Chatham Center,... Chatham Four C'rs, East Chatham, Cauaau, -.7. -.8. .A. -.3. -.5. 5 -.20 .-23 .-28 .-33 Spencer, East Brookfield, Brookfield,- West Brookfield, ... Warren .-5. -2. .-3- -.2. A ..62 -64 ..07 .-69 ..73 State Line, ii --3S ?. --41 Brimfield, Shaker Village, Pittsfield, ..5_ -.46 -.49 Palmer, Indian Orchard, .10- ..9. 6 ..83 ..92 98 Dalton, ^ ^4 ^ fi7 West Springfield,-. - Westfield, ..„ Russell,- Chester Village, Chester Factory, ..- Middlefield, - . ..2- ..8_ -8- ..3- -.7. .100 .108 .116 .119 -126 Washington, Becket, .-5. 8 -62 ..65 Middlefield Chester Factory, ... Chester Village, Russell, -.9. -.7- 3 -.74 -81 ..84 Becket, 9 .135 Westfield, 8 92 Washington, Hinsdale, Dalton, Pittsfield -.3. -5. -3. .138 -143 -146 -151 West Springfield,... Springfield, Indian Orchard, -.8. -.2. -.6. 9 .100 -102 -108 117 Shaker Village, .... Richmond, State Line, Canaan -.3. -.6- --3- .154 -159 -162 167 Brimfield, Warren, West Brookfield, ... Brookfield,.- East Brookfield,.. 5 -10. ..4. ..2. ..3. -127 -131 -133 .136 -138 East Chatham, Chatham Four C'rs, Chatham Center,.. . Kinderhook, Schodack, -5- -.5- -.4- ..3- 8 -172 -177 .181 -184 -192 Charlton, ..6. 4 -143 -147 Worcester, Boston, ..9. -44. -156 _200 Greenbush, Albany, ..7. -1. -199 .200 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 135 GREAT NOETHERN ROUTE, Via Lake Ontario and the Northern Railroad for Boston. N. FALLS TO Inter- (S.te. Total. BOSTON TO Inter- me- diate. Total. fi 6 Lowell, - Nashua, Manchester, .... Concord, White Rivei Junct. . Northfield, Essex Junction, Rouse's Point, gdensburg,. .26- .15. .18. .17- .69. .53. .43. -47. 118. 298. ..6. ..26 ..41 ..59 ..76 .145 .198 .241 .288 .406 .704 .710 gdensburg, Rouse's Point, Essex Junction, Northfield, Wiiite Kiver Junct.. Concord, Manchester,.. Nashua, Lowell, Boston, 298- 118. -47. .43. .53. .69. .17. .18. .15- .26- .804 .422 .469 .512 .565 .634 .651 .669 -684 .710 Niagara Falls, SARATOGA SPRINGS, Via Great Northern Route, Northern Railroad, and Lake Champlain. N. FALLS TO Intor- medi- ate. Total. SARATOGA TO Inter- djate. Total. Lewiston, gdensburg, Rouse's Point, Plattsburg, Burlington, Ticonderoga, _ _ White Hall, Sandy Hill, ...:.... Saratoga Spring's, - - - . 6- 298- 118- .20- .18. .40. .23. .15 -10. ...6 .304 .422 .442 -460 .500 -523 .538 .548 Sandy Hill, White Hall, Ticonderoga, Burlington, Plattsburg, Rouse's Point, gdensburg, Lewiston, Niagara Falls, .10. .15. .23. .40. -18. .20. 118. 298. -.6. ..10 ..25 ..48 ..88 .106 .126 .244 .542 .548 136 TABLES OJ DISTANCES. HIAGAEA FALLS AWB MONTEEAL, Via Lake Ontario and Eiver St. Lawrence, or Kailroad. N. FALLS TO Lewiston, Niagara, Ogdensburg, Montreal, |290. a40- -.14 .304 .444 I j Inter- MONTREAL TO | ,?f gdensburg, 1 140 . . 140 Niagara, [290. |. 430 Lewiston, j.-8- -438 Niagara Falls, I..6-].444 BUFFALO, NIAGARA FALLS AND LEWISTON E. E. LEWISTON TO Suspension Bridg Niagara Falls, .. Cayuga Creek, .. Tonawanda, Black Rock, Buffalo, Int( me- [Total, diate.i ..A 6.-- -.11 -.17 -.24 -.28 Inter- BUFFALO TO !">«-! Total. Black Rock, Tonawanda, Cayuga Creek, Niagara Falls, Suspension Bridge,. Lewiston, ..4 .11 --.,-17 .5. ..22 .2. ..24 EEIE AND ONTARIO EAILEOAD. NIAGARA TO diate.] CHIPPEWA TO Inter-I me- 1 Total, diate.} Stamford Junction, Suspension Bridge,. Clifton House, Chippewa, ..3.|..10 ..2.1 .12 -.3-1.-15 Clifton House, Suspension Bridge,. Stamford Junction,. Niagara, -. ..3-i-3. ..2-1-5. ..3-1-8. ..7-1-15. TABLES OF DISTANCES. 137 TOTAL TABLES OF DISTANCES. NIAGARA FALLS TO New York City, Via New York Central Railroad, ..455 miles. Yia Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R.R.452 " Philadelphia, Via Elmira, Canandaigna & Niagara Falls R.R.434 miles. Boston, Via New York Central and Western Railroad,. 505 miles. Via Great Northern Route, 648 « Saratoga Springs, Via New York Central and Schenectady & Saratoga Springs Railroads, 310 miles. Via Great Northern Route, -..-794 '* Montreal, Via Great Northern Route, 444 miles, Detroit, Via Great Western Railway, 229 miles. Caioago, Via Great Western Railroad, and Michigan Central Railroad, 507 miles. Buffalo, Via Buffalo, Niagara Falls & Lewiston R. R.. 22 miles. 138 TABLES OF DTSTAXCES- CHICAGO Mm EOCK ISLAm) EAIL EOAD. Connecting at Chicago with all the great lines &om the East, -Eortti and South. CHICAGO TO illitei> ldia,U. TotaL Junction, 1 fi 6 Bluelslandj .10- 7 -.16 9-^ Mokena, 7 30 Joliet, Minooka, Morris, Seneca, I^Iarseil les, Ottawa, -10- -11- .10- .10. -.5- -40 -.51 --62 .-72 -.77 84 Utica, LaSiiUe, -10- 5 -.94 Peru, 1 100 Trenton, Bureau June Snoemvine, -10- --4- .110 .114 122 Henrv, • 5 197 Lacon, - . 7 134 Chillicothe, Rome, --8. .142 135 Mo^sville, Peoria, .. Tiskilwa, Fond Creek, Sheffield, Auiwan, Geueseo, Colona, Moline, ! Rock Island, ] 'lo! .-8- --7- ..8_ -.9- -13-1 -10-1 -10-1 -.3-1 .151 -161 .122 .129 .137 .143 -159 _169 .179 .182 R. ISLAND TO ilntcT- TDttd. Moline, ;...3 1..13 1..23 1..36 1..45 53 Calona, l-io. 1-10. 1-13- 1-.9- I 8 Annawan, . Sheffield, Pond Creek, Tiskilwa, ; 7 ..60 -.68 ..lO --15 ..18 -26 -.33 ..39 -47 72 Bureau Junction,.. O fMoRsville, ..... H Rome, ^ Chillicothe,.... ^ < Locan, ^ Henry, M Snochwine, ^ 1, Bureau June... Trenton, I-.8. i.lO- I-.5. 1-3- 1,-8-' I..7. I. .6. !..8. Pern, ., La Salle, I.IG. 1 1 ..82 83 Utica, ' 5 88 Ottawa, Marseilles, 5 -.98 .105 no Morris, Minooka, Joliet, Mokena, .10- -11. .11- .120 .131 .142 .152 75q Blue Island, Junction, Chicago, --7- .10. ..6. .166 -176 .182 The trains over this road leave Chicago, for Peoria, at 2 P. M. and 11 P. M.; for Rock Island at 9 A. M. and 11 P. M., connect- ing cirect from trains of both the Michigan Central Rail Road, and Canada Route, and Michigan Southern R. R. and Lake Shore Route, and by their connections from all parts of the East and South. Tickets to be had at most Railroad Offices East and South of Chicago. For connecting and time table, see small bills. JOHig- F. TKACY, Supt,. liRIO m ST. UieiNCE STEAMBOAT COMPANY liLEN, President. Capt. J. VAN CLEYE, Treasurer. AMERICAN EXPRESS LIHE. LAKE STSAMERS. Or^TA???CS,-- CAPT. TEIROOP. SAY STATE, - CAPT. ledyard r-30i;5THEIir^Ee, capt. child. CATARACT,- — — - -CAPT. ESTKS. SIVSB ST. LAIT^RENOE STEAMSRS. JEl^MY Ufm, CAPT. MOODY. BRITISH Em^lUE, capt. allen. BRITISH QUEEf^, ....capt. LAFLAMAiE. One of the above large and magnificent Lake Steamers will leave Lewiston and Niagara (Niagara River) daily, at 3 o'clock P. M.. (except Sunda3-8.) connecting at Ogdensburgh with one of the above beautiful River Steamers, and also the Northern Ogdensburgh Rail Road for IV10^4T^EAL, QUEBEC,, SARATOGA, TROY, ALB A.NY