Glass ft 1 i Book ft ; 5 . GPO \ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/blairschronologiOOblai BOM'S REFERENCE LIBRARY. BLAIE'S CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 3 "t i{ ? LONDON : REPRINTED FR<">M THE STEREOTYPE PLATES BY WM. CLOWES & SONS, LTD.; STAMFOED STREET AN^ CHAEING CBOSS. PKEFACE. Cheonology traces the order, History the connection, of Events ; the one gathers the materials, the other digests them into that philosophic lesson, which educes from the changes of the past the progress of the future. Accuracy is therefore the first requisite : without this the stream of time is obstructed and diverted from its true course ; students and writers are led to unsound deductions ; research is bewildered and erudition unprofitable. Yet this element, all-important as it is, has been but negligently employed by most English Chronologists. While preparing the present volume, their productions have, of course, been consulted, examined, and tested ; the result is surprise and shame at the slovenly negligence manifested in the treatment of this branch of our literature generally. To show that this charge is not advanced on slight grounds, the following illustrations are given of the manner in which the public has been, misinformed by eleven of these writers, whom it would be invidious to name, unless the truth of the accusations be challenged ; without going back to archaic times, these in- stances are taken from later periods, in which the present gene- ration is most interested. a.d. 710 we are told that Gebel al Tarik (that is, the mountain of Tarik, the rock itself of Gibraltar,) landed at Gib- raltar, April 29. In two different pages of one Chronology we find the following entries : — a.d. 1228 The Sixth Crusade under the Emperor Frederie II. VI PEEPACE. a.d. 1240 Kichard earl of Cornwall heads the Sixth Crusade. (This last-mentioned prince visited Palestine that year, and paid a sum of money to ransom Jerusalem ; but he led no Crusade.) In 1315 the dissection of dead bodies is said to have been for- bidden in the anatomical school of Bologna by Pope Boniface VIII., who had then been dead twelve years. a.,d. 1331 is given as the date of the settlement of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. This event, which is of importance as the origin of a great modern kingdom, took place a century earlier ; the knights built the city of Thorn in 1231, and consolidated their power in 1237. a.d. 1349 the order of the Garter said to have been instituted by Edward III., in memory of his son's victories in Spain, which victories were not achieved till 1367, that is 18 years afterwards. a.d. 1421 an inundation at Dortrecht is said to have formed the Zuyder Zee, which is 50 miles distant from that place, and was created by an irruption of the sea into lake Flevo in 1231. a.d. 1692 According to Bishop Burnet, a contemporary writer, the massacre of Glencoe was perpetrated in the month of Feb., 1692, and was so notorious as to be made a subject of parliamentary inquiry ; yet there is the following confusion in the dates assigned to it by different chronologists : — 1691, March 9, by one; May 9, by another. 1692, Jan. 31. 1693, Jan. 31, by one ; Feb. 12, by another. a.d. 1799 The death of Pope Pius VI. is stated by one Chrono- logy to have taken place, Aug. 19, and in the next page, Sept. 11. Both dates are wrong, as he died Aug. 29. a.d. 1800 Stanislas Augustus is placed in the list of sovereigns as king of Poland, although his kingdom was finally dismembered and annihilated in 1795, and he himself died in 1798. a.d. 1807, July 18, Copenhagen bombarded by an English fleet under Parker and Nelson — an event well known to have occurred April 2, 1801, and that Nelson fell at Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. PKEFACE. vil From 1799 to 1813, with the exception of the two years 1801 and 1806, Victor Amadeus is said to have been king of Sardinia, where no sovereign of that name had reigned since 1796. a.d. 1814 Charles John is said to be king of Sweden ; Charles XIII. was then king, and it Avas not till after his death in 1818, that Charles John succeeded. In Portugal the following succession of sovereigns is given : a.d. 1813 Maria Frances Isabella, queen. a.d. 1814 John Maria Lewis Joseph, king. a.d. 1815 Maria Lewis Joseph, king. a.d. 1816 Maria Francis Isabella, queen. During this period Maria Isabella was the reigning queen : but from her state of mental imbecility, her son was regent ; on her death in 1816, he became King John VI. From 1809 to 1814, Ferdinand IV. is called king of the Two Sicilies, during which period Joachim Murat was king of Naples, one of the Two Sicilies ; after his exjralsion and death in 1815, the two kingdoms were re-united, and Ferdinand IV. changed his title to Ferdinand I. king of the Two Sicilies. In one Chronology we find a.d. 1815, Feb. 8, an ambassador (Lord Amherst) sailed for China. a.d. 1816, Feb. 8, Lord Amherst and suite sailed from Portsmouth on an embassy to China. (The last is the correct date.) Even the civic dignitaries of London are misplaced with the same negligence. After having stated correctly that Aid. Birch was lord mayor in 1815 (1814—15) with Messrs. Leigh and Reay, as sheriffs, he is made to serve the office again with the same sheriffs, in 1816, which was the year of Aid. Wood's first mayoralty ; and for a third time in 1818, when Aid. Christopher Smith filled the civic chair. Sir Walter Scott is well known to have been born in 1771 • yet in one Chronology 1751 is given as the year of his birth, and in another, 1769. The Marquis of Londonderry committed suicide in 1 822 ; a marked event, which, by introducing Mr. Canning into the Foreign Secretaryship, materially influenced the destinies of the world. Yet two of our highest authorities place it in 1 824, a date which, if accepted, would involve all history from 1822 to 1827 in inextricable confusion. Vlll PREFACE. The death of the Princess Sophia, which occurred May 27, 1848, is fixed by one Chronology at Nov. 29, 1844. Even so late as 1853, we find Frederic, Viscount Melbourne, who died that year, mistaken for his brother William, the former prime minister, who died in 1848. These are a few specimens out of many hundreds of similar errors, which are now in current circulation among us ; some of them sanctioned by great names, whose authority the every-day con- suiter of their works accepts with habitual and implicit confi- dence. They are not errors of the press ; but indicate a want of research, and a hasty, unscrutinizing adoption of presented alle- gations. It would be presumptuous to arrogate infallibility in the volume now offered to the public ; it may, it must, have the imper- fections incidental to human weakness ; but the vigilance which has detected so many grave anachronisms in others, may be accepted as a pledge, that it has been no less exerted to prevent a recurrence of them here. The most trustworthy authorities in our own, in ancient and in modern languages, have been consulted, mostly in the originals, to render this work at once comprehensive and accurate. The Fasti Hellenici and Eomani of Clinton have been invaluable guides, and with Usher and Hales, and occasionally Pausanias and Herodotus, have furnished the chief materials for the chronology of Pales- tine and Early Greece. They have contributed, also, to that of the Primaeval East and Egypt, assisted by and compared with the often contradictory, but always useful, information supplied by Ideler, Lepsius, Bunsen, Layard, and occasionally Eusebius. E Art de verifier les Bates has also been consulted, but not with such extensive advantage as its reputation promised. The early dates of Eome have been supplied by comparing Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Niebuhr, with Clinton and other Chronologies. For the Roman and Byzantine Empires, Gibbon, Clinton (till a.d. 641), Eckhel, Mebuhr (in his Lectures till a.d. 478), Heeren, Finlay, and Koeppen, have furnished copious material, and for Gothic Italy, Cassiodorus. For the History of the Saracens, Ocldey, and for the Crusades, Wil- ken, have been collated with Gibbon. For our own country, the Saxon Chronicle, Bede, Sharon Turner, Lappenberg, Wil- liam of Malmesbury, Hume and Smollett, Burnet, Sir Harris Nicolas, and especially the Oxford Chronological Tables (which PJIEFACE, IX are deservedly exempted from our general censure). For the latter years, Annual Registers, contemporaneous Journals, and Newspapers, are the fund from which our stores have been drawn. The Uebersicht der Geschichte of Xruse has been all-suffi- cient for Germany and the North ; and has also supplied much for France, aided by the Toilettes Chronologiques of Serieys, and the recently-published Chronologie Universelle of Dreyss. The inde- fatigable and honest Muratori has arranged, with admirable preci- sion, in his Annali (T Italia, the transactions of a country, which was for ages the battle-field of Europe, and the wars of whose pettiest principalities were generally connected with those of the mightiest potentates then striving for mastery in Christendom. On the history of the Church, information has been principally derived from Neander's History of Christianity, Ranke's History of the Popes, and Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology. For Spain, Conde and Mariana have been collated and, wherever possible, reconciled. In addition to these main sources, many others have been referred to, as occasion required ; and it will be found that the pith of more than 100 volumes of standard excellence has been compressed into these pages. If, therefore, any who have been accustomed to rely on other Chronologies, should here find dates or facts not in accordance with their favourite authorities, let them not ascribe such discrepancies to carelessness or ignorance ; they have always been the result of investigation. There are some points in History which never have been, never will be, and never can be, decided ; on these, where forbearance ought to be most conciliative, disputation is too often most vehe- ment, and acerbity most intolerant. One of these is the origin of the art of printing. After some investigation, the view here taken is that which ascribes the first rude idea of it to Laurence Koster, and the perfecting of his invention to Guttenberg, Fust, and SchoefTer. We are aware of the danger of this controversial ground, and must ask those who question our assertion, to hesitate in censuring what has not been adopted without in- quiry. Connected with this, a minor debate has arisen on the printing of the Tractatus Petri Sispani by Fust, in 1442. Some bibliographers deny the fact, because no copy of such an edition has ever been found ; but this negative evidence is no proof that it never existed, and we have, on the other hand, the positive testimony of Hadrian Junius, who says that Fust did print the work. Petrus Hispanus became, in 1276, Pope John XXI; Muratori celebrates X PREFACE. his learning, especially in medicine ; and Mariana ascribes such popularity to his Tractatus de Meclicina, that it was called Thesaurus pauperum. All this affords strong presumption in favour of the selection of such a work as one of the first to be issued from the press. Hadrian Junius was born in 1511, studied medicine at Paris and Bologna, practised in London, was physician to the king of Denmark, and finally settled, in 1560, at Haerlem, where he occupied a high station, and wrote his Batavia. His studies must have brought the Treatise of Petrus Hispanus under his notice ; he lived within the first century after the time when he says that the Tractatus Logici, which included this, were printed by Pust, and asserts that the fact, to which he assigns the date of 1442, was well known in his day. On these grounds it has been introduced into this Chronology. Much confusion prevails in Chronology from Oct. 15, 1582, (when Gregory XIII. altered the calendar, and introduced his "New Style,") till Sept. 14, 1752, when it was adopted in Great Britain ; and this is increased by our having adhered, during the same period, to the practice of not commencing the legal year till March 25. It has, therefore, often been necessary to distinguish dates, by adding to them either o.s. (old style) or ir.s. (new style). Discrepancies which have not been noticed, may be ac- counted for or corrected, by bearing in mind this variation, first often, and, after 1700, of eleven days. Thus the death of the Empress Elizabeth, of Eussia, and the accession of Peter III., are placed by some chronologies in 1761, and by others in 1762 ; both are right, for according to the Eussian o.s. calendar, these events took place Dec. 25, 1761, while the n.s. of other countries made it Jan. 5, 1762. To have adapted the Mahometan Hegira to the Christian era with nice exactness, would have too much incumbered these Tables with figures and computations. The following course has therefore been adopted. Thirty-three Mahometan years contain 11,694 days, and are equal to thirty-two of ours, in which the number of days is 11,688. To bring these two terms into coin- cidence, the years of the former have been so distributed, that the thirty-third always expires with our thirty-second. The difference of six days, 1 1,694-^1 ] ,688, in favour of this Mahometan cycle, amounts in ten centuries to about half a year; to correct this, the term of dividing the years of the Hegira has been after* wards prolonged. That a sufficiently proximate date for all the common purposes of chronology has been thus obtained, may be seen in the present year; to a.d. 1856, these Tables assign the concluding part of a.h. 1272 and the commencement of 1273; the actual state of the case is, that I Moharrem 1273, the Ma- hometan New Year's Day, falls on Sept. 1 . In stating the ages of eminent persons at the time of their decease, the abbreviation at. should always denote the current, not the completed, year of the individual's life. But hitherto it has been so indiscriminately used, that absolute precision has been found, in some cases, unattainable ; where it could be obtained, the rule has been observed in these pages. On this point, the discordances of Biographical Dictionaries, Chronologies, Registers, Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers, are such as would be incredible to those who have not examined them. The sculptor Nollekens, for instance, is said by one authority to have died in 1772, at the age of 35 ; while others, correctly, prolong his life to his 86th year, in 1823. To settle such differences, more labour has sometimes been expended than the subject perhaps merited; but our principle has been to test every item, however trivial, as scrupulously as possible. And if, notwithstanding our care and diligence, some inaccuracies have arisen, they must be ascribed to the impossibility of always obtaining precise informa- tion. The titles by which eminent public men are historically or popularly known, have in some instances been anticipated a few years, to avoid expletive repetition. For this reason, Sir Thomas "Wentworth is styled Earl of Strafford in 1 630, although he was then only a Baron, and not created Earl till 1639 : and the Duke of Ormond is so called in 1646, although he was only an Earl, and did not become Duke till some time afterwards. Slight variations in the names of persons or places will occasi- onally occur, where the authorities copied differ in their ortho- graphy. But whether the names are written Shakspere, Shakes- peare, Shakspeare, Shakespear, or any other way ; Althorp or Althorpe ; Folkstone or Folkestone ; Maestrecht or Maestricht ; Wurtemburg or "Wirtemberg ; there can be no mistake in identity. This excuse for inconstancy in the spelling of some proper names, has been offered by the ablest of Chronologists. See Clinton, Preface to F. H. vol. iii. Although, in compliance with the wish of the Publisher, we XU PEEFACE. have adopted the title of " Blair's Chronological Tables," the student will readily perceive that all that remains of Blair is the general outline. The work has been entirely reconstructed, and every line tested by an examination with later and better au- thorities. It would be unjust to the Publisher to conclude this Preface without acknowledging that the plan and arrangement of the work are exclusively his own. The repeating column of dates is a useful novelty of his invention, which obviates the inconvenience of having to follow long lines across opposite pages, often shifted by the binder to the great perplexity of the student. Another ingenious novelty is the allocation of events to inter- mediate pages, so as to detach the historical matter from the Chro- nological Tables, which, while it preserves all the advantages of the old system, affords to the historical student the additional one of consecutive reading. The present volume would have been incomplete without an Index, but as it was impossible to issue it in the usual form of an Appendix, it will be found in the shape of a companion volume, entitled A Complete Index of Dates, in which all that has been given in the Tables, with much that has necessarily been omitted; will be included in an alphabetical form. J. W. R. April, 1816. Xlll LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, dbd. abdicated. A.D. Anno Domini. Adm. Admiral. set. setatis. See Preface, p. vii. A.H. Anno Hegirae, the Mahometan year. Arab. Arabic or Arabian. A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditae (Year of Rome). See p. 21. b. born. B.C. Before Christ. Buns. Bunsen. Cassiod. var. Various Epistles of Cassio- dorus. Clironog. chronographer. Chronol, chronologist. Chron. Sax. Saxon Chronicle. Clin. Clinton. Com. comic. OP. Constantinople. Crit. critic. Cyn. cynic. d. died. dep. deposed. Diet. Dictator. dram, dramatic. E. East. Ecc. ecclesiastical. E.I. East Indies. E.I.C. East India Company. Epic, epicurean. Eq. Mag. Equitum Magister, Master of the Horse. Equ. equinox. Euseb. Eusebius. exp. expunged. /. filius: son. F.H. Fasti Hellenici of Clinton. fl. flourishes or flourish. F.R. Fasti Roniani of Clinton. Gen. general. Geog. geographer or geographical. Gov. governor. G.P.O. General Post Office. Gram, grammarian or grammatical. Hist, historian or history. ib. ibidem : in the same place, work 01 author. Leps. Lepsius. lyr. lyric. m. married, mid. middle. Mil. Tries. Military Tribunes. Mus. D. doctor of music. mort. died. N. North. Nieb. Niebuhr. Novat. Novatian. N.W. North West. ob. obit: dies. obs. observed or observation. Olym. Olympiad. See p. 20. Orat. orator or oration. Ox. Tab. Oxford Tables. Panegyr. Panegyric or Panegyrist. Par. M. Parian Marbles. Paus. Pausanias. Phal. Phalareus. Phil, philosopher. Plat. Platonic. Pol. Polybius and Poliorcetes. Pres. president, prob. probable. Prof, professor. Ptol. Ptolemy, qu. qusere, doubtful. Q . M.G. Quarter Master General. R.A. Royal Academician. Rhet. rhetorician. S. or So. South. Script, scriptor; writer. sec. secundum; according to. Soc. society. Soph, sophist. temp, tempore, in the time of. Tertul. Tertullian. Theol. theologian or theological. U.S. United States of America. W. West. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 1 The Chronology of the first ages of the world is full of uncertainty. Dr. Hales {Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 3,) has enumerated 120 different "Epochs of the Creation," — the earliest 6984, and the latest 3616 years B.C. The like confusion prevails as to the date of the Noachian Deluge, which is assigned to fifteen different periods between the years 3246 and 2104 B.C. From the best authorities we learn that Assyria and Egypt were the first seats of civilization ; but respecting their early history we have no satis- factory information. That of Egypt is carried back, by some writers, to periods incredibly remote. Several of the dynasties registered by Manetho probably existed together, ruling in different divisions of the country. Neither Cecrops, nor Danaus, nor the rest of the Egyptian emigrants, carried with them into Greece any indications of their having lived among a people who had been progressing for 2000 years. From these two sources organized society spread into Phoenicia, Palestine, and Greece, and thence gradually on- ward. The following tables exhibit this progress in the most systematic order that can be ascertained. In the first three columns are shewn the various epochs given to them by our leading Chronologists, Usher, Hales, and Clin- ton. Their discrepancies are often considerable ; but the general course of events is discernible through them. , a. B FROM THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION TO 1973 B.C. B.C. ASSYBIA. Palestine and Phoenicia. Egypt. Greece. ! Usher ! Hales Clinton 2245 2554 2412 2235 Nimrod or Belus. Menes, (placedby Lepaiua at 3893, and by Bunsen 2234 2230 2267 2233 Commencement of the Astrono- mical Observa- tions at Baby- lon, sent byCal- listhenes to Aristotle. Tyre built. at 3643 B.C.) 2*188 Memphis built by Misraim (by Menes, Leps.) Pelasgi, of un- certain origin, people Greece, 'and found States in Sicy- on, Argos, and Attica. 2112 Phoenician Colo- nies planted about this time. Hieroglyphics invented by A- thotes, (known temp. Menes, Leps.) ' 2111 Thebes built by Busiris, (by Se- sorteen I., of the 12th dy- nasty, 2700— 2600 B.C. Leps.) 2100 Osymandyas the Conqueror, (Semempses, of the 1st dynas- ty, Leps.) 2089 1813 yEgialeus (Sicy- on). 2080 Phoenicians in Lower Egypt. 2080- 2159 Iiyksos, Berbers, or Shepherd kings, (2100, fi- nally expelled by Tuthmosis 11., about 1500, Leps.) 2069 2182 Ninus. '2059 2233 Conquest of Ba- 2038 1777 bylon. Europs (lb.) 2017 Dynasty of The- ban kings be- gins, (2801,7Jmms. 2330, Leps.) 2007 ... | 2130 Semiramis. 1993 '■ 2153 1 2130 Birth of Abra- ham. 1993 ... I 1747 Telchin(Ib.) 1973 J ... | 1734 1 Apis (lb.) - i ''i;.o\i THE YEAR 1905 TO 1H17 B.C. B.C. Abwjua. I'AI.K.D -ir.l', K ) j 1817 1628 Leucippus (Sicy* on). B 2 PROM THE YEAR 1807 TO 1635 B.C. B.C. Assyria. Palestine. Egypt. Greece. Usher 1 Hales Clinton 1S07 1753 Phoroneus (Ar- gos). 1796 1930 Marriage of Esau 1796 1764 Ogyges (Attica). 1789 1912 Belochus. 1764 1764 Flood in Attica. 1764 1588 Mesapus (Sicy- on), (Calchinia, daughter of Leucippus, 1754 1860 Balens. Paus. ii. ti.) 1747 1693 Apis (Argos). 1728 ... 1862 Joseph sold by his brethren. 1717 1556 Peratus (Sicyon). 1715 1872 1849 Joseph powerful in Egypt, (un- der Sethosis I., of the 19th dynasty, the first Pharaoh, 1400, Leps.) 1712 1658 ... Argus (Argos). 1710 1416 Gilnotrus led a Pe- lasgian colony into Italy. 1706 1863 1840 Jacob and his fa- mily settled in Goshen, (ab. 1400, Leps.) 1702 1808 Altades. 1699 Chebron/Qu.Che- phron, Schafra, or Saophis^IL, 4th dynasty, ab. 3400. See also ab. 1032, Leps.) 16S9 1846 1823 Death of Jacob. | 1686 1625 Amenophis II., (18th dynasty, ! 1 ab. 1500, Leps.) 1 1671 1526 »■* Plemneus (Si- cyon). 1670 1776 Mamitus. . 16G5 Mephres, (Qu. Menophres or Menophthah, 19th dynasty, 1322, Buns.) 1653 Misphragmutho- sis, (last of the Hyksos, Leps. before 1638, Buns.) 1642 j ... 1572 Criasus (Argos). 1640 1 ... 1610 Manchalfus. 1635 1 ... j 1770 Death of Joseph, 1 (ab. 1370, Leps.) FROM THE YEAR 1627 TO 1512 B.C. B.C. Assyria. Palestine. Egypt. Geeece. Usher Hales Clinton 1627 Tuthmosis, (ab. 1480, Leps.) . 1623 1494 Orthopolis (Si- 1618 Amenophis 3rd, (ab. 1460, Leps.) cyon). 1615 Ethiopians set- tled near 1610 1580 Spherus. ugypt. 1590 1560 Mamilus. 1588 1537 Phorbas (Argos). 1587 Horus,(lastofthe 18th dynasty, ab. 1450, Leps,) 1582 ... First date on the Arundel ian marbles. 1580 1480 The supposed era 1574 1731 1708 ■ ... ... Birth of Aaron. of Prometheus 1571 1728 1705 Birth of Moses, (in the latter part of the reign of Ram- ses II., 19th dynasty, ab. 1360, {Leps.) and Atlas. 1560 1560 1530 1452 Sparetus. Mara thus (Sicy- on), (Coronus, sec. Pans.) 1556 1558 1433 Cecrops from Egypt to A- thens. 1553 1502 Triopas (Argos.) 1549 Acencheres, (Cencheres,.Z?M- seb. middle of the 16th dy- nasty, one ol the Hyksos, Leps.) i ! 1548 1549 1433 Deucalion (Lyco-i ria or Thes- j saly). i Scamander(Troy) 1546 1537 Achoris,(Qu.Toi- chares, 3rd dy- nasty, ab. 3600 Leps.) 1531 1665 Flight of Moses into Midian, (ab. 1330, Leps.) 1530 1440 Marathus 2nd (Sicyon). 1528 ... Cenchres, (Qu. ... ( Chenres, 2nd 1520 1490 Ascatades. | dynasty). 1512 1 i Acherres, (Qu. 1 Cheres, 5th _L dynasty). FROM THE TEAE 1510 TO 1489 B.C. B.C. Assyria. Palestine. Egypt. 1 Greece. Usher Hales Clinton 1510 1428 Echyreus (Sicy- on). 1507 1480 Crotopas (Argos) Cranaus( Athens) 1506 1508 1383 1504 Cherres, (Qu. Chaires, 2nd dynasty.) 1503 1504 1433 Flood in Thes- saly. 1502 Teucer (Troy). 1497 1499 Amphictyon (Athens), ac- cording to Clin- ton, fictitious. 1495 1481 Panathanean Games insti- tuted at Athens, (sec. Clinton, Panhellenic). 1495 1496 1413 Hellen (Phthio- tis). Cadmus (Thebes) 1493 1494 1313 ... ... brings the use of letters from Phoenicia into Greece. 1491 1648 1625 The Israelites, under Moses, left Egypt, (1312, Leps.) 1490 Aaron made High Priest. Armais, (Qu. Queen Aah- mes, mother of Amenophis I., 1638, Buns, and Leps.) 1490 14S3 Lelex (Lacedfe- mon). 1487 1489 Erich thonius (Athens), (ex- punged Clin- ton). 1486 1455 Sthenelus (Ar- gos). 1489 1308 Sesostris, Rame- sis, or Egyp- tus, (Egyptns was Sesostosis, of the 3rd dy- nasty, ab. 3580. Rameses of the 19th, ab. 1440. The great Se- 1 sostris of the EROM THE YEAR 1489 TO 1410 B.C. B.C. Usher Hales Clinton 1489 14S0 1480 14S0 1455 1453 1452 1451 1449 1445 | 1437 1 1435 I 1432 1486 1486 1450 13S3 1444 1609 1608 Assyria. Amyntaa. 1426 1425 1425 1416 1413 1413 1410 1602 1439 1583 1532 1580 1405 1560 1394 1372 Palestine. Balak (Moab), Balaam. Greece. Greeks was Se- sortesen II., of the 13th,placed by Buns. ab. 2600, and ab. 2100 by Leps.) The Pentateuch written. Death of Moses and Aaron. Joshua leader of the Jews. Eleazar, High Priest. Canaan divided among the tribes. Death of Joshua. The Israelites subdued byCu shan, king of Mesopotamia Bellepares. Menophis, (Me- nophthah,1322, Leps.) Danaus comes from Egypt to Greece and in troduces pumps. Dardanus (Troy) Gelanor, the last of the Ina- chidse, surren- ders Argos to Danaus. Corax (Sicyon). The Olympic games intro- duced by the Idsei Dactyli Erichthonius (Troy). Pandion(Athens) exp, by Clinton. Polydorus (The- bes) doubted. Clinton. Lynceus (Argos) Epopeus(Sicyon) The supposed age of the poet Musseus. rEOM THE YEAE 1406 TO 1328 B.C. B.C. Assyria. Palestine. Egypt. Greece. Usher Hales Clinton 1406 1407 1283 ... ... Minos (Crete). Iron discovered in Mount Ida. 1405 1557 1550 The Israelites re- stored by Oth- riiel. 1402 1547 Deathof Eleazar. Phineas, High Priest. 1397 1399 1383 Erechtheus (Athens.) 1390 1350 ... ... Lamedon (Sicy- on). I3S4 1353 ... ... Abas (Sicyon). 1383 1384 The Athenians instructed in agriculture. 1383 1380 ... ... iEolus, son of Hellen (Phthi- otis). 1380 1348 Lamprides. 1376 Sethos, (1st Pha- raoh, ab. 1400, Leps.) 1374 1320 Tros (Troy). 1374 Abishua, High Priest. 1361 ... 1330 Proetus (Argos). 1356 j Eumolpus, son of Musaeus, brings the Eleusinian mysteries to Athens. 1350 1320 ... ... Sicyon (Sicyon). 1348 1316 Sosares. j 1347 1349 1343 ... ... Cecrops II., (Athens). ! 1347 i 1347 ' Sisyphus, son of ^Eolus (Co- rinth). 1344 1313 ... ... Argos divided. Acrisius, first king of My- 1325 1517 1510 Eglon, king of Moab, con- quered the Israelites. cenae. 1325 1333 The sons of Areas in Arca- dia. 1332 Lams l Thebes). 1328 1296 Lampares. FEOM THE YEAfi 1326 TO 127i B.C. B.C. Assyria. Palestine. Egypt. Greece. Cshe* Hales Clinton 1326 The Isthmian Games insti- tuted by Sisy- phus at Co- rinth. 1325 1499 1492 Eglon killed by Ehud, and the Israelites set free. 1325 • • " The Egyptian Canicular year began July 20. 1321 Rameses, (Ram- ses II., or Mi- amum, ab. 1360, Leps.) 1314 1283 Ilus (Troy). 1313 ... 1282 Perseus (Myce- nae). 1307 1309 1300 ...... Pandion II. (Athens). 1305 1418 1411 The Israelites conquered by Jabin, king of Canaan. Menophthah and Sethos II., placed here by Huns, and Leps. between 1322 and 1270. 1305 Bukki, High Priest. 1305 1280 Polybus (Sicyon) 129S 1266 Panyas. 1285 1398 1391 Siserah slain by Jael, and the Israelites de- livered by De- borah and Ba- rak. 1284 The Siculi driven by the Pelasgi from Italy into Sicily. Placed by Thucydides, vi. 2, after the fall of Troy. 1284 1283 Pelops (Pisatis). 1283 1284 • . • iEgeus (Athens). 1281 i Electryo, Mass- tor, and Sthe- nelus, sons of Pelops,conquer Mycenae. The supposed age of the poets Or- pheus and Li- 1 nus. 1276 1213 [Creon (Thebes). .... ... Sthenelus, sole king of Myce- 1274 1268 ... ... ... • • • 1 DEL'. 10 EBOM THE YEAE 1274 TO 1210 B.C. B.C. Usher 1274 I 1266 1265 1263 1263 1260 1255 1253 1252 1245 1236 1235 1234 1233 1224 1224 1223 1222 I 1215 I 1 1215 1215 1211 1210 1358 1311 1236 1308 1258 1213 1250 1240 1225 1261 1250 1229 1351 1234 1210 1301 1223 1233 1200 1209 1285 Palestine. Egypt. Greece. 1212 1188 1278 Sosarmus, (Der- ceto, king of Assyria, B.C. 1250, Layard) Mithraeus. Uzzi, High Priest. The Israelites subjugated by the Midianites Restored by Gideon. Abimelech. Tola. Pelops succeeded by Atreus in Pisatis. Eurysthus, son of Sthenelus, regains My- cenae. Thyestes (Myce nse). Oidipus (Thebes) Janiscus (Sicy- on). Jason and the Argonauts. Birth of Hercu- les at Thebes Laomedon(Troy) Ammenephthes. (Ramses III., Buns, and Leps, at this time ; he was the rich Rhampsinitus, see a. 1124.) Ammenemes. (Ramses I., J3uns.a.iiALeps.) Theseus(Athens) Priam (Troy). Nestor (Pylos). Phsestus(Sicyon) Death of Hercu- les. His sons expelled from Tiryns. Adrastus Si- cyon). Ulysses (Ithaca) Polyphides (Si- cyon). PROM THE TEAR. 1207 TO 1128 B.C. 11 B.C. Usher Hales Clinton 1207 1206 1205 1201 1198 1193 1189 1188 1184 1183 1182 1182 1182 1180 1176 1175 1156 1165 1160 1157 1156 ! 1140 ; 1137 I 1136 ; 1136 1135 I 1128 ' 1128 1263 1206 1192 1245 1183 1239 1182 1256 1205 1200 1197 1192 Assyria. Teutamus, (Di vanukha or Di- vanurish, B.C. 1200, Layard.) 1183 1183 1232 1182 1232 1222 1182 1222 1150 1138 1137 1222 1129 1222 1154 1212 1132 1168 1204 1148 1134 1133 1184 1114 1124 Thineus. Palestine. The Israelites subject to the Ammonites. Jephtha defeats the Ammonites and Ephraim- ites, and re- stores the Is- raelites. | Elon. Abdon. Eli. The Israelites subject to the Philistines. Egypt. Tluioris, (Ram- ses Ylll.,Buns and Leps. According to Buns, and Leps. 11 monarchs of the 20th dynas- ty, Ramses III. to XIII., reign ed in Egypt, from about 1260 to 1112 B.C. Mnestheus (Athens). Agamemnon (Mycenae'). Menelaus (La- cedsemon). Trojan war. The fall of Troy iEgistheus (My Demophoon (Athens). iEneas in Italy (doubtful, Clin.) Pelasgus (Sicy- on). (A fiction Clinton.) Orestes (Myce- nse). Zeuxippus(Sicy- on). Oxyates( Athens) Aphides (lb.) Thymretes (lb.) Melanthus (lb.) Archelaus and a series of Priests at Si- cyon, (doubt- ful, Clinton). 12 FROM THE TEAR Histohy begins at this period to be more clearly connected, and to furnish more trustworthy details. Chronologists approach so nearly to harmony with each other, that it will not be necessary to note their variations except in some particular cases. The dates adopted in the following tables are generally those which Mr. Clinton has deduced from the best authorities, or supplied the means of cal- B.C. Nineveh or Assyria. Egypt. Palestine. Athens. 1128 1180. Anakbar- beth-Hira. or Shimishbal- Bithkira. Lay- ard. Death of Eli. Samuel, Judge of Israel. 1124 Rhampsinitus. (Ramses III., 20th Dynasty, ab. 1250. Leps.) 1123 1122 .„ 1117 The Israelites overcome by the Philistines {Hales, 1142). 1 1113 1107 1103 1 1102 1096 The Philistines defeated by Sam- uel, and Saul made first king of the Israelites. 1093 Ahiu, High Priest. 1084 Dercylus. 1082 Cheops, who built the Great Gi- zeh Pyramid, (Chufu, 3425, 1068 Laps.) 1065 ■• - Codrua {Hales, 1092). 1063 . Goliath slain by David. 1060 ... „ ... 1059 1056 David, opposed seven years by Ishbosheth {Hales, 1070). 1049 Mardokempad. Mesessimorda- David sole king, in alliance with Hiram, king of Syria. cus, Layard. 1128 TO 1049 B.C. 13 dilating. Some of them mar be questionable : but we have no materials for a more correct system. In the Assyrian column are introduced the names and dates of monarchs, derived by Mr. Layard from inscriptions discovered by him. These may be collated and compared with the line of rulers, as chronicled by Eusebius and others. Repe- tition Dates. . Laced^emon. COEINTH. Events. 1128 1124 1123 1122 1117 Tisainenus, son of Orestes. iEolian migration. Euneus (Sicyon), doubtful. 1113 1107 1103 1102 The joint Sovereignty of the sons of Aristodemus. The Amphictyonic League in- stituted, Clin. Amphigyes (Sicyon), doubtful. The Heraclidaj return and conquer the Peloponesns. Temenus (Argos). Oxylus (Elis). Cresphontes (Mycenae). 1096 Agtd^:. Proclid.®. Eurysthenes. procles. 1093 1084 1082 1068 1065 1 Aletes establish- es his dynasty, 1063 1060 1059 105G Agis. Sous. 1049 . , ,. 14 FKOM THE YEAR B.C. NlNEVEH OE Assyria. Egypt. Palestine. Arohons of| Athens. 10 14 Eupales. Death of Co- drus. Me- don the first Ar- chon (Hales, 1070). 1043 1040 Syria subject to David. 1033 1032 Cephren, (Scha- fra, or Saophis II., built the second Pyra- mid, ab. 3390, Leps.) 1028 I 1024 Acastus. 1023 Rebellion of Absolom. 1016 Solomon (Hales, 1030). 1015 1014 Zadok, High Priest. 1013 The Temple of Jerusalem founded. 1 1006 Laosthenes. 1000 Adrammelech I., Layard. 996 993 990 Ahimaaz, High Priest. 988 " Archippus, (Hales, 1041). 986 , 980 Syria liberated by Rezon. 978 Pseusennes, Se- sac or Shishak, (Sheshonk I., 982, Buns.) 976 Death of Solomon, and division of his kingdom. 975 Judah. Israel. Kehoboam. Jeroboam. 972 Egyptian inva- sion. 969 The.rsippus. 966 Mycerinus, (Mencheres II. built the third Pyramid, 4th Dynasty, ab. 3200, Leps ) . 962 961 Pyritiades. 960 Anaku Merodak. Shimish Bar, Layard, 1044 TO 960 B.C. 15 | Sepe- tition Dates LACEDvEMON. Agid^:. Proclid-s:. COKTNTH. Events. 1044 1043 1040 1033 1032 Ixion. First settlement of the Ioniane in Asia Minor. Cyme founded. 1028 1024 1023 1016 1015 1014 1013 1006 1000 Echestratus. ! ;;; '.'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'. Eurypon. "• ■•• ••• Smyrna founded. 996 993 990 988 Labotas. Agelas. 986 980 978 ... •;; "• »• Samos founded. 976 975 Prytanis. 972 969 966 ::: ;:; ::: 962 961 960 l?he most probable time of Homer, Clin. j 16 FROM TITE YEAE B.C. 959 956 955 953 942 940 928 927 926 925 919 918 915 910 Nineveh uk Assyria. Ophratasus. Ashurakhbal or Sardanapalus I. Layard. 895 894 Ophratenes Ephecheres. Divanabar, Lax ard. Egypt. Nepherclieres (21st Dynasty, 1050, Buns.) Amenophthis, (Menophthes, 1030, Buns.) Osochor,(ab.l010, Buns.) Psinaches. naches, Buns.) (Phi 1020, Palestine. Judak. Israel. Abijah. Azariah High Priest. Asa. Defeat of Zerah. League of Asa with Benha- dad, king of Syria. Jehosaphat. Pseusennes II., (Phusemes or Pi-Scham- Miamn II., ab. 1000, Buns.) Nadab. Baasha. Elah. Ziniri, 7 days Omri. Samaria built. Ahab. War with Benhadad, King of Syria. Johanan, High :Ahab slain. Priest. Ahaziah. jjoram. Moabitan war. Jehoram. | Hazael, King of Syria. Ahaziah. , Athaliah. Jehu (Hales, 895). Akciioxs of Athens. Phorbas (Hales, 954). Megacles. 959 TO 883 B.C. 17 Repe- tition Dates. 959 LACED-ffiMON. AGID.E. PBOCLIDJE. COBINTH. Events. Frumnis. 956 955 953 942 940 Doryssus. ".'. '.'.'. '". The Religion of Buddha intro- duced into India. 937 933 931 930 928 Expeditions of Ashurakhbalto Carchemish,and the country of the Khabour and Eu- phrates, thence to the Oron- tes and Syria. Layard. 927 926 925 924 Agesilaus. Eunomus or Po- lydectes. Bacchis. 919 918 915 910 909 900 1 898 Divanubar conquers Armenia, Syria, Persia, and the adja- cent lands. Layard. 896 895 894 891 1 886 ! 884 883 Archelaus. Agelas. The Olympic games restored at Elis, by Iphitus. Divanubar receives tribute from Jehu. Layard. 18 FEOM THE TEAR B.C. ~8S1 878 877 874 870 855 853 850 846 840 839 834 825 821 820 818 810 801 800 799 795 Nineveh ok Assyria. Shamas Adar, or Shamsiyav, Layard. Acrazanes. Adramrnelech II. Layard. Preaching of Jonah. Tonosomachus, or Sardanapa- lus. Baldasij Lay- ard. Egypt. Sesenchosis. (Sheshonk, 978.) Osorthon I., (O- sorkon I., 960, Buns.) Tacollothis, (Ta kelet I., 880, Buns.) Petuhastes, (23rd dynasty, 832, Buns.) Osorthon II., (920, Bum.) Palestine. Judah. Israel Death of Atha- liah, Joash succeeds. Jehoahaz. Zachariah, High Priest. Amariah, High Priest. Ahitub, High Priest. Uzziah. Joel, Amos, and Hosea. J ehoash. War with Ben- hadadll., King of Syria. roboam II. Archons of Athens, Diognetus. Pherecles iriphron Thespicus 881 TO 795 B.C. 19 : Sfipe- 1 titlon Bates. Laced^emon. Agid^:. PROCLID.E. COBINTH. Events. 881 878 877 Cliarilaus. . Lycurgus Re- gent. 1 | Phoenician Colonies. Carthage founded. ] 874 870 868 860 859 855 853 Eudemus. The most probable time of He- siod, Clin. 850 846 840 | Probable date of the Laws of Lycurgus. 839 838 837 834 825 * Aristodemus. Commercial prosperity of Tyre. 823 821 820 818 Teleclus. Nicander. The fall of Nineveh and deathj of Sardanapalus were long placed at 820 b c. See a. 606. 810 i 808 \ 801 800 799 795 1 •» Agemon. i The canal and tunnel of Negoubj constructed, to convey the) waters of the river Zab to Ni-; neveh, Layard. j 1 1 ' c 2 20 FROM THE YEAK B.C. 791 783 782 781 778 777 Nineveh or As- syria. Egypt. Palestine. Judah. Israel. Arohons of Athens. Ashurkish, Lay- ard. Pul.' Psammes'Psam- mus, 760, Buns.) Bocchoris. (24th dynasty, 743, Buns.) Death of Jero- boam, and in- terregnum of 11 years. iEschylus. A still more regular chronology commences here. The Greeks measured the lapse of time by Olympiads of four years each, beginning with the games in which Coroebus was the conqueror, 776 b.c. ; and to each of these terms is attached the name of its successful hero. The series of Latin kings, from Ascanius to Numitor, has been omitted in these Tables, as altogether fabulous, and connected with no great events. The first kings of Rome are almost as doubtful ; but historians have B.C. Olym. Olympic Victors. Nineveh, or Assyria. Egypt. Palestine. Judah. Israel. Arcions OF 1 Atiien-. 776 774 I 772 ] 771 1 770 769 768 765 764 761 760 759 758 757 756 754 1. 1 -3 2. 1 — 2 — 3 — 4 3. 1 — 4 4. 1 — 4 5.1 — 2 — 3 — 4 6- 1 — 3 Coroebus. Antimachus. Androclus. Polychares. ^Eschines. ^Ebotaa. Pul reigned at this time. The dis- covered in- scriptions place him or Tiglath- pileser at 750, Lay- ard. Bocchoris. Uzziah. Invasion of rians under paid by Me ard, No king. Zachariah. Shallum, 30 days. Me- nahem. the Assy- Pul. Tribute nahem, Lay- ^Eschylus. :: :: Jotham. Pekaiah. Pekah. Alcmaeon. 791 TO 754 B.C. 21 Repe- tition Dates. 791 783 782 781 778 777 Lacedjemon. Agid^. PrOCLIDjE. COEINTH. Events. Alcamenes. Alexander. Triremes invented at Corinth. marked the growth of that city and its empire from the date of its supposed founda- tion by Romulus (A.XJ.C. Anno Urbis Conditce). For this event different years have been assigned, among which 753 b.c. is the most generally received, on the authority of Varro. In this computation, the names and acts of its earliest kings are conspicu- ous land-marks, and have therefore been preserved. With these guides, and assisted by Mr. Clinton and the Oxford Chron. Tables, we may proceed with sufficient accuracy. Repe- tition Dates. 776 i 1 774 772 771 770 769 768 765 764 761 760 759 758 757 756 754 Laced^mon. AgiD^E. PROCLJDiE. Corinth. Events. Alcamenes. Nicander. Theopompus. Alexander. Telestes. The Olympic Games, July 23rd, according to Scaliger. The poet Aretinus fl. at Mile- tus. Grecian emigrants found Pan- dosia and Metapontum in Italy. The Ephori instituted at Lace- daemon by Theopompus. Cinsethon writes poetry at La- cedagmon. Eumelus, a Corinthian poet. For his works see Clin, 22 EEOM THE YEAR E.O.| Olym \.. U. C. 1 Olympic Victors. Nineveh or Assyria. Babylon. Egypt. Palestine. Judah. Israel. 753 | 6. 4 Pul. Bocchoris. Jotham. Pekah. 752 7- 1 2 Daic'es. .. .. .. .. Isaiah and Micah lived at this time. .. .. 751 2 3 750 3 4 748 8. 1 6 Anticles. 747 1 ( 1 2 7 Tiglath- pileser. Nabonassar. (The series of Babylo- nian kings (Egyptian History is 1 746 3 3 .. .. taken from the canon of here very obscure and 745 4 9 .. Ptolemy, confused. 744 9.1 10 Xenocles. Clin. and Hales.) According to Bunseri, 743 2 11 the 23d Dy- nasty reign- 742 3 12 ed till 743.) 741 4 13 Ahaz. 740 10.1 14 Dotadas. .. .. Siege ofje- rusalem by Pekah andRezia 738 3 16 Conquest ofDamas- cus. Assyrian Invasion many 737 4 17 Sabaco (plac- ed in 769 by captives led away. 736 11.1 18 Leochares some, and 719 by o- 735 2 19 thers. Se- 734 3 20 vech I. of 733 4 21 Nadius. the Ethio- 732 12.1 22 Oxythe- mis. pian Dynas- ty, 739, 731 2 23 Chinzirus and Porus. Buns.) 730 3 24 Shalmane- , , Hosea. As- 729 4 25 zer. syrian In- 728 13.1 26 Diodes. vasion. 726 3 28 Jugaeus. Ilezekiah. Hosea 725 4 29 Senechos, Eixstb. (Se- made pri- soner. 724 14.1 30 Dasmon. vech II. 723 2 31 . , Ethiopian, .. .. 1 722 3 32 Sargon, Ltiy'ard, 720, Buns) " " 1 753 TO 722 B.C. 23 n Bepe- tition Dates. 753 752 751 750 748 747 745 744 743 742 741 740 738 737 736 735 734 733 732 731. 730 729 728 726 725 724 723 722 Archons of Athens, Alcmseon. Charops, first of the Archons, whose rule was limited to ten years. Laceji^ethow. AGID.E. PROCLIDiE. Alcamenes. iTheopompus Romulus, iEsimides. Polydorus. Ciidicus. Hippomenes Events. According to Varro, (see Clin.) the building of Rome was in Olym- 6. 4, which was 753 B.C., and is reckoned by most of the Latin writers as a.u.c. 1, and the first year of the reign of Romulus. (Rome built, according to Cato.) (Rome built, according to Poiy- bius.) Miletus, in a very flourishing state, plants many colonies on the coasts of the Euxine and Propontis. Phidon rules in Argos, and his brother Caranus in Macedon. (Rome founded, according to Fa- bius Pictor.) The Babylonian empire commences under Na- bonassar. Automenes, the last king of Corinth, reigns one year. Corinth governed for the next 90 years by an annually elect- ed magistrate, called Pry tanis. The first war between the La- cedaemonians and Messenians, caused by injuries done to Po- ly chares. Naxos, in Sicily, founded, fracuse founded by Archias from Corinth, and Corcyra (Corfu) by Chersicrates. Leontium and Catana founded. Perdiccas, in Macedon. (Rome founded, according to Cin- cius.) Termination of the Messeniao war. 24 FKOM THE YIAB B.C. Olym. 721 14.4 720 15.1 718 717 716 711 710 709 708 704 702 3 4 16.1 17.4 18.1 201. 697 I 4 21.1 22.1 2 687 681 23.1 2 3 24.1 2 24.4 25.1 37 42 Orsippus. Pythago- ras. Olympic Victors. Nineveh OR Assyria. Sargon. Siege of Tyre. Polus. Mardo- cempa- dus or Mero- dach Bala- dan, Clin. Sennache- rib, 703, Layard. Died, 711, Clin. Esarhad- don or Sardana- palus II. 690, Layard. Tellis. Menus. Atheradas Pantacles Pantacles II. Icarius. Cleoptoh mus. Thalpis. Baby- lon. Media. War with Assy- ria, in the 1st year of Senna- cherib, Layard. Archia- nus. Gyges Hagisa. B ida- nes.Be- libus. Asorda- nes. Asordanus or Nergi- lus. A dram e- les or Sammu- ghes. Regiba- lus. Mesesi- morda- chus, (See 1049.) Egypt, Sene- chos. Tara- cus, Euseb. (Tir- haka, last Ethio- pian, ab.700. Buns) Ju- DAH. Heze- kiah. Samuria taken, and the king- dom of Israel added to the Assy- rian Em. pire. Assyrian In- vasion. So, Sua, or Sa- baco II., T^ayard Treaty with Assy- ria, Layard Stephi nales, 26th Dynas- ty {Buns. and Leps.) Manasseh. 721 TO 680 B.C. 25 Mion Dates. 721 718 717 716 715 713 712 711 710 709 708 704 702 Aechons of Athens, Hippomenes Leocrates. LACED.EMON. AGiD-as. Proclio^e. Polydorus. Theopompus Apsandrus. Eryxias. Creon, the first annual archon. Lysias. Zeuxidamus Eurycrates. Rome. Romulus. Numa Pom- pilius. Anaxidamus Events and Eminent Men. The first recorded eclipse of the j moon, observed at Babylon,! March 19th. Sybaris founded, j Eclipses of the moon observed, \ March 8th and September 1st j by the Chaldseans, Ptol. j War between the Lacedaemoni-: ans and Argives in Thyrea. i Gyges begins his reign inLydia. Abydos, a Milesian colony. Astacus, named afterwards Ni comedia, built by some Me garians. On the death of Sennacherib, the Medes revolt from the Assyrian dominion, Clin. Crotona and Locri founded by Achaeans. Media an independent kingdom. Tareutum founded by Phalan- tus. Archilochus distinguish- ed as a poet, and inventor of Iambics. The Samians taught by the- Corinthians to construct Tri- remes. Simouides of Amorgus V7rites Iambics. Glaucus of Chios introduces the welding or soldering of iron Gela, in Sicily, founded by Anti- phemus of Rhodes, and Pha- selis, in Pamphylia, by his brother Lacius. 26 FEOM TIIE YIXB B.C. Olym. A.D.C. Olympic Victors. Callisthe- nes. Eurybus. Charmis. 'Ohionis. ChionisII. Chionis III. Cratinus. Nineveh or Assyria. Baby- lon. Media. ~1 Lydia, Egypt. Judah. ; 679 678 676 1 ! 1 675 674 672 671 670 669 668 667 665 664 663 662 660 659 657 656 655 654 652 651 650 648 647 644 642 640 639 637 636 635 25.2 3 26.1 2 3 2-7.1 2 3 4 28.1 2 3 29.1 2 3 30.1 2 4 31.1 2 3 32.1 2 3 33.1 2 34.1 3 35.1 2 4 36.1 2 75 76 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 94 95 97 98 99 100 102 103 104 106 107 110 112 114 115 117 118 119 Adrameles Asaridi- nus. Deioces. Gyges. Ardys., , Stephina- les. Manasseh. Manasseh , led cap- tive to Babylon ; restored to his' ' kingdom, he rules wisely, with Eli- akim for his coun- sellor. ....- Axerdis. Psamme- tichus, (Psam- metik I., 615 Buns.) Nechep- &os,Buns. Ashurakh- bal, or Sardana- palus III. the son of Ezarhad-. don, Lay- arcL Saosdu- chinus. Phraor- tes, or Ar- pliaxad, Clin. ,.;. .. Gylis. Stomus. Sphseron. Phrynon. Nabucho- Amon. Josiah. The pro- phet Ze- phaniah. , ,. „..i or Sarda- napalus, Clin. Chinala- danus. ,.. .. Nekos I., Buns. 679 TO 635 B.C. Bepe- tition Dates. 676 675 674 672 671 670 669 668 667 665 664 (563 662 Aechons of Athens. Lacep^emon. Agivje. Proclid; Events and Eminent Men. Lysias. 657 656 655 654 652 651 650 648 647 644 642 640 637 636 635 Eurycrates. Anaxander. Anaxidamns.Numa. Leostratus. Pisistratus Autosthenes Miltiades. Miltiades II Dropilus. Damasius. Epenetius. Eurycrates II. Tullus Hos- tilius. The Messenians commence the 1 second Avar against the Lace-; dsemonians, and are defeated! in the battle of the Trenches.! Tyrtseus composes Elegies. J Terpander, poet and musician.] The Carnsea, or trials of mu- sical skill, instituted at Lace-j daemon. The decayed Milesian colony of! Cyzicus restored by Megarians! Chalcedon founded on the Bi-| thynian side of theBosphorus.j Pantaleon, king of Pisa, joins the Messenians. Alcman, the Lydian poet. The Lacedaemonians defeated by the Argives at Hysise. Thaletas composes songs for the Gymnopsedia and Pyrrhic dance. Sea-fight between the Corin-j thians and Corcyraeans. Selymbria founded by the Me- garians in Thrace, on the Propontis. According to Eu- sebius, Argasus reigns inMa- cedon, from 684—646 B.C. (Uncertain, Clin.) End of the second Messenian war. Zaleucus gives laws to the Locri. Phigalia taken by the Lacedae- monians. The poet Epimeni- des born at Cnossus, in Crete. Byzantium founded by the Me- garians, led by Byzas. Les- ches, a minor epic poet, Clin. Cypselus obtains absolute pow- er in Corinth, and reigns 30 years. Stagira, Acanthus, Lampsacus and Abdera founded. Pittacus of Mitylene born. Himera founded. Pisander of Camira. Clin, Ancus Mar- iPhilip I. rules in Macedon. tius. Arrival of Battus in Africa. Birth of Thales. Second settlement of Battus onj the island of Platea. The first actual appearance in) history of the Cimmerians,! who, driven by the Massagetse from the A raxes, enter Lydia and take Sardis. Herndnt. 28 FEOM THE YEAE 1 Olympic Nineveh Baby- B.C. Olym. A.U. C. Victors. or Assyria. ^abucho- lon. Media 634 1 36.3 120 Chinala- Phraor- 633 4 121 donosor. danus. tes. 632 , 37. 1 122 Eurycli- Cyaxa- 1 das. res. 631 2 123 630 3 124 j 629 4 125 I 628 38.1 126 Olyn- theus. Saracus, or NinusIL, or Sarda- 625 4 129 napalus, Clin. Nabopa- lassar. Builder of. the S.E. edifice at 624 39.1 130 Rhipsol- Nimroud, 623 2 131 cus. Layard. 621 4 133 620 40.1 134 Olyntheus 618 3 136 II. 617 4 137 616 41.1 138 Cleondas. 612 42.1 142 Lycotas. 611 2 143 610 3 144 609 4 145 608 43.1 146 Cleon. 607 2 147 606 3 148 Capture of Nineveh Nebu-" chad- 605 4 149 and fall of nezzar. 604 44.1 150 Gelon. the Assy- 603 2 151 rian Em- pire. 602 3 152 _ 600 45.1 154 Anti- crates. 599 2 155 598 3 156 596 46.1 158 Chrysoma- 595 2 159 . chus. Lydia. Aidys. Nccho, or Nc- kos I. Sadyat- Alyattes Neco, Clin. Psam- metikl. (Buns. See a. 670). Psam- mis Clin. Josiah. Jeremiah the pro- j phet. Judah. Habak- kuk, the prophet. Jehoahaz, 3 months Jehoia- kim. Daniel, the prophet. The Baby- lonian captivity com- mences. Tehoiakim 3 months Zedekial 634 TO 595 B.C. 29 j Bepe- tition Dates. 634 633 632 631 625 1 624 I 623 1 621 I 620 i 618 1 617 616 612 611 610 609 608 607 605 604 archons of Athens, Epenetius. Laced^emon. AGIDiE. PKOCLIDjE. Eurycrates II. 599 Draco. The Laws of Draco made Henochides Aristocles. Critias. Megacles. Philombro- tus. 1 I ms - Archidamus Rome. Events and Eminent Men. Ancus Mar- tius. Tarquinius Priscus. Agesicles. Tomi, a Milesian colony. The Massagetse, having driven the Cimmerians into Asia Minor, penetrate into Media, where they remain 28 years. Stesichorus born. Cyrene founded by Battus. The Milesians allowed to esta- blish a commercial factory on the Bolbitic branch of the Nile Sinope founded. Selinus founded. A second Me- garian colony, under Zeuxip- pus, settled at Byzantium Epidamnus, afterwards called Dyrrhachium, founded. Pe riander succeeds Cypselus at Corinth; he patronizes the Lyric poet, Arion. Epidaurus governed by Procles. War commences between Sady- attes and the Milesians. The Cimmerians driven out of Lydia. Their league being dissolved, their name disap*. pears, and they are supposed to have left Asia. But they settle in the country after- wards called Galatia. Peace between Alyattes and Thrasibulus. ruler of Miletus Melanchrus of Mitylene over- thrown by Pittacus. The Lyric poets Alcseus, Sappho, and Stesichorus fl. Anaximander born. Escape of the poet Arion from pirates. The Massagetae driven out of Media by Cyaxares. War between Cyaxares and Alyattes. Eclipse j redicted by Thales. Hales. ^Eropu*. in Macedon. Massilia founded by the Pho- cseans. Camarina in Sicily founded. Epimenides comes to Athens. Birth of Croesus. The sacred war against the Cirrhaeans by the Amphictyonic league. 30 FROM THE TEAR B;C. Olym. 594 46.3 593 4 592 47.1 591 2 589 4 588 48.1 587 588 585 584 582 581 2 3 4 49.1 3 4 580 579 578 577 576 575 50.1 2 3 4 51.1 2 572 52.1 570 569 568 566 3 4 53.1 3 564 54. 1 . 563 2 562 3 561 560 4 55.1 :. A.U.C. 160 161 162 163 165 166 167 168 169 170 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 182 184 185 186 188 190 191 193 194 °£E? ^BY L OH. MkDI*. Eurycles. JGlycon. Lycinus. Epitelidas Eratosthe- nes. Agis. Agnon. Hippo- stratus. Hippo- stratus II. Nebuchad- nezzar. Astya- Lyi Alyat- tes. Conquest of Tyre. Evilmero- dach, or Elvaro- dam. Media from this time is part of the Per- sian empire, Egypt. Apries, Clin Nekos 1L, Buns., who made the | canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, Leps. JUDAH. Zedekiah. Ezekiel, the pro- phet. Mack- don. iEropus Croesus Amasis F.H. (Psam- metik II., Buns.) Obadiah, the pro- phet. Jerusalem taken by Nebu- chadnez- zar. End of the kingdom of Judah. *)94 TO 560 B.C. 31 Repe- tition Dates. 592 591 587 586 585 5S4 582 581 5S0 579 578 577 576 575 572 570 569 568 566 564 563 562 561 560 Akchons of Athens Solon, Clin. Critias I. Hales. Dropidas. Eucrates. Simonides. Phamippus. Damasms II. Pentathlus. Archestra- tides. Aristomenes Laced^emon. AGIDiE. Pboclidje. Eury crates II. Comias Hales. Hippodides, Hales, Comias, Hales. Comias, F. H. Hegestra- tus, Hales. Agesicles. Rome. Tarquinius Priscus. Anaxandri- Servius Tul- lius. Ariston. Events and Eminent Men. Solon gives his code of laws ti the Athenians. At this time fl. the seven wise men ; Thales of Miletus, Bion of Priene,Periander of Corinth Solon of Athens, Pittacus of Mitylene, Chilon of Sparta, and Cleohulus of Lindus. Odessus founded. Anacharsis the Scythian (Gothic) travel- ler, arrives at Athens. Cirrha taken hy the Amphic- tyons. Cyrene flourishing, and Battus I. succeeded by his son, Arcesilaus I. Pittacus, ruling at Mitylene, ba- nishes the poet Alcajus. Damophon, king of Pisatis. The Cloaca. Maxima of Rome con structed. The Cirrhjeans finally overcome. Death of Periander and his son Lycophron. Psammetichus succeeds as king of Corinth. Agrigentum founded. The reign of the family of Cyp- selus at Corinth ends with Psammetichus. Lipara founded byRhodiansand Cnidians. The government of Mitylene resigned by Pit- tacus. Battus II., the Fortunate, sue- :eds Arcesilaus I. at Cyrene. Pisa subjected to Elis. iEsop, the fabulist (619—571 or 564). Phalaris rules at Agrigentum. Death of Pittacus. The poet Eugamon, of Cyrene, fl. The census and classes introduced at Rome. Alalia founded in Cyrnos (Cor- sica) by the Phocteans. Another Phocsean colony builds Amisus, near the mouth of the Halys. The first comedy performed at Athens by Susarion and Do- lon. Par. M. Usurpation of Pisistratus at Athens. 32 FROM THE YEAR B.C. Olym.ia.U.C, 559 558 555 654 553 552 551 550 549 548 547 546 545 544 543 542 541 540 539 538 4 56.1 4 57.1 2 3 4 58.1 4 59.1 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 209 210 212 213 214 215 216 Olympic Victor Phae- drus. Ladro- mus. Babylon. 1 Neri- glissar. 1 Laboro- soarchod 9 months 1 Belshaz- zar, or Nabona- dius. 2 -. — 3 4 5 Diogne- 8 tus. 10 Archilo- chus, Appel- lseus. Persia. 1 Cyrus. 2 Crce- sus. 4 — 5 — Subdued by Cyrus 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Subdued by Cy- rus. 11 Amasis or Psam- metik 11 12 13 14 High Priests of the Jews. 27 32 Mace- don. 18 Alce- tas. 30 34 35 36 1 Amyn- tas I 2 559 TO 538 B.C. fiepe- tition Dates Abchons of Athens. Hegestratus F.H. Buthyde- mus. Erxiclides. LacEDjEMON. Agid^e. Peoclid^;. 2 Anaxan- drides. 4 5 (Chilon E phor). 2 Ariston. 10 13 ^om-t Rome. 20 Servius Tullius. 21 32 41 Events and Eminent Men. Commencement of the Persian empire under Cyrus. Solon flies. A Megarasan colony builds Heraclea on the Eux- ine. The lyrics of Anacreon begin to be known. Birth of Simonides. Embassy of Croesus to solicit the alliance of Greece against Cyrus. The supposed age of Confucius, (Kungfutze) Zoro- aster, and Pythagoras. Pisistratus banished from A- inens. Solon visits Egypt. Death of Stesichorus. The Sy- racusans destroy Camarina. Architecture flourishes. The temples of Diana at Ephesus, I of Jupiter at piympia, and J others erected. The territories of Carthage ex- tended in Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia. Phalaris put to death by the people of Agrigentum. The temple of Delphi burnt. Anaximenes, phil. fi. Pi- sistratus restored to power at Athens. Pisistratus again banished. Anaximander, phil. the first designer of maps, fl. set. 64. tydia added to the Persian em- pire. Hipponax of Ephesus writes Iambics. Carthage, a free republic, ex- tends her commerce on all sides. Pherecydes of Scyros, disciple of Thales, fl., set. 56. Theog- nis of Megara, the poet. The Persians begin to conquer the Greek cities of Ionia. The Carthaginians defeated by the Phocaeans in a naval battle. Ibycus, the poet, fl. Babylon annexed to Persia. 34 FEOM THE YEAR B.C. 537 535 534 i 532 531 530 529 528 527 526 o25 524 523 522 521 520 Olym. A.U.C. 61. 1 218 64.1 2 219 220 221 225 226 227 228 Olympic Victors- 231 232 233 thar- 24 25 27 Euryxi- Parme- nides. Evan- der. Persia. Cyrus 33 Amasis. or Psam- metik II, 34 1 Camby ses. 2 3 High Priests of the Jews. 41 42 43 1 Psamme- nitus, or Psamme- tik III. Conquered by Persi Apoclias Smerdis, 7 months. 1 Darius Hystaspes Mace- don. 4 Amyn- tasl. 1 Jeshua, 5 the son of Jozadak. 24 Anax- andri- des. 25 laged.emon. ,. „ Peoclt- .Gir,iE. D _ K 37 L Cleo- menes I. 24 Aris- ton. 25 29 136 37 I 40—1 537 TO 520 B.C. Repe- tition Dates. Abchons of Athens. Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 537 Alcseus I. 42ServiusTul- The Persian empire comprises Persia, Media, As- lius. syria, Babylonia, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Pales- tine, and Syria. Pisistratus, for the third time, gains the ascendancy in Athens, where he pa- tronizes learned men. 536 Athenseixs. 43 The Jews permitted by Cyrus to return to their country and rebuild their temple. Vines and olive-trees first planted in Gaul, by the Greeks of Marseilles. 535 Hipparchus. 44 Tragedy first exhibited at Athens by Thespis. 534 1 Tarquinius Murder of Servius Tullius ; his wise laws and re- II., (Super- bus.) 2 gulations set aside by his successor. 533 Thericles, Olin. The Carthaginians contend with the Syracusans Hericlides,iMes. for the dominion of Sicily, and enforce by arms the payment of tribute from the African tribes in their neighbourhood. 532 3 Polycrates and his brothers govern Samos. Ana- creon is invited to his court. Pythagoras, though favoured by him, withdraws, to travel in Egypt and Asia. 531 4 Pisistratus collects the poems of Homer, and establishes the first public library at Athens. 530 5 Splendour of Persepolis, and magnificence of the Persian court. Flourishing state of Etruria. Phcecus of Samos noted for casting metals. 529 .«. 6 Cyrus killed in his war against the Massagetas. 52ft 7 Tarquin extends the dominion of Rome in Latium, and plants colonies. 527 8 Death of Pisistratus, who is succeeded in his power at Athens by his son Hipparchus. 526 9 Death of Amasis, five months before the invasion of Egypt by Cambyses. 525 10 Egypt added to the Persian empire. War between the Lacedaemonians and Polycrates of Samos. Birth of JEschylus. Anacreon and Simonides come to Athens. 524 Miltiades. 11 Cyrene and Libya, to the confines of Carthage, conquered by the Persians. 523 12 Choerilus, the Athenian tragedian. An eclipse of the moon, July 16th. 522 13 Death of Polycrates. 521 14 Death of Cambyses, from an accidental wound The city of Thebes, or Luqsor, taken by the Persians. 520 1 1 15 The Gauls (Galatse or Celtse) occupy the north and north-east of Italy, along the Adriatic, as far as the river (Esis. Pythagoras, at Crotona, gives laws to the States of Magna Graecia. Hecatreus and Dionysius, the Milesian historians, and Melanippid.es the poet, fl. D 2 36 FKOM THE YEAH B.C. 519 Olym 65.2 517 4 516 66. 1 515 514 513 512 511 510 2 3 4 67.1 Olympic Victors. 236 237 239 240 241 242 243 244 Ischvrus. 247 506 3 248 Persia. 3 Darius Hystaspes. j 505 4 | 249 Ischoma- chus. High Priests of the Jews. 18 Jeshua. Haggai and Zachariah, the pro- phets. 19 20 21 The new- temple de- dicated. 22 23 24 25 — 26 27 . 29 31 22 Amyntas 33 LACEDjEMON. AgidjE. Proclilv I Cleo menes I. 43 |48 1 Demara tus. 2 519 TO 505 B.C 37 Repe- tition Dates 519 517 516 515 514 513 512 511 510 Archons of Athens. Clisthenes. 508 508 Isagoras. 16 Tarquinius II., Superbus. Consuls. Events and Eminent Men. L. Jun. Brutus. L. Tarq.Collatinus, M. Horat. Pul vil- lus. P. Val. Poplicola. P. Val. Poplicola II. T. Lucre t. Trici- pitinus. Plata>a under the protection of Athens. Birth of the elder Cratinus, the comic poet. Pindar born at Thebes. Revolt of Babylon : after a siege of twenty months, the city taken by Da- rius, and nearly destroyed. Syloson,the brother of Polycrates, restored by the Persians to power in Samos. The Chinese have recorded an interview at this time between their philosophers Kungfutze, (Confucius) and Lao-Tseu. The Persian empire divided by Darius into Satra- pies. Miltiades succeeds his brother Stesagoras in the government of the Chersonesus. Hipparchus assassinated by Harmodius and Aris- togiton. His brother Hippias becomes ruler of Athens. Angari, public messengers or postmen, employed in Persia. Darius adds a twentieth, or Indian, Satrapy to his empire. Phrynicus, the tragic poet, first known. Sybaris destroyed by the Crotonians. Hippias and all the race of Pisistratidse expelled from Athens. Solon's form of government re- stored. Telesilla, the poetess of Argos, fl. The Tarquins driven from Rome. Regal power abolished. An aristocratic republic established, with two annually elected Consuls at its head. The death of Brutus, in battle with the ex- pelled princes, and the retirement of Collatinus. cause a succession of Consuls, during the first year. A commercial treaty between Rome and Carthage, by which the former was bound not to navigate "beyond the Fair Promontory (now Cape Bon). The Etrurians, under Porsenna, and other States in Italy, make war on Rome, to restore the Tar- quins. Choral competition at the Olympic meet- ing. Athens distracted by factions. P. Val. Poplicola Darius, unsuccessful in his wars with the Scythi- III. ans (Gothic tribes), penetrates, by the north of M. Horat. Pulvil- the Euxine, into Europe, and crosses the Danube, lus II. where he leaves Megabazus with the remnant of the army. Sp.Lartius FlavusJMegabazus reduces Perinthus, Thrace, and Pseonia, and sends ambassadors to demand submission from Amyntas, King of Macedon. Darius, leaving Artaphernes governor of Sardis, conquers the islands of Imbros and Lemnos, takes Chalcedon, crosses the Bosphorus, and makes himself master of Byzantium. T. Herminius A- quilinus. M. Valerius. P. Postumiua Tu- bertus. 38 FROM TIIE TEAB B.C. Olym. A.U.C. Olympic Victors. Persia. Htgh Priests of the Jews. Macedon. Laced^mon. A.qtdm. Proclid-E. 504 69.1 250 Ischoma- 18 Darius 33 Jeshua. 37 Amyntas 17 Cleo- 7 Dema- ! chus. Hystas- pes. I. rnenes I. ratus. I 503 2 251 19 34 38 18 s- 502 3 252 20 35 • 39 19 .-! 501 4 253 21 36 40 20 10 500 70.1 254 Nicoras. 22 — 37 1 Alexander I. 21 11 - — 499 2 255 23 38 • 2 _ 22 12 498 3 256 24 39 - 3 23 13 497 4 257 25 40 4 — 24 14 496 71.1 258 Tisicrates. 26 41 . 5 25 15 495 2 259 27 42 6 — - 26 . 16 494 3 260 28 43 7 27 17 493 4 261 29 44 8 28 18 504 TO 493 B.C. 39 Repe- tition Dates, 504 501 500 495 494 Abchons OF Athens. Acesto- rides. Myrus. tlippar- clius. Philippus Pythocri- tus. Themis- tocles. Consuls Rome. P. Val. Poplico- la IV. T. Lucretius Tri- citipinus II. P. Postumius Tubertus II. Agrippa Meneni- us Lanatus. Opiter Virginius Tricostus. Sp. Cassius Vis- cellinus. Post. Comin. Au- r uncus. T. Lartius Fla vus. Serv. Sulp, Ca- merinus. Man. Tull. Lon gus. P. Veturius Ge- minus. T. ^Ebutius Elva T. Lartius Flav II. Q. Cleelius Sicu- lus. A. Sempron. Atratinus. M. Minucius Augurinus. Aulus Post. Albus. A. Virginius Tricostus. Ap. Claudius Sabinus. P. Servilius Priscus. A. Virginius Tricostus II. T. Veturius Geminus. Sp. Cassius Viscellinus II Post. Comin. Au- runcus II, Events and Eminent Men. Charon, the historian, of Lampsachus, fl. (For his works, see Clin.) Sardoces, a Persian officer, crucified, by order of Darius, taken down from the cross and h*aled. is restored to favour, and advanced to high dignities. Heraelitus of Ephesus fl. Parmenides of Elis, who taught that the earth is a globe, and Lasus of Her- mione, who instructed Pindar. Darius introduces a regular financial system, and levies on his conquered provinces a fixed tribute, paid in their natural pro- ductions. Death of Valerius Poplicola. An eclipse of the moon, Nov. 19th. Darius, having, in two years of repose, recruited his army, listens to the Naxian exiles, who invite his aid to restore them to their country. Alliance between the Romans and Sabines. Failure of the Persian attack on Naxos, under Mega- bazus and Aristagoras; the latter abandons the cause of Darius, and persuades the Ionian cities to revolt. Hecatseus, the historian, vainly counsels the patriots to fortify the isle of Leria. Aristagoras solicits the support of Sparta, which is denied ; he obtains from Athens a fleet of twenty triremes, and assistance from Eretria. Birth of the philosopher Anaxagoras. Epicharmus introduces comedy at Syracuse. Sardis taken and burnt by the Ionians, who are after- wards defeated near Ephesus ; the Athenians with- draw their aid. .iEschylus excels Choerilus and Pratinas in tragedy. Cyprus revolts and is recovered by the Persians. The office of Dictator created at Rome, and first held by the consul T. Lartius Flavus. Pindar, Pyth. X. The Persians suppress the revolt in Caria, and regain Clazomense and Cyme. Aristagoras takes refuge in Thrace, where he is slain. Histiaeus, father-in-law of Aristagoras, prepares to defend Miletus. Birth ofHellanicnsof Mitylene, the historian. (For his works, see Clin.). The Romans defeat the Latins near Lake Regillus (date uncer- tain, Niebuhr). The Persians prepare to besiege Miletus. Birth of Sophocles. The Ionian fleet defeated by the Persians near the isle of Lade, and the war terminated by the fall of Miletus. JEaces, the son of Syloson, reinstated by the Persians in Samos. Secession of the Roman Plebes to the Mons Sacer. Anaxilaus rules at Rhe- gium. iltiades, unable to defend the Chersonesus, returns to Athens, after twenty-two years' absence. Treaty between the Patricians and Plebes, conceding all the demands of the latter, and giving them their tribunes League, with the Latins, made by Sp Cassius. 40 FROM THE YEAR B.C. Olym. A.TJ.C. 492 72.1 262 491 2 263 490 3 264 489 4 265 4S8 73.1 266 487 2 267 486 3 268 4S5 4 269 484 74.1 270 483 2 271 482 3 372 481 4 273 Olympic Victors. Tisicrates. Astylus, Croton. PEKSTA. 30 Darius Hystas- 35 Astylus, Syrac. High Priests of the Jews. 48 51 1 Xerxes. 55 Macedon. 9 Alexan- der 1. 10 LiACEDiEMON. AGID.E. PROCLJDJB. 29 Cleo- menes I. 1 Leo- nidas. 19 Dema- ratus. 1 Leoty- chides. I 10 10 492 TO 431 B.C. Bepe- tition Dates. 487 481 Arohons OP Athens. Consuls Of Rome. Events and Eminent Men. Diognetus Hybrili- des. Phsenip- pus. Aristides. Pheenip- pus. Philocra- tes.. Philocra- tes, Clin. Phwedon, Hales. 484 Leostra- tus. T. Geganins Mace rinus. P. Minucius Augu- rinus. M. Mimic. Auguri- nus II. A. Serapron. Atra- tinus II. Q. Sulpic. Cameri- nus. Sp. Lartius Flavus II. C. Julius lulus. P. Pinarius Rufus. Sp. Nautius Ruti lus. , Sex. Furius Fusus. C. Aquilius Tuscus- T. Sicinius Sabi- nus. Sp. Cassius Viscel- linus III. Proc. Virg. Tricos- tus. Q Fabius Vibula- nus. Serv. Corn. Malug, Cossus. L. YEmilius Ma- mercinus. Csesio Fabius Vi- bulanus. Nicode- M. Fabius Vibula- mus. nus. L. Val. Poplic. Po- litus. Achep- sion. Themis to- cles, Clin. Calliades, Hales. C. Julius lulus. Q. Fabius Vibula- nus II. Csesio Fab. Vibula- nus II. Sp. Furius Fusus. Darius prepares a large armament, under Mardo nius, to punish the Greeks for their assistance af- forded to the Ionians. A famine at Rome. The fleet of Mardouius dispersed by a storm, near Mount Athos, and his land-troops greatly harassed by the Thracians ; he retires into Asia. Cleomenes at LacedBomon, in the last year of his life, procures the deposition of his colleague, Demaratus, who re- tires into Persia. War between Athens and YE- gina. Gelon becomes master of Gela, in Sicily. An eclipse of the moon, April 25th. Darius sends a larger army to invade Greece, under Datis and Artaphernes, who are utterly defeated by Miltiades at Marathon, Sep. 2Sth. Pindar, Pyth. VI, Coriolanus withdraws from Rome to the Vol- scians. Darius begins preparations for another attempt on Greece. Coriolanus urges the Volscians to war, and leads their army to besiege Rome. Death of Miltiades. Theron usurps absolute power at Agrigentum. Pin- dar, Olymp. IX. Coriolanus is prevailed upon by his wife and mother to desist from his hostile proceedings. The Volsci defeated by the Romans, under Coriola- nus. The Hernicans leagued with Rome by Sp. Cassius. Chionides exhibits comedies at Athens. Dinolochus, a comic poet, fl. at Syracuse. Egypt endeavours to throw off the Persian yoke. The first Agrarian law for an equitable division of conquered lands is introduced at Rome by Sp. Cassius. Death of Darius. Gelon becomes master of Syracuse. Sp. Cassius, the most distinguished Roman of his age, is accused of aiming at majesty, and thrown from the Tarpeian rock, Egypt reconquered by the Persians, Birth of Hero- dotus, at Halicarnassus. TEschylus gains the prize for tragedy. Pindar, Olymp. X. XI. A- chreus of Eretria, the tragic poet, born. Rome at war with the Volsci and Veientes. Banishment of Aristides from Athens. Choerilus has exhibited tragedies forty years. Carthage en- riched by working the gold and silver mines in Spain. Violent contests at Rome, respecting the evasion of the Agrarian law, by the Patricians, and the elec- tion of Consuls. The tribune, Ti. Pontificius, stops the levy of troops. Xerxes having prepared an immense force by land and sea, for the invasion of Greece, commences his march, and winters at Sardis. 42 TKOM THE YEAE B.C. Olym. A.U.C. Olympic Victors PERSIA. High Priests of the Jews. Macedon. Lacedjemon. AGIDjE. PROCLIDffii 480 75.1 274 Suchus. 6 Xerxes 1 Joiachim 21 Alexan- der I. 1 Pleis- tarchus a mi- nor ; Pausa- nias, Regent. 12 Leoty- chides. 479 2 275 7 2 22 2 — i- 13 478 3 276 8 3 23 3 14 477 4 277 9 4 24 4 15 476 76.1 278 Scaman- der. 10 5 25 5 16 475 2 279 11 6 26 6 17 474 3 280 12 7 27 7 18 473 4 281 13 8 28 8 19 472 77.1 282 Dates. 14 9 29 9 20 480 TO 472 B.C. 43 Repe- tition Dates 4S0 479 476 475 472 Abchons OF Athens. Calliades, Clin. Callias, Xanthip- pus. Timosthe- nes. Adiman- tus. Phscdon. Dromocli- des. Acestori- Chares. Consuls op Rome Cn. Manlius Cin- cinnatus. M. Fab. Vibula- nus II. Caesio. Fafc Vibu- lanus III. T. Virg. Tricost. Rutilus. L. iEmilius Ma- mercinus II. C. Servilius Ahala C. Com. Lent. Es- quilin. C. Horatius Pulvil- lus. T. Menenius Lana- tus. A. Virgin. Tri- cost. Rutilus. Sp. Servil. Structus. P. Valerius Popli- cola. C.Nautius Rutilus L. Furius Medull. Rufus. A. Manlius Vulso. L. iEmil. Mamer- cin. III. Vop. Julius lulus. Opiter Virginius. L. Pinarius Ruf. Mamerc. P. Furiu3 Fusus. Events and Eminent Men. Xerxes in Greece. Three days' struggle at Ther- mopylae, Aug. 7 — 9th. Death of Leonidas. Sea- fight at Artemisium. Great naval victory of Themistocles at Salami s, Oct. 20th. Athens taken by the Persians — but Xerxes, disheartened, leaves his army under the command of Mardonius. Birth of Euripides. Anaxagoras begins to teach philo- sophy at Athens. Pherecydes, the historian, fl. Clin. Pindar at Salamis. The Carthaginians de- feated at Himera, by the combined forces of Thei-on and Gelon. Bosporus, or Chersonesus Taurica, an independent State. Athens retaken and despoiled by Mardonius ; after which, he is totally routed and slain, Sep. 22nd, at Plataea, by the Athenians, Lacedaemonians, and Tegeeans, under Pausaaias, and Aristides recalled from exile. On the same day, the Persian fleet and army defeated at Mycale, by Leotychides, king of Sparta and Xanthippus, the Athenian arc lion, father of Pericles. The Greeks then be- siege Sestos. The poet, Choerilus of Samos, born. Death of Confucius. Surrender of Sestos, the last event recorded by He- rodotus, and the first by Thucydides. Athens rebuilt and fortified. Pindar, Pyth. III. Hiero succeeds his brother, Gelon, at Syracuse. Tyranny of the Pafricians at Rome. The Fabii secede from their order, join the Plebes, leave the city, and take up a position near the Cremera. The first stone theatre in Greece, that of Bacchus, at Athens, now built. The supremacy of Athens commences. The Greeks, after having taken Cyprus and Byzantium from the Persians, transfer the chief command of their combined army from Pausanias to Aristides. The Fabii are surprised and slaughtered by the Veientes. Scyros taken by Cimon, son of Miltiades. Death of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. Pindar, Olymp. XIV. The Romans suffer great losses in their wars with the Veientes, who are with much difficulty driven back. Cimon extends the power of the Athenians in Thrace, The consuls of the preceding years summoned by the tribunes to render an account of their conduct to the Roman people. Naval victory of Hiero over the Tuscans. Pindar, Pyth. VII. IX. XL A truce of forty years between the Romans and Veientes. Murder of the tribune Cn. Genucius, to stay his im- peachment of the ex-consuls before the people. The rage of factious becomes more violent, and the Patricians are obliged to make farther con- cessions. On the death of Theron, Agrigentum again becomes a Republic. Pindar, Olymp. II. XII. " Persse" of vEschylus. Rogations of Volero Publilius, the Roman tribune. 44 FJ10M THE TEAK 1 B.C. Olym. A.U.C. Olympic Victors. Persia. High Priests of the Jews. Macedon. Laced^mon. AdDiE. PROCLIDiE. 471 77.2 283 15 Xerxes. 10 Joiachim. 30 Alexan- der I. 10 Pleist- archus. 21 Leoty- chides. 470 3 284 16 11 — 31 11 22 469 4 285 17 12 32 12 1 A relu- ct am us 11. 468 78.1 286 Parmeni- des. 18 13 33 13 2 467 2 287 19 14 34 u- 3 466 3 288 20 ■ 15 35 u _ 4 — I 1 | 465 464 4 79.1 289 290 Xenophon. 1 Artax- erxes Longi- manus. 2 16 17 36 37 16 17 1 5 _ ' 6 463 2 291 3 18 38 18 ,-l 462 3 292 4 1 Eliashib. 39 19 1 461 4 293 5 2 40 20 1 9 _ L I i 471 TO 461 B.C. 45 Repe- tition Dates. Akchons of Athens. Consuls of Rome, Events and Eminent Men. 467 464 463 Praxier- gus. Demotion, Clin. Apsephion Hales. Apsephion Clin. Phffidon, » Hales. Theageni- Lysi stra- tus. Ap. Claudius Sabi nus. T. Quintius Barba tus. L. Valerius Popli- cola II. Tib. ^Emil. Ma- mercinus. A. Virginius Tri- costus. T. Numicius Pris- cus. T. Quintius Barba- tus II. Q. Servilius Pris- cus. Tib. ^Emilius Ma- mercinus II. Q. Fabius Vibula- nus. Lysanias. ISp. Postumius Albus. Q. Servilius Pris- cus II. Lysitheus Archide- mides. Tlepole mus, Clin. Euthippus Hales, Conon. Euhippus. Quint. Fab. Vibu- lanus II. T. Quint. Barbatus III. Aulus Postum. Al- bus. Sp. Furius Medul- linus. P. Servilius Pris- cus. L. iEbutius Elva. T. Lucretius Trici pitinus. T. Veturius Gerni- P. Yolumnius A- mintinus. Ser. Sulpicius Ca- merinus. Banishment of Themistocles from Athens; he retires to Argos. Birth of Thucydides. Great commotions at Rome. Ap. Claudius so unpopular, that the soldiers refuse to fight under his command against the Volsci. Appius, impeached by the tribunes, kills himself. Hiero invites the poets and philosophers of Greece to Syracuse. Pindar celebrates his victories in the chariot-races. Pyth. I. The Greeks establish a common treasury at Delos, for the Persian war. Pericles first takes part in the public affairs of Athens. After the death of Appius, the internal dissensions of Rome cease for a while, and external conquest is pursued with energy. Mycenae destroyed by the Argives. Death of Aris- tides. Birth of Socrates. Sophocles obtains his first prize, probably for the tragedy of Triptole- mus. Antium taken by the Romans. Death of Hiero of Syracuse, and of the poet Simo- nides. Birth of the orator Andocides. Traitorous correspondence of Pausanias, still regent at Lace- dsemon, with Xerxes. Thrasybulus, brother of Hiero, being unable to maintain the kingly power, the people of Syracuse reestablish their republic. Naxos withdraws from the Grecian league : is be- sieged by Cimon and made subject to Athens. Themistocles discovers the designs of Pausanias, and is aceused of being an accomplice in them : he retires to Persia, and on his voyage passes through the Athenian fleet before Naxos. Death of Pausanias. The victories of Cimon, at the En- rymedon, close the war between Greece and Persia. Xerxes assassinated by Artabanus, who, after an usurpation of seven months, is killed by Artaxerxes. Themistocles is hospitably welcomed in Persia. Thasos revolts. Rome contains 134,214 citizens. Earthquake at Sparta. Revolt of the Helots and Messenians. Cimon leads 4,000 men to assist the Lacedsemonians. Pericles and Cimon adorn Athens with public buildings. Zeno of Elea fl. Pindar. Olymp. XIII. The Romans unsuccessful in their wars with the iEqui and Volsci. The Thasians reduced into subjection and cruelly treated by the Athenians. The Latin peasantry and their cattle driven to take refuge within the walls of Rome, where the general distress is ag- gravated by a severe pestilence. Artaxerxes supposed to be the Ahasuerus who, in the third year of his reign, at the request of his queen, Esther, saved the Jews in Persia from an intended massacre, commemorated by their feast of Purim. Pindar. Pyth. IV. V. Cimon again assists the Lacedaemonians, and is soon afterwards banished by the Athenians. Pericles induces the people to limit the power of the Areo- pagus, and obtains the removal of the Greek common treasury from Delos to Athens. The tribune, C. Terentilius Harsa, requires that the laws of Rome should be made more explicit, and the power of the consuls more clearly denned. 46 TEOM THE YEAB B.C. Olym. A.U.C Olympic Victors. Persia. ETtgh Priests of the Jews. Macedon. Laced^mon. Agit>m. Proclid^;. 460 80.1 294 Torymbus 6 Artax- erxes Longi- manus. 3 Eliashib. 11 Alexan- der I. 21 Pleist- archus. 10 Archi- damus II. 459 2 295 7 4 42 22 11 458 3 296 8 5 — 43 1 Pleis- toanax. 12 457 4 297 9 6 44 2 13 456 81.1 298 Polymnas- tus L0- 7 45 3 14 455 2 299 11 8 46 4 15 454 3 300 12 9 1 Perdipcas II. 5 16 453 4 301 13 10 2 6 ■ 17 452 82.1 302 Lycus. 14 11 3 7 18 451 2 303 15 12 4 8 19 460 TO 451 B.C. 47 Repe- tition Dates. Akchons op Athens. Consuls of Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 459 458 Thrasicli- des. Philocles. 456 455 Bion. Mnesithi- des, Clin. Callias, Hales. Callias. Sosistra- tus. \riston. Lysicrates Chcere- phanes. Antidotus, P. Valerius Poplic II. L. Quintius Cin- cinnatus. C. Claudius Sabi- nus. Quint. Fab. Vibu- lanus HI. L. Cornel. Malug. Cossus. C. Nantius Ruti- 1ns II. C. Minucius Augu- rinus. C. Horatius Pul- villus. Q. Minucius Augu rinus. M. Valerius Max- imus. Sp. Virginius Tri- costus. T. Romulius Rocus C. Veturius Cicu- rinus. Sp. Tarpeius Mon- tanus. A. Aterius Fonti- nalis. Sex. Quintilius. P. Horatius Terge- minus. P. Cestius Capito- linus. T. Menenius La- natus. Decemvirs. Egypt again revolts under Inarus. Birth of Demo- critus and of Hippocrates. Pindar. Olymp. VIII. Great commotions at Rome. Another tribune de- mands the appointment of Decemvirs to carry out the proposition of Terentilius. The Sabine, Ap- pius Herdonius, surprises the capitol ; in recovering it, the consul, Valerius, is slain, and Cincinnatus elected in his stead. Gorgias of Leontium fl. ; he lived to a great age, and among his eminent scholars were Pericles, Thucydides, Alcibiades, and Critias. Agitation increases in Rome. Census, 132,049 citizens. Birth of Lysias, the orator. iEschylus brings out his " Oresteia." The consul Minucius besieged in his camp by the iEqui. Cincinnatus called from the plough and appointed dictator ; in sixteen days he defeats the enemy, and returns to his farm. Ezra returns from Persia to Jerusalem. War between the Athenians and Corinthians; de- feat of the former at Tanagra by the Lacedsemo- nians. Panyasis put to death by Lygdamis Herodotus leaves Halicarnassus. Peace between the Romans and Volscians ; Antium restored to the latter. (Coriolanus placed at this time by Niebuhr.) Continued agitation in Rome ; ten tribunes of the people appointed instead of five. Victory of the Athenians, under Myronides, over the Boeotians, at (Enophyta. Cimon recalled from exile. The Athenians complete their long walls. Death of iEschylus, get. 69. Herodotus said to have recited parts of his history at the Olympic meet ing, and Thucydides, as a boy, to have heard him. folmides sent from Athens to assist the Egyptians : but they are subdued by the Persians, except in the low lands, where Amyrtseus maintains an in- dependent sovereignty. The Messenians, after a struggle of ten years, are overcome by the Lace- daemonians, and It-home surrenders. iEgina taken by the Athenians. Empedocles fl. Euripides pro- duces his first tragedy, the " Peliades." Expedition of Pericles against Sicyon and Acarnania. Aristarchus writes tragedies, and Cratinus come- dies. Perdiccas of Macedon joins the Spartans against the Athenians. Syracuse the predominant State in Sicily. Pindar Olymp. IV. V. celebrates the victory of Psaumis of Camarina, in the four-horse chariot- Ion of Chios, historian and tragedian, exhibits his first drama. Decemvirs, appointed at Rome .govern at first with moderation and wisdom. At the suggestion of Hermodorus, an Ephesian exile, commissioners are sent from Rome into Greece to collect information respecting the laws. 48 ! B.C. FEOM THE YEAR Olym. A.U C I 450 449 448 . 447 446 82. 3 J 304 ! 445 | 413 306 307 310 311 441 | 4 Olympic Victors. Criso. Cri.so. Persia. 16 Artax- erxes Longi- manus. 18 20 High Priests of the Jews. 13 Eliashib. 22 19 20 24 21 Macedon-. 5 Perdiccas II. 25 j 1 Joiada, Laged^emon. aciid^e. proclidj ) Pleis- toanax. 20 Arcln- damua. II. 21 11 , i22 12 '23 14 25 26 16 I27 13 117 28 14 — 118 !29 - — 450 TO 441 B.C 49 tition Dates, 450 449 448 447 | 444 442 441 Archons OF Athens. Euthyde- mus. Consuls op Roihe. Events and Eminent Men. Decemvirs. PedisBus. [The same at first, l then consuls. L. Valerius Popli- cola. T. ELoratius Ear- batus. Philiscus. Lart. Herminius i Aquilinus. |T. Virginius Tri- costus. Timarchi- M. Gtganins Mac- des. erinus. IC. Julius lulus. Callima- chus. Lysima- chides. Lysanias. Diphilus. Timocles. T. Quint. Capitol. Barbatus IV. Agrippa Furius Fusus. M. Genucius Au- gurinus. C. Curtius Philo. L. Papirius Mugil lanus. L. Sempronius Atratinus. M. Geganius Ma- cerinus II. T. Quint. Capito- linus. Barbatus V. M. Fabius Vibula- nus. Postumius JEbu- tius Cornicen. C. Furius Pacilus Rufus. M. Papirius Cras- Cimon prevails on the Greek States to suspend their mutual animosities by a five years' truce, and combine their forces against Persia. Anaxa- goras leaves Athens, and Archelaus is the in- structor of Socrates. Crates, the comic, and Bac chylides, the lyric poets, fl. The first ten tables of laws promulgated at Rome. The Persians, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis, in Cyprus, agree to a peace, which gives freedom to Ionia ; soon after this, Cimon dies. The twelve tables of laws completed at Rome. The Decemvirs abuse their power. Outrage of Ap. Claudius Death of Virginia. The Decemvirs are deposed and brought to justice. Ap. Claudius and Sp. An pins die. in prison : the rest are banished. Consuls and tribunes are again elected. Athens is now the principal seat of Greek philosophy, literature, and art. At Rome, the Patricians, dis mayed by late events, give their sanction to laws that extend still more the power of the people. The Athenians break the truce, by endeavouring to seize Chaeronea ; they are attacked by the Boeoti ans at Coronea, and driven out of the country ; their general, Tolmides, and Klinias, the father of Alcibiades, are killed in the battle- Pindar. Pyth. VIII. set. 72. Rome at war with the ^Equi, who penetrate nearly to the walls of the city, where they are totally routed. Agrigentum conquered by Syracuse. Revolt of Euboea and Megara, suppressed by Peri- cles. The Lacedaemonians invade Attica, but re- tire. Their king, Pleistoanax, is accused of having been bribed by the Athenians, and is banished : a thirty-years' truce follows. At Rome, the Canu- leian law allows Patricians and Plebeians to inter- marry. Nehemiah rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem. The most flourishing period of Athens begins here, under the sole management of Pericles. Prota- goras and Melissus, phil. fl. The Romans elect three military tribunes instead of consuls, A- Sempronius Atratinus, L. Atilius, and Clselius Siculus, who abdicate after three months, and consuls are again appointed. An Athenian colony, under Lampon, planted at Thurium, near the ruins of Sybaris, in Magna Greecia ; it is accompanied by Herodotus and Ly- I sias. The censorship established at Rome. Phidias, the sculptor, guides Pericles in adorning Athens with noble works. The Parthenon, Propy- lgea, and Odeum, built. The architects, Ictinus, Callicrates, and Mnesicles, fl. Euripides gains the highest prize in tragedy. Rome, less distracted, for a while, by intestine discord, becomes more formidable to the neighbouring States. E 50 FBOM THE YEAB B.C. OliTM. A.U.C Olympic Pfrc , ta Victors. FBm ' High Priests of the Jews. Macedoit. Laced^emon. Agid^;. Proclid^;. 440 85.1 314 Criso. 26 Artax- erxes II. Longi- manus. 2 Joiada. 15 Perdiccas II. 19 Pleis- toanax. 30 Archi- damus. 439 2 315 27 3 16 20 31 ; 438 3 316 28 4 17 21 ■ 32 437 4 317 29 5 18 22 33 436 86.1 318 Theopom- pus. 30 6 19 23 34 — 435 2 319 31 ■ 7 ■ 20 ■ 24 35 434 3 320 32 8 21 25 36 433 4 321 33 9 22 26 37 432 87.1 322 Sophron. 34 10 . 23 27 — 38 431 1 2 323 35 • 11 - 24 ■ 28 39 440 TO 431 B.C. 51 | ftepe- j tition i Dates. Athens. 440 | 43S Myrichi- des. Glaucides Theodo- ras. Euthyrne- nes. Lysima- chus. Antiloclii des. Chares. Apseudes, Pythodo- rus. Enthydc mus. Consuls of Rome. Proc. Geganius Macei'inus. L. Meuonius Lana- tus. T. Quint. Capitoli- nus VI. Agrippa Menenius j Lanatus. j Military Tri- bunes. IM. iEmilius Ma- i mercinus. L. Quint. Cincin- nati^. L. Julius lulus. Consuls again. M. Geganius Ma- cerinus III. L. Sergius Fidenas M. Cornelius Ma- lugin. L. Papirius Cras- sus. C. Julius lulus II. L. Virginius Tri- costus. C.Julius lulus III L. Virginius Tri- GOStUS II. Mil. Trtb. M. Fabius Vibula- nus. M. Fossius Flacci- nator. L. Sergius Fidenas Consuls again. L. Pinarius Rufus. L. Furius Medulli- nus. Sp. Postumius Al- bus. T. Quintius Pennus Cincinnatus. C. Julius Man to. Events and Eminent Men. Samos, resisting the sway of Athens, is besieged by Pericles, with Sophocles as a general under him, and defended by the philosopher Melissus : surrenders after a siege of nine months. The per- formance of comedies prohibited at Athens. The " Antigone" of Sophocles exhibited. A severe famine at Rome; Sp. Meelius distributes corn to the citizens, for which he is accused of as- piring to be king, and is murdered by Servilius Ahala. L. Minueius Augurinus appointed praif ac- tus annonai. The statue of Minerva, by Phidias, placed in the Parthenon. Spartacus I. becomes king of Bospo- rus. Three military tribunes at Rome, instead of consuls ; the scarcity relieved. Ahala impeached and exiled. An Athenian colony, led by Agnon, to Amphipolis, on the river Stryrqon. The prohibition of comedy repealed. Victory of the Romans over the Veien- tes, Fidenates, and their allies. The Veientine king, Tolumnius, slain by the master of the horse, Corn. Cossus, who dedicates the second spolia opima. Birth of Isocrates. Cratinus receives the prize for comedy. The paintings of Polygnotns, and Pana?- nus, brother of Phidias, adorn the Poikile at Athens. Polycletes of Sicyon, the sculptor, fl. War between the Corinthians and their colony of Corcyra. Prodicus of Ceos, phil. fl. Fidense taken by the Romans and razed. Truce witli Veil. Lysippus, the comic poet, obtains the prize. The censorship at Rome limited to eighteen months, by a law of iEmilius Mamercinus. Ambassadors from Corcyra implore the assistance of the Athenians, who send a fleet to protect the island against the attack of Corinth : — this is the prelude to the long and fatal Peloponnesian war. Sea-fights off Corcyra ; Andocides commands the Athenian ships. Pericles attacked through his friends. Aspasia, Phidias, and Aiiaxagoras, who had returned to Athens, are publicly accused of impiety ; the latter returns to Lampsacus, and Phidias to Elis. Meton, the astronomer, begins his cycle. The congress of Lacedaemon. The Athenians are accused by the Corinthians and Megaraeans of having broken the thirty years' truce ; the Thebans commence war by an attempt to seize Plataea, and Archidamus invades At- tica with a large army. The Athenians send their fleet to ravage the coast of the Peloponnesus, and lay siege to Potid.ea in Macedon. Alliance be- tween Athens and Sitalces, king of Thrace. The " Medea" and ■' Philoctetes" of Euripides brought out; but Euphorion, the son of^Eschylus, gains the first prize for tragedy against him and Sopho- cles. Seleucus king of Bosporus. 52 FROM THE YEAB B.C. OliYM. A.U.C.I I Olympic Victors. Persia. High Priests of the Jews. Macedok. L.ACED.EMON. AGIO.E. PROCLID.S. 430 429 87.3 4 324 325 36 Artax- erxes. 37 — 12 Joiada. 13 ■ 25 Perdiccas II. 26 29 Pleis- toanax. 30 40 Archi- damus II. 41 428 88.1 326 Symma- chus. 38 14 27 31 42 427 2 327 39 15 28 32 1 Agis II. 426 3 S28 40 16 29 33 2 425 4 329 1 Xerxes 11.. 2 months. 1 Sogdia- nus. 17 30 34 3 424 89.1 330 Symma- chus. 1 Darius Nothus. 18 31 35 4 423 2 331 2 19 32 36 , 5 i 422 S 332 3 20 33 37 i 1 1 430 TO 422 B.C. S3 Repe- tition Dates, Aechons OF Athens. Consuls of Rome Events and Eminent Men. 429 428 426 Apollodo- rus. Epamei- non. Euclides. Euthyde- mus. Stratocles Isarchus. L.PapiriusCrassus L. Julius lulus. L. Sergius Fide- nas II. Hostus Lucret. Tricipitinus. T. Quintius Pennus Ciucinnatus II. A. Cornelius Cos- sus. L. Papirius Mugil- lanus II. C. Servilius Struct Ahala. Mil. Trie. T. Quintius. Pen. Cincinnatus, &c. A. Sempronius A- tratinus. &c. Alcaeus. L. Horat Barbatus &c. Consuls. C. Sempronius A- tratinus. Q. Fabius Vibula nus. Mil. Tuib. L. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus, &c. Plague at Athens. Second invasion of Attica. The Athenians fail in their attack on Epidaurus. Death of Pericles. Surrender of Potidsea to the Athenians ; in the battle Socrates saves the life of Alcibiades. Phormio conducts successfully their naval operations in the Gulf of Corinth. Platsea besieged. Birth of Plato. Hippocrates said to have been in Athens during the plague, but is not named by Thucydides. Sitalces invades Macedon. Attica again invaded. The Athenians besiege Mity- lene, which had revolted with all Lesbos, except Methymne. Death of Anaxagoras, set. 72. The comic poet, Plato, makes his first exhibition. Fourth invasion of Attica. Mitylene is surrendered, and Nicias reduces the rest of Lesbos. Plataea conquered by the Thebans. Gorgias, ambassador from Leontium, implores aid from Athens against the Syracusans ; an auxiliary force is granted. Pausanias is allowed to exercise the kingly power at Lacedaemon, for his father, Pleistoanax, who is still an exile. A faction at Corcyra attempts to break off the alliance with Athens. The second prize awarded to Aristophanes for his " Daetales," the first play exhibited by him. Nicias, the Athenian general, defeats the Lacedae- monians, under Agis, at Tanagra. Another Athe- nian general, Demosthenes, victorious at Olpae, in Acarnania. The Peloponnesians make propositions for peace, which are rejected. Lustration of Delos. The Romans enlarge their dominion by successful wars, against the yEquians, Volscians, and Vei- entines. Agis begins the fifth invasion of Attica, but retires on hearing that the Athenians had taken Pylos and Sphacteria. Pleistoanax returns to Sparta from exile. An eruption of Mount ^Etna. Soon after the death of Artaxerxes, Sogdianus murders his brother, Xerxes II., and usurps the throne of Persia. The island of Cythera taken by the Athenians Brasidas, the Lacedaemonian general, marches into Thrace, defeats Thucydides, and captures Amphipolis. Battle of Delium, where Socrates saves the life of Xenophon. Death of Sitalces, king of Thrace. Hermocrates of Syracuse pacifies Sicily. Sogdianus killed, and succeeded by Darius Nothus. Thucydides banished, begins to write his History. Thespiae destroyed by the Thebans. The temple of Juno burnt at Argos ; truce for a year between the belligerents. Alcibiades takes part in public affairs. Socrates teaches at Athens, and is sati- rized by Aristophanes in his " Clouds." Discon- tent revives in Rome. At the expiration of the truce, hostilities renewed in Thrace, where the two generals, Cleon and lira- sidas, both fall. Nicias inclines the Athenians to peace ; but now their overtures are rejected. The citizens of Athens, 20,000. Death of Cratinus. 54 EBOM THE TEAE r ■" B.C. Olym. A,U,C. Olympic Victors. Persia. High Priests op the Jews. Macedok. Laoedjsmcn. Agid^e. PROCLID.E. 421 89.4 333 4 Darius Nothus. 21 Joiada. 34 Perdiccas II. 38 Pleis- toanax. 7AgisII. 420 90.1 334 Hyperbi- us. 5 22 35 39 8 419 2 335 6 23 36 40 9 418 3 336 7 24 37 41 10 417 4 337 8 25 — - 38 42 11 416 91.1 338 Exagine- ! tus. 9 26 39 43 12 415 2 339 10 27 40 44 13 414 3 340 11 28 41 45 14 413 4 341 12 29 1 Arche- laus. 46 15 412 92.1 342 Exagine- tus. 13 30 2 47 16 421 TO 412 B.C. 55 Repe- tition Dates 421 420 419 418 414 412 I Akchons OF Athens. Aristion. Astyphi- lus. Archias. Antiphon. Euphe mus. Arimnes- tus. Chabrias. Pisander. Cleocritus Callias. T. Quintius Capi- tolinus. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus. Mil. Teib. T, Quint. Pennus Cincinnatus II., &c. Agrippa Menenius &c. M. Papirius Mugil- lanus, &c. P. Lucretius Trici- pitinus II., &c. A. Sempronius A- tratinus, II., &c. P. Cornelius Cos- sus, &c. Consuls of Rome Q. Fabius Vibula- nus, II., &c. Consuls. M. Cornelius Cos- sus. L. Furius Medulli- nus. Q. Fabius Ambus- tus. C. Furius Pacilus. Events and Eminent Men. The fifty years' trace, or " Peace of Nicias," by which the Lacedaemonians engage to give up Ainphi- polis. Aristophanes brings out every year one or more of his comedies, in which passing events or prominent characters are ridiculed. Alcibiades negociates an alliance between Athens and Argos. Amphipolis retained by the Lacedae- monians. Hostilities are renewed, and Alcibiades leads an Athenian army into the Peloponnesus. The Ar- gives attack Epidaurus. Victory of the Lacedaemonians at Mantinea. The league between Argos and Athens dissolved. Argos distracted by contending factions. At Athens philosophy and intellectual pursuits are not inter- rupted by the vicissitudes of war. The island of Melos, which had remained neutral, is conquered by the Athenians, and its inhabitants cruelly treated. The prize for tragedy is awarded to Agathon. The Athenian expedition to Sicily, under Nicias, Lamachus, and Alcibiades ; the latter is recalled, to answer an accusation of having broken some statues of Mercury in the city; he takes refuge in Sparta. The orator, Andocides, is implicated in the same charge, imprisoned and exiled. Euri- pides produces several tragedies, among them his "Palamedes," "Troades,"and "Sisyphus;" but Xenocles gains the firsj prize, against him ; that for comedy is given to Archippus. The Syracusans, hard pressed by the Athenians, apply to the other Greek States ; the Lacedaemo- nians send Gylippus with an army to assist them. Eurymedon conveys supplies from Athens. Egypt becomes again an independent kingdom, under Amyrtseus. Bolae, a town of the JEquians, taken by the Romans. The division of the booty causes a mutiny among the soldiers, who, after slaying the quaestor, kill the military tribune, M. Postu- mius, while judging the cause. Alcibiades, the adviser of the Lacedaemonians. They once more invade Attica, and fortify De- celea. Demosthenes is sent with succours to the Athenians in Sicily. After a disastrous campaign there, and the destruction of his fleet, Nicias sur- renders with the wreck of his army. An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 27. Archelaus succeeds to the throne of Macedon, and rules wisely. Athens, weakened by the defection of her allies, ap- plies her reserve fund of 1000 talents to the ex- j pense of the war. Alcibiades negociates a treaty ; of alliance between the Lacedemonians and Per- j Bians. Euripid. " Andromeda " produced. 56 FROM THE YEAB B.C. Olym. AUC Olympic Victoes. Persia Egypt. High priests of the Jews. M \CE- DOtf. LACED-ffiJION. AGIDjE PEOCLID-ffii, 411 92.2 343 14 Da- rius Nothus 4 A- myr- taeus. 31 Joiada. 3 Ar- che- laus. 48 Pleis- toauax. 17 Agis 11. 1 410 3 344 15 5 32 4 49 18 409 4 345 16 6 33 5 50 19 408 93.1 346 Eubatos. 17 1 Pau- 34 6 lPau- 20 407 2 347 18 sms, Clin. Nephe- rites, Buns. & Leps. 35 7 sanias. 2 21 406 3 348 19 3 36 8 3 22 405 4 349 lArta- xerxes Mne- mon. 4 37 9 4 23 404 94.1 350 Crocynas. 2 5 38 10 5 24 403 2 351 g 6 39 11 6- — 25 1 411 TO 403 B.C. 57 Repe- tition Dates, 411 410 408 407 406 405 404 OP Athens. Theopom- pus. Glaucip- pus. Diodes. Euctemon Antigenes Gallias. Alexias. Pythodo- Euclides, Clin. Myco, Hales. Consuls of Rome, M. Papirius Mugil- lanus. C. Nautius Rutilus, M. iEmilius Ma- mercinus. C. Valerius Potitus. Cn. Cornelius Cos- sus. L. Furius Medulli- nus II. Mil. Teib. C. Julius lulus, &e. C. Valerius Volusi- nus, &c. P # Cornel Rutilus "Cossus, &c. C. Julius lulus, P. Cornelius Malu ginensis, &c. Manlius iEmilius Mamercinus, &c, Events and Eminent Men. The " Government of 400," at Athens, which con- tinues only four months ; its framer, Antipho, the tutor of Thucydides, is put to death. The Lace- daemonian fleet, under Mindarus, is defeated at Cynossema. Alcibiades is recalled by the Athe- nians and placed at the head of the army in Sa- mos. Lysias returns from Thurium to Athens The History of Thucydides terminates abruptly in the middle of this year. Revolt of Euboea. Alcibiades, near Cyzicus, defeats the Lacedaemo- nian fleet, and its commander, Mindarus, is slain Sparta makes pacific overtures. The Athenian general, Thrasyllus, enters Lydia. The Lacedaemonians recover Pylos. The Cartha- ginians begin their attacks on Sicily, and reduce Selinus and Himera. Plato, set. 20, becomes a disciple of Socrates. Sophoc. " Philoctetes." Alcibiades takes Selymbria and Byzantium. Eu- ripid. "Orestes." The Roman Plebes first ad- mitted to the Qusestorship. Darius sends his son, Cyrus, to command the army in Ionia. Alcibiades, received with great honour at Athens, is then banished, because his lieu- tenant, Antiochus, is defeated by Lysander, at Ephesus. The city of Rhodes founded, to be the capital of the island. The Lacedaemonian flee^under Callicratidas, defeated by Conon off the Arginussae. Propositions for peace,madeby Sparta, are rejected, through the in- fluence of the demagogue, Cleophon. The Athenian commanders punished for not saving their shat- tered vessels and the bodies of the slain. Diony- sius becomes master of Syracuse, and Agrigentum is taken by the Carthaginians. Anxur and other towns taken by the Romans, who now first give their soldiers a regular daily pay. Philistus, who afterwards writes a history of Sicily, is a supporter of Dionysius. Death of Euripides, set. 75. Battle of -^Egospotamus. The Athenian fleet de- stroyed by Lysander. Conon escapes with eight ships to Cyprus. The Carthaginian army in Si- cily afflicted by the plague. The siege of Veii commenced by the Romans. Death of Sophocles. Aristoph. " Batrachoi." The poet Antimachus, of Colophon, fl. Athens taken by Lysander and dismantled. The thirty governors appointed by him. Lysias and other orators banished. Thrasybulus, at the head of some Athenian refugees, maintains himself at Phyle. Death of Alcibiades, jet. 45, killed by the soldiers of Pharnabazus. Peace between the Car- thaginians and Dionysius, each party retaining their possessions in Sicily. Thrasybulus regains possession of Athens, restores the ancient form of government, and publishes an act of amnesty. Thucydides, Lysias, Andocides, and others return from exile. The Ionian alpha- bet adopted at Athens. 58 FROM THE YEAR B.C, 401 Olym 94.3 400 95. 1 96.1 354 355 356 Olympic Victors. Minos. Eupole ruus. Persia. 4 Arta- xerxes Mne- mon. Egypt, 7 Pau siris,or Neph i-ites. 1 Psam- meti- chus, Blair. High Priests of the Jews. 40 Joiada. Mace- don. 12 Ar- che- laus. Laced^emon. AGID^:. PROCLIDiE 7 Pausa- nias. Agis 27 1 Ores- tes and JE.ro- pus. 10 11 — . lNe- phe- reus, Blair. 1 Jonathan I. 10 28 29 2 11 1 3 12 4 13 5 14 1 Age- silaus II. 402 TO 395 B.C. 59 I Repe- tition • Dates Abchons OF Athens. Mil. This, of Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 402 401 400 397 Micon, Glin. Euclides Hales. Xensene- tus. Laches. Aristocra- Ithycles. Suniades, Clin. Lysiades, Hales. Phormion. Diophan- tus. C. Servilius Ahala III., &c. M. Furius Camil- lus, &c. P. Licinius Calvus, &c. C. Duilius, &c. L. Valerius Poti- tus V., &c. L. Julius lulus II, &c. P. Ticinius Calvus &c. Camillus, Dictator. P. Cornelius "Cos- sus, &c. Andocides takes a leading part at Athens with Ar- chinus and Cephalus. The prize for comedy gained by Cephisodorus. Cyrus rebels against his brother Artaxerxes, is de- feated and slain in the battle of Cunaxa. Memo- rable retreat of the 10,000 Greek auxiliaries under Xenophon. War between Lacedsemon and Elis. Sophoc. CEdip. Colon, exhibited by the grandson of the deceased poet. Telestes gains a dithyram- bic prize. Athens is quietly repairing her losses. Laceda-mon, supreme in Greece, oppresses many cities by tyrannical governors (hartnosts). The 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, reach Thrace, and serve for two months in the army of Seuthes. Socrates, set. 70, accused of impiety, is put to death by the Athenians. Plato retires to Megara. The Lacedaemonians send Thimbron and Dercyllidas to attack the Persians. Elis succumbs to them. Assassination of Archelaus, king of Macedon, who is succeeded by his son, Orestes, under the guardianship of iEropus. Dercyllidas makes a truce with Pharnabazus, and fortifies the Thracian Chersonesus, by a wall across the Isthmus ; he then renews the war in Asia. At this year terminates the Persian his- tory of Ctesias, so severely condemned by Plu- tarch. Astydamas, the tragedian, and the poets Philoxenus and Timotheus, 'fl. On the death of Agis II., Lysander induces the Lacedaemonians to appoint Agesilaus II. king, to the exclusion of the rightful -heir, Leotychides. Dercyllidas invades Caria, and agrees to an armis- tice with Tissaphernes. Progress of the Car- thaginians in Sicily. Bloody contest at Jerusa- lem between Jonathan and his brother, for the high priesthood. The painters, Zeuxis and Par- rhasius, fl. Agesilaus takes the command of the Grecian army in Asia, and after a successful campaign, winters at Ephesus. After a siege of ten years, Veii is taken by storm and destroyed. Rome acquires a large accession of territory. Triumph of Camillus. Victory of Agesilaus, near Sardis, after which he penetrates into Phrygia and Paphlagonia. Tissa- phernes is put to "death, and succeeded by Ti- thraustes, who employs Timocrates, the Rhodian, to form a league in Greece, against Sparta. Athens and Argos combine with other States, and defeat the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, where LysandeK is slain. Plato, aet. 34, returns to Athens, after having travelled in Egypt, Gyrene, and Italy, and visited the Pythagoreans, Philolaus and Eurytns. 60 FROM THE YEAB B.C. Oltm. 96.3 A.U.C. 392 391 390 97.1 363 364 Olympic Victors. Terinams. So3ippus. 12 Arta- xerxes Mne- mon. Egypt. 2Ne- phe- reus. High Priests of the Jews. 4 Jonathan I. 1 Acho- ris, Blair. Mace- don. 1 A- mvn- tas II LACEDiEMOlT. Agid^e.Proclid^e 1 Agesi- polis I. 5 Age- silaus II. 10 394 TO 388 B.C. 61 Repe- tition Dates 391 Archons OP Athens. Eubulides. Demostra- tus, Clin. Arches, Hales. Philocles. Nicoteles. Demostra- tus. Antipater Pyrrhion. Military Tri- bunes of Rome. M. Furius Camil- lus III., &c. Consuls, L. Lucretius Flac- cus. Serv. Sulpicius Ca- merinus. L. Valerius Poti- tus. M. Manlius Capi- tolinus. Mil. Trib. L. Lucretius Fla- vus, &c. Q. Fabius Ambus- tus, &c. Dictator. M. Furius Camil- lus. Mil. Trib. L. Valerius Popli cola II., &e. Events and Eminent Men. In consequence of Lysander's defeat, Pausanias is deposed and banished from Sparta, and succeeded by his son. Agesilaus is recalled from Asia ; be- fore he arrives, the Lacedaemonians, under Aristo- demus, defeat the allies near Corinth, but lose a great naval battle against Conon, near Cnidus, in which their admiral, Pisander, is killed. Agesi- laus is victorious at Coronea. Eclipse of the sun Aug. 14th. Plato serves in the battle of Corinth. Falisci taken by the Romans. Civil discord at Corinth. Agesilaus victorious at Lechseum. Conon and Pharnabazus harass the maritime districts of Peloponnesus. Teleutias co-operates with his brother, Agesilaus, in the Gulf of Corinth. The long walls of Athens rebuilt by Conon, and the Piraeus fortified anew. The Romans, disposed to repair Veii and make it their capital, are dissuaded by Camillus. Leucon be- comes king of Bosporus. The Athenian general. Iphicrates, in his first cam- paign, defeats Agesilaus. Conon excites the jealousy of the Persians, retires into Cyprus, and dies there. Peace concluded between the Carthaginians and Dionysius. The Macedonian king, Amyntas, un- fortunate in his wars with the Illyrians. Agesilaus invades Acarnania. Andocides banished from Athens for advising peace, and dies in exile. The Lacedtemonians renew their warfare in Asia, under Diphridas. Camillus, banished from Rome, retires to Ardea. Acarnania submits to Agesilaus. Agesipolis in- vades Argolis. Ten Athenian ships, sent to assist Evagoras in Cyprus, are captured by Teleutias. Thrasybulus killed at Aspendus. Agyrrhius is sent by the Athenians to replace Thra- sybulus, while Iphicrates commands their fleet in the Hellespont. Plato's visit to Sicily, and honourable reception by Dionysius. Birth of ^Eschines. Celts, from the north-east of Italy (called Gauls by the Romans), advance to Clusium. and defeat the Roman army in a bloody battle on the Allia, July 16th. Camillus is recalled and ap- pointed dictator ; but before he can arrive, Rome is taken, plundered and burnt: the Patricians retire into the Capitol ; Camillus collects the fugitives and expels the enemy. Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian, drives the Athenian fleet from Abydos, and releases that of Nicolochus, which Iphicrates had blockaded. Chabrias is sent from Athens with an army to support Evagoras in Cyprus. Aristoph. " Plutus," his last produc- tion : he dies about this time. Nicochares and Nicophron begin to write comedies. The disasters of Rome encourage the conquered States to revolt; they are reduced to obedience by Camillus, who again prevails on his countrymen not to remove to Veii, but to rebuild Rome. 62 mOM THE TEAR B.C. L Ol/XM. A.UC Olympic Victors. Persia. Egypt. HrcfH Priests of the Jews. Mace- don. Lacedjjmon, Agidje.Proclims. 387 98.2 367 19 Arta- xerxes Mne- mon. 3 Acho- ris. 11 Jonathan I. 7 A- mj n- tas 1 1 . 8 Agesi- polis I. 12 Age- silaus II. j 386 3 368 20 4 12 8 9 13 385 4 369 21 5 13 9 10 14 j j 384 ! 99.1 370 Dicon. 22 6 14 10 11 15 1 • 383 2 371 23 7 15 11 12 16 — 382 3 372 24 8 16 12 13 17 381 4 373 25 9 17 13 14 18 380 100.1 374 Dionysio- dorus. 26 10 18 14 1 Cleom- brotus. 19 _; 1 379 2 375 27 11 19 15 2 20 378 3 376 28 12 20 16 3 21 377 4 377 29 13 21 17 4 22 u 376 101.1 378 Daioon. 30 1 Psam- muthis. 22 L ; 18 5 23 i 387 TO 376 B.C. 63 \ tltion Dates 387 384 3S2 381 379 37S 377 376 Athens. Theodo- tus. Mystichi- des. Dexithe- Mtlita-by Tri- bunes of Rome. Diotre- phes. Phano- stratus. Evander, Clin. Menander Hales. Demophi- lus. Pytlieas. Nicon. Nausini- cus. Callias. Charisan- der. T. Quintus Cincin- natus, &c. L. Papirius Cursor, &c. M. Furius Camillus IV., &c. A. Manlins Capito- linus, &c. Serv. Corn. Malu- ginensis, &c. L. Valerius Popli cola IV., &c. Sp. Papirius Cras- sus, &c. M. Furius Camillus VI., &c. L. Valerius Popli cola V., &c. C. Manlius Capito- linus, &c. Events and Eminent Men. Antalcidas makes peace with Artaxerxes, leaving the Ionian cities and Cyprus at his mercy, and enabling the Lacedaemonians to maintain their supremacy in Greece. Antiphanes writes come- dies. Rhegium is taken by Dionysius, after a long siege. The Thebans are compelled by Agesilaus to relin- quish possession of Platsea. Mantinea taken by Agesipolis, and its inhabitants dispersed ; Pelopidas and Epaminondas are wound- ed. Evagoras repulses the Persians in a naval engagement. Androtion becomes conspicuous in public affairs at Athens. Birth of Aristotle. The historian Ctesias leaves the court of Artaxerxes, after a residence of seventeen years. Unsuccessful war of the Persians against the Cadusians. Dionysius, foiled in a short war with the Cartha- ginians, makes peace, and fixes the river Halycus as the division of their territories. Manlius Ca- pitolinus, accused of treason, is thrown from the Tarpeian rock. Birth of Demosthenes. The Lacedaemonians and Ma- cedonians commence their Avar against Olynthus. Phoebidas surprises the citadel of Thebes. In the second campaign against Olynthus, Teleutias, the Lacedaemonian commander, is slain. Age- silaus besieges Phlius., Agesipolis dies, while conducting the third campaign against Olynthus, and Polybiades takes the com- mand. Evagoras is hard pressed by the Persians in Cyprus. Isocrat. Panegyr. Death of Philo- xenus. Olynthus submits to Polybiades and Phlius to Age- silaus. The Thebans regain possession of their citadel ; on the motion of the orator, Cephalus, the Athenians resolve to assist them. Cleombrotus and Agesilaus invade Boaotia. The Thebans are trained by Pelopidas and Epaminon- das in a new system of tactics. The attempt of Sphodrias to surprize the Piraeus inflames the hostile spirit of Athens against Sparta. Sp. Furius Medul- Agesilaus renews his incursions in Boeotia. The linus, &c. Thebans enrol their " Sacred Band," and the Athe- nians improve their marine. L. jEmilius Ma- mercinus V., &c Cleombrotus leads the Lacedaemonians again into Boeotia ; their fleet, under the command of Pollis. is totally defeated off Naxos, by Chabrias ; in this battle, Phocion first distinguishes himself. Evago- ras concludes a disadvantageous peace with Persia. The Licinian laws proposed at Rome ; great con- fusion and anarchy ensue : no regular magistrates j elected for five years : but the two leading tri- bunes of the people rule during the whole time. 64 FEOM THE YEAB j B.C. 375 874 Olym. 101.2 373 372 371 370 369 388 103.1 I 379 381 384 Olympic Victors. Damon. Pytho- Btratus. Persia. 31 Arta- xerxes Mne mon, 34 35 37 38 Egypt. 1 Ne- phe- rites. 1 Nec- tane- bis I. 387, Buns. High Priests of the Jews. 23 Jonathan I. 24 25 27 28 Mace- don. 19 A- myn- tas II. LACEDjEMON. AgID^.PROCLIDjE ;Cleom-24 Age- brotus. ilaus II. 22 23 24 1 Alex- ander II. 1 Age si polis II. 1 Cleo- menes II. 26 375 TO 368 B.C. 65 tition , Dates, 373 372 371 370 Aechons I OF Athens. ' Plebeian Tri- bunes of Rome. Hippoda- mas. socra- tides. L. Sextius Latera- nus. C. Licinins Stolo, &c. Asteius. .The same. 368 Alcisthe- nes. Phrasi eli- des. Dyscine- tus. Ly si stra- tus. Nausige- nes. iThe same. ] Military Tri- bunes. L. Furius Medulli- nus II., &c. Q. Servilius Pris- cus III.,&c. L. Qnintius Capitp- linus, &c. Dictator, M. Furius Camil lus. Events and Eminent Me Cleombrotus carries the war into Phoeis. In the '. action of Tegyra, the " Sacred Band'-' of Thebes decides the victory against the Lacedaemonians, Polydamas, expelled from Pharsalus by Jason of Pherpe, takes refuge at Sparta. Araros, the son of Aristophanes, Eubulus and Anaxandrides, poets of the middle comedy, fl. at Athens. Nectanebis I. " gins the thirtieth of Manetho's Egyptian dynasties. The Athenians, jealous of the Thebans, make peace with the Lacedsemonians, but renew the war almost immediately ; their fleet at Corcyra, under Timo- theus, the son of Conon and friend of Plato. The Thebans utterly destroy Plataea ; oration of Iso- crates on the occasion, Plato is now teaching in the grove of Academus, and Xenophon also diffu- sing the doctrines of Socrates. The Persians invade Egypt ; their army is chiefly composed of Greek mercenaries, under Iphicrates, who quarrel with Pharnabazus, and the expedition fails. Death of Evagoras. Mnasippus, sent with a Lacedaemonian fleet to Cor- cyra, is slain before Iphicrates, Callistratus, and Chabrias arrive to oppose him. Timotbeus, prose- cuted for misconducting the war, is acquitted, but retires into Asia. An earthquake in Achaia. Iphicrates maintains the naval superiority of A- thens. Leodamas, Callistratus, Aristophon, and other eminent orators fl. Astydamas the younger, and his brother Philocles, write tragedies. Congress of Sparta. Thebes being excluded from the treaty of peace, Pelopidas and Epaminondas gain the great victory of Leuctra, in which Cleombrotus, the king of Sparta, is killed ; they found Megalo- polis in Arcadia. The Thebans now preponderate in Greece ; they restore Mantinea. Agesilaus endeavours to revive the spirit of the Lacedaemonians by invading Arcadia. Jason of Pherse is assassinated. Epaminondas carries his arms into Laconia, and re- stores the independence of the Messenians. Al- liance between Athens and Sparta. Polyphron of Pherse is slain, and Alexander succeeds to his power. Pelopidas and Epaminondas condemned for having retained their command beyond the term allowed by the Theban law ; they are par- doned and re-appointed. The Thebans again enter the Peloponnesus, but re- treat before the arrival of succours sent by Diony- sius to the Laced asm onians. Pelopidas, treache- rously made prisoner by Alexander of Pherse, is res- cued by Epaminondas. Orchomenus is destroyed. A congress, under the mediation of Persia, is held at Delphi ; it fails, because the Thebans will not abandon the Messenians. The Carthaginians at war with Dionysius ; but, after losing Selinus and other towns, make peace. Camillus, more than 80 years old, appointed dictator at Kome ; he per- suades the Patricians to assent to the demands of the Plebes, and builds the Temple of Concord. 66 FROM THE XEAB B.C. 265 364 363 362 301 Olym. 103.2 104.1 387 391 105. 1 394 Olympic Victors. Eubotas. Porus, Persia. 19 Arta- xerxe Mne- mon. 42 Egypt. 9 Nec- tane- bisl. 12 45 46 43 1 Ta- chos, or Teos. 44 2 1 Nec- tane- bis II. High Priests of the Jews. 31 Jonathan I. 32 33 34 35 37 Mace- don. 1 Pto lemseus Alori tes. 1 Per- diccas III. Laced^mon. AgidjE.Proclidjb, 4 Cleo- menes II. 3-1 35 4 10 11 32 Age- silaus II. 37 1 Ar- chida- mus III. 367 TO 360 B.C. 67 Bepe- tition Dates. 367 364 362 Archons OF Athens. Polyzelus, Gephiso- dorus. Chion, Timocra- tes. Charicli- des. Molor I 361 jJNieophe- Callime- I des. Plebeian Tri- bunes of Rome. A.Cornelius Cossus &c. Consuls. L. iEmilius Ma- mercinus. L. Sextius Latera- nus. L. Genucius Aver- tinus. Q. Servilius Ahala, C. Sulpicius Pseti- cus. C. Licinius Stolo. L. iEmilius Ma-I me'-oinus. On. Genucius A ven-i tinensis. Q. Servilius Ahala II. L. Genucius Aven- tinensis. C. Sulpicius Pseti- cus II. C. Licinius Stolo II M. Fabius Ambus- I tus. !C. Paetilius Libo. Events and Eminent Men. The " tearless victory " of Archidamus over the in- dependent Peloponnesians. Embassy of Pelopidas to Persia. Dionysius of Syracuse dies, and is suc- ceeded by his son. Aristotle eet. 17, comes to Athens. Camillus defeats the Stnonian Celts. The Licinian laws are passed, to be carried into effect the following year. Expedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, and cap- ture of Oropus. Athens contracts alliance with Arcadia; Corinth and Phlius make peace with Thebes. L. Sextius Lateranus is the first Ple- beian consul at Rome. The offices of Prsetor and Curule iEdile created. A bloody affray in the temple at Jerusalem, in which Jesb.ua is killed. War between Arcadia and Elis. Aristippus of Cyrene, and his daughter Arete, give at this time the form of the Cyrenaic school to the philoso- phy of Socrates. Eurydice, the widow of Amyn- tas II., of Macedon, having obtained the protec- tion of Iphicrates for herself and her two youngest sons, Perdiccas and Philip, the latter, now set. 18, studies at Thebes the tactics of Epaminondas. Death of Camillus. Archidamus invades Arcadia. The battle of Olym- pia is fought during the games. Pelopidas at- tacks Alexander of Pherpe. At the battle of Cy- noscephalee his soldiers are alarmed by an eclipse of the sun, and he is slain. Demosthenes, aet. 18, pleads against his guardians. Praxiteles begins to be known as a sculptor. Phi- listus closes his history at this, the fifth year of Dionysius the Younger. Battle of Mantinea. Death of Epaminondas. The power of Thebes declines. Unsuccessful expedi- tion of the Athenians against Alexander of Pherse ; the trierarchs, who commanded in it, are prose- cuted. Rebellion of some of the Persian Sati-aps in Asia Minor. A genei'al peace. The Lacedaemonians reluctantly admit the independence of the Messenians. Callistratus banished from Athens. Agesilaus assists the Egyptians in their struggle against the attacks of Persia, and dies on his way homeward, ast. 80. Plato again in Sicily, vainly endeavouring to effect a reconciliation between Dionysius and Dion. Birth of the orator Dinarchus. Rome, again attacked by the Senones. The Olynthians repulse Charidemus and Timotheus, who attempt to regain Amphipolis for the Athe- nians. The affairs of Thrace are arranged by Chabrias, after the assassination of Cotys. The history of Theopompus commences. He is de- feated in a law-suit by the orator, Isseus, the in- structor of Demosthenes. Dion is banished from Sicily. Eudoxus of Cnidus connects geography and astronomy. Pamphilus of Macedon teaches Apelles to paint. The Senones maintain their positions on the Algidus and Alban Mount. Ar- chytas of Tarentum, phil. and math., redeems Plato, when sold as a slave by Dionysius. 69 FROM THE -YEAH B.C. Oltsi. A.U.C. Olympic Victors. Persia. Egypt. High Priests of the Jews. Mace- DOX. LACEDjEMON. Agid.e.Procljd^e. 359 105.2 395 1 Oclius 3 Nee- tane- bis II. 39 Jonathan I. 1 Phi- lip II. 12CIeo- menes II. 3 Ar- chidu- mua III. 358 S 396 2" 4 40 ■ 2 13 4 357 4 397 3 6 41 3 14,— 5 356 106.1 393 Donis. 4 6 42 4 , 15 e — 355 2 399 5 7 — 43 5 16 7 1 354 3 400 6 8 44 6 17 8—| | 353 4 401 7 9 45 — — f 18 9 1 I 1 359 TO 353 B.C. 69 Bvpe- tition Dates. 359 358 357 356 &53 AtWHONS OF Athens. Consuls op Rome Eueharl tus. Cephiso- dotus. Agatho- cles. Elpines. Callistra- tus. Events and Eminent Men. M. 'Popilius Lfe- nas. Cn. Manlius Capi tolinus. C. Fabius Ambus- tus. C. Plautius Procu- lus. C. Manlius Rutilus. C. Manlius Capito- linus II. M. Fabius Ambus tus II. M. Popilius Lamas II. C. Sulpicius . seti- cus III. M. Valerius Popli- Di*timus. Eudemus. col;: M. Fabius Ambns- tus.HI. T. Quint. Pennus Capitolinus Philip, aet. 23, on his accession, begins a vigorous system of government in Macedon; he conquers Argjeus, makes peace with Athens, subdues the Paeonians, and defeats the Illyrians. Alexander of Pheree slain, and succeeded by Tisiphonus. Death of Xenophon. Philip takes Amphipolis. Pydna and Potidasa. The Athenian expedition against Euboea, under Ti- motheus. The Senones compelled to retire from the neighbourhood of Rome. The social war between the Athenians and then- former allies ; they recover Euboea and the Thracian Chersonesus. Chabrias is killed at the siege of Chios. The Phocians seize Delphi : Philomelas is their leader in the sacred war, which ensues. Dion returns to Sicily with a Greek fleet and ai'my. Licinius Stolo violates his own agrarian law. Death of Democritus, set. 104, and of Hippo- crates, at the same age. Demophilus and Callis- thenes write their histories of the sacred war. Timotheus the musician, son of Terpander, dies, set, 97. An eclipse of the moon, Aug. 9. Birth of Alexander, in July, on the night in which the Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, is burnt. Gold mines discovered in Mount Pangaeus, Macedon. Second campaign of the social war; Samos be- sieged ; Isocrates counsels peace. Dionysius ex- pelled from Sicily. Philistus defeated and slain ; Dion rules at Syracuse. Alexis, the comic poet, fl. The licentiousness of comedy at this time is cen- sured by Isocrates. Eubulus persuades the Athenians to recognize the independence of the confederated States, and ter- minate the social war. Chares employs the forces under his .command to support Artabazus, who had rebelled against Ochus, but is recalled to Athens. Iphicrates is a-ccused of misconducting the war, and acquitted. Demosthenes, in his oration against LeptineS, describes the Cimmerian peninsula as the granary of Athens. The Cyremv ans request Plato to frame laws for them, which he declines to undertake. Timotheus, condemned to a fine of 100 talents, re- - tires_ from Athens to Chalcis, and dies there. Artabazus, assisted by 5000 Thebans, gains two great victories C. Sulpicius Pa3ti- The ambitious designs of Philip begin to be manifest. cus IV. M. Valerius Eopli cola II. he seizes Pagasse and lays siege to Methone Philomelus 3 _the- Phocian leader, falls in battle, and is succeeded by his brother, Oriomarchus: Dion assassinated at Syracuse by Callippus : great anarchy ensues. The Plebes continue to gain power at Rome ; C. Marcius Rutilus, the first from among them, is appointed dictator. Spar- tacus II. becomes king of Bosporus. 70 PROM THE TEAB B.C. Olym. A.U.C. Olympic Victors. Perisa. Egypt. High Priests of the Jews. Mace- don. Laced^emon. AGID^E.PROCLIDiE. 352 107; 1 402 Smicrinas. 1 8 Ochus 10 Nec- tane- bis II. 46 Jonathan I. 8 Phi- lip II. 19 Cleo- menes II. lOAr- chida- mus III. ! 351 350 349 2 3 4 403 494 1 i 9 10 11 Subdu- ed by Ochus. 47 10 20-— 21 11 12 13 405 2 11 22 348 108.1 406 Polycles. 12 _ 3 12 23 14 1 347 2 407 13 4 13 24 15 — 346 3 408 14 5 14 25 16 345 4 409 15 15 26 17 344 109.1 410 Aristolo- chus. 16 7 16 27 • 18 - 1 343 2 411 . 8 17 28 19 352 TO 343 B.C. 7) Repe- tition Dates 352 A RCHONS OF Athens. Consuls of Home, Events and Eminent Men. 351 350 Aristode- mus. 345 344 343 Apollo- dorus. Callima- chus. Theophi- lus. Themisto- Archias. Eubulus. Lyclscus. Pythodo- tua. P. Valerius Popli- Onomarchns, assisting Lycophron of Pherae against cola. Philip, is defeated and killed : his brother, Phayl C. Marcius Ruti- lus, takes the command in Phocis ; Lycophron lus II. submits to Philip, who, attempting to enter Greece, is stopped at Thermopylae by the Athenians. 2000 colonists are sent from Athens to Samos. War between Lacedsemon and Megalopolis. Demos- thenes, aet. 30, pronounces his first Philippic. Artemisia erects at Halicarnassus the splendid monument of her brother and husband, Mausolus, king of Caria, and dies of grief two years after- wards. Callippus killed by Hipparinus. C. Sulpicius Paeti- Revolt of Phoenicia against Persia. Siege and de- cus V. struction of Sidon. Rebellion of Cyprus also sup- T. Quint. Cincin- pressed. Oration of Demosthenes in favour of the natus. Rhodians M. Popilius Lsenas The Athenians, under Phocion, are victorious at III. Tamynse in Euboea; the orator iEschines present L. Cornelius Scipio. at the battle. Egypt, conquered by Ochus, ceases | to be an independent State. L. Furius CamilluS|The Olynthians, attacked by Philip, solicit aid from Crassus. I Athens ; Demosthenes, in his celebrated orations, Appius Claudius. | pleads their cause, and troops are sent to support I them. Artabazus and the revolted Satraps make J their submission to Ochus. The consul Camillus I Crassus defeats the Senones. M. Popilius LsenaS|01ynthus closely besieged by Philip. Heraclides, the IV. | comic poet, fl. The commercial treaty between M. Valerius Cor-j Rome and Carthage renewed. C. Marcius Rutilus vus. I the first Plebeian censor. Parysades begins his long reign in Bosporus. C. Plautius Hyp-, Fall of Olynthus and other cities. Euboea conquered by Philip. Death of Plato, set. 82. Speusippus continues the lectures of Academus. Aristotle withdraws from Athens to Atarnas. Dionysius the Younger regains his power in Syracuse. M. Valerius Cor- Peace concluded between the Athenians and Philip \ he terminates the sacred war by the conquest of Phocis, and is placed at the head of the Aniphic- tyonic council. The Romans plant colonies in Latiura and the other parts of Italy which they have couquered ; their wars become mora important, and their progress more rapid. C. Marcius Rutilus.'The intrigues of Philip overcome the Lacedsemoni- T. Manlius Torqua- ans. The second Philippic of Demosthenes, tus II. Timoleon of Corinth undertakes his Sicilian ex- pedition. B33US. T. Manlius Tor- quatus. vus II. C. Psetilius Libo. M. Fabius Dorso. Ser. Sulpicius Ca- merinus. M. Valerius Cor vus III. A. Cornelius Cos- The Athenians counteract the designs of Philip, by an armed force in Acarnania, and by embassies at Ambracia and in the Peloponnesus. Timoleon defeats the Carthaginians, gains possession of Syracuse, and banishes Dionysius to Corinth. The Romans commence their first war against the Samnites. 72 rilO-M THE TE JAH i | B.C. j Olym. . - A.U.C. Olympic Victors. Persia. High Priests of the Jews. Macedon. LACEDvEMON. Agims. Proclid/E. 1 342 1 1 109.3 412 18 Oclius. 9 Jaddus. 18 Philip II. 29 Cleo- nienes. 20 Archi-| damus III. 1 j 341 i 4 413 19 10 19 30 21 340 110.1 414 [ Anticles. 20 11 20 31 22 | 339 2 415 21 ■ 12 21 '32 23 33S 3 416 i 1 Arsos. 13 • 22 _ 33 1 Agis III. 337 4 417 . . 2 14 23 34 2 336 111.1 418 Cleoman- - tis. 1 Darius Codo- mauus, 15 - i ! 1 1 Alexander the Great. 35 3 342 TO 336 E.G. 73 Repe- tition Dates. 342 341 340 338 Archons OF Athens, Sosigenes. Nicoma- clius. Theo- phrastus Lysima- chiiles. Chseron- das. Phrynicus Consuls of Rome. C. Marcius Ruti- lus IV. Q. Ssrviiius Ahala C. Plaiitius Hyp sieus. L. iEmilius Ma- mercinus. T. Manlins Tor quatus. P. Decius Mus. Tib.- iEmilius Ma- mercinus. Qu.PubliliusPhilo P. Purius Camillas, C. Maenius. C. Sulpicius Lon- gus. P. ^Elius Psetus. 336 Pythode D1US. Events ano Eminent Men. Philip extends his conquests in Thrace. Diopithes, theAthenian general, is stationed on the Hellespont. Aristotle becomes the preceptor of Alexander, now jet. 14. Birth of the comic poet, Menander, son of Diopithes. Victories of the Romans over the Samnites, and extension of their dominions to the river Liris ; M. Valerius Corvus is one of the greatest and most successful of their leaders. Be- neficent government of Timoleon at Syracuse. Philip still in Thrace. Third and fourth Philippics of Demosthenes. Birth of Epicurus. The ex- - penses of the war, and distress of debtors, cause great commotions at Rome, which are appeased by Valerius Corvus, and the Plebeian privileges ex- tended by an amendment of the law respecting debts. Philip besieges Selymbria, Byzantium and Perin- thus. The Athenians, urged by Demosthenes, obtain assistance from Persia. The Romans, having made peace with the Samnites, are at war with the Latins. BaMle of the Veseris. Death of Decius. The other consul, Manlins, condemns his son to death, for a breach of discipline. The sieges of Byzantium and Perinthus are raised by Philin. Timoleon defeats the Carthaginians near the" Crimesus, in Sicily. Death of Speu- sippus ; Xenocrates succeeds him in the chair of Plato. The Latins defeated by the Romans at Trifanum. Publilius appointed dictator, popular rights confirmed by his laws. Philip, as chief of the Amphictyons, takes the field against the Locriaus ; the Athenians and Thebans unite to resist him, and are totally routed at Chte- j ronea ; he marches into Laconia. Archidamus is ! slain in Italy, fighting as the ally of the Taren- tines. Isocr'ates ob. set. 98. The Latins entirely subdued by the Romans, and incorporated with them. Ochus, king of Persia, murdered, and his youngest son placed on the throne by the minister Bagoas. The Greek States, assembled at Corinth, declare war against Persia, and appoint Philip their ge- neral. Lysicles, who commanded the Athenians at Chaeronea, is condemned to death by the people. Lycurgus, the orator and treasurer of Athens, ob- tains a decree for bronze statues of /Eschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, and the public preser- vation of their works. Timoleon dies, lamented and honoured by the Syracusans. Alexander of Epirus called into Italy, by the Tarentines. PapiriusCrassus. Assassination of Philip, set. 47, by Pausanias at Cseso Duilius. JEgae. Accession of Alexander, tet. 20. Arses killed by Bagoas. who places Darius on the throne, and is himself punished with death for his crimes. The first oratorical effort of Dinarchus. Pliilip- pides, com. poet, fl. The praetorship at Rome is thrown open to the Plebes, and Publilius Philo- elected to the office. 74 FROM THE- TEAS B.C. 335 334 Ol-sm. 333 i 4 I 332 331 329 328 1 113.1 420 112. 1 422 Olympic Victors. Gryllus. 424 425 High Priests of the Jews. 2 Darius Codo- Conquered by Alex- ander. 16 Jaddus 22 Macedon. 2 Alexander the Great. 36 Cleo- menes. Lace daemon. Agid.e. Proclid.e. 40 42 43 — 335 TO 328 B.C. 75 Repe- tition Dates. 330 I 328 Aechons OF Athens. Ctesicles. Consuls of Rome, M.Valerius Corvus IV. M.Atilius Regulus T. Veturius Calvi nus. Sp. Postumius Al binus. L.Papirius Cursor C. Paetilius Libo. Nicetes, Clin. Niceratus, Hales, after Diod.Sic. A. Cornelius Cos sus IV. Cn. Domitius Cal- vi nus. Aristo- phanes. M. Claudius Mar- cellus. C. Valerius Flac- cus. Aristo- phon. Cephiso- phon. Euthycri- tus. L. Papirius Cras- sus II. C. Plautius Venno. L. iEmilius Ma mercinus. C. Plautius Decia- nus. C. Plautius Procu lus. P. Cornelius Sca- pula. Events and Eminent Men. Alexander begins his career of victory in Thrace. Revolt and destruction of Thebes. The orators of Athens are delivered into the hands of Alex- ander, who spares them. The Romans make peace with the Gauls, and a treaty with Alexander of Epirus. Alexander crosses the Hellespont, marches into Asia, conquers Caria and takes Halicarnassus. Battle of the Granicus, 22d May. Aristotle lec- tures at the Lyceum. Pyrrho of Elis founds the Pyrrhonian or sceptic sect. Lycia and Syria reduced by Alexander. Damascus taken by Parmenio, and siege of Tyre begun. Darius defeated near Issus, in October, and his fa- mily are among the captives. Fall of Tyre. Conquest of Phoenicia and Palestine. Alexander at Jerusalem. Egypt yields to him without resistance. Passes the winter at Mem- phis. Foundation of Alexandria. Stephanus, com. poet, fl. Apelles eminent for his paintings. Alexander of Epirus, having betrayed his ambi- tious designs in Italy, is totally defeated and slain at Pandosia, by the Lucanians and Bruttians. Alexander leaves Egypt, crosses the Euphrates at Thapsacus, and penetrates into the interior of Asia. Battle of Arbela, Oct. 1st. Flight of Darius. Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis yield to the con- queror, and the Persian empire, after existing 228 years, merges in that of Macedon. Agis, endea- vouring to liberate Lacedaemon from the Macedo- nian yoke, is defeated and slain in battle by Antipater; his son Eudamides I. succeeds him. Eclipse of the moon, Sep. 20. Darius is killed by Bessus ; the assassin punished by death. Alexander pursues his conquests in Parthia, Media, Bactria, and the borders of the Caspian. Argument between Demosthenes and iEschines, "De Corona;" the latter, having been foiled, leaves Athens and withdraws into Asia. Death of Parmenio, and Philotas, his son. Alexander crosses the Oxus and Jaxartes, and drives back the Scythians (Goths) ; he founds new cities in those countries, and winters in Bactriana. The Romans grant their consuls a triumph and the surname of " Privernas," for the conquest of Privernum. Sogdiana occupies Alexander during the whole of this, his seventh campaign, and he winters there at Nautaca. Lysippus of Sicyon, the statuary, fi. Death of Callisthenes, the historian. The Romans prepare for a second war with the Samnites. Death of Clitus. 76 FROM THE TEAB I B.C. 327 OLYM; AUG Olympic Victors. Mace- don. Ar'chons Athens, Agid^e op Laceixemon High Priests of the Jews. Consuls op Rome. 113.2 427 10 Alex- ander. Hegemon, Clin. Chremes, Hales. 44 Cleome- nes. 24 Jaddus. L. Cornelius Lentulus. Q. Publilius Philo. 326 325 3 4 428 429 11 12 Chremes, Clin. Anticles, Hales. Anticles, Clin. Sosicles, Hales. 45 46 25 C. Psetilius Libo II. L. Papirius Mugilla- nus. L.FuriusCa- millus II. D. Junius Brutus. 324 114.1 430 Micinas. 13 - Hegesias. 47 1 Onias I. L. Papirius Cursor, Diet. L. Papirius Crassus, Eq. Mag. 323 2 431 1 Phi- lip 1 1 1. or Ari- daeus. Cephiso- dorus. 48 - - 2 C. Sulpicius Longus II. Q. Aulius Cerretanus. 322 3 432 2 Philocles. 49 3 Q. Fabius Maximus. L. Fulvius Curvus. 321 4 433 3 Archippas Clin. Apollodo- rus, Hales. 50 4 T. Veturius CalvinusII. Sp. Postu- mius Albi- uus. 320 115.1 434 Damasias. 4 Neaech- mus. 51 5 L. Papirius Cursor II. Q. Publilius Philo III. 319 2 435 5 Apollodo- rus. 52 6 | L. Papirius Cursor III. Q. Aulus C^erretanus II. ! 327 TO 319 B.C. m Repe- tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 326 324 319 Marriage of Alexander to Roxana ; he invades India and defeats Porus ; his soldiers refuse to proceed further. Ships are built to descend the Hydaspes and Indus, and facilitate the return of the army ; comedies are represented in his camp to put the troops in good humour. The Romans besiege Palseopolis and Neapolis, which brings on the second Samnite war. Descent of Alexander to the mouth of the Indus, and march thence overland to Carmania. Voyage of Nearchus. Oration of Demades in defence of his twelve years' administration at Athens. Apollodorus of Gela, com. poet, fl. Palseopolis and Neapolis betrayed into the hands of the proconsul, P-ublilius. Alexander, after passing through Gedrosia, reaches Susiana, where Nearchus joins him. Winter-war with the Cosseei. Death of Hephsestion. Flight of Harpalus from Babylon, with large treasures, which he conveys to Athens. Demetrius Phalai'eus begins to interfere in Athenian politics. * Q. Fabius, master of the horse, gains a victory over the Samnites, in the absence of the dictator, Papirius Cursor, and contrary to his orders, for which he is threatened with capital punishment. Return of Alexander to Babylon. He issues a proclamation, allowing all exiles from Greek cities to return to their homes ; he builds cities, plants colonies, and promotes intermarriages between Greeks and Persians. Embassies from Rome and many Italian States, seek to conciliate him. Dinarchus accuses many emi- nent Athenians of receiving bribes from Harpalus, and they are ridiculed by Timocles, in his comedies. Among others, Demosthenes is fined fifty talents ; not being able to pay, he retires, first to Troezen, then to iEgina. Death of Alexander, 21 April, (May or June, Clin.) set. 33 ; his principal generals en- deavour to obtain, each for himself, aportion of his empire. Ptolemy first secures Egypt, and establishes his dynasty firmly there. Philip Aridaeus, half-brother of Alexander, succeeds him on the throne of Macedon, with Perdiccas as regent. Demosthenes returns to Athens, and rouses the Greek States to recover their freedom ; under Leosthenes they overpower Antipater, who takes refuge in Lamia, whence this is called the Lamian War. Death of Diogenes, at Corinth, eat. 90, and of Lycurgus, the orator. Epicurus, set. 18, comes to Athens. The Samnites sue for peace, but reject the terms on which it is offered by the Romans. The body of Alexander is entombed in Alexandria. Craterus, with troops from Asia, relieves Antipaten The Athenians, totally defeated at Cranon, admit a Macedonian garrison into Munychia, and surrender their orators. Demosthenes poisons himself in the island or Calauria, near Troezen. Hyperides and others are cruelly put to death. Antipater transplants 3,000 of the citizens of Athens into Thrace, and subdues iEtolia. Aristotle retires to Chalcis and dies there, set. 63 ; he is succeeded by Theophrastus. The victories of Fabius, now consul, bring the Samnites into great difficulties ; their leader, Papius Brutulus, whom the Romans require to be given up to them, kills himself. Perdiccas is defeated and slain in Egypt, where he had attacked Ptolemy. Anti- pater takes his place as regent in Macedon. Craterus, making war on Eumenes and Antigonus, loses his life in Asia Minor. Seleucus is appointed governor of Babylon. Menander's first comedy. The Roman consuls and army, surrounded by the Samnites under C. Pontius at Caudium, are saved by a treaty, which the senate afterwards breaks. Ptolemy conquers Cyrene, Lybia, and Phoenicia. Antigonus defeats Eumenes, and extends his dominions in Asia Minor. The Romans make gi-eat efforts to retrieve their late disgrace ; C. Pontius generously gives up the hostages, whom the Roman breach of faith had left in his power. Eumenes is besieged by Antigonus in Nora. The Indian Provinces, which Alex- ander conquered, are incited by Sandrocottus to expel the Macedonians, and re- gain their freedom. 78 FROM THE YEAB B.C. Olym. A.U.C. Olym- pic Mace- Egypt. Asia. ABCHO.NS OF AgIDjE of Laoed^;- Consuls 0* Rome. Victors DON'. Athens. MON. 318 |ll5.3 436 6 Phi- 6 Ptole- 1 Anti- Archip- 53Cleo- L. Plautius 1 lip III. my So- ter. gonus. pus. menes. Venno. M. Fossius Flaccina- tor. 317 4 437 7 7 2 Demoge- nes. 54 ■ Q. ^Emilius Barb u la. C. Junius Bubulcus. 316 116.1 438 Demos- thenes. 1 Cas- sauder. 8 3 - Democli- des. 55 ■ Sp. Nautius Rutilus. M. Popilius Laeuas. 315 2 439 2 9 — - 1 Praxibu- lus. 56 L. Papirius Cursor IV. Q. Publilius Philo IV. 314 3 440 3 10 5 Nicodo- rus. 57 M. Paetilius Libo. C. Sulpicius Longus IV. 313 4 441 4 11 6 Theo- phras- tus. 58 L. Papirius Cursor V. C. Junius Bubulcus II. 312 117.1 442 Parme- no. 5 12 7 Polemon. 59 M. Valerius Maximus. P. Decius Mus. 311 2 443 6 13 8 Simoni- 60 C. Junius des. Bubulcus III. Q. iEmilius Barbulall. II 318 TO 311 B.C. 79 Repe- tition Dates. 318 316 315 314 313 312 811 High Priests of the Jews. 7 Onias I. 10 14 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Antipater, set. 80. Polysperchon succeeds him as Regent of Macedon, and frustrates the attempts of Nicanor in Attica. Eumenes escapes from Nora. The orator Demades put to death at the instigation of Cassander, Antipater's son. Antigonus esta- blishes his authority in Asia Minor. Mithridates of Pontus supports Eumenes. A truce between the Romans and Samnites. Phocion, set. 85, put to death by the Athenians, and with him the orators Hegemon and Pythocles. An oligarchical government esta- blished at Athens, with Demetrius Phalareus at its head. Olym- pias, the widow of Philip, endeavours to acquire the sovereignty of Macedon, by murdering Philip Aridseus. Agathocles obtains absolute power at Syracuse, and makes war on the Carthaginians. Census at Athens : citizens at full age, 21,000 ; total population of Attica 527,000,— viz., 127,000 free, and 400,000 slaves.^ Antigonus sustains a defeat while pursuing Eumenes in the moun- tainous country, but continues his hostilities. Cassander besieges Olympias in Pydna, and takes upon himself the government of Macedon. A decree, introduced by Sophocles, and defended by Demochares, the nephew of Demosthenes, forbids the lectures of the philosophers at Athens, on which they leave the city. War renewed between the Romans and Samnites ; the former besiege Saticula, and the latter capture Sora. Eumenes is finally overcome and slain. Pydna is taken by Cassan- der, and Olympias put to death ; he rebuilds Thebes. The obnox- ious decree at Athens is repealed, and the philosophers return. Death of Xenocrates, set. 82 ; Polemo occupies his place. Deme- trius Phalareus befriends Theodoras, the disciple of Aristippus, Annicerris, another teacher of the Cyrenean school, fl. Selencus, driven from Babylon by Antigonus, takes refuge in Egypt. Defeat of the Romans, under the dictator Fabius, at Lautulse. Death of iEschines at Samos, set. 75. Antigonus, at Tyre, declares war against Cassander. The Romans defeat the Samnites, Tyre surrenders to Antigonus,— but Ptolemy begins war against him, and conquers Cyprus. The Romans take Fregellae and other towns from the Samnites. The army of Antigonus, under his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, de- feated at Gaza by Ptolemy and Seleucus ; the latter regains pos- session of Babylon, and founds his kingdom. The jEra of the Seleucidee begins. Ptolemy conquers Juda3a, and transplants many thousand Jews to Alexandria and Cyrene, where their industry is encouraged and their religion protected. Appius Claudius, the blind, while censor, introduces many changes at Rome, — constructs the Via Appia, the first aqueduct, and a canal through the Pontine marshes. A temporary peace concluded among the competitors for power in Asia. Greece is declared to be free, and Ptolemy resigns Phoenicia to An- tigonus. Cassander puts to death Roxana, the widow of Alexander the Great, and her young son, Alexander vEgas. The consul Bu- bulcus penetrates into Samnium, where he is surrounded and cuts his way through with great courage and loss of men ; he builds a temple to Salus,_ for a painting in which C. Fabius receives the surname of " Pictor." 80 FROM THE YEAK B.C. Oltm. 117.3 I 309 306 305 304 119.1 446 448 449 450 Olympic Mace Victors. 7 Cas- sander Andro- menes. Andro- menes Egypt. 14 Ptole- my So- ter. 16 9 Anti- genus. IS 120 Syria. 3 Seleu- cus Ni- cator. Archons of Athens. AgIDjE OF Laced^emon Hieromne- 61 Cleome- mon. Demetrius Phalareus. Charinus. Anaxicra- tes. 1 Areus I. 14 Coroebus. 4 8 Euxenip- 5 I pus. Phereeles. 6 $10 TO 304 B.C. 81 High Pbiests of the Jews. Consuls of Kojste Events and Eminent Men. 15 Onias I. 16 17 18 Q. Fabius Rullia nus II. C. Martius Rutilus L. Papirius Cursor II. Diet. Junius Bubulcus, P. Decius Mus. II Q. Fabius Maximus III. App. Claudius Cse- ■ cus. L. Volumnius Flamma. Q. Martius Treniu lus. P. Cornelius Ar- L. Postumius Me- gellus. Tib. Minucius Au- gurinus. P. Sempronius So- phus. P. Sulpicius Seve- Agathocles, defeated by the Carthaginians at Himera, passes over to Africa, and carries the war into their own country. Epicurus teaches at Mitylene and Lampsacus. The Etruscans take up arms in favour of the Samnites. Civil war in the little kingdom of Bosporus ; Satyrus II., king for a few months, falls in battle. An eclipse of the sun, Aug. 15. Hercules, a natural son of Alexander, is proclaimed by Polysperchon, king of Macedon, and mur- dered by Cassander. The Romans victorious over both the Samnites and the Etruscans. Pry- tanis attempts to seize the kingdom of Bosporus, and is slain by Eumelus, who secures the throne. Cleomenes, after a long and tranquil reign, is succeeded at Sparta by his grandson, Areus. Fabius compels the Etruscans to make peace; then turns against the Samnites, whom he de- feats at Allifse. Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, arrives with a fleet at Athens, expels Demetrius Pha- lareus, and restores the democracy. Dinarchus is banished, and a statue decreed to the memory of the orator, Lycurgus. Stilpo, phil. fl. Aga- thocles, unsuccessful in Africa, returns to Syra- cuse. L. Antonius expelled from the Roman senate by the censor, for irregularly divorcing his wife. Demetrius Poliorcetes gains a great naval victory over Ptolemy, near Cyprus ; but Antigonus fails in his attempt on Egypt. Epicurus comes to Athens and teaches. Philochorus, hist. fl. Cn. Flavius publishes his Calendar of Court-days, and makes himself popular at Rome by other services, for which he is elected Curule ^Edile. Peace between the Carthaginians and Syra- cusans. The rebuilding of Thebes completed. War between Seleucus and the Indian, Sandrocottus, ends in a treaty of amity. Cn. Flavius having recon- ciled all orders of the Roman State, erects a temple of Concord The Samnites, after a vie- 1 tory near Tifernum, are totally routed by Pos- j tumius at Bovianum ; their general, Statins Gellius, made prisoner, and their country at the mercy of the Komans. Rhodes besieged by Demetrius Pol. After an armistice, peace is concluded between Rome and Samnium ; the territory and power of the former are greatly extended. Eumelus is succeeded in Bosporus by his son Spartacus III. Protogenes, the Rhodian artist, fl. G 82 TliO'Sl THE YEAE B.C. 302 301 119.2 120.1 297 296 ,121.1 452 Olympic Mace- Yictobs. 454 455 456 457 14 Cas- sander Pythago- i; ras. Pythago- ras. Egypt. 21Ptole-'16 Anti my So- ter. 10 Se- gonus. j lencus Nica- 1 tor. Aechoxs agid^; OF of Laced-e- Athess. MON". Leostra- Nicocles. 7 Areas I. 1 Deme- 12 trins Polior- cetes. | 1 Anti- pater & Alex- ander. 27 16 Calliar- 9 clius. Begems- 10 cnus. Euctemon. 11 ilneside- 12 mus. Antipha- 13 tes. 303 TO 296 B.C. 83 High Priests of CONSTOS OFRottE. the Jews. ' Events and Eminent Men. 303 302 301 300 299 22 Onias I. i3er. Cornelius Len-I Demetrius makes a peace, which secures the neu- I tulus. trality of Rhodes, and sails to oppose Cassander JL. Genucius Aven-| in Greece. Anaxippus, com. poet, fl. The Ro- • tinensis. j mans annex to their territory that of the ^Equi and Marsi, on liberal terras. IM. Livius Denter. JAntigonus treacherously kills Mithridates Ctistes M. ^Emilius Pau- lus. Q. Fabius Maxi- i mus, Diet. II. M. Valerius Cor-i vus, Diet, II. M. ^Emilius Pau- lus, Eq. Mag. 1 Simon the Just, 297 296 II. Valerius Cor- vus V. Q. Apuleius Pansa M. Fulvius Pseti- nus. T. Manlius Torqua- tus. L. Cornelius Scipio. Cn. Fulvius Centn malus. Q. Fabius Maxi mus IV. P. Decius Mus. III. Ap. Claudius Cee- cus II. L. Volumnius Flamma II, of Pontus ; the other potentates coalesce asrainst him. Cassander is unsuccessful against Deme- trius, but Lysimachus, who had for some years ruled in Thrace, leads an army into Asia ; Se- leucus advances from the east ; and Ptolemy, coming up from the south, subdues Syria, Phoe- nicia and Palestine. Demochares is banished from Athens. The priesthood at Rome opened to the Plebes, by the Ogulnian law. Demetrius is called into Asia to assist his father. Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia. Antigonus totally defeated and slain, set. 81 : the allied kings I divide his dominions. Syria, with its depen- j dencies, is allotted to Seleucus and becomes his j seat of empire. Demetrius escapes. Hieronymus of Cardia, one of the first Greek historians who mention Rome. ICommerce and learning are encouraged by Ptolemy I in Egypt. Euclid, math. fi. at Alexandria. Se- i leucus' Nicator builds Antioch for his residence, j improves other cities, and consolidates his Syrian I kingdom. Carthage rises in wealth and power. The Romans commence their third war with the ! Samnites. ISeleucus marries the daughter of Demetrius Pol., establishes him in Cilicia, and supplies him with the means for expelling from Athens La- chares, who had made himself master of the city, under the protection of Cassander. Zeno the stoic, Arcesilaus of the New Academy, and Demetrius, com. poet, fi. Lachares is assassi- nated in Boeotia. The Romans wage a war of extermination in Samnium : the Samnites main- tain themselves bravely in their mountain-holds. Ptolemy adorns Alexandria with the Museum, Serapaeum, and other edifices, begins the library, and employs the architect Sostratus of Cnidus to build the Pharos ; the high priest of the Jews is encouraged by him to complete the canon of the Old Testament. The Etrurians take th Senones into their pay, and league with the Samnites against Rome. The Chinese build their great wall. Gellius Egnatius, the Samnite general, leads hi- army into Etruria to join his allies, while tht Romans are ravaging Samnium. Death of Cassander; his sons dispute the succes si-m. Demetrius Phal., the former ruler of Athens, takes the chair of philosophy at Alex andria. Great efforts of the Romans to raise a force equal to that of their adversaries. Archi damus IV., one of the Proclidae, is defeated by Demetrius Pol. The time of his accession is not knawiL 84 FROM THE TEAB 1 i B.C. Olym. i.U. C. Olympic Victors. M ACE- BON. Egypt. Asia. Syria. Archons OF Athens. Agidje of IiACED-E- MON. 295 L2L2 459 2 Anti- pater & Alex- ander. 29 Ptole- my So- ter. 7Deme-jl8 Se- trius i leucus Polior- Nica- cetes. tor. Nicostra- tus. 15 Areus I. 1 294 3 460 1 Deme- trius Polior- ce tes. 30 8 i 19 Olympio- dorus. 16 293 4 461 2 31 9 20 Philippus, Hales. 17 i 292 122.1 462 Antigo- nus. 3 32 10 21 Philippus, Clin. ! » - | 291 290 2 3 463 464 4 5 33 34 11 12 22 23 The regis- ter of Ar- chons be- gins to be very im- perfect. 19 20 289 4 465 6 35 13 24 21 — - 2S8 123.1 466 Antigo- nus. 7 36 14 25 22 — 287 2 467 1 Lysi- machus 37 15 26 Philippus, Hales. 23 286 3 468 2 38 27 24 285 4 469 3 39 1 Ptole my Phi ladel- phus. 28 — 25 — - 295 TO 285 B.C. 85 Itepe- tition Dates 295 HrGH Priests of Consuls of "Rome, the Jews. 6 Simon the Just. 1 Eleazar. 5 - - L. Postumius Me- gellus II. M. Atilius Regulus, L. Papirius Cursor, Sp. Carvilius Max- imus. Q. Fabius Gurges D. Junius Brutus Events and Eminent Men. Q. Fabius Maxi- The sons of Cassander invite the support of Lysi mus V. machus, Pyrrhus of Epirus and Demetrius Pol, P. Decius Mus. IV. The Romans gain a decisive victory at Sentinum; the consul Decius, like his father, devotes him- self to death. Gellius Egnatius is slain. By violence or treachery, the sons of Cassander are killed, and Demetrius Pol. makes himself king of Macedon. The Samnites still continue to struggle for independence. There is a difference of two years between Cato and Varro in their chronologies of Rome at this period. Seleucus Nicator gives Upper Asia to his son Antiochus. Many Samnite towns so destroyed by the Romans, that their sites are unknown ; part of the spoil is framed into a brazen colossus, in front of the capitol. The census at Rome, 272,308 citizens, The first sun-dial at Rome, is placed by the consul Papirius on the temple of Quirinus, After an exile of fifteen years, the orator Dinar- chus returns to Athens. The Samnites defeat Fabius Gurges ; his father, the veteran Fabius, takes a reinforcement to him, and gains a de- cisive victory, which brings the war to an end ; he has a triumph on his return to Rome, but on the close of the ceremony, C. Pontius, who had so generously spared his captives at Caudium, is barbarously put to death. Mithridates III. of Pontus extends his kingdom over Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. Lysimachus grows more powerful in Thrace and Pyrrhus in Epirus. Death of Menander, set. 51. The iEtolians having seized the mountain-passes near Delphi, the Pythian Games are held at Athens. The Sabines, who had prepared to assist the Samnites, are subdued, and the do- minion of Rome over central Italy assumes a settled character. Agathocles, aet. 72, is poisoned by Maenon, who is expelled by Hicetas, and the Syracusans regain their freedom. Posidippus, com. poet, fi. Rhodes prospers in commerce and promotes the fine arts. The Colossus is completed by its native artists, Chares and Laches. The canal from Lake Velinus cut by M. Curius. Pyrrhus drives Demetrius Pol. from Macedon, and in his turn is expelled by Lysimachus, who re- mains king. Strato succeeds Theophrastus in the Peripatetic school. Birth of Archimedes. Crates, phil. academ. fl. Demetrius Pol. attempting to oppose Seleucus Nicator in Asia, is made a prisoner, and remains in captivity for the rest of his life. The vast efforts of Rome in the Samnite wars are followed by great distress ; to relieve and appease the | people, the Hortensian law is passed. C. Claudius Caeni- Ptolemy Soter raises his son, Philadelphus, to be na. I co-regent with him in Egypt. The length of the M. jEmilius Lepi- solar year first accurately determined by Diony- dus. i sius, in the Astronomical canon L. Postumius Me- gellus III. C. Junius Bubul- cus. P. Cornelius Rufi mis. M. Curius Denta tus. M. Valerius Corvi- nus. Q. Caedicius Noctua Q. Martius Tremu- lus II. P. Cornelius Arvi- na II. M. Claudius Mar- cellus. C. Nautius Rutilus. Poti- M. Valerius tus. C. ^Elius Paetus. 86 FROM THE TEAB B.C. Olym. 281 280 472 173 Philome- lus. 125.1 Olttwic Victors. 474 Ladas. 279 475 Mace- don. 4Lysi- 40Ptole- ma- my Soter chus. 2 Ptole- my Phi- ladel- phia. 29 Selen cus Nica- tor. Syria. PERGi MUS. Epirus. Agid^e op I Laced^emoxJ 12 Pyr- rhus. lPhile- taerus. 31 1 Pto- lemy Cerau- nus. 1 Sos- thenes. 1 Antio- chus Soter. 14 Areus I i _ J 284 TO 279 B.C. 87 Bepe,- tition Dates 2S3 2S1 High Priests of the Jews. 10 C. Servilius Tucca L. Caecilius Metel- lus. P. Cornelius Dola- bella. Cn. Domitius Cal- Consuls of Rome, C. Fabricius Lusci- nus. Q. iEmilius Papus L. ^Emilius Bar- bula. Q. Marcius Philip- pus. P. Valerius Lsevi- nus. Tib. Coruncanius. P. Sulpicius Saver- rio. P. Decius Mus. Events and Eminent Men. A league of the iEtolians, to withstand the op- pressions of Lysiiuachus. The Tarentines be- come jealous of Rome, and secretly instigate the hostilities of other States. Battle of Arretiuiu, in which the consul Metellus is defeated and slain by the Senones. Death of Demetrius Pol. eet. 54, after three years' captivity. Death of Ptolemy Soter, set. 84. Phila- delphus, now sole monarch, completes the Pharos and other public works begun by his father ; the favour shewn by him to the Jews in Egypt induces many others to settle there voluntarily, and they prosper greatly; he directs the Greek Septuagint version of their Scriptures to be made ; he encourages learning, but banishes Demetrius Phal. into Upper Egypt, where he soon dies. Philetserus, lieutenant of Lysimachus, erects an independent kingdom in Bithynia. So- pater of Paphos, com. poet, fl. The consul Dola- bella defeats and almost exterminates the Senones ; he then gains a great victory, near the Vadimonian Lake, over the Etruscans and their Celtic allies. The consul Fabricius saves Thurium from the Lu- canians. The Tarentines attack a Roman fleet and insult the ambassadors, who demand satis- faction. Rome prepares for war, and the Taren- tines engage Pyrrhus to assist them. Lysimachus, at war with Seleucus Nicator, is defeated and slain, at Cyropedium, in Phrygia. Ptolemy Ceraunus, a son of Ptolemy Soter, makes himself king of Macedon. Thurium taken by the Lucanians. The Roman consul ^Emilius in- vades the territory of Tarentum. Seleucus Nicator is murdered by Ptol. Ceraunus; the two divisions of the kingdom of Syria are reunited by his son Antiochus. The Danubian Celts (Galatae, mistaken by the Greeks for emi- grants from Gaul) attack Macedon, and Ptol. Ceraunus is slain in battle against them ; among several competitors, his general, Sosthenes, ac- quires the largest share of authority. Gorgias, archon of Athens. A statue of Demosthenes is raised by the Athenians. Death of Praxiteles and birth of the Stoic, Chrysippus. The A- chasan league revived. Pyrrhus in Italy, defeats the consul Valerius Laevinus at Heraclea, and offers to mediate between Rome and Tarentum. Census of Rome, 278,222 citizens. The Celtic invaders push forward into Greece. Anaxicrates, archon of Athens. The pacific overtures of Pyrrhus having been rejected^ he advances on Rome, but unable to make any im- pression, returns to Tarentum, followed by the Romans, over whom he gaina an unprofitable victory at Asculum. 88 FROM THE TEAK B.C. Oltm. AUG Olympic Victors Mace- don. Egypt. Syria. Perga- MUS. Epieus. Agid^e of Laced^emon 278 125.3 476 3 Sos- thenes. 8 Ptolemy Phila- delphia. 3 Anti- ochus Soter. 6 Phile- toerus. 18 Pyr- rhus. 32 Areus I. 277 4 477 1 Anti- gonus Gona- tas. 9 4 7 19 33 276 126.1 478 Idaeus or Nicator. 2 10 5 8 20 34 275 2 479 3 11 6 9 21 35 274 3 480 4 12 7 10 22 36 • 273 4 481 5 13 8 11 23 37 I 272 127.1 482 Peri ge- nes. 6 14 9 12 1 Alex- ander II. Epirus is little knowu from this time. 38 TO 272 B.C. 89 Repe- tition 276 275 273 High Priests op Consuls op Rome the Jews 15 Eleazar, 19 C. Fabricius Lusci nus II. Q. -'b. Sempro- nius Grac- chus II. ,Qu. Fulvius j Flaccus III. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus. P. Sulpicius Galba. M. Valerius Lsevinus. M. Claudius Marcellus IV. Qu. Fabius Max.Verr.VI Qu. Fulvius Flaccus IV. Events a.nd Eminent Men. Hannibal passes through the rnaTsnes of the Arno into Etruria, and gains the victory of Thrasyniene, Avhere the consul Flaminius is slain. A Roman army is sent into Spain under the Scipios. Fabius appointed dic- tator. General pacification of Greece. Aratus the Elder is again praetor of the Achaeans. Ptolemy j Philopater defeats Antiochus at Raphia, and re- 1 covers Palestine, Phoenicia and Ccelosyria. Hannibal possesses the greater part of Southern Italy. Battle of Cannae, Aug. 2nd. The consul elect, L. Postumius, defeated and slain in Gaul. The Scipios gain advantages over llasdrubal in Spain. Fabius Pictor is sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. Han- nibal passes the winter at Capua. Hiero of Syracuse dies, after a reign of nfty- three years, and is suc- ceeded by his grandson, Illeronymus. Achanis rebels in Lydia against Antiochus. Prusias signally defeats the Galatae. Philip V. forms an alliance with Hannibal ; his am- bassadors, on their way to Capua, are taken by the Romans ; Fabius avoids fighting. Hannibal inactive, and winters in Apulia. The Scipios gain another vic- tory over llasdrubal in Spain. Great efforts of Rome to raise and train another army. Most of the Italian States fall off. Attains assists Antiochus against Achacus. Evander succeeds Lacydes as president of the academy. Fabius keeps Hannibal in check. Marcellus is sent into Sicily and besieges Syracuse, which had declared against Rome. Hieronymus is murdered by conspi- rators. Sardis taken by Antiochus, and the rebellicn quelled. Tarentnm is betrayed into the hands of Hannibal ; the citadel is still held by the Romans ; they gradually regain Campania ; Philip V. commences war against them ; he causes the death of Aratus by poison, which alienates from him many Greek States. Birth of Carneades at Cyrene. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Death of Archimedes, aet. 75. The Scipios defeated and killed in Spain. Antiochus attacks the Parthians and Bactrians. Capua retaken by the Romans. Hannibal marches to the gates of Rome; returns into Apulia. P. Corn. Scipio (afterwards Africanus) offers, aet. 24, to lead an army into Spain, and is sent there. Alliance of Rome with the iEtolians. Cn. Fulvius defeated by Hannibal near Herdonia. The conquest of Agrigentum by Laevinus places the whole of Sicily again in subjection to Rome. Scipio, victorious in Spain, takes Carthago Nova. Philopos- men begins to distinguish himself in the Achaean league. Antiochus fully recognizes the independence of Parthia. Machanidas governs the Lacedaemonians. Tarentum recovered by Fabius ; his last feat of arms, llasdrubal in Gaul, on his march to Italy. Scipio advances in Spain, and the Carthaginians retire before him towards the Atlantic. 104 EROM THE TEAS 1 B.C. Olym. A.TJ.C. PONTUS. Mace- don. Egypt. Syria. Ferga- MUS. BlTHYNIA. ArsacidjE OF Parthia. 208 143.1 546 33 Mith- ridates IV. 13Philip V. 15 Pto- lemy Pliilo- pater. 16 Anti- ochus Mag- nus. 34 Atta- lusl. 21 Prusias I, 4 Artaba- nus I., or Arsaces III. 207 2 547 34 14 16 17 35 22 5 — - 206 3 548 35 15 17 18 36 23 6 | 205 4 549 36 16 1 Pto- lemy Epi- phanes 19 37 24 7 204 144.1 550 37 17 2 20 38 25 ■ 8 1 1 203 2 551 38 18 3 21 39 26 9 —— 202 3 552 39 19 4 22 40 27 10 201 4 553 ,40 I 20 5 23 41 28 11 200 145.1 554 41 21 6 24 42 29 12 199 2 555 4.2 22 7 25 1 43 30 13 : '20S TO 199 B.C. 105 Repe- tition Dates, 208 207 202 200 High Priests of the Jews. 12 Simon II. 16 IS 19 20 Consuls Rome. M. Claudius Marcellus V. Tib. Quinctius Crispinus. C. Claudius Nero. M. Livius Sa- li na tor II. Qu. Csecilius Metellus. L. Veturius Philo. P. Cornelius Scipio. P. Licinius Crassus Dives. iM. Cornelius I Cethegus. P. Sempronius Tuditanus. Cn. Servilius Csepio. Cn. Servilius Geminus. Tib. Claudius Nero. M. Servilius Geminus. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus. P. MVm& Pa> tus. P. Sulp. Galba Max. II. C. Aurelius Cotta. L. Corn. Lentu- lus. P.VilliusTap pulus. Events and Eminent Men. Hannibal draws tbe consular army into an ambuscade ; Marcellus is killed in the battle, and Crispinus dies soon afterwards of his wounds. Sulpicius conducts a Roman fleet to co-operate with the iEtolians and Attalus against the Achseans and Macedonians. A Carthaginian fleet is defeated by Lsevinus. Hasdrubal, after having crossed the Alps, advances into Italy ; he is met by a Roman army at the Me- taurus, where he is totally routed and slain. Scipio reaches Gades (Cadiz); the Carthaginians are entirely driven out of Spain. Death of the Stoic, Chrysippus. Scipio goes to Africa, to negociate an alliance with Syphax, king of Numidia. Hannibal maintains himself in Bruttium, neither he nor the Romans daring to hazard a battle. Nabis rules in Sparta. Menander, king of Bactria, extends his dominions in India and the East. Scipio returns to Rome and is elected consul, though under age ; he proceeds to Sicily, with authority to prepare an expedition against Carthage. Death of Ptolemy Philopater, leaving a successor only five years of age, and a kingdom weakened by misrule ; Antiochus and Philip seek to dismember it by war. Sotion of Alexandria, crit. fi. Scipio lands in Africa ; defeats the Carthaginians and Numidians : Syphax is made prisoner and sent to Rome ; a large part of his territories is given to Masinissa. Peace between the Romans and Mace- donians and all their allies. The poet Ennius is found by Cato in Sardinia, and brought by him to Rome. Census of Rome, 214,000 citizens. Hannibal, recalled from Italy, arrives at Carthage. Death of Fabius Maximus at an advanced age, having been sixty-two years augur. Hermippus of Smyrna writes the lives of many philosophers. Fruitless negociations for peace between the Cartha- ginians and Romans. Hannibal totally defeated by Scipio, at Zama. The attempt of Nabis on Messene is frustrated by Philopoemen. The Egyptians ap- ply to Rome for assistance. Peace concluded by Scipio with Carthage ; his return and triumph. Philopoemen, Praetor of the Achseans. Athens, attacked by Philip V., seeks aid from Rome. Philip conquers many provinces in Asia ; but is de- feated in a naval action off Chios, by the Rhodians and Attalus, as allies of Egypt. Silenus, Sosilus, andMenodotus hist. fl. Death of the poet Nasvius, at Utica. The Romans commence their second war Philip, who leaves Asia to defend Macedon. Atta- lus visits Athens. Aristophanes of Byzantium, gram. fl. Sulpicius and, after him, Villius, are unable to force the mountain passes from Epirus into Macedon. Polemo Periegetes, fl. 106 FTIOM THE TEAR B.C. 197 196 195 194 192 43 Mith ridates IV. 564 Mackdcot. 23 Philip V. 24 SPtole my E- pipha- 46 48 49 1 Phar- naces 1 27 14 32 I Perga- oclms Mag- nus. lus I. 1 Ea- rn enes II. BnrHV- NIA. 31 Pru- sias I. ARSaOIDjK OF Parthia. 14 Artaba- nus I., or An, aces III. 35 37 1 Priapa- tius, or Ar saces IV. 198 TO 190 B.C. 107 197 196 195 194 193 192 High Priests of the Jews. 22 Simon II. CONSULS OF Rome. T. Quinctius Flaminius. Sex. ZElius Partus Catus 24 1 Onias III. C. Cornelius Cethegus. Qu. Minucius Rufus. L. Furius Pur- pureo. M. Claudius Marcellus. M. Porcius Cato. L. Valerius Flaccus. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus II. Tib. Sempro- nius Longus. L. Cornelius Merula. Qu. Minucius Thermus. L. Quinctius Flaminius. Cu. Domitius Ahenobarbus Mai. Acilius G-labrio. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica. L. Corn. Scipio. C. Lselius. Events and Eminent Men. Flaminius takes the command ; drives Philip from the defile of Antigonia, and enters Thessaly. He takes Elatea and Thebes and detaches the Achajans from Philip. Antiochus defeats Scopas and the iEtolian allies of Egypt at Panium, and conquers Coelosyria and Palestine. The historians Zeno and Antisthenes n\, and relate these events. Victory of Flaminius and his iEtolian allies at Cynos- cephalce. Philip submits to the peace dictated by Rome. The revolted Celts of Northern Italy defeated by the two consuls, but not subdued. Two additional Praetors appointed for Spain, where the dominion of Rome is still resisted in many parts. Ptolemy Epiphanes is crowned at Memphis. Death of Attalus ; his son, Eumenes II., maintains his al- liance with Rome. The poet Alcaeus of Messenia celebrates the events in Greece. Flaminius proclaims, at the Isthmian Games, the de- cree of the Roman Senate, for the freedom of Greece. Hannibal withdraws from Carthage to Syria An- tiochus seizes the Thracian Chersonesus. Confer- ence at Lysimachia. Hamilcar, a Carthaginian from Spain, disciplines the Celtic forces in Italy. Ascle- piades of Myrlea, in Bithynia, fl. Cato pi'oceeds, as consul, to regulate the affairs of Spain. The command of Flaminius in Greece is prolonged; he compels Nabis to submit, and sets Argos free to rejoin the Achaean League. Hannibal makes vain efforts to reform the Syrian army, and to instruct Antiochus in a prudent plan for war against Rome. Ptolemy of Megalopolis is the Egyptian governor of Cyprus. Birth of Terence. Flaminius returns to Rome. Bloody conflicts with the Celts; no decisive results. Scipio unpopular for giving the senators separate benches in the Cir- cus. Death of Eratosthenes ; Apollonius Rhodius is appointed Librarian at Alexandria. Ptolemy Epiphanes marries Cleopatra, daughter of Antiochus ; Coelosyria and Palestine are restored to Egypt. The Romans and Antiochus prepare for war ; the former make an alliance with Philip of Macedon, and the latter with the iEtolians. Antiochus enters Greece and wastes his time in idle revelling at Chalcis. The Romans send the praetor Atilius, with Ti. Qu. Flaminius and other ambassa- dors into Greece. Philopoemen defeats Nabis, who is killed by the iEtolians ; Lacedaemon joins the Achaean league. The consul Acilius and legate Flaminius defeat An- tiochus at Thermopylae. The Syrian navy is de- stroyed by the combined fleets of the Romans and Eumenes. Antiochus returns into Phrygia. Scipio Nasica subdues the Boians. It. Scipio takes the command in Greece, with his bro- ther Africanus as his lieutenant. He grants a truce of six months to the JEtolians and passes into Asia, where he gains a decisive victory over Antiochus at Magnesia, near Mount Sipylus, and receives the surname of Asiaticus. The historian Cincius writes I " De Re Militari." An eclipse of the sun. July 11th. | 108 FEOM THE TEAE BC. Olym. A. U. C, PoNTTTS. Macedon 189 147.4 565 2 Phar- nacesl. 32 Philip V. 188 148.1 566 3 33 187 2 567 4 34 186 3 568 5 35 185 4 569 6 36 184 149.1 570 7 37 183 2 571 8 38 182 3 572 9 39 181 4 573 10 40 180 150. 1 574 _ — . 11 i 41 17Ptole- my Epi- phanes. 18 Perga- 35 Anti-9 Eume- ochns nes II. Magnus.) BlTHY- NIA. Arsacid^; op Parthja. 40 Prusi- 8Priapatius as I. or Arsaces IV. J10 |41 20 1 Seleu-11 cus Phi-j lopator. 2 112 24 1 Ptole- my Phi- lometor. 45 46 — 16 !47 4S IS 1 Prusi- asll. 1 Phraates I., or Ar- saces V. 189 TO 180 B.C. 109 High Priests of the Jews. Consuls of Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 7 Onias III 188 I 186 185 184 183 182 181 180 Cn. Manlius Vulso. M. Fulvius Nobilior. C. Livius Salinator. M. Valerius Messala. M. iEmilius Lepidus. C. Flaniinius. Sp. Postumius I Albinus. Qu. Marcius Philippus. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. M. Sempronius Tuditanus. P. Claudius Pulcher. L. Porcius Li- j cinus. Qu. Fabius La- beo. M. Claudius Marcellus. L. iEmilius Paullus. Cn. Bjebius Tamphilus. P. Cornelius Cethegus. M. Baebius Tamphilus. A Postumius Albinus. C. Calpurnius Piso. The Consul Fulvius compels the jEtolians to make peace ; they give up Ambracia and the island of Ce- phalonia, and pay a tribute. Manlius conquers the Galatae of Asia Minor, subsidiaries of Antiochus. The Romans give them the name of Gallo-graeci, and invent the fable of their migration from Gaul. Philopoemon, Achaean praetor, forces the Lacedaemo- nians to adopt the laws of the League and abrogate those of Lycurgus. Ennius, the poet, is with Ful- vius in Greece. Census of Rome, 258,318 citizens. Peace between the Romans and Antiochus, by which he resigns to them all Asia Minor from the Taurus to the ^Egean sea. The Greek cities are declared free, and Eumenes receives a large addition of terri-l tory. Caria and Lycia are given to the Rhodian.-. j Altercations between the Lacedaemonians and A chaeans ; they send ambassadors to Rome ; among those of the former, is Lycortas, the father of Poly bius. The Scipios accused of peculation in Asia Africanus retires in disgust to Liturnum. Hannibal, to avoid being given up to the Romans, takes refuge with Prusias in Bithynia. Death of Antiochus. Achaean embassy to Ptolemy, who re news his alliance with the league. The Bacchanalian orgies interdicted by the senate, in Rome and all Italy. Athletic combats introduced by Fulvius. The consul Marcius worsted by the Ligurians. Mission of Csecilius to check the growing power of Philip of Macedon. Hegesinus, the successor of Evander in the chair of the Academy. The Ligurian is the only war in which the Romans are now engaged ; it is maintained against them very obstinately. Cato, as censor, endeavours to repr the growing luxefty of Rome. Philip sends his son Demetrius, to plead his cause before the senate Death of Plautus. Prusias makes war on Eumenes, and gives the command to Hannibal. Philopoemen, made prisoner by the Messenians, is put to death by them, set. 69. Hannibal, whom the Ro- mans require Prusias to give up to them, poisons himself, set. 64. Scipio dies in retirement, set. 52. Pharnaces of Pontus takes Sinope. Aristonymus succeeds Apollonius Rhodius, as librarian at Alex- andria. The Via Emilia constructed from Ariminum to Pla- centia. Lycortas, Achaean praetor, subdues Messenia, and brings back Lacedaemon into the league. His son, Polybius, bears the ashes of Philopoemen to Megalopolis. Meander, poet, fi. Philip of Macedon puts his son Demetrius to death. Polybius is sent by the Achaeans as ambassador to Egypt. Rome arbitrates between contending states. Ambassadors from Pontus, Cappadocia, Lacedsemon, and the Achaeans are heard before the senate. Many thousand Ligurians, with their families, are transferred to Samnium, and lands allotted to them for cultivation. 110 FEOM THE YEAH B.d. Olym. A.U.C. PONTtfS. Mace- don. Egypt. Syria. Perga- MUS. BlTHY- NIA. Arsactd^ OF Parthia. 179 1 150.2 575 12 Phar- naces I. 1 Per- seus. 3 Ptole- my Phi- lome- tor. 9 Seleu- cus Philo- pator. 19 Eume- nes II. 2 Pru- sias II. 3 Phraates I., or Ar- saces V. 178 3 576 13 - 2 4 10 20 3 4 |« 4 577 14 3 5 11 21 4 ' 5 1 176 151.1 578 15 6 12 22 5 6 175 174 2 3 579 580 16 — - 17 5 6 7 8 1 Anti- ochus Epi- phanes. 2 23 24 6 1 Mithrida- tes I., or ; Arsaces < VI. 173 4 581 18 7 9 3 25 8 2 172 152.1 582 i 19 8 10 4 26 9 .3 171 2 583 20 9 11 5 27 10 4 170 3 584 21 10 12 ..6 2S 11 5 — 169 i 4 585 1 22 11 Subject to Rome. 13 7 29 12 > 6 : 179 TO 169 B.C. Ill Repe- tition Dates. 179 170 20 1 Jason. High Priests of the Jews. 17 Onias III. 18 Consuls op Rome. 1 Menelaus, L. Manlius A- cidinus Ful- vianus. Qu. Fulvius Flaccus. M. Junius Bru- tus. A. Manlius Vulso. C. Claudius Pulcher. Tib. Semproni- us Gracchus, Cn. Corn. Sci- pio Hispalus. Qu. Petilius Spurinus. P. Mucius Scaevola. M. iEmilius Lepidus. Sp. Postumius Albinus Paullus. Qu. Mucius Scaevola. M. Popilius Laenas. L. Postumius Albinus. C. Popilius Laenas. P. JElius Li gus. P. Licinius Crassus. C.CassiusLon ginus. A. Hostilius Mancinus. A. Atilius Ser- ranus. Qu. Marcius PhilippusII Cn. Servilius Csepio. Evekts and Eminent Men. Death of Philip V., set. 60. His son Perseus nego- 1 ciates secretly with other states against Rome. The I Celtiberians and Lusitanians lay down their arms, i Census of Rome, 273,294 citizens The comedies of Csecilius acted at Rome. The Consuls sent to conduct the war in Istria; they| winter at Aquileia. Istria subdued. A revolt in Sardinia suppressed. A colony settled at Lucca. The Achteans contract anj alliance with Rome. Thessaly relapses under thej Macedonian influence. , The consul Scipio dies, and C. Valerius Livvinus takes his place for the rest of the year. His colleague Pe-i tilius is slain in battle against the Ligurians. The | Orchian and other sumptuary laws fail to repress j the luxury of the Romans. Seleucus Philopator assassinated. Disgraceful strug- gles for the high-priesthood of Jerusalem. Antio- chus sells it to Jason, the brother of Onias, who is deposed. Masinissa, after many encroachments, seizes the Car- thaginian province of Tyssa, with fifty cities ; Ro- man ambassadors sent to settle the dispute. Others deputed to ascertain the intentions of Perseus. Mithridates VI. of the Arsacidse begins his reign and prepares the elevation of Parthia to great power. Census of Rome, 269,015 citizens. The Roman ambassadors return, Perseus having re- fused to receive them. Death of Cleopatra, who, in the name of her young son, had been regent of Egypt. Eulaeus and Lenaeus, who succeed to the administra- tion of affairs, make war on Antiochus, and are de- feated near the lake Sirbonis, between Pelusium and Mount Casius. The Ligurians are subdued and Northern Italy filled with Roman colonies. Eumenes honourably re- ceived at Rome ; on his way back he is attacked by assassins near Delphi. Preparations made for war against Perseus. The Boeotian confederacy dis- solved. Menelaus, another brother, supplants Jason in the High-priesthood of Jerusalem. Commencement of the third Macedonian war. Per- seus gains some advantages over Licinius and makes offers of peace, which are rejected. Antiochus in- vades Egypt and takes Memphis. Hostilius, who takes the command in Macedon, makes no progress ; the Roman fleet ravages the sea-coast. Perseus negociates with Antiochus, Prusias, and many Greek states to form a coalition against Rome; even Eumenes begins to treat with him. Ptolemy Physcon is associated with his brother, as joint king of Egypt. The manoeuvres of Marcius Philippus drive Perseus from his strong position in Tempe. Antiochus lays siege to Alexandria ; the Egyptians apply to Rome for aid. Polybius commands the Achaean cavalry, and goes on an embassy to the Consul Marcius. 112 FROM THE TEAB B.C. Olyit. A.U.C. PONTUS. Numi- DTA. Egypt. Syria. Pe-rga- MUS. BlTHY- NIA. AEgacroa: ! OF Paethia. 168 153.1 586 23 Phar- naces I. 36 Masi- nissa. 14 Ptole- my Phi- lome- tor. 8 Anti- ochus Epi- phanes. 30 Eume- nes II, 13 Prusi- asll. 7 Mithrida- tes I., or Arsaces VI. 167 2 587 24 37 15 — 9 31 14 s 166 3 588 25 38 16 10 — - 32 15 9 165 4 589 26 39 17 |ll 33 16 ■ 10 — . 164 454. 1 590 27 40 18 ! 1 Anti- 1 ochus | Eupa- tor. 34 17 11 163 2 591 28 41 19 2 35 18 12 162 3 592 29 42 20 1 De- metrius Soter. 36 19 13 161 4 593 30 43 21 2, 37 20 14 160 155.1 594 31 44 22 3 38 21 15 168 TO 1G0 B.C. 113 Eepe- tiiion Dates. 168 167 165 164 162 161 High Peiests of the Jews. 6 Menelaus, 10 1 Judas Maccabaeus, Consuls of Rome. Events and Eminent Men. L. iEmilius Paullus II. C. Licinius Crassus. Qu. ^Elius PiB- tus. M. Junius Pennus. C. Sulpicius Gallus. M. Claudius Marcellus. T. Manlius Torquatus. Cn. Octavius. Aul. Manlius Torquatus. Qu. Cassius Longinus. Tib. Semp. Gracchus II M. Juventius Thalna. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica. C. Marcius Fi- gulus. M. Valerius Messala. C. Fannius Strabo. L. Anicius Gal- lus. M. Corn. Ce- thegus. Oration of Cato. aet.65, in favour of the Voconian law. Death of the poet Ennius, set. 70 ; he is laid in the tomb of the Scipios in the Appian Way. Census of Rome, 312,085 citizens. Battle of Pydna, June 22d. Perseus totally defeated by JEmilius Paullus ; himself and his family be- come prisoners, and his kingdom a Roman province. Gentius, the Illyrian prince, who had taken up arms to support him, is overcome in thirty days'. Antio- chus, awed by the Roman ambassador, Popillius, and the fate of Perseus, evacuates Egypt and re- stores Pelusium and Cyprus. In his retreat he plunders Jerusalem and despoils the Temple. Cseci- lius, com. poet, ob. An eclipse of the moon, June 21st, predicted by C. S. Gallus. Paullus TEmilius and ten commissioners organize the provincial government of Macedon and Ulyria. On his return to Rome, his triumph, the most splen- did yet seen, lasts three days. A thousand of the principal Achseans are taken to Rome ; among them is Polybius, who finds there valuable patrons and friends. The states, which are suspected of having favoured Perseus, humbly implore the lenity of the senate. The Jews under Mattathias and his son Judas Macca- baeus, resist by force the oppressions of Antiochus, Terence produces his first play, " Andria." Lysias, the Syrian general, defeated by the Jews. The " Hecyra " of Terence. Antiochus Epiphanes, at his death, leaves his son Eu pator, only nine years old, under the guardianship of Lysias. A large part of his kingdom is con- quered by the Parthians. The two brothers, who reign in Egypt, refer their disputes to the Romans, who divide the kingdom between them, giving Cv- rene, Libya, and Cyprus to Physcon, and Egypt Proper to Philometor. Census of Rome, 327,022 ci- tizens. Demetrius, son of Seleucus Philopator, whom his fa- ther had sent to Rome, as an hostage, asserts his claim to the throne of Syria, but is detained in cap- tivity. The " Heautontimoroumenos " (Self-tormen- tor) of Terence is brought out. The Consuls, improperly elected, resign, and are re- placed by P. Corn. Lentulus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. Aided by Polybius, Demetrius. effects his escape ; he makes himself king of Syria, and murders Eupator with his guardian, Lysias. Hip- parchus observes the autumnal equinox, Sept. 27th. A decree of the Senate prohibits the teaching of phi- losophy and rhetoric at Rome. The " Eunuchus " and " Phormio" of Terence ; the former acted twice on the first day. The Jews are protected by the Romans. Judas Mao cabams falls in a battle against Bacchides. Death of vEmilius Paullus, set. 69, at whose funeral games Terence's play of the " Adelphi" Is first exhibited. Satyru.s, phil. peripat. fl. 1 14 FROM THE YEAB ! B.C. Olym. A.ILC, PoTtTUS. Numi- DIA. Egypt, i Sybia. Peroa- Mtnj. BlTHYTTIA. AttSACID.fi: OF Paethia. 159 155.2 595 32 Phar- naces L 45 Masi- nissa. 29 Ptole- my Phi- lometor. 4 Deme- trius Soter. lAtta- lus II. 22 Prusias II. 16 Mithrida- tes I., or Arsaces VI. 158 3 506 33 1 46 24 5 2 23 17 157 i 4 597 34 47 25 — 6 3 24 18 ! i 156 156.1 598 1 Mith- ridates V. 48 26 7 4 25 19 155 o 599 2 — 49 ■ 27 8 5 26 20 154 3 600 3 50 28 9 6 27 21 — 153 4 601 4 51 29 10 7 28 — 22 152 157.1 602 5 52 30 *l 8 29 23 151 2 603 6 53 31 12 e — 80 24 150 i 1 8 604 7 1 54 82 — - 1 Ales- Mider Bala. 10 — 81 25 159 TO 150 B.C. 115 Repe- tition Dates, 159 158 156 155 High Priests of the Jews. 153 152 151 150 1 Jonathan II. Consuls of Rome. Cn. Cornelius Dolabella. M. Fulvius Nobilior. M. ^Emilius Lepidus. C. Popillius Lamas. Sex. Julius Cae- sar. L. Aurelius Orestes. L.Corn.Lentu- lus Lupus. C. Marcius Fi- gulus II. P. Com. Scipio Nasica II. M. Claudius Marcellus II. Events and Eminent Men. Scipio Nasica, censor ; he introduces the clepsydra, or water-clock, at Rome. Census, 338,314 citizens. Eumenes, reconciled to Rome, at his death leaves the kingdom of Pergamus, powerful and flourishing, to his brother Attalus. Death of Terence, set, 35. The autumnal equinox observed by Hipparchus, Sept. 27th, this year and the next. The Roman citizens are almost entirely relieved from direct taxation, by the permanent revenue derived from Macedon and their other conquests. Deme- trius Soter expels Ariarathes V. from Cappadocia t and raises the pretender, Holophernes, to the throne. Ariarathes, at Rome, obtains the support of the senate, and regains his kingdom. Qu. Opimius. L. Postumius Albinus. Qu. Fulvius Nobilior. T. Annius Lus- cus. M. Claudius Marcellus III L. Valerius Flaccus. L. Licinius Lu- cullus. A. Postumiui Albinus. T. Quinctius Flamininus. M. Acilius Balbus. Roman war in Dalmatia. Attalus supported by the Romans in his war with Prusias. Aristarchus, the critic, educates the son of Ptolemy Philometor. The consul Scipio tenninates successfully the Dalma- tian war. The philosophers, Carueades, Diogenes, and Critolaus, are sent as ambassadors from Athens to Rome, and obtain remission of a fine, that had been imposed. They also restore the study of philoso- phy. Another embassy, at the same time, from the Achseans, fails to obtain permission for the surviving exiles to return to their country. The Romans for the first time carry their arms beyond the Alps, to assist the Massilians in their struggle with some Gallic tribes. War between the two Ptolemys ; Physcon is taken prisoner by his brother, released, and his dominions restored to him. Callistratus and the poet, Moschus, fl. Pacuvius, the nephew of Ennius, distinguished for his paintings and tragedies. The time of inaugurating the consuls is altered to the 1st of January, on account of the war in Spain. Fulvius conducts this unsuccessfully. Cato, set. 81 pleads, himself, in a suit which he had instituted. Rebellion of Alexander Bala in Syria. Marcellus repairs the misfortunes of Fulvius, and winters at Cordova. Alexander Bala establishes himself at Ptolemais, is recognised by Rome, and supported by Jonathan, the brother of Judas Mac- cabseus. The Carthaginians, resisting the encroach- ments of Masinissa, are totally defeated by him. Lucullus, by his cruelty, exasperates the Celtiberians. The prsetor Galba is defeated by the Lusitanians. The Spanish war unpopular at Rome. P. Corn. [ Scipio offers to undertake it. Another application i in favour of the Achaean exiles, is supported by him, 1 and the survivors (about 300) allowed to return, j Polybius, among them, revisits his country. The ' consul Albinus writes history in Greek. Galba is publicly impeached by Cato, for his slaugh- ter of the Lusitanians, but acquitted. Viriatbus, who escaped the massacre, becomes a deadly foe of the Romans. Demetrius Soter defeated and slain by Alexander Bala, who becomes king of Syria ; i 2 116 FEOM THE YEAB B.C. 149 Olym. 157.4 PONTUS. 605 148 158.1 607 145 144 159.1 610 8 Mith- ridates V. Numi- DIA. 1 Mi- cipsa. Egypt. 33 Pto- lemy Philo- metor. Sybia. 2 Alex ander Bala. 1 Pto- lemy Phys- 1 Deme- trius Nica- tor. 6 3 Peroa- MUS. 11 Atta- lus II. BlTHYNTA 1 Nico- medes II 12 13 15 16 Aesacid-e op Pabthia. 26 Mithrida, tes I., or Arsaces VI. 29 30 81 149 TO 144 B.C. 117 Repe- tition Dates. 149 148 147 146 145 144 High Priests of the Jews. Consuls of Rome. 4 Jonathan II. L. Marcius Censorinus M. Manilius. EVENTS AHD EMIKENT MEN. Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus. L. Calpurnius Piso Caeso- P. Corn. Scipio Africanus iEmilianus. C. Livius Dru- sus. Cn. Corn. Len- tulus. L. Mummius. Qu. Fabius Max. iEmi- lianus. L. Hostilius Mancinus. Ser. Sulpicius Galba. L. Aurelius Cotta. Ptol. Philometor gives him his daughter in mar- riage. The conflicting claims of the temples of Jerusalem and Mount Gerizim are referred to Phi lometor ; his decision in favour of the former, makes the Jewish religion more familiarly known in Egypt. Cato, set. 84, concludes his " Origines." The Romans begin the third Punic war, by sending a large fleet and army to Africa. At first the Cartha- ginians submit to the hard conditions imposed on them, but at last are driven to a desperate resist- ance ; the siege of their city is commenced. Death of Masinissa, 83 1. 90. Nicomedes II. acquires the kingdom of Bithynia by murdering his father. The Achaeans endeavour to renew their league, and appoint Diseus, one of the returned exiles, their praetor. The consul Manilius calls Polybius back to Rome. Andriscus, called Pseudo-philippus, pre- tends to be a son of Perseus, and lays claim to Ma- cedon. Death of Cato, set. 85. The first Roman law against bribery at elections ; its author, L. Calpurnius Piso, also writes annals, &c. Calpurnius Piso continues the siege of Carthage, but without vigour. Andriscus, after having defeated and slain the praetor, P. Juventins, is overcome, made prisoner, and put to death by Metellus. The quarrels of the Lacedaemonians and Achaeans afford a pretext for Roman interference. Heraclides Lem- bus, hist. fl. Birth of the poet Lucilius. Scipio takes the command in Africa, and closely invests Carthage by sea and land. The Achaeans retire to Corinth before Metellus, who wishes to treat Greece mildly. The autumnal equinox observed by Hip- parchus, Sept. 26. Census of Rome, 322,000 citizens. Fall and destruction of Carthage, Mummius has the command in Greece; he defeats Diaeus and the Achaeans at Leucopetra, takes Corinth and destroys it. The treasures of Grecian art are conveyed to Rome. Alexander Bala is slain in battle near An- tioch, against Demetrius Nicator, who becomes king of Syria. Ptolemy Philometor, who had brought an army to support Demetrius, falls in the same battle, and his brother Physcon becomes king of all Egypt. Polybius is with Scipio at the taking of Carthage, and afterwards with Mummius at Corinth. The historian Fannius is also in the Roman army at Carthage. Cassius Hemina writes his history. Hipparchus observes the vernal equinox, March 23rd, and the autumnal, Sept. 27th. Viriathus, originally a shepherd, becomes general of the Lusitanians, and conquers all the west of Spain. The praetor, Vetilius, is taken prisoner by him, and Plautius defeated. The Consul, Fabius, proceeds against him with a large army. Apollodorus, chro- nolog. fl. The senate, not able to decide which of the consuls should go into Spain, send Scipio iEmilianus to con- duct the war. Antipater of Tarsus, the Stoic, suc- ceeds Diogenes, and writes against Carneades. 118 PEOM THE TEAS | ! B.C. ! Olym. A.U.C. PONTUS. Numi- DIA. Egypt. Syria. Perga- MUS. BlTHYNIA. ARSACIDjE OF Parthia. 143 159.2 611 14 Mith- ridates V. 7 Mi- cipsa. 4 Pto- lemy Pliy- scon. 4 Deme- trius Nica- tor. 17 Atta- lus II. 7 Nicome- des II. 32 Mithrida- tes I., or Arsaces VI. 142 3 612 15 8 5 ■ 5 18 8 33 141 4 613 16 9 6 6 19 9 34 140 160.1 614 17 10 7 7 20 10 35 139 2 615 18 11 8 8 21 11 1 Fhraates II., or Ar- saces VII. 138 3 616 19 12 9 9 1 Atta- lus III. 12 2 137 4 617 20 13 10 1 Anti- ochus Sidetes 2 13 3 136 161.1 618 21 14 11 2 3 14 4 135 2 619 22 15 i 12 3 4 15 5 143 TO 135 B.C. 119 Repe- tition Dates. 142 140 High Priests of the Jews. Consuls of Rome. 1 Simon III 13S 137 136 135 1 John Hyr- canus. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Q. Csecilius Metellus Ma- cedonicus. L. Ctecilius Metellus Calvus. Qu. Fabius Max. Servi- lianus. Cn. Servilius Caepio. Qu. Pompeius Rufus. C. Lselius Sa- piens. Qu. Servilius Csepio. Cn.Calpurnius Piso. M. Popillius Lsenas. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica. D. Junius Bru tus. M. JEmilius Lepidus Por- cina. C. Hostilius Mancinus. P. Furius Phi- lus. Sex. Atilius Serranus. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus. Qu. Calpurnius Piso. Events and Eminent Men. The Salassi, a wild Alpine tribe, in what is now the valley of Aosta, are with great difficulty overcome by Ap. Claudius. His colleague, Metellus, is occu- pied in Spain. Another Pseudo-Philip in Macedon, is crushed by the Quaestor, Tremellius. Scipio Afric. ambassador to Egypt, is received with great honour by Ptol. Physcon. He is accompanied by Pansetius, the Stoic. Diodotus Trypho claims Syria for Anti- ochus, son of Alexander Bala. Jonathan Macca- bseus is betrayed by him and put to death Autum- nal equinox observed by Hipparehus, Sept. 26th. Metellus acts against theCeltiberi, and Fabius against Viriathus, but both ineffectually. The former, at the close of the campaign, weakens his army by dismiss- ing many to their homes, when he finds that he is to be succeeded by his personal, enemy, Qu. Pompeius. The historian, Fannius, son-in-law of Laslius, serves in Spain. Census of Rome, 328,442 citizens. Fabius, pro-consul, makes peace with Viriathus, whose independence he recognizes. Pompeius, unsuccess- ful against the Numantines, enters into a treaty with them. Silanus, accused by the Macedonians of corrupt practices, is condemned by his father, Torquatus, and puts an end to his own life. The treaties, made in Spain, are disavowed by the senate. The Consul Csepio employs assassins to murder Viriathus, and refuses to give them the promised reward. The wars in Spain are continued. Pacuvius and Attius produce tragedies. Demetrius Nicator, and Eucratides of Bactria, invade the Par- thian dominions. Pompeius, pro-consul, again treats with the Numan- tines ; Popillius dissents, and prosecutes the war. The Chaldsean astrologers are driven out of Rome and Italy. Diodotus Trypho murders the young Antiochus, and is himself defeated and slain by Antiochus Sidetes. Brutus conciliates the Lusitanians, and removes a large colony of them to eastern Spain. Popillius tries another treaty with the Numantines, which is again repudiated by the senate ; after this, he is routed and put to flight. The Parthians conquer a large part of Bactria, and take Demetrius Nicator prisoner. Brutus remains, as proconsul, in Lusitania, and extends the dominion of Rome to the Atlantic. Mancinus is reduced to make an ignominious peace with the Nu- mantines, which is annulled by the senate. During the captivity of Demetrius, Antiochus Sidetes rules Syria. Brutus conquers the G-allicians. Lepidus is defeated by the Numantines, who nobly set Mancinus free, when he is given up to them, in atonement for the broken treaty. Roman census, 323,000 citizens. Fulvius conquers the Vardsei, in Dabnatia Piso, sent against the Numantines, remains inactive in the country of the Pallahtines. On the murder of Simon, John Hyrcanus, his son, succeeds as high priest and 120 FEOM THE YEAB f" B.C. Olym. A.U.C. PONTUS. Numi- DIA. Egypt. Syria. Perga- MUS. BlTHYNIA. Arsacid^e OF Parthia. 134 161.3 620 23 Mith- ridates V. 16 Mi- cipsa. 13Pto lemy Phy- scon. 4 Anti- ochus Sidetes. 5 Atta- lus III. 16 Nico- medes II. 6 Phraates II., or Ar- saces VII. 133 4 621 24 17 14 5 A Ro- 17 7 man Pro- vince. 132 162.1 622 25 18 15 6 18 8 131 2 623 26 19 16 7 19 9 130 3 624 27 — - 20 17 8 20 10 129 4 625 28 21 18 9 21 11 128 163.1 626 29 22 — - 19 1 Deme- trius Nicator restor- ed. 22 1 Artabanus II.. or Ar- sacesVIII. 127 2 627 30 23 20 2 23 2 126 3 628 31 24 21 3 24 3 125 4 629 32 25 22 — - 1 Anti- ochus Grypus 25 1 Mithrida- tes II., or Arsaces IX. 125 B.C. 121 High Priests of the Jews. 2JohnHyr cauus. 10 Consuls of ROME. Events and Eminent Men. P. Com. Scipio Afric. JEmi- lianus II. C. Fulvius Flaccus. P. Mucius Scae- vola. L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi. P. Popillius Laenas. P. Rupilius. P. Licinius Crassus Mu cianus. L. Valerius Flaccus. C. Claudius Pulcher. M. Perpenna. C. Sempronius Tuditanus. M. Aquillius Nepos. Cn. Octavius Nepos. T. Annius Ru- fus. L.CassiusLon ginus. L. Cornelius China. M. iEmilius Lepidus. L. Aurelius O restes. M. Plautius Hypsaeus. M. Fulvius Flaccus. ruler of the Jews. Vernal equinox obs. by Hippar- chus, 23d March. The consular law is suspended, in order that Scipio may be elected and undertake the Numantine war ; he proceeds to Spain; in his army are Marius, set. 23, Jugurtha, nephew of the Numidian king, Micipsa, and the historian Sempronius Asellio. Revolt of the slaves in Sicily, which Fulvius is sent to put down. Scipio reduces Numantia by famine, and terminates the war. Attalus III. dies and bequeaths his king- dom and all his wealth to the Roman people ; dis- sensions of the nobles and commonalty, in which the tribune, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, while advo- cating the rights of the latter, is slain, not yet thirty years old; Antiochus Sidetes endeavours to conciliate the Romans, by sending valuable gifts to Scipio ; " is repulsed in an attack on Judaea, after which he accords to the Jews peace and immunities, which they enjoy many years. The servile war in Sicily ended by the consul Ru- pilius. Aristonicus claims the kingdom of Pergamus : the consul Crassus is sent against him. Two plebeian censors for the first time ; one of them, Metellus urges a law, to compel every Roman citizen to marry he is threatened with death by the tribune, Atinius Labro, whom he had omitted, when selecting the senate ; the other tribunes save him. Census of Rome, 317.823 citizens. Crassus is defeated by Aristonicus, and falls in the battle. The vices and cruelties of Ptolemy Physcon cause a rebellion in Egypt ; he is driven from Alex- andria, and takes refuge in Cyprus. Aristonicus is overcome by Perpenna, and put to death. Mithridates of Pontus receives Phrygia, in return for the services rendered by him to the Romans in this war. Antiochus Sidetes invades Parthia. John Hyrcanus enters into a league with the Romans and conquers Samaria. Death of Scipio Africanus, aet.56, Carneades of Cyrene, ob. set. 85; Clitomachus suc- ceeds him in the New Academy. The Parthian expedition of Antiochus Sidetes fails, and he is killed. Demetrius Nicator is restored to his throne. Phraates falls in a battle against the eastern uomade tribes. Continued obs. of Hippar- chus ; the vernal equ. March 22nd, and the sun at Rhodes, August 4th. The Bactrian kingdom, already reduced by the Par- thians, now finally succumbs to the wild Tartar tribes. Obs. of Hipparchus at Rhodes on the sun and moon, May 2d and July 7th. The consul Aurelius is sent to suppress an insurrection in Sardinia ; Caius Gracchus goes with him as quaestor, his first official appointment. The consul Fulvius succours the Massilians, by de- feating the Transalpine Ligurians and the Sabyans. Aurelius remains as proconsul in Sardinia, and C. 122 FEOM THE YEAR B.C. Oltm. A-trc 123 122 121 120 119 116 117 116 115 164.1 165.1 630 631 632 634 635 PONTUS, Mithri- dates V. 33 Micipsa, 35 1 Mith ridates VI. 2 Numi- DIA. 26 Ptolemy Phy- SCOn. 23 Egypt. 25 28 Antio- chns Grypus Bithy- NIA. Nicome- des II. 26 28 Uu- gurtha and Ad- herbal. 1 Pto- lemy Soter ir. 2 10 11 31 32 34 35 Parthia. Mithri- dates II., or Arsa- cesIX. High Priests of the Jews. John Hyr- canus. 124 TO 115 B.C. 123 Repe- tition Bates. 122 120 119 118 115 Consuls of Rome. C.CassiusLon- ginus. C. Sextius Cal- vinus. Qu. Csecilius Metellus. T. Quinctius Flamininus. Cn. Domitius Ahenobar- bus. C. Fannius Strabo. Qu. Fabius Maximus. L. Opimius. P. Manlius. C. Papirius Carbo. L. Csecilius Metellus. L. Aurelius Cotta. M. Porcius Cato. C. Marcius Rex. L. Csecilius Metellus. Qu. Mucius Scsevola. C. Licinius Geta. Qu. Fabius Maximus. M. iEmilius Scaurus. M. Caecilius Metellus. JiiVENTS AND EMINENT MEN. Gracchus with him. The waters of Tepula are brought from the Lucullan lands to Rome by the consuls. Fregellsa, having revolted, is taken and razed to the ground, by the prsetor, Opimius. Census of Rome, 390,736 citizens. Demetrius Nicator falls in a struggle against Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy Physcon sets up to claim the crown of Syria ; — that kingdom is for some time distracted by this pretender and by the opposition of Cleopatra, the widow of Demetrius, to the succession of his son, Antiochus Grypus. Artabanus, the eighth of the Arsacidae, is killed in a battle against the Tartars ; his successor puts an end to these bloody wars. Africa is laid waste by smiths of locusts. The consul Sextius takes the command in Gaul. C. Gracchus still in Sardinia, makes himself popular with the soldiers : his measures for promoting their comfort are thwarted by the senate. The Balearic Islands conquered by Metellus. C. Gracchus returns to Rome ; complains to the people of the obstacles by which he has been impeded, and is elected tribune of the people ; he begins his reforms. Zebina, the Syrian pretender, is slain. Cselius An- tipater, hist. fi. ; the future orator, L. Crassus, set. 17, studies under him. C. Sextius, proconsul, defeats the Allobroges and Salyes, and founds Aqua? Sextise ( Aix), the first Roman colony in Gaul. C. Gracchus is elected tribune again ; he is active in carrying into effect his new laws, and goes over to Carthage, with a body of citizens, to establish them as a colony on the lands allotted to them ; he returns in seventy days. Defeat of the Allobroges and Arverni, on the Tsaras, near Vinda- lium ; Bituitus, king of the latter, is persuaded by his conquer- ors, Domitius and Fabius, to go to Rome and make terms with the senate ; he is detained for the rest of his life, at Alba, on the lake Fucinus, where Syphax and Perseus had died. During the absence of C. Gracchus, a formidable opposition to him is or- ganized by Livius Drusus; in the civil strife which ensues, Gracchus and many hundreds of his friends lose their lives. An- tiochus Grypus puts his mother, Cleopatra, to death. Mithridates VI., surnamed Eupator, succeeds his father in Pontus, when only eleven years old ; he becomes afterwards so distin- guished as " the Great." C. Marius, tribune of the people. L. Crassus begins his career as an orator, by accusing Papirius Carbo, the consul of the preceding year, who poisons himself. The dominion of Rome extended beyond the Rhone, and the colony of Narbo Martius (Narbonne) founded. Death of Micipsa, who leaves Numidiatohistwo sons and his nephew Jugurtha; the latter kills Hiempsal and expels Adherbal, who takes refuge at Rome. Adherbal is restored in Numidia by Roman ambassadors. Death of Ptolemy Physcon and accession of his son, Ptolemy Soter II. ; his reign is troubled by his mother Cleopatra, and his brother Alexander, who often share the kingdom with him. In the disordered state of Egypt, Ptolemy Apion, an illegitimate son of Physcon, acquires the kingdom of Cyrene. The Jews, having no external enemies, divide among themselves into sects. Birth of Varro. The censors L. Metellus and Cn. Domitius strike out thirty-two names from the list of senators, and interdict many popular amuse- ments. Census of Rome, 394,336 citizens. 124 FROM THE YEAR B.C. Ol.YM. A.U.C. PONTUS. Numi- DIA. Egypt. Syria. BlTHY- NIA. Aesacid/e OK Parthia. High Priests of the Jews. 114 166.3 640 7Mi- thri- dates VI. 5 Ju- gurtha and Ad- herbal. 4 Ptole- my So- ter 11. 12 Anti- ochus G-rypns. 36 Nice-, medesll. 12 Mithri- dates II., or Arsa- ces IX. 22JohnHyr- canus. 113 4 641 8 6 5 13 37 13 23 ■ 112 167.1 642 9 7 Ju- gurtha alone. 6 14 with Cyzice- mi3. 38 14 24 111 2 643 10 8 7 15 39 15 25 110 3 644 11 9 8 16 40 16 26 109 4 645 12 10 9 17 41 17 27 108 168.1 646 13 11 10 18 42 18 28 107 2 647 14 12 1 Alex- ander. 1? 43 19 Kings. 1 Aristobn- lusl. 106 3 648 15 Con- quered by Rome. 2 20 44 20 2 1C5 4 649 16 3 - 21 45 21 1 Alexan- der Jan- nseus. 114 TO 105 B.C. 125 Consuls op Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 113 111 110 109 10S 106 M. Acilius Balbus. C. Pc^cius Cato. C.CaeciliusMe- tellus Capra- rius. Cn. Papirius Carbo. M.LiviusDru- sus. L. Calpurnius Piso. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica. L. Calpurnius Bestia. M. Minucius Rufus. The advancing Goths impel the Celtic tribes on the newly-acquired Roman provinces. The Scordisci, from the banks of the Danube, penetrate into Thrace, and totally defeat the consul Cato. Anti- ochus Cyzicenus, youngest son of Ant. Sidetes, claims Syria. Birth of Hortensius. Oration of Crassus, in defence of Licinia, the vestal. Encouraged by the success of the Scordisci, many Celtic tribes unite in a general league, or Cumrhi, which the Romans mistake for the name of a people, and call them Cimbri ; a similar confede- racy of Gothic tribes (Deuten. Lat. Teutones) acts in concert with them ; they advance into Illyrium, and totally defeat the consul, Papirius Carbo. Agatharcides of Cnidus dedicates his history to Ptolemy Soter. Ant. Grypus is driven by Cyzicenus out of Syria to Aspendus. Drusus repulses the Celtse in Thrace. Jugurtha kills Adherbal ; the Roman Senate decree war against him. The consul Calpurnius proceeds with an army into Numidia ; he is bribed by Jugurtha to make peace and withdraw his forces. Crassus in Greece, as quaestor, hears the philosophers there, Philo, the successor of Clitomachus, in the New Academy, and Diodorus, who had followed Critolaus, as leader of the Peripatetics. Syria divided between Grypus and Cyzicenus. Jugurtha at Rome ; after the murder of Massiva, escapes back to Africa ; the war against him feebly conducted. Valerius Antias Sp. Postumius] and Quadrigarius, hist. fl. Albinus. | Qu. Cfficilius jThe treaties of Aulus and Albinus with Jugurtha are not ratified ; Metellus. I Metellus prosecutes the Numidian war with varied success. The M. Junius Si- ' Cimbri request an allotment of lands, where they may settle ; this being refused, they defeat the consul Silanus and ravage the country; they are checked by Minucius Rufus in Thrace. Birth of Atticus. Metellus continues, as proconsul, the war in Africa. The Cimbri are again victorious, in a battle against the consul Scaurus. Mi- thridates of Pontus secretly prepares to regain by force the province of Phrygia, which the Romans gave to his father, but : have taken from him during his minority ; he acquires Paphla- j gonia and the Taurican Chersonesus, |The first consulate of Marius, who carries on the war against Ju- ; gurtha more vigorously ; Sylla is his quaestor. A triumph is | granted to Metellus. The army of the consul Cassius is cut to ; pieces and himself slain by the Tigurini, a Celtic tribe, whence the name of Zurich is derived. L. Crassus is tribune of the people. Lucilius, poet, fi. Cleopatra gains such an ascendancy ! in Egypt, that she sends her eldest son, Ptolemy Soter, to Cyprus, I and brings thence her youngest, Alexander, to reign under her. ; On the death of John Hyrcanus, his son, Aristobulus, takes the title of king of the Jews. Dionysius of Thrace, crit. fl. Jugurtha is betrayed by Bocchus, king of Mauritania, into the hands of the Romans, and the war ended. Part of Numidia is added to the Roman province, part given to Bocchus, and the rest left nominally independent to the descendants of Masinissa. Crassus supports the judicial reform, proposed by ths consul, Ser- vilius {Lex S^rvilia). Birth of Cicero at Arpinum, Jan. 3d, and of Pompey, Sep. 30th. The Cimbri and Teutones, forcing their way into Roman Gaul, defeat the consul Manilius and proconsul Caepio, near the Rhone, with immense slaughter. Death of Aristobulus the Cruel., and accession of his brother, Alexander Jannseus. lanus. Ser. Sulpicius Galba. M. Aurelius Scaurus. li. Cassius Longinus C. Mai'ius. C. Atilius Ser- ranus. Qu. Servilius Caepio. P. Rutilius Rufus. C, Manilius. 126 FEOM THE YEAB B.C. Olym. AU.C. POSTTUS. JtrnaiA. Egypt. Syria. BlTHY- NIA. AH5ACID.2E OP Parthia. Consuls of Rome. 104 169.1 650 17 Mith- 2 Alex- 4 Alex- 22 Anti- 46 Nico- 22 Mithri- C. Marius II. ridates ander ander. ochus medes dates II., C. Flavius VI. Jan- Gry- II. or Arsa- Fimbria. nseus. pus, ces IX. 103 2 651 18 3 5 with 47 23 C. Marius III. Cyzice-j L. Aurelius nus. Orestes. 102 3 652 19 4 6 24 48 1 1 24 C. Marius IV. L. Lutatius Catulus. 101 4 653 20 5 7 25 |49 1 25 C. Marius V. M. Aquilius. 100 170.1 654 21 6 8 26 50 26 C. Marius VI. L. Valerius Flaccus. 99 2 655 22 7 9 27 51 27 M. Antonius. A. Postumius Albinus. 98 3 656 23 8 10 28 52 28 Qu. Caecilius Metellus Ne- pos. T. Didius. 97 4 657 24 9 11 29 53 - — 29 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus. P. Licinius Crassus. 96 171.1 658 25 10 12 30 54 30 Cn.Domitius Ahenobar- bus. L. Cassius Longinus. i 95 i 2 659 26 11 13 lSe- lemcus. 55 31 L. Licinius Crassus. Qu. Mucius Scsevola. 94 3 660 27 12 14 1 Anti- ochus Euse- bes. 56 32 C. Cselius Caldus. L. Doraitius Ahenobarbus. 93 4 661 28 13 15 2 57 33 C. Valerius Flaccus. M.Herennius. 92 172.1 662 29 14 16 3 58 34 C. Claudius Pulcher. M. Perpenna. 91 2 663 30 15 17 4 1 Nico- medes III. 35 L. Marcius Philippus. Sex. Julius Caesar.. I - '- 104 TO 91 B.C. 127 Triumph of Marius ; Jugurtha led in the procession, remains a prisoner till his death ; terrified by their disasters and the loss of all their armies, except the Nu- midian, the Romans suspend the consular law and elect Marius, that he may command in Gaul : Sylla is his legate. The Cimbri and Teutones invade Spain. Marius, elected consul for the third time in his absence, with Sylla for military tri- bune, employs the year in active preparations ; remodels the army and introduces a new system of tactics. The Cimbri are driven out of Spain by the natives. Ar- temidorus, the Ephesian geog. fl. The " Tereus" of Attius, Death of Turpilius, com. poet, and of Lucilius, set. 46. Marius, a fourth time consul, encounters the Teutones, on their retreat from Spain, at Aquae Sextise ( Aix), and totally defeats them. A second revoltof the slaves in Sicily. The poet Archias, a native of Antioch, comes to Rome, a young man. The Cimbri defeat the proconsul, Lutatius Catulus, and force a passage into Italy Marius, again re-elected, meets them on the plain of Vercellae, and completely crushes them, July 30 ; by these events, both the Gothic and Celtic leagues are dissolved, and the Teutones and Cimbri, being no more heard of, are supposed to be annihilated. The slaves in Sicily resist the consul Aquilius. The services of Marius are rewarded by a sixth consulship and splendid triumph. Rome is disturbed by the factious violence of Apuleius Saturninus and Servilius Glaucia. Metellus Numidicus is outlawed and retires to Rhodes. Birth of Julius Caesar. The Sicilian slaves, though often defeated, are still unconquered. iElius Lanuvinus and Servius Claudius are eminent teachers at Rome ; among the scholars of the former are Varro and Cicero. Metellus is honourably recalled to Rome. Tranquillity is finally restored in Sicily by M. Aquilius, proconsul. Lusitania is tranquillized by Dolabella, proconsul. Aquilius, accused of malver- sations in Sicily, is eloquently defended by the orator, Antonius. The consul, Didius, in Spain, to control the Celtiberi ; Sertorius is one of his officers A decree of the senate forbids human sacrifices. The cruelties of Alex. Jannseus irritate the Jews. Siege and capture of Gaza. Cyrene is bequeatked to the Romans by Ptol. Apion. Antiochus Grypus is slain in a contest with his brother. Tigranes reigns in Armenia. Cyzicenus, defeated by Seleucus, son of Grypus, kills himself. Syria is distracted by rival claimants. Meleager collects the Anthologia. First oration of Hor- tensius in the Forum, set. 19. Birth of Lucretius. Massacre of 1000 Pharisees by Alexander Jannseus. Antiochus Eusebes, son of Cyzicenus, obtains the greater part of Syria. Seleucus is drowned in the Orontes ; but his brothers continue a vain struggle for their inheritance. Mithridates makes his son king of Cappadocia. The people of Cappadocia appeal to the Romans, who give them Ariobarzanes for their king. Mithridates seizes Galatia. Sylla is sent into Cappadocia to observe the proceedings of Mithridates ; he receives there ambassadors from Parthia. Banishment of the upright P. Rutilius, who writes at Smyrna Memoirs of his Life. The censors, of whom Crassus is one, issue an edict against rhetoricians, which drives Aurelius Opilius from Rome ; he retires to Smyrna, and composes many works there. M. Livius Drusus, tribune of the people, advocates, in concurrence with the consul Philippus, the admission of the allies of Rome to the right of citizens ; he is assassinated. Death of Crassus, set. 49 ; his last oration was delivered seven days before he died. Nicomedes II., who had fifty-eight years before obtained 123 FBOM THE YEAE B.C. Olym. 172. 173.1 87 665 666 667 Arme- nia. 31 Mi- thri- dates VI. 32 33 34 668 670 35 7 Tigra- Egypt. 18 Alex- ander. Syria. 5 Anti- ochus Euse- bes. lPtole- 6 my So- ter re- stored. BlTHY- NIA. 2 Nico- medi III. JUD.EA. 16 Alexan- der Jan- 1 Mnasciras, or Arsacesl X. 17 1 Philip ABSACIDjE OF Pabthia. 21 90 TO 84 B.C. 129 Repe- tition Dates, 90 87 34 Consuls of Rome, L. Julius Cae- sar. P. Rutilius Lupus. Cn. Pompeius Strabo. L. Porcius Cato. L. Cornelius Sylla. Qu. Pompeius Rufus. Cn. Octavius. L. Cornelius Cinna. L. Cornelius Cinna II. {C. Marius VII. L. Valerius Flaccus. L. Cornelius Cinna III. Cn. Papirius Carbo. Cn. Papirius Carbo II. L. Cornelius Cinna Events and Eminent Men. the sceptre of Bithynia by parricide, is in his turn killed by his youngest son, Socrates ; his eldest son succeeds him. L. Pomponius, Bononiensis, dram, and Metrodorus of Scepsis, phil. fi. Many Italian States, being denied the franchise, prepare to revolt. The proconsuls Csepio and Fonteius are killed by the Picentines at Asculum. The Marsian or Social war commences. The consul Csesar is unfortunate against the Samnites, and Rutilius defeated and killed by the Marsi. Marius retrieves these disasters ; he holds a conference with Pompaedius Silo, the leader of the revolt, and resigns his command. The Romans grant citizenship to the States, which remain faithful. Nicomedes, dispossessed of Bi- thynia by Mithridates,and Ariobarzanes driven from Cappadocia by Tigranes, apply to Rome for redress, which a decree of the Senate promises to obtain for them. M. Mm. Scaurus (cons. B.C. 115, and now set. 72) repels the charge brought against him of having promoted the disaffection of the allies. Scymnus of Chios dedicates his poems to Nicomedes of Bithynia. The consul Pompeius (father of Pompey the Great) gains decided victories over the Picentines ; his colleague, Cato, defeats the Marsi, but is killed in the battle ; Sylla takes the command, and is so successful, that he is elected consul for the ensuing year. Cicero is a cadet in the army of Pompeius. Cleopatra is put to death by her son Alexander, who is expelled from Egypt, and Ptolemy Soter restored. Conclusion of the Social war. Most of the refractory States ad- mitted to be citizens of Rome. Quarrel of Marius and Sylla, for the command of the army against Mithridates ; the latter takes forcible possession of Rome, and the former escapes to Car- thage. Mithridates occupies Phrygia, and calls' upon all Asia Minor to join him, where a general massacre of Romans takes place. Philo and Apollonius Molo avoid the troubles of the East by coming to Rome. Plotius Gallus teaches Latin rhetoric. A large part of Greece declares in favour of Mithridates, whose general, Archelaus, forms a strong army there ; Sylla and the qusestor, Lucullus, advance to oppose him and besiege Athens, The consul Cinna, deposed by the senate, calls Marius from Africa, raises an army of Italians, and reinstates himself in office ; civil strife and bloodshed eusue ; the other consul, Octavius, the orator, Antonius, and many eminent friends of Sylla, are among the victims. Antiochus, phil. acad. and Sisenna, hist. fl. Birth of Catullus. A long war begins between Mnasciras and Sina- troces for the throne of Parthia. Death of Marius, in the beginning of his seventh consulate, Jan- uary 13th, set. 78 ; L. Val. Flaccus, appointed in his room, is as- sassinated on his march to the East, by C. Fimbria, who assumes the command of his army. Sylla takes Athens and defeats Ar- chelaus. Lucullus collects a fleet. Posidonius is ambassador from Rhodes to Rome. Birth of Sallust. Alex. Jannaeus uses great cruelty in quelling a sedition of the Jews. Fimbria arrives in Asia and defeats Mithridates. Envoys from the Senate endeavour to negotiate a reconciliation between Sylla and his opponents. Birth of M. Brutus. Philippus, a son of Grypus, prevails in Syria. Sylla, passes from Greece into Asia. Mithridates, placed between two victorious Roman armies, agrees to a peace and gives up all his acquisitions. Fimbria, whom Sylla prepares to disarm, is deserted by his army and kills himself. Cinna is assassinated by the forces which he collects to oppose Sylla on his return.. Carbo remains sole consul. The library of Apellicon is brought from Athens bv Svlla. _ — 130 FROM THE YEAB B.C. Olym A U. C. PONTUS. Arme- nia. Egypt. Stria. BlTHYNIA. JUD-EA. Arsacid.s: op Parthia. 83 174.2 671 38 Mith- ridates VI. 14 Tigra- nes. 7 Ptol. Soter restor- ed. lTi- granes. 9 Nico- medes III. 23 Alex- ander Jan- nasus. 8MnascirasJ or Arsaces X. 82 3 672 39 15 8 2 10 24 9 81 80 4 175.1 673 674 ! 40 41 16 17 1 Cleo- patra and A- lexan- der II. 1 Ptole- my Au- letes. 3 4 11 12 25 26 ■ 10 11 79 2 675 42 18 2 5 13 1 Alex- andra. 12 78 3 676 43 19 3 6 14 2 13 77 4 677 44 20 4 7 15 3 14 76 176.1 678 45 21 5 8 16 4 1 Sinatro- ces, or Ar- saces XI. . lu 2 679 I 1 46 22 i 6 9 17 5 2 83 TO 75 B.C. 131 Repe- tition Dates, Consuls of Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 81 79 78 76 L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus. C. Norhanus. C. Marius C. Fil. Cn. Papirius Carbo III. M. Tullius De- cula. Cn. Cornelius Dolabella. L. Corn. Sylla Felix II. Qu. Caecilius Metellus Pi- us. P. Servilius Vatia. Ap. Claudius Pulcher, M. iEmilius Lepidus. Qu. Lutatius Catulus. D. Junius Brutus. M. Mmil. Ma- mercus Lepi- dus Livianus Cn. Octavius. C. Scribonius Curio. L. Octaves. 0. Aimilms Cottn. The plans of Carbo against Sylla are frustrated by Cn. Pompeius, sot. 23. Sylla lands, with his army, at Brimdusium, and advances to Rome. The remaining partisans of Marius are dispersed. Sertorius goes to Spain. Tbe Capitol is burnt, through the negli' gence of its keepers. The Roman Senate refuses to send Mith ridates a formal ratification of the treaty. He retains a part of Cappadocia. L. Mursena, who was left with an army in Asia, invades his territories, and plunders the temple of Comana. Alexander Polyhistor comes to Rome. The Syrians, exhausted by the long strife of rival claimants, invite Tigranes to be their king. The consuls endeavour to make head against Sylla, and are assisted by a Samnite army under Pontius Telesinus. They are all de- feated in the battles of Sacriportus, and the Porta Collina. The younger Marius and Pontius die by their own hands. Carbo is taken in Sicily and put to death by Pompey, who also reduces Africa to obedience. Sylla, appointed dictator, inflicts a bloody vengeance on his opponents. Mursena is defeated and driven back by Mithridates. Birth of the poet P. Terentius Varro Ata- cinus, and of the orator C. Licinius Calvus. A triumph granted to Pompey for his success in Africa. Sylla orders Mursena to desist from farther hostilities, which termi- nates what is called " the second Mithridatic war." Cicero pleads for Quinctius. Death of Ptol. Soter, followed by years of confu- sion and crime in Egypt. Caesar serves, as a cadet, under M. Thermus, at the siege of Mity- lene, and receives a civic crown, for saving the life of a citizen. Sylla, in all but the name, emperor of Rome, remodels the state, by many new laws and institutions. Cicero's oration in defence of Sextus Roscius. Cleopatra is murdered by her cousin Alexan- der II., who is killed in a popular tumult. Ptol. Auletes, an il- legitimate son of Soter, succeeds to the throne, but is not acknow- ledged by the Romans. Sylla resigns the dictatorship, but is still master of Rome. Cicero goes to Athens. Death of Alexander Jannseus ; his widow, Alex- andra, governs Judsea. Death of Sylla, set. 60. Contest between Lepidus and Catulus ; the former is overcome and killed in Sardinia. Sertorius begins his war in Spain. Metellus and Domitius are sent against him. Ci- cero, after studious intercourse at Athens with Antiochus, the Academician, Zeno, the Epicurean, and other philosophers, asso- ciates at Rhodes with Molo. Servilius, as proconsul, attacks vigorously the pirates of Cilicia, Paraphilia, and Isauria. Cicero returns to Rome, and competes with Cotta and Hortensius in forensic oratory. Pompey is sent into Spain to oppose Sertorius. After a struggle of many years, Sinatroces deposes Mnasciras, and acquires the crowu of Parthia. Birth of Asinius Pollio. Ap. Claudius (Cons. b.c. 79), engaged in harassing warfare against some wild Thracian Tribes in Macedon, dies there, and is suc- ceeded by C. Scribonius Curio. Cicero is qusestor in Sicily. An- tiochus Asiatieus, son of Ant. Eusebes, comes to Rome, in the hope of obtaining Roman aid, to expel Tigranes from Syria, and acquire the throne for himself 132 FEOM THE YEAE B.C. Olym. I A.U.C. „ | Arme- Egypt. Sybia. BlTHY- NIA. JUD-EA. AltSAClD.* OF Pabthia. 74 176. 3 680 1 ! 47 Mi- thri- dates VI. i id Ti- granes. 7 Ptole- my Au- letes. 10 Ti- granes. A Roman province. 6 Alexan- dra. 3 Sinatroces or Arsaces XI. Cappa- DOCIA. 73 I 4 681 48 24 — 8 11 21 Ario- barza- nes I. 7 4 ' |. 177.1 682 49 25^- 9 12 22 8 5 71 j 2 683 50 26 10 13 23 9 6 — - 70 3 684 51 27 11 14 24 1 Aristo- bulus I. 7 69 4 685 52 28 12 1 Anti- ochus Asiati- cus. 25 2 8 68 178.1 686 53 — 29 13 2 26 3 1 Phraates III., or Ar- saces XII. 67 2 687 54 30 14- — 3 27 - — 4 2 66 3 688 55 31 — 15 4 28 5 3 65 4 j 689 56 32 16 End of the Se- leucida 29 6 4 ^4 TJ G5 B.C. 13.* Repe- tition Pctet 73 72 Consuls op Rome. Events and Eminent Men. 67 ; L. Licinius Lucullus. M. Aurelius Cotta. M. Tererstiu Varro Lucul lus. C. Cassius Va- rus. L. Gellius Poplicola. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clo- dianus. P. Corn. Len- tulus Sura. Cn. Aufidius Orestes. Cn. Pompeius Magnus. M. Licinius Crassus. Qu Hortensi- us. Qu. Csecilius Metellus Creticus. L. Caecilius Metellus. Qu. Marcius Rex. C. Calpurnius Piso. M. Acilius Glabrio. M. iEmilius Lepidus. L. Volcatius Tullus. L. Aui-elius Cotta. L» Manlius I TorquatiLS. Nicomedes dies, and in his will leaves BIthyrria to the Romans. I Mithridates renews his hostilities and enters into an abortive j alliance with Sertorius. The two consuls proceed into Asia against him. Cotta is defeated; but Lucullus overcomes and surrounds the army of Mithridates near Cyzicus. Cicero returns from Sicily to Rome. Lucullus routs and disperses the army of Mithridates. Spartacus collects, on Mount Vesuvius, a numerous band of slaves and gladiators, who overcome the forces sent against them, and ra- vage southern Italy. Sertorius still unconquered. Spartacus defeats successively the two consuls and the praetor Qu. Arrius. Sertorius is assassinated by M. Perperna, and the Spaniards, having lost their leader, submit to Pompey. Lucullus besieges Amisus, and at Cabira conquers Mithridates, who es-| capes into Armenia. Invasion of Gaul by the Helvetii and Ti- gurini. The praetor, Crassus, defeats Spartacus near Petilia, in Lucania, who falls in the battle, and the rebellion ends. Amisus and Eu- patoria surrender to Lucullus ; he compels Mithridates to take flight into Armenia. Appius Claudius is sent, as ambassador, to ascertain the intentions of Tigranes. Pompey, the idol of the people, shares the triumph of Metellus. Tyrannio is among the prisoners at Amisus ; he is brought to Rome, where he afterwards teaches. Pompey and Crassus, at variance before, are reconciled during then- joint consulship ; they restore the power of the tribunes, and repeal other obnoxious laws made by Sylla. Tigranes declares himself an enemy of Rome. Cicero's orations against Qu. Csecilius and Verres. Birth of Virgil, Oct. 15, at the village of Andes, near Mantua. Death of Alexandra, the widow of Jannaeus ; she no- minates her son, Hyrcanus, as her successor ; but his brother, Aristobulus, usurps the throne of Judaea. Census of Rome, 450,000 citizens. Lucullus crosses the Euphrates, takes Tigranocerta and defeats Tigranes. Antiochus Asiaticus is made by him king of Syria. The rebuilding of the Capitol, commenced by Sylla, is completed by Qu. Catulus. Metellus is sent to conduct the war in Crete. ^Edileship of Cicero. Lucullus prosecutes the war against Tigranes, and takes Nisibis. Tyrannio copies the works of Aristotle for Andronicus of Rhodes, from the library of Apellicon, see b.c. 84. The appointment of the consul Glabrio to succeed Lucullus, causes a mutiny in the army. Pompey by his vigorous measures crushes the pirates, and their strong-hold, Cilicia, is made a Roman pro- vince. M. Terentius Varro serves under him. The conquest of Crete is completed by Metellus. Julius Caesar is quaestor in Spain. Pompey, on his way to take the command in Asia, has a conference with Lucullus in Galatia. He defeats Mithridates, who had re- turned into Pontus, and drives him over the Cimmerian Bospho- rus. Tigranes submits to the conqueror. Cicero, praetor, advo- cates the Manilian law, which gives this appointment to Pompey. Treaty between Rome and Parthia. P. Autronius and P. Sylla, the first elected consuls, are set aside and punished for bribery. Commencement of Catiline's conspi- i racy. Pompey conquers Syria. iEdileship of Julius Caesar, j Attirus returns from Greece to Rome. Birth of Horace, at Ve- 1 134 FROM THE YEAB B.C. Olym. A.U.C. PONTUS. Armenia. Egypt. Cappado- CIA. JUD^A. AksACIDjE of Parthia. 64 179.1 690 57 Mith- ridates VI. 33 Tigra- nes. 17 Ptole- my Au- letes. 30 Ariobar- zanes I. 7 Aristo- bulus I. 5 Phraates IIL.orAr- saces XII, 63 2 691 1 Phar- naces II. 34 18 1 Ariobar- zanes II. 1 Hyrca- nus II. 6 | i ! 62 3 692 2 — 35 19 2 2 7 61 4 693 3 — 36 20 — 3 3 8 ■ 60 180.1 694 4 37 21 4 4 1 Mithrida- tes III., or Arsaces XIII. 59 2 695 5 38 22 5 5 2 58 57 3 4 696 697 6 39 40 1 Bere- nice and Try- phaena. 2 6 7 6 3 4 56 181.1 698 8 1 Arta- vasdes. 3 8 8 5 55 2 699 9 2 1 Ptole- my Au- letes re- stored. 9 9 6 1 61 TO 55 B.C. 135 cottsitls of Rome. Events and Eminent M en. L. Julius Cse- sar. iC. Marcius F gulus. cero. C. Antonius. nusium, Dec. 8. Hyrcanus takes up arms against his brother, Aristobulus. Pompey is called from Syria to oppose Mithridates, who has re- turned to his States, and is preparing for farther resistance. War between Tigranes and Phraates. Cicero, candidate for the next year's consulship, is elected by a large majority over six compe- titors. Deiotarus, king of Galatia, extends his dominions. M. Tullius Ci- Mithridates, betrayed by his son, poisons himself. Pompey com- pletes his conquest of Syria ; takes Jerusalem, deposes Aristo- bulus, and makes Hyrcanus king. Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero; consular orations to the senate; punishment of the guilty, except the leader, who escapes. Birth of Octavius (after- wards Augustus) at Aricia, Sept. 23rd. Ariobarzanes I. resigns Cappadocia to his son. Cicero, " pro Muraena." Parthenius of Nicaea, preceptor of Virgil, and Apollodorus of Pergamus, after- i wards preceptor of Callidius and Octavius, fl, D. Junius Si- Catiline, having collected an army in Etruria, is defeated and slain lanus. | at Pistoria, by Petreius, lieutenant of the proconsul, Antonius. L.LiciniusMu- Beginning of discord between Caesar, now praetor, and Cato, raena. | tribune of the people. Oration of Cicero, " pro P. Sylla." Triumph j of Metellus. Pompey returns from the East, and on his way, visits the phil. Posidonius at Rhodes. Theophimus archon at Athens. M.PupiusPisoPompey's triumph lasts two days; he boasts of having conquered Calpurnia- nus. M. Valerius Messalla. L. Afranius. Qu. Caecilius twenty-two Asiatic kings : prob. heads of States and their i and his hostility to Cicero. Quintus, the brother of Tull. Cic. iz I | governor of Asia. Castor, Chronog. son-in-law of Deiotarus of j Galatia, fl. j iCsesar quells an insurrection inLusitania; on his return, the firs ';. j secret coalition is formed, for an equal division of power among Metellus Ce- himself, Pompey and Crassus. Cicero sends to his friend, At- ler. C. Julius Cse- sar. M. Calpurnius Bibulus. L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoni- nus. A. Gabinius. L.Corn.Lentu- lus Spinther Qu. Caecilius Metellus Ne- pos. Cn. Corn. Len tulus Mar- cellinus. L. Marcius Phiiippus. Cn. Pompeius Magnus II. M. Licinius Crassus II. ticus, a history of his own consulate, written in Greek ; Lu cullus also writes in Greek. Diodorus Siculus is in Egypt. He- rodes, archon at Athens. Catullus fl. aet. 27. Caesar carries his agrarian law and ingratiates himself with the! people; he obtains the command in Gaul and lllyrium for five' years. Birth of Livy at Patavium (Padua). ( Caesar's first campaign in Gaul. Tribuneship of Clodius ; banish- ment of Cicero, and mission of Cato to Cyprus. Ptolemy Auletes, expelled from Egypt, goes to Rome for assistance. Caesar's progress in Gaul ; resistance of the Belgae ; he places his army in winter-quarters between the Loire and Seine, and visits Italy. Milo, tribune, obtains a decree for the return of Cicero, who leaves Thessalonica and returns to Rome. The proconsul Gabi- nius is ordered to restore Auletes. Csesar conquers the Veneti and other maritime tribes in Armorica. iEdileship of Clodius. Cato returns from Cyprus to Rome. Cicero accuses Piso and Gabinius (Coss. B.C. 58) of having oppressed the | provitces of Macedon and Syria. Death of Tigranes (Armenian history obscure). Ptolemy Auletes restored in Egypt by Gabi- nius. The chronology of Castor ends here. The Triumvirs meet at Lucca ; their respective provinces are voted to them by the Roman people for five years more, Spain to Pom- pey, Gaul to Caesar, and Syria to Crassus. Cato is imprisoned by j the tribune, C. Treboni us, for opposing this vote. Caasar crosses i the Rhine to attack the Usipetes and Tencteri, and undertakes | 136 FEOM THE TEAR B.C. Olym. A.U. C. PoNTUS. Armenia. Egypt. CAPP ADO- CIA. Judaea. arsacid.e of Pabthia. 54 181.3 700 10 Pharna- ces II. 3 Arta- vasdes. 2 Ptolemy Auletes restored. 10 Ariobar- zanes II. 10 Hyrca- nus II. 1 Orodes, or Arsaces XIV. 53 4 701 11 4 3 11 11 2 52 182.1 702 12 5 4 12 12 3 51 2 703 13 6 1 Cleopa- tra. 13 13 4 50 3 704 14 7 2 14 14 5 49 4 705 15 8 3 15 15 6 48 183.1 706 16 9 4 16 16 7 47 2 707 Subject to Rome. 10 5 17 17 — 8 i 54 TO 47 B.C. 137 titwn Dates. 54 53 52 50 49 47 Consuls of Rome. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Cn. Domitius Calvinus. M. Valerius Messalla. Cn. Pompeius Magnus III sole consul. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. M. Claudius Marcellus. L. ^Emilius Paullus. P. Claudius Marcellus. C. Claudius Marcellus. L. Cornelius, Lentulus Crus. C. Julius Cae- sar II. P. Servilius Vatia Isauri- cus. Qu. Fufiui Ca- lenus. P. Vatiniui. Events and Eminent Men. his first expedition into Britain. Piso having complained to the senate of the charges brought against him in his absence, Cicero replies. Demetrius Magnus known to Cicero and Atticus. Tima- genes is brought from Alexandria to Rome by Gabinius. Cicero composes his Three Books " De Oratore." The Judicial Law again altered by Pompey. Death of the poet, Lucretius, Oct. 15, sat. 41. Caesar's second invasion of Britain ; during his absence the Ebu- rones, under Ambiorix, defeat Titurius and Qu. Cicero; he returns and overcomes them. First campaign of Crassus ; he plunders the temple of Jerusalem and proceeds against the Parthians. Praetorship of Cato. Cicero writes " De Republica," and defends Vatinius, Scaurus and Placidius. Mithridates of Parthia is mur- dered by his brother Orodes. Caesar applies to Pompey for a reinforcement, on receiving which, he again crosses the Rhine and attacks the Suevi. The Parthi- ans, with the Armenians under Artavasdes, totally defeat Cras- sus, June 9th, at Carrhae, in Mesopotamia ; his army is cut to pieces, and himself killed; the conquerors ravage Syria andCilicia. Clodius is killed in a fray between his retinue and that of Milo ; in the confusion that follows, Servius Sulpicius is empowered to nominate the magistrates ; he appoints Pompey sole consul, who for the last five months takes Qu. Csecil. Metellus Pius for his. colleague. Milo, accused of homicide, is defended by Cicero : but found guilty, and banished to Marseilles. The iEdui, Arverni, and other Gallic tribes, make a formidable effort to drive Cresar out of Gaul ; this keeps him all the winter at Bibracte. Sallust a tribune of the people. Caesar takes Vercingetorix prisoner, and completes the conquest of Gaul. Peace between Rome and the Parthians. Cicero proceeds unwillingly to Cilicia, as proconsul. Posidonins comes to Rome. Death of Ptolemy Auletes; his daughter, the celebrated Cleopatra, becomes queen of Egypt. Caesar returns to Italy ; jealousy between him and Pompey, and the hostile sentiments of their respective partizans become manifest, Cicero, at the expiration of his year of office, comes back to Rome. Death of Hortensius. Expulsion of the historian, Sallust, from the senate. The poor citizens, who at this time receive distributions of corn, are 150,000. Caesar advances with his army to Rome, and pursues, as far as Brundusium, Pompey, who embarks there for Greece. Cicero joins Pompey ; Varro is his lieutenant in Spain, with Afranius and Petreius ; Artavasdes brings an Armenian force to support him. Caesar, on his return to Rome, is appointed dictator; lie proceeds to Spain, and having overcome all opposition there, collects his forces at the end of the year in Southern Italy, and prepares a fleet, to convey them to Greece. Caesar takes Dyrrachium. Battle of Pharsalia, Aug. 9th. Pompey j escapes to Egypt, where he is killed, Sept. 29th, set. 5S, by Ptol-j emy, the brother and husband of Cleopatra. Generous conduct l of Caesar to his defeated opponents ; he conducts his victorious j army into Egypt, where he is captivated by the charms of Cleo- patra. Jealousy and hostility of her husband ; in the combats whicli ensue, the valuable library of Alexandria is burnt. The senate appoint Caesar dictator, and M. Antony his master of \ the horse : he takes Pelusium and subdues Egypt ; during the contest, Ptolemy being drowned in the Nile, he confirms Cleo- patra on the throne, and marries her to her younger brother, another Ptolemy, only eleven years of age ; — in this war a Jewish army, under Hyrcanus and Antipater, tin father of Herod, are !38 FEOM TnE TEAK BC. Olym. Consuls of Rome. Armenia, Egypt. Cappado- cia. Judaea. Parthia. 183. 45 44 184.1 709 43 2 I 711 41 3 712 713 C. Julius Cae- sar III. M. iEmilius Lepidus. C. Julius Cae- sar IV. Sine colUga. C. Julius Cae- sar V., and Diet. M. Antonius. C. Vibius Pan- sa. A. Hirtius. M. iEmilius Lepidus II. L. Munatius Plancus. P. Serviliua Vatia Isau- ricus II. L. Antonius Pietas, 11 Arta- vasdes. 5 Cleopa- tra. 18 Ario- barzanes II. 18Hyrca- mis II. 13 15 19 20 9 Orodes, or Arsa- ces XIV 10 21 12 10 ' 1 Ariara- thesVII 22 23 14 46 TO 41 B.C. 139 Repe- tition Dates 46 43 Events and Eminent Men. allies of the Romans. Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, having attempted to seize some of the provinces lost by his father, Csesar "comes, beholds and conquers;" Pharnaces is slain and the kingdom of Pontus ends. Csesar returns to Rome, where he treats with great lenity all the former adherents of Pompey, and in particular is reconciled to Cicero; he embarks with his army for Africa, to com- bat those who are still in arms against him. Victory of Caesar at Thapsus, in Africa, April 6th. Juba, king of Numidia, Pe- treius, and other leaders, fall in battle. Metellus Scipio takes away his own life. Death of Cato, set. 49. Surrender of Utica. Numidia and Mauritania formed into a Roman province, of which Sallust is appointed governor. Csesar returns to Rome and celebrates four triumphs, which he disgraces, by putting to death, at the close of them, his prisoner, Vercingetorix ; he is made dictator for ten years. Carthage and Corinth rebuilt. Revolt of Csecilius Bassus in Syria. Csesar reforms the calendar, by introducing ninety days into the year, and leap- years for the future. Cicero's orations for Ligarius and Marcellus ; he composes his " Brutus." Juba, son of the Numidian king, settles at Rome, and writes history. Didymus, gram. fl. Caesar conquers the sons of Pompey, at Munda, in Spain, March 17th ; the eldest, Cneus, is slain ; his brother, Sextus, escapes by flight ; Octavius, set. 18, serves in this wai\ Leaving Asinius Pollio governor of Spain, Csesar returns to Rome, and is appointed, by the Senate, consul for ten years and dictator for life. Cseci- lius Bassus is finally overcome by Cassius. Cicero, after divorcing Terentia, marries Publilia, from whom also lie is divorced ; his daughter Tullia dies ; he writes a Treatise, " De luctu minuendo," his " Orator," " De Finibus," and other works. Horace studies at Athens. Conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius ; Csesar assassinated, March 15th, set. 56 ; the conspirators, unpopular at Rome, withdraw to secure the provinces. Octavius arrives at Rome to claim his inheritance, which Antony attempts to detain from him ; quarrel between them ; Antony proceeds to make himself master of Cisal- pine Gaul. Cicero's first Philippic, Sept. 2d ; his second, written at home, never spoken; his third and fourth delivered in the senate, Dec. 20th, when Antony is declared an enemy of his country. Cratippus, preceptor of Cicero's son at Athens. Ptolemy, set. 15, claims his share of power in Egypt, on which he is poisoned by Cleopatra. Antony besieges Mutina (Modena) ; Servius Sulpicius, authorized by the Senate to treat with him for peace, dies on his arrival in the camp, and the negotiation fails. Antony, defeated by the cons*uls and Octavius, joins Lepidus. The three hostile leaders are reconciled, and form the second triumvirate. They lead their united forces to Rome, and rule with absolute power. Bloody proscriptions follow. Cicero is one of the victims. His continued Philippics, delivered be- tween Jan. 1st and April 22nd, irritate Antony, and he is murdered, Dec. 7th, set. 63. Varro also is proscribed, but escapes ; his estates are seized. Birth of Ovid, March 21st. Diodorus Sieulus begins to write his History, on which he is employed thirty years. The colony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded by Muna- tius Plancus, when proconsul in Gauh Battles of Philippi. Deaths of Brutus and Cassius. Their army dispersed. The survivors repair to Sextus Pompeius, who lias collected a strong fleet and is master of Sicily. Octavius returns to Rome. Antony remains in the East ; he attacks and kills Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia, who had supported Brutus ; the slain monarch is succeeded by his son. Horace, taken from his studies at Athens, is made a tribune by Brutus ; he escapes by flight at Phi- lippi, and returns to Rome, to be a better poet than a soldier. Fulvia, the wife of Antony, and the consul, Lucius, his brother, oppose Octavius, who drives them from Rome. The former retires to Sicyon, in Greece, where she dies ; the latter is besieged in Perusia. Cleopatra is suspected of having assisted Brutus, and is summoned by Antony, to render an account of her con- duct. They meet at Tarsus, where their fatal union begins ; he consents to the murder of Arsinoe, Cleopatra's sister. 140 FROM THE TJTA'E B.C. IOlym.; a.U.C. 40 '185.1 35 34 32 38 3 186.1 S 4 187.1 715 71S 720 721 722 Consuls of Rome. Cn Domitius Calvinus II. C. Asinius Pollio. L. Marcius Censorinus. C. Calvisius Sabinus. Ap. Claudius Pulcher. C. Norbanus Flaccus. M. Agrippa. L. Caninius Gallug. L. Gellius Pop licola. M. Cocceius Nerva. L. Cornificius. Sex. Pompeius Nepos. L. Scribonius Libo. M.AntoniusII, C. Caesar Oc- tavianus II. L. Volcatius Tullus. Cn. Domitius Ahenobar- bus. C. Sosius. 17 Arta- Tasdes. 18 20 21 22 1 Artax- ias. EGYPT. 12 Cleopa- tra. 13 Cappado- CIA. 3 Ariara- thes VII 15 16 Judaea. 1 Arche- lauc. 40 TO 32 B.C. 141 Repe- tition Dates. 37 35 34 Events and Eminent Men. Antony accompanies Cleopatra to Egypt. During his absence, Labienus guides a Parthian army, under Pacorus, the son of Orodes, to invade Syria. They make Hyrcanus prisoner and depose him, setting up Antigonus as king of Ju- daea : but Herod is favoured by the Romans, and eventually obtains the throne by their support. Perusia is taken by Octavius, plundered and burnt ; but L. Antonius is pardoned by the Gonqueror. After the death of Fulvia, Octavius 1 , under the advice of Maecenas, is reconciled to M. Antony and gives him hia sister Octavia in marriage. Cornelius Nepos writes his " Lives." Catullus ob. set. 47. The treaty of Misenum, between Octavius, Antony, arid Sextus Pompeius. Venti- dius, Antony's lieutenant, defeats the Parthians, and Labienus is slain, while he himself passes his time at Athens, with his bride Octavia. He gives a part of Cilicia, with the title of king, to Polemo, son of Zeno of Apamea. Octavius divorces Scribonia and marries Livia. He renews the war with Sex. Pompey, is defeated in a naval battle and loses all his fleet. Ventidius gains another victory over the Parthians, in which Pacorus is killed, on the anniver- sary of the great defeat of Crassus, June 9th ; he is recalled in the midst of his successes, but allowed a triumph. Sossius conquers the refractory Jews, and sends Antigonus a prisoner to Rome : Herod is confirmed as king, and marries Mariamne, daughter of Hyrcanus ; he begins his course of atrocious cruelty. Antony arrives in Italy to arrange with Octavius for a renewal of their trium- virate, the five years of which had expired. Horace begins to be distinguished for his talents, and obtains the friendship of Maecenas, through Varius and Virgil. The consul, Agrippa, crosses the Rhine, to secure the frontier of Gaul. Octavius active in fitting out another fleet ; the harbour of Misenum is constructed. He concerts with Antony, at a meeting near Tarentum, the means of opposing Sex. Pompey, and the prolongation of their Triumvirate for five years more. Orodes is strangled by his son Phraates, whom, on the death of Pacorus, he had named for his successor. Hyrcanus is murdered by Herod, and at his instigation, An- tigonus is put to death at Rome. Varro, pet. 80, writes " De Re Rustica." Total defeat of Sex. Pompey by Agrippa, who receives from Octavius a naval crown ; Pompey escapes to Lesbos. Lepidus, aspiring to greater power, is de- serted by his soldiers, and ejected from the triumvirate, but allowed to live in peace and remain Pontifex Maximus. Antony, after a winter passed with Cleo- patra, advances into Media, where he, is defeated by the Parthians, and an Ar- menian army under Artavasdes ; he effects a most disastrous retreat into Egypt. Ariarathes is deposed by him, and Archelaus made king of Cappadocia, to whom Conon dedicates his history. The Furnii, father and son, distinguished as orators and historians. Propertius, losing his patrimony by the division of lands, ap- plies early to poetry. Sex. Pompeius, hearing of Antony's defeat, attempts another war; he is made prisoner, and put to death by M. Titius. Octavius keeps in subjection the Ia- pydes, Liburnians and other Illyrian tribes. The poet Bavius dies. Virgil writes his Georgics. Horace publishes his first book of Satires. Antony lavishes provinces and kingdoms on Cleopatra ; he invades Armenia, takes Artavasdes prisoner, and sends him in chains to Egypt. Octavius reduces the Dalmatians to obedience. Death of the historian, Sallust. Octavius, indignant at Antony's conduct, sends Octavia to reclaim him ; he dis- misses and divorces her. The Parthians conquer Media and drive the Romans out of Armenia, when Artaxias is raised to the throne, vacant by his father's captivity. Agrippa, iEdile, restores the public edifices and fountains of Rome. The Octavian library is founded. Antony detaches himself wholly from Rome, and celebrates a triumph in Egypt, in which Artavasdes is led in fetters of gold. He removes to Alexandria the library of Pergamus, said by Plutarch to have consisted of 200,000 volumes. Active preparations for war between him and Octavius. Antony conducts his forces as far as Corcyra, and then passes the winter with Cleopatra at Fatrae. Death of Atticus, set. 77. 142 FROM TILE YEAH Arsacid-s: B.C. Oltm. A.U.C. Consuls of Rome. Armenia. Egypt. Cappado- C1A. Judaea. OP Parthia. SI 1ST. 2 723 Ic. Caesar Oct. 3 Artax- 21 Cleopa- 6 Arche- 10 Herod. 7 Phra- j III. ias. tra. laus. ates IV., IM. Valerius Conquered or Arsa- 1 Messalla by Home. ces XV. Corviuus. Roman 80 3 724 C. Cies. Oct. The suc- Emperors. IT 11 8 2 Octa- IV. cession vius, af- M. Licinius of rulers terwards 1 Crassus. in Ar- Augus- , menia is tus. 29 4 725 C. Caes. Oct. V. Sex. Appu- leius. very un- certain for the next ten 3 8 12 28 188.1 726 C. Caes, Oct. VI. M. Agrippa II. years. 4 9 • 13 10 27 2 727 C. Caes. Oct. 1 10 14 11 VII. M. Agrippa III. 28 3 728 C. Cses. Oct. VIII. T. Statilius Taurus. 8 11 15 12 25 4 729 C. Cses. Oct. IX. M. Junius Si- lanus. 12 16 13 24 189.1 730 IC. Cses.Oct.X. Co Norbanus Flaccus. 8 13 17 14 2 731 C. Cses. Oct. XI. A. Terentius Varro Mu- rena. (Mur. mort.) Cn. Calpurnius Piso. 9 14 18 15 — 22 3 732 M. Claudiu* Marcellus. L. Aruntius. 10 15 19 16 21 4 733 M. Lollius. Qu. JE.mil. Le- pidus. 11 16 20 17 31 TO 21 B.C. J 43 tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 31 27 24 21 Battle of Actium, Sept. 2nd. Octavius owes his victory to the skill of Agrippa and the rapid evolutions of the light ships of the Liburnians, which he had en- gaged in his service. From this time such vessels form an important part of the Roman navy. From pursuing Antony and Cleopatra, he is called back to Italy, by the news of discontent among the troops there. In twenty-seven days, at Brundusium, he pacifies them, and proceeds to Egypt. Horace, in Epod. 1 and 7, refers to this war ; and his Ode i. 37 is wholly devoted to celebrate the victory. Tyrannio the younger is among the prisoners brought to Rome, where he after- wards teaches and writes. A destructive earthquake in Palestine. Death of Antony, set. 53, and of Cleopatra, set. 39. Egypt a Roman province. Nicopolis founded by Octavius to commemorate his victory. His preceptor, Athenodorus, is made governor of Tarsus. Cornelius Callus, the friend of Virgil, is prsefect of Egypt. Horace publishes his second book of satires, and his Epodes. Octavius returns to Rome, celebrates his triumph, and in token of universal peace, closes the temple of Janus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus comes to Italy. Ma- riamne falsely accused of infidelity, and condemned to death by Herod. Assisted by Maecenas and Agrippa, Octavius regulates the state and adorns the city. The franchise of Rome is widely extended: the census, taken tins year, gives the number of citizens, 4,164,060, from which the whole population of the empire has been wrongly computed at only 16,500,000. (Gibbon, ch. 2, estimates it at 128,000,000.) Death of Varro, set. 89. Octavius resigns his power; it is given to him again by the Senate for ten years, with the titles of Imperator and Augustus. He visits Gaul and Spain, and projects, but does not execute, an incursion into Britain. Tibullus accompanies his patron Messalla and records his triumph, for settling some disturbances in Aquitania. Vitruvius writes on architecture. jCornelius Gallus is disgraced for misgoverning Egypt, and kills himself; set. 41. Elegies of Propertius composed. Augustus, in person, checks a revolt of the Cantabri and Astures, while his gene- rals overawe the Salassi. On his return to Rome the Temple of Janus is again closed. Munatius Plancus, the founder of Lyons (see B.C. 43), is eminent as an orator. The fourth book of Virgil's Georgics written. Agrippa builds the Pantheon. Tiridates raises a rebellion in Parthia ; he is defeated by Phraates, and takes refuge at Rome. JElius Gallus, governor of Egypt, undertakes an expedition into Arabia, which fails. Strabo, set 30, visits him in Egypt Death of Quintilius Varus of Cre- mona, a friend of Virgil and Horace ; the latter laments his loss, Carm. i. 24. Virgil is employed on the JEneid. Horace collects and publishes the first three books of his Odes. Frankius. The Tribunitian power is voted to Augustus for life. His success is clouded by the death of Marcellus, set. 20, his nephew and son-in-law, whom he designed for his successor. Ambassadors from Parthia demand the reddition of Tiridates. Augustus refuses, and requires, that the ensigns and prisoners taken from Cras- sus and Antony should be given up. Nestor of Tarsus was the preceptor of Marcellus. The abortive conspiracy of Murena and Csepio, for which they are put to death. Candace, queen of ^Ethiopia, invades Egypt, and is repulsed by C. Petronius. Virgil recites iEn. VI. before Augustus and Octavia, who are overcome with grief at the mention of Marcellus, v. 862. Augustus regulates the police of Rome ; he appoints Agrippa prefect of the city, and gives him in marriage his daughter Julia, the widow of Marcellus. I Alter this, he travels through Italy and Greece, and winters at Samos. 144 FROM THE YEAS Absacid^b B.C. Olym. A.U.C Consuls of- Rome. Roman Emperors. Armenia. Capp ado- cia. JUDvEA. op Partiiia. 20 190.1 734 M. Appuloius. 12 Augus- 1 Tigra- 17 Archo- 21 llerod. 18 Pbra- P.Silius Nerva. tus. nes 11. laus. ates IV., or Arsa* ces XV. 19 2 735 C. Sentius Sa- 13 2 IS 22 . 19 ■ tuvninus. Qu. Lucretius. 18 3 736 P. Cornelius Lentulus. Cn. Corn. Len- tulus. 14 3 . 19 23 20 17 4 737 C. FurniuB. C. Junius Si- lanus. 15 4 20 24 21 16 191.1 738 L. Domitins Ahenobar- bus. P, Cornelius Scipio. 16 5 21 25 22 15 2 739 M. Livius Dru- sus Libo. Li Calpurnius Piso. 17 6 22 26 23 14 3 740 M. Licinius Crassns. 18 7 23 27 24 Cn. Corn. Len- j tulus Augur. I 13 4 741 Tib. Claudius Nero. P. Quinctilius 19 8 24 !28 1 25 Varus. 12 192. 1 742 M. Valerius Messalla. l 1 . Sulpicius Quirinus. 20 9 29 26 11 2 743 Qu. JElius Tubero. Paullus Fabius Max. 10 26 30 27 10 3 744 lulus Anto- nius Afric. Qu. Fabius 22 1 Ardu- asdes III., Ox. 27 31 28 Maximus. | Tab. 9 4 745 Nero Claudius '23 Dracus. 2 28 32 29 T. Quinctius 1 Crispinus Volcanus. 8 193.1 1 1 746 C. Marcins Censerinus. C. Aainiua 24 3 29 33 30 j i Gallus. 20 TO 8 B.C. 145 Ttejye- tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 20 19 13 Augustus regulates all the dependent States of Greece and Asia. He sends Tibe- rius into Armenia, who puts an end to the confusion long prevailing there, and establishes Tigranes on the throne. The Parthians restore the trophies and captives taken by them in the wars of Crassus and Antony. Augustus again passes the winter at Samos. Birth of his grandson, Cains Cffisar, son of Agrippa and Julia. The first book of Horaces Epistles published. Frankius. The Cantabri, who had again revolted, are brought into complete subjection by Agrippa. Return of Augustus to Rome, Oct. 12fch. Death of Virgil at Brun- dusium, Sept. 22, set. 52. He had just finished, but not revised his ^Eneid. Herod prepares to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. The empire is again voted to Augustus for the term of five years, renewable at its expiration. Agrippa is appointed Tribune for life. The law dn nuirit/mdis ordi- nibus is passed, to encourage marriage. Livy is employed on his history. Death of Tibullus, ret. 40. The Secular Games are celebrated at Rome, with great magnificence ; Horace com- poses his Carmen Seculare, to be sung at the festival. Birth of Lucius, Agrippa's second son ; the two brothers are adopted by Augustus. L. Varius awl Plotius Tucca are selected to prepare for publication the ./Eneid, which Virgil by his will had ordered to be burnt. Augustus visits Gaul, and Agrippa Syria. Agri*ppa is received at Jerusalem by Herod, with great marks of respect. The philosopher and historian, Nicolaus of Damascus, Is in favour with them. Death of the poet JEmil. Macer, of Verona. Augustus still in Gaul. The Rhaeti and Vindelici are conquered by Tiberius and Drusus. Orbilius Pupillus, who was the preceptor of Horace, dies nearly eat. 100. The Roman road in Spain is repaired by order of Augustus, and extended to Cadiz. Commotions in Bosporus require the presence of Agrippa; he is attended by Herod, with a force of Jewish auxiliaries. Augustus and Agrippa return to Rome. Drusus is left to guard the frontier of the Rhine. Horace, net. 52, publishes the fourth book of his Odes. Frankius. The dates of his second book of Epistles and Art of Poetry are uncertain. Death of Agrip,pa, March 22, set. 51. Death of Lepidus, by which the office of Pon- tifex Maximus becomes vacant, and is assumed by Augustus. Gaul begins to prosper under the Roman government, mildly administered by Drusus. In war ring against the Usipetes and Sicambri, he reaches the island of the Batavi. The Roman arms are carried by Drusus against the Cherusci and Catti, nearly to the banks of the Visurgis (Weser). Tiberius is employed against the Dal matians and Pannonians. The theatre of Marcellus is completed by Augustus Death of his sister Octavia, a*t. 54. Augustus visits Gaul, where Drusus and Tiberius are still employed on the fron tiers. Birth of Claudius, the son of Drusus, and afterwards emperor. Jul Hyginus, keeper of the Palatine Library, writes '' De Castrametatione," and other treatises. Herod builds Csesarea, Antipatris, and other cities. Drusus crosses the Weser, and while advancing towards the Elbe, is killed by a fall from his horse, July 20. tet. 30. This is the last event in what has been preserved of Livy's History. Herod plunders the treasures in the vaults of the temple. Tiberius is appointed to succeed Drusus, and concludes a general peace with the German tribes. Pannonia is subdued by Sex. Appuleius. The imperial power of Augustus is renewed again for ten years, and in his honour, the name of the month Sextilis is changed to that of August. A census is taken, and the total number of Roman citizens is 4,100,233. Death of Maecenas. Death of Horace, Nov. 27, set. 57. 146 FROM THE YEAR B.C. Olvm. A..U.C. CONSULS" OF Rome. Rohan Emperors. Armenia. CAPP ADO- CIA. JUD^A. AttsACTpa: OF Parthia. 7 193.2 747 Tib. Claudius 25 Augus- 4 Arduas- 30 Arche- 34 He- 31 Phra- Nero II. tus. des III. laus. rod. ates IV., Cn. Calpurnius or Arsa- Piso. ces XV. 6 3 748 C. Antistius Vet. D. Lselius Bal- bus. 26 5 31 35 32 5 4 749 C. Cses. Aug. XII. L. Corn. Sylla. 27 6 32 — - 36 33 4 194.1 750 C. Calvisius Sa- binus. L. Passienus Ru- fus. 28 7 33 1 Ar- ch e- laus. 34 3 2 751 Cn. Corn. Lentu- lus. M. Valer. Mes- 29 8 34 2 35 r sallinus. 2 3 752 C. Cses. Aug. 30 9 35 — — 3 ■ 36 XIII. M. Plautius Sil- vanus. 1 4 753 Cn. Corn. Lentu- lus Cossus, L. Calpurnius Piso. 31 10 36 4 37 . A.D. 1 195.1 754 Caius Csesar. L. ^Emil. Paul- lus. 32 11 37 , 5 38 2 2 755 P Vinicius. P. Alphinius Va- rus. 33 12 38 6 39 3 3 756 L. JSlius Lamia. M. Servilius Ge- minus. 34 13 39 — - 7 — — 40 1 4 4 757 Sex. ^Elius Ca- tus. C . Sentius Satur- ninus. 35 14 40 — - 8- 41 — 5 196.1 758 Cn. Corn. Cinna Magnus. L. Valerius Mes- salla Valesus. 36 15 41 9 42 8 2 759 M. iEmilius Le- pidus. L, Arruntius. 37 16 42 10 43 ■ » 7 B.C. TO 6 A.D. 147 Repe- tition Dates. A.D. 1 Events and Eminent Men. The German victories of Tiberias are celebrated by a triumph. Dionysius of Hali- carnassus, after a residence of twenty-two years at Rome, completes his history. The birth of Christ, according to the Benedictiuo authors of "IS Art de verifier les dates" Tiberius is invested with the tribunitian power for five years ; but, jealous of the attentions paid to Cains and Lucius, the grandsons of Augustus, he withdraws to Rhodes, where he remains seven years, and studies philosophy under Theodoras of Gadara, who had been the preceptor of his youth. Herod brings a false charge of treason against two of his own sons, before the governor of Syria, at Berytus, and obtains a sentence of death, which he executes. The birth of Christ ace. Kepler, Pagi, Dodwell, &c. Among other public works, Augustus orders a general survey and reparation of the water-courses. Cicero's freed-man and pupil, M. Tullius Tiro, writes a Life of the orator and other works, which are all lost. The birth of Christ, ace. Chrysos- tom, Hales, Blair, Clinton, &c. Death of Herod, between an eclipse of the moon, March 13th, and the feast of the Passover (Clin.) The birth of Christ, Dec. 25th, ace. Sulpicius (Sac. Hist.) and Usher. This is the generally received date. Galba, afterwards emperor, born Dec. 24. Augustus divides Judaea among the sur- viviug sons of Herod, giving half of it to the eldest, Archelaus, with the title of Ethnarch. Great confusion and dissension among the Jews. The birth of Christ ace. Clemens Alex., Irenozvs, Cassiodorus, &c. Augustus provides splendid games for the people, and a representation of a naval battle on a grand scale. The detection of his daughter Julia's dissolute con- duct causes him much affliction ; she is banished to the isle of Pandataria. Pub- lication of Ovid's poem " De Arte amandi." The birth of Christ, ace. Eusebius, Jerome, Epiphanius, Orosius, Scaliger, and others. Augustus sends his grandson, Caius, set. 19, to frustrate the designs of Phraates, the Parthian king, in Armenia. Dionysius instructs him in the geograpny of those parts of Asia, and the historian Juba attends him, to record the events. The v birth of Christ, ace. Chron. Alex., Tertullian, Dionysius, Lu- ther, &c. M. Vinicius, who has the command in Germany, is furiously attacked by the Bructeri, Sicambri, and Cherusci, The birth of Christ, ace' Norisius and Her- wart. At an interview between Caius Caesar and Phraates, on an island of the Euphrates, the terms of peace between Rome and Parthia are agreed on. Velleius Pater- culus, holding the rank of tribune, witnesses the proceedings. Lucius Csesar, on his way to Spain, dies at Marseilles, set. 19. Tiberius returns to Rome. The birth of Christ, ace. Paul of Middelburg. Augustus appointed imperator, for a fourth term of ten years. This year com- puted for the birth of Christ, by Lydiat. Caius Caesar, on his return from his mission, dies in Lycia, aet. 23. Augustus adopts Marcus, a posthumous son of Agrippa, and at the same time, Tiberius also, whom he requires to adopt Germanicus, the son of his deceased brother, Drusus. Tiberius then takes the command of the Roman forces in Germany, where Vel- leius Paterc. serves under him. Death of Asinius Pollio, at his Tusculan villa, set. 80. While Tiberius is engaged in Germany, the Dalmatians and Pannonians become unruly. Rome is afflicted by a famine and inundations. Tiberius prepares to attack Marbod, chief of the Suevi ; but is called into Pan- nonia and Dalmatia by a general revolt in those provinces. Velleius Paterc. Quaestor elect, conducts a reinforcement to him from Rome. Augustus banishes Archelaus for his oppressions, and makes Judaea a Roman province. 148 FEOM THE TEAB A.D. Oltm. A.U.C. Consuls of Rome. Roman Emperors. Armenia. Cappado- cia. Judaea. Arsacid-s; OF Parthia. 7 196.3 760 Q. Csecilius Me- 38 Augus- 17 Arduas- 43 Arche- Roman 44 Phra- tellus Creticus. tus. des III. laus. Gover- ates IV., A. Licinius Ner- nors. or Arsa- va Silanus. Coponius. ces XV. 8 4 761 M. Furius Ca- millus. Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus. 39 18 44 2 45 9 197. 1 762 C. Poppaeus Sa- binus. Qu.Sulpicius Ca- merinus. 40 19 45 1 Mar- cus Am- bivius. 46 10 2 763 P. Cornelius Do- labella. C. Junius Sila- nus. 41 . 20 46 — - 2 47 11 3 764 M. JEmih Lepi- dus. T. Statilius Tau- rus. 42 21 47 3 48 12 4 765 Gerinanicus Cae- sar. C. Fonteius Ca- pito. 43 22 48 4 49 ,3 198.1 766 C. Silius. L. Munatius Pianous. 44 23 49 1 Anni- us Ru- fus. 50 14 2 767 Sex. Pompeius. Sex. Appuleius. 1 Tiberi- us. 1 Veno- nes. 50 1 Vale- riusGra- tus. 51 15 3 768, Drusus Cees. C. Norbanus Flaccus. 2 Subject to Parthia. A Roman Province. 2 52 1 Phra- ataces. 1 Orodes. 16 4 769 T. Statilius Si- senna Taurus. L. Scribonius Libo. 3 3 1 Vono- : ues. ? ; 1 17 199.1 770 C. Csecilius Ru- fus. L. Pomponius Flaccus. 4 1 Vono- nes. 4 i 1 Artaba-. nusII.,orj Arsaces ! XVII. | 18 2 771 Tib. Cses. Aug. III. Germanicus Cae- sar II. 5 — Conquered by Rome. 5 2 — - | 19 1 3 772 M. Junius Sila- nus. L. Norbanus Bal- bus. 6 6 3 ! 7 TO 19 A.D. 149 Sep- tition Dates. Germanicus is sent to assist Tiberius. Death last survivor of the old republican party. Events and Eminent Men. Germanicus is sent into Germany. Severe contest in the revolted provinces, em- ploying fifteen legions, and as many auxiliaries. Velleius Pat. is Qusestor and Legate. Insurrection of Judas, the Gaulonite, in Judiea. Philistion of Magne- sia, com. poet, fl. The Pannonians are subdued, and leave the Dalmatians to struggle alone. Phse- drus, a freedman, translates the Fables of ^Esop into Latin Iambics. Vermis Flaccus is preceptor of the imperial family. Athenodorus of Tarsus, Stoic phil. fl., Exile of Ovid, in Dec. set. 50. Submission of Dalmatia. Quintilius Varus and his army are cut to pieces by the Germans, under Arminius (Hermann), in the forest of Teutoburg, near the river Lippe. Birth of Vespasian, Nov. 17. The progress of Arminius is checked by Nonius Asprenas ; but the war becomes so formidable, that Tiberius is sent to take the command of the lioman army. Messalla Corvinus, set. 72 ; the Tiberius leaves Germanicus to prosecute the war, and returns to Rome. A tri- umph is granted to him for his success in Pannonia and Dalmatia. Velleius Pat., after serving in nine campaigns, has a conspicuous place in the procession. Birth of Caius Caesar (afterwards named Caligula), Aug. 31 ; son of Germanicus and Agrippina. A fifth ten-year term of imperial rule is voted to Augustus. Sotion, the Alexan- drian philosopher, is the preceptor of Seneca. Census taken; 4,190,117 Roman citizens. Death of Augustus at Nola, Aug. 9, set. 75. Strabo writes his Geography. Thrasyllus, phil. and Fenestella, hist. fl. Tiberius begins his reign by the murder of M. Agrippa. (See a.d. 4.) A mutiny of the Pannonian legions is suppressed by Drusus, the son of Tiberius ; those of Germany also are quieted by Germanicus, who is afterwards successful in his campaign against Arminius. After a reign of fifty-two years, Archelaug is summoned by Tiberius to Rome, where he is detained, and Cappadocia made a Roman province. Commotions in Parthia. The aged Phraates IV. is mur- dered by his son, Phraataces, who is killed by Orodes. Birth of Vitellius. Germanicus obtaius still more decisive victories, and is recalled to Rome, through the jealousy of Tiberius. Scribonius Libo Drusus, convicted of treason and sorcery, kills himself; his death is followed by decrees, expelling from Italy all professors of magic. Sejanus becomes the favourite of Tiberius. The Parthi- ans put Orodes to death, and send to Rome for Vonones, son of Phraates IV-, who was a hostage there, and being liberated by Tiberius, is made their king". Germanicus is received with enthusiasm by the people of Rome, and has a splendid triumph for his victories, after which he is sent into the East. Ephesus, Mag- nesia, and other cities in Asia, are devastated by a violent earthquake. Some wild tribes in Africa are led by Tacfarinas to attack the Romans, but are soon repulsed. Archelaus dies at Rome. Apollonius of Tyana, now a youth, begins to distinguish himself. Corn Celsus, med. fl. Death of Arminius, set. 37. The Parthians expel Vonones, and call Artabanus from Media, to reign over them ; Vonones obtains the kingdom of Armenia. Armenia subdued by Germanicus ; Vonones is expelled, and soon afterwards put to death. The city of Tiberias in Galilee built by Herod the Tetiarch. Death of Livy, ajt. 76— of Ovid, set. 60. Germanicus visits Egypt, and soon after his return, dies at Antioch, Oct. 9, set. 34, supposed to have been poisoned. Drusus defeats the Germans. Marbod surren- ders to him, and passes the remainder of his life at Ravenna. The Jews and Egyptians are expelled from Italy ; four thousand of them are planted in Sar- 150 FEOM THE YEAB ' A.D. Olym. 1. U. C. Consuls of Rome. | Roman Empe- ROES. JUD^A. ARSACIDiE OF Parthia. Roman Go- 20 21 199.4 200.1 773 774 M. Valerius Messalla. M. Aurelius Cotta. Tib. Caes. Augustus IV. Jul. Drusus Caesar II. | 7 Tiberius. vernors. 7 Valerius Gratus. 8 4 Artabanus II., or Arsa- ces XVII. 22 23 2 3 775 776 Dec. Haterius Agrippa. G. Sulp. Galba. C. Asinius Pollio. C. Antistius Vet. 9 9 10 7 24 4 777 Serv. Cornelius Cethegus. L. Visellius Varro. 11 ■ 11 8 25 201.1 77S M. Asinius Agrippa. Cossus Corn. Lentulus. 12 1 Pontius Pilatus. 9 26 2 779 Cn. Lentulus Gsetulicus. C. Calvisius Sabinus. 13 2 10 27 3 780 M. Licinius Crassus. L.Calpurnius Piso. 14 3 ■ 11 28 4 781 Ap. Junius Silanus. P. Silius Nerva. 15 4 12 29 202.1 782 L. Rubellius Geminus. C. Fufius Geminus. 16 5 13 . 30 31 2 3 783 784 M. Vinicius. L. Cassius Longinus. Tib. Caes. Aug. V. L. yElius Sejanus. 17 18 6 14 15 32 4 785 Cn. Domitius Ahenobar- bus. Fur. Camillus Scriboni- 19 , 8 16 . 33 203.1 786 anus. Serv. Sulpic. Galba. L. Cornel. Sylla Felix. 20 9 17 34 2 787 L. Vitellius. Paulus Fabius Persicus. 10 18 35 3 788 C. Cestius Gallus. &L Sexvilius Noniaims. 22 Herod An- fcinas. 19 •20 TO 35 A.D. 15.1 Rep*- tit ion I hi Us. 80 84 88 Events and Eminent Mkn. dtnia. M. Annseus Seneca, the father, now cot. 80 ; Lucius, his son, a>t. 25. begin i to display his talents. Agrippina brings thfi ashes of Gennanicus to Rome. Piso, aooused of having poisoned him, kills himself, Taofarlnas raises another rebellion in Ai'rloa. First retirement of Tiberius Taofarinas. Commotions i ppressed by Silius. C. 1- ntO Campania. Junius Hhosus is sent to oppose Gaul, under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir; tortus Piisous, condemned to death for his Elegy on GermaniCUS. The theatre of Temper, at, Rome, destroyed by fire. Oppres- sive government of Sejanus. IDrusus associated by his father in the tribunitian power. Death of Ateius CapftO, the civilian. Sejanus, praetorian pnvfeet, attempts to destroy all the imperial family, that he may clear the way to the throne for himself. He poisons Drusus, "the son of Tiberius, now ict. ;>7. Tiberius returns to Koine, and takes a more aotive part In public affairs ; some provincial governors are severely punished for ex- tortion Tacfarinas is finally defeated and killed in battle by Dolahella; quiet is restored in Africa. The orator Cassius Severus, who had been banished to Crete, is sent to a more rigid penance in Seriphus. Birth of Pliny the elder. Valerius Maxi- mus fl. The Senate orders the yEdiles to burn the History of the Civil Wars, by Cremu- tius Cordus, but it is secretly preserved ; the author starves himself to death. Yotiemis Montanus, orator and poet, is banished to one of the Balearic islands. Sejanus urges Tiberius to withdraw from Rome, and indulge his pleasures. The supposed time of Strabo's death. Some hostile movements in Thrace are repressed by P. Sabinus. Tiberius goes into Campania, and leaves all the power of the state in the hands of Sejanus. The Prffitorian bands are increased, and a fortified camp constructed for them. Sejanus plots against Agrippina and her sons. Death of the orator llatcrius. John the Baptist preaches in Judsea. Tiberius secludes himself in the island of Caprea\ An amphitheatre, erected by Acilius at Fideinv, breaks down, while a large concourse of spectators is assem- bled, many thousands of whom arc buried in the ruins. Universal discontent and terror under the tyranny of Sejanus. The Frisians revolt and defeat Apronius. Julia, grand-daughter of Augustus, dies after an exile of twenty years. Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, is married 10 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; from this marriage the emperor Nero is born. John the Baptist imprisoned by Herod Antipas. Death of Livia, the mother of Tiberius, jut. 86. John the Baptist beheaded. The crucifixion of Jesus, March 25th (according to Laetantius, and many ancients and among moderns, Clinton). Agrippina, the widow of Gennanicus, and her sons, banished by Sejanus. Asinius Gallus imprisoned. The crucifixion (according to Africanus). The fall and death of Sejanus. Valerius Maximus writes. Deatli of Velleius Paterculus. The crucifixion (according to Prosper's Chron. and Epiphanius, fol- lowed by Hales). Macro succeeds to the office and power of Sejanus, which he abuses like bis prede- cessor. L. Junius Gallio, the friend of Ovid and Serceca, is banished to Lesbos, but recalled to Rome. The crucifixion placed by the Paschal Chronicle on the 24th March. Birth of Otho, April 28. Agrippina, the widow of Gennanicus, and her son Drusus, are put to death, Sept. 17. Cassius Severus and Asinius Gallus die in exile. The crucifixion (according to Eusebius) on April 3, the date approved by Usher and Blair, and now gene- rally adopted. Cains Caesar, the youngest son of Gennanicus, coalesces with Macro, in ruling Tibe- rius, now in his dotage. Birth of the sat. poet, Persius, at Volateme, in Etruria. Pontius Pilate is deprived of his office, and banished. The tetrarch Herod Antipas Ij rules over the gre a ter part of J ud ma. Martyrdom of Stephen, and flig ht of J 152 TEOil THE TEAR I A.D. Olym.Lu.C. COXSCT.3 OF P.OMS, Roman ElIPEBOBS. 36 41 44 45 47 203. 4 205.1 2 3 789 790 791 Sex. Papinius Allenius. 23 Tiberius. Qu. Plautius. Cn. Acerronius Proculus. 1 Cains Cses. 1 Herod A- [21 C. Pontius Nigrinns. ! (Caligula.) grippa. I'.iZ JUD-EA. aesacid.e of Pabthia. 20 Artabanus II., or Arsa- ces XVII. 795 796 797 798 2 : 799 800 ii. Aquilius Julianas. 2 P. Nonius Asprenas. C. Cses, Aug. Germanicus; 3 [I. L. Apronius Csesianus. j C. Cses. Aug. Germanicus 4 — — — III., solus, Clin. With! L. Gellius Poplicola, I Hales. C. Cses. Aug. Germanicusl 1 Claudius I. IV. Cn. Sentius Saturninus. i Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. II. 2 C. Csecina Largus. Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. III. L. Vitellius II. L. Quinctius Crispinus II. M. Statilius Taurus. M. Vinicius II. T. Statilius Taurus. Corvinus. Valerius Asiaticus II. M. Junius Silanus. Tib. Claud. Cses. Aug. IV, L. Vitellius III. 3 23 1 Agrippa tbe Younger 25 26 1 Vardanes, or Arsaces XVIII. 1 Gotarzes, or Arsaces XIX 36 TO 47 A D. 153 Repe- tition Dates. 37 Events and Eminent Men. some disciples from Jerusalem to Antioch. Saul, who had instigated this and other acts of persecution, becomes soon afterwards a zealous convert to the faith which he had opposed with so much cruelty. Philo Judseus fl. at Alexandria. Tiridates fails in his attempt to seize the throne of Parthia. Some men of Cyprus and Cyrene produce a great impression at Antioch, by preaching to the Greeks, what had been stated by the disciples who fled from Jerusalem. Barnabas, who is sent by the apostles to inquire into this, goes to Tarsus for Saul, and takes him to Antioch. Death of Thrasyllus. Death of Tiberius at Misenum, March 16, set. 78. Caius Cssar (see a.d. 34) suc- ceeds, set. 25. He puts to death Tiberius, the son of Drusus. Birth of the future emperor, Nero. Herod Agrippa is made king of a part of Judaea. During a year's conference, the parties assembled at Antioch give the name of Christians to the believers in Christ, and found, in that city, the first Greek Christian church, of which Lucius of Cyrene is an eminent teacher. Saul and Barnabas take back with them a liberal donation for their poorer brethren at Jerusalem. Caligula appoints dependent kings in some of the eastern provinces ; among them are Cotys, in the lesser Armenia, and Polemo, in his paternal Cilician States. Birth of Josephus. Saul and Barnabas return to Antioch ; and, after another consultation with the new church, go forth to preach the gospel to the Gentiles, the former having changed his name to Paul. They make many converts in Cyprus, Perga, and Iconium. The Hebrew gospel of Matthew composed. Herod Antipas is deposed, and his dominions added to those of Agrippa. Caligula indulges his violent passions, and afflicts the empire by his tyranny. L. Se- neca and Domitius Afer escape with difficulty from his violence. Apion of Alexandria, fl., and Demetrius, the Cynic, is the friend of Seneca, and of Apol- lonius of Tyana. Birth of Lucan, at C.ordova, Nov. 3. Caligula's expedition in Gaul and Germany, and pretended invasion of Britain. He commands his statue to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem ; protest and per- secution of the Jews. Agrippa and Petronius, the Roman governor, plead for them. Dissension between the Jews and Greeks at Alexandria; on one side Philo Judseus, and on the other Apion, are sent ambassadors to Rome. Lucan brought to Rome in his infancy. Assassination of Caligula, Jan. 24, set. 29. His uncle Claudius is made emperor by the praetorians, set. 50. The territories of Agrippa are still more enlarged by him, and the former privileges of the Alexandrian Jews restored; all Cilicia is given to Polemo; Mithridates receives Pontus. Galba aud Gabinius carry on a successful war in Germany. Birth of Titus, Dec. 30. Seneca writes his three books, " De Ira," and is afterwards banished to Corsica,. A revolt in Mauritania quelled by Paulinus - and Geta. Deaths of Carina Paetus and his wife Arria. Asconius Paedianus, hist. fl. The apostle Peter imprisoned at Jerusalem, by order of Agrippa. Aulus Plautius.is sent with an army into Britain; Vespasian serves there under him. Claudius follows, to have the glory of their victories, Pomponius Mela, geog. fl. Birth of Martial, March 1. Narcissus in favour with Claudius. On the death of Artabanus II., his sons contend for the throne of Parthia. Gotarzes kills his brother Artabanus, and is himself expelled by Vardanes. Plautius is appointed the first Roman governor of Britain. Claudius returns and celebrates a magnificent triumph at Rome. Great rejoicings in the East, on the occasion. Olympic games at Antioch. During the ceremony at Cassarea, Herod Agrippa is attacked by the disease which, in a few days, terminates his life. The younger Agrippa prevails upon Claudius to reverse the orders issued by Cas- sius Longinus, governor of Judaea. Domitius Afer fl. Antipater, archon of Athens. Apollonius of Tyana visits Persia and India. Thrace is made a Ro- man province. Licentious and cruel proceedings of the empress Messalina. Death of M. Vinicius, and many of the first patricians, through her false accusations, and banishment of others. Columella writes " De Re Rustica." The secular games celebrated at Rome. Plautius returns from Britain, and Vespasian has the command there. (Jorbulo restores discipline in the army 154 FROM THE XEAB A.D. Oltm. 206.4 49 50 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 eo 61 801 Consuls of Ro:.ie. 804 j 807 810 811 812 813 Romas Emfe- ROBS. Claudius I. Jud:*:a.. Agrippa the Younger. A. Vitellius. L. Vipsanius. C. Pompeius Longinus Gallus. Qu. Verannius. C. Antistius Vetns. M. Suilius Nervilianus. i Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. V, Ser. Cornel. Orfitus. Com. Sylla Faustus. L. Salvius Otho Titianus. D. ,Tun. Silanus Torqua- tus. Qu. Haterius Antonius. M. Asinius Marcellus. M. Acilius Aviola. Nero Claud. Caes. Aug. L. Antistius Vetus. Qu. Volusius Saturninus. P. Cornelius Scipio. Nero Claud. Caas. Aug. II. L. Calpurnius Piso. Nero Claud. Caes. Aug. II I M. Valerius Messalla. C. Vipsanius Apronianus L. Fonteius Capito. NeroClaud.CEes.Aug.IV, Corn. Cossus Lentulus. C. Csesonius Ppetus. P. PetroniusTurpilianus, 13 Avlsaowje, of Pakthia. Gotarzes, or Arsacea XIX. 1 Vonones II. 1 Volagase3 I., or Arsa- cea XX. 48 TO 61 A.D. 155 Repe- tition Dates 52 53 54 55 58 I 59 Events and Eminent Men. on the Rhenish frontier, and obtains signal victories over the Chauci. He is stopped in his progress by the orders of Claudius. Death of Valerius Asiaticus, through the malicious arts of Messalina. Vardanes is slain by his lawless subjects, and Gotarzes succeeds him. k census taken, which shows 5.984,072 adult citizens of Rome. Divorce, conspi- racy, and death, of Messalina. Claudius is governed by Narcissus and Pallas, both freedmen. He gives additional territories to the younger Agrippa. Palae- mon Vicentinus, the instructor of Quintilian, fl. Claudius marries Agrippina, the widow of Domitius (see a.d. 28). Lollia Paulina, her rival, is beheaded. Seneca recalled from exile, and the care of Nero's edu- cation is confided to him. Domitius Afer has the superintendence of the public aqueducts. Dinophilus is archon of Athens. Agrippina prevails on Claudius to adopt her son, Nero, as his successor, to the exclusion of his own son, Britannicus. She fcAmds the Colonia Agrippina, now Cologne, on the Rhine. Ostorius, after defeating the Iceni, in Britain, overcomes the Silures, and sends their king, Caractacus, a prisoner to Rome. Dissensions betwen the Jew Christians and Greek converts, the former requiring the latter to observe the ceremonial laws of Moses ; they are, however, dispensed with. Nero, set. 14, is allowed to assume the toga virilis. Burrus Afranius praetorian prsefect, through the influence of Agrippina. A severe famine at Rome. The short and inglorious reign of Vonones, over the Parthians, is terminated by his death, and the quiet accession of his son Volagases. Pallas obtains for his brother, Felix, the procuratorship of Judaea. The magnifi- cent aqueducts of the Aqua Claudia and the Lake Fucinns, commenced a.d, 38, are completed. Paul preaches at Athens. Volagases invades Lesser Arme- nia. Nero, set. 16, is married to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Through his inter- cession, the privileges of Rhodes are restored, and arrears of tribute remitted to Byzantium, and other communities. Trachonitis and Abilene, with the territo- ries of the tetrarch, Philip, are placed under the jurisdiction of Agrippa. Diony- sodorus, archon of Athens. Claudius, set. 64. is poisoned by Agrippina, Oct. 13, that her son Nero, set. 17, may secure the succession. The new emperor acts at first under the advice of Seneca and Burrus. Domitius Corbulo is appointed to command in Armenia. Narcissus is put to death. Pallas is dismissed from his offices and excluded from the palace. Agrippina, slighted by her son, courts Britannicus, on which Nero orders him to be poisoned, Oct. 14. Paullinus Pompeius has the command in Germany, and embanks the lower Rhine. Paul preaches at Ephesus. Seneca addresses his two books, " De Clementia," to Nero, who soon afterwards begins to neglect the lessons of his instructor, and gives free course to his passions. Conon, archon of Athens. Birth of Trajan, Sept 18. Pomponia Grsecina, a noble Roman matron, accused of practising a foreign super- stition. Banishment of Capito, for misgoverning Cilicia. P. Celer, impeached by the province of Asia, for the like offence, dies of old age. Corbulo drives Volagases out of Armenia, and gives to Tiridates royal authority there. Sabina Poppsea, the mistress of Nero ; Otho, her former lover, is sent into Lusitania. Pamphila of Kpidaurus, daughter of Soterides, hist. fl. The colony of Lugdunum desti'oyed by fire. Murder of Agrippina, by her son's order, March 20. An eclipse of the sun, April 30. Death of Domitius Afer. Paul is imprisoned, and defends himself before Felix, at Csesarea. The Quinquenalian games instituted at Rome by Nero. Corbulo, after having set- tled the affairs of Armenia, is appointed the successor of Quadratus in Syria. Agrippa retains only a shadow of authority, the Roman governor being all- powerful in Judsea, A comet visible for six months. Seneca Nat. Qu. VII., 21. The British Iceni revolt under Boadicea, and destroy the Roman colonies in the country of the Trinobantes ; they are defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, in a bloody battle, near Sunbury (Suetonii Castra) on the Thames. After this the 156 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Olym. A.TJ.C. 62 210.2 815 63 S 816 64 4 817 65 211.1 818 66 2 819 67 3 820 68 4 821 '69 212.1 822 1 1 1 1 70 i 2 823? Consuls of Rome. iROMAW EMPK EORS - PaRTH!A. P. Marius Celsus. L. Asinius Gallus. C. Memmius Regulus. L. "V irginius Rufus. C. Lecanius Bassus. M. Licinius Crassus Fru A. Licinius Nerva Silia nus. M. Vestinus Atticus. 0. Lucceius Telesinus. C. Suetonius Paulinus. Fonteius Capito. 14 Junius Rufus. Galerius Trachalus. C. Silius Italicus. Serv. Sulp. Galba Aug. II. T. Vinius Rufinus. Flav. Vespasianus Cses. Aug. II. I Titus Caasar. i Nero. 1 Galba. 1 Otho. 1 Vitellius. 1 Vespasian. Volagases I.. or Arsaces XX. Bishops of Rome. The dates of the earliest bishops of Rome cannot be positively ascertained. The follow- ing are given by Irenaeus abt. a.d. 183 1 Linus. 62 TO 70 A.D. 157 \jtepe- tition \Datea. Events and Eminent Men. 65 m 70 consul Turpilianus takes the command of the army in Britain ; Galba has the command in Spain. Felix is replaced in Judsea by Festus, before whom Paul pleads his cause, and, as a Roman citizen, appeals to the emperor. ThrasylluB, archon of Athens. Apollonius of Tyana is present at the Olympic games. Birth of Pliny the Younger ; that of Tacitus a few years earlier, but the exact date uncertain. Burrus dies. Tigellinus, a court favourite, is appointed prsetorian prefect. Nero marries Poppsea, and puts Octavia to death, set. 20. Pallas is condemned and ! his wealth confiscated. Death of Persius, Dec. 25, aet. 29. Paul is sent a prisoner J to Rome. The Hebrew gospel of Matthew is rendered into Greek by an unknown j translator. Corbulo again in Armenia to oppose the Parthians. Great earthquakes in Asia. P. Albinus succeeds Festus in Judsea. Ambassadors) from Volagases arrive at Rome to treat for peace. The gospels of Mark and j Luke ai-e written originally in Greek. Seneca's Nat. Qucest. completed. j Nero exhibits on the stage at Rome and Naples. During his absence at Antium,' the great fire of Rome breaks out, July 19, and in six days, ten out of the four-! teen regions of the city are destroyed. The Christians are accused of having' caused it, and suffer cruel punishments for the imaginary crime. Josephus, set. 26, visits Rome. Albinus is recalled from Judsea, and Gessius Florus appointed. The conspiracy of Piso detected, and its author put to death. Among the nume- rous victims of Nero's brutal cruelty this year, are his wife Poppsea, the apos- tles Paul and Peter, Seneca, phil. set. 72, and his brother, Gallio, the poet, Lucan, ; April 30, set. 26, and his father, Melo, Jun. Silanus Torquatus and the civilian Cassius Longinus. A pestilence at Rome. Demostratus, archon of Athens. Tiridates comes to Rome and is crowned by Nero. Rebellion of the Jews ; they defeat Cestius Gallus, and Vespasian is sent against them. Ostorius Sca- pula dies. The Senators Thrasea Psetus, and Barea Soranus are condemned to death. Nero visits Greece. Martial comes to Rome. Plutarch, set. 20, and his brother, Lamprias, are taught by the phil. Ammonius at Delphi. Demetrius, the cynic, fl. Death of Petronius Arbiter, Apollonius of Tyana is ordered to leave Rome. The services of Corbulo excite the jealousy of Nero ; he kills himself to avoid an ignominious death. Vespasian conquers many places in Judsea ; Josephus sur- renders Jotapata to him, and is kindly treated as a prisonerof war. Nero, after celebrating tne public games in Greece, is called back to Italy by the news of another conspiracy. The educated Greek converts to Christianity adapt their new religion to their various philosophical systems, and form numerous sects, to which the general name of Gnostics is given. Simon Magus is the first-named among them, and next his disciple Menander. Vindex, governor of Gaul, proclaims Galba, but is defeated and slain by Virginius Rufus. Galba advances with his army from Spain, and is acknowledged by the Senate, as Emperor, set. 72. Nero kills himself, June 10, set. 32, Vespasian con- tinues his progress in Judaea, and takes Gadara and Jericho ; but after hearing of the events in the West, he prepares to claim the empire for himself. Quin- tilian arrives in Rome, with Galba, and begins to teach there. Galba adopts Calpurnius Piso. They are both murdered, Jan. 15, by the prsetorian guards, who place Otho on the throne. The German legions proclaim Vitellius. Otho, defeated near Bedriacum, kills himself, April 16, aet. 37, after a reign of ninety-five days. Vespasian assumes the empire July 1st, suspends his opera- tions in Judsea, marches into Italy, and overcomes the army of Vitellius at Cre- mona. The conqueror enters Rome, where Vitellius is beheaded, Dec. 22, set. 55, his short reign having been disgraced by indulging the grossest sensuality. Jerusalem is a prey to fierce intestine factions. Apollonius of Tyana quarrels with Euphrates in Egypt. The poet Silius Italicus fl. Musonius Rufus, stoic phil. is at Rome. Dio Prusseas, called by some Dio Chrysostom, begins to be emi- nent. The Capitol, destroyed during the troubles of the past year, is rebuilt by Ves- pasian; he regulates the state, -and restores good government. Titus marches from Egypt, and concludes the Jewish war by the capture of Jerusalem, Sept. 8. 158 FROM THE YEAH A.D» OlymJa. u.C. Consuls of Roue. 212.3 4 213.1 2 4 214.1 215.1 4 216.1 824 625 827 828 831 832 834 837 liOJIAN ElIPE- BOES. Vespasian. 1 Titus. Flav. Vespasianus Caes. Aug. III. M. Cocceius Nerva. Flav, Vesp. Cses. Aug. IV. Titus Cses. II. Domitianus Caesar II. M. Valerius Messalinus. Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug. V. Titus Cses. III. Flav. Vesp. Cses. Aug. VI Titus Caes. IV. Flav. Vesp. Cses. A ug.VI I. Titus Caes. V. Flav. Vesp. Caes. Aug. VIII. Titus Cses. VI. L. Ceionius Commodus. D. Novius Priscus. Flav. Vesp. Caes. Aug. IX Titus Cass. VII. Titus Caes. Vesp. Aug, VIII. Domitianus Caes. VII. L. Flavius Silva Noniusj 1 Donritian. Bassus. Asinius Pollio Verruco-i sus. Domitianus Aug. VIII. T. Flavius Sabinus. Domit. Aug. IX. Q. Petilius Rufus II. Domit. Aug. X. Oppius Sabinus. Domit. Aug. XI. T. Aurelius Fulvius. ABSACID.E I Pabthia. j Bishops of Rose. Volagases I., Linus. or Arsacesi XX. 33 1 Anacletus. 71 TO 85 A.I>. 159 titian Dates. Events and Ejbnent Men. The Jews are dispersed. Josephus is set at liberty, and highly favoured by Titus. The Batavi and their confederates, who had for some time resisted successfully, under Civilis, the Roman legions, are defeated by Cerealis. A treaty of peace acknowledges them as allies, not subjects, of Rome. Bishops preside over the principal Christian churches; Annianus at Alexandria, Ignatius at Antioch, and Simeon at Jerusalem or Bella. Revolt of Sabinus in Gaul. Volagases, who had offered to Vespasian a subsidiary force of 40,000 Barthians, sends ambassadors to congratulate Titus and present him a crown of gold. On his way to Rome, Titus meets Apollonius of Tyana in Gilicia. The joint triumph of Vespasian and Titus. The Temple of Janus closed. Antiochus, the nominal king of Commagene, is deposed, and sent with his family to reside in Rome ; the country is made a Roman province. The fourteenth book of Bliny's Hist. Nat. written this year. Julius Frontinus is now governor of Britain. Some of the Jews, who had been ex- pelled from their country, excite disturbances and revolts among their brethren in Cyrene. Helvidins Briscus, the Stoic, having offended Vespasian, is put to death, and all the philosophers, except Musonius Rufus (see a.d. 69), are ordered to leave Rome ; among the expelled is Demetrius, (see a.d. 39 and 66). Agrippa brings to Rome his sister, Berenice, to whom Titus attaches himself. Vespasian dedicates the Temple of Beace, and begins to build the Colosseum. Barthia is invaded by the Alani, and Volagases requests the Romans to afford him assistance against them. Birth of Hadrian, Jan. 24. Plutarch is the preceptor of the future emperor, Trajan. A destructive earthquake in Cyprus, and fatal pestilence in Rome. Barthia is again disturbed by intestine troubles. Bliny's Hist. Nat. is dedicated to Titus in his sixth consulship. Agricola succeeds Julius Frontinus in Britain, completes the conquest of the island, and introduces useful arts. Sabinus, discovered in the cavern, where he had been concealed nine years (see A.n. 70), is cruelly put to death. Csecina and Marcellus, detected in a conspiracy, meet the same fate. Death of Vespasian, June 24th, aet. 69. Pompeii and Her- culaneum destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, Aug. 23rd. Pliny the Elder, approaching too near, is smothered by the ashes, Aug. 24th, set. 56. Rome is afflicted by a calamitous fire, followed by a pestilence.- Titus restores the injured edifices and relieves the sufferers. The Colosseum being completed, he celebrates in it magnificent games. Splendid baths are built by him, adorned with numerous statues, among which is the Laocoon, sculptured by Agesander of Rhodes, Athenodorus, and Polydorus. Successful campaign of Agricola in Caledonia. Pliny the Younger, set. 19, begins to plead, and Plutarch composes his first treatises. Death of Titus, Sept. 13, set. 40, lamented by his subjects, who attribute his death to poison. His brother Domitian, on his accession, represses for a time his violent passions. Valerius Flaccus writes his " Argonautica." Titus, in the last days of his life, restores the dilapidated aqueduct of the Aqua Curtia. Domitian is supposed to have written during the life of Titus, the Paraphrase on the Phce- nomena of Aratus, commonly ascribed to Germanicus. Nieb. The reparation of the Capitol and other public works, commenced by Titus, are completed. The amphitheatre of Verona built. Domitian establishes a liberal endowment for rhetoricians, of which Quintilian is a partaker. Expedition of Domitian against the Chatti, over whom he pretends to have gained great victories ; he assumes the name of Germanicus and celebrates a triumph. The Caledonians collect a great force, under Galgacus, to oppose Agricola, by whom they are totally defeated ; he builds the wall between the Clyde and the Forth, and his fleet sails round the north of Scotland for the first time. Domitian, jealous of Agricola, recals him to Rome, and appoints Sallustius gover- nor of Britain. Abilius is elected bishop of Alexandria. 160 FROM THE YEAB .D. 87 95 Olym, 216.2 A.U.C 4 218.1 810 841 842 844 845 846 847 848 850 851 Domit. Aug. XII. Ser. Cornel. Dolabella. Domit Aug. XIII. A. Volusius Satuminus. Domit. Aug. XIV. L. Minueius Rufus. T. Aurelius Fulvas II. A. Sempron. Atratinus. Domit. Aug. XV. M. Cocceius Nerva II. M. Ulpius Trajanus. M. Acilius Glabrio. Domit. Aug. XVI. Q. Volusius Satuminus. Sex. Pompeius Collega. Corn. Priscus. Consuls of Rome. L. Nonius Asprenas. M. Arricinius Clemens, Hales. Lateranus, Clin. Domit. Aug. XVII. T. Flav. Clemens. C. Manlius Valens. C. Antistius Vetus. Nerva Aug. III. L. Virginius Rufus III. Com. Tacitus, Suffectus. Nerva Aug. IV. Trajanus Caesar II. Romaw Empb- 6 Domitian. 1 Nerva. 1 Trajan. Absacid^; op Parthia. Bishops op Rome. 36 Volagases 8 Anacletus. I., or Arsa- cesXX. 37 1 Pacorus I., or Arsa- ces XXI 2 3 4 10 11 • 12' 1 Clement I. 2 3 86 TO 98 A.D. 161 'Repe tition Dates Events and Eminent Men. 87 94 95 96 Institution of the Capitoline games by Domitian, in which a prize is given for poetry. Revolt of the Nasamones in Africa finally quelled. The Dacians in- vade Moesia and defeat the Roman general, Fuscus. Irritated by this disaster, Domitian begins his cruelties, and employs spies and informers to furnish pre- texts for them. Birth of Antoninus Pius, Sept. 20. The Romans sustain another defeat, and prevail upon the Dacians to retire, by pay- ing them a large sum of money. The secular games celebrated at Rome. Here.nnius Senecio writes the Life of Helvidius Priscus, and Arulenus Rusticus that of Thrasea Psetus, for which they are among the victims of Domitian's tyranny. Tacitus is appointed Praetor. Quintilian, after having taught rhetoric twenty years in Rome, begins his Treatise " De Institutione Rhetorica ;" the nephews of Domitian are at this time under his care. Departure of Tacitus from Rome. The deaths of Hereimius and Arulenus are followed by an order for all philoso- phers and mathematicians to leave Rome and Italy. Epictetus withdraws to Nicopolis, and Dio Prusseus (see a.d. 69), retires among the Goths, of whom he afterwards writes. Pliny is Praetor. Domitian concludes a peace with the Dacians, and celebrates a triumph. Cornelia, chief of the Vestals, is buried alive, for having broken her vows. L. Antonius Saturninus" revolts in Germany; he is defeated and slain by I», Appius Maximus. Domitian builds the Forum Palladium for Courts of Law and Government Offices. The mathematician, Agrippa, observes, in B-ithynia, a conjunction of the moon Avith the Pleiades, Nov. 29, at 7 p.m. An over-abundant vintage in the preceding year, causes Domitian to issue an edict against planting vines in cities. The emperor goes in person to repel an inroad of some Sarmatian tribe; particulars unknown, except that he is absent eight months and declines the triumph which is offered by the Senate. Death of Agri- cola, Aug.- 23, set. 56. Josephus completes his Ant. Jud. and dies soon after- wards, set. 56. The first nine books of Martial's epigrams, and that " De Spectaculis," are written during the reigns of Titus and Domitian. Apollonius of Tyana comes again to Rome, is accused of conspiracy, suffered to escape, and goes to the Olympic garces. Scopelianus, the sophist of Clazomente, sent as ambassador from Asia, prevails upon Domitian to revoke his edict against plant- ing vines. Domitian's indiscriminate slaughter of his subjects fills all Rome with dismay. Juvenal is sent to Egypt, supposed by some, to h*ve been the first exile to the Oasis. Clement, bishop of Rome, addresses an epistle to the church of Corinth, to heal their divisions, the earliest poskapostolic writing that is known. Celsus Juventius. detected in a conspiracy, is nevertheless pardoned. The Jews and Christians refusing to pay a tax levied for the expense of rebuilding the temple of Jupiter Capitolipus, are visited -with severe punishments. This is called the second persecution. The consul Clemens, Domitian's nephew, is put to death, and the empress Flavia Domitilla banished to the isle of Pandataria, as is supposed, for their profession of Christianity. The apostle John is sent to Patmos. Statins writes the fourth book of his " Silvse." The barbarities of Domitian provoke another conspiracy, and he is slain, Sept. 18, set. 45. M. Cocceius Nerva is unanimously proclaimed emperor, and his reign commences a term of eighty-four happy years for the Romans. Pliny pieads before the new emperor, for the family of Helvidius Priscus. All exiles are re- called, and the imprisoned set free. Virginius, the consul, dies in the first month of his office, and is succeeded by the historian, Tacitus. Discontent of the Praetorians repressed. Frontinus, the geometrician, has the care of the Roman aqueducts. iElianus, tacticus, fl. Nicetes of Smyrna is sent into Gaul. Apollonius of Tyana dies about this time. Trajan is adopted by Nerva. Herodes Atticus, the father, a descendant of Miltiades, discovers the treasure, afterwards so munificently applied by his son. The Apostle John is recalled from banishment. Death of Nerva in the gardens of Sallust, Jan. 25, aet. 72, Trajan being then at Colonia Agrippina. Pliny is the correspondent and favourite of the new em- M. 162 EEOM THE TEA.B OLT3I. A.U.C. Consuls OF EOiEE. j 99 1219.3 | 832 100 4 i 853 Romas Empb- Trajan. 101 220.1 ; 854 102 103 105 108 107 108 109 110 111 112 3 | 856 857 221.1 2 C. Sosius Senecio II. A. Cornelius Palma. Nerva Trajanus Aug. III. 31. Cornelius Fronto III. Trajan Aug. IV. Sex. Articuleius Paetus C. Sosius Senecio III. L. Licinius Sura II. Suburanus IT. P. Neratius Marcellus. Traj. Aug. V. L. Appius Maximus II. T. Julius Candidus II. A. Julius Quadratus II. L. Ceionius Commodus Verus. L. Tutius Cerealis. C Sosius Senecio IV, L. Licinius Sura III. Ap. Annius Trebonius G-allus. M. Atilius Metilius Bra- dua. A. Cornel. Palma II. C. Calvisius Tullus. Clodius Priscinus. Solenus Grfitus. 3 I 864 [ C. Calp. Piso. ; M. Vettius Bolanus. i , 865 ;Traj. Aug. VI. Aksacid^: OF Paethta. Pacorus 1 or Arsaces XXI. Bishops of EoilE. Clement I. 859 862 1 Euarestus- T. Sextius Africanus. 1 Chosroes, 7 or Arsaces; XXII. 1 Alexander. 3 - 4 - 99 TO 112 A.D. 163 100 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Events and Eminent Men. peror. Plutarch is highly distinguished by him. The only surviving apostle, St. John, now a;t. 90, at the earnest entreaty of the Asiatic bishops, writes his gospel. Transit of the moon over Spica Virginis, observed at Rome, Jan. 11, 7 a.m., by the Alexandrian mathematician, Menelaus. Cerdon is bishop oi Alex- andria. Trajan, on his return from Germany, makes his entry into Rome, and distributes a liberal donation to the people and the army. Dio Prusaeus is patronized by him ; but Martial is treated with coldness, on account of his flattery of Domi- tian. Julius Severus, governor of Britain. Pliny and Tacitus jointly prosecute Marius Priscus and some of his officers for ex tortion in Africa ; after a trial of three days, they are condemned by Trajan to refund their gains, and are banished. Tacitus did not long survive this ; but the time of his death is not known. The Panegyric of Trajan pronounced by Pliny. Martial retires to Bibilis in Spain, his native place. St. John dies at Ephesus, set. 92. Trajan discontinues the annual payment to the Dacians, and on their invading the Roman provinces, he drives the* back and pursues them over the Danube, lie is accompanied on this expedition by Hadrian, as quaestor. Silius ltalicus, after a long retirement at Naples, dies there, set. 75. Trajan continues the war in Dacia. His empress, Plotina Pompeia, and his sister, Marciana, by their example, reform the manners and character of the Roman females. The victories of Trajan compel Decebalus, the Dacian leader, to accept the treaty of peace, dictated by the conqueror. Trajan returns to Rome and celebrates his triumph. He constructs the harbour of Centumcellse (now Civita Vecchia). Pliny goes as pro-consul to Bithynia. Arrian studies under Epictetus at Nico- polis. The Dacian war renewed. Trajan again commands, with Hadrian under him, praetor of the Minervian legion. Pliny writes to the emperor (Ep. x. 97, 98), re- specting the Christians in his province. Martial, at Bibilis, ajt. 62, sends his twelfth book to Rome. Trajan's bridge over the Danube, constructed by the architect, Apollodorus of Damascus. Plutarch governor of lllyricum. Violent earthquakes in Greece and Asia. Decebalus having fallen in battle, the war is terminated, and Dacia forms a Roman province, beyond the Danube. Cornelius Palma conquers Petra and Bostra, with the surrounding part of Arabia Petrsea. Trajan's second Dacian triumph, fol- lowed by a long succession of games and other festivities. Trajan employs the leisure of peace in useful works ; he drains the Pontine marshes and forms a road through them ; constructs the harbour of Ancona, and founds schools for poor children. The progress of Christianity causes great discontent among the numerous classes whose means of livelihood are derived from the services and ceremonies of the heathen temples. Attempts are made to compel the Christians to offer sacrifices ; those who refuse are punished ; some suffer martyrdom. This is the beginning of the third persecution. The writings of Dio Prusseas and Plutarch revive Greek literature among the Ro- mans. Simeon, the bishop of Jerusalem or Pella, is put to death, and Justus suc- ceeds him. The road from Beneventum to Brundusium is constructed by Trajan. Primus suc- ceeds Cerdon as bishop of Alexandria. Completion of the works in the Pontine marshes, commenced a.d. 107. Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, in his " Explanation of the Oracles of our Lord," makes the earliest mention of the gospels of Matthew and Mark, the former being in Hebrew. Saturninus, a disciple of Menander, teaches Gnostic doctrines. Hadrian is Archon of Athens. M 2 164 .FROM THE TEAR A.D. Olym. A.U.C. Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- BOR3. Aesacid^e OP Parthia. Bishops of Rome. 113 114 115 223.1 2 3 866 867 868 L. Publilius Celsus II. C. Clodius Crispinus. Qu. Ninnius Hasta. P. Manilius Vopiscus. L. Vipstanus Messala. M. Vergilianus Pedo. 16 Trajan. 8 Chosroes, or Arsaces XXII. 9 — 10 ■ 5 Alexander. 18 7 116 4 869 L. JElius Samia. ZElianus Vetus. 19 11 117 224.1 870 Niger. Vipstanus Apronianus. 1 Hadrian. 12 9 118 2 871 Hadrianus Aug. II. Salinator. 2 13 10 119 3 872 Hadr. Aug. III. Rusticus. 3 14 1 Sixtus I. 120 4 873 L. Catilius Severus. T. Aurelius Fulvus. 4 15 2 121 122 123 225.1 2 3 874 875 876 M. Annius Verus II. Augur. Acilius A vila. Cornelius Pansa. Qu. Arrius Psetinus. C. Ventidius Apronianus. 1 Volagases II., or Ar- saces XXIII. 2 3 4 5 7 124 4 877 M. Acilius Glabrio. C. Bellicius Torquatus. 4 125 226.1 878 P. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus II. T. Vettius Aquilinus. 5 i 126 2 879 M. Annius Verus III. L. Yarius Ambibulus. 10 6 s | 127 3 880 Titianus. Gallicanus. 7 1 Telesphorus. 113 TO 127 Jl.D. 165 Eepe- tition Dates. 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 127 Events and Eminent Men. Trajan's column erected in Rome, in the forum, designed and executed by the ar- chitect, Apollodorus, who is also employed on the Odeum, temples, triumphal arches, and other works, with which Trajan and Hadrian adorn the city. Trajan proceeds into the East to make war against the Parthians; he reaches An- tioch and winters there. Ignatius is brought before Trajan at Antioch, and sent to Rome, where he is torn by wild beasts in the amphitheatre. Heros succeeds him as bishop. A destruc- tive earthquake at Antioch, by which many perish, and among them the consul, Pedo. The Parthians are driven out of Armenia by Trajan, and Parthamasiris, whom they had made king there, is taken prisoner. The Jews of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cyrene rebel and slaughter many thousands. Trajan takes Nisibis, Edessa and Ctesiphon, and penetrates as far as the Persian Gulf. He deposes Chosroes, who is soon afterwards restored to the throne. Florus composes his epitome of Roman History. Macrinus, Archon of Athens. Death of Trajan at Selinus in Cilicia, Aug. 8, set. 61. Hadrian proclaims himself emperor at Antioch, and is quietly acknowledged throughout the empire. He relinquishes all the conquests of Trajan in the East, and makes the Euphrates the limit of his dominions there. He retains Dacia. The rebellious Jews are* quelled by Lusius Quietus. j Hadrian comes to Rome. A plot against him is discovered, and the conspirators, { four senators, are put to death. He conciliates the people by a large donative ■ (congiarium), and by remitting arrears of taxes. He then proceeds to Mcesia, and i repels an incursion of Sarmatse and Roxolani. Epictetus returns to Rome, and is held in high estimation by Hadrian. Favorinus and Florus excite the jea- lousy of their imperial competitor. Suetonius is appointed private secretary but having offended the empress Sabina, he is dismissed and dies soon afterwards Juvenal's thirteenth satire written. Valerius Pollio and the elder Scaurus fl. Hadrian visits Campania. Marcius Turbo and Septicius Clarus are appointed Prse torian Prefects ; the latter is soon removed for disrespectful behaviour to the empress. Death of Euphrates, known as phil. stoic since a.d. 69. Dionysius Milesius excites Hadrian's jealousy. Hadrian commences his personal survey of all the provinces of the empire, and first, of Gaul and Germany ; he orders a fortified barrier, to protect the open frontier between the Neckar and the Danube. Justus, bishop of Alexandria. Hadrian passes some months in Britain; the wall between Newcastle and Carlisle is built, under his directions. Birth of the future emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in the Gardens on Mount Ccelius, April 26. Antoninus, afterwards Pius, is pro-con- sul of Asia. Hadrian travels in Spain, whence, making a short stay at Rome, he passes on to Greece and spends his winter at Athens. Hadrian continues his progress in Greece, rebuilds a bridge over the Cephisus, which a flood had destroyed, orders other public works, and proceeds into Asia. Quadratus and others travel among the churches " to deliver to them the Scrip- tures of the Holy Gospels." (Euseb.) Hadrian, journeying through the Asiatic provinces, restores Nicomedia, Caesarea, and other cities, which had suffered from recent earthquakes. Philo Biblius fl. After a voyage among the Greek Islands, Hadrian returns to Athens and winters there. He is initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries, and adorns the city with the Olympeium, theati'es, and other edifices. Quadratus, and the philosopher Aristides, present to him an " Apology for Christianity ;" on which he addresses a letter to Minucius Fundanus, Pro-consul of Asia, putting a stop to persecution. Pausanias fl. Hadrian presides at public games in Athens, after which he sails to Sicily, where he ascends Mount ^Etna, and thence returns to Rome. Pertinax, the future em- peror, born at Villa Martia, in the Apennines, Aug. 1. Dionysius of Halicarnas- sus, Junior, soph, and mus., and Cephalion, rhet. and hist.fi. Hermippus of Berytus, scholar of Philo Biblius, and Nicanor, crit. fl. 166 FROM TUE YEAR A.D. 128 129 130 131 Oltm. 226.4 227.1 A.U.C 881 8S2 2 | 883 I S84 134 136 137 Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- bors. L. Nonius Asprenas Tor- quatus II. M. Annius Libo. P. Juventius Celsus II. Qu. Julius Balbus. Qu. Fabius Catullinus. 14 M. Flavius A per. Ser. Octavius Laenas Pon- tiarius. M. Antonius Rufinus. 12 Hadrian. 13 891 892 141 230.1 894 Angurinns. Sergianus. Hiberus. Sisenna. C. Jul. Servilius Ursus Servianus III. C.Vibius Juventius "Va- rus. Pontianus. Atilianus. L. Ceionius Commodus Verus. Sex. Vetulenus Civica Poinpeianus. L. JElius Verus Cses. II. P. Caelius Balbinus Vibul lius Pius. Camerinus. Niger. T. Antoninus Pius Aug. II. Bruttius Prsesens. T. Antoninus Pius Aug. III. M. Aurelius Caesar. AKSAUIDyE of Pakthia. 8 Volagases II. or Arca- ces XXIII. 9 20 21 1 Antoninus Piup. 3 M.Peduca?us Syloga Pris- 4 cimis. T. Haenius Severus. ~ 21 Bishops op Rome. 2 Telesphorus. 11 i 12 1 Hyginus 2S TO 111 A.D. 16; 128 129 130 133 134 135 137 138 139 140 141 Hadrian takes the title of Pater Patriae. Death of Juvenal. Theon of Smyrna observes the aphelion of Venus, Oct. 10. Hadrian sets out for the East, and passes the winter again at Athens, where he patronizes the learned and enlarges the libraries. Birth of Aristides, the hea- then philosopher. Cornelius, bishop of Antioch. After traversing Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and part of Arabia, Hadrian in- spects Mount Casius.near the Sirbonian Lake, and in the autumn reaches Egypt. Sailing on the Nile, Oct. 30, his favourite, Antinous, is accidentally drowned, to whose memory he builds Antinopolis in Thebais. and a temple. Sculptors are employed on busts and statues of this youth. The poet Pancrates gives the name of AntinOeion to the red lotus. Appian of Alexandria becomes known to Hadrian, and follows him to Rome. Birth of Galen. Hadrian returns into Syria. Out of the ruins of Jerusalem a city is built by him, named iElia Capitolina, in which he dedicates a temple to Jupiter. This pro- vokes a formidable rebellion of the Jews. Eumenes bishop of Alexandria. The aphelion of Mercury observed by Theon, July 5. Barchochebas, the leader of the Jews, maintains a tierce conflict with Ticinius Rufus, governor of the province. Adrian orders reinforcements. Salvianus Ju- lianus prepares the " Perpetual Edict," and founds the later system of Roman jurisprudence. Lollianus, the Ephesian sophist, fl. The coins of Hadrian (see Eckhel), commemorate the provinces visited by him. The education of M. Aurelius, now a?t. 12, is principally confided to M. Pronto, with all the most celebrated teachers in Rome under him. Sextus of Chaeronea, Plutarch's grandson, instructs him in the philosophy of the Stoics. Barchochebas persecutes the Christians, who refuse to join his army. Julius Severusis called from Britain to take the command against him. Basilides teaches his form of Gnosticism at Alexandria. The war in Judaea is terminated by the complete suppression of the rebellion. All Jews are forbidden to approach the site of their former temple. Severus is ap- pointed governor of Bithynia. Hadrian again visits Athens, dedicates the temple of Jupiter Olympius, and gives the island of Cephalonia to the Atheni- ans. He adopts yElins Verus as his successor. Arrian is governor of Cappa- docia. Embassy of Volagases to Rome. The title of Ceesar is given to JEl. Verus. Hadrian, through ar gloomy jealousy I puts several members of his family to death ; among them his brother-in-law, I Servianus, 90 years old. The " Shepherd" of Hermas supposed to be written, i After twelve Hebrew successors to Justus (see a.d. 108), Marcus, a Greek, is elected bishop of Jerusalem. He persuades many of his church to desist from observing the ceremonial law of Moses, so that they may leave Pella, and re- move to the holy city as rebuilt by Hadrian. Hadrian constructs a sepulchre or mausoleum for himself, called the Moles Hadriuni, on the bank of the Tiber, where the castle of St. Angelo now stands, lie re- tires to a magnificent palace, which he had built at Tibur, and is there attacked I by the disease which at last proves fatal to him. Death of iEl. Verus, Jan. 1st, and adoption of Antoninus Pius, Feb. 25. who be- comes emperor on the death of Hadrian, at Baiae, July 10, set. 62. Phlegon of Tralles, a freed-man of Hadrian, writes history. Claudius Ptolemy, the distinguished astronomer and geographer, observes the vernal equinox at Alexandria, March 22nd. M. Aurelius is adopted by Antoninus, with the title of Caesar, andmarried to his daughter, Faustina. Lucius Verus also adopted. Antoninus gives a king to the Armenians. {Eckhel.) Lollius Urbicus, governor of Britain, repels an invasion of the northern tribes, and constructs the wall of Antoninus. The aqueduct of New Athens, a work commenced by Hadrian, is completed. The heresiarchs Valentine and Cerdon visit Rome. " Ptolemy ob- serves the vernal equinox, March 22. Death of the empress Faustina, wife of Antoninus. Justin Martyr, phil. Plat. I converted to Christianity, defends it by his writings; his Apology, addressed to t he emperor, is dated in this year b y Eusebius. 158 FAROM THE YEAB Olym. 230. 2 231. 1 2 A.D. 142 143 144 145 146 147 j 3 148 4 149 232.1 150 151 152 153 233.1 154 155 156 4 157 234.1 158 | 2 159 j 3 160 161 163 896 897 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 90S 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 Consuls of Rome. L. Cuspius Rufinus. L. Statius Quadratus. C. Bellicius Torquatus. Ti. Claudius Atticus He- rodes, A vitus. Maximus. T.Ant. Pius Aug. IV. M. Aur. Cses. TI. Sex. Erucius Clarus II. Cn. Claudius Severus. Largus. Messalinus. Torquatus. Julianas. Serv. Scipio Orfitus. Qu. Nonius Priscus. Gallicanus. Vetus. Sex.QuintiliusCondianns. Sex. Quintilius Maximus. Jun. Glabrio. Homullus. C. Bruttius Prsesens, A. Jun. Rufinus. L. Aurel. Commodus. T. Sex. Lateranus, C. Jul. Severus. M. Rufinus Sabinianus. M. Ceionius Silvanus. C. Serins Augurinus. Barbaras. Regulas. Tertullus. Sacerdos. Plautius Quintilius. M. Statius Priscus. Appius Annius Bradua. T. Vibius Barus. M. Aurel. Caesar III. L. Aurel. Commodus II. Qu. Junius Rusticus. Aquilinus. Roman Empe- Arsacid^e op Parthia. Bishops of Rome. 5 Antoninus Pius. 19 22 Volagasi II., or Arsa- ces XXIII 23 24 28 29 1 Volagases III., or Ar- saces XXIV. 3 1 Pius I. 2 1 Anicetus. 2 3 1M. Lselianus, Pastor. Aurelius. L. Verus. 1 3 - 13 14 1 Soter. 112 TO 163 i.D, 169 Ifoper tit ion Dates. 142 143 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 162 Events and Eminent Men. Festivals, called Pia, or Pialia, held in honour of Hadi-ian, at Puteoli, in the second year of every Olympiad Antoninus bestows salaries' and honourable distinc- tions on the teachers of philosophy and rhetoric in the provinces. Herodes Atticus, the son, celebrated for his munificence (see Gibbon), and for his learning, is consul this year. He had taken part in the education of M. Aurelius, with Fronto, now also consul suffuctus. Polemo, the sophist, a friend of Fronto. Marcus, 7th bishop of Alexandria and Eros, 5tli of Antioch The beneficent government of Antoninus makes this the happiest period in Roman history. Aristocles, soph, teaches at Pergamus. Valentine, disappointed in his expectation of a bishopric, becomes more vehement in his heresy. (Tertull.) Antoninus dedicates a temple to Hadrian, and makes a liberal distribution of money to the people, on that occasion. Mesomedes of Crete, poet. lyr. fl. Birth of Septimius Severus, April 11. The worship of Serapis allowed to be intro- duced into Rome. Calvisius Taurus of Berytus, phil. Plat, a friend of Herodes Atticus, and Aulus Gellius, fl. M. Aurelius is invested with the Tribunician power. The secular games are cele- brated. Appian writes his history. Galen, set. 17, begins to study medicine, under his first master, Satyrus. Antoninus celebrates his decennalian games. Arrian and Maximus Tyrius are patronized by him, Aulus Gellius fl. {Clin.) and Justin epitomizes the history of Trogus Pompeius. Apu- leius leaves Madaura, and after studying at Carthage andAthens, settles at Rome. Telephus of Pergamus, gram. fl. Marcion teaches his heresy. The proper date (sec. Clin.) of Justin Martyr's " Apology." An imperial edict for- bids all persecution of the Christians. An inundation at Rome. Rhodes suffers by an earthquake. Hegesippus, a con- verted Jew, comes to Rome, and from Hebrew and Syriac documents writes a history of the Church, of which Eusebius has only preserved a few fragments. Crescens, phil. cyn. is the enemy of Justin Martyr. Celadion bishop of Alexan dria. The conspiracy of Atilius Titianus punished, in the due course of law, by his death; the only occurrence of the kind in the reign of Antoninus Pius. Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, visits Rome, and there meets with Marcion, from whose heresies, and those of Valentine, he converts many to the orthodox faith. Artemidorus^of Daldis in Lydia, writes on dreams and auguries. Galen rises in reputation at Pergamus. Death of Antoninus Pius, March 7, set. 75. The joint reign of M. Aurelius and L. Verus begins. Aristides visits Rome. Pausanias fl. Death of Ptolemy, Bet. 70. Birth of Commodus, and his twin brother, Antoninus, at Lanuvium, Aug. 31. Volagases, with a Parthian army, invades Syria and defeats the Roman governor, Atidius Cornelianus. The Emperor Verus takes the command against him, as- sisted by Statius Priscus and Avidins Cassius. The Chatti having attacked the provinces of the Rhine, Aufidius Victorinus proceeds against them, and Calpur- nius Agricola is sent to Britain to repel an incursion of the Brigantes. Galen's first visit to Rome. Verus enjoys the luxuries of Antioch and Daphne, while his generals conduct the war successfully in Armenia and Media. Polysenus addresses his " Stratagema- ta " to the two emperors. Hermogenes, at the early age of fifteen, lectures be- fore M. Aurelius. ; ■ J FROM THE YEAB A.D. OLT3I. aUC 1(34 165 236.1 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 2 3 237.1 4 238. 1 918 919 920 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- rors. M. Nonius Macrinus. Celsus. 4 M. Aurelius. j L. Verus 4 M. Gavius Orfitus. L. Arrius Pudens. Servilius Pudens. L. Fufidius Pollio. L. Aurel. Verus Aug. Ill, Quadratus. Apronianus. Paulus. Qu. Sosius Priscus. P. Coelius Apollinaris. M. Corn. Cethegus. C. Erucius Clarus. 9 M. Aurel. alone. Arsacid^e OF Parthia. lSVolagases III. or Ar- saces XXIV. 16 se verus. Herennianus. Maximus. Orfitus. M. Aurel. Severus II. 13 T. Claud. Pompeianus. Gallus. Flaecus. Pido. Julianus. 930 T. Vitracius Pollio II. . Flavius Aper. II. L. Aur. Commodus Aug. 17 Quintillus. 23 27 Bishops of Rome. 3 Soter. 1 Eleutherus, 2 164 TO 177 A.D. 171 Repe- tition Dates Events and Eminent Men. 164 165 166 172 176 M, Aurelius sends his daughter, Lucilla, to Ephesus, where she is married to Verus Correspondence of Fronto with the emperor, his former pupil. Persecution of the Christians renewed, in which Justin Martyr suffers. Galen's second visit to Rome. The rhetorician, Nicostratus, fl. The cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon are taken, and the war terminated. Mesopo- tamia is retained by the Romans. Death of the eccentric philosopher, Peregi- nus, witnessed and described by Lucian. The two emperors celebrate a triumph for the Parthian war. Martyrdom of Poly- carp at Smyrna. Jamblicus of Babylon, dramat. fl. A pestilence," brought from the East, rages in Rome for three years. The Marco- manni having made inroads on the Roman provinces, the two emperors proceed to Aquileia, and prepare for war. Amyntianus, hist, dedicates to M. Aurelius. The Marcomanni retire into their own lands. M. Aurelius perseveres in his pr< parations against them, and provides for the security of Italy. While he is at Sirmium, Herodes Atticus comes from Athens to repel a charge brought against him, and is acquitted by the emperor. Bassams is praetorian prefect. Athena- goras, the Christian Platonist, addresses his "Apology" to the two emperors. Agrippinus, bishop of Alexandria. Sudden death of L. Verus, in his chariot, near Altinum in Venetia, while on his journey to Rome. Galen at Aquileia. Death of Fronto. Aulus Gellius writes his " Noctes Atticae," Niebuhr. The over-indulgence of M. Aurelius blinds him to the bad passions of the empress Faustina and his son Commodus ; a court-ex- clusiveness, before unknown, is introduced by her. Continuation of the war against the Marcomanni. M. Aurelius resides atCarnun- tum in Pannonia. He appoints Alexander of Cotyseum, the Galatian sophist, to be his Greek secretary. The patronage of learned men in this and the three preceding reigns does not prevent the decline of literary talent, which now be- comes apparent. Oppian, the poet of Cilicia, writes his " Halieutica." Theophilus, sixth bishop of Antioch. Melito, bishop of Sardes, addresses his " Apology" for Christianity to the empe- ror. Apollinaris, bishop of llierapolis. Pausanias describes the splendid works of Herodes Atticus. Dionysius, bishop of Corinth and Pinytus of Crete. Montanus founds the sect of Montanists, and Tatian, a disciple of Justin Martyr, that of the Encratites. Herodian, the grammarian of Alexandria, fl. Hermogenes, so prematurely talented (see a.d. 163), loses his faculties. M. Aurelius makes a short visit to Rome ; after his return to the army, the Ger- man tribes are signally defeated, which gives occasion to the fable of the " Thun- dering Legion." Many of Galen's works composed. Apuleius fl. Commodus, set. 14, assumes the toga virilis, and is admitted into the college of priests. Avidius Cassius revolts in Syria, but is slain by his own soldiers ; his family are spared, and tenderly treated. M. Aurelius goes into the East, accom- panied by the empress, who dies in a village at the foot of Mount Taurus, where the city of Faustinopolis is built in honour of her. M. Aurelius at Smyrna, in the spring, settles the affairs of the East. He there desires the philosopher, Aristides, to be presented to him, and attends his lec- tures. Proceeding to Athens, he himself there delivers popular lectures, and thence returning to Rome, celebrates his victories by a triumph. Pollux, the Athenian professor, dedicates his "Onomasticon" to Commodus. Phrynicus, a sophist, born in Arabia, fl. Death of Herodes Atticus, set. 76, and of Pausanias. Commodus invested with the tribunitian power ; his nuptials with Crispina, daughter of Bruttius Praesens, are celebrated by the Epithalamium of Pollux, by public games and by a remission of taxes to the people. Persecution of the Christians in Gaul, Pothinus, bishop of Lyons, suffers martyrdom, and is suc- ceeded by Irena3iis. Melito travels from Sardes into Judaea, to procure an accm-ate account of the Jewish Scriptures, and in the preface to his" Eclogse," addresses a list of them to his friend, Onesimus. 172 FROM THE TEAfi A.D. 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 191 192 Oi.ym. a.U.C, 239.2 240.1 2 3 242.1 932 933 934 935 940 941 942 943 944 945 Consuls of Rome. Orfitus. Julianus Rufus. L. Aurel. Commodus Aug. II. T. Annius Aurel.Verus II. L. Fulvius Bruttius Prse- sens II. Sex. Quintilius Cordia- nus. L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. III. Burrus. Mamertinus. Rufus. L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. IV. Aufidius Victorinus II. M. Eggius Marcellus. Cn. Papirius ^Elianus. Maternus. Bradua. L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. V. M. Acilius Glabrio II. Crispinus. iElianus. C. Allius Fuscianus II. Duilius Srilanus II. Two Silani. L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. VI. M. Petronius Septimia- nus. Apronianus. Bradua. L. Aurel. Commod. Aug. VII. P. Helvius Pertinax II. Qii. Sosius Falco. C. Julius Erucius Clarus. Roman Empe- rors. 18 Marcus Au- relius. 1 Commodus. Arsacid^e of Partuia. 1 Pertinax. 1 Didius Juli- anus. 1 Sept. Seve- rus. 29 Volagases III.,orAr- saces XXIV. 30 31 32 33 34 ■ The year in which Vola- gases III. died is not known. His sons long disputed the succession. It appears from a coin, that Paco- rus II. was king in a.d. 198. He is called Aga- tius by Vic- tor, and Ah garus by Herodian and Spar- tian. Bishops oi? Rome. 8 Eleutherus. 1 Victor I. 178 TO 193 A,D. 173 Repe- tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 178 179 180 182 183 184 185 187 188 188 190 191 192 The aggressions of the Germans require the emperor's presence again on the northern frontier. He purposes to keep them in check, by constituting two new provinces to the north of the Danube. Smyrna, Rhodes, and other cities in Asia suffer greatly from earthquakes. Aristides implores M. Aurelius to aid the re- building of them. Christianity is preached in Britain. Successful campaign of M. Aurelius against the Marcomanni. Chrestus, the Athenian sophist, fl. Miltiades writes his " Apology." Death of M. Aurelius at Sirmium, March 17, set 59. Commodus relinquishes the war and returns to Rome. Dion Cassius is from this time contemporary with the events described in his history. Death of Maximus Tyrius. Juliamis, tenth bishop of Alexandria. The evil counsellors, whom M Aurelius had banished from the court, regain their \ ascendancy over Commodus. The Serapseum at Alexandria is burnt. Theophi- ' lus writes his three books " Ad Autolycum." Perennis, Praetorian Prefect. ! Troubles in Mauritania appeased. Lucian writes his " Alexander the Impostor ;" soon after which he dies, jet. 70. j Conspiracy and exile of Lucilla, the sister of Commodus ; he vents his rage on ■ the senators. His generals, Albinus and Niger, settle some commotions in Da-, cia. Irenauis writes Adv. H seres. Maximus I., the seventh bishop of Antioch. ■ The Caledonians break through the wall of Antoninus, and commit great outrages' in Britain; they are driven back by Ulpius Marcellus. The baths of Commo- dus erected. The brothers, Maximus and Condianus Quintilius, suffer death un- 1 justly. j Fall and death of Perennis. Marcia, the favourite of Commodus, protects the Christians. Birth of Origen at Alexandria. i The empress Crispina banished to Caprese, and soon afterwards put to death. Many of the most eminent persons in Rome are victims of the wanton cruelty of Com- modus. The frequent commotions at Alexandria being likely to stop the ship- ments of Egyptian corn, provision is made for obtaining supplies from the other provinces of Africa. Commodus degrades himself by fighting with wild beasts in the circus, and acting as a gladiator. Oppressive administration of Cleander. Death of Byrrhus and Alius Antoninus. The Capitol struck by lightning; the library and many neighbouring edifices burnt. Birth of Caracalla, son of Sept. Severus, at Lyons. Revolt of Maternus in Spain and Gaul, defeated by Pescennius Niger. Pestilence and famine in Rome. Popular commotions. The city cohorts, having overcome the praetorian guards, pursue Commodus to Lanuvium; they are appeased by the sacrifice of Cleander, who is given up to them and killed. Commodus places on a statue of Apollo a head resembling himself. Commodus attempts to substitute the name of Colonia Commodiana for that of Rome. Dion Cassius is a senator. Pantsenus, president of the Alexandrian school, travels into India. Serapion, eighth bishop of Antioch, Demetrius, eleventh of Alexandria, and Narcissus, thirtieth of Jerusalem. A great fire at Rome ; the temples of Vesta and of Peace are burnt, and many valuable libraries destroyed, in which some works of Galen are lost; Commo- dus assumes the name of Hercules. Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain. Commodus suspects all who surround him, and slaughters so many, that his favourite Marcia and the praetorian prefect, Lsetus, to save themselves, murder him, Dec. 31, set. 31. Birth of PMlostrafiis of Lemnos. Pertinax elected emperor by the Senate, Jan. 1 ; assassinated by the preetorians, March 28, set. 67. Sale of the empire to Didius Julianus, who is deposed and killed, June 2. Pescennius Niger is proclaimed by his troops in Syria, and Clo- dius Albinus by the army in Britain. Septimius Severus marches to Rome at the head of the Pannonian legions, is acknowledged by the senate, in thirty days confirms his authority, and then proceeds against Niger. Dion Cassius named praetor for the next year by Pertinax before his death. 174 FROM THE YEAJi A.D. 194 197 198 199 200 201 203 204 205 207 208 210 Olym 243.2 244.1 2 3 4 245.1 247.1 2 947 918 949 950 951 952 953 954 956 959 Consuls of Rome. L. Sept. Severus Aug. II. D. Clodius Sept. Albinus Cses. II. Scapula Tertullus. 'f iueius Clemens. C. Domitius Dexter II. L. Valerius Messalla Thrasea Priscus. Lateranus. Rufinus. 963 Ti. Saturninus. C. Gallus. P. Corn. Anullianus II. M. AuM. Fronto. Ti. Claud. Severus. C. AuM. Victorinus. L. Annius Fabianus. M. Nonius Mucianus. L. Sept. Severus Aug.III M.Aurel. Antoniuus Aug, P. Sept. Geta. Ful. Plautianus II. L. Fab. Gal. Septiminus Cilo II. Libo. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug. II. P. Sept. Geta Caesar. Nummius Albinus. Fulv. iEniilianus. Aper. Maximus. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug. III. P. Sept. Geta Caesar II. Pompeianus, Avitus. M. Acilius Faustinus. [Tnariiis Rufinus. Kosan Empe- rors. 2 Sept. Seve- rus. Arsactd.*, i BlsH()ps 0p 12 I' ! • I Zephy- lPacorusII. or Arsaces XXVI. 2 194 TO 210 A.D. 175 £*pe- | tition Dates. 195 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 Events and Eminent Men. Severus deludes Albiims by the title of Caesar, and makes him consul with him- self. He defeats Niger's general, iEmilianus, near Cyzicus, lays siege to Byzan- tium, and gains the two victories of Nictea and Issus over Niger, who is made prisoner and put to death at Autioch. Death of Athenseus. Clemens Alex, writes his " Stromata." The Parthians, being joined by many of Niger's soldiers, prepare for war. Seve- rus crosses the Euphrates, overcomes them, conquers Adiabene and forms a new province, which he names Arabia. Hippodromus, the sophist., eminent for his learning. Byzantium taken and harshly treated, for its adherence to the cause of Niger. Severus returns to Rome and prepares to attack Albinus. who had brought his forces into Gaul. Caracalla is created Caesar. The sophists, Heraclides of Lycia, Ptolemy and Apollonius of Naucratis, and Apollonius of Athens, fl. Theophilus, bishop of Csesarea, Bacchylus of Corinth, and Polycrates of Ephe- sus. Khodon writes against Marcion and Tatian. Battle of Lyons, Feb. 19. Albinus defeated and slain. Severus exhibits games and makes a distribution of money to the people, after which he proceeds to the Parthian war. Fierce disputes among the churches, as to the tints of observing Easter. Tertullian " Ad Martyres." Victories of Severus over the Parthians. Ctesiphon taken. Caracalla created Augustus, and his brother Geta, Caesar. Tertullian " De Spectaculis," and " De Idololatria." Severus fails in his attempt to take Atra. He makes part of Armenia a kingdom for Volagases, son of Sanatruces. The sophist Antipater, secretary to Severus, instructs Caracalla and Geta. Abgarus, king of Osrhoene, submits to SeVerus. Tertullian " Apologeticus." Severus prolongs his stay in Syria. Death of Galen, set. 70. Alexander of Aphro- disius writes many commentaries on Aristotle, of whose doctrines he is the best interpreter. Severus and his sons remain in Syria. Caracalla, aet. 13, assumes the toga virilis. Ammonius Saccas, the founder of Neo-Platonism, teaches at Alexandria. The education of Origen, set. 16, carefully directed by his father, Leonidas. Artemon denies the doctrine of the Trinity. Severus passes into Egypt, visits Memphis and the Pyramids, and returns to Rome. Marriage of Caracalla to Plautilla, daughter of Fulvius Plautianus, the praetorian prefect. Laetus, governor of Egypt. Persecution of Jews and Christians. Origen's father is one of the martyrs. Death of Irenaeus. An eruption of Vesuvius. The triumphal arch of Severus erected. Plautianus put to death, Jan. 22. Origen, aet. 18, lectures at Alexandria. Asclepiades, ninth bishop of Antioch. The secular games celebrated at Rome, when the historian, Herodian, is present. Tertullian about this time joins the Montanists, and writes " De Corona Militis," " De Monogamia," " De Jejunio," &c. Severus employs the leisure of peace in framing necessary laws, with the assist- ance of the eminent jurist, Papinian, and relaxes in Campania. His two sons are the consuls of the year. Birth of Plotinus. Musianus writes against the Severians, and Julius Africanus, hist. ecc. fl. Origen is a pupil of Ammonius Saccas, but a disciple of Clemens Alexandrinus, to whose form of Platonism he continues to be a distinguished adherent. Irruption of the Caledonians into Britain. Tertullian writes against Marcion. Severus, accompanied by his sons, proceeds into Britain and conducts the war against the Caledonians. Papinian, as praetorian prefect, also attends him. Severus, after having driven back the Caledonians, pursues them into their own country. Caracalla is supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian's poems. Geta is made Augustus. The fortified line, between Dumbarton and Edinburgh, is strengthened by Severus, to protect the province of Britain against the northern tribes. Caius, a presby- 176 FROM THE YEAH A-D. 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 Olym.I a.U.c. 1 247.3 964 4 965 248.1 966 2 967 3 968 4 969 249.1 970 2 • 3 972 4 973 250.1 974 2 975 3 976 4 977 251.1 978 Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- ror.*. Qu. Epidius Rufus Lolli- anus Gentiaims. Bassus. Julius Asper, et Julius Asper. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug-! IV. D. Ccelius Balbinus II. Messala. Sabinus. Lsetus II. Cerealis. C Atius Sabinus II. Corn. Anuilinus. C. Bruttius Prsesens. T. Messius Extricatus. M. Opelius Sev. Macrinus Aug. Adventus. M. Aurel. Antoninus Aug. II. Sacerdos II. M. Aurel. Antonin. Aug, III. Eutychianus Comazon. Gratus. Seleucus. M. Aurel. Antonin. Aug IV. M. Aurel. Alex. Severus L. Marius Maximus II. L. Roscius iElianus. 1 Caracalla. Geta. 1 Julianus II. Crispinus. Fuscus II. Dexter. 1 Macrinus. 1 Elagabalus. 1 Alexander Severus. Arsacidjs OF Pakthia. 34 Pacorus n., or Ar- saees XXVI. 1 Volagases IV., or A r- saces XXVII. Bishops of Rome. 1 Artabanus III., or Arsaces XXVIII 15 Zephyrinus.] 16 17 1 Callistus I. 4 5 1 Urban I. TO 225 A.D. 177 tition Dates 212 213 215 216 217 218 220 221 223 224 225 Events and Eminent Men. ter of the church at Rome, writes against heretics, but himself holds the Epistle of Paul to the-Hebrews, not to have been written by the apostle. Caracalla at- tempts to assassinate his father, and seduce the allegiance of the army. Death of Severus at York, Feb. 4, aet. 64. His two sons succeed as joint emperors. Oppian of Pella, or Apamea, dedicates to Caracalla a poem on Hunting. Ter- tullian addresses to Scapula, governor of Carthage, a Vindication of the Christians. Murder of Geta, set. 23. Papiniari and others put to death. Olympic games at Antioch. Caracalla is offended by the pleading of Philiscus. Antipater writes a Monody on the death of Geta. Apollonius writes against the Montanists. Caracalla, finding himself universally detested for his cruelties, goes into Gaul, where, having expelled some German marauders, he takes the surname of Ger- manicus. Heliodorus, soph, declaims before Caracalla in Gaul. Tertullian an- swers the attacks of Apollonius on the Montanists. Caracalla invades the lands of the Allemanni, whom he defeats near the river Maine. Proceeding thence through Dacia and Thrace, he winters at Nicomedia, where Dion. Cassius has an interview with him. Philostratus of Lemnos, at the suggestion of Julia Domna, the widow of Severus, writes the Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Alexander succeeds Narcissus as bishop of Jerusalem, and founds a library there. Arrival of Caracalla at Antioch, whence he visits Egypt, and orders a general , massacre of the Alexandrians. Origen withdraws from Alexandria to Caesarea, I but is recalled by Demetrius. By a delusive offer of marriage with the daughter of Artabanus, Caracalla decoys the Parthians into his camp, where he treacherously attacks them, and slaughters a great number. Artabanus, having escaped, collects an army, and invades Syria, To raise money, Caracalla issues an edict making all his provincial subjects citizens of Rome, so that they may be taxed in both capacities. He expels Ab- garus from Osrhoene, which is made a Roman province. Caracalla assassinated near Edessa, April 8, set. 29. Macrinus, the prset. pref., is proclaimed emperor, and purchases peace with the Parthians. Julia Domna, banished to Antioch, starves herself to death. Mcesa, Julia Domna's sister, bribes a part of the army to proclaim her grandson, Elagabalus, a youth aet. 17, and high priest of the temple at Emesa. - Macrinus is defeated, June 8, at Immae, made prisoner and beheaded, aet. 54- His son, Dia- dumenianus, shares his fate. Dion Cassius is governor of Pergamus and Smyrna. Philetus, tenth bishop of Antioch. Elagabalus arrives at Rome, bringing with him his Syrian idol, which he places in a stately temple. Death of Philiscus, who had obtained a professorship af Athens, through the interest of Julia Domna. Elagabalus appoints his vilest associates to the highest offices in the state. His cousin, Alexianus, studies under Julius Frontinus, the rhetorician, and the most eminent philosophers at Rome. Alexianus is declared Caesar, under the name of Alexander Severus. Elagabalus, jealous of his popularity,attempts in vain to depose him. The chronologv of Julius Africanus terminates at Olym. 250. Elagabalus slain by the praetorians, March 11, aat. 21, and his mother, Sooeniias, with him. Alexander Severus proclaimed emperor. iElian, soph. fi. Hippoly- tus, the disciple of Irenseus, writes many commentaries on the Scriptures, and a chronicle, which ends at this date. Alexander, now about set. 18, is prudently guided in his administration by his mo- ther, Mamsea, who is created Augusta, and selects for his counsellors the eminent lawyer, Ulpian, the most noted disciple of Papinian, with Julius Paulus, and other discreet Senators. All persecution of the Christians ceases. The Persians, under Ardisheer (called by the Greeks Artaxerxes), revolt against the. Parthians, and contend vigorously for independence. Pisander of Laranda, poet, fl. Marriage of Alexander to Sulpitia Memmia. Many good laws are framed by Ul- pian and Julius Paulus. The restraints on teaching are revoked. Great earth- quake and storm at Rome. 178 FROM THE YE Alt A.D. 227 228 Olym. a.U.C. 252. 231 232 233 253.1 J 234 | 235 238 2 3 4 254.1 241 1255.1 242 243 979 984 985 M. Aurel. Alex. Sev. Aug. II. Quintilius Marcellus. Albinus. Maximus. T. Manilius Modestus. Ser. Calpurnius Probus. M. Aurel. Alex. Sev. Aug. III. Dio Cassius IL L. Virius Agricola. Sex. Catius Clementiuus. 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 Consuls of Rome. Pompeianus. Pelignianus. Lupus. Maximus. Maximus. Patemus. Maximus II. Urbanus. Severus. Quintianus. C. Jul. Verus Maximin. Aug. Africanus. Perpetuus. Cornelianus. Pius. Pontianus. Roman Empe- rors. 5 Alexander Severus. Sassanides of Persia. lArtaxerxes I. Maximin. (10 I M. Ant. Gordianus Aug. j Aviola. i Sabinus II. Venustus. M. Ant. Gordian Aug. II, Pompeianus. C. Vettius Atticus. C. Asinius Praetextatus. I Arrianus. PaDUB. I Two Gordians, Maximus and Balbinus. 11 Gordian the I younger. 14 15 1 Sapor I. 2 i s — Bishops of Rome. 5 Urbanus I. 1 Pontianus. 2 1 Anteros. 1 Fabianus. 2 3 4 , 226 TO 243 A.D. 179 Repe- tition Dates. 227 228 236 237 240 241 242 243 Events and Eminent Men. The baths of Nero repaired, and henceforth called Alexander's. Final defeat and death of Artabanus, the last of the Arsacidae ; the Parthian empire is overthrown and the Persian begins. Interview of Origen with the empress-mother, Ma- maea, at Antioch. Artaxerxes extends his dominion over Media, Armenia, and the adjacent coun- tries. Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, fl. Ulpian, praetorian prefect, endeavours to restrain the licentiousness of the guards. They mutiny and put him to death. The ringleader, Epigathus, is sent to Egypt and thence to Crete, where he is executed for his crime. Dion Cassius having, as governor of Dalmatia andPannonia, offended the army by his strictness, the emperor testifies his approbation, by making him his colleague in the consulship ; after this, Dion retires into Bithynia, and writes his history. Origen composes many of his works at Alexandria ; some of his opinions are con- demned by the bishop, Demetrius. Zebinus, eleventh bishop of Antioch. Artaxerxes, now at the head of a powerful empire and formidable army, threatens Mesopotamia and Syria, and lays claim to all the former territories of Persia, as far as the Hellespont and iEgean sea. . . Alexander Severus, at Antioch, prepares to resist the Persian demands by arms. Aspasius of Ravenna attends as the imperial secretary. Origen withdraws from Alexandria to Caesarea. After a campaign in Mesopotamia, without any decisive results, but in which the Romans claim the victory, Alexander returns to Antioch. Ammonius Saccas teaches at Alexandria, where Plotinus is. among his disciples. Theodoras (after- terwards Gregory Thaumaturgus) and his brother, Athenodorus, become pupils of Origen at Caesarea.. Alexander celebrates a triumph at Rome, for the Persian war, and makes a distri- , bution of money to the people. Birth of Porphyry. Heraclas, twelfth bishop of I Alexandria. Alexander musters his forces in Gaul, to repel the German tribes, that had invaded the province. Mutiny of the army assembled near Mentz, and murder of Alexander Severus, Feb. 10, set. 28, with his mother Mamaea. Maximin is proclaimed emperor. Am- brosius, the friend and disciple of Origen, assists his labours, by paying clerks to copy for him. Pontianus. the bishop of Rome, is banished to Sardinia. Maximin defeats the Germans, and pursues them across the Rhine into their own lands. Apsines of Gadara, soph. fl. Maximin proceeds to Sirmium, with the design of attacking the Sarmatians. His ferocious tyranny excites universal horror. The Gordians, proclaimed in Africa, are defeated by Capelianus, and slain. Max mus and Balbinus, elected by the senate, are murdered by the praetorians. Maximin, on his march to Rome, is assassinated by his soldiers, with his son near Aquileia. The younger Gordian, set. 13, is proclaimed emperor. Censori- nus writes " De Die Natali." Herodian closes his history. Babylas, twelfth bishop of Antioch. The young emperor, at first deceived by the eunuchs of the palace, is extricated from their pernicious influence by Misitheus. Philostratus of Lemnos writes his "Lives of the Sophists." Revolt of Sabinianus in Africa. Various tribes, in the north-western parts of Ger- many, confederate, under the name of Franks. Theodorus (Greg. Thaumat.), on leaving Caesarea, addresses to a large assembly his oration in praise of Origen. Wise administration of the praetorian prefect, Misitheus. Marriage of his daughter, Tranquillina, to the emperor. Active preparations made for war with Persia. Death of Artaxerxes and accession of his son Shapour, or Sapor I. Misitheus conducts the war successfully ; he recovers Mesopotamia, and drives the Persians beyond the Tigris. Plotinus accompanies the Roman army, in the hope of reaching India. Death of Misitheus; Philip, the Arabian, is appointed praetorian prefect. __ _ 180 FKOM THE YEA2 A.D. Olym. A.U.C. Consuls of Eome. Romax Empe- rors. Sassanides OF Persia. Bishops of Rome. 244 255.4 997 Peregrinus. iEmilianus. 1 Philip. 4 Sapor I. 9 Fabianus. | 245 1 246 | 247 ( 248 1 256.1 2 3 4 998 999 1000 1001 M. Jul. Philippus Aug. Titianus. Praesens. Albinus. M. Jul. Phil. Aug. II. M. Jul. Phil. Aug. M. Jul. Phil. Aug. III. M. Jul. Phil. Aug. II. 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 13 1 249 257.1 1002 iEmilianus II. Aquilianus. 1 Decius. 9 14 250 2 1003 C. Messius Qu. Trajanus Decius Aug. II. Gratus. 2 10 1 Cornelius. 251 3 1004 C. M. Qu. Traj. Decius Aug. III. Qu. Herennius Etruscus Mess. Decius Caesar. 1 Gallus. 11 1 Lucius. !- | 252 i 1005 C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Aug. II. C. Vib. Volusianus Gallus Cassar. 2 12 1 Stephanus I. 253 258.1 1006 C. Vib. Volus. Gallus Aug. II. Maximus. 1 Valerian and Gallie- nus. 13 2 254 255 2 3 1007 1008 P. Licinius Valerianus Aug. II. P. Lie. Gallienus Aug. P. Lie. Valer. Aug. HI. P. L. Gallienus Aug. II. 2 3 14 15 — - 3 256 4 1009 Maximus II. Glabrio. * — — — 16 5 257 259.1 1010 P. L. Val. Aug. IV. P. L. Gall. Aug. III. 5 17 1 Sixtus II. 244 TO 257 A.D. 181 Repe- tition Dates. 245 246 248 250 252 254 Events and Eminent Men. 256 Murder of Gordian, set. 19, near Circesium (Carchemish), where a lofty mound is raised to his memory. Philip becomes emperor ; he makes peace with Sapor and returns to Rome. Plotinus gains popularity among the Romans, as a lec- turer on the New Platonic doctrines. Philip defeats a German tribe on the Danube (called Carpi by Zosimus). Nica- goras, soph. fl. Origen, set. 60, writes cont. Celsum. Philip gives his son, set. 10, the title of Augustus, and makes him consul with himself. Asinius Quadratus writes history. Philip governs wisely. The Christians enjoy undisturbed security, and he is even said to have embraced their faith ;*butthis does not accord with the ceremo- nial of the great secular games, celebrated by him this year, nor with the heathen emblems on his coins. The theatre of Pompey, and other buildings in Rome, destroyed by fire. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. The legions revolt in several provinces ; some proclaim Jotapianus, and others Marinus, both of whom are killed by their own men. Decius, who is sent to ap- pease the mutineers, is compelled by them to assume the purple and lead them into Italy. Battle of Verona. Philip is defeated and slain, and his son mur- 1 dered at Rome. Decius is emperor. Dionysius thirteenth bishop of Alexan- dria. The Goths cross the Danube and ravage Thrace. Persecution of the Christians. Fabian, bishop of Rome, is martyred : after an in- terval of some months, Cornelius is elected to succeed him. Babylas suffers at Antioch, and Alexander at Jerusalem ; Fabius is elected in the place of the first, and Mazabanes in that of the last. Cyprian withdraws from Carthage and conceals himself. Decius sends his son to encounter the Goths, and then marches in person. The Goths take Philipopolis, and defeat Decius in Mcesia, who falls in battle, set. 50, and his son with him. Gallus is proclaimed emperor. The wealth and in- fluence of the hierarchy give a great importance to the episcopal office, which begins to be an object of fierce contention. Hence arises the schism of Novatus. The Christian laity are required to submit implicitly to the discipline of the church. Valerian is elected censor. Gallus, having paid the Goths a large sum of money to quit the empire, returns to Rome ; Hostilianus, nephew of Decius, is appointed his colleague, but soon falls a victim to the general pestilence, which begins now and rages fifteen years. Cyprian holds a council of bishops at Carthage, by which stricter canons are enforced and the hierarchy rendered more despotic. Birth of Antony, the future founder of monachism. Demetrianus, fourteenth bishop of Antioch. Other barbarians invade Mcesia and Pannonia; they are defeated by iEmilianus, wlro is salu ted as emperor by his army ; he marches against Gallus, who is assassinated, with his son, by his soldiers, at Interamnse. On the approach of Valerian, at the head of the Gallic legions, iEmilianus is killed near Spoleto. Valerian, acknowledged as emperor, makes Gallienus his colleague, Cyprian writes " De Mortalitate." Death of Origen, est. 69. (The Franks invade the northern provinces of Gaul. An eruption of Mount iEtna. 1 Tryphon, a disciple of Origen, supposed to be the presbyter who wrote against Manes. The persecution of the Christians continues. Gallienus takes the command of the forces for the protection of Gaul, and fixes his head-quarters at Treves. Minucianus, soph. fl. The empire is assailed on all sides. The Franks penetrate through Gaul and enter Spain, where Tarraco is sacked by them. The Allemanni attack Italy. The Sarmatians and Quadi force their way into Pannonia. The Goths ravage Macedon and Greece ; the Persians invade Mesopotamia and Syria. Cyprian assembles another council at Carthage, and dictates articles, which provoke angry disputes. Aurelian, lieutenant of the emperors, repels the Goths. Correspondence of Diony- sius and Sixtus II. on the articles of Carthage. Cyprian banished to Curubis. 182 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Olym. AU.C, Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- rors. Sassanides OF Persia. Bishops of JiOME. 258 259. 2 1011 Memmius Tuscus. Bassus. 6 Valerian and Gallie- nus. 18 Sapor I. Vacant. 259 3 1012 ^Emilianus. Bassus. 19 1 Dionysius. 260 4 1013 Ssecularis II. Donatus, I 2 - - alone. ' 231 260.1 1014 P. L. Gallienus Aug. IV. Volusianus. 21 3 | 262 2 1015 P. L. Gallienus Aug. V. Faustinus. 3 22 — - 4 263 3 1016 Albinus II. Dexter. 4 — 23 264 4 1017 P. L. Gallienus Aug. VI. Saturninus. 5 24 6 265 261.1 1018' P. Licin, Valerianus II. Lucillus. 25 7 266 2 1019 P. L Gallienus Aug. VII. Sabinillus. 7 26 8 267 3 1020 Paternus. Arcesilaus. 27 268 4 1021 Paternus II. Mariniauus. 1 Claudius II. 28 10 258 TO 268 A.D. 183 Hf.pt- tttin; Dates 261 262 263 265 267 Events and Eminent Men. Valerian goes into the East, against the Persians. Postnmus checks the invaders of G-aul. The Goths fit out naval armaments on the Euxine. and take Trebizond. Martyrdom of Sixtus II. at Rome, Aug. 6th, and of Cyprian, at Carthage, September 14th. The Goths plunder Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nice, and all the principal cities in Bithynia ; Valerian marches as far as Cappadocia to oppose them. The empire is disturbed by a succession of pretenders to the throne called the " Thirty Tyrants ;"— Cyriades, the first of them, joins Sapor, and is slain in the beginning of the Persian war. Postumus maintains his independence ten years in Gaul. After a vacancy of some months, Dionysius is elected twenty-fourth bishop of Rome. Pontius writes the " Life of Cyprian." The Roman army totally routed by Sapor ; Valerian is made prisoner, and dies in captivity. Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is taken by Postumus at Colonia Agrip- pina, and slain, with his governor Silvanus. Sapor extends his conquests ; but his attack on Palmyra is successfully resisted by Odenathus. Ingenuus revolts in Illyrium ; he is defeated and killed by Gallienus ; his army rallies, and chooses Regalianus for emperor, who meets the same fate. Paul of Samosata is the fifteenth bishop of Antioch. Macrianus assumes the purple in the East. Valens, who is sent against him, does the same in Greece, and puts to death Piso, who had aspired to the throne ; after this, Valens is killed by his own troops. Gregory Thaumaturgus, the dis- ciple of Origen, is bishop of Neo-Csesaraea in Pontus. Manes originates the Manichaaan heresy, Macrianus, having advanced as far as Thrace, to attack Gallieuus, is defeated and slain, with his son, by Aureolus, who is then proclaimed emperor by his army. Balista takes the imperial title at Edessa, but is overcome by Odenathus. ^Emilianus rebels in Egypt. The Goths pass the Bosphorus, ravage the coasts of Greece, and plunder and burn the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Antioch is surprized and pillaged by the Persians. Earthquake and darkness for many days; the pestilence most fatal. Hymenseus bishop of Jerusalem. Gallienus celebrates the tenth year of his reign by public shows and games. He treats with Aureolus and Odenathus. Satuminus, a meritorious officer, is slain in Pontus, by the soldiers who had compelled him to rebel. Theodotus is sent into Egypt, and puts iEmilianus to death. Tumults in Alexandria; the Bru- chion destroyed. The Goths are expelled from Asia. Nisibis, Carrhse, Ctesiphon, with many other cities, are taken by Odenathus; he acquires a powerful kingdom, and is declared Augustus by Gallienus. Porphyry visits Rome. Plotinus is patronized by the emperor; his disciple Amelius writes Expositions of their philosophy. Paul of Samosata's doctrines are op- posed by a council held at Antioch. Postumus, who during seven years has maintained his independence and protected Gaul against the Germans, associates Victorinus with him in his power. Gal- lienus attacks them, but without success. Rebellion of Trebellianus in Isauria, suppressed by Caussisoleus. Longinus fl. Death of Dionysius, who is suc- ceeded by Maximus, fourteenth bishop of Alexandria. Celsus, an African pretender to the imperial dignity, is killed by the people of Sicca, seven days after his proclamation. Callinicus, hist. fl. Various Gothic bands, called by some, Scythians, by others, Heruli, &c, ravage Greece and Asia. After they had plundered Athens, Dexippus, having collected a force of 2000 men, attacks and defeats ihem. They are encountered again by Gallienus in Illyricnm, and routed. Odenathus drives another section out of Asia, soon after which he is assassinated by his nephew, Maeonius. His widow, Zenobia, avenges his death and fills with glory his vacant throne. Postumus, Victorinus, Lselianus, and Marius, are slain in succession. Tetricus takes their place and reigns in Gaul. Aureolus invades Italy and takes Milan. Gallienus, while besieging Aureolus in Milan, is assassinated by his own troops, March 20, set. 50. Claudius, proclaimed emperor, takes Milan and puts Aureolus to death. Amid these distractions, the Allemanni penetrate into Italy, and are defeated by Claudius, near Lake Benacus. Porphyry retires to Sicily. 184 TEOM THE TEAB A.D. 269 262.1 270 273 274 275 276 1022 263. 1 278 Consuls of Rome. 1024 1025 4 265.1 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 Roman Empe- ro RS. 2 Claudius II, 1 Aurelian. 30 M. Aurelius Claudius Aug. II. Paternus. Antiochiaaus. Oriitus. L. Domitius Valerius Aurelianus Aug. M. Ceiouius Virius Bas- sus. Quietus. Voldumiamus. M. Claudius Tacitus. Placidianus. L. Dom. Val. Aurel. Aug II. C. Julius Capitolinus. L. Dom. Val. Aurel. Aug. 1 Tacitus. III. Marcellinus. M. Claud. Tacitus Aug. II. iEruilianu3. M. Aurel. Valer. Probus 2 Aug. M. Aurelius Pauhnus. M. Aur. Val. Probus Au§ IT. Lupus. M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. III. Paternus. Messala. 5 Gratus. M. Aur. Val. Probus Aug. 6 IV. Tiberianus. Sassanides op Persia. Sapor I. Bishops op Rome. 1 Felix I. 1 Hormisdas or Hormouz L 1 Varanes, or Baha- ram I. 3 | 1 Eutychia- ! nus. 1 Varanes, j 2 or Baha- ram II. 269 TO 281 A.D. 185 Eepe- tition Dates. 270 272 273 274 Events and Eminent Men. The Goths are signally defeated by Claudius, at Naissus, in Moesia. Zenobia rules in Egypt, in the name of Claudius. Longinus and Plotinus compose many of ' their works, and Dexippus his " Chronica." Paul of Samosata, condemned and deposed by another council, held at Antioch, refuses to give up his bishopric to Domnus. Claudius again defeats the Goths, soon after which he dies of the plague at Sir- mium, set. 56. His brother Quintillus assumes the empire at Aquileia, but in seventeen days puts an end to his own life. Aurelian, universally acknowledged emperor, makes peace with the Goths, and relinquishes Dacia "to them, trans- ferring that name to another province, south of the Danube. Death of Plotinus, aet. 66. Aurelian confirms the decree of the council, and expels Paul of Samo- sata from Antioch, where Domnus, son of the former prelate, Demetrianus, be- comes the sixteenth bishop. Aurelian drives the Marcomanni and Gutungi over the Danube, and grants peace to the Vandals. The walls of Rome rebuilt. Longinus addresses his Epistle to Porphyry. Aurelian, in his progress to the East against Zenobia, encounters some Gothic marauders in Thrace, and chases them out of the empire. He takes Tyana, Emesa, and Antioch, which attempt to withstand him. Zenobia retires into Palmyra. Death of Sapor, who is succeeded by his son. Timseus, seventeenth bishop of Antioch. Surrender of Palmyra. Zenobia made prisoner. Longinus is put to death. The revolt of Firmus in Egypt suppressed. Having restored the authority of Rome in the East, Aurelian returns to Europe. Hormisdas dies after a short reign, and leaves the throne of Persia to his son. Battle of Chalons and surrender of Tetricus, the last of the " Thirty Tyrants.' 1 Aurelian, having re-united all the broken-up parts of the empire, celebrates a splendid triumph at Rome. His captives, Zenobia and Tetricus, are generously treated, and pass the rest of their lives in peace and affluence. Aurelian dedi- cates a temple to the Sun, improves the city and regulates the general system of government. Birth of Constantine, the future emperor, at Naissus, in Moesia, Feb. 27. Manes is put to death by Varanes. 275 i Aurelian, on his march to attack Persia, is assassinated by Mucapor, between He- j| raclea and Byzantium, about March 20, set. 61. Tacitus is elected by the senate, i Sept. 25. He orders ten copies of his ancestor's works to be deposited every ! year in the public libraries. 276 '! Tacitus punishes the murderers of Aurelian, and dies soon afterwards, while con- ducting an expedition against the Goths, who had invaded Asia. His brother, Florian, aspires to the empire, but is killed by the soldiers at Tarsus. Probus is proclaimed emperor by the army, and confirmed by the Senate. Varanes II. succeeds his father in Persia. The Franks, Burgundians, and other German tribes, that had overrun a large part of Gaul, are driven hack by Probus. Some of his prisoners, removed to Pontus, seize a fleet in the Euxine, escape through the Bosphorus, plunder many cities on the shores of the Mediterranean, and by a successful navigation reach Ger- many again. Probus repairs the fortified line, from the Rhine to the Danube, expels the Goths from Thrace, represses the Isaurian robbers, and arrives in Syria, where ambas- sadors from Persia settle with him terms of peace. Archelaus, bishop of Meso- potamia, writes against Manicheism. The Blemmyes are overthrown by Probus in Egypt. Anatolius, bishop of Laodi- cea, is noted for his study of philosophy. Saturninus raises a rebellion in the East, and Bonosus and Proculus in Gaul ; they are all defeated and suffer death. Cyrillus, eighteenth bishop of Antioch. Probus celebrates the success of his arms by a triumph. He encourages the cul- ture of vines in Gaul and Panaonia. 277 278 279 281 186 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 284 285 Olym, 265.2 3 266.1 2 289 267.1 290 2 291 292 4 3.1 294 295 a.u.c 1035 1036 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- rors. M. Aur. Val. Probus AugJ 1 Carus. V. Victorinus. M. Aurelius Carus Aug. 2 — II. M. Aurelius Cariuus Cae- sar M. Aurel. Carinus Aug. 1 Diocletian. II. M. Aur. Numerianus Aug. C. Aur. Val. Diocletianus Aug. II. Aristobulus. M. Jun. Maximus II. Vettius Aquilinus. C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. III. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. M. Aur. Val. Maximianus Aug. II. Pomponius Januarius. Bassus II. Quintianus. C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. IV. M. Aur. Val. Maximian. Aug. III. Tiberianus. Dio. Maximian. 1 4 ■ 2 Hannibalianus. Asclepiodotus. C. Aur. Val. DiocletJlO Aug. V. I M. Aur. Val. Maximian. I Aug. IV. Flav. Val. Constantius C33S. C. Galerius Maximianus Tuscus. Anulinus. C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. VI. Fl. Val. Constantius Cass. II. 11 Sassanidzm tA. 7 Varanes, or Baba- ram II. 8 Bishops op Rome. 8 Eutychia- nus. 1 Caius. 1 Varanes 11 in. 1 Narses. I 1 Marcellinus 282 TO 296 A.D. 187 \2iepe- tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 290 292 m 295 Mutiny of the army at Sirmium ; Probus is killed by them in Oct., set. 50. Cams is elected emperor, and gives the title of Csesar to each of his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus. Having stationed Carinus inGaul, Cams takes Numerianus with him into the East, repulses the Sarmatians in Thrace, advances victoriously into Persia, and makes himself master of Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Near the latter city, he dies mys- teriously in his tent, during a violent storm, Dec. 25, set. 61. Calpurnius in his Hunting Eclogues, and Nemesianus in his " Halieutica/' celebrate Carus and his sons. Pierius Script. Ecc fL Theonas, fifteenth bishop of Alexandria. On the death of Carus, his sons succeed him. Numerianus is assassinated by Aper, who falls by the hand of Diocletian, proclaimed emperor by the eastern army. Carinus signalizes his accession by festivities at Rome, and then marches against Julianus, who is defeated and slain near Verona. He then proceeds to encounter Diocletian, who is advancing into Europe. Pamphilus fl. Arnobius teaches rhetoric at Sicca. The general decay of intellect is strongly marked. The Era of Diocletian, or of the Martyrs, dates from Aug. 29 of this year. Defeat and death of Carinus at Margus in Moesia. Diocletian fixes his imperial residence at Nicomedia. The Bagaudse of Gaul are repressed by Maximian. Theognostus, a disciple of Origen, fl. Maximian obtains further victories in Gaul, and is associated by Diocletian, aa joint emperor with him. Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet at Gessoriacum (Boulogne), revolts, and establishes an independent sovereignty in Britain, The legions and public officers there submit to him. He rules the sea and guards the province against the incursions of the northern barbarians. Maximian secures the repose of Gaul ; the Franks send an embassy, with their king at its head, to beg for peace. Maximian prepares another fleet to attack Carausius. Diocletian confirms the tranquillity of the eastern frontier by a treaty with the Persians. Carausius defeats Maximian, seizes Gessoriacum, and deprives the Romans of all resources for naval warfare. Mamertinus, Orat. Panegyr. fl. Meeting of the two emperors at Milan. Peace concluded with Carausius, who is acknowledged as the ruler of Britain. Lactantius, unsuccessful as a teacher of rhetoric at Nicomedia, applies himself to writing. Diocletian introduces the ceremonial and magnificence of Persia into his court. The two emperors meet again at Milan, and settle their respective jurisdictions Diocletian in the East, and Maximian in the West. Trebellius Pollio writes, and Flavius Vopiscus prepares to write, their parts of the Augustan histories, Maximian celebrates the close of the fifth year of his reign. Constantius Chlorus and Galerius (surnamed Armentarius) are appointed to assist in administering the affairs, the former, of Thrace and Illyricum, and the latter of Gaul, Spain, and Mauritania. Carausius is treacherously murdei*ed by Allectus, who assumes the government of Britain. Claudius Eusthenius writes his history of the four princes, who now rule the empire. Death of Varanes II. His sons contend for the throne of Persia, which Varanes III. occupies for four months, and is then succeeded by his brother, Narses. The German tribes are at this time in a very unsettled state. Better acquainted with the riches of the Roman provinces, their avidity for plunder is stimulated, and they often contend with each other for the possession of the frontier points, from which they can most easily break into the empire. Some of their leagues formed by the union of various tribes, like the Marcomanni, are dissolved, and their names disappear in history. Victories of Galerius over the Carpi and Bastarnse. Lands are assigned to them and others, in some of the depopulated districts of the empire. Allectus is defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, the lieutenant of Constantius, who regains possession of Britain. While Constantius resettles the government of the recovered province, Maximian commands on the Rhine. Arnobius writes " Adversus Gentes." 188 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 297 Olym. 300 301 302 270.1 304 305 1051 1052 1055 1057 1058 1060 Consuls of Rome. M. Aur. Val. Maximian Aug. V. C. Gall. Maximian. Ctes, II. Faustus II. Gallus. C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug VII. M. Aur. Val. Maximian, Aug. VI. Fl. Val. Constantius Caes III. C. Gal. Maximian. Caes, III. Titianus II. Nepotianus. Fl. Val. Constantius Cass. IV. C. Gal. Maximian. Cass. IV. C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. VIII. M. Aur. Val. Maximian. Aug. VII. C. Aur. Val. Dioclet. Aug. IX. M. Aur. Val. Maximian. Aug. VIII. Fl. Val. Constantius Caes. V. C. Gal. Maximian. Caes. V. Fl. Val. Constantius Aug. VI. C. Gal. Maximian. Aug. VI. M. Aur. Val. Maxim. Aug. IX. Fl. Val. Constantinus Caes. Romas - Empb- rors. 14 Diocletian. Maximian. 12 Sassanides OF Persia. Bishops of Rome. 5 Narses. [ 2 Marcellinus. 18 19 20 1 Constantius. Galerius. 1 Galerius. 2 1 Constantine. Maxentius. 1 Galerius. 3 2 Constantine. Maxentius. 2 1 Licinius. 1 Hormisdas or Horm- ouz II. 10 287 TO 307 A.D. 189 Repe- tition Dates. 297 302 303 304 305 307 Events and Eminent Men. The revolt of Achilleus in Egypt is put down by Diocletian in person. Siege of Alexandria, and slaughter of its inhabitants. Busiris and Coptos destroyed. Julian, who had assumed the purple at Carthage, is overcome by Maximian, and order restored in Mauritania. The Persian war begins. Galerius is de- feated by Narses and severely reprimanded by Diocletian. Constantine, set. 23. accompanies Diocletian. Eumenius, Orat. Panegyric. fl. ^Elius Spartianus writes his Augustan history. He is supposed by Vossius and Fabricius to have been the author of that also which bears the name of ^El. Lampridius; and Salina- sius ascribes to him the Life of Avidius Cassius, said to have been written by Vulcatius Gallicanus. Galerius gains a complete victory over Narses in Armenia, who, by a treaty of peace, cedes Mesopotamia and five provinces beyond the Tigris. Meeting of Diocletian and Galerius at Nisibis. Tiridates is made king of Armenia, and his dominions enlarged. Zabdas, bishop of Jerusalem. Eumenius, in a public oration at Augustodunum (Autun), before the president of the province, calls attention to the decay of the schools and general neglect of education, and offers to give up his own salary, as professor of rhetoric, towards the expense of repairing the dilapidated buildings. Tranquil state of the empire. Methodius, bishop of Tyre, writes against Por- phyry and Origen. Hermon succeeds Zabdas, as bishop of Jerusalem. Death of Narses, who is succeeded by his son, Hormisdas II. Porphyry, ret. 68, writes his life of Plotinus. Petrus, the 16th bishop of Alexandria. From the accession of Diocletian to this time, the Christians had been unmolested by the civil power. Diocletian issues an edict to regulate the prices of commodities, and fails in the attempt. He visits Rome for the first time, and celebrates a triumph there with Maximian. Galerius passes the winter with Diocletian at Nicomedia, and urges him to repress, by severe measures, the growing power of the Christian hierarchy. Meletius, bishop of Lycopolis, condemned and deposed for heresy, in a synod called by Petrus at Alexandria, Tyrannus, nineteenth bishop of An- tioch. The persecution of the Christians commences Feb. 23, the fiercest and most sys- tematic which they had endured. The revolt of Eugenius suppressed by the inhabitants of Antioch. Diocletian celebrates the twentieth year of his reign by festivities at Rome. Disgusted by the free manner of the people, he departs abruptly, on the eve of his ninth consulship. Severe illness of Diocletian, imputed to his long journey in the winter, but attri- butable rather to his vexation at the disorders caused by his change of policy towards the Christians, and to his finding it impossible to extirpate their religion. The dilemma in which Diocletian is placed by the rash counsels of Galerius, de- termines him to abdicate. He resigns the purple, May 1, at Nicomedia, and persuades Maximian to follow his example on the same day, at Milan. The former retires to Salona, and the latter into Lucania. Constantius and Galerius take the title of Augustus, and that of Csesar is given to Severus and Maxi- min. The monastic system introduced in Egypt by Antony. Constantine joins his father, Constantius, in Britain, who dies, July 21, at York. On this the army proclaims Constantine emperor. Maxentius, son of Maxi- mian, assumes the purple at Rome, and his father attempts to replace himself on the throne. Vopiscus publishes his history of Aurelian. Ormus founded by Hormisdas. Severus endeavours to maintain himself against Maxentius, is deserted by all, flies to Ravenna, and is there put to death. Galerius invades Italy, and without fighting a battle, is obliged to retreat ignominiously. Constantine takes pos- session of Gaul ; Maximian meets him at Aries and gives him his daughter, Fausta, in marriage. Licinius is declared emperor by Galerius. The perse- cution of the Christians, checked by Constantine in the west, is continued in the east. Pamphilus imprisoned, 190 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 309 310 311 312 313 Olym. a U.C 271.4 272.1 273. 314 315 316 317 1062 1065 1066 3 j 1068 1070 Consuls of Rome. . Anr. VaL Maximian Aug. X. C. Gal. Val. Maximian Aug. VII. (According to some, Maxentius and Romulus.) Uncertain. Some have Maxentius II. Romulus II. Others, Licinius Aug. Cons tan tin us. ( Uncertain. Andronicus and Probus, occur in the Fasti Grajci Cod. Sav.) ( Uncertain, Galerius VIII. Maximin. II. Rufinus. Volusianus. Eusebius, are all named.) Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. II. P. Val. Licinian. Licinius Aug. II. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. III. P. Val. Licinian. Licinius Aug. Ill, C. Ceionius Rufus Volusi anus II. Annianus. Fl. Val. Constantinus Aug. IV. P. Val. Lie. Licinius Aug. IV. Sabinus. Runnus. Roman Empe- bobs. Galerius 4 3Constantine, Maxentius 3 2 Licinius. Maximin. 1 Galerius 5 4Constantine. Maxentius < 3 Licinius. Maximin. 2 Galerius ( 5Constantine, Maxentius 5 4 Licinius, Maximin. 3 6Constantine. Maxentiu3 ( 5 Licinius. Maximin. 4 7Constantine. Licinius i 5 Maximin. Bass abides OB Persia. 8 Hormis- das, or Hormouz II. 1 Sapor II. Bishops of Rome. 1 Marcellus. 8Constantine. 5 Licinius 7 Gallicanus. Sept. Bassus. 1 Eusebius. 1 Melciades. 308 TO 317 A.D. 191 tition Dates. 310 813 Events and Eminent Men. 314 315 316 Galerius acknowledges Constantine as Augustus, and allows the same title to Maximin in Syria. There are at this time five emperors actually ruling, with Maximian as a sixth, holding only nominal power, in the court of his son-in-law, Constantine. Africa, oppressed by Maxentius, proclaims Alexander, who falls a.d. 311, when the rebellion is finished by the plunder of Carthage and other cities. Helladius writes his Chrestomathia. Julian. Soph. fl. at Athens. Euse- bius, bishop of Caesarea. He and Pamphilus write " Apologies" for Origen. Constantine averts from Gaul the inroads of the Franks and Allemanni, and alle- viates the weight of taxation by which the people are borne down, Death of Hormisdas. His infant sou, Sapor II., succeeds him on the throne of Persia. Onasimus of Sparta, hist, et soph. fl. Maximian, unsuccessful in an attempt against Constantine, is made prisoner at Marseilles, and strangled, set. 60. Eumenius delivers his Orat. Panegyric, at Autun, in the presence of Constantine. Galerius is attacked by the fatal dis- ease which in the following year terminates his life. Julius Capitolinus writes his Augustan history. Galerius issues an edict, April 30, to put a stop to the persecution of the Chris- tians, and dies in the following month. His share of the empire is divided between Licinius and Maximin. Cruelty of the latter. Valeria, widow of Ga- lerius, and daughter of Diocletian, having refused to marry him, is banished with her mother, to the desert of Syria; and their possessions all confiscated. Her father intercedes for them, but is treated with contempt. Eumenius obtains from Constantine, at Treves, a remission of taxation for Autun. Maxentius, defeated by Constantine, in his night is drowned in the Tiber, Oct. 27. Constantine enters Rome, disbands the praetorian guards, and is master of all western Europe. Maximin still persecutes the Christians. Methodius suffers martyrdom at Chalcis in Syria, and Petrus at Alexandria, where he is succeeded by Achillas, the seventeenth bishop. Iamblichus, disciple of Porphyry, fl. The Era of the Indictions commences Sept. 1. Licinius marries Constantia, the sister of Constantine, at Milan, where the two emperors meet, and enter into a league of amity. An edict is issued in favour of the Christians. Death of Diocletian, set. 68. Maximin, advancing to at- tack Licinius, is totally defeated near Heraclea, and dies soon after at Tarsus. Licinius, sole master of the east, rules tyrannically. Candidianus, a natural son of Galerius, is put to death, and Valeria and Prisca beheaded, at Thessalonica. Contest between Caecilianus and Donatus, for the bishopric of Carthage, which gives rise to the sect of the Donatists. Rheticius, bishop of Autun, known for his commentaries and controversial writings. Alexander, eighteenth bishop of. Alexandria. War between Constantine and Licinius. The latter defeated, Oct. 8, at Cibalis in Pannonia, and soon afterwards, on the plain of Mardia, in Thrace, agrees to a treaty of peace, by which he cedes to the conqueror most of his provinces in Europe, and the dominions of Constantine are extended to the extremity of the Peloponnesus. Valens, whom Licinius had created Caesar a few days before, [ loses his dignity and his life. Birth of Libanius. Council of Aries, against the Donatists. | Constantine issues an edict against infanticide, May 13, at his birth-place, Nais- sus in Moesia ; and another, Oct. 18, at Margillus, by which he condemns to be burnt alive any Jews who persecute or ill-treat converts from their sect to' Christianity. Vitalis is the twentieth bishop of Antioch, during the first days when the church had peace. The Donatists appeal to Constantine, who orders an inquiry, which terminates in favour of Ctecilian. Arius preaches his doctrines, which are supported by most of the Asiatic bishops, especially by Eusebius of Caesarea, and Eusebius of Nicomedia. Crispus and Constantine, sons of the emperor of the west, and the younger Lici- nius in the east, receive the title of Caesar. Lactantius is the tutor of Crispus. Birth of Constantius. 192 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 318 319 320 321 Olym, 275.1 1072 1073 Consuls of Rome. 322 2 323 3 327 1075 1076 1077 1078 1080 1081 P. Val. Lie. Licinius Aug. V. Fl. Julius Crispus Caes. Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug V. Licinius Caes. Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug. VI. Fl. Val. Constantin. Cses. Fl. Julius Crispus Cass. 1 1. Fl. Val. Constantin. Caes, II. Petronius Probianus. Anicius Julianus. Roman Empe- rors. Acilius Severus. Vettius Rufinus. Fil. Jul. Crispus Cass. Ill, Fl. Val. Constantin. Cses, III. Paulinus. Julianus. Fl. Val. Constantin. Aug, VII. Fl. Jul. Constantin. Caes, 13Constantine. Licinius. 12 14 Sassanides OF Persia. 19 Constantius, Maximus. Januarinus. Justus. 22 10 Sapor II. 11 12 13 Bishops of Rome. 5 Silvester I. 10 ;i3 318 TO 328 A.D. 193 Repe- tition Dates, 318 319 320 Events and Eminent Men. 323 325 326 327 The church, enjoying external peace, is internally agitated by the rivalry of bishops, the persecution and zeal of the Donatists, and the disputatious fervour of the opponents of Arius. The increasing pressure of the German tribes on the barriers of the empire de- mands the utmost vigilance of Constantine. He takes the command himself on the frontier of the Danube, where the Goths threaten irruption, while Crispus, on that of the Rhine, watches the Franks. Crispus achieves his first victory, by defeating a vigorous effort of the Franks and Allemanni to enter Gaul. Philogonius, twenty-first bishop of Antioch. Constantine defeats the Goths and Sarmatians at Campona, Margus, Bononia, and other places on the Danube. Nazarius delivers his Orat. Panegyric, at Rome. Alexander, at the instigation of Athanasius, calls the council of Alexandria, by which Arius is condemned for heresy and ejected from the church. Paulinus I. twenty-second bishop of Antioch. An edict of March 8, orders the Aruspices to be consulted in certain cases, according to the ancient forms ; and two others, j of March 7, and June 2, prescribe the due observance of the Sunday (Dies So- us), by cessation from all labour, except the culture of the fields, and by reli-, gious worship. Constantine repairs the bridge of Trajan, and pursues the repulsed barbarians ! into the former province of Dacia, and compels them to make peace. Hostilities renewed between Constantine and Licinius. Defeat of the latter near ' Hadrianople, July 3. He retires to Byzantium, where he is immediately be- sieged, and passes thence into Asia. Naval victory of Crispus in the Helles pont. Finally overcome in the battle of Chrysopolis, Sept. 28, Licinius resigns his imperial dignity at Nicomedia, and Constantine remains sole emperor. The in- tercession of Constantia obtains from her brother a promise to spare her hus- band's life ; but he is sent a prisoner to Thessalonica. Constantius appointed Caesar, Nov. 8. An edict of Constantine issued at Sirmium, May 25, inflicts punishment on all such as may exact from Christians an observance of heathen ceremonies. Constantine violates his promise to his sister, and by his order, Licinius is put to death, set. 60. Eustathius, bishop of Bersea, writes against the Arians; in the succeeding year he is elected the twenty-third bishop of Antioch. Foundation of Constantinople. Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem. Council of Nice, attended by 318 bishops. Constantine is present at some of the debates; Hosius, bishop of Cordova, presides, and Athanasius, though only secretary to Alexander, distinguishes himself by his vehement opposition to the Arians, who are condemned by the majority. The Nicene creed is sanc- tioned by Constantine. Arius is banished to lllyricum, his writings publicly burned, and all in whose possession they are found, capitally punished. Euse- bius ends his Chronicle, and completes his Hist. Ecc. Death of Lactantius. The combats of gladiators are prohibited by a law, enacted at Berytus, Oct. 1, but they are not suppressed. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, advocates Sabellianism. Constantine celebrates at Rome the completion of twenty years of his reign. H< orders his son, Crispus, to be put to death, on false accusations, and the younger Licinius. Helena visits Palestine and founds churches there. Sopater of Apamea, phil. fl. On the death of Alexander, Athanasius is elected the nineteenth bishop of Alexandria. Birth of Gregory of Nazianzus. Eusebius publishes his Hist. Ecc. The empress Fausta is said to have been put to death. (This is doubted by Gib- bon and Niebuhr.) Drepanum in Bithynia, made a city by Constantine, under the name of Helenopolis, in honour of his mother, Helena. By an edict, dated at Treves, Sept. 27, the writings of Julius Paulus (see a.d. 223) are ordered to be received as sound legal authority. The severe laws against the Arians are relaxed and the exiles are recalled. They hold a synod at Antioch, when Eustathius is deposed, and Paulinus II. ap- pointed twenty-fourth bishop of that diocese. Athanasius favours the monastic system, and patronizes Antony. Hilarion extends it in Palestine. 194 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Olym. 277.1 278.1 1084 1085 334 337 338 279.1 1089 1090 Consuls op Rome. Roman Empe- rors. Fl. Val. Constant. Aug. |24Constantine. VIII. Fl. Val. Constant. Caes. IV. Gallicanus. Symmachus. Bassus. Ablavius. Pacatianus. Hilarianus. Dahnatius. Zenophilus. 21 Sapor II. 16 Silvester I, Optatus. Anicius Paulinus. Fl. Jul. Constantius. Rufius Albinus. 1092 25 Nepotianus. Facundus. Felicianus. Ti. Fabius Titianus. Ursus. Poleniius. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. II. Fl. Jul. Constans. Aug. Acyndinus. 1 1 Valerius Proculus. 29 30 31 Sassanides op Persia. Bishops op Rome. 22 341 280.1 1094 I Marcellinus. I -Probinui. 1 Constan- tine II. 1 Constan- tius II. 1 Constans. 2 Constan- tine II. 2 Constan- tius II. 2 Constans. 3 The same. 4 Constan- tius II. 4 Constans. 5 The same. 20 1 Marcus. 1 Julius I. 329 TO 341 A.D. 195 Repe- tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 329 331 332 334 335 341 Frumentius preaches Christianity to the Abyssinians ; he is recorded in their annals as Abba Salama, or Fremonatos. Juvencus, a Spanish presbyter, writes a sacred poem explanatory of Christian doctrines. Eulalius, twenty-fifth bishop of Antioch. Death of Iamblichus ; he is succeeded in the chair of philosophy by his pupil iEdesius. Dedication of Constantinople, May 22. Metrodorus, phil. fi. Alexander is the first bishop of the new capital. Euphronius, twenty-sixth bishop of Antioch. Exuperius educates the two sons of Constantine's brother, Dalmatius, who are afterwards raised to the dignity of Caesars. Julian, the future emperor, son of Julius Constantius, the brother of the emperor Constantine, born at Constantinople. Birth of Hieronymus (St. Jerome). The Sarmatians, unable to resist the Goths, implore the protection of the Romans. The Caesar Constantine conducts the war successfully, and concludes a peace, for the observance of which, the Gothic chieftain, Araric, gives his son as a hostage. Placillus, the twenty-seventh bishop of Antioch. Constantine gives the title of Caesar to his youngest son, Constans. Syria and Cilicia are afflicted by pestilence and famine. The interposition of Constantine obtains for the Christians in Persia relief from the persecution caused by the Magi. An edict, dated Constantinople, Sept. 27, confirms the exemption from military service and all public offices, granted by former emperors to medical men and professors of literature. Settlements granted in Thrace and Macedon to many Sarmatian refugees. A revolt of Calocaerus in Cyprus, repressed by Dalmatius, the emperor's nephew. The Arian prelates hold a council at Caesarea, and vote the deposition of Atha- nasius, which he disregards. Constantine's nephew, Dalmatius, is created Caesar, and Hannibal ianus, king of Pontus. Five young princes now hold that title, to each of whom the adminis- tration of certain provinces is assigned. The synods of Tyre and Jerusalem proceed more violently against Athanasius. He has an interview with Constan- tine at Constantinople. The sentence of deposition is not enforced, but he is ordered to reside at Treves. Asterius writes in favour of Arianism, which now prevails in the east. Constantine dedicates a church at Jerusalem. First marriage of Constantius to his cousin, the sister of Julian. The synod of Constantinople re-admits Arius into the church, soon after which he dies ; but the animosity of the two sects is not abated. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, is deposed, and Basilius appointed to take his place. Maximus, the fortieth bishop of Jerusalem. Constantine is baptized by Eusebius, the Arian bishop of Nicomedia, near which city, in the village of Achyrona, he soon afterwards dies, May 22d, set. 64 ; his three sons succeed him, and divide the empire among them. Preparations for war with Persia. Eusebius writes his Life of Constantine. The three emperors meet in Pannonia and settle the extent of their respective jurisdictions. The two young princes, Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, are put to death, with all their relations, except Gallus and Julian, the sons of Julius Constantius ; Ablavius, the praetorian prefect, and other ministers of the deceased [ emperor, share the same fate. Sapor invades Mesopotamia and besieges Nisibis. Athanasius returns to Alexandria. Jacobus, bishop of Nisibis, distinguishes himself during the siege of that city. Unsuccessful campaign of Constantius against the Persians. He issues a decree at Antioch, March 31, prohibiting marriage between uncles and nieces as inces- tuous, and making it a capital crime. Constantine, dissatisfied with his share in the partition of the empire, and at- tempting to obtain more by force of arms, is defeated and slain near Aquileia. His provinces are added to those of Constans, who reigns over all the west of Europe. Death of Eusebius of Caesarea, who is succeeded by Acacius. Euse- bius of Nicomedia is appointed bishop of Constantinople. The Franks invade Gaul and resist Constans. An imperial edict prohibits pagan sacrifices. Violent earthquakes in Syria. The synod of Antioch assents to an Arian creed, deposes Athanasius, and appoints Gregory the twentieth bishop of __ 196 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Olym. 342 343 344 345 346 347 280.2 281.1 1095 1096 1097 Consuls op Rome. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. III. Fl. Jul. Constans.Aug.il. Roman Empe- 350 282.1 1103 M. Msecius Meramius Placidus. Romulus. Leontius. Sallustius. Amantius. Albinus. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. IV. Fl. Jul. Constans Auo. III. Rufinus. Eusebius. Fl. Philippus. FL Sallia. Ulpius Limenius. Aco Catullinus. 6 Constantius II. 6 Constans. Sassanides OF Persia. Bishops op Rome. 34 Sapor II. 37 Sergius. Nigrinianus. 7 The same. 8 The same. 9 The same. 10 The same. 11 The same. 12 The same. 40 13 The same. 41 6 Julius I. 10 14 Constantius II. 42 342 TO 350 A.D. 197 Sepe- tition Dates, 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 Events and Eminent Men. Alexandria. Athanasius takes refuge at Rome, where he introduces the monas- tic system into western Europe, and recommends its adoption. Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, also repairs to Rome. Audeeus propagates the Anthropomorphite heresy. Theodoras, bishop of Heraclea, writes his commentaries. The Franks are compelled to quit Gaul and sue for peace. The destruction of pagan temples forbidden by an edict. A synod held at Rome supports Athana- sius. Julius addresses an epistle to the Arians of the East. Death of Euse- bius, bishop of Constantinople. A long struggle commences between Paul and Macedonius for the vacant episcopal throne. Popular commotions and court in- trigues alternately elevate and depose the two rivals. Photinus, bishop of Sir- mium, revives the Ebionite heresy. Stephen I., the twenty-eighth bishop of Antioch. Death of Tiridates, king of Armenia. The sophist Proasresius at the court of Constans in Gaul. Expedition of Constans into Britain. Titianus Pnetorian prefect in Gaul. Con- stantius exempts all ecclesiastics and their property from any new imposts. Maximinus, bishop of Treves. Firmicus Maternus fl. Neo-Csesarea, in Pontus, nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The growth of hierarchical power, and the decay of intellectual energy, are now in uniform collateral progress. To promote the former, the education of all classes but the ecclesiastical is neglected. Earthquakes in Epirus and Campania. Julian and his brother Gallus are kept six years in the secluded castle of Macellum, near Ceesarea, where they are strictly guarded, and have no other instructor than Mardonius, an aged slave of their mother's family. The Arian bishops assemble at Antioch and publish a confession of their faith. Second ineffectual siege of Nisibis by Sapor. The bishops of the west meet at Milan, and declare their adherence to the Nicene creed, which begins the sepa- ration between the eastern and western churches. Libanius teaches rhetoric at Nicomedia. Tryphillius, bishop of Leucothea, in Cyprus, noted for his eloquence. A total eclipse of the sun, June 6th, during which the stars are visible. Con3tantius prepares to resume hostilities against Sapor. A general council held at Sardica. The Nicene faith is approved by the majority ; the deposition of Arian bishops voted, and the restoration of Athanasius and Marcellus to their episcopal honours ; the minority secede to Philipopolis and annul their acts ; the two bodies mutually excommunicate each other. Themistius makes his first oration before Constantius at Ancyra. Eusebius, bishop of Emesa, writes his Commentaries. Victory of Sapor at Singara. Stephen is ejected at Antioch, and Leontius, the twenty-ninth bishop, succeeds him. Serapion, bishop of Thmuae, supports the cause of Athanasius. Cyril is appointed bishop of Jerusalem, and Titus of Bostra, Birth of Prudentius. Popular tumults excited at Alexandria by the sectarian factions, in which the bishop Gregory is killed. Constans threatens to restore Athanasius by force ; he is permitted by Constantius to return, and is received in triumph by the Alexandrians. Libanius delivers his panegyric on the two emperors at Nico- media. Cyril is deposed, and Eutychius made bishop of Jerusalem. Magnentius revolts at Autun. Flight of Constans into Spain, where he is mur- dered near Helena (Illiberis), Feb. 27, set. 30 ; Vetranio, sent to oppose the usurper, himself assumes the purple; Nepotianus is proclaimed at Rome and slain twenty-eight days afterwards ; Constantius is called by these events into the west, and Sapor, having failed in his third siege of Nisibis, leaves Mesopo- tamia, to defend his eastern provinces against the tribes of central Asia. Con- ference between Constantius and Vetranio; the latter abdicates, and is allowed to retire into private life. Julian is brought to Constantinople, and studies under Nicocles and Ecebolus; Constantius, jealous of his rising reputation, sends him to Nicomedia, where he becomes acquainted with Maximus and other philosophers. Jacobus animates the citizens of Nisibis again, during the third eiege. 193 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Olym. 282.3 352 353 354 355 1105 1106 Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- rors. Sassanides OF Persia. 1109 284. 1 1110 1108 Not known. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug V. Fl. Constantius Caesar. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug VI. Fl. Constantius Cses. II. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug. 18 VII. Fl. Constantius Caes. II. Arbetio. 19 Lollianus. 15 Constantius |43 Sapor II. Fl. Jid. Constantius Aug. VIII. Fl. Claud. Julianus Caes. Fl. Jul. Constantius Aug IX. Fl. Claud. Julianus Caes. II. Bishops of Rome. 44 15 Julius I. 1 Liberius. 47 48 49 1 Felix II. 351 TO 357 A.Dv 199 Dates. Gallus created Csesar, and sent to Antioch to rule the east. Magnentius gives the same title to his brother Decentius ; he is defeated by Constantius at Mursa in Pannonia, Sep. 28, and escapes with difficulty into Italy. Julian visits Ephesus, where the conversations of the Ionian philosophers strengthen his prejudices against the religion of his father's murderers, and incline him secretly to' favour paganism. A synod at Sirmium condemns the anti-trinitarian doctrines Photinus. General education is so neglected, that Magnentius and Vetranio can neither read nor write, when they take upon themselves the imperial dignity. Gallus suppresses a revolt in Judaea. Italy declares against Magnentius, who gains a useless victory at Pavia, and retires into Gaul. Libanius declines an invitation to Athens, and visits Antioch. Paul, bishop of Constantinople, ba- nished to the deserts of Taurus, and tiere put to death ; Macedonius seated in his place by force. Violent commotions and profuse bloodshed at Constanti nople. Antony, the monk, set. 100, is called by Athanasius to Alexandria, to assist in the conversion of Arians. Magnentius totally defeated at Mount Seleucus ; he and his brother Decentius put an end to their own lives. Marriage of Constantius and Eusebia. Gallus and his wife, Constantina, commit great cruelties in the east. The proconsul, Theophilus, massacred in a tumult at Antioch. Fruitless attempt of the Persians to invade Osrhoene, The Isaurians plunder Pamphylia. Ursicinus commands the Roman armies on the Euphrates, and Ammianus Marcellinus serves under him. iEtius instructs Eunomius in his doctrines. Council of Aries ; the western bishops are prevailed on to condemn Athanasius. The Allemanni, under Gundomad and Vadomar, infest Gaul ; they are driven back by Constantius, and agree to a treaty of peace. Domitian and Montius, sent to inquire into the conduct of Gallus, are killed by the people at his insti- gation : he is called to the imperial court; Constantina dies during the journey ; he is taken to Pola in Istria and beheaded. Julian is brought to Milan, where he is in great danger, but saved by the empress Eusebia, and permitted to go to Athens. Ursicinus is recalled from the east, and Ammianus Marcellinus ac- companies him to Milan. Victorinus, rhetor, and Donatus, grammat. fl, A statue of the former is placed in the forum of Trajan. Birth of Augustine. Julian is held in high esteem at Athens ; he visits iEdesius at Pergamus, who instructs him in the new Platonism. Constantius, unable to contend alone with the enemies who on all sides assail the empire, is persuaded by Eusebia to recal Julian, who is appointed Csesar, Nov. 6. Sylvanus assumes the purple at Agrippina (Cologne), and is assassinated twenty-eight days afterwards by Ur- sicinus. Julian proceeds, Dec. 1, to take the command of the army in Gaul, where Ammianus Marc, serves under him. The council of Milan deposes Atha- nasius and all bishops who hold his opinions. Liberius is banished from Rome, and Felix II. takes his place. Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil of Csesarea are students at Athens. Death of JEdesius, aet. 80, soon after Julian's visit. Ori- basius of Pergamus, med. fl. Julian assembles his army at Rheims, but obtains no decisive success in his first campaign ; in the winter he is surrounded at Sens by the Allemanni, who at the end of thirty days retire discomfited ; Marcellus, having remained with his forces an idle spectator of the Caesar's danger, is dismissed from his post, Julian maintains a friendly and confidential correspondence with Oribasius. Athanasius expelled by violence from Alexandria, retires among the monks of Thebais, and Gregory of Cappadocia takes possession of his church. Hilary of Poictiers is deposed. Martin, afterwards bishop of Tours, serves in Julian's army. Constantius visits Rome and presents to the city an obelisk from Egypt ; he proceeds thence into Rhsetia. Julian gains a great victory at Strasburg, crosses the Rhine and invades Germany ; Chnodomar, chief of the Allemanni, is cap- tured. Sallust, Julian's able adviser, is recalled. Synod of Sirmium. Hosius subscribes the Arian creed. Contest between Cyril of Jerusalem and Acacius of Csesarea. Death of Antony, the first monk, set. 105. Julian's "Encomium" onj the empress Eusebia. 200 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Olym. A.U.C. Consuls op Rome. Roman Empe- bors. Sassanides ok Persia. Bishops op Rome. 358 284.2 1111 Datianus. Neratius (Jerealis. 22 Constantius 11. 50 Sapor II. 1 Liberius re- stored. 359 3 1112 Fl. Eusebius. Fl! Hypatius. 23 51 2 360 4 1113 Fl. Jul. Constant. Aug. X. Fl. Claud. Julianus Cses. III. 24 52 3 361 285.1 1114 Taurus. Florentius. 1 Julian. 53 4 362 2 1116 Claud. Mamertinas. Nevitta. 54 5 363 3 1116 Fl. Claud. Julianus Aug. IV. Sallustius. Fl. Jovianus Aug. Fl. Varronianus. 1 Jovian. 1 Valentinian Valens. 1 55 _ 56 Q 364 4 1117 958 TO 364 A.D. 201 Repe- tition Dates, 361 Events and Eminent Mes 36-t Julian, after passing the winter at Paris, commences his third campaign by de- feating the Franks, and pursuing them over the Rhine, where he makes the German tribes fear his prowess. Constantius crosses the Danube, and again concludes a treaty of peace with the Quadi and Sarmatians. Fruitless nego- tiations with Sapor, who prepares to resume hostile operations. Fearful earth- quakes in Asia; Nicomedia nearly destroyed. Liberius deplores the calamity in his " Monodia," Aurelius Victor, fi. Liberius, having conformed to Arian- ism, is permitted to return to Rome. Eudoxius, thirtieth bishop of Antioch. Julian crosses the Rhine again, and conquers wherever he is opposed. Sapor invades Mesopotamia, and takes Amida. Constantius sends Ursicinus into the east, who is attended by Ammianns Marcellinus. The two consuls are brothers of the em- press Eusebia, Synods of Ariminum (Rimini) and Seleucia. Continued strife in the church, secret intrigues, deceptions, artifices, and open violence. On the deposition of Macedonius, Eudoxius is translated to Constantinople, and Ani- anus succeeds him as thirty-first bishop of Antioch. Constantius sets out to take the command against. Sapor, and orders a part of the army in Gaul to join him. The troops, unwilling to obey this order, proclaim Julian emperor. He endeavours to make an amicable arrangement with his cousin. During the negotiations, he crosses the Rhine, defeats the Allemanni, and takes their chief, Vadomar, prisoner. He sends Lupicinus into Britain, to repel the Scots and Picts. Death of his wife, Helena. Sapor takes Singara. Constantius is repulsed by him at Bezabde, and winters at Antioch. Aurelius Victor completes his " De Caesaribus." The cathedral of St. Sophia is dedi- cated at Constantinople. Hilary permitted to return into Gaul. Meletius, thirty-second bishop of Antioch. Julian's pacific overtures are rejected. After a short, but successful campaign against the Germans, he conveys his. army down the Danube, to prepare for the expected civil war. Constantius, on his march towards Europe, dies at Mopsucrene, Nov. 3, set. 45. Julian is peaceably acknowledged by the whole empire. His letters to the Athenians and Corinthians are written from Pan- nonia, while the issue of the contest was yet doubtful. A synod, held at Anti- och, deposes Meletius ; Euzoius is the thirty-third bishop of that city. The second Meletian schism begins. Julian openly professes paganism. Julian proclaims universal toleration, and reinstates the exiled bishops in their sees. George of Cappadocia, having been killed by the people of Alexandria, Athanasius is restored to his station ; but his power is found to be so much greater than that of the civil governor, that he is almost immediately banished again. Titus, bishop of Bostra, accused of fomenting discord between Chris- tians and Jews, is expelled from that city. Contest between Paulinus and Meletius, at Antioch, and. between Cyril and Irenseus, at Jerusalem. Julian sets out on his Persian expedition and passes the winter at Antioch, where he writes his " Caesars," " Misopogon," and other works. Ammianus Marcellinus and Eutropius are with the army, and soon after this time begin to compose their histories. Aurelius Victor is proconsul of Pannonia, and honoured by Julian with a bronze statue. Many orations of Libanius delivered at Antioch. Mamertinus, in a public speech, returns thanks for his appointment to the con- sulship. Himerius, orator, fl. Oribasius dedicates to Julian his " Epitomes of Galen. " Eunapius, set. 16, studies at Athens. An attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, defeated by the ignition of foul air, which alarms the superstitious fears of the workmen. Julian crosses the Tigris, burns his ships and invades Assyria, where he is slain in battle, June 26, set. 32. Jovian, elected emperor, makes an ignominious peace, and retreats. He allows equal freedom to all religions and sects. Athanasius returns to Alexan- dria, and Titus to Bostra. Meletius, restored at Antioch, holds a synod there. Gregory of Nazianzus composes two orations against Julian. Maximus, Pris- cus, and other philosophers accompany tlie Roman army. Monody of Libanius on the death of Julian. The orator Themistius advocates religious liberty, in his address on Jovian's con- sulship. Death of Jovian on his way to Constantinople, at Dadastana, Feb. 17, 202 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Olym. 1 1118 1119 370 371 372 1120 1122 1123 1125 373 1288.1 1126 Consuls of Rome. PL Valentinianus Aug. Fl. Valens Aug. Fl. GratianuSi Dagalaiphus. Lupiciuus. Valens.Jovinus. Fl. Valentinianus Aug. II. Fl. Valens Aug. II. Fl.Valentinianus Valentis Aug. f. Victor. Fl. Valentinianus Aug. III. Fl. Valens Aug. III. Roman Empe- rors. Valentinian. Valens. Fl. Gratianus Aug. II. Sex. Petronius Probus. Modestus. Arinthseus. Fl. Valentinian. Aug. TV. Fl. Valens Aug. IV. SA.SSANIDES OF Persia. Sapor II. 6 6 57 58 59 64 65 Bishops of Rome. Liberius. 1 Damasus. 365 TO 373 A.D. 203 Repe- tition Dates. -367 370 371 372 373 Events and Eminent Men. set. 34. Elevation of Valentinian, who makes his brother, Valens, emperor of the East, and takes the West himself. Eutropius concludes his history, which he dedicates to Valens. RufusFestus writes his " Breviary." Maximus is fined and tortured. Priscus and the other philosophers are sent to Greece. Theon, math., takes observations at Alexandria, to regulate the calendar. Gaul is harassed by the Allemanni, Britain by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons. Pannonia by the Quadi and Sarmatse, and Thrace by the Goths. Sapor in- vades Armenia. Procopius revolts in the East. A violent earthquake, July 20, followed by a sudden rise of the sea on the coasts of Greece, Syria, and Egypt. Libanius composes his funeral oration on Julian. Procopius is overcome by Valens, and beheaded. Jovinus defeats the Allemanni. On the death of Liberius, Damasus is appointed bishop of Rome, and violently opposed by Ursinus. Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea, writes against Porphyry, and at last deviates into heresy. A Gothic force, marching to assist Procopius, is compelled to surrender. Africa is oppressed by the tyranny of Romanus. -Valentinian raises his son Gratian, set. 9, to be a partner in the empire, with the title of Augustus. Valens crosses the Danube with an army, but finds no ene- mies. Theodosius is sent to provide for the defence of Britain. Perfect religious freedom is allowed by Valentinian. Valens favours the Arians, and is accused of persecuting their opponents. Death of Hilary of Poitiers, set. 80. Eunoius of Csesarea fl. Death of Proaeresius, set. 91 ; his rival, Diophantus, makes his funeral oration. Rando, chief of the Allemanni, surprises and plunders Moguntiacum(Mentz),butis soon repulsed by Valentinian, who crosses the Rhine and defeats him at Soli- cinium. Valens is inactive on the Danube. Theodosius waits at Rutupise (Rich- borough) for reinforcements, and on their arrival advances to London. Nice overthrown by an earthquake, Oct. 11. Hermanric, the Gothic chieftain, resigns his power to Athanaric, who concludes a treaty of peace with Valens. Valentinian strengthens the fortifications along the Rhine. Theodosius, having put down a revolt in Britain, and secured the province against invasion, returns to Gaul. Gregory of Nazianzus writes his epitaphs on his brother and sister. Chrysostom is taught by Libanius. The Saxons infest the coast of Gaul, and are driven back to their ships by Severus. Valentinian hires Burgundian mercenaries, who are employed under Theodosius to repel the Allemanni. Arinthaeus is sent into Armenia to oppose the Persians. Maximinus, corn-prsefect at Rome, excites great commotion by his cruelties. Valentinian issues an edict, to be read in all churches, July 29, prohibiting the arts practised by ecclesiastics to obtain wealth. Gregory Nazian. writes against the pride and luxury of the hierarchy. Damasus, bishop of Rome, is distin- guished for his ostentation and arrogance. On the death of Eudoxius, Demophi- lus, an Arian, and Evagrius, a Nicenian, contend for the bishopric of Constanti- nople. Basilius, bishop of Csesarea, Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari. Phrygia and Cappadocia visited by a severe famine. The poet Ausonius is preceptor of Gratian. Sapor is kept in check by Count Trajan ; Vadomar, the former Allemannic chief- tain (see a.d. 360), serves under him as a Roman general. Valentinian, attended by Theodosius and Severus, penetrates into Germany as far as Mattiacse Aquse (Wisbaden). Optatus Milevitanus fl. Martin, bishop of Tours. Rufinus, the diligent translator of Greek writers, leaves Aquileia for the East. Birth of Suc- coth, afterwards Saint Patrick. Cruelty of Valens at Antioch, under the pretence of suppressing magic. The phi- losopher Maximus put to death, with Theodoras and many others, and their writings destroyed. Revolt of Firmus in Africa ; Theodosius is sent against him. Eunomius writes in defence of his doctrines. Basilius, Gregory Nanz., and Gre- gory of Nyssa reply to him. Theodosius compels Firmus to seek refuge among the wild Moors. Death of Atha- nasius, May 2. Peter II., chosen as his successor, is opposed by Lucius, whom Valens nominates. Death of Faustinus, bishop of Iconium; Amphilochius is recommended as his successor, by Basilius. Ulphilas, bishop among the Goths in Mcasia, translates the Scriptures into their language. 204 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 374 375 376 377 378 379 381 Olym, 288.2 3 L.U.C. 290.1 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 Fl. Valens Aug. V. I 2 Fl. Valentinian. J unior. ' Aug. Fl. Gratianus Aug. IV. Merobaudes. Fl. Valens Aug. VI. Fl. Valentinian Aug. II. Consuls of Rome. Roman Empe- EORS. Fl. Gratianus Aug. III. 11 Valentinian Equitius. Valens. 11 Post. Cons. Grat III. et Equit. 1 Gratian and Valentinian II. Sassanides OP Persta. 66 Sapor II. 67 D. Magnus Ausonius. Q. Clodius Hermogenes Olybrius. Theodosius. 1 Fl. Gratianus Aug. V. ' 6 2 Fl. Theodosius Aug. , Fl. Eucherius. Fl. Syagrius. Antonius. Syagrius. Merobaudes II. Saturninus. . Ardisheer II., or Ar- taxer. Bishops of Rome. 9 Damasus. 10 15 1 Valentinian II. alone. Theodosius 5 1 Sapor III. 18 374 TO 383 A.D. 205 Repe- tition Dates. Events and Eminent Men. 374 375 376 377 378 379 The Quadi and Sarmatee ravage Illyrieum, and are repelled by Theodosius the Younger. Para, prince of Armenia, is murdered by order of Valens. Firmus, pursued in the desert, kills himself to avoid being surrendered by the Moors Valentinian attacks the Quadi in their own lands, and imposes on them terms of peace. After this expedition, he dies in his camp at Bergetio, Nov. 17, set. 55. He is succeeded in the empire of the West by Gratian, who associates with him his younger brother, Valentinian II. Ambassadors are sent to treat with Sapor. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, and Gregory of Nyssa. The Visigoths, pressed by the Huns, are allowed by Valens to settle on the southern bank of the Danube. The Ostrogoths force a passage for themselves and join their countrymen. Athanaric resigns the command to Fritigern. The elder Theodosius, unjustly condemned by Gratian, is beheaded at Carthage. His son retires from the public service, to his estates in Spain. An imperial edict for- bids heretics to have churches. Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus, writes against the Manichseans. Hilarius, bishop of Jerusalem. The Goths, oppressed and famished by the officers of Valens, plunder the Roman provinces, to obtain food and defeat the forces sent to restrain them. Gratian accords to the clergy more extensive immunities. On the death of Peter, his brother, Timothy I., is the twenty-fourth bishop of Alexandria. The Allemanni renew their incursions in Gaul, are defeated by Gratian at Argen- taria (Colmar), and compelled to make peace. Valens takes the field against the Goths, is defeated by them at Hadrianople, and falls in battle, Aug. 9, set. 50 ; the conquerors are masters of the whole country to the gates of Con- stantinople. Massacre of the Gothic hostages in Asia. The History of Ammi- anus Marcellinus and Chronicle of Jerome terminate here. Greek philosophy is decried by the church. Disputes begin about the writings of Origen, which the orthodox condemn as heretical. Meletius, who had been supplanted at Antioch by Dorotheus, is reinstated. Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, fl. Theodosius is called from his retirement in Spain, and appointed emperor of the East; by his prudent measures he checks the ravages of the Goths; the Longo- bardi appear for the first time on the frontiers of the empire. Death of Sapor II. king of Persia. Ausonius is prefect of Gaul, and consul. Congratulatory oration of Themistius addressed to Theodosius. The chronicles of Idatius and Mar- cellinus begin here. Gregory Naz. preaches the Nicene faith at Constantinople; he is deceived by the cynic philosopher, Maximus,who attempts to make himself bishop there. Theodosius, taken ill at Thessalonica, is baptized by Acholius, bishop of the place ; he proceeds, after this, against the Goths, whom he reduces to obe- dience ; he opposes the Arians : banishes Demophilus, bishop of CP., and appoints Gregory in his place. Death of Basilius of Csesarea. A council held at Antioch to depose all Arian bishops, and another at Caesar-Augusta (Sarra- gossa) to condemn the doctrines of Priscillian, against whom and his adherents Gratian pronounces a sentence of banishment. Pappus, geog. fl. Athanaric, former chieftain of the Goths, visits Theodosius at CP. Jan. 11, and dies there on the 25th. General Council of CP. a scene of turbulence and am- bitious strife. Gregory Naz. disgusted by the conduct of his brethren, and un- willing to co-operate in their projects, resigns his dignity and retires into Cappadocia ; Nectarius is appointed in his place. Death of Meletius, who is succeeded by Flavianus, thirty-sixth bishop of Antioch. Cyril for the fourth time is reinstated at Jerusalem. Gelasius succeeds Euzoius at Caesarea. A synod held at Aquileia by Ambrose of Milan against Palladius and Secundianus. Chrysostom ordained deacon at Antioch. The Visigoths, settled by treaty in Thrace, choose Alaric for their leader. The Ostrogoths are planted in Phrygia and Lydia. Ausonius concludes his Fasti. Gratian removes the altar of Victory from the senate-house. Jerome at Rome, the secretary and eulogist of Damasus ; he writes against Helvidius. Theodosius gives the title of Augustus to his son Arcadius, set. 6. Rebellion of Maximus in Britain ; on his landing in Gaul, he is joined by the legions stationed there. Gratian takes refuge in Lyons, where he is murdered by Andragathius, 20fi FROM THE YEAE A.D. OlAM. A.U.C. Consuls op Rome. Roman Emperors. Sassani- DES OF Persia. Bishops off Rous. Valentinian II. Theodosius. Sapor III. Damasus. 1 ! 384 290.4 1137 Richomeres. Clearchus. 2 6 2 19 385 291.1 1138 PI. Arcadius Aug. Bauto. 3 7 8 386 2 1139 Fl. Honorius Theodos. f. Euodius. 4 8 4 1 Siricius., 387 3 1140 Fl.Valentmian. Aug. III. Eutropius, 5 9 5 2 388 4 1141 Fl. Theodosius Aug. II. Cynegius. 6 10 lVararam or Vara- nes IV. 3 389 390 292.1 2 1142 1143 Fl. Timasius. FL Proruotus. Fl. Valentinian. Aug. IV. Neoterius. 7 8 11 — 12 2 3 4 5 3S1 3 1144 Tatianus. Qu. Aurelius Symmachus. 9 13 4 6 392 4 1145 FL Arcadius Aug. II. Rufinus. Usurpa- tion of Eugenius. 14 5 7 *393 293.1 1146 Fl. Theodosius Aug. III. Abundantius. 15 6 8 394 2 1147 Fl. Arcadius Aug. Ill, Fl. Honorius Aug, II. 16 7 9 Western Empire. Eastern Empire. 395 3 1148 Sex. Anicius Hermogeni- anus Olybrius. Sex. Anicius Probinus. 1 Hono- rius. 1 Arca- dius. 8 10 j 1 384 TO 395 A.D. 207 390 Aug. 25, set. 25. Theodosius by treaty gives up to Maximus the provinces beyond the Alps. Valentinian IT. and his mother Justina govern at Rome. Death of Artaxer, king of Persia. Augustine, set. 29, visits Rome. Amphi- lochius, bishop of Iconium, presides at the synod of Side in Pamphyha, against the Messalians. The peace with Persia prolonged by a treaty with the new king, Sapor III. Birth of Honorius. Symmachus, prefect of Rome, pleads for the altar of Victory to be replaced in the senate-house ; Ambrose of Milan successfully resists the application ; Themistius holds the same office at CP. Death of Damasus, the ostentatious bishop of Rome, Dec. 10. Death of Agelius, forty years pastor of the Novatian church at CP. Priscillian and his followers, condemned by the synod of Bordeaux, appeal to Maximus, by whose orders they are beheaded at Treves. Jerome leaves Rome and retires to Bethlehem. Augustine visits Milan. Ambrose refuses to allow the empress Justina one church for Arian worship at Milan. Theophilus^ twenty-fifth bishop of Alexandria. Stilicho begins to distinguish himself in the service of Theodosius. A. Gothic tribe, miscalled Gruthungi, defeated by Theodosius on the Danube. Gildo, the brother of Firmus, oppresses Africa. Jerome visits Egypt. Chry- sostom is ordained a presbyter. Augustine writes " De beata vita." The long contests of rival bishops produce violent tumults at Antioch, where the statues of Theodosius are thrown down ; his anger is appeased by the repent- ance of the people, who are made sensible of their error by the preaching of Chrysostom. Maximus invades Italy. Flight of Valentinian II. with his mother and his sister, Galla, to'Thessalonica. Theodosius meets them, marries Galla, and prepares war against Maximus. Defeat and death of Maximus. Theodosius visits Milan ; Ambrose prevails upon him to rescind the order for rebuilding the Jews' synagogue at Callinicum. Violent proceedings of the Arians of CP. against Nectarius. Palladius be- comes amonk. Death of Sapor III. of Persia. Death of Cyril, bishop of Je- rusalem, set. 71 ; John I. succeeds him. Theodosius visits Rome; he orders heathen temples to be destroyed, which is zealously performed in Gaul, by Martin of Tours. Sedition at Thessalonica and massacre of its inhabitants. Penance enjoined on Theodosius at Milan by Ambrose. Theophilus instigates the plunder and destruction of the Serapseum at Alexandria and its valuable library. Death ot Gregory Naz. set- 90, of Libanius and of Ammianus Marcellinus. Monachism is encouraged by Jerome, Ambrose and Martin of Tours, and spreads widely. Theodosius returns to CP. leaving Arbogastes to assist in the defence of the. West ; he issues more stringent edicts against heathenism. Tichonius writes a History of the Civil Wars. Valentinian is killed at Vienne, in Gaul, May 15, set. 21, by Arbogastes, who sets up Eugenius as emperor. Rufinus, prat. pref. in the East, by his arts procures the exile of Tatianus and the death of Proculus. Jerome publishes his Cata- logue of Illustrious Men. Patricius (St Patrick) passes four years with Martin of Tours, and is ordained by him. Servius Honoratus, Comment. Virgil, fl. Theodosius prepares to attack Eugenius. Alaric is engaged to assist him with a. Gothic force. Jerome writes against Jovinian. His book De Vir. 111. is trans- lated into Greek by Sophronius. Jovinian is scourged and banished. Paulinus- the friend of Ausonius, retires from the world and embraces an ecclesiastic life. Defeat and death of Eugenius and Arbogastes, Sept. 6. Death of the empress Galla. Council t)f Constantinople, to decide the claims of Agapius and Baga- dius to the bishopric of Bostra. Theotimus, bishop of Tomi, vindicates Origen. Theodorus, bishop of Mopsuesta, fl. Death of Ausonius. Death of Theodosius at Milan, Jan. 17, set. 50. Honorius, set. 11, succeeds to the Western empire, with Stilicho as his guardian, and Arcadius, set. 18, to the East- ern, with Rufinus, prime minister. Marriage of Arcadius to Eudocia, daughter of the Frank, Bauto. Faii and death of Rufinus, and rise of Eutropius. The 208 FROM THE YEAH A.D. Olym. 396 397 402 404 405 406 .4 1149 294.1 1150 2 1151 3 1152 4 1153 295.1 1154 2 1155 3 1156 4 1157 296.1 1158 2 1159 Consuls of Rome. Western Empire. Eastern Empire. Fl. Arcadius Aug. IV. FL Honorius Aug. III. Csesarius. Atticus. Fl. Honorius Aug. IV. Eutychianus. Fl. Mallius Theodonis. j 5 Eutropius. Fl. Stilicho. Aurelianus. Vincentius. Fravitta. Fl. Arcadius Aug. V. Fl. Honorius Aug. V. Fl. Theodosius Aug. Fl. Kunioridus. Fl. Honorius Aug. VI. Aristaenetus. Fl. Stilicho II. Anthemius. Fl. Arcadius Aug. VI. Anicius Probus. Honorius. Arcadius. 2 10 Sassani- des of Persia. Vararam or Vara- nes IV. 10 1 Yezde- jerd I. Bishops of Kome. Siricius. 4 1 Anas- tasius I 1 Inno- cent I. TO 408 A.D. 209 Eepe-\\ tition i j Dates. \\ Events and Eminent Men. 400 401 402 404 405 406 Visigoths, under Marie, plunder Thessaly. Claudian addi'esses his first poem to the consuls of this year. Death of Priscus, set. 90. Eunapius writes the Life of Maximus. Augustine ordained bishop of Hippo Regius. Socrates, hist, j eoc. fl. Violent edLts, dated CP. March 13 and 29, against heretics, especially! Enr.omians, who are forbidden to appoint bishops, and declared incapable of j making wills or inheriting property. Simeon Stylites begins his penance. I Jealousy begins between the two empires. The Eastern is oppressed by the ava- j rice of Eutropius. Abundantius and Timasius are banished. Alaric invades Greece and takes Athens. Stilicho marches against him. Claudian publishes! his poem against Rufinus. Orosius begins to be known. .llaric, overpowered by Stilicho, retires into Epirus. Revolt of Gildo in Africa; he stops the supply of corn, and causes a famine in Rome. Death of Martin of Tours, set. 81, and of Ambrose of Milan, who is succeeded by Simplicianus. Sym- machus represents to Stilicho the. distress of Rome. Gildo is defeated by his brother Mascezel. Alaric is appointed master-general of Eastern Illyricum. Marriage of Honorius to Stilicho's daughter Maria Fes- cennina. Claudian's Epithalamium and Gildonic war. Death of Nectarius ; Chrysostom, bishop of CP. Macrobius fi. The title of king given to Alaric. The Ostrogoths, under Tribigild, revolt, and ravage Phrygia. Fall of Eutropius ; he is saved by Chrysostom from the fury of the people, and banished to Cyprus. Mission of Synesius to CP.. Stilicho sends additional forces into Britain, and fortifies the coast against the Saxons. Birth of Pulcheria, daughter of Arcadius. Death of Varanes IV., king of Persia. Severianus, bishop of Gabala, fl. Chry- sostom's discourse on the games of the circus and theatre. Gainas, sent with an army against Tribigild, rebels, and is overcome by Fravitta. Alaric enters the north-eastern part of Italy. Chrysostom inveighs against the! vices of the court and the church. Sulpicius Severus writes his Hist. Ecc. As- terius, bishop of Amasia, and Palladius, of Helenopolis. Gainas slain near the Danube, byUldin, king of the Huns. Birth of Theodosius II., i son of Arcadius. The Origenist controversy grows more violent. Theophilus seeks to expel Chrysostom from CP, Troilus, soph. fl. Alaric advances in Italy with increased forces, and Stilicho prepares to resist him. Rufinus (see a. 372) returns to Aquileia, am admirer and defender of Origen. Je-i rome writes vehemently against him, and he is summoned to answer for his I heresies at Rome, but refuses to attend. Jerome supports Theophilus in his vio-j lent measures. The "sun eclipsed, Nov. 11. Honorius, on the approach of Alaric, flies from Milan. Battle of Pollentia, March | 29. The Romans claim the victory ; but Alaric advances towards Rome. He is | driven back by Stilicho, and defeated near Verona. He retires from Italy. In- trigues against Chrysostom. The empress Eudocia favours his enemies. Synod of the Oak at Chalcedon (now Scutari). Chrysostom banished by the arts of Theo- philus, and recalled through fear of a popular tumult. Claudian celebrates the Gothic war, and Prudentius writes against Symmachus. Death of Epiphanius. Synod of Carthage to oppose the Donatists. Paulinus, bishop of Nola. Triumph of Honorius and Stilicho at Rome. Combats of gladiators exhibited for the last time. The imperial residence fixed at Ravenna. Pamphylia and Cilicia ravaged by the Isaurians. Chrysostom, again banished by another synod, finally leaves CP. June 20, and his place is taken by Arsacius. He reaches Cucusus, the place of his exile, in Sept. Death of the empress Eudocia, Oct. 6. Euna- pius ends his History. Jerome writes his Elegy on Paulla, and Prudentius his miscellaneous poems. Porphyrins, thirty-seventh bishop of Antioch. Radagaisus collects a mixed multitude of adventurers and invades Italy. He be- sieges Florence, where he is defeated and slain by Stilicho. Another synod at Carthage to oppress the Donatists. The Vandals, Burgundians, and Suevi, foree a passage over the Rhine, and esta- blish themselves in Gaul. Chrysostom is removed to Arabissus, where he is] exposed to the inroads of the Isaurians. Vigilantius, a presbyter of Barcelona, condemns celibacy, the worship of relics, &c. ; for which Jerome attacks him in' a furious epistle, saying that he ought to be put to death. Atticus succeeds | Arsacing as bishop of CP. j 210 FROM THE YEAR A.O. Oltm. A..U.C. Consuls of Rome. Western Empire. Eastern Empire. Sassani- DES OF Persia. BiSHOPfl OF JROMB. 407 296.3 1160 Fl. Honorius Aug. VII. L3 Hono- L3 Arca- 9 Yesde- 6 Inno- Fl. Theodosius Aug. II. rius. dius. jerd I. cent I. 408 4 1161 Bassus. Philippus. 14 1 Theodo- sius II. L0 7 409 297.1 1162 Fl. Honorius Aug. VIII. Fl. Theodosius Aug. III. 15 2 — tl 8 410 2 1163 Fl. Varanes. Tertullus. 16 3 12 9 - — 411 3 1164 Fl. Theodosius Aug. IV. solus. 17 4 13 -4— 10 — 412 4 1165 Fl. Honorius Aug. IX. Fl. Theodosius Aug. V. 18 5 14 11 . 413 298.1 1166 Lucius, solus. 19 6 15 12 414 2 1167 Fl. Constantius. Fl. Constans. 20 7 16 13 415 3 1168 Fl. Honorius Aug. X. Fl. Theodosius Aug. VI. 21 8 17 14 — 416 4 1169 Fl. Theodosius Aug. VII. Junius QuartusPalladius. 22 9 18 15 417 299.1 1170 Fl. Honorius Aug. XI. Fl. Constantius II. 23 10 19 1 Zosi- mus. 418 2 1171 Fl. Honorius Aug. XII. Fl. Theodosius Aug.VIII. 24 11 20 1 Boni- face I. 419 3 1172 Monaxius. Plinta. 25 12 21 2 420 4 1173 Fl. Theodosius Aug. IX. Fl. Constantius III. 26 13 1 Varanes or Vara- 3 421 300.1 1174 Eustathius. Agricola. 27 Constan- tius 1 14 ram V. 4 422 2 1175 Fl. Honorius Aug. XIII. Fl. Theodosius Aug. X. 28 15 3 1 Cseles- tinus. 423 3 1176 Asclepiodotus. Marinianus. 1 Usurpa- tion of 16 4 2 424 4 1177 Castinus. Victor. John. 17 5 3 425 301.1 117S Fl. Theodosius Aug. XI. Fl. Placidius Valentinia- 1 Valen- tinianlll 18 D — — 4 nus Caes. 426 j 2 1179 Fl. Theod. Aug. XII. Fl. Placid. Valent. Aug. II. Hierius. 2 19 7 5 427 3 11S0 3 20 8 6 Ardahurius. 428 4 1181 Felix. Taurus. 4 21 9 7 f , -■ 407 TO 428 A.D. 211 Repe- tition Dates. Visigoths in Italy. Vandals. SUEVI. BURGUNDIAN3. r RlPU ASIAN FHANK3. Huns. 407 25 Alaric. 2 Gunderic. 408 26 3 1 Herman- 409 27 - — In Spain. 4 ric. In Spain. 2 410 1 Adolphus. 5 3 411 2 6 4 412 413 414 In Gaul. 3 4 In Spain. 5 7 8 ■ 9 , 5 6 — - 7 In Alsace and Lorraine. 1 Gundicar. 2 On the Lower Rhine. Sup- posed era of Pharamond. 415 416 1 Sigeric, seven days. 1 Wallia, 2 10 11 — 8 • 9 3 4 _ | 417 418 3 In Aqui- taine. 4 12 13 10 11 5 6 419 1 Theodo- ric I. 14 12 7 420 2 15 13 8 421 422 423 424 3 4 5 6 16 17 18 19 ■ 14 15 16 17 9 . 10 11 12 The monarchy of the Mero- vingian race begins about this time. Roas, or Ru- gilas, occu- pies the banks of the Danube. 425 7 20 18 13 j 426 8 21 19 14 1 427 i 1 42S 9 10 22 1 Genseric. In Africa. 20 21 15 16 1 Clodion. Mundzuk, brother of Rugilas, and father of At- tila and Ele- da. p 2 212 FROM THE TEAR A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 408 413 414 115 The Gothic trihes disperse themselves unresisted over Gaul. The legions in Bri- tain choose Marcus and then Gratian for emperor. These are both killed, and Constantine appointed, who is acknowledged in Britain and in those parts of Gaul which are not occupied by the invaders from Germany. Chrysostom, un- broken by three years of exile, is ordered by his persecutors to be removed to Pityus ; he dies on the journey, near Comana, Sept. 14, set. 53. Olympiodorus commences his History. Idatius, in his youth, notices events afterwards recorded in his Chronicle. Death of Dorotheus, the deposed Arian bishop of Antioch (see a.d. 378), and of the Novatian, Sisinnius. Hypatia and her husband, Isidorus, teach philosophy at Alexandria. Ddath of Arcadius, May 1, set. 31. Accession of his son, Theodosius II., set. 7, in whose name Anthemius administers the affairs of the East, with, great ability. On the death of Maria, Honorius is married to her sister, Thennantia, but soon afterwards divorced. Alaric having recruited his forces, Stilicho negotiates ami- cably with him, is accused of treason and put to death, at Ravenna, through the intrigues of Olympius. His son, Eucherius, also is slain. After this event, Ala- ric penetrates into Italy, and besieges Rome. Constantine sends his son, Constans, to reduce Spain, who overcomes there the uncles of Honorius. Claudian is dis- missed from his offices, and dies soon afterwards. Alaric receives a large ransom from the citizens of Rome, and withdraws into Tus- cany. Deceived in his negotiations with Honorius, he again lays siege to Rome, and takes possession of Ostia. The city is once more spared, on condition of ac- cepting Attalus as emperor. Gerontius revolts in Spain, and proclaims Maximus ; he advances into Gaul to attack Constantine. The passes of the Pyrenees being left unguarded, the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, enter Spain ; they first acknowledge Maximus, then give him up to the Romans, and establish kingdoms for them- selves. Honorius, unable to protect Britain and Armorica, recognizes their in- dependence. Pelagius teaches ; Cselestius is his disciple. Alaric deposes Attalus. Unable to make any impression on Ravenna, he, after a third siege, takes Rome, Aug. 24, plunders it for five days, and on the 29th, marches for the south of Italy. Before the end of the year he dies, near Consentia, and is succeeded by Adolphus. Paulinus, bishop of Nola. Synesius unwillingly ac- cepts the same dignity at Ptolemais, in the Pentapolis, a district of Cyrene. Placidia, sister of Honorius, is carried from Rome, a captive, by the Goths. Zo- simus ends his History. Gerontius makes Constans prisoner, and kills him; he besieges Constantine in Aries, where he is put to flight by Constantius, general of Honorius, and after being deserted by his soldiers, he stabs himself. Constantine surrenders to Constantius, is sent to Ravenna, and beheaded. Jovinus revolts at Mentz. An- dronicus excommunicated by Synesius, for his oppressive government in Africa ; he is recalled and punished. Conference between Catholics and Donatists at Carthage, after which more severe laws are enacted against the latter. Augus- tin begins to write " De Civitate Dei." Jovinus makes his brother Sebastian his colleague. Adolphus leaves Italy, and fixes himself in the south of Gaul. Cyril succeeds Theophilus, as bishop of Alexandria. Jerome's Elegy on Marcella. Olympiodorus is sent ambassador to the Huns. Aunianus and Panodorus, chronog. fl. Heraclian rebels in Africa, is conquered and slain. Adolphus overcomes Jovinus and Sebastian, and sends their heads to Honorius. Julian, bishop of Capua, em- braces and writes in defence of the doctrines of Pelagius. Alexander, thirty-eighth bishop of Antioch. Marriage of Adolphus and Placidia. He founds the kingdom of the Goths in Spain. Pulcheria is declared Augusta, and governs the East, in the name of her brother, Theodosius. Adolphus assassinated at Barcelona, by Sigeric, who usurps the throne, but is killed seven days afterwards, and Wallia chosen king by the Goths. Brutal murder of Hypatia at Alexandria ; connivance of Cyril. The doctrines of Pela- gius cause great excitement ; they are discussed in the synods of Jerusalem and Diospolis. Augustin, Jerome, and Orosius, write against them. Death of Ma- crobius. The Hist. Ecc. of Sozomen concludes. 407 TO 428 A.D. 213 417 418 419 420 422 423 425 427 428 Events and khinent men. Treaty between Wallia and Honorius. Placidia is restored to her brother, and Attalus sent prisoner to Ravenna; he is banished to Lipari. The "Itinera- rium " of Rutilius Numantianus written. Pelagius visits Palestine ; he is con- demned by the synods of Carthage and Milevium. Prayllus, bishop of Jeru- salem. Marriage of Constantius and Placidia. Triumph of Honorius at Rome. Wallia attacks the Alani and Suevi, in Spain. Orosius ends his History. Wallia relinquishes part of his conquests in Spain to Honorius, and receives the province of Aquitaine in Gaul. Honorius attempts to convene an annual assem bly of the seven provinces in Gaul. Repeated synods at Carthage, against Pelagius and Cselestius; their followers are expelled from Rome. The sun eclipsed, July 19. Death of Wallia. Theodoric I. succeeds as king of the Visigoths. The Vandals prevail over the Alani and Suevi, in Spain. Birth of Valentinian III. son of Constantius and Placidia. Death of Chrysanthus, the Novatian. The persecution of Christians in Persia leads to a war between the new king, Varanes, and the Eastern empire; Ardaburius commands the Roman army. Asterius drives the Vandals out of Gallicia, into the south of Spain. Treves pillaged by the Franks. The Burgundians rule peacefully and mildly in their part of Gaul. Palladius writes his " Historia Lausiaca." Death of Jerome, Sept. 30, set. 90. Theodotus, thirty-ninth bishop of Antioch. Constantius, joint emperor with Honorius, dies seven months afterwards. Marriage of Theodosius II. to Athenais. daughter of the philosopher Leontius ; she takes the name of Eudoxia at her baptism. Ardaburius defeats the Persian general, Narses. Peace concluded with Persia. Castinus and Bonifacius quarrel in Spain ; the latter passes into Africa ; the former is defeated by the Vandals, who become a formid- able power. Incursions of the Huns in Thrace. Honorius dismisses Placidia and her two children, who take refuge at Constanti- nople. He dies Aug. 15, 83t. 39. His secretary, John Primicerius, usurps the throne, and is supported by Castinus and Aetius. Eudoxia, after giving birth to a daughter, is proclaimed Augusta. Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus. Ardaburius and his son, Aspar, are sent by Theodosius with an army against the western usurper, Aetius engages a large body of Huns to support him. Before the arrival of Aetius with his auxiliaries, Aspar takes Ravenna; John is made prisoner and beheaded. The young Valentinian is proclaimed Emperor, and his mother Regent. Aetius enters into their service, and the Huns return to their cantonments. The empress Eudoxia cultivates literature, writes poeti- cal paraphrases of Scripture, and other works of no great merit ; but at her insti- gation, Theodosius issues edicts, Feb. 27, for the encouragement of learning, and bestows dignities and rewards on professors. Olympiodorus and Philostorgius conclude their Histories. Juvenalis, bishop of Jerusalem. A synod at Carthage forbids appeals to the bishop of Rome. The revenues of the church are become very large. Aries, besieged by Theodoric, is relieved by Aetius. The Vandals occupy the south of Spain and the Balearic islands. Sisinnius is appointed bishop of Constanti- nople, on the death of Atticus, in preference to Philippus of Side, his rival. Augustin, aat. 72, names Eradius as his coadjutor and successor. Rivalry of Bonifacius and Aetius. The former, recalled from Africa, is secretly induced by the latter to remain there and defy the imperial orders. He defeats the commanders sent to compel him to obedience. Pannonia, after having been fifty years occupied by the Huns, is recovered by the generals of Theodosius. Idatius, bishop of Lemica, or Gallicia. Clodion, king of the Franks, is defeated by Aetius, and driven out of the territories on "which he had encroached. Genseric, king of the Vandals, succeeds Gunderic. He is invited by Bonifacius into Africa. Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, founds the sect of Nestorians. Augustin completes his work " De Civitate Dei." (See a. 411.) 214 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Oltm. AUC Consuls of Rome. Western Empire. Eastern Empire. Sassani- DES OF Persia. Bishops of Rome. 429 302.1 1182 Florentius. 5 Valenti- 22 Theodo- 10 Varanes 8 Cseles- Dionysius. nian III. sius II. or Vara- ram V. tinus. 430 2 1183 Fl. Theod. Aug. XIII. Fl. Placid. Valent. Aug. III. 6 23 11 9 431 3 1184 Bassus. Autiochus. 7 24 12 10 432 4 1185 Aetius. Valerius. 8 25 13 p 1 Sixtus III. 433 303.1 1186 Fl. Theod. Aug. XIV. Petronius Maximus. 9 26 14 2 434 2 U87 Areobinda. Aspar. Fl. Theod. Aug. XV. 10 27 15 3 435 3 1188 11 28 16 4 Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. IV. 436 4 1189 Fl. Anthemius Isidorus. Senator. 12 29 17 5 437 304.1 1190 Aetius II. Sigisvultus. 13 30 18 6 — — 438 2 1191 Fl. Theod. Aug. XVI. Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus. 14 31 19 4 - 439 3 1192 Fl. Theod. Aug. XVII. Festus. 15 32 20 8 440 4 1193 Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. V. Anatolius. 16 33 1 Yesde- jerd II. ILeoI. 441 305.1 1194 Cyrus Panopolites, solus. 17 34 2 2 442 2 1195 Eudoxius. Dioscorus. 18 ■ 35 3 3 443 3 1196 Maximus II. Pate ri us. 19 36 4 4 444 4 1197 Fl. Theod. Aug. XVIII. Albinus. 20 37 5 5 445 306.1 1198 Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VI. Nonius. 21 38 6 6 446 2 1199 Aetius III. Qu. Aurelius Symmachus. 22 39 ■ 7 7 ] 1 447 3 1200 Callepius. Ardabures. 23 40 8 8 I 448 4 1201 Rufus Prsetextatus Pos- tumianus. Fl. Zeno. 24 41 9 9 449 307.1 1202 Asturius. Fl. Protogenes. 25 42 10 10 450 2 1203 Fl. Placid. Val. Aug. VII. Gennadius Avienus. 26 1 Mar- cian. 11 11 451 3 1204 Fl. Marcianus Aug. Fl. Adelphius. 27 2 12 12 429 TO 451 A.D. 215 Repe- tition Dates. Visigoths in Gaul and Spain. Vandals n Africa. r Suevi in Spain. Buroun- DIANS IN Gaul. RlPUA- RIAN Franks. Huns. Britain. 429 11 Theodoric I. 2 Genseric. 22 Herman- ric. 17 Gundi- car. 2 Clodion 430 12 3 23 IS 3 431 13 4 24 19 4 432 14 5 25 20 5 433 15 6 26 21 6 1 Attila 434 16 7 27 22 7 & Bleda. 2 435 17 8 ■ 28 23 8 — 3 — 436 18 9 29 — 1 Gunde- 9 4 437 19 10 30 ric. 2 10 5 438 20 11 1 Rechil. 3 11 6 439 21 — 12 — 2 4 12 7 440 22 13 3 5 13 8 — 441 23 14 4 6 14 9 442 24 15 . 5 7 15 10 443 25 16 6 8 16 11 444 26 17 7 9 17 Death of Bleda. 12 445 27 18 8 10 18 13 446 28 19 9 11 19 14 447 29 20 . 10 12 2C 15 Vortigem. 448 30 21 1 Rechia- rius. 13 1 Mero veus. 16 449 31 22 2 14 2 17 Landing of 450 32 23 — 3 15 3 18 Hengist and Horsa. 451 1 Thoris- 1 mond. 24 4 16 4 19 1 216 FROM THE TEAS A.D. 12s) 430 134 435 437 ;3S 430 Events and Eminent Men. |The Vandals land in Africa, and are joined by some wild Moors. The Donatists I revenge themselves on their persecutors, by assisting the invaders. John I., fortieth bishop of Antioch. Agricola, son of Severian, preaches Pelagianism in Britain. Cselestin sends Germanus of Autisiodorus (Auxerre) to controvert him ' Marius Mercator Avrites against the Pelagians. Death of Theodoras of Mop- I suesta. Theodoret's History ends. |The duplicity of Aetius is made known to Bonifacius ; he returns to his allegiance, and makes unavailing efforts to dislodge the Vandals from Africa. They besiege Hippo Regius. Augustin dies there, in the third month of the siege, Aug. 28, set. 76. Some German bands penetrate into Gaul, as far as Aries, where they ar repulsed by Aetius. Cyril plots the expulsion of Nestorius from CP. Synods of Alexandria and Rome. Bonifacius, reinforced by troops from CP. under Aspar, is defeated by' the Vandals, and leaves Africa. Hippo Regius falls. Idatius is sent to implore the assistance of Aetius, against the Suevi in Gallicia. Turbulent assemblage of bishops at Ephesus, called the third General Council. Nestorius, deposed by the violence of Cyril, retires into a monastery at Antioch. Maximianus is appointed in his place. Death of Plutarchus, a noted teacher at Athens, and of Paulinus, bishop of Nola, June 22. Palladius sent, as bishop, to Scotland. Bonifacius is favourably received at Ravenna. Aetius brings his army from Gaul to attack him. Bonifacius conquers ; but receives a wound, of which he dies in a few days. Aetius takes refuge among the Huns, and protected by them regains his power. Zosimus composes his History. Peace between the Gallicians and Hermanric, king of the Suevi. Death of Rugi- las, chief of the Huns. His nephews, Attila and Bleda, succeed to his power, and dictate terms of peace to the Eastern empire. A destructive fire rages three days in CP. Patricius (St. Patrick) preaches in Ireland. Joannes Cassianus founds monasteries at Marseilles, and teaches Semi-pelagianism. Honoria, sister of Valentinian, sent in disgrace from Ravenna, to do penance at CP. Reconciliation between Cyril and John of Antioch, the friend of Nestorius. Proclus, bishop of CP. Law of Theodosius, Dec. 15, in favour of church property. Vin- cent of Lerins, a Semi-pelagian, writes against other heretics. The greater part of Africa assigned to Genseric by a treaty of peace. The city of Carthage not yet occupied by him. The Burgundians are defeated by Aetius they make peace with him, and are then invaded by the Huns. Sebastian, son- in-law of Bonifacius, is driven into exile by Aetius. Theodosius, who at first favoured Nestorius, is moved by the influence of Pulcheria and the arts of Cyril, to banish him to the Oasis in the desert of Africa, and to issue a violent edict against his followers. Isidore of Pelusium censures the conduct of Cyril. Narbonne, besieged by the Visigoths, is relieved by Littorius. The Burgundians repeat their attacks, and are repulsed by Aetius. An auxiliary force of Huns is employed by Aetius in various conflicts A^ith the Visigoths and Burgundians. Valentinian at CP., marries Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius. Genseric appoints Arian bishops in Africa, and retaliates on the Catholics their own laws, which their writers call a persecution. Proclus, phil. at Athens, composes commentaries on Plato, and many works on astronomy, phi- lology, &c. The Theodosian Code published. The Visigoths continue to encroach on Southern Gaul, and the coasts are infested by pirates from the north. Hermanric, king of the Suevi, in Spain, resigns his power to his son Rechil. Valentinian brings his bride to Ravenna. Ammonius, a Greek poet, celebrates the war of Gainas (see a.d. 400). The remains of Chrysostom are brought from Cornana, and honour- ably deposited in CP. Death of Paullus, the Novatian bishop. Pilgrimage of the Empress Eudoxia to Jerusalem. Paulinus, master of the offices in the East. Battle of Thoulouse. The Romans and Huns defeated by the Visigoths, and Lit- torius slain. A treaty of peace ensues. Carthage taken by Genseric, Oct. 19. Sozomen dedicates his Hist. Ecc. to Theodosius ; the preface not written till four years later. Socrates concludes his Hist. Ecc. Merida taken by Rechil. Hi- lary, bishop of Aries, fl. 429 TO 451 A.D. 217 442 443 444 445 44G 4-18 449 451 Evknts and Eminent Men. Genseric invades Sicily. The exiles and fugitives from Carthage are kindly re- lieved by Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhns ; but the greater part of them, being Arians and other heretics, are refused hospitality at Rome, by the order of Leo, the newly-elected bishop. Salvianus of Marseilles in his writings exposes the avarice of the priesthood, and degeneracy of the age. Death of Varanes V. of Persia. Sebastian seeks an asylum among the Vandals in Africa. Theodosius sends a fleet and army against the Vandals without success. An in- vasion of the Persians checked by Aspar and Anatolius. The Huns take Singi- dunum (Belgrade) and Naissus. Death of Hermanric. Cassiodorus {proavus) defends Sicily against Genseric. The forces sent against the Vandals are recalled to defend Thrace from the Huns. Valentinian, by a treaty of peace, cedes Africa to Genseric. A comet is seen. Domnus II., forty-first bishop of Antioch. Merobaudes, soldier and poet, succeeds his father-in-law, Asturius, in the command of the Roman troops in Spain. He writes a panegyric on Aetius, and other poems (lately discovered by Niebuhr in the monastery of St. Gall). Valentinian issues an edict, Dec. 23, for observing and preparing correct copies of the Theo- dosian code. Leo detects the Manichseans in Rome, and burns their books. Retirement of Eudoxia to Jerusalem. Panlinus beheaded. Cyrus, dismissed from his office of prsetorian prefect, becomes bishop of Cotyaeius, in Phryi " Sebastian takes refuge among the Visigoths. Attila murders Bleda, and rules alone over the Huns. Death of Cyril; he is succeeded at Alexandria by Dios- corus. Circus-factions at CP. slaughter each other. The Vandals, with their fleet, ravage the coast of Gallicia. Sebastian, driven from Barcelona, joins them. Victor be- gins his Chronicle. The Romans, under Vitus, defeated by the Suevi in Spain. CP. devastated by fire, pestilence, and famine. The Britons apply in vain to Aetius, in his third con- sulship, for assistance against the Scots and Picts. Leo assumes a tone of high authority, and asserts the supremacy of the Roman pontiff over all other bishops, Theodosius suspends the ravages of the Huns, by a most humiliating treaty of peace. The miseries of CP. aggravated by an earthquake, which throws down a part of the wall and towers. Eutyches publishes his heresy. Elavianus bishop of CP. The sun eclipsed, Dec. 24. Embassies between Theodosius and Attila. Priscus accompanies Maximin on one of these, and relates the proceedings in his History, Rechiarius, the young king of the Spanish Suevi, marries the daughter of Theodoric ; on his return, he plunders Saragossa and Lerida. Synod of CP. against Eutyches. The Vandal fleets assail Sicily and the coast of Italy. Plot to murder Attila, atoned for by a heavy tribute. The Saxons assist the Bri- tons to repel the Scots and Picts. Eutyches formally condemned by a council at CP. The " Robber-Synod " held at Ephesus. Violent measures of Dioscorus.' Domnus II. is set aside, and replaced by Maximus II., forty-second bishop of An- tioch. Flavian of CP. is deposed and banished. Anatolius succeeds him. Theo- doret of Cyrrhus, Eusebius of Dorylseum, and other bishops are also deposed. Death of Hilary, bishop of Aries. A synod at Rome reverses the acts at Ephesus. Death of Theodosius, July 28, set. 50. By a nominal marriage, his sister Pulcheria raises Marcian to the throne. Attila demands the princess Honoria in marriage (see a.d. 434), and determines to support the claim made by a brother of Mero- veus to the throne of the Franks. Cassiodorus (avus) is sent ambassador to him. Death of the Empress Placidia. Eucherius, bishop of Lyons. Attila invades Gaul, commits great havoc, and besieges Orleans. Aetius pre- pares to oppose him, and forms an alliance with the Visigoths. Battle of Cha- lons (sur Marne) ; Attila defeated. Theodoric slain. Attila retires into Pannonia. Marcian calls the council of Chalcedon, at which the acts of the "Robber-Synod" are annulled. Dioscorus is deposed and banished. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Euse- bius of Dorylseum, and other bishops are restored. 218 FROM THE YEAR Western Eastern Sassani- Bishops a.l\ Olym. A.U.C. Consuls of Rome. Empire. Empire. DES OF Persia. of Rome. 452 307.4 1205 Herculanus. 128 Valen- 3 Mar- 13 Yezde- 13 Leo I. Asporacius. tinianlll. cian. jerd II. 453 308.1 1206 Opilio. Vincomalus. 29 4 14 14 454 2 1207 Aetius IV. Studius. 30 5 15 15 455 3 U08 Fl. Placid. Val.Aug.VIII. Procopius Anthemius. 1 Maxi- mus. lAvitus. 6 16 16 456 4 1209 Joannes. Varanes. (A vitus Aug. sec. Idat. et. Sidon. Apoll.) 2 7 17 17 — 457 309.1 1210 Fl. Constantinus. Rufus. 1 Majo- rian. 1 Leo I. 18 18 458 2 1211 Fl. Leo. Aug. Fl. Jul. Val. Majorianus 2 2 1 Firoze. 19 459 3 1212 Aug. Fl. Ricimeres. Patricius. 3 3 2 . 20 460 4 1213 Magnus. 4 4 3 21 — - 461 310.1 1214 Apollonius. Severinus. Dagalaiphus. 5 lSeverus. 5 4 5 1 Hilarus. 462 2 1215 Fl. Leo Aug. II. 2 6 2 Fl. Libius Severus Aug. 6 463 3 1216 Fl. Csecina Basilius. 3 7 3 Vivianus. 464 4 1217 Fl. Anicius Olybrius. Rusticus. 4 8 7 4 465 311.1 1218 Hermenericus. Basiliscus. Ricimer. 9 8 5 — 466 2 1219 Fl. Leo Aug. III. solus. ' 10 v 6 467 3 1220 Puseus. Joannes. 1 Anthe- mius. 11 10 7 468 4 1221 Fl. Procopius Anthemius Aug. solus. 2 12 11 1 Simpli- cius. 469 312.1 1222 Marcianus. Zeno. 3 13 12 470 2 1223 Severus. Jordanes. 4 14 13 3 471 3 1224 Fl. Leo Aug. IV. Anicius Probianus 5 — 15 14 4 472 4 1225 Festus. Marcianus. 1 Oly- brius. 16 15 5 473 313.1 1226 Fl. Leo Aug. V. solus. lGly- cerius. 17 16 6 474 2 1227 Fl. Leo Junior Aug. solus. 1 Julius Nepos. 1 Leo, junior. 1 Zeno. 17 7 _ 475 3 1228 Fl. Zeno Aug. II. solus. 1 Romu- lus. End of the Western 2 Basilisc. 1 18 8 476 4 1229 Fl. Basiliscus Aug. II. Empire. 3 2 19 9 1 Armatus. L 452 TO 476 A.D. 219 tition 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 Visigoths INGaULAND Spain. 1 Theodo- ric II. 10 11 12 13 14 1 Euric 3 4 ~— Vandals in Africa. 25 Genseric, 49 SUEVI IN Spain. 5 Kechia- rius. 1 Fruma- rius. 2 1 Remis mund. 2 Subject to the Visi- goths. Burgun- DIANS IN Gaul. 17 Gunde- ric. 18 19 20 . 1 Maldra. 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 Chime- ric. 2 3 RlPUA- RIAN Franks. 5Mero- veus. Huns, 20 Attila. 1 Ellac. IDengezic 2 — 1 Chil- deric I, Britain. Kingdom of Kent. lHengist. 220 FROM THE YEAB A.D. iK 453 451 Events and Eminent Men. 459 460 461 462 Having recruited his army, Attila advances into Italy. Siege and destruction of Aquileia, Its inhabitants take refuge in the marshes on the shore of the Ha- driatic, and the foundation of Venice is (erroneously) ascribed to them. Leo, bishop of Rome, and two other ambassadors, by paying a large sum of money, induce Attila to withdraw beyond the Danube. Theodoric II. obtains the Visigothic throne by murdering his brother Thorismund. Proterius succeeds Dioscorus as bishop of Alexandria, Priscus visits Egypt and the Thebais. Death of Pulcheria. Death of Attila. His son, Ellac, who succeeds him, falls in battle against the Ostrogoths ; Dengezic takes the command of the shattered forces of the Huns, and leads them farther northward. Hyperechius of Alex- andria writes on grammar and orthography. Stobseus fl. Leo's influence over Valentinian employed to augment the power of the church, not to correct the emperor's bad passions. Aetius murdered, and his friends slaugh- tered. The wife of the senator, Maximus, violently dishonoured. The kingdom of Kent founded by Hengist. Maximus revenges the disgrace of his wife by assassinating Valentinian, March 16, set. 36, and usurps the throne. At the end of three months he is killed by the people, and Avitus, through the support of the Visigoths, is proclaimed emperor. Rome is taken and plundered by the Vandals. Many captives are carried away to Carthage, where the bishop Deogratias relieves their dis- tress. Birth of Theodoric, son of Theodomir, the Ostrogoth. Battle of Ayles- ford ; Horsa slain. Prosper of Acfuitaine concludes his Chronicle. Avitus sends Count Fronto to negotiate with the Spanish Suevi. Theodoric at- tacks them. Defeat and death of Rechiarius. Ricimer destroys a Vandal fleet near Corsica. He declares against Avitus, who abdicates, and dies soon after- terwards. Some Heruli alarm the northern coast of Spain. Sidonius Apol- linaris, son-in-law of Avitus, celebrates his consulship. Easilius, forty-third bishop of Antioch. Majorian placed on the throne of the West by Ricimer and the senate. Death of Marcian, ast. 65. Leo, the Thracian, made emperor of the East, by the influence of Aspar. Candidus Isaurus begins his History (which is now lost), and Victo- rius Aquitanus, his Canon Paschalis. Victory of Hengist over the Britons, at Crayford. Timotheus II. bishop of Alexandria. Death of Theodoret. The Vandals land in Italy, and are defeated. Majorian prepares a fleet to attack them in Africa. He enacts many salutary laws, for improving the condition of the people and preserving public edifices. Antioch suffers by an earthquake. Sidonius Apoll. addresses his panegyric to Majorian. Gennadius, bishop of CP., Anastasius of Jerusalem, and Acacius, forty-fourth bishop of Antioch. Death of Yezdejerd II. of Persia. Treaty of peace between Majorian and Theodoric. The war against the Suevi continues in Spain. Martyrius, forty-fifth bishop of Antioch. Genseric destroys Majorian's fleet in the harbour of Carthagena. Peace is con- cluded between them. Death of Maldra. His son, Frumarius, invades Gal- licia. Idatius, made prisoner, is released after three months' captivity. Timo- theus III., bishop of Alexandria. Death of Eudoxia, Oct. 30, set. 67. Majorian is assassinated, Aug. 7, by Ricimer, who places Severus ostensibly on the throne, but exercises the imperial power himself. His authority is resisted by Marcellinus in Dalmatia, and ^Egidius in Gaul. Genseric restores Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian III., who had been carried away by him from Rome, A.D. 455, on condition, that a large dowry be given with her daughter Eudocia, to his son Hunneric; her other daughter, Placidia, is married to the senator, Olybrius, of the Auician family. The Vandals ravage the coasts of Italy and Sicily, and make themselves masters of Sardinia. Marcellinus equips a fleet in Dalmatia. The Franks banish Childeric, and make iEgidius for a short time their king. Narbonne taken by the Visigoths. iEgidius defeats the Visigoths, in a battle near Orleans, in which Frederic, the brother of Theodoric, falls. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, is sent as an hostage to Constantinople, where he remains ten years. Moses of Chorene writes his Armenian History. Prosper of Aquitaine still fl. 452 TO 476 A.D. 221 A.D. 464 465 466 4GS Events and Eminent Men. Death of iEgidius. His son, Syagrius, inherits Soissons and a small territory around. Death of Frumarius. His brother, Remismund, unites the Spanish Suevi under his command. The Visigoths occupy the greater part of Ganl. Paris taken by Childeric. Marcellinus arrives in Sicily from Dalmatia, and expels the Vandals. The sun eclipsed, July 20. Death of Severus. Ricimer governs without the title of emperor. A destructive fire at Constantinople, rages six days. Victory of Hengist over the Britons at Wippidsfleet. The emperor Leo prepares an expedition against the Vandals in Africa. Theo- doric II. is murdered by his brother EuriG, who succeeds him as king of the Visigoths, and conquers a large part of Spain. Ricimer solicits Leo to name an emperor of the West. Anthemius is appointed, and his daughter married to Ricimer. His intended religious toleration is pre- vented by Hilary. Earthquakes at Ravenna and Coimbra. The Vandals ravage the Peloponnesus. The two empires unite to attack Genseric. Heraclius leads a large army from Egypt ; Basiliscus commands the sea and land forces that proceed from CP. Marcellinus, who is reconciled to the emperors, assists with a numerous fleet from Dalmatia and Sicily. This formidable expedition totally fails. Miscon- duct of Basiliscus. Marcellinus assassinated. Panegyric of Anthemius, by Sidonius Apollinaris. The Chronicle of Idatius ends. Death of pope Hilary. Euric completes the conquest of Spain. The Suevi remain in Gallicia, but sub- ject to the Visigoths. Dengezic invades the Danubian provinces, where he is defeated and slain ; the Huns cease to be a distinct power. Arvandus, prefect of Gaul, is banished for extortion and treachery. Sidonius Apollinaris becomes bishop of Clermont. Aries and Marseilles taken by Euric. He defeats Riothamar, who had been hired by Anthemius to bring, for the defence of Gaul, 12,000 Bretons from Armorica, generally mistaken for an auxiliary force, from the island of Britain. The pro- gress of Euric is checked in Auvergne by Ecdicius, son of the late emperor Avitus. Aspar and his sons put to death by Leo. Ricimer quarrels with Anthemius, and withdraws to Milan. Epiphanius, bishop of Ticinum (Pavia), attempts to mediate between them. Acacius, bishop of CP., and Julianus forty-sixth of Antioch. Death of Orosius. Walamir, advancing to support Anthemius with a body of Ostrogoths, is defeated and slain by Ricimer, who takes and plunders Rome. Anthemius is killed, July 11th, and the empire transferred to Olybrius, who dies Oct. 23. Death of Rici- mer, Aug. 20. A great eruption of Vesuvius, Nov. 6; the ashes are said to have fallen in CP. Gundibald, Ricimer's nephew, proclaims Glycerius emperor of the West. Leo as- sociates his grandson, Leo the younger, with him in the Eastern empire. Theo- doric, the Ostrogoth, is restored to his nation, but after an education of ten years at CP. is unable to read or write. His uncle, Widimir, invades Italy, and is paid by Glycerius to retire; he joins the Visigoths in Gaul. Malchus begins his History, of which only fragments remain. Leo appoints Julius Nepos, nephew of Marcellinus, to be emperor of the West Glycerius resigns, and is made bishop of Salona. Epiphanius negotiates be- tween Nepos and Euric. Auvergne ceded to the Visigoths ; Ecdicius with- draws. Death of Leo, Feb. 3. His grandson dies in Nov., and Zeno becomes emperor of the East. Nestorianus concludes his Chronology. Orestes transfers the Western empire to his son, Romulus (called in derision Augustnlus), and deposes Nepos. who retires into Dalmatia. Verina, widow of Leo, incites her brother Basiliscus to rebel. Flight of Zeno and his wife Ariadne into Isauria. Gelasius of Cyzicus, bishop of Csesarea, writes his History of the Council of Nice. Odoacer, with a promiscuous army, called Heruli, overthrows theWestern empire,* and makes himself king of Italy. Orestes defeated and slain at Placentia. Romulus is sent into Campania and pensioned. Zeno is besieged in Isauria by troops from C P. under lllus and Trachondas. Peter the Fuller, forty-seventh bishop of Antioch. 222 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. Olym. A.U.C. Consuls op Rome. Eastern Empire. i Kingdom of Italy. Sassani- I>ES OF Persia. Bishops of Rome. 477 314.1 1230 Post Consulatum Bas. II. 4 Zeno. 2 Odoacer 20Firoze. 10 Simpli- et Armati. cius. 478 2 1231 Illus, solus. 5 3 21 11 479 3 1232 Fl. Zeno Aug. III., solus. 6 4 , 22 — - 12 480 4 1233 Basilius, junior, solus. 7 5 , 23 , 13 481 315.1 1234 Placidus, solus. 8 6 . 24 14 482 2 1235 Trocondus. Severinus. 9 7 lPalasch. 15 483 3 1236 Faustus, solus. 10 8 2 1 Felix III. 2 484 4 1237 Theodericus. 11 i 9 3 Venantius. 485 316.1 1238 Qu.Aurelius Symmachus, solus. 12 10 4 3 — 486 2 1239 Decius. Longinus. 13 11 lCabades. 4 : 487 3 1240 Fl. Boethius, solus. !14 12 . 2 5 488 4 1241 Dynamius. Sifidius. 15 13 3 6 489 317.1 1242 Anicius Probinus. Eusebius. 16 14 4 7 490 2 1243 Longinus II. Faustus. 17 15 5 8 491 3 1244 Olybrius, solus. 1 Anasta- 16 6 9 sius I. 492 4 1245 Fl. Anastasius Aug Rufus. 2 17 7 1 Gela- sius I. 493 318.1 1246 Eusebius II. Albinus. 3 — — 1 Theodo- ric. 8 2 494 2 1247 Turcius Rufu3 Apronia- nus Asterius. Prsesidius. 4 2 9 a 495 3 1248 Viator, solus. 5 3 10 4 496 4 1249 I Paulus, solus. i 6 1 4 11 1 Anasta- sius II. 497 319.1 1250 Fl. Anastasius Aug. II. | 7 5 1 Zamas- 2 phes. 498 2 1251 Joannes Scytba. Paullinus. 8 2 1 Sym- macbus. 499 3 1252 Joannes Gibbus (Scytba), solus. 9 *"~ ~ " 7 3 2 500 4 1253 Patricius. Hypatius. 10 ~~~ 8 4 3 501 320.1 1254 Pompeius. Rufus Magnus Faustus Avienus. 11 9 - 1 Cabades restored. 4 502 2 1255 Probus. Faustus Avienus, junior. 12 "" ~~~ 10 2 5 503 3 1256 Dexicrates. Volusianus. 13 "" ~"~ 11 _ 3 6 - — 504 4 1257 Cethegus, solus 14 12 4 7 505 321.1 1258 Sabinianus. 15 13 6 8 Theodoras. g 477 TO 505 A.D. 223 fiepe- tition Dates. Visigoths in Gaul and Spain. • Vandals in Africa. BURGUN- DIANS IN Gaul. Franks^ Britain. Sussex. Kent. 477 478 12 Euric. 13 1 Hunneric. 2 12 Chilperic 13 20 Chime- ric I. 21 Landing of 24 Hengist. iElla and his sons. 25 479 14 3 14 22 26 480 15 4 15 23 27 481 16 5 16 1 Clovis I. 28 482 17 6 17 2 29 483 18 7 18 3 30 484 485 486 19 1 Alaric II. 2 1 Gunda- mund, 2 3 19 20 21 4 5 6 Battle of Mearcra3ds- burn. 31 32 33 487 3 4 22 7 34 488 4 - — 5 23 8 1 -ES OF Persia. Bishops of Rome. 321.2 1259 Areobinda. 16 Anasta- 14 Theodo- 6Cabades 9 Symma- Messala. sius I. ric. cbus. 507 3 1260 Fl. Anastasius Aug. III. Venantius. 17 15 7 10 508 4 1261 Celer. Venantius, junior. 18 16 8 11 509 322.1 1262 Importunus, solus. 19 — 17 9 12 - 510 2 1263 Anicius Manlius Severi- nus Boethius, solus. 20 18 10 13 511 3 1264 Secundums. Felix. 21 ■ 19 11 14 512 4 1265 Paulus. Muschianus. 22 20 — 12 _ 15 513 323. 1 1266 Clementinus. Probus. 23 21 13 16 — 514 2 1267 Cassiodorus Senator, solus. 24 22 14 1 Hormis- das. 515 3 1268 Anthemius. Florentius. 25 23 15 2 516 4 1269 Petrus, solus. 26 24 16 3 517 324.1 1270 Fl. Anastasius. Agapetus. 27 25 17 4 518 2 1271 Magnus, solus. 1 Justinl. 26 18 5 519 3 1272 Fl.Anicius Justinus Aug. Eutharicus. 2 27 19 6 520 4 1273 Vitalianus. Rusticus. 3 28 20 7 521 325.1 1274 Fl. Anicius Justinianus. Valerius. 4 29 21 8 522,' 2 1275 Symmacbus. Boetbius. 5 30 22 9 523 3 1276 Fl. Anicius Maximus, solus. 6 31 23 1 Jobu I. 524 4 1277 Fl. Anicius Justinus Aug. 11. Opilio. 32 24 2 525 326.1 1278 Fl. TheodorusPhiloxenus. Probus, junior. 8 33 25 3 526 2 1279 Fl. Anicius Olybrius, solus. 9 1 Atba- laric. 26 IFelixIV. 527 3 1280 Mavortius, solus. 1 Justi- nian I. 2 27 2 528 4 i 1281 Fl. Anicius Justinianus Aug. II., solus. 2 ■ I 3 - 26 ■ 3 - 529 1327.1 ' 1282 Decius, solus. 3 | 4 29 — 4 1 506 TO 529 A.D. Repe- tition Dates. Visigoths in Gaul and Spain. Vandals in Africa. burgundi- ansinGaul. Franks. Wessex. Britain. Susses. 1 Kent. 506 22 Alaric II. 11 Thoris- mond. 16 Gundi- bald. 26 Clovis. 17 iElla. 19iEsc. ! i 507 lGiselich& Amalarich. 12 17 27 18 20 1 508 2 13 18 28 19 21 _| 509 3 14 19 29 20 22 510 511 512 4 Amalarich, alone. 5 6 15 16 17 20 21 22 30 (1 Thierry. 1 Chlotair. 1 Childe- bert I. ULChlodomir 2 Battle of Mount Badon. Oxf.Tdb. 21 . 22 23 23 1 24 1 Octa. 513 7 18 23 3 24 2 514 515 516 8 10 19 20 21 24 25 1 Sigis- mund. 4 5 6 Stuffa and Witgar ar- rive with three ships at Char- mouth. 1 Cissa. 2 3 3 4 5 « 517 11 22 — 2 7 4 6 518 12 23 3 8 5 7 519 13 24 4 9 1 Cerdic. 6 8 520 14 25 5 10 2 7 9 — 521 15 26 6 11 3 8 10 522 16 — - 27 7 12 - 4 9 11 523 17 ■ 1 Hilderic. 1 Gonde- 13 5 10 12 524 525 18 . 19 2 mar. 2 3 14 Thierry. Chlotair. Childe- bert I. 15 6 7 11 12 13 14 526 20 4 4 16 8 13 15 527 21 5 5 17 9 14 16 "J 17 I 528 22 6 6 18 10 15 1 529 23 7 7 19 11 16 18 Q 2 22S FROM THE YEAB 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 Events and Eminent Men. The Gepidse occupy part of the former possessions of the Huns, north of the Danube. Mundo collects a force of Gothic stragglers, and is aided by Theodoric against Sabinianus, the general sent by Anastasius to oppose him. Death of Engenius, bishop of Carthage. Julian resigns his episcopal office at Bostra. Alaric legislates for his people, and employs Anianus to adapt the Theodosian code to his purpose. Preparations for war between him and Clovis. Theodoric mediates by friendly letters. See Cassiod.Var. III. 1 — 4. Council of Agde held under the sanction of Alaric, to check the growth of monachism and regulate the discipline of the clergy. John III. bishop of Alexandria. Anastasius remits all taxes to Amida, for seven years. iElla king of Sussex, the first Bretwalda, or wielder (chief) of Britain. Battle of Vougle, near Poitiers. Alaric defeated and slain, set. 23, by Clovis, who conquers a great part of Aquitaine. Amalarich, the infant son of Alaric, and G-iselich, his natural son, are proclaimed joint kings of the "Visigoths, by Theo- doric, who preserves for them all Spain and part of Gaul. He appoints Thiodes their guardian. Anastasius builds the "long wall," for the protection of CP., and fortifies Dara in Mesopotamia. Bloody encounters of the Circus-factions at CP. and Antioch. Hibba, Theodoric's general, defeats Clovis near Aries. Romanus and Rusticus, with a fleet and army from CP., attack Tarentum. Proposals of peace made by Theodoric to Anastasius (Cassiod. Var. I. 1), and a treaty is concluded. The British prince, Natanleod, defeated and slain in a bloody battle by Cerdic. Mammo, with a Gothic force, commits depredations in Gaul. A calamitous and extensive fire at CP. Flight of Giselich into Africa. Clovis, by force or fraud, sets aside the Ripuarian and other minor Frank princes, and adds their lands to his own ; he makes Paris his residence. The ensigns of the consulship are sent to him by Anastasius ; but his name appears in no list of consuls. Theodoric (Cassiod. Var. II. 1) announces to Anastasius, that he had appointed Felix consul for the ensuing year. Boethius, while con- sul, writes commentaries on Aristotle. Ennodius, bishop of Pavia, writes the Life of his predecessor, Epiphanius. Death of Giselich. Death of Clovis at Paris, Nov. 27, set. 45. His kingdom is divided equally among his four sons. Theodoric I. (Thierry) reigns at Metz, Chlodomir at Orleans, Childebert I, at Paris, and Chlotair, at Soissons. Theodoric remits a year's taxes to the citizens of Aries, for their fidelity (Cassiod. Var. III. 32). Joannes Lydus, ?st. 21, comes to CP. The poet Christodorus of Coptos, and Agapius, the disciple of Proclus, fl. Anastasius expels and banishes Macedonius, and appoints Timotheus, bishop of CP. Council of Orleans, July 10. A band of Heruli, under Rodolphus, permitted to settle in Thrace. Anastasius accused of heresy and persecution, because he checks the violence of the Atha- nasiaus. Flavius deposed, and Severus appointed fifty-fourth bishop of Antioch. Anastasius, having relieved his subjects from many taxes, still by his economy accumulates a large sum in his treasury. Procopius of Gaza, sophist and scrip- tural commentator, writes a panegyric on him. Elias deposed at Jerusalem s and John II. made bishop in his place. Vitalianus excites a religious war against Anastasius, and blockades CP. Pris- cian, the grammarian, fi. Treaty between Anastasius and Vitalianus, who obtains the military prefecture of Thrace, and a promise to restore the deposed bishops. A body of Huns breaks through the Caspian gates and invades Cappadocia. Death of the empress Ariadne, set. 60. Theodoric marries his daughter, Amalasontha, to Eutharic. of the race of the Amali. The monastery of Agaunum, or St. Maurice, founded by Sigismund, son of Gundibald. Tumults at Alexandria. Deatn of Gundibald, king of the Burgundians. Troops of Goths ravage the country, from the Danube to Thermopylae. Anastasius redeems the captives led away by them. Dioscorus II. bishop of Alexandria. Death of Anastasius, July 9, set. 88. His successor, Justin, puts to death Aman. tius for a conspiracy. Vitalianus is in favour. The Henoticon of Zeno revoked. John II. bishop of CP. A riotous synod held there, condemns all heretics. 506 TO 529 A.D. 229 521 522 523 524 527 528 529 The portion of Britain conquered by Cerdic is called Wessex, of which he takes the title of king. The Chronicon of Cassiodorus ends. The bishops who wen banished by Anastasius are recalled. Severus is deposed, and Paulus II. is the fifty-fifth of Antioch, and Timotheus IV. replaces Dioscorus at Alexan di*ia, Justin, unable to read or write, yields to the influence of his nephew, Justinian Vitalianus and his friends are assassinated. The Veneti, or blue faction of the circus, favoured at court, commit many acts of violence. These disorders cause an ordinance, which puts a stop to the Olympic games at Antioch. Basilius Cilix writes his Hist. Ecc. from the death of Simplicius (483) to that of Anasta- sius (518). Epiphanius, bishop of CP. The consulship of Justinian celebrated with unusual pomp. Ineffectual negotiation with Cabades. Paul of Antioch abdicates, and Euphrasius succeeds, fifty-sixth bishop. Sigismund, the Burgundian king, puts to death, unjustly, his son Segericus, and quiets his conscience by large donations to his monastery of St. Maurice. Tzathus, or Zathus, a chief of the Lazi, a tribe near the river Phasis, comes to CP. and is converted to Christianity. Sigismund assumes the monastic habit, and is betrayed into the hands of the Franks, who throw him, with his wife and children, into a well at Orleans. His brother, Gondemar, is elected king by the Burgundians. Death of the Vandal king, Thorismund. His successor, Hilderic, grants religious freedom, and allows the people of Carthage to have Bonifacius for their bishop. The edicts of J ustin against Arians, provoke Theodoric to retaliate on the Catholics, and he suspects them of holding treasonable correspondence with the Eastern court. The sena- tor, Albinus, is put to death, and Boethius arrested, who, while in prison writes " Be Qonsolatione Philosophies. ," Eutharic dies about this time, leaving a son, Athalaric. Chlodomir defeated and slain at Voiron, by Gondemar ; his dominions divided among his brothers. War with Persia. Belisarius first employed. Boethius strangled at Calvenzano, near Pavia. Theodoric sends the bishop of Rome and four senators to intercede for the Arians with Justin. Peter, bishop of Jeru- salem. The patrician, Symmachus, father-in-law of Boethius, beheaded at Ravenna. Theodoric imprisons his ambassadors on their return from CP. Edessa over- whelmed by a flood, and Anazarbus in Cilicia, by an earthquake. At Antioch. an earthquake begins in October, and continues till the following May. Death of Isidore, the philosopher of Alexandria. Damascius writes his Life. Death of Theodoric, Aug. 30. Athalaric, son of Eutharic, succeeds, under the guardianship of his mother, Amalasontha. Cassiodorus is her chief minister and adviser. Belisarius conducts the war in Armenia: Procopius attends him, as secretary. Johannes, rhetor, concludes his history. John, bishop of Rome, dies in prison, soon after Theodoric. Euphrasius, bishop of Antioch, perishes in the earthquake. Justinian proclaimed joint Augustus, soon after which, by the death of Justin, Aug. 1, set. 77, he becomes sole emperor. Palmyra restored. Ephraimius, fifty- seventh bishop of Antioch. The use of the Christian Era, introduced by the monk, Dionysius Exiguus. Battle of Cerdicslea, between Cerdic aud the Britons. Unsuccessful campaign against the Persians ; Belisarius is ordered to construct a strong fortress at Mindona. Justinian appoints Tribonian, the jurist, with eleven assistants, to prepare his code of laws. Another violent earthquake at Antioch. Amalarich marries Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, and makes Seville his residence. The Saracens invade Syria. Julian, leader of a Jewish and Samaritan revolt, is made prisoner and beheaded. Cabades refuses to treat for peace. Justinian is- sues edicts against philosophers, heretics, and pagans. His code is promulgated, April 7, to be in force on the 16th. Benedict founds his new monastic order, the principal seat of which is Monte Casino, in Campania. 230 FROM THE YEAH A.D. Olyis. 1 A.U.C. Consut.5 of Rome. EA9TK&N Emptre. Kingdom of Italy. Sabsattt DES OF Persia. Bishops of Rome. 530 327.2 1283 Postumus Lampadius. 4 Justi- 5 Athala- 30Cabades 1 Boni- Orestes. nian I. ric. face II. i 531 3 1284 Post. Cons. 5 6 1 Chos- 2 Lampadii et Orestis. roes I. or Nusliir- wan. 1 532 4 12.85 Iterum II. 6 7 2 3 533 1 328.1 12S6 Fl. Anicius Justinianus Aug. III., solus. 7 8 3 Uohnll. j 534 ! 2 1287 Fl. Anicius Just. Aug. IV. Fl. Theodorus Paulinus, junior. 8 1 Theo- datus. 4 — - 2 535 3 1288 Fl. Belisarius, solus. 9 ■ 2 5 1 Agape- tus. 536 4 12S9 Post. Cons. Belisarii. JO 1 Vitiges. 6 1 Silve- rius. 537 329.1 1290 Post. Cons. Belisarii II. 11 2 7 1 Vigilius. 538 2 1291 Fl. Joannes Cappadox, solus. 12 3 8 2 539 3 1292 Apio, solus. 13 4 9 — 3 540 4 1293 Fl. Justinus, junior, solus. 14 1 Hildi- bald. 10 4 541 330.1 1294 Fl. Basilius, solus. 15 1 Totila. 11 5 542 2 1295 Post. Cons. Basilii. 16 2 12 6 543 3 1296 Post. Cons. Basilii. II. 17 3 13 7 544 4 1297 Post. Cons. Basilii. III. 18 4 14 8 545 331. 1 1298 Post. Cons. Basilii. IV. 19 5 15 9 546 2 1299 Post. Cons. Basilii. V. 20 6 16 10 547 3 1300 Post. Cons. Basilii. VI. 21 7 —— 17 11 548 4 1301 Post. Cons. Basilii. VII. 22 8 18 12 549 332. 1 1302 Post. Cons. Basilii. VIII. 23 ' 9 19 ■ 13 550 2 1303 Post. Cons. Basilii. IX. 24 10 20 14 ■ 551 3 1304 Post. Cons. 25 11 21 ■ 15 I Basilii. X. 530 TO 551 A.D. 231 1 Eepe- 1 tition Dazes. Visigoths in Gaul and Spain Vandals in Afeica. BUEGUN- DIANS IN Gaul. Feanks. MOETK- UMBER- LAND. Britain. Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Kent. 530 24 Amala- 8 Hilde- 8 Gonde- 20Thier- 1 Erch- 12 Cer- 17 Cissa |19 Octa.l 531 rich. IThiodes. ric. 1 Gelimer. mar. 9 ry- Chlo- tair. Childe- bert I. enwin. 2 die. 13 18 20 532 2 2 10 22 ■ 3 14 19 21 — 533 3 3 11 23 4 15 20 22 534 535 4 5 Conquered by Belisa- rius. Conquer- ed by the Franks. 1 Theo- debertl. 24 Chlo- tair. Childe- bert I. 24. 2 25 6 lCyn- ric. 2 21 22 23 24 536 6 3 26 1 7 3 23 25 537 1 4 27 8 4 24 26 538 8 ■5—23 9 5 25 27 539 9 ! 6 29 10 6 26 2S 540 10 7 30 11 7 27 29 541 11 8 31 12 8 28 30 542 12 9 32 13 j 9 29 lEr- inenric. 543 13 10—33 14 10 — 30 2 544 14 11 34 16 __ 11 31 3 545 15 12—35 16 i»— 32 4 546 16 13 36 17 13 33 5 547 17 14 37 llda. 18 14 34 6 548 549 550 1 Theu- disculus. 1 Agila. 2 SUEVI IN Spain. 1 Theo- debald. 2 39 3 40 2 3 4 19 20 21 15 16 17 35 36 8 9 1 Caria- 551 3 ric. 2 4—41 5 22 18 1 1 38 10 — 232 FROM THE YEAR A.U. 531 532 533 534 537 538 539 Events and Eminent Men. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Dara. Mundo expels the Bulgarians from Thrace. Thierry conquers the Thuringians, and adds their lands to his own. The kingdom of the East Saxons (Essex) founded by Erchenwin. Cerdic conquers the Isle of Wight. Jornandes, bishop of Ravenna. A comet appears. The Persians and Saracens, under Alamundarus, defeat Belisarius, who main- tains his ground against their overwhelming force. Death of Cabades, Sept. 13, ast. 82. League of Justinian with the Abyssinians and Homerites. The pro- gress of the Persians checked. Gelimer deposes and imprisons his cousin Hil- deric at Carthage. Justinian prepares for war against him, and gives the command to Belisarius. Amalarich falls in battle against Childebert ; Thiodes is chosen king of the Visigoths. A truce of three months with Chosroes, leads to a treaty of peace. The violent contest of the circus-factions, called Nike, is quelled by the military forces of Belisarius and Mundo. Justinian employs the architect, Anthemius of Tralles, and Isidorus of Miletus, to build the new church of St. Sophia. Armenia plun- dered by the Huns, who are driven out by Dorotheus. Damascius, Simplicius, and other philosophers, expelled by Justinian's edict (see a. 529), seek a refuge at the court of Chosroes. Justinian ratifies the treaty with Persia. Belisarius lands in Africa and achieves his first victories. He is accompanied by his wife, Antonina, and his secretary, Procopius. John of Cappadocia, praetorian prefect, oppresses the East by his rapacity. The Pandects and Institutes of Justinian published. Cassiodorus (Var. IX. 25), describes the twelve books of his Gothic history (afterwards abridged by Jornandes). The philosophers, disappointed, return from Persia. Final defeat and surrender of Gelimer. Africa becomes a Roman province again. Return and triumph of Belisarius. Gelimer lives in retirement on an estate given to him in Galatia. Death of Athalaric. Amalasontha associates Theo- datus with her in the kingdom of Italy ; through her murder he becomes sole sovereign. Missions of Peter of Thessalonica to him from CP. Death of Thierry and accession of his son. The three kings of the Franks overpower Gondemar, king of the Burgundians, and divide his territories among them. Solomon, left by Belisarius to command in Africa, defeats the Moors. Death of Cerdic, king of Wessex. Cassiodorus, praetorian prefect ; his official letters, Var. X. XI. XII. Marcellinus ends his Chronicle. Liberatus visits Rome. Justinianus, bishop of Valentia. Belisarius occupies Sicily. Justinian's first Novelhe published. A nth imus, bishop of CP. through the influence of the empress Theodora. Justinian grants the demand of the council of Carthage, for the restitution of the church-property, which had been seized by the Vandals. Belisarius quells a mutiny in Africa, returns to Sicily, takes Naples and enters Rome. Procopius joins him at Syracuse. Incapacity of Theodatus ; he is deposed by his people and slain. Vitiges elected king of Italy. Cassiodorus is still the official secretary. Mission of Agapetus to CP. A council held there, deposes Anthimus, and appoints Menas in his place. Simplicius writes his comments ries on the Physics of Aristotle. Belisarius besieged in Rome by Vitiges. Great distress of the city. The bishop Silverius is accused of treachery, deposed, and banished. Gaianus, bishop of Alexandria, after a few months succeeded by Theodosius. Mission of Antonina and Procopius from Rome to Naples. Retreat of Vitiges. After an unsuccessful attack on Rimini, he takes shelter in Ravenna. Belisarius advances and makes himself master of Clusium and Urbino. A Gothic and Burgundian force besieges Milan. A council, held at Orleans, inflicts indignities on Jews. Theodosius banished, and Paulus, a monk of Tabenne, succeeds him as bishop of Alexandria. A large comet visible above forty days in Sagittarius. The sun eclipsed on the morning of Feb. 16. Ghron. Sax. Milan taken and pillaged. The Franks, under Theodebert, invade Italy and plunder Genoa; they are attacked by disease and return into Gaul. Fassuheand Auximum surrender to Belisarius ; he prepares to besiege Ravenna. Chosroes collects his forces for war. Cassiodorus retires from the world to the monastery of Squillace. . _______^______ 530 TO 551 A.D. 233 A.D. 543 544 Events and Eminent Men. 546 547 548 550 551 Vitiges surrenders Ravenna, and is sent a prisoner to CP. Belisarius is recalled from Italy. The Ostrogoths elect Hildibald for their king. Chosroes invades Syria and takes Antioch. Solomon restores peace in Africa. Hesychius of Miletus, hist. fl. The parents of Evagrius, flying from Antioch, take their son, set. 15, to Apamea. A total eclipse of the sun, June 20. Ckron. Sax. Belisarius takes the command against the Persians. Hildibald is slain, and Totila made king of the Ostrogoths. Basilius the last consul appointed by Justinian ; a series of years follows, dated from his consulship. Paulus is deposed by the council of Gaza, and Zoilu3 appointed bishop of Alexandria. John of Cappa- docia banished, and becomes a priest. Totila recovers a great part of Italy. Belisarius compels the Persians to aban- don their conquests and recross the Euphrates. The great plague spreads from Egypt and rages for many years in Asia and Europe. Evagrius studies at An- 1 tioch. j Naples surrenders to Totila, who then advances against Rome. Belisarius re-i called from the East, after which the Persians again advance and defeat the | Romans. The Moors renew the war in Africa ; Solomon is slain in battle against them ; incompetence of his successor, Sergius. Perplexity of Justinian. Belisarius is sent again to Italy, but without supplies, and with very inadequate forces. Chosroes unsuccessful in his attack on Edessa Stotzas, leader of the Moors, defeats the Romans, but falls in the battle. Edict of Justinian against the Origenists and the " Three Chapters." Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem. While Belisarius is awaiting reinforcements, Totila takes Asculum and Spoletum, and lays siege to Rome. A truce for five years with Chosroes. Gontharis, the leader of the Moors, defeats and kills Areobindus ; after which he is slain at a banquet by Artasires. The Turks begin their conquests in Asia. Facundus writes in defence of the " Three Chapters." Jacobus Baradseus, bishop of Edessa, founds the sect of Jacobites. Domnus III. fifty-eighth bishop of Antioch. Rome is betrayed to Totila, Dec. 17. Belisarius is joined by fresh troops, but arrives too late to prevent the capture. Belisarius retakes Rome and repairs the walls ; three attacks of Totila are re- pulsed. The Sclavonians enter Illyricum. Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia in Northumberland, and builds Bamborough. Vigilius is summoned to CP. by Justinian, and prevailed upon to join in condemning the " Three Chapters." Belisarius takes Crotcna and Tai-entum, after which he is recalled to CP. Ruscia surrenders to Totila. Death of the empress Theodora, June 28. Thiodes.king of the Visigoths, assassinated at Barcelona. Cosmus Indicople'ustes writes his " Christian Topography." John of Cappadocia returns to CP., but is not re- stored to his office. Ilauph, who had served under Belisarius, joins Totila, and conquers Dalmatia. Second capture of Rome by Totila. Ariminum, Tarentum, and Rhegium, sub- mit to him. The army of the East occupies the country of the Lazi in Colchis. First siege of Petra. Vigilius, still at CP., urges Justinian to rescue Italy from the dominion of Arians. Another army is sent under Germanus, whose marriage with Theodoric's grand-daughter, Matasuentha, interests the Ostrogothic people in his favour. He dies at Sardica, on his march to the seat of war. The Sclavonians are driven out of Illyricum Lech the first duke of Poland. Totila prepares to invade Sicily. Chorianes leads a Persian expedition into Lazica. Bessus begins the second siege of Petra. Peter of Thessalonica sent to treat with Chosroes, for a re- newal of the truce. Defeat of tbe Gepidse by the Longobardi. Synod of Mop- suesta. Vigilius binds himself by an oath to oppose the " Three Chapters." Totila restores the senate at Rome. Narses is appointed to command the army of the East in Italy. Petra surrenders, after which another truce for five years is concluded between the Romans and Persians. Silk-worms said to have been first reared in Europe, from eggs brought from the East. Jornandes writes " de Regnorum Successione." The Western Church adheres to the " Three Chap- ters." Zoilus is deposed and Apollinaxius succeeds him as bishop of Alexandria. 234 FROM THE TEAB 1 Exarchs 1 Kingdom i Bishops Sa.^ani- A.D. Olym. A U.C. Consuls of Eastern of of Lom- OF DESOF Rome. Empire. Ravenna. bards. Rome. Persia. 552 332.4 1305 Post. Cons. Basil. XI. 26 Justini- an I. 16Vigilius. 22Chos- roesl.or Nushir- | wan. 553 333.1 1306 Post Cons. Basil. XII. 27 |l7 23 554 2 1307 Post Cons. Basil. XIII. 28 18 24 555 3 1308 Post Cons. Basil. XIV. 29 1 Pelagi- us I. 25 556 4 1309 Post Cons. Basil. XV. 30 . 2 26 557 334. 1 1310 Post Cons. Basil. XVI. 31 ■ 3 27 558 2 1311 Post Cons. Basil. XVII. 32 4 28 559 3 1312 Post Cons. Basil. XVIII. 33 5 29 560 4 1313 Post Cons. Basil. XIX. 34 Uohnlll. 30 561 335.1 1314 j Post Cons. Basil. XX. 35 ■ 2 31 562 2 1315 PaBasil.XXI. 36 3 32 563 3 1316 Post Cons. Basil. XXII. 37 4 33 564 4 1317 Post Cons. Basil. XXIII. 3S 5 34 565 336.1 1318 Post Cons. Basil. XXIV. 1 Justin. II. 6 35 566 2 1319 Fl. Justinus August, solus. 2 • 7 36 567 3 1320 Post Cons. Justini. I. 3 8 37 56S 4 1321 Post Cons. 4 1 Longi- 1 Alboin. 9 3S i Justini. II. nus. | 569 337.1 1322 Post Cons. Justini. III. 5 2 . 2 10 39 570 2 1323 Post Cons. Justini. IV. 6 ■ 3 ■ 3 11 40 571 3 1324 Post Cons. Justini. V. 7 4 4 12 41 572 4 1 Post Cons. S 6 5 13 42 Justini. VI. 573 338. 1 1326 Post Cons. Justini. VII. 9 S 1 Cleoph. No bishop. 43 574 2 1327 Post Cons. Justini. VIII. 10 7 2 1 Bene- dictus I. 44 575 1328 Post Cons. 11 8 lAutharis. 2 45 Justini. IX. 576 4 1329 Post Cons. Justini. X. 12 9 2 3 46 577 339.1 1330 Post Cons. Justini. XI. 13 10 3 4 47 578 2 1331 Post Cons. Justini. XTI. 1 Tiberi- us II. 11 1 Pelagi- usll. 48 552 TO 578 A.D. 23 o Repe- tition Dates. Visigoths in Spain. SUEVI IN Spain. Franks. JNoeth- East umbek- ang- LAND. LIA. Britain. Essex. Wessex Sussex. K.ent. 552 4 Agila. 3Cariaric. 5 Theode- 6 Ida. 23 Erch- 19Cyn- 39Cissa. HEr- bald. enwin. ric. men- Chlotair42 ric. Childe- 553 b 4 bertl. 42 7 — 6 43 24 20 40 12 1 554 1 Athana- gildus. 5 — 7 44 s 1 25 21 41 13- — 555 556 2 ■ 3 6 7 ■ 45| 9 1 46 ! 10 26 27 99 d9 14 23 43 15 557 4 8 47 11 28 24 44 16 558 5 9 Chlotair 12— 29 25 45 17 alone 48 559 6 1 Theode- mir. 49 13 30 26 46 18 560 7 2 — 50 Charibert 1 Adda Ellal 31 1 Ceaw- lin. 47 lEthel bert. 561 8 3 I. 1 Gontran. 1 Sigeb. I. 1 Chilper.I.l 2 2 32 2 ■ 48 2-- 562 9 4 2 3 3 33 3 49 3 563 564 10 11 5 • • 6 ■ 3 4 4 34 35 4 50 — i 5 51 \ 4 5 565 12 7 5 6 6 36 6 52 6- 586 13 8 6 7 7 37 7 53 7 567 1 Liuval. 9 Gontran. 7 Sigeb. I. 7 lClappa Ella. 8 8 54 s— Chilpe.T. 7 568 569 2 3 10 1 Mirva, 8 9 2 ■ 9 3 10 39 40 1 ° 10 56 — - Q 10 570 4 2 ■ ■ 10 4 11 41 11 57 11 571 5 3 11 5 12 lUffa 42 12 58 12 572 1 Leovi- gild. 4 12 1 Heod- wulf. Ella. 13 2 43 13 59 13 573 2 5 13 lFreod- 3 44 14 60 — 1 - wulf. Ella. 14 574 3 6 r 14 Gontran. 15 2 15 4 45 15 61 15 575 4 7 ~{ Chilper. IE 1 Childe- 3 16 5 46 16 62 16 576 5 8 I bert II. 4 17 6 47 17 63 17 577 6 9 3 17 5 IS 7 48 18 64 IS 578 I 10 4 IS 6 19 lTity- lus. 49 1 19 65 j 1 236 FROM THE TEAK Events and Eminent Men. 557 559 562 564 565 Totila defeated and slain by Narses, to whom the greater part of Italy submits. The Ostrogoths make Teias their king. Battle of Searobyrig (Sarum), in which the Britons are put to flight by Cymric. Jornandes abridges the History of the Goths by Cassiodorus (see a.d. 533). and continues it to the death of Vitiges. Vigilius addresses his " Encyclic Letters " to the church. Eutychius, bishop of CP., and Eustathius of Jerusalem. The kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy is terminated, by the defeat and death of Teias. Narses restores and administers the government of Justinian. The Persian general, Mermeroes, conquers a great part of the country of the Lazi. Procopius ends, and Agathias begins, his History, Joannes Lydus writes " De Magist. Rom." The second council of CP. (fifth general; condemns Origen and the " Three Chapters." The Franks and Allemanni invade Italy, and are defeated by Narses. Gubazes, king of the Lazi, is treacherously slain by the Romans, who, after this, sustain another defeat. Death of Mermeroes. Earthquakes at CP., Nicomedia, and An- tioch. Theodebald dies of the plague ; his dominions are added to those of his uncle, Chlotair. Death of Agila. Athanagild makes Toledo the capital of the Visigothic kingdom. Vigilius, released from CP.,is stopped in Sicily by dis- ease. Tzathes declared king of the Lazi. Nachoragan, the Persian general, defeated by the Romans at Phasis. War between Chlotair and the Saxons. Vigilius dies at Syracuse. Liberatus writes his " Breviarium." Victor Tununensis is banished and imprisoned for his defence of the " Thi'ee Chapters." The Persians again invade Colchis, without effect, and retire into Iberia. Justi- nian punishes the assassin of Gubazes. Chlotair defeated by the Saxons. His natural son, Chramnus, rebels against him. Victory of Cynric and Ceawlin at Beranbyrig (Banbury). Justin is appointed to command the Roman army in Colchis. Nachoragan is re- called, and put to death by Chosroes. The truce renewed between the Romans and Persians. Embassy of the Avars to Justinian. Another earthquake at CP. The pestilence still rages. Pontus and Armenia are plundered by the Tzani. Death of Childebert ; his daughters being excluded by the Salic law, his domi- nions are inherited by his brother Chlotair, who thus becomes sole king of the Franks. The restoration of the church of St. Sophia, by the architect Isodorus, is celebrated in hexameter verse by Paulus Silentiarius. The Bulgarians advance to the river Atyras, within twenty miles of CP. The last achievement of Belisarius is the victory by which he expels these barbarians. Procopius writes his " Anecdota," and Agathias the fifth book of his History. Anastasius I. fifty-ninth bishop of Antioch. Chramnus, in his rebellion, applies to the Bretons of Armorica for aid. He is made prisoner, and, with all his family, burnt alive by his father, Chlotair. Northumberland divided into two kingdoms ; Bernicia, under Adda, and Deira, under ^Ella. Chosroes obtains the Fables of Pilpay from India. The services of Belisarius excite the jealousy of Justinian and his courtiers. Death of Chlotair. His dominions are divided among his sons ; Charibert has Paris, Gontran Orleans, Sigebert Metz, and Chilperic Soissons. Tumults of the blue and green factions at CP. Martin bishop of Braga. Conspiracy of Marcellus and Sergius against Justinian ; Belisarius falsely accused of having joined in the plot. Peter of Thessalonica negotiates a peace for fifty years, between the Romans and Persians. Cassiodorus prepai-es his " Computus Paschalis." The History of Agathias ends, and that of Menander begins. The Suevi, in Spain, renounce Arianism. Belisarius is acquitted of the charge brought against him, and restored to his ho- nours. Joannes Malalas of Antioch writes his History. Macarius is restored as bishop of Jerusalem. Peter of Thessalonica, Master of the Offices ; he dies soon after. Justinian is ac- cused of heresy. Gildas Badonicus " De Excidio Britanniae." Death of Belisarius, March 13. Death of Justinian, November 13, set. 83. He is succeeded by his nephew Justin, who receives an embassy from the Avars, 652 TO 578 A.D. 237 Events and Eminent Men. seven days after his accession. Eutychius is deposed, and John III. appointed bishop of CP. The monastery of Iona founded by Columba. Justin restores the office of consul for one year, from which another series of dates begins. He refuses to assist the Gepidae in their wars with the Longobardi. | Victor Tununensis ends his Chronicle and dies, still imprisoned in a monastery | atCP. Corippns celebrates the praises and the consulship of Justin. Marriage I of Sigebert to Brunehild. daughter of Athanagild, the Visigothic king. Narses is deprived of his command, and retires to Naples. The Longobardi, under Alboin, overcome the Gepidse ; their king, Cunimund, falls, and his daughter, Rosamund, is married to the conqueror. Death of Charibert; his dominions are divided by his three brothers. Alboin invades Italy, and founds the kingdom of Lombardy. The Avars succeed the Longobardi and Gepidse in Pannonia. A Turkish envoy arrives at CP. Longinus, the successor of Narses, is styled Exarch of Ravenna. War in Bri- tain, between the kings of Kent and Wessex. Battle of Wibbandune (sup- posed to be Wimbledon). Liuva associates his brother Leovigild with him, in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain. Joannes Philoponus writes against Jo- annes, CP. Alboin takes Milan and conquers Liguria. Mission of Zemarchus to the Turks of Mount Altai. Joannes Gerundensis, or Biclarensis, writes his chronicle. John III. bishop of Alexandria. Birth of Mohammed at Mecca. The Avars invade Thrace, and are driven back by Tiberius, Justin's general. Ticinum (Pavia) still resists Alboin. Anastasius I. is banished, and Gregorius, the friend of Evagrius, is appointed sixtieth bishop of Antioch. Venantius Fortunatus, now a presbyter, addresses poems to Justin, to the empress Sophia, and to Childebert Death of Narses (between 568 and 573). The Armenians, persecuted by Chosroes, place themselves under the protection of Justin, which leads to a war between the Romans and Persians. Pavia is sur- rendered to Alboin. Ceawlin, king of Wessex, is the second Bretwalda. Uffa founds the kingdom of East Anglia. (Ost Engeland, the Eastern Narrow-land, between the fens of the Wash and the sea.) Theophanes Byzantinus writes his History. Marcianus is sent to conduct the war against the Persians. By the death of Liuva, Leovigild becomes sole king of the Visigoths. Alboin grants to his chief captains, with the titles of princes or dukes, allotments of territory, for which they are bound to render military service. The Persians take Dara and plunder Syria ; Marcianus is recalled from the com- mand against them. Alboin is murdered by Rosamund ; she flies to Ravenna with her lover, Helmichis, where she poisons him ; before he dies, he compels her to drain the cup. Cleoph is elected king of Lombardy. Cassiodorus, aet. 93, writes "De Orthographia." After the death of Joannes III., Rome is nearly a year without a bishop. Another Joannes III. is bishop of Jerusalem. Tiberius is appointed Csesar, and concludes a truce with Chosroes. He sustains a defeat from the Avars on the Danube. Cleoph, king of Lombardy, is assassi- nated : his son, Autharis, being a child, many of the dukes assume royal power, and great anarchy prevails. Gregory of Tours enters on his episcopate. Bene- dictus I. is elected bishop of Rome. Justinian, the son of Germanus, defeats the Persians, and advances to the Araxes. ! Chosroes agrees to a truce for three years. War between Sigebert and Chilpe- ric : the former is slain, and succeeded by his son Childebert. Death of Cassio- dorus, set. 95. (The kingdom of E. Anglia dates from this year, in Ox. Tables and Univ. Hist.) jlMission of Valentine to Dilzibulus, ruler of the Turks. The Persians occupy Ar- 1 menia, which Justinian is too late to prevent. Maurice is sent to command the Roman army in the East. Ceawlin extends the kingdom of Wessex, by taking Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. On the death of John III. Eutychius is restored to the bishopric of CP. Death of Justin, Oct. 5. Negotiations between Tiberius and Chosroes. Colum- banus founds his monastery of Luxovium. 238 FEOM THE YEAR 1 Exauchs KvS(iT>OTO. Bishops Sassahi- A.D. Olym. A.TJ.C. Consuls of Eastern OF OF LOM- of DES OF 579 339.3 ROMR. Empire. Ravenna. BARDY. Rome. Persia. 1332 Tiberius Aug. 2 Tibe- 12 Longi- SAutharis. 2 Pelagi- lHor- solus. rius II. nus. usll. misdas, or Hor- mouzlir 580 4 1333 Post Cons. Ti- berii. I. 3 13 6 3 2 — f 1 581 340.1 1334 Post Cons. Ti- berii. II. 4 14 7 4 3 — ! 582 2 1335 Post Cons. Ti- berii. III. 1 Maurice 15 8 5, 4 583 3 1336 Sine. Cons, or P&st Cons. Tib. It. 2 16 9 6 5 584 4 1337 Mauricius Aug. solus. 3 1 Sma- ragdus. 10 7 6 585 341.1 1338 Post Com. Mau- ricii, I. 4 '2 11 s_ 7 586 The Olympi- ads, and years Post Cons. Mau- ricii. II. 5 _ 3 12 9 8 5S7 ofRorne,being now seldom Post Cons. Mau- ricii. III. 6 4 13 10 9 588 used, are from this time Post Cons. Mau- ricii. IV. 7 5 14 11 10 589 omitted. Post Cons. Mau- ricii. V. 8 6 15 12 11 — - 590 Post Cons.Ma.u- 9 1 Roma- 16 1 Grego- 1 Chos- ricii. VI. nus. ry I. roes Purvis. 591 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. VII. 10 2 lAgilulph. 2 2 592 Post Cons. Mau- ricii.VIII. 11 3 2 3 3 593 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. IX. 12 4 3 4 4 594 Post Cons. Mau- ricii, X. 13 5 4 5 5 595 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XI. 14 6 5 6 6 596 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XII. 15 7 6 7 7 ~ ~~ 597 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XIII. 16 1 Callini- cus. 7 8 8 . 59S Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XIV. 17 2 8 y 9 — - 599 Post Cotis. Mau- ricii. XV. 18 3 9 10 10 600 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XVI. 19 4 10 n 11 601 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XVII. 20 5 11 12 12 602 Post Cons. Mau- ricii. XVIII. 1 Phocas. 1 Smarag- dus rein- 12 13 13 603 Post Cons. Mau- 2 stated. 13 14 - 14 - — riciLXIX. 579 TO 603 A.D. 239 Ilepe Htdon Dattt 579 I T North- Britain. VlSTGOTHS 1 in Spain. SUEVI IN Spain. Franks. iSt AngSa. Essex ' Wessex. Sussex. Kent. | 8 Leovi- 11 Mirva. Gontranl£ 7Freod - 2 Tity- 50 Erch -20Ceaw-66Cissa 20 E- gild. Chliper. IS wulf. lus. enwin lin. thel- 5 Ckilde- Ella. 20 bert. bert 11. 580 9 12 2C 6 1 Theo doric. Ella. 21 3 51 21 67 21 581 10 13 21 7 2 25 4 52 22 6S 22 5S2 11 1 Eburic. 22 8 3 22 5 53 23 69 23 5S3 12 1 Andica 23 9 4 24 6 54 24 70 2 4_ 5S4 13 2 Subdued Gontran 24 lOChild. 11 5 25 7 55 25 Conquer- ed by 25 585 14 by Leovi- gild. Chlot.II. 1 25 6 26 8 56 26 ■ Oawlin 26 11 2 Mercia. 586 1 Reca- redl. 26 12 3 7 27 9 57 27 lCridda. 27_ 587 2 27 13 4 8 28 10 1 Sled- da. 28 2 28 5S8 3 28 14 5 lEthel- ric. 11 2 29 3 29 589 4 29 15 6 2 12 3 30 4 30 590 5 30 16 7 3 13 4 31 5 31 591 6 31 4 14 5 32 — - 6 39.. 17 8 592 7 32 18 9 5 15 6 33 7 33 , 593 8 33 lEthel- 16 7 — — 1 Ceol- Cridda 31-. 1 19 10 frid. ric. slain ; 594 9 20 11 2— 17 8 2 usurpa- tion of 35 595 10 21 12 3 18 9 3 Ceolric. 36 596 11 13 ITheod.II. Thier.II.l 4 19 10 4 37— 597 12 14 2 2 5 20 — - ISabert 1 Ceol- wulf. 1 Wibba 38 598 13 15 3 3 6 21 2 2 ■ 2 39 599 14 16 4 4 7 lRed- wald. 3 3 3 . W 600 15 17 5 5 8 2 4 4 4 < a- — 601 ILiuvall. 18 6 6 9 3 5 5 5 '- 12 602 2 19 7 7 10 4 6 6 ■ 6 <■ 13 603 1 Witte- ! ric. 20 8 8 11 5 7 7 y L l 240 FROM THE TEAK A.D. 580 582 583 584 5S5 588 589 Events jkd Eminent Mett. 591 Victories of Maurice over the Persians. Death of Chosroes. Marriage of Her- menegild, son of Leovigild, with Ingundis, daughter of Sigebert and Brune- hild. Maurice obtains farther successes in Mesopotamia and Assyria. Death of Aus- tregildis, Gontran's queen. Buzurg Mihir, the tutor and friend of Hormisdas, introduces into Persia from India, the game of chess. Eulogius, bishop of Alexandria. Maurice concludes his fourth campaign, and returns to CP., where he is honourably welcomed. Death of Tiberius, Aug. 14, having previously given his daughter Constantina in marriage to Maurice, and proclaimed him heir to the throne. ( Hermenegild, converted by his wife Ingundis, and by Leander, the bishop of Seville, renounces Arianism, and endeavours, by rebelling against his lather, to establish the Mcene faith in Spain. John IV. succeeds Eutychius as bishop of CP, The five extant books of Agathias written. The retirement of Buzurg Mihir leaves Hormisdas under the influence of evil counsellors. Menander writes his History. Maurice appoints Philippicus, the husband of his sister Gordia, to command the army in the East. The Dukes of Lombardy, distressed by ten years of anarchy, unite in recognizing Autharis as their king, and order is restored among them. Fredegonda kills her husband, Chilperic, and reigns in the name of her son, Chlotair. The Suevi of Spain are finally overcome, and their territories oc- cupied, by Leovigild. He also puts an end to the rebellion of his son Her- menegild, who is put to death by him, and receives from the catholic church the honours of a martyr and saint. Longinus is recalled, and Smaragdus ap- pointed exarch of Ravenna. The Latin language is modified in Italy, Gaul, and Spain, by admixture with Gothic dialects. Many native Gauls retire into Armorica, where they preserve their Celtic tongue. Ceawlin defeats the Britons at Fethanlea. Philippicus harasses the Persians, while on another side, their country is invaded by the Turks. The Persian general, Bahram, repels the Turks. Death of Leovigild. Cridda founds the last Saxon kingdom of Mercia. The British warriors retire to the western side of the island, from Cornwall to the Clyde, and uniting in a general league, call themselves Cymri. The Avars, under their chagan (khan) Baian, harass Thrace, and threaten the empire; Comentiolus is appointed to resist them. John of CP. assumes the title of " (Ecumenical bishop," which leads to angry discussions between him and Pelagius of Home. Gregory of Antioch tried and acquitted by a synod atCP. Philippicus is superseded by Priscus. War between Recared and Gontran ; the Franks are defeated near Carcassone. A destructive fire at Paris. Ethelric, a son of Ida, succeeds in Bernicia ; by the marriage of his son, Ethelfrid, with Acca, daughter of Ella, king of Deira, the two kingdoms are united, and form that of Northumberland. Death of Ella. Comentiolus is placed at the head of the Roman army in the East, and Bahram at] that of the Persians. The latter receives a total defeat, after which he revolts, in consequence of having been reproved and insulted by Hormouz. Council of Toledo ; Recared and the Visigoths conform to the Nicene creed. Priests are ; forbidden to accuse each other before a civil magistrate. Maurice crowns his son, Theodosius, set. 9. Hormouz is deposed and slain, with] many of his family. His eldest son, Chosroes, is saved and proclaimed king. He flies to Circesium, and places himself under the protection of Maurice. Bahram for a time usurps the regal power. Joannes Gerundensis, or Biclaren- 1 sis (see a.d. 569), ends his Chronicle. j A Roman army under Narses restores Chosroes, who makes peace with Maurice. I Bahram retires among the Turks, and dies soon afterwards. Agilulph, duke of Turin, marries Theudelinda, widow of Autharis, and is acknowledged king of: the Lombards. -J 579 TO 6)3 A.D. 241 Events and Eminent Men. 592 593 594 595 598 599 600 601 Maurice recalls his forces from the East, to strengthen his army in Thrace against j the Avars. He marches with them as far as Anchialus, whence he retires to j CP., and leaves Priscus to command. An eclipse of the sun, March 19. Gregory claims authority over foreign bishops and churches Priscus drives the Avars across the Danube, and compels Baian to make peace.) Peter, the brother of Maurice, is sent to take the command. Evagrius concludes and publishes his history. Anastasius I. restored at Antioch (see a.d. 559, 570). Peter breaks the peace with the Avars, and is defeated by them. Priscus is re- instated in the command. Maurice attempts to reduce the pay of the soldiers ; their mutiny appeased by revoking the edict. Death of Gontran ; his territo- ries descend to Childebert. Amos, bishop of Jerusalem. Mohammed eaters into the service of Cadijah, and soon afterwards marries her. Ethelbert is the third Bretwalda. Conference between Priscus and Baian, after which hostilities are resumed; the Avars are defeated, and remain inactive for many months. The Lombards lay waste the country round Rome, and cause great distress in the city. Gregory prevails on them to withdraw. Cyriacus, bishop of CP. Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poictiers. Gregory sends Augustin and a train of monks to preach Christianity in Britain (see his Ep. VI. 57, addressed to them, July 23); they are favourably received by Ethelbert, king of Kent, and his queen, Bertha, daughter of the late Frank king, Charibert (she being already a Christian). Dwellings are assigned to them in Canterbury. Death of Childebert ; his dominions are divided between his two sons, under the tutelage of their grandmother, Brunehild. Cyriacus claims the title of " Oecumenical bishop," and is opposed by Gregory, who in his letters styles himself "Servant of the servants of God.''' Isidore appointed bishop of Seville. Ceolwulf, great grandson of Cerdic, regains the throne of Wessex, and Wibba that of Mercia. The missionaries make many converts in Kent and Essex. Augustin goes to Aries, and is ordained bishop of the English. Baian attacks Tomi, which is defended by Priscus. Death of Fredegonda. Co- Iumhanus, expelled from Luxovium by Theodoric, takes refuge with Chlotair. Comentiolus is defeated by the Avars. The Chagan offers to release twelve thou-l sand prisoners for a ransom. Maurice refuses to pay this, on which they are massacred by their captors. Through the degeneracy of the Frank monarchs, the mayors of the palace gradually encroach on the royal authority. The Gregorian chant introduced. Anastasius II. sixty-first, and last bishop of Antioch. Priscus defeats the Avars, but is again superseded in the command by Comentio- lus. Marriage of the Csesar, Theodosius, set. 19. Death of Venantius Fortu- natus. Peter is again appointed to the command of the army on the Danube. Death of Recared. Paulinus, Mellitus, and others, are sent to assist in the conversion of Britain. Greg. Epist. xi. 76, June 17, to Mellitus, orders heathen temples not to be destroyed, but used as Christian churches ; xi. 65, June 22, to Augustin (episc. Anglorum); xi. 66, same date, to Ethelbert; and xi. 68, same date, to Virgilius, bishop of Aries. Isacius, bishop of Jerusalem. Revolt of Phocas ; he is proclaimed emperor. Flight of Maurice with his family ; they are taken and put to death : as also, are Peter, Comentiolus, Germanus, and others, Nov. 22. Maurice, est. 63. Augustin founds the cathedral and abbey of Canterbury. Peter, the first abbot, is drowned on a voyage to France. Agilulph and the Lombards renounce Arianism. Chosroes declares v/ar against Phocas, to revenge the death of his benefactor, Maurice. Liuva, a promising young prince, is assassinated, set. 22, by Witteric. who usurps the Visigothic throne. Ethelfrid defeats the Scots at Degsasta.nj (Egesanstane, Chron. Sax.) and the Cymri, near Caerlegion (Chester). Gregory places the statues of Phocas and his empress, Leontia, in the Lateran, and con- gratulates him on his elevation, Epist. xiii. 31. " Phocce Augusta. Gloria i?i Ex- celsis. 242 FROM THE YEAR Consuls op Rome. EXAECHS Kingdom Bishops Sassaht- A.D. Hegi- Easteen OF of op Aeabia DES OP 604 EA. Empibe. Rayenna L.OMBAEDY Rome. Peesia. Phocas Aug. 3 Phocas. 3 Smarag- 14Agi- 1 Sabi- 15 Chos- dus (2nd lulph. nianus. roes time). Purvis. 605 Post Cons. Phocas I. 4 4 15 2 16 606 2 Post Cons. Phocse II. 5 5 _ 16 3 17 . 607 o ID Post Cons. Phocse III. 6 6 17 1 Boni- facelll. 18 608 CD Post Cons. Phocse IV. 7 7 18 1 Boni- face IV. 19 609 J! Post Cons. Phocse V. 8 8 19 2 20 610 Posi! Cons. Phocse VI. 1 Hera- clius. 9 20 — 3 21 611 HeracliusAug. 2 1 Joannes Lemigius. 21 4 22 612 £3 PosZ Cons. Heraclii I. 3 2 22 5 23 613 8^ Post Cons. Heraclii II. 4 ■ 3 23 6 24 614 =30 Post Cons. Heraclii III. 5 4 24 7 25 615 •J ° Post Cons. Heraclii IV. 6 5 1 Adal- wald. 1 Deus- dedit. 26 616 Post Cons. Heraclii V. 7 lEleuthe- rius. 2 2 27 617 o " Post Cons. He- raclii VI. sec. Chron. Pasch. Constantinus Cass, sec, Epi- 2 3 3 28 phan. 618 ** Post Cons. Heraclii VII. 9 3 4 4 29 619 Post Cons. HeracliiVIII. 10 1 Isaac. 5 1 Boni- faceV. 30 620 Post Cons. Heraclii IX. 11 2 6 2 31 621 Post Cons. Heraclii X. 12 3 7 3 32 i 622 1 Post Cons. Heraclii XI. 13 4 8 4 1 Mo- hammed 33 623 2 Post Cons. Heraclii XII. 14 5 9 5 2 34 624 3 Post Cons. He- raclii XIII. 15 6 10 6 3 35 625 4 Post Cons. He- raclii XIV. 16 7 lAriwald. lHono- rius I. 4 36 626 5 Post Cons. He- raclii XV. 17 8 2 2 5 37 627 6 Post Cons. He- 18 9 3 — — • 3 6 38 raclii XVI. s 604 TO 627 A.D. 243 605 607 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 Visigoths in Spain, 2 Witt©- ric. 1 Gunde- mar. lSise- bert. 2 3 4 5 1 Reca- red II. 1 Suin- tilla. 2 3 5 Chlotairll. 21 9TheodebertII. Thierry II. 22 10 10 23 11 11 24 12 12 ■ 25 Thierry II. 17 Chlotairll. 30 alone, 31 North- umber- land. East Anglia Essex. Britain. Wessex. Mercia. Kent. 12Ethel frid. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 . 23 24 1 Edwin Red- wald 8 Sabert, 9 — ; 10 — 11 . — 12 13 14 15 16 17 ■ flSaxred. -i Sigebert ( Seward 2 1 Eorp- wald. 2 1 Rich- bert. 7 8 9 1 Sigebert the Little, 2 3 4 8Ceoi wulf. i 1 Cyne- gils. SWibba. 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 - ICeorL 2 — 3 — 5 6 8 10 11 IPenda 2 R 2 45Ethel- bert. 48 49 50 51 52 53 — 54 55 56 lEad- bald. 2 244 FROM THE TEAK Events and Eminent Men. 605 606 607 60S 611 612 615 816 Chosroes invades the Roman provinces. Phocas gives his daughter in marriage to Priscus. Sabert and his subjects embrace Christianity. Mellitus, first bishop of London, and Justus of Rochester. The church of St. Paul, in London, built by Ethelbert. Augustin dies, May 26, and is succeeded by Laurentius. Death of Gregory I. Phocas begins his cruelties. Constantina, the widow of Maurice, is tortured, and afterwards beheaded with her daughters. Narses is decoyed to CP. and burnt alive. The hippodrome is defaced by the heads and mangled bodies of the ty- rant's numerous victims. Chosroes conquers Mesopotamia. Columbanus visits Theodebert, and is protected by him. Ethelbert gives his people a code of laws. Chosroes crosses the Euphrates and overruns Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia. Phocas concedes to Boniface III. the supremacy of Rome over all Christian churches. Death of Cyriacus; Thomas, bishop of CP., and Theodorus succeeds Eulogius at Alexandria. The atrocities of Phocas cause his son-in-law Priscus to invite Heraclius, the younger, from Africa, for the purpose of putting a stop to them. The Pantheon (built by Agrippa, b.c. 25) is consecrated by Boniface IV. as the church of Sta. Maria ad Martyres (o della Rotonda). The Persians are masters of Asia Minor, and penetrate to the Bosphorus. The Avars occupy Thrace. The mal-administration and tyranny of Phocas produce uni- versal misery. John IV. bishop of Alexandria, and Zacharias, of Jerusalem. Heraclius proceeds to CP. with the African navy, and a part of the army ; Nice- tas marches with the remaining forces by land. On the arrival of the former, Phocas is given up to him and beheaded, Oct. 5. Heraclius is proclaimed Em- peror. Priscus, at first entrusted with the command in Cappadocia, retires into a monastery. Nicetas is married to a daughter of Heraclius. Witteric is slain, and G-undemar succeeds him as king of the Visigoths. On the approach of the Persians, the Jews of Antioch attack the Christians, and kill the bishop, Anas- tasius; the see remains vacant nineteen years. Sergius succeeds Thomas, as bishop of CP. Theophylactus Simocatta writes his History ; after the fall of Phocas, he recites a Monody on the death of Maurice, " interrupted by the tears of his audience." Mohammed announces himself as a prophet, and begins to teach Islamism. The Persians take Apamea and Edessa. Birth of Epiphania, daughter of Hera- clius and Eudocia. Joannes Philoponus (see a.d. 568) still writes on philosophy, astronomy, grammar, and theology. Birth of Constantine, son of Heraclius. Death of the empress Eudocia. Corona- tion of the infant princess Epiphania, Csesarea, in Cappadocia, taken by the Persians. Theodebert murdered at the instigation of Brunehild ; his domi- nions seized by his brother Thierry. Columbanus, having reproved them for the bloody deed, saves his life by flight. Agilulf gives him the valley, in which he founds the monastery of Bobium. Isidore, bishop of Seville, writes his History. Heraclius crowns his son Constantine. Syria is invaded by the Saracens. Death of Thierry. Chlotair unites under his government all the territories of the Franks ; he puts to death the guilty Brunehild. The youthful Ali (set; 14) be- comes Mohammed's vizir. The Koreish begin their opposition to the prophet. Damascus and Jerusalem taken by the Persians. Distressed state of the Eastern empire. Heraclius makes an ineffectual attempt to negotiate with Chosroes. He marries his niece, Martina, Defeat of the Cyniri at Beandune, by Cynegils and Cuichelm. On the death of Sabert, his three sons reign conjointly in Es- sex, and relapse into heathenism. Death of Columbanus in his retreat at Bobium. Birth of another prince, to whom the name of Constantine is given. Death of Agilulph ; his widow, Theudelinda, governs Lombardy in the name of their son Adalwald. The Persians conquer Alexandria and Egypt, while another army encamps at Chalcedon. Their general, Saen, introduces to Chosroes an embassy from He- raclius, for which he is flaj-qd alive, and the ambassador imprisoned. Death ofj 604 TO 627 A.D. 245 Events and Eminent Men. 618 619 620 Ethelbert. His son, Eadbald, restores the Pagan worship. Redwald is the fourth Bretwalda. The bishops Mellitus and Justus leave England, but are recalled by Laurentius, who succeeds in converting Eadbald to Christianity On the approach of the Persians, the bishop John flies from Alexandria to Cy prus, and George is appointed in his place. The Persians take Chalcedon. Ethelfrid is defeated and slain by Redwald, who places Edwin on the throne of Northumberland. Joannes Philoponus writes his Commentary on Aristotle, set. 92. Heraclius, still inactive at CP., makes another vain effort to conclude a treaty of peace with Chosroes. Heraclius, while holding a conference with Baian, is treacherously attacked by the Avars, and escapes with difficulty. The exarch Eleutherius fails in an attempt to make himself emperor, and is killed. On the death of Laurentius, Mellitus is the third archbishop of Canterbury. Ancyra taken by the Persians. Peace concluded with the Avars. Death of Sisebert; he is succeeded on the throne of the Visigoths by his son Recared, yet a child. Heraclius is roused from his inactivity by the danger ef the empire, and makes vigorous efforts to contend with \he Persians. Recared sorvives his father only seven months ; the Visigoths elect Suintilla in his place. Heraclius departs from CP. April 5, and lands at Alexandria on the Issus (Scan- deroon), recovers Cilicia, defeats the Persians, places his army in secure winter quarters, on the banks of the Halys, and returns to CP. Flight of Moham- med from Mecca to Yathreb, afterwards called Medina, where he is received as a prophet and prince* The Era of the Hegira commences July 16. George of Pisidia, who was present in this year's campaign, celebrates the success of Heraclius. Heraclius, accompanied by the empress Martina, leaves CP. in March, crosses the Euxine, lands at Trebizond, occupies Armenia, takes Thebarma (Ooramiah), the birth-place of Zoroaster, reconquers Colchis and Iberia, and winters in Alba- nia, having released 50,000 captives. Chosroes declines either to fight or treat for peace. Mohammed achieves his first victory over the Koreish, in the vale of Beder ; is afterwards defeated by them on Mount Ohud. He overcomes and expels the Jews of Medina. Suintilla takes the few remaining places in Spain, that were still held by the Greek empire. Edwin is the fifth Bretwalda. Heraclius penetrates into Persia, and takes Ispahan; he surprizes and defeats Sar- baraza, at Salban, where he rests during the winter. On the death of Mellitus, Justus is translated to Canterbury from Rochester, where Romauus succeeds him. In the spring, Heraclius carries away an immense booty from Persia, crosses the Tigris and Euphrates, recovers Amida and Samosata, and returns to the banks of the Halys. The Koreish are foiled by Mohammed, in their third expedition of " the Nations," or " the Ditch." Paulinus, bishop of the Northumbrians. Letters of Boniface V. before his death, to Edwin and his queen Ethelberga. Isidore of Seville is still employed in writing his History. Chosroes raises three armies, one of which, under Sarbar, encamps at Chalcedon, to besiege CP. On the other side, the Avars break through the long wall and advance to the gates of the city. After many unsuccessful assaults, the siege is abandoned, Aug. 8. Heraclius also divides his army into three parts, one of which, under his brother Theodorus, gains an important victory. He contracts an alliance with the Turks, who pass through the Caspian gates, and invade Persia. Eumer, a West Saxon, fails in his attempt to assassinate Edwin, king of Northumberland. George of Pisidia addresses to the patriarch Sergius his poem on the siege of CP. Heraclius, with his Turkish allies, penetrates into Assyria, defeats and kills the Persian general, Rhazates, near the site of Nineveh, and occupies the palace of Dastagerd. Consternation and flight of Chosroes. Rebellion of his son, Siroes. Edwin, king of Northumberland, embraces Christianity, and builds the first minster of wood, at York. His example is followed by Eorpwald, of East An- glia, who is soon afterwards slain, and his throne usurped by the pagan. Richbert. 246 FROM THE TEAS A.D. Hegi- EA. CONSULS OP Rome. Eastern Empirb, Exarchs OF Ravenna. KlNGDOH OF LOMBARDY Bishops of Rome. Arabia. Sassani- DE3 OF Persia. 1 Siroes. 628 7 Post Cons. He- 19 Hera- 10 Isaac. 4Ariwald. 4Hono- 7 Mo- raclii XVII. clius. riusl. ham- med. 1 Ard- shir. 629 8 Post Cons. He- raclii XVIII. 20 11 5 5 8 lTooran- dokiu. 630 9—10 Post Cons. He- 21 12 6 6- 9 2 raclii XIX. 631 10—11 Post Cons.~H.e- raclii XX. 22 13 7 7 10 ICesra. 632 11—12 Post Cons. He- raclii XXI. 23 14 8 8 lAbu- beker. lYezde- jerdlll. 633 12—13 Post Cons. He- raclii XXII. 24 15 9 9 '2 2 -■_ 634 13—14 Post Cons. He- 25 16 10 10 1( . , 3 raclii XXIII. 635 14—15 Post Cons. He- raclii XXIV. 26 — - 17 11 11 2 4 1 636 [15 — ■ 16 Post Cons. He- raclii XXV. 27 18 IRotharis. 12 3 5 J 637 16—17 Post Cons. He- raclii XXVI. 28 19 2 13 4 6 638 [17—18 Post Cons. He- racliiXXVII, 29 1 Plato. 3 14 5 7 639 '18—19 | Post Cons. He- rac. XXVIII. 30 2 4 No bish- op. 6 8 ■ 640 19—20 Post Cons. He- 31 3 — — 5 Severi- 7 q raclii XXIX. nus, 2 months. 1 John IV. 641 1 20—21 Post Cons. He- raclii XXX. Constan- tineIII.(c>r Heraclius II.)l03days Heracleo- n&s,8 mths. 1 Constans 4 6 2 8 10 I 642 21—22 Constans Aug. 2 ■ 5 _ 7 — lTheo dorus. 9 11 643 22—23 The dating 6 8 2 10 12 of years by Consulships 1 644 23—24 ceases. Mura- tori. 4 7 9 — 3 10th- man. 13 645 24—25 5 8 10 4 2 14 646 26 6 D — 11 5 3 15 647 27 7 10 12 — 6 — 4 16 648 28 ■8 lTheodo- rus. 13 7 5 17 649 29 9 1 Olym- pius. 14- 1 Mar- tin I. 6 18 650 ,30 10 2 15 2 7 19 | * 628 TO 650 A.D. 247 Eepe- tition Dates. 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 642 643 644 i 645 646 647 648 649 650 Visigoths in Spain. 8 Suin- tilla. 1 Sise- nand. 2 4 5 1 Chin- tilla. 2 Franks H 1 Tulga. 1 Chinta- suinthus. 1 Dago- bert I 2 3 4 8 10 1 Sige- bertll. ClovisII 2 2 3 — North- umber- land. East Britain. Anglia. Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Mercia. Kent. 10 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 18 12 Ed- win. 13 14 15 16 17 1 Os- wald. 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 Rich- bert. 1 Sige- bert. 2 - 1 Ecgric. 2 3 1 Anna 2 3 4 5 1 Oswy 2 3 4 5 6 8 6 Sige- bert the Little. 7 8 I 18Cyne gils. 19 120 L_ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 — 1 Ken- walk 3 Penda. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 Ead- bald. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 lEarcon- bert, lEthel- walch. 248 FROM THE TEAK A.D. 628 630 631 <;;>i 635 Events and Eminent Men. Chosroes deposed and slain, Feb. 28. Siroes, by a treaty of peace, restores to the Romans all that had been taken from them. Heraclius returns in triumph to CP. George of Pisidia writes his Heracliad. Siroes, after a reign of seven months, is murdered, and Ardshir placed on the throne of Persia. Death of Chlotair; his son Dagobert refuses to divide the kingdom with his brothers. Battle of Cirencester, between the West Saxons and Mercians, followed by a treaty of peace. Heraclius visits Jerusalem. Ardshir is slain by Shakriah, who in a few days meets the same fate, and Toorandokht, a daughter of Chosroes, is made queen of Persia. Mohammed conquers Mecca ; many Arabian tribes submit to him : he invades Palestine ; his first war against the Romans ; battle of Muta. Sige- bert, son of Redwald, recovers the throne of East Anglia ; he introduces Chris- tianity, and founds schools. Modestus succeeds Zacharias, bishop of Jerusalem. Heraclius, in a conference at Hierapolis, originates the Monothelite controversy. Mohammed makes peace with Heraclius, and is acknowledged in all the coun- try between the Euphrates and the Red Sea. Cyrus, the last bishop of Alex- andria. After many revolutions in Persia, Cesra is made king. Felix, bishop of East j Anglia, fixes his see at Dummoc (Dunwich). Fursey builds a monastery at Cno- j bersburg (Burgh Castle, in Suffolk). Death of Mohammed, June 7, set. 63. His successor, Abu Beker, sends an army into Syria, under Abu Obeidah and Caled. They reduce Anbar and Hira. Siege and capture of Bosra. The Persians depose Cesra and elect Yezdejerd for king. The Era of Yezdejerd commences, June 17, 3624 days after the Hegira. Sige- bert, king of East Anglia, retires into a monastery, and is succeeded by Ecgric. The Mohammedans besiege Damascus, and defeat the army of Heraclius at Ajna- din. Penda the Mercian, and Cadwalla the Briton, make war on Edwin, king of Northumberland, who is defeated and slain, Oct. 12, in the battle of Heath- field (Hatfield Chase). His widow, Ethelberga, flies to her brother Eadbald in Kent, accompanied by Paulinus, who is appointed bishop of Rochester. So- phronius, the last bishop of Jerusalem. Damascus taken by the Saracens. Death of Abu Beker, Aug. 23, sat. 63. On the death of Edwin, his nephew Osric, and Eanfrid, son of Ethelfrid, divide the kingdom of Northumberland, but are soon overcome and slain by Cadwalla. He, too, then falls in battle against Oswald, who, having rallied the Northum- brians, is, after his victory, made their king and the sixth Bretwalda. Birinus preaches Christianity to the West Saxons. Abu Obeidah and Caled lay siege to Emesa. Their operations are stopped by a truce for a year, concluded with Heraclius. Penda attacks East Anglia ; Sige- bert is dragged from his monastery to take the field against him, and is slain in battle, together with Ecgric. Anna succeeds to the throne. Oswald builds the first minster of stone in York. Cynegils, king of Wessex, is baptized, and makes Birinus bishop of Dorcic (Dorchester, near Oxford). Oswald gives Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, to be the see of bishop Aidan. The Roman army destroyed by the Saracens in a battle of several days, near the river Hieromax, or Yermuk. The greatest part of Syria subdued. Another Moslem army defeats the Persians at Cadesia. Bassorah founded. The coun- cil of Toledo recognizes Chintilla king of the Visigoths, and fixes the succession in his family. On the death of Ariwald, his widow, Gundeberga, marries Rotha- ris, duke of Brescia, and raises him to the throne of Lombardy. Baptism and death of Cuichelm, son of Cynegils. Death of Isidore of Seville, April 4. Emesa, Balbec, and Jerusalem taken by the Saracens. Said crosses the Tigris, and plunders Ctesiphon, or Modain, which is deserted for the new city of Cufa. The Persians are defeated near Jaloulah, and Yezdejerd retires to Ferganah. Heraclius, unable to resist the Mohammedans, retires to CP. Antioch, Csesarea, and Beraea (Aleppo) surrender ; the conquest of Syria is completed. Heraclius occupies himself with the Monothelite controversy, and publishes his Ecthesis, or Exposition of Faith. Rotharis takes Perusia, and in a bloody battle defeats the Exarch Isaac, who is replaced by Plato. Death of Dagobert ; his two sons 628 TO 650 A.D. 249 A.D. 639 640 643 644 645 6-16 647 648 649 650 Events and Eminent Men. succeed, Clovis to Neustria and Burgundy, Sigebert to Austrasia. Death of Honorius, Oct. 16, after which Rome had no bishop for 19 months. The plague rages in Syria ; death of Abu Obeidah, set. 58. Amrou invades Egypt ; his progress is aided by the Jacobite or Monophysite Copts. The mayors of the palace are all-powerful in France. Anna enlarges and endows the monas- tery of Fursey at Cnobersburg. Pyrrhus, bishop of CP. Alexandria taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22. (The reported interview between Amrou and Joannes Philoponus, and the destruction of the great library. Very doubtful.) Death of Eadbald, king of Kent. His son, Earconbert, destroys all idols in his dominions. Severinus, consecrated bishop of Rome, May 28, resists the Ecthesis of Heraclius ; he dies after a short pontificate, and is succeeded, with an interval of five months, by John IV. Omar forbids Mohammedans to navigate the sea. Death of Heraclius, Feb. 10. His joint successors are Constantine III. (his son by Eudocia), and Heracleonas (his son by Martina). The former dies, May 24, supposed to have been poisoned : the latter is banished, with his mother, Oct. 5, and Constans II., son of Constantine III., is declared emperor, sst. 12. Con- quests of Rotharis in the north-western parts of Italy. Death of Arechis or Arigisus, who, during a reign of fifty years, had much enlarged the duchy of Beneventum. Pyrrhus deposed, and Paul appointed bishop of CP. The Mohammedans continue their conquests in Persia, and defeat Yezdejerd at Nehavend. Istria and Dalmatia are invaded by the Sclavonians. Ajo, duke of Beneventum, is slain by them, and succeeded by Radoaldo, who repulses the in- vaders. Oswald, king of Northumberland, falls in battle against Penda; his brother, Oswy, succeeds him, and is the seventh Bretwalda. Rotharis publishes- his code of laws for the Lombards. Death of Cynegils, king of Wessex. His son, Kenwalk, succeeds him. The Persian Mohammedans venerate Ali, and form the sect of Shiites, in opposition to the Sonnites, or orthodox Moslem. The caliph Omar assassinated by a Per- sian. Egypt flourishes under the administration of Amrou ; he is recalled by the new caliph, Othman, and Abdallah appointed in his place. Oswin, son of Osric (see a.d. 634), claims the kingdom of Deiri; but finding himself unable to contend with Oswy, he disbands his forces and takes refuge with Eai'l Hun- wald. Death of Paulinus ; Ithamar succeeds him as bishop of Rochester. Constans and Paul favour the Monothelites. Pyrrhus, the deposed bishop of CP., recants his heresy at Rome. The reputation of Rotharis keeps the Avars and Slavonians quiet, and preserves peace in Italy. Penda conquers Wessex ; Ken- walk takes refuge in East Anglia. Chintasuinthus wishes to encourage learn- ing in Spain, and deputes the bishop of Saragossa to obtain from Pope Theodorus the works of Gregory the Great : he reforms the Visigothic code. Gregory, the praetorian prefect of Africa, assumes the purple. Theodorus excom- municates Paul of CP., and Cyrus, the expelled bishop of Alexandria. Abdallah advances from Egypt into Roman Africa. Defeat and death of Gregory. Grimoald succeeds his brother Radoaldo, as duke of Beneventum. Moawiyah conquers Cyprus. The Saracens advance into Khorasan. Constans issues his " Type," or model of faith. Kenwalk recovers Wessex, and builds Winchester cathedral. Sussex again independent under Ethelwalch. On the death of Felix, Thomas, from the province of the Gervii, is appointed bishop of the East Angles. The island of Aradus, on the coast of Phoenicia, is taken by Moawiyah. Constans orders the new Exarch Olympius, to enforce the adoption of his " Type," by the Western Church. It is rejected by the First Lateran Council, at which the celibacy of the clergy is also more strictly ordained. Isauria subdued by the Saracens. Constans plunders many orthodox churches in Italy ; his attempt on that of St. Michael, on Mount Garganus, in Apulia, is re- pelled by Grimoaldo, duke of Beneventum. Oswin, the titular king of Deiri, is murdered by Oswy, at Ingethlingum (Gilling). Death of Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne ; Finan succeeds him. Agilbert made bishop of Dorcic, on the death of Birinus. 250 FEOM THE TEAK A.D. Heoi- 1 EA. Eastern Empire, Exarohs OF Ravenna. Kingdom of Lombaedy FlSHOTfe- OF Rome. Arabia. Sassani- DES OF Persia. Visigoths in Spaijt. 651 652 31 32 11 Con- stans II. 12 3 Olym- pius. 1 Theodo- rus, re- instated. 16 Rotha- ris. IRodoald. 3 Martin I. 4 8 Othman. 9 Finally subdued by the Sara- cens. 11 Chinta- auinthus. 12 658 33 13 2 1 Aribert I. 5 10 1 Reche- suinthus. 654 34 14 3 2 6 11 2 655 35 15 4 3 1 Euge- nius I. lAli. 3 656 36 16 5 4 2 2 4 657 37 17 6 5 1 Vitalia- nus. 3 5 658 38 18 7 6 2 4 6 659 39 19 8 7 ■ 3 5 7 660 40 20 9 8 4 6 8 661 662 41 42^3 21 22 10 11 1 Bertari- dus and Gondi- bert. lGrimoald 5 6 1 Hasan. 1 Moawi- yahl. 2 9 10 663 43—44 23 12 2 7 3 11 . 664 665 44 45 24 25 13 14 3 8 9 4 12 45—46 4 5 13 686 46—47 26 1 Gregory. 5 10 14 — 667 47—48 27 2 6 11 7 - 15 668 4S—49 lConstan- tine IV. or Pogo- natus. 3 '" 12 ■~i 16 — 1 651 TO 668 A.D. 251 Repe- tition Dates. France. Northum- berland. East Anglia. B Essex. Wessex. aiTAIN. Sussex. MEROii. Kent. 651 652 14 Sige- bert II. Clovis II. 14 15 15 10 Oswy. 11 17 Anna. 18 29Sigebe.rt the Little. 30 9 Ken- walk. 10 4Ethel- walch. 5 26 Pen- da. 27 12 Ear- conbert. 13 653 16 16 12 19 31 11 6 28 14 654 17 17 13 1 Ethel- here. 32 12 — 7 29 15 . 655 18 18 14 1 Ethel- wald. lSigebert the Good. 13 8 IPeada. 16 656 Chlotair III. 1 15 2 2 14 9 2 -* — 17 657 2 16 3 3 15 10 1 Wulf- here. 18 65S 3 17 4 4 16 11 2 19 659 4 18 5 5 17 12 3 20 660 661 5 1 Childe- ric II. 2 6 19 20 6 7 6 1 Suid- helm; 18 19 13 14 4 5 21 22 662 3 7 21 8 20 15 6 23 663 4 8 22 9 1 Sighere and Sebbi. 21 16 7 24 664 5 9 23 1 Ald- wulf. 2 22 17 8 lEgbert. 665 6 — -10 24 2 3 23 18 9 2 666 7 11 25 3 4 24 19 10 3 667 8 12 26 ■ 4 5 25 20 11 4 — 668 9 13 27 5 .i 6 26 21 12 5 252 FROM THE YEAS A.D. 652 653 654 656 657 65S Events and Eminent Men. Death of Yezdejerd, and end of the Persian kingdom. Grasolfo, duke of Friuli, is succeeded by Ago ; and Deodelapio, duke of Spoleto, by Azzo. Oswy sends to Kent for Eanfieda, daughter of his predecessor, Edwin, and marries ber. Penda invades Northumberland, and retires, after a vain attempt to bum Bam- borough. Emmeran preaches Christianity to the Bavarians. Origin of the Paulician sect at Samosata. Death of Rotharis, king of the Lombards. Kenwalk defeats the Britons at Brad- ford on the Avon. Olympius, having failed in his attempt to introduce the " Type," is recalled by Constans, and Theodorus re-appointed Exarch of Ra- V 6 11113, • Rhodes taken by the Mohammedans ; the remains of the Colossus (erected B.C. 288, and thrown down B.C. 227) are broken up and carried away. Death of Chin- tasuinthus king of Spain. Rodoald, son and successor of Rotharis, is assas- sinated by'one of his subjects, whose wife he had violated; the Lombards elect Aribert, a Bavarian, for their king. The Exarch with an armed force seizes Martin ' and conveys him to the island of Naxos. Peada, the eldest son of Penda, 'is converted to Christianity, with many of the Middle Saxons or Mer- cians; he marries Elfleda, daughter of Oswy. Honorius dies and is succeeded by Deus-dedit, sixth Archbishop of Canterbury. On the death of Thomas, Bertgils, or Boniface, is appointed bishop of the East Angles. The eighth council of Toledo composed of bishops and nobles, enacts, with the concurrence of the new king, Rechesuinthus, many laws both for Church and State. Martin is conducted to CP., publicly stripped of his pontifical robes, and imprisoned. After long hesitation, the Roman clergy elect Eugenius in his place. The Sa- racens begin to be generally discontented with their caliph, Othman, many letters and orders having been forged in his name by his secretary Merwan. Anna, king of the East Angles, falls in battle against Penda. Botolph builds the church of Yceanho (Boston). ,,_,„■ _. , -. „- . Constans is defeated by Moawiyah in a naval battle off the coast of Syria. The caliph Othman, is assassinated June 18, set. 82. Ali is elected to succeed him. Martin is banished to Chersonesus, where he soon afterwards dies. Victory of Oswy at Winwidfield, near Leeds ; Penda, king of Mercia, and Ethelhere of East Anglia, are slain. Peada succeeds to the throne of Mercia, and introduces Christianity there. He appoints Diuma bishop of Repington, and founds the monastery of Medeshamstede (Peterborough). Ninth council of Toledo. Pyrr- hus restored as bishop of CP., dies in five months, and is succeeded by Peter. Moawiyah revolts against Ali, and is supported by Ayesha, the widow of Mo- hammed Amrou, Telha, and Zobeir. These dissensions suspend the conquests of the Saracens. Victory of Ali on " the day of the Camel." Telha and Zo- beir slain. Ayesha, made prisoner, is sent to Medina. Grimoald, mayor of the palace, endeavours to raise his son to the throne of Austrasia, on the death of Sigebe'rt. This attempt involves him in destruction. Clovis II. dies soon after and his son Chlotair III. is for a time sole king of France. The new pa- triarch of CP. sends to Eugenius an unsatisfactory exposition of his faith, which causes great commotions at Rome among priests and people. Campaign of Ali and Moawiyah on the plain of Seffein. Vain efforts to settle their quarrel by single combat or arbitration. Insurrection of the Karegites against Ali. Peada treacherously murdered ; his brother Wulphere becomes king of Mercia. Ildefonso appointed bishop of Toledo. Constans takes the field against the Slavonians and repulses them. Amrou is sent by Moawiyah into Egypt, and expels Ali's partizans. Kenwalk defeats the Britons at Peonna (Pen). The abbot Maximus, a zealous opponent of the Monothelites, is condemned by Constans to amputation of his tongue, and Hi subdues the Karegites. Moawiyah fails in his attempt to take Bassorah ; he offers terms of peace to the emperor Constans, which are rejected. The two rival caUphs publicly pray for each other, while they are waging fierce war. Cedd appointed bishop of the East Saxons by Sigebert; he builds churches a.t Tilsbury (Tilbury), and Ythanceaster (probably Witham). 651 TO 668 A.D. 253 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 663 667 Constans, having first compelled his brother Theodosius to be ordained a deacon, puts him to death, and is ever after tormented by the keenest remorse. Ali, est. 63, is assassinated by a Karegite ; another attempts the life of Moawiyah, but fails. Hasan the eldest son of Ali, is elected caliph. Aribert finishes and endows the church of S. Salvatore at Pavia. Agilbert goes to France, and is made bishop of Paris. Wini succeeds him at Winchester ; Colman is made bishop of Lindisfarne, on the death of Finan. Hasan resigns the caliphate, and Moawiyah becomes the undisputed sovereign of the Saracenic empire. Another rebellion of the Karegites is quelled. Amrou governor of Egypt. Death of Aribert, and division of Lombardy between his two sons. Wulphere takes the Isle of Wight, and gives it to Ethelwalch, king of Sussex ; Eappa is sent to preach Christianity there. Constans, detested by all classes, leaves CP. and goes to Italy. The Senate and people detain the empress and his sons. Strife between the two young kings of Lombardy. Gondibert applies to Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, for assist- ance, and is murdered by him. Bertaridus seeks the protection of the Avars in Pannonia. Grimoald, left master of Lombardy, is chosen king. Constans collects an army and invades Beneventum. On the approach of Gri- moald, he abandons the enterprise, but during his retreat, is attacked and de- feated by Micola, Count of Capua. He after this visits Kome, and carries away whatever he can seize, among other things the brazen tiles of the Pantheon. With this booty he retires to Syracuse. Death of Amrou. Vitalianus enjoins the services of the church to be read in Latin, throughout all Christendom. Bertaridus surrenders himself to Grimoald and is kindly received ; but afterwards, fearing for his life, he withdraws secretly into France. The attendants, who had assisted his escape, are pardoned and rewarded by Grimoald, and allowed to follow their master. Moawiyah appoints as his lieutenant in Persia, India, and the East, his half-brother, Ziyad, " the greatest man of the age." Hilda, abbess of Streaneshalch (Sinus Fari, JBede. Littoris Angulus. Somner: now Whitby). A Synod held in this abbey to fix the proper time for celebrating Easter. Colman's opinion being over-ruled there, he retires into Scotland. Tuda, who succeeds him as bishop of Lindisfarne, dies of the pestilence now raging in Britain. The kings Earconbert and Ethelwald, and Deus-dedit, arch- bishop of Canterbury, are carried off by it. The sun eclipsed, May 1st. Chlotair attempting to restore Bertaridus is defeated near Asti, by Grimoald. Con- stans distresses Sicily and southern Italy by heavy taxes. Okbah or Akbah, sent by Moawiyah to conquer Africa. Wilfrid, abbot of Rhypum (Ripon), is or- dained bishop of Lindisfarne, afterwards archbishop of York ; Chad, abbot of Les- tingau f Lastingham), bishop of Repton, and then removes the see to Lichfield. Grimoald, having invited the Avars to repress the rebellion of Lupus, duke of Friuli, is obliged to expel these allies from his kingdom. During an alterca tion between Vitalianus and Maurus, bishop of Ravenna, Constans declares the latter exempt from the authority of Rome, and instructs the new Exarch, Gre gory, to enforce his edict. Abdarrhaman, the son of Caled, is poisoned in Syria, and Hejer, a noted follower of Ali, beheaded. Council of Emerita (Merida), held by lldefonso. Thomas II. patriarch of CP. The Exarch Gregory fails in an effort to arrest the progress of the Mohamme dans in Africa ; they conquer Numidia, and advance into Mauritania. Reche suinthus reduces the Basque provinces in Spain, and revises the laws of his kingdom. Wighard is sent to Rome, to be consecrated archbishop of Canter- bury, and dies there of the plague. Moawiyah revokes Omar's interdict against navigation, and sends his son Yezib, by sea, with a powerful army to besiege CP. In fruitless attacks, the Mohamme- dans lose many men, and among them Abu Jyub. On the approach of winter, they retire to Cyzicus. Constans assassinated in a bath at Syracuse, July 15, set. "56. The Sicilians set up a handsome youth, named Mecezius, as emperor, Grimoald revises and extends the code of Rotharis ; his son, Romoaid, adds Ta- rentum and Brundusium, to the duchy of Beneventum. Theodore, of Tarsus, consecrated at Rome, archbishop of Canterbury. John V. patriarch of CP. ?54 FEOM THE YEAR A.D. Hegt- RA. Eastern ElIPIEE. Exarchs op Ravenna. Kingdom of lombardy Bishops of Rome. Arabia. Visigoths in Spain. France. 669 49—50 2Constan- 4 Gregory. 8 Grimo- 13 Vitali- 9Moawi- 17 Reche- Chlotair tine IV. ald. anus. yah I. suinthus. III. 14 or Pogo- 10 Chime- hatus. ric II, 670 50—51 3 5 9 14 10 18 11 Thierry III.* 1 671 51—52 4 o — -~ 1 Berta- ridus re- stored. 15 11 19 12 2 672 52—53 5 7 — 2 1 Adeo- datus. 12 — lWamba. 13 3 673 53—54 6 8 3 2 13 2 14 4 674 54—55 7 9 4 3 14 3 5 1 Dago- berl II. 675 55—56 8 10 5 4 15 4 2 6 676 56—57 9 r 11 6 1 Dom- nusl. 16 5 3 7 677 57—58 10 12 7 2 17 6 4 8 678 59 11 1 Theodo- 1 8 1 Agatho. 18 7 5 9 ras 11. Cunibert 1 679 60 12 2 9 2 2 19 8 6 10 ,Thier- rylll.ll 6S0 61 13 3 — 10 3 3 lYezidl. 1 Ervi- gius. < 1 Martin I & Pepin ^Dukes. 681 62 14 4 "" 11 4 4 2 2 12 1 Pepin alone. 6S2 63 15 5 — — 12 5 1 Leo II. o 3 — — 2 13 6S3 64 16 6 13 6 None. lMoaTri- yah II. 4 3 14 >6S4 65 17 7 14 7 1 Bene- dict II. 1 Mer- wan I. 5 4 15 685 66 1 Justi- nian II. 8 15 8 UohnV. lAbdal- melik. 6 5 16 686 67 2 9 16 9 1 Conon. 2 7 6 17 687 68 3 1 Joannes Plato. 17 10 1 Sergi- us I. o ^___ 1 Egica. 7 18 688 69 4 2 11 Cuni- bert. 2 4 2 8 19 6S9 70 5 3 12 3 5 3 9 20 669 TO 689 A.D. 255 hepa- titrion Bates. Northum- berland. East Anglia. Britain or England. Essex. Wessex. Sussex. Mercia. Kent. 669 28 Oswy. 6 Aldwulf. 7 Sighere and Sebbi. 27 Ken- walk. 22 Ethel- walch. 13 Wulf- here. 6 Egbert. 670 1 Egfrid. 7 8 28 23 14 7 671 2 8 9 29 24 15 8 672 3 9 10 1 Sex- burga. •25 16 9 673 4 10 11 2 26 — 17 1 Lothere. 674 5 11 12 1 Escwin. 27 18 2 675 6 12 13 2 28 1 Ethel- red. 3 676 7 — 13 14 1 Kent- win. 29 2 4 677 8 14 , i 15 2 30 3 5 • 678 9 15 16 3 31 4 6 679 10 16 17 4 32 5 7 680 11 17 - — ■ IS 5 33 8 681 12 18 19 6 34 7 9 682 13 19 20 7 - — 35 8 10 6S3 14 20 21 8 36 9 : 11 — 684 15 21 22 9 37 10 12 685 686 687 1 Alfrid. 2 3 22 23 24 23 24 25 lCsed- walla. 2 3 38 lBertbun and Aud- hun. 2 11 12 13 1 Edric. 2 3 6S8 4 25 26 1 Ina. 3 14 4 689 j 5 26 27 — 2 Subject to Wessex. 15 5 — ^ 256 FEOM THE TEAS A.D. 671 672 673 674 676 678 679 Events and Eminent Men. Constantine arrives in Sicily with a fleet and army, subdues and kills Mecezius. From the growth of his beard during this expedition he is called Pogonatus. The Saracens invade Sicily and take Syracuse. Putta bishop of Rochester. The church of Reculver built. Death of Chlotair III. The mayor of the palace, Ebroin, proclaims as king of Neustria and Burgundy, Theodoric, or Thierry III., a younger brother of Chil- deric II. Bertaridus leaves France and seeks protection in Britain. Grimoald plants a colony of Bulgarians in Beneventum. Akbah founds Cairoan, near Carthage. Death of Oswy, the last Bretwalda, Feb. 15, aet. 58. Eleutherius, or Hlothere, succeeds Wini, as bishop of Winchester. Hadrian appointed abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, encourages learning among his monks. Death of Grimoald ; his son Garibald set aside by the Lombards, who recal Ber- taridus, and place him on the throne. The Franks compel Ebroin and Thierry to retire into a monastery, and Childeric for a time reigns alone. Death of Rechesuinthus. Death of Ziyad ; his son Obeidollah, appointed by Moawiyah lieutenant of Khorassan, penetrates into Bockhara, and defeats the Turks. On the decease of Kenwalk, his widow Sexburga governs Wessex. The Saracens year after year repeat their attacks on CP. ; the Greek fire invented by Callinicus, is used successfully in its defence. Assassination of Childeric II. and his queen Bilichilda. Thierry III. aud Ebroin leave their monastery and resume the government of Neustria. Death of Egbert, king .of Kent. Synod held at Hertford. Etheldrida, Egfrid's queen, founds the minster of Ely. Birth of Bede at Wearmouth. Revolts of the Gascons and duke Paulus repressed by Wamba; Narbonne and Nismes taken by him. Dagobert, son of Sigebert II., who had been sent to Ireland on his father's death, is brought back and placed on the throne of Aus- trasia, by Wulfoald. Sexburga retires into a monastery, and Escwin, of the race of Kerdic, ascends the throne of Wessex. The Bavarians, Thuringians, and some other German subjects of Austrasia regain their independence. Con- stantine patriarch of CP. The Saracens, attempting to invade Spain, are defeated by Wamba in a naval battle. Moawiyah appoints his son Yezid to be his succcessor, and makes the caliphate hereditary in his family. Wulfhere defeated at Beadan-head by Esc- win. Death of Wulfhere. Pilgrimage to Rome becomes very prevalent. The siege of CP. finally abandoned by the Mohammedans. Hosein, son of Ali, and three of his friends, protest against the succession of Yezid. Italy peaceful and prosperous under Bertaridus. Ethelred, king of Mercia, ravages Kent, and destroys Rochester. Hedda succeeds Eleutherius as bishop of Winchester. Death of Escwin. Kentwin, son of Cynegils, king of Wessex. Theodore I. patriarch of CP. Benedict Biscop, abbot of Wear- mouth. Revolt of the Mardaites of Mount Libanon, against the Saracens ; the latter con- clude a treaty of peace for thirty years with the Romans, and agree to pay an annual tribute. Death of Ayesha. Death of Romoaldo, duke of Beneventum, i and accession of his son, Grimoald II. Domnus restores the authority of Rome j over the church of Ravenna. ! The Bulgarians establish themselves in the north of Thrace, between the Danube and Mount Hsemus. Bertaridus makes his son Cunibert joint king with himself. Egfrid expels Wilfrid from York, and divides his diocese. Wilfrid retires to I Rome, and obtains from pope Agatbo an order for his restoration. Egfrid re- sists the papal interference. Theodoras I. deposed and George I. appointed patriarch of CP. A large comet visible for three months, from August to October. X council held at Rome for the reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. The I clergy of Ravenna quarrel with their archbishop and secede to Classe ; they are i reconciled by the Exarch Theodoras. War between Egfrid and Ethelred. Eg- frid's brother Elfwin slain in a battle near the Trent; death of his queen Ethel- drida. Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, mediates a peace between them. | The monastery of Coldingham burnt. j 669 TO 689 A.D. 257 A.D, Events and Eminent Men. 681 684 687 Death of Moawiyah. Mecca and Medina refuse to acknowledge Yezid. Hosein, II son of Ali, slain. Abdallah proclaimed caliph at Medina. Dagobert II. mur- dered ; after which, Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, rule Austrasia, with the title of dukes. Attempt to poison Wamba ; he resigns his crown and retires into a monastery; Ervigius succeeds him as king of the Visigoths. The sixth general council held at CP. confirms all previous decisions against the Monothelites, and for a time reconciles the Eastern and Western churches. An English synod held at Heathfeld (Bishop's Hatfield, Herts), concurs in this exposition of faith. Csedmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet, is a monk at Whitby. Death of the abbess ' Hilda. Bede educated by Benedict Biscop. Cruelty of Constantine to his brothers. He gives the title of Augustus to his son Justinian, and obtains the favour of the church by remitting the payment made on the election of a new pope. Ervigius recognized by the council of Toledo. Medina taken by Yezid's lieutenant, Meslem, who dies on his way to attack Abdallah, in Mecca. The mayor of the palace, Ebroin, assassinated. Pepin becomes all powerful in France. The council of CP. deposes Macarius, titular bishop of Antioch, and condemns the former pope Honorius, and other deceased prelates, who had favoured Monothelite opinions. Wilfrid returns to England and completes the conversion of the South Saxons. Hosein, Yezid's lieutenant, presses the siege of Mecca. Kentwin extends his kingdom into many lands still held by the Cymri. Death of Yezid, set. 39. His son Moawiyah II. set. 21, succeeds him, but after a reign of six weeks, wishes to resign. Hosein abandons the siege of Mecca. Theodore I. restored to be patriarch of CP. The papacy vacant twelve months after the death of Leo II. Constantine sends to Rome locks of hair of his two sons, in token of their adoption by the church. On the resignation of Moawiyah, Merwan is elected caliph by the Ommiyahs, but dies at the end of two bundled and ninety-eight days. Ab- dallah still supported by a powerful party. Egfrid sends Beort with an army into Ireland, and lays waste the country. Death of Constantine Fogonatus. Accession of Merwan's son, Abdalmelik. Egfrid attacks the Cymri of Strath-cluyd, by whom he is slain in battle, May 20, set. 40 ; he is succeeded by his brother Alfrid. Csedwalla obtains the kingdom of Wessex. Edric, son of Egbert, assisted by the South Saxons, overcomes Lo- there, and makes himself king of Kent. Cuthbert appointed bishop of Lindis- farne and Hexham. Abdalmelik, by a treaty with Justinian, continues his tribute to the empire, but stipulates, that the Romans shall repress the revolt of the Mardaites. Con- tinued civil war among the Saracens. Deaths of Obeidollah and Al Moktar. Abdallah taken prisoner. Csedwalla conquers the Isle of Wight, and invades Sussex. Ethelwalch slain ; his generals, Berthun and Andhun, expel the in- vaders and rule the kingdom. Paul III. patriarch of CP. Contention of the clergy and soldiers of Rome, for the appointment of a pope, after the death of John V. Wilfrid restored by Alfrid. Justinian removes a large part of the Mardaites into Armenia. Syria and Spain suffer by a great famine. Pepin confirms his power by the defeat of Thierry III . at Testry. Death of Ervigius, Nov. 15 ; his son-in-law, Egica, succeeds to the throne of Spain. Csedwalla makes an attempt on Kent; his brother, Mul, is taken prisoner and burnt alive, with twelve others. Intrigues and struggles again for the papal chair. The new exarch demands a hundred pounds in gold, as the price for confirming the election of Sergius. Unsuccessful expedition of Justinian against the Bulgarians. Revolt of Amrou, son of Said; he is overcome, and killed by Abdalmelik. Death of Bertaridus. Cuuibert sole king of Lombardy ; his queen, Ermelinda, is daughter of one of the Anglo-Saxon kings, probably Csedwalla. Egica punishes the conspirators, who had deposed Waixba, and holds the fifteenth council of Toledo. Ctedwalla resigns the crown of Wessex to Ina and goes to Rome. Campaign of Justinian in Syria. Death of Csedwalla, at Rome. John, called St. John of InderaAvood (Deirwald or Beverley), bishop of York. Ceolfrid, abbot I of Wearmouth, one of Bede's instructors. 258 FROM THE YEAR 1 Hbgi- Eastern Empire. lixancHS Kingdom Bishops Visigoths A.D. j OF of of Arabia. IN France. RA. Ravenna. LOMBARDY Rome. Spain. 690 | 71 6 Justi- 4 Joannes 13 Cuni- 4 Sergi- 6Abdal- 4 Egica. Thierry I nian II. Plato. bert. us I. melik. III. 21 1 10 Pepin. 691 72 7 5 — 14 — 5 7 • 5 11 Clovis III. 1 12 2 692 73 8 6 15 6 8 6 693 74-75 9 7 16 7 9 7 13 3 694 75—76 10 8 17 8 10 8 -> 14 4 695 76—77 1 Leon- tius. 9 18 9 11 9 15 Childebert III. 1 696 77—78 2 10 19 10 12 10 16 2 697 78—79 3 11 20 11 13 11 17 3 698 79—80 1 Tiberius III., or Absimar. 12 21 12 14 12 18 4 699 80—81 2 13 22 13 15 13 19 5 700 81—82 3 14 lLiut- bert. 14 ■ 16 14 20 6 701 82—83 i 4 15 1 Ragim- bert. 1 Aribert II. 1 JohnVI. 17 1 Witiza. 21 7 702 83-84 5 lTheo- phylactus. 2 2 18 2 22 8 703 84-83 6 2 3 3 19 3 23 9 704 85—86 7 3 4 4 20 4 24 10 705 86—87 1 Justini- an II. restored. 4 5 1 John VII. IWalid I. 5 — - 25 11 706 87—88 2 5 6 2 2 6 26 12 707 88-89 3 6 7 3 3 7 27 13 708 89—90 4 7 8 1 Sisinni- us. 1 Con- s tan tine. 4 — — 8 28 14 709 90—91 5 8 9 2 5 9 29 15 710 91—92 6 1 Joannes Rizocopus. 10 3 6 10 30 16 711 92—93 1 Philip- picua Bardanep. 1 Euty- chius. 11 4 7 1 Roderic. The Visi- gothic 31 Dagobert III. 1 712 93—94 2 2 lAn- sprando. 1 Liut- prand. 5 8 kingdom is over- thrown. Years of 32 2 713 94—95 1 Anagta- eius II. 1 Scholas- ticus. 2 6 ■ 9 confusion ensue. 33 3 690 TO 713 A.D. 259 Repe- tition Bates.! Doges of Venice. 691 604 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 718 Northum- berland. East Anglia. Britain or England. Esses. Wessex. Mercia. Khnt. 6 Alfrid. 7 - — 8 1 Anafes- tus. 12 , 13 — 14 15 - — 16 17 IS 19 20 1 Osred. 2 3 4 27 Aldwulf. 28 29 30 49 1 Selred. 28 Sighere and Sebbi 29 30 1 Sighard and Sue fred. 2 4 6 lOffa. 2 1 Sueb- richt. 2 3 4 3 Ina. 16 Ethel- 17 Edric. 8 lWictred. Caenred 4 5 1 Ceolred 91 s 2 260 FROM THE TEAR A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 700 701 702 703 Alachis, duke of Trent and Brescia, rebels against Cunibert, and falls in battle. Abdallah's brother, Musab, defeated and slain at Masken, by Abdalmelik ; all Irak submits to him. Death of Theodore ; he is succeeded by Berthwald. the first Saxon archbisbop of Canterbury. Two Anglo-Saxon missionaries, Kilian and Wilbrord, of Ripon, preach in Germany. First appearance of the Obo- trites in Northern Germany. Justinian attempts to transplant the whole population of Cyprus. Abdalmelik recovers Persia. Pepin allows Clovis III. to succeed Thierry III. as nominal king of Neustria. Council of CP. called " QuinisextuminTrullo;" not acknow- ledged by the Western church. Wilfrid again expelled. The Mohammedans defeat the army collected by Justinian at Sebastopolis. Cap- ture of Mecca, and death of Abdallah. Abdalmelik undisputed caliph. Sergius resists Justinian's summons to CP. Ina gives a code of laws to the West Saxons. Bede receives deacon's orders from John, bishop of York. The Mohammedans conquer Armenia. Hassan, governor of Egypt, renews the war in Africa. Sisbertus, archbishop of Toledo, deposed by Egica, and the six- teenth council held there. Felix, bishop of Seville, appointed primate in his place. A form of prayer, for the sovei-eign and his family, first ordained by this council. Callinicus I. patriarch of CP. Tobias succeeds Gebmund, bishop of Rochester. Justinian's two ministers, Stephen and Theodotus, provoke his subjects by their oppressions ; Leontius imprisoned. The Kentish-men pay a legal compensa- tion in money to Ina, for the death of Mul. Wictred holds a council, at Bac- cancelde (Beckenham). Leontius, released from prison, is proclaimed emperor. Justinian, with his nose cut off (Rhinotmetus), is banished to Cherson, in the Crimea, Abdalmelik coins the first Arabian money; Somyor, a Jew, is his mint-master. The seventeenth and last council of Toledo. Continued persecution of the Jews in Spain. Revolt of Shebib suppressed by Hejaj. Pepin favours the preaching of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries among the Franks and Frisians. He appoints Wilbrord, under the name of Clemens, bishop of Utrecht. Rupert bishop of Worms. Carthage taken by Hassan ; recovei-ed by an army sent from CP. by Leontius under the prefect John, assisted by Visigothic forces from Spain. Commerce flourishes in the Venetian isles ; they unite for self-government, and elect their first Doge, with a council of tribunes and judges. Hassan storms and destroys Carthage. The Greeks retire to Candia, where they make Absimar emperor, under the name of Tiberius. On their return to CP. Leontius is deposed, deprived of his nose, and sent to a monastery in Dalmatia, The Berbers, or wild shepherds of Mount Atlas, resist successfully the progress of the Mohammedans. Beort, the ealdorman of Northumberland, defeated and slain by the Britons of Strathcluyd. Death of Cunibert ; his young son, Liutbert, succeeds him, under the guardian- ship of Ansprando. The Mohammedans, repulsed from Antaradus, retire to Mopsuestia. Rebellion and death of Abdarrhaman. Ragimbert, son of Gondibert (see a.d. 662), expels Liutbert and seizes the throne of Lombardy ; dying a few months after this, he is succeeded by his son Aribert. Ansprando defeated in an attempt to expel Aribert ; Liutbert made prisoner and put to death. Witiza renders himself unpopular by his vices. Gisolfo II., duke of Beneventum, invades Campania. Aribort drives Ansprando from an island in the Lake of Como, to which he had fled ; he is received, with his young son Liutprand, by the Bavarians and pro- tected by them. Alfrid encourages learning. Adamnan, abbot of Iona, presents to him his book " On the Holy Places." On the death of Hedda his diocese is divided; Daniel succeeds him as Bishop of Winchester, and the new see of Sherborne is given to Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbury, a noted scholar. Bedq ordained priest. 690 TO 713 A.D. 261 704 705 707 70S 709 Events and Eminent Men. 718 Justinian having escaped from Oherson, and passed through many adventures among the Chozars, takes refuge with the Bulgarians. Ethelred retires into a monastery, and leaves the crown of Mercia to Csenred. Alfrid resists the papal mandate to restore Wilfrid. Terbelis, with an army of Bulgarians, restores Justinian to his throne ; he inflicts | bloody vengeance for his expulsion; Leontius and Absimar are beheaded. Death of Abdalmelik, set. 60. Death of Alfrid, king of Northumberland. Cal- I linicus deposed and banished by Justinian. Cyrus patriarch of CP. Wilfrid ' restored by Osred. The pope John VI I. refuses to accept, or even revise, the acts of the council of CP. (a.d. 691), which Justinian requires him to adopt. Ferdulfo, duke of Friuli, slain in an encounter with a band of Slavonians. iThe Mohammedans, under Musa, overcome the Berbers, and are masters of all Northern Africa ; they establish themselves in the valley of the Indus under Catibah, conquer Karisme, Bokhara and Samarcand, whence they introduce the manufacture of paper. Aribert gives (or restores) the patrimony of the Cottian Alps to the church of Rome. Justinian, unmindful of his obligations to Terbelis, attacks the Bulgarians, and is defeated by them at Anchialus. Sisinnius, elected pope on the death of John VII., dies, after holding the pontificate twenty days. Theodoras, by order of Justinian, plunders Ravenna, and sends the principal citizens prisoners to CP., where tbey are cruelly murdered. Tyana taken by the Mohammedans. Offa, king of Essex, and Csenred of Mercia, abdicate and retire to Rome. Ina compiles his code of laws. Death of Aldhelm ; Forthere bishop of Sherborne. Death of Wilfrid at Undalum (Oundle). Albinus, abbot of St. Augustin's, Canterbury, a friend of Bede. First landing of the Mohammedans in Spain at Tarifa ; after an inroad as far as Algeziras, they return to Ceuta. Pope Constantine, by order of Justinian, sets out for CP. Ina defeats the British chieftain, Geraint. Acca succeeds Wilfrid as bishop of Hagulstad, or Hexham. Naitan, a king of the North Britons, applies to Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, for spiritual advice and architects to build churches. Tarik, with a larger force, lands at Calpe, now called Gibraltar (Gebel al Tarik — the mountain of Tarik). Roderic, " the last of the Goths," succeeds Witiza, whose two sons, with their uncle, the archbishop of Toledo, and Count Julian, conspire against the new king and assist the invaders. Battle of Xeres, July 19—26. Death of Roderic and end of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain. The cruelties of Justinian provoke a revolt at Ravenna; he dispatches a fleet and army to destroy Cherson and massacre its inhabitants. Constantine, ho- nourably received by the emperor, is dismissed back to Rome, without any apparent cause for his journey. The people of Cherson proclaim Bardanes em peror, under the name of Philippicus; the fleet and army espouse his cause, and conduct him to CP., where he is universally acknowledged, and J stinian put to death. Aided by the oppressed and disaffected Jews, Tarik subdues Spain ; Musa, jealous of his lieutenant's success, takes the command himself. Ansprando, with a Bavarian army, overcomes Aribert, who is drowned in his flight ; after a reign of three months, the conqueror dies, and is succeeded by his son Liut- prand. The emperor Philippicus causes great discontent, by attempting to annul the acts of the sixth general council. Cyrus ejected from CP., and John VI. made patriarch. Thrace plundered by the Bulgarians, andPisidia conquered by the Mohammedans. Philippicus assassinated ; his secretary Artemius raised to the throne with the name of Anastasius II. Musa crosses the Pyrenees and conquers as far as Narbonne ; his son Abdelaziz obtains, by treaty with Theodemir of Murcia, full possession of Valencia, Alicant, and other neighbouring cities. The Gothic fugitives begin to collect and defend themselves in the mountains of the As- turias. Liutprand adds new laws to those of Rotharis and Grimoald. Abdelaziz marries Egilona, widow of Roderic. 2G2 PUOM THE YEAR 1 Exarchs Kingdom HiSHOPS Spain. A.D. IIegira. Eastern of of Lom- OF France. Empire. Ravenna. bard y. Rome.. Goths. Saracens 714 95— 96 2 Anasta- 2 Scholas- 3 Liut- 7 Con- 34 Pepin. sius II. ticus. prand. stantine D i erobert III. 4 715 96— 97 3 - 3 4 1 Gre- 1 Charles gory II M artel. Chilperic II. 1 716 97— 9S 1 Theodo- sins III. 4 5 o 1 Pelayo Abdelaziz 2 2 717 99 1 Leo III. the Isau- rian. 5 6 2 Ayoub. 3 3 71S 100 2 6 7 4 3 Alhaur or Alchame 4 4 719 101 3 7 S 5 4 5 5 720 101—102 4 S 9 6 5 Zama or Alsama. 6 Thierry IV. 1 721 102—103 5 9 10 7 6 Abderah- man. 7 2 722 103—104 6 10 11 8 7 Ambisa. S 3 723 104—105 7 11 12 9 8 9 4 724 105—106 S 12 13 10 9 10 5 725 106—107 9 13 14 11 10 — - Hodeira. 11 6 726 107—108 10 14 15 12 11 Yahia. 12 7 727 10S— 109 11 1 Paul. 16 13 12 Othman. Hodaifa. 13 S 72S 109—110 12 1 Euty- chius, reinstated. 17 14 13 Albaitan. 14 9 7-29 110—111 13 2 IS 15 14 Moham- med, Ben Abdallah. 15 10 730 112 14 3 19 16 15 Abderah- man. 16 11 731 113 15 4 20 1 Grego- ry TIL 16 17 12 732 114 16 5 21 2 17 Abdelme- lic. IS 13 733 115 17 6 22 3 IS 19 14 734 116—117 18 7 23 4 19 20 15 735 117—118 19 S , 24 5 JO 21 16 736 118—119 20 9 25 6 21 Okbah, or Ocba. 22 17 714 TO 736 A.D. 2G3 h'epe- titioa Dates. Arabia. Doges of Venice. SS-" EAST BH.TAUI OB ENGLAND. land. Anolia. Essex. Wkssex. Mebcia. Kent. 714 K) Wuliil I. 18 Anafea- tus. lOOsred. 89elred. 6 Siu>b- richt. -7 Ina. 6 Ceolred 22 AVic- tred. 715 1 Soli- man. 19 11 3 7 28 7 23 716 717 2 1 Omar II. 20 1 Marco Tegliano. 1 Keuric 2 5 . 8 9 29 30 1 Ethel- bald. 2 21 , 25 718 2 2 1 Osric. 6 1 10 31 3 26 719 3 3 2 7 11 32 4 27 720 1 Yezid II. 4 3 8 12 — 33 5 28 721 2 5 4 9 13 34 6 29 722 3 6 6 10 14 35 7 30 723 4 7 6 11 - — 15 36 8 31 724 725 lHa- shem, or Hixem. 2 8 9 7 8 12 13 16 17 37 38 . 9 10 32 1 Bad. bert, 2 726 3 1 Orso. 9 14 18 ■ ■ 39 11 727 4 2 10 15 ■ 19 40 12 3 728 5 3 11 16 20 1 Etliel- ard. 13 4 729 6 4 1 Ceol- WLllf. 17 21 • 2 14 5 730 7 5 — 2 18 22 3 15 , 6 731 8 6 3 19 • 23 4 16 1 7 732 9 7 4 20 24 5 17 8 733 10 8 fi 21 25 6 18 9 734 11 9 6 22 26 7 19 . ■ 10 735 12 10 7 23 27 8 20 ' 11 730 13 11 8 24 28 9 21 12 i 264 FROM THE TEAS Events and Eminent Men. 715 716 717 718 719 721 722 723 724 Anastasius prepares an armament against the Saracens. Tarik and Musa recalled from Spain and disgraced; the command is given to Abdallah and Abdelaziz, sons of the latter. Death of Pepin of Heristal and Grimoald, the mayor of Neus- tria; strife and confusion prevail for some time in France. A conspiracy against Liutprand detected and foiled. Death of Walid I. Charles Martel gains the ascendancy in Austrasia, and con- tends against Chilperic II., the successor of Dagobert in Neustria. Treaty between Liutprand and the doge of Venice. Winifred, a monk of Wessex, under the name of Boniface, proceeds on his first mission in Germany. Battle of Wanburg between Ina and Ceolred. Germanus I. patriarch of CP. The fleet and army, sent by Anastasius against the Saracens, revolt at Rhodes, and proclaim Theodosius emperor; Anastasius resigns. Soliman sends his brother Mosleimah with a powerful army to besiege CP. First passage of the Hellespont by the Mohammedans. A new kilometer erected by Asama, Ab- delaziz assassinated at Cordova. The Asturian refugees choose Pelagius (Pelayo) of the royal Visigothic race, for their leader. Faroaldus, duke of Spoleto, seizes Classis, the port of Bavenna ; the remonstrances of Liutprand make him relinquish his prize. Death of Ceolred, king of Mercia; Osred of Northumberland falls in battle. Badbod achieves the independence of the. Frisons. Charles Martel defeats Baginfried, mayor of Neustria, at Amblef. Theodosius retires into a monastery, and Leo the Isaurian becomes emperor. He defends CP. vigorously. A powerful fleet, sent to assist in the siege, is totally destroyed by the Greek fire-ships. Death of Soliman. Liutprand submits further improvements in the laws for the approbation of his subjects ; the hap- piness of his people contrasts strikingly with the wretched condition of the Roman empire. Charles Martel, by his victory at Vincy, establishes his au- thority over Neustria. Aquitain an independent duchy under Eudes. After suffering from a severe winter, and losing another fleet, the Mohammedans abandon the siege of CP. The empire of the caliphs extends two hundred days' journey, from Tartary and India in the East, to the shores of the Atlantic Birth of the emperor Leo's son, Constantine, afterwards surnamed Copronymus Pelayo begins a regular system of government, and receives the title of king. Gregory II. restores the original Benedictine monastery of Monte Casino. Cuth- burga, Ina's sister, founds that of Wimburn, and Ina the minster of Glaston- bury. Anastasius, attempting, by the aid of the Bulgarians, to regain his throne, is given up by them to Leo and put to death. Alchama and archbishop Oppas (Witiza's brother) proceed against Pelayo, who obtains his first victory and takes Gijon ; Alchama is slain, and Oppas made prisoner. Zama has the command of the Saracenic or Moorish forces in Spain. Boniface preaches in Hesse and Thu- ringia. Leo crowns his young son Constantine. Omar II. poisoned by his own family, for favouring the descendants and sect of Ali. Zama Invades Southern Gaul. Death of Chilperic II. Thierry IV. is allowed by Charles Martel to assume the title of King of Neustria. Zama defeated and slain in the battle of Toulouse by Eudes, duke of Aquitain. Pelayo recovers parts of Gallicia and Leon. Egbert, abbot of Iona, translates the four Gospels into Anglo-Saxon. Wilfrid II. archbishop of York. Pelayo takes the city of Leon. Alfonso, a descendant of king Becared, brings a band from Cantabria (Biscay) to join the Asturians, and marries Pelayo's daughter, Ormisinda. In this and the preceding year, Liutprand adds thirty- five new laws to his code. Ina defeats an attempt of Ealdbert to restore the kingdom of Sussex. Iva Vidfame, a petty Scandinavian prince, conquers Upsal, and founds a kingdom, which afterwards becomes Sweden. Yezid prohibits images in Christian churches. The Slavonians defeated by Pemmone, duke of Friuli. Boniface created arch- bishop by the pope, and supported in his mission by Charles Martel. Death of the caliph Yezid II. Liutprand promulgates the sixth book of his] laws. 714 TO 736 A.D. 265 726 729 730 731 732 733 rS6 Events and Eminent Men. Expedition of Charles Martel against the Bavarians. The Saracens renew their attacks on Gaul, and reduce Autun ; Eudes prevents their passing the Rhone ; their leader, Ambisa, is slain ; Hodeira succeeds him. Death of Wictrid, king of Kent, April 23. Ealdbert loses his life in again attempting to recover Sussex from Ina. Leo issues his edict against the worship of images ; he is suspected also of dis- crediting the virtue of relics and the intercession of saints. Great agitation in the church, followed by commotions of the superstitious people. The islands of the Cyclades rebel and set up an emperor; their fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire, and their mock Augustus beheaded. Death of Marcello, or Marco Teg- liano, doge of Venice ; he is succeeded by Orso Ipato, a courageous and prudent ruler. A submarine volcano throws up a small island near Thera, in the Archipelago. A rapid succession of Arab governors in Spain, through their own and the caliph's jealousies. Germanus, patriarch of CP., and pope Gregory resist the edict of Leo ; he attempts to enforce the observance of it, and sends a new exarch to depose the pope. The Mohammedans besiege Nice in Bithynia. Death of Tobias, bishop of Rochester ; Aldwulf succeeds him. Continued tumults in Italy against the Iconoclasts. The exarch Paul is killed at Ravenna, and Esilarato, duke of Naples, at Rome. Liutprand takes Ravenna and most part of the Exarchate. Ina resigns the crown of Wessex and goes to Rome, where he endows an Anglo-Saxon school. Liutprand restores Ravenna to the exarch Eutychius ; they unite their forces to attack Rome, but are persuaded by Gregory to abandon their design. Death of Osric, king of Northumberland, and Egbert, abbot of Iona. A comet appears. Leo confiscates the patrimony of the church of Rome, wherever his power extends, deposes Germanus, and appoints Anastasius I. patriarch of CP. Eudes gives , his daughter in marriage to Mimusa, a Saracen chief in the Pyrenees, and enters ' into a league with him for the protection of their mutual independence. John of Damascus, surnamed Chrysorrhoas, writes against Leo and the Iconoclasts, and cultivates the philosophy of Aristotle. Felix writes a history of Croyland Abbey. Corbinian, bishop of Utrecht. Munusa overcome and slain by Abderahman at Cerdagne. Eudes sustains a great defeat at Aries, and having collected another army near Bordeaux, is again routed. The Saracens occupy Angouleme, Perigord, Saintonges, and Poitou. Bede concludes his Hist. Ecc. Death of Berthwald, archbishop of Canterbury ; Tatwine succeeds him. Fredegarius continues the History left by Gregory of Tours. Charles Martel and Eudes unite their forces, and give battle to the Saracens be- tween Tours and Poictiers. Abderahman signally defeated and killed. The Mohammedans are arrested in their course of conquest and driven out of Aqui- taine. Gregory III. assembles a council at Rome, in which all Iconoclasts are excommunicated. Death of the Abbot Albinus, Bede's friend. Leo marries his son Constantine to a Tartar, or Turkish, princess, who at her baptism takes the name of Irene. A fleet, dispatched by him against the Pope and tbe refractory Italians, is destroyed by a storm in the Hadriatic. Abdelme- lik, the successor of Abderahman, remains inactive in Spain. Acca expelled from his bishopric of Hexham. The sun eclipsed, Aug. 15. Aldwich, bishop of Sidnaceaster and Sigfrid of Selsey. Death of Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury; Nothelm is appointed in his place. Egbert succeeds Wilfrid II. at York. Death of Eudes; his sons make an ineffectual resistance to the occupation of Aquitaine and Gascony by Charles Martel. Pepin visits Pavia, and is adopted by Liutprand. Death of Bede in the monastery of J arrow, May 26, set. 62. Birth of Alcuin. Frithwald, bishop of Whitherne. Liutprand being attacked by a dangerous illness, his nephew, Hildebrand, is elected for his colleague by the Lombard diet. Hunald, son of Eudes, is allowed the title of Duke of Aquitaine, on his doing homage to Charles Martel and his 2G6 TEOM THE TEAE A.D.' Hegiba. Eastern Empibe. Exarchs of Rayenna. Kingdom of Lom- BABDT. Popes. Spain. Goths. Sabacens. France. 737 119—120 21 Leo III. the I sau- rian. 10 Euty- chius. 26 Liut- prand. 7 Grego- ry III. 1 Fari- la. 23 Charles Martel. 738 120—121 22 11 27 8 2 24 739 121—122 23 12 28 9 1 Alfonso I. 2 25 740 122—123 24 13 29 10 26 741 123—124 1 Constan- tine V. Coprony- mus. 14 30 1 Zacha- ry. 3 Abdelme- lic. 1 Carlo- man and Pepin. 742 743 744 1S4— 125 125—126 126-127 2 3 4 15 16 17 31 62 1 Hilde- brand. 1 Kachis. 2 3 4 4 5 6 Baleg, 6 months. Thaalaba, 5 months. Husam, or Abulkatur 2 Cbilderie III. 1 3 2 4 3 745 127—128 5 IS 2 5 — — 7 — Thueba, or Toba. Yussef, or Jusuf. 5 4 746 747 748 129 130 131 6 7 S 19 20 21 3 4 5 8 8 9 10 6 5 7 Pepin, alone. Childeric III. 6 S 7 749 132 9 22 1 Astolfo. 9 11 9 S 750 132—133 10 23 2 10 12 10 9 751 752 753 754 133—134 134—135 135—136 136-137 11 12 13 14 24 Conquered by the Lombards. 3 4 5 6 11 1 Ste- phen II. 3 days. 1 Ste- phenlll. 2 3 13 14 15 16 11 10 1 Pepin, king of France. 2 3 755 135 15 7 4 17 1 Abde- rahman Ben Mo- awiyah. 4 737 TO 755 A.D. 267 Repe- North- Britain or England. 1 tition Arabia. Venice. umber- East V Dates. land. Anglia. Essex. Wessex. Mercia. Kent. 737 14 Ha- Maestri di 1 Ead- 25 Sel- 29 Sueb- 10 Ethel-. 22 Ethel- 13 Ead- shem, oi Militi. bert. red. richt. ard. [ bald. bert. Hixem. Domertico Leone. 1 1 736 15 Felice Cor- nicola. 2 26 1 Swith- red. 11 '23 14 739 16 Diodato. 3 27 2 ■ 12 24 15 740 17 Giuliano. Tpato. 4 28 3 13 ! 25 _ 16 741 18 Giovanni Fabriciato Doges restored. 5 29 4 1 Cuthred 26 17 742 19 1 Diodato, Ipato. 6 30 5 2 — — 27 . 18 743 1 Walid II. 2 7 SI 6 3 28 19 744 2 — 1 Yezid III. 5 months. 1 Ibrahim 3 months. 1 Mer- wan II. 32 7 4 29 20 745 2 4 9 33 8 5 30 21 746 3 5 10 1 Alf- wuld. 9 6 31 22 747 4 6 11 2 10 7 32 ■ 23 748 5 7 12 3 11 8 33 1 Ethel- bertll. 749 6 8 13 IBeorna and E- thelred. 12 9 34 2 750 1 Abul- Abbas. 9 14 2 13 10 35 3 751 2 10 15 3 14 11 36 4 752 3 11 16 4 15 12 37 5 753 4 12 17 5 16 13 38 6 754 1 Alman- sor. 13 18 6 17 1 Sige- bert. 39 7 755 2 1 Galla of Malamoc- 19 7 18 lCyne- wnlf. 1 Bern- rod. 8-— co. 1 Offct. 268 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 737 708 739 741 745 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Pelayo; his son, Favila, succeeds him. Aznar, a son of Eudes, drives out the Saracens, and erects an independent power in Arragon. Death of Thierry IV. Charles Martel rules France without any nominal king. Okbah makes an effort to retrieve the late disasters of the Saracens, and gains possession of Avignon, but is expelled by Charles Martel, who defeats him in a great battle in Languedoc, takes Nismes, and lays siege to Narbonne. Popular tumults at Venice. The doge Orso killed. The republic is thenceforth governed for several years by an annually elected " Master of the military." Ceolwulf retires into a monastery, and leaves the kingdom of Northumberland to his nephew Eadbert. Death of Ethelwald, bishop of Lindisfarne ; Conwulf consecrated in his place. Death of Acca, late bishop of Hexham. Boniface visits Rome for the third time, and is honourably entertained by Liut- prand at Pavia. Deusdedit, or Diodato, son of the murdered doge, is recalled from exile, and returns to Venice. Charles Martel exacts a tribute from the Saxons of the Lippe. Favila, a weak prince, is killed by a bear while hunting. Alfonso is elected chief of the Asturians. Charles Martel and Liutprand unite their forces against the Saracens, and expel them from the greatest part of France. Rachis, duke of Friuli, successfully attacks the Slavonians in Carniola. Abbo, a private citizen, founds and richly endows the monastery of Novalesa, at the foot of Mount Cenis. Death of Wilbrord, the apostle of the Frisians. Disturbed state of Italy, through the rebellion of Trasmund, duke of Spoleto, against Liutprand. The Saracens in Spain are weakened by intestine factions. Alfonso extends his little kingdom in Gallicia and Castile. Death of the Emperor Leo, June 18. His son and successor, Constantine, is troubled by the rebellion of Artavasdus. The dukes of Spoleto and Beneventum being supported by the pope, Liutprand invades the Roman State. Gregory in- vites the protection of Charles Martel, but dying at this crisis, his successor, Zachary, assists the Lombard king in reducing bis two rebellious vassals, and peace is restored in Italy. Death of Charles Martel, Oct. 22. His sons, Carlo- man and Pepin, divide between them the government of France, leaving only a few small domains to their half-brother, Gripho. Death of Ethelard, king of Wessex. War between his successor Cuthred and Ethelbald, king of Mercia. Death of Nothelm ; Cuthbert is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, and Dun, bishop of Rochester. York burnt. Interview between Liutprand and pope Zachary at Terni. Godescalc, duke of Be- neventum, murdered by his people. Childeric III. made nominal king of France. Birth of Charles, son of Pepin and Bertha, afterwards called Charlemagne. Synod of Cloveshoo. The office of doge restored at Venice, with the title at- tached to it of Ipato or Consul. Final defeat of Artavasdus. Zachary prevails on Liutpi'and to abandon his design of annexing Ravenna and the Exarchate to his kingdom. Constantine forbids the worship of images ; but Rome still maintains allegiance to him in civil matters. Continued discord among the Saracens in Spain ; Abdelmelic put to death at Cordova. A council held by Boniface at Leptines (now Estines, in Hainault). The kings of Mercia and Wessex unite their arms against the Cymri of Wales. The caliph Walid II. slain by conspirators. His successor, Yezid III., dies in five months of the plague. Then, Ibrahim, after a reign of three months, is deposed, and Merwan II. occupies his throne. Death of Liutprand. His nephew, Hil- debrand, after holding the government seven months, is set aside, and Rachis, duke of Friuli, elected by the Lombard nobles. The History of Paul Warne- frid (Paulus Diaconus) close3. Council of Soissons presided over by Pepin. The abbey of Fulda built by Sturmio. Daniel resigns the see of Winchester, and is succeeded by Hunferth. Victories of Carloman in Saxony, and of Pepin in Southern Germany. The arch- bishopric of Mentz founded by Boniface. Death of Daniel, ex-bishop of Win- chester. 737 to 755 a.d. 261 746 748 749 750 751 752 753 Italy tranquil. Kachis legislates for his people. Ansprando, duke of Spoleto, succeeded by Lupo, whom the Lombards called Welfo. Ibrahim and Abul-Abbas (descendants of Mohammed's uncle, Abbas) emerge Irom obscurity, and claim the caliphate ; black adopted as the colour of the Abbassides. Seldred, king of East Anglia, slain. A pestilence depopulates the East. Carloman resigns his share of power to his brother Pepin, and builds a monastery for himself on Mount Soracte, near Rome, from which he retires to that ot Monte Casino. Ibrahim, made prisoner on his pilgrimage to Mecca, dies in captivity. His brother, Abul-Abbas (afterwards called Saffah, or the bloody), remains leader of the Abba-s des. Yussef restor- s order among the Saracens of Spain, divides it into six provinces, and constructs public works. A council held at Cloveshoo, decrees that poitions of the liturgy should be taught to the people in English i Anglo Saxon). Venetian merchants having purchased slaves to b 3 sold in Africa to the Saracens, Zachary forbids the traffic Death of Eadbert, king of Kent. Virgilius, a priest, convicted of heresy for believing in the existence of the antipodes. Battle < f the Zab. Merwan, defeated by the Abba? sides, flics into Egypt. Rachis invades the Exarchate and lays siege to 1'erugia. He is induced by Zachary to witndraw his forces, alter which he ^ives up the crown of Lombardy to his brother, Astolfo, and r tires to Monte Casino. Christianity supplanted in Africa by the Mohammedan faith. Final defeat and death of Merwan, in a battle on the banks of the Nile. The dynasty of the Abbassides begins with Abul-Abbas. All the family of the Omniiades are put to death, except Abderahman, who escapes into the valleys of Mount Atlas. Yussef aims at making himself independent in Spain. Con- stantine defeated by the Bulgarians at Batag.ba. Birth of his son, afterwards Leo IV. Constantine gives the tiile of Augustus to his infant son. Pepin overcomes a rebellion of Gripho, and defeats the Saxons and Bavarians. He prepares to make himseif king of France, and by an embassy invites the concurrence oi the pope. Alfonso extends his conquests over the north-west of Spain, along the Douro, from Sentica (Zamora) to Calle (Oporto). The reign of the Merovingian race terminates by the deposition of Childeric III., who is shut up for the re.-t of his days in the monastery of St. Bertin. Pepin crowned king of Franc-' at Soissons by Boniface; he crosses the Pyrenees and recovers pari of Catalonia from the Saracens. Astolfo makes himself master of the whole Exarchate of Ravenna, and threatens Rome. On the death of Pope Zachary his first successor, Stephen, dies three days a'ter his election, of a fit of apoplexy; another Stephen is chosen in his place, who is called Stephen 111. by Onuphrius Panvinius and Cardinal Baronius, and Stephen LI. by Sigonius. Muratori and others. Constantine makes new efforts to abolish image- worship, and check the increase of monasteries. Cuthred, king of VVessex, defeats Ethelbald of Mercia, at Burford. Journey of pope Stephen to France, and interview with Pepin. Civil war in Spaii between Yussef, Samail, Ben Amru, and other generals. War between Cuth red and the Britons. Boniface resigns the archbi-hopric ot Mentz, and L, succeed- d by Lull. Pepin crowned by Stephen. He marches an army into Italy. Astolfo sur- renders the Exarchate of Ravenna, which Pepin gives to the church, and the papacy becomes a temporal sovereignty. Eighty of the Xeques, or priiicipa Saracens, decide on making Spain an independent State, and choo.-e Abdeiah man Ben Moawiyah, still a lugittve in Africa, to be their ruler. Death oi Abul-Abbas. Almansor introduces 1 arning among the Arabians. Council oi CP. ordains the removal of iniiges Horn churches. Constantine II. pa ria ch of OP. Astolfo breaks his engagement and attacks Rome. On the approach of Popin, he withdraws his forces and is besieged in Puvia ; he i.- compelled to execute the former treaty, and also to give up Commachio. Fruitless embassy of Constan- tine to claim the Exarchate. Abderahman L.nds in Spain, defiats Yussef and 270 FROM THE TEAK A.D. Hegira. Eastern Empire. Kingdom of Lom- BARDY. Popes. Spain. Goths. Saracens. France. Arabia. 756 139 16 Con- stantine V. Coprony- mus. 8 Astolfo. 5 Ste- phen III. lSAlfon- so I. 2 Abde- rahman Ben Moa- wiyah. 5 Pepin. 3 Alman- Bor. '} j 757 140—141 17 1 Deside- rius. 1 Paul I. 1 Froi- la. 3 — - 6 4 — i 758 141—142 18 2 2 2 4 7 5 759 142—143 19 3 3 3 5 8 6 760 143—144 20 4 4 4 6 9 7 761 144—145 21 5 5 5 7 10 8 - — 762 145—146 22 6 6 6 8 11 9 763 146—147 23 7 7 7 9 12 10 764 147-148 24 8 8 8 10 13 11 — - 765 148—149 25 9 9 9 11 14 12 766 149—150 26 10 10 10 12 15 13 ■ 767 150—151 27 11 1 Con- stantine 11 13 16 14 766 151—152 28 12 1 Ste- phen IV (or III. Murat.) 1 Aure- lius. 14 1 Charle- magne and Carloman. 15 769 152—153 29 13 2 2 15 2 16 770 153—154 30 14 3 3 16 3 17 771 154—155 31 15 4 4 17 4 Charle- magne, alone. 18 772 773 155—156 156—157 j32 33 16 17 1 Hadri- an I. 2 5 6 18 19 5 6 19 20 774 157—158 34 Subject to Charle- magne. 3 1 Silo. 20 7 ■ 21 Jb6 TO 774 A.D. 271 Repe- tition Dates. 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 Doges of Venice. 1 Domenico Monegario. 1 Maurizio of Eraclea, Britain or England. Northum- East _ BERLAND. ANGLIA. ESSEX. WeSSEX. MERCIA. Kent. 20 Eadbert. 1 Oswulf. 1 Moll E- thelwald. 4 5 6 1 Alcred. 8 Beorna and Ethel 10 Beorna, alone. 8 9 1 Ethelred. 1 Ethel- red. 19 Swith- red. 20 21 — 22 — 23 — 24 — 25 — 26 — 27 28 29 2 Cyne- wulf. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 9 Ethel- bert II. 10 11 12 1 Alric. 2 4 5 6 - — 7 8 ■ 9 10 11 12 13 f 14 15 272 FROM THE TEAR Events and Eminent Men. 756 757 760 761 764 Samail at Musara, takes Cordova, and is acknowledged as king. Sigebert, king of Wessex, for his cruelty, is slain by Cynewulf, who succeeds him. Ethelbald, king of Mercia, killed by Bernred, who, after a short usurpation of the throne, is put to death by Offa. Boniface murdered by the pagans among whom he was preaching. Galla of Malamocco obtains for a year the office of doge at Venice, by the assassination of Diodato. The deposed Childeric, the last of the Mero- vingians, dies in his monastery. Yussef and Samail, again defeated by Abderahman, kgree to a treaty of peace, which is soon broken by the former. Birth of Abderahman's son Hixem. A Saracen army under Suleiman Ben Xihab, endeavouring to enter France, is cut to pieces in the passes of the Pyrenees. Astolfo killed by a wild boar ; Rachis leaves his monastery and claims the crown of Lombardy again ; he is opposed by Desiderius, who obtains the support of the pope by giving up Ancona. The Venetians depose G-alla, and limit the power of succeeding doges, by the appointment of two annual tribunes. The emperor Constantine courts the favour of Pepin, and among other presents sends him the first organ known in France, Pope Stephen and his successor, Paul, establish Desiderius on the throne of Lombardy. Death of Alfonso ; his son Froila founds Oviedo. Abderahman invites many of his former friends from Syria and Egypt, and gives them honourable appointments ; he makes Cordova the capital of his kingdom. Samail enters into his service, but Yussef persists in rebellion. Eadbert retires into a monastery ; his son Oswulf king of Northumberland. Abderahman gives a letter of protection to the Christians in Spain, and fixes the annual tribute to be paid by them. Yussef defeated and slain at Loxa. Samail retires to live privately at Siguenza, soon afterwards arrested and put to death Pepin conquers Narbonne and expels the last of the Saracens from France. Os- wuld slain ; the throne of Northumberland vacant for a year. Death of Cuth- bert, archbishop of Canterbury. Bagdad built by Almansor. Toledo and Seville are surprised by the sons of Yussef, but soon recovered by Abderahman; the eldest son falls in battle ; the two younger are made prisoners and kept in confinement. Paul takes advantage of the favourable disposition of Pepin to extend both the secular and ecclesiastical immunities of the Roman see. Bregowin archbishop of Canterbury. Pepin causes the dukes of Naples and Gaeta to submit to the demands made on them by the pope. Hixem Ben Adra rebels in Toledo, and sets Casim, the son of Yussef, at liberty ; Abderahman subdues and pardons them, replacing Casim in his prison. Death of Ethelbert II. king of Kent. Alcuin studies at York. Constantine threatens to recover by force his lost Italian provinces. Ali, governor of Africa, lands with an army in Spain and proclaims Almansor. Froila re pulses the Saracens, while besieging Pax Julia (Beja); he marries Menina, sister of Aznar the Arragonese. A severe winter. Failure of the African expedition against Abderahman; Ali, its leader, is killed, and his head sent to Cairoan. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine. having retired into a monastery, his son Waifar carries on an obstinate war against Pepin. Pope Paul protests vainly against Constantine's persecution of image-worshippers. Death of Bregowin, archbishop of Canterbury. The Roman Senate and people address a letter of thanks to Pepin, patrician of Rome. Hixem Ben Adra again collects bands of insurgents, and is besieged with them in Medina Sidonia. Lambert archbishop of Canterbury. Petwin succeeds Frithweld, bishop of Whitherne. Embassy of Constantine to Pepin, relative to image-worship. Thassilo, duke of Bavaria, having revolted against Pepin, solicits the mediation of the pope. Surrender of Medina Sidonia ; Hixem Ben Adra beheaded. The Venetians de- pose Domenico Monegario ; the inhabitants of Malamocco elect Maurice, a noble- man of Heraclea, for doge, who restores concord among the citizens. The Turks invade Armenia. A severe frost in Jam and Feb., and the Bosphorus at CP. crossed on the ice. 75G TO 774 A.D. 273 766 768 769 773 774 Events and Eminent Men. Pepin still occupied by his wars against the duke of Aquitaine and the Saxons. Toledo again recovered by Abderahnian from the insurgents, who had seized it ; Casim, the son of Yussef, escapes. Constantine loses by shipwreck a large fleet conveying troops to oppose the Bui garians. Death of Egbert, thirty- two years archbishop of York, and of Frith- bert, bishop of Hexham; the first succeeded by Ethelbert, and the last by Alhmund. Nicetas I. patriarch of CP. Death of Paul I. Constantine surreptitiously occupies the papal throne ; some exclude him from the list of popes. Many disaffected Saracens assemble in the Sierras of Ronda under El Meknesi ; being reinforced by others who land at Tortosa from Africa, they seize the city of Seville. Froila renders himself un- popular in the Asturias by the murder of his brother, Bimaranus, a virtuous young prince. Paul Warnefrid (Diaconus) employed and patronized by De- siderius. Conquest of Aquitaine by Pepin, and death of Waifar. Pepin dies Sept. 24 ; hie two sons divide his dominions. Froila assassinated by Aurelius, who succeeds him on the throne. Pope Constantine deposed and Stephen elected, generally styled the fourth of that name, but by some the third. (See a.d. 752.) The sons of Pepin crowned Oct. 9; Charles (Charlemagne) at Noyon, and Carloman at Soissons. Eadbert, ex-king of Northumberland, dies in his monastery. Alcuin teaches theology in England. Hunald leaves his monastery and claims the duchy of Aquitaine; defeated audi made prisoner by Charlemagne. Carloman refusing to assist his brother, dis- 1 cord is engendered between them. The Saracen rebels maintain a tedious I partizan warfare. Aurelius, too weak to control the intestine divisions of his j subjects, and awed by the power of Abderahman, obtains peace by paying him j tribute. Council of Rome annuls all the acts of the deposed pope, who, though j blinded by the people, is led into the assembly, insulted, and beaten. Laymen' are declared incapable of being made bishops. The council of CP. (a.d. 754) is) anathematized, and all who condemn the worship of images are excommunicated. Among the Gallican prelates at this council are Lull, archbishop of Mentz, and | Tilpin (more known as Turpin), bishop of Rheims. Marriage of Constantine's son, Leo, to Irene. The two kings of France are reconciled by their mother, Bertha; she visits Ba- varia and Lombardy, for the maintenance of peace with those powers, and proposes the marriage of her sons to two daughters of Desiderius, and that of his son Adelgisus to her daughter. The pope interferes to prevent these al- liances ; none of them take place but that of Charlemagne. Charlemagne divorces Desiderata, whom he sends back to her father, and marries Ildegard. Death of Carloman, Dec. 3, set. 20 ; his brother seizes his dominions and becomes sole monarch of all France and great part of Germany. Gilberga, the widow of Carloman, and her two infant sons, seek the protection of Desi- derius. Eginhard secretary to Charlemagne. Aurelius gives his sister Ado- sinda in marriage to Silo, and makes him heir to the throne. Charlemagne begins his long war against the Saxons. Contest between the arch- bishops of Grado and Ravenna, for ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Istria. Desi- derius invades the Roman States. The rebellious Saracens in Spain totally defeated near Ecija; death of El Meknesi. Abderahman fits out a fleet to guard his coasts, and appoints an admiral to command it. Death of Milred, bishop of Worcester. The pope invites the protection of Charlemagne, who marches a large army into! Lombardy, and besieges Desiderius in Pavia. Abderahman provides for the I education of his two sons, Hixem and Suleiman, and institutes academies oi'j learned men. Battle of Otford, between the kings of Kent and Mercia. Charlemagne visits Rome. Surrender of Pavia, after a siege of eight months. I Desiderius and his queen sent prisoners to France, and shut up in monasteries, | where they end their days. Adelgisus escapes to CP. The widow and sons o/| Carloman are sent to France, and never more heard of. Beneventum remains an independent duchy under Arigisus. Charlemagne takes the title of king of :~ - . ; . : . . : YEAS ...- ..: .....'• - . > . - - .- 1 AlMii-i, ; . .v. : .. I I .tCTSS. S I . . i . - ■ . -. . I — - 5 » F : 3 I i i ■ 3C - i* — .- — :..'•. L2 :~: - - A . J - . .. I [I 775 TO 792 A.D. 273 DOGT.3 OTP V I'NU'I'. Britain on Engiand. Nokthum- East i;i m \m>. Anwi.ia. I'.sskv. WTCS8KX. MHROIA, Kknt. 775 ta Mima. io of Eraolea, 2 Ethelrod. 15 Ethel reel. 38 Swith- I'tUl. 2i Cyno- Wlllf. 81 Offa, 16 Alrio, 776 IS 3 16 — 39 ■ 22 22 17 777 14 4 17 •10 23 • 23 lg 778 15 1 AlfuoU. 18 41 • 84 24 19 779 16 o 19 42 25 25 20 — 7S0 17 . 3 20 43 26 — 26 • 2i — 781 IS . -i , 21 -14 27 - 27 22 — ra 19 5 22 40 28 88 83 7S3 80 — 6 23 46 - — 29 89 84 781 21 7 24 -17 1 Bertric. 80 88 — 785 22 8 as — 48 2 la — 88 788 ■23 9 26 49 ;t 32 7S7 1 Giovanni Galbajo. 10 27 6Q -1 38 i 7SS 2 11 2S 51 ■ — B 1 34 7S9 3 1 Osred. 89 52 b 36 30 790 4 1 Ethelred, restored. 1 Ethel- bert. 53 7 3Q 31 _ 791 5 2 2 8 87 32 792 6 3 Conquered by Offu. 1 Sigeric. 9 18 33 276 FEOM TIIE TEAE EVBHTS AND EMINENT MEN". 776 780 781 7S2 rs3 Lonibardy; during his absence the Saxons advance into his northers provinces. Death of Aurelius ; Silo and Adosinda inaugurated at Oviedo. The people of Northumberland expel Alcred, and choose for their king Ethelred, son of Moll Ethelwald. Death of Moawiyah Ben Salehi. Death of Constantine Copronymus, Sep. 14. Adelgisus gains no support in his claims on the Lombard crown Silo takes Alfonso, son of Froila, for his col- league. Death of Almansor. The empress Irene favours the image-worshippers. Offii extends the kingdom of Mercia and constricts his "Dyke." Charlemagne defeats the Saxons, and conquers Bodgausus, duke of Friuli. Ha- drian asserts the pretended " donation of Constantine," as a plea for urging Charlemagne still more to aggrandize the see of Koine. The merchants of Venice supply Italy and the West with the produce of the East. Amain begins to flourish by cultivating the same commerce. The Slavonians who occupy the north of Germany, pursue agriculture and trade ; Julin at the mouth of the Oder prospers. Conspiracy of Nicephorus and his brothers against Leo IV. The abbey-church of St. Denis, at Paris, completed by Charlemagne. Death of Petwin, bishop of Whitherne. Dispute between the pope and Leo, archbishop of Ravenna, settled by the inter- vention of Charlemagne. Council and diet of Paderborn, to promote Christianity among the Saxons, and regulate their government. The Venetians, in return for the good government of their doge, appoint his son to be his colleague and successor. Olfa defeats Cynewulf at Bensington, and takes the town. Ethel- bert consecrated bishop of Whitherne. Charlemagne conquers the northern part of Spain, between the Pyrenees and the Ebro, and establishes the "Spanish March:" recalled thedce by a revolt of the Saxons, on his return through the Pyrenees, his rear-guard is surprised by the Gascons at Eoncesvalles ; many of his bravest officers fall there, and among them his nephew Poland (Orlando), governor of Bretagne. The Franks begin to fight on horseback, and the age of chivalry commences. Hadrian's letters con- tinually importune Charlemagne for new concessions of land, or jurisdiction, to the church. Alfwold dethrones Ethelred in Northumberland. The Saxons defend themselves bravely under Witikind. Muhamad, son of Ynssef, escapes from his prison in Toledo. The council of Duren, on the Eoer, decrees the payment of tithes throughout Charlemagne's dominions. Death of Leo IV. Irene rules the East in the name of his son, Constantine VI (set. 10) ; she restores the worship of images. Paul IV. patriarch of CP. Char- lemagne reduces the Saxons to obedience, and creates among them the bishoprics of Paderborn, Verden, Munster, Halberstadt and Minden. Muhamad joins his brother Casim in another rebellion among the Sierras of Eonda and Segovia. Death of Ethelbert, archbishop of York; Eanbald succeeds him. Alhmund dies, and Tilbert is appointed to the bishopric of Hexham. Cynewolf resigns the bishopric of Lindisfarne, and Higbald is consecrated in his place. Charlemagne visits Some : his two young sons are crowned by the pope, one, king of Italy, and the other of Aquitam : Thassilon, duke of Bavaria, does homage to him. Haroun al Easchid, the caliph's son, extends his conquests to the Bosphorus. Irene purchases peace by an annual tribute. Irene sends an army against the Slavonians, who are dispossessed of Salonichi and other places in Greece. The Saxons again totally defeated. Flight of Witikind into Denmark. Charlemagne holds a diet at Cologne. The Saracenic rebels, though often routed, still make head against Abderahman. Charle- magne endeavours to revive learning : he studies grammar under Peter of Pisa, and invites Alcuin to France. Eginhard compiles his memoirs Paul Warnefrid resides in the court of Arigisus at Beneventum, where he writes his History of the Lombards. Death of Cynewolf. late bishop of Lindisfarne. The Saxons make another struggle for independence, and are defeated in two bloody battles by Charlemagne. Death of his mother, Bertha, and of his queen, Ildegard, April 30. set. 26: he marries Fastrada. On the death of Silo, Alfonso is excluded by intrigue from the Asturian throne, and Mauregatus placed on it. Offa raises the kingdom of Mercia to a preponderating influence ; he builds 'the abbev of Bath, and corresponds with Charlemagne. 775 TO 792 A.D. 277 A.D. 784 7S5 7SG 787 7SS 790 792 Events and Eminent Men. The Saxons, again defeated, are still unsubdued. Charlemagne excludes Venetian merchants from his Italian and the Papal States. The mosaics and marbles of Ravenna sent to Aix-la-Chapelle. The bishops of France forbidden by the pope to take the field in Avar. The Spanish rebels dispersed by Abderahman's victory atCastalona. Muhamad dies in great distress at Alarcon,near Toledo. Cynewulf slain in battle ; Egbert, his rightful heir, retires into Mercia. The caliph Al Mahdi expends 666,000 gold crowns in a pilgrimage to Mecca. Tara- sius patriarch of CP. Irene proposes a general council, to establish the worship of images. The Saxon chiefs, Witikind and Alboin, submit to Charlemagne, and profess Christianity ; three more bishoprics created at Bremen, Osnaburg, and Hildesheim. Sur- render of Girona to Charlemagne. Abderahman, in a progress through Spain, builds and endows mosques. Etheltruda, daughter of Ethelbald (king of Mer- cia, slain a.d. 755), an abbess at Lucca. Death of the caliph Al Mahdi. Synod of Cealchyth ; Lichfield made an archbishopric. The council of CP. violently dispersed by the citizens and military. Charle- magne represses a revolt in Bretagne ; three days of public thanksgiving for his victories ordered by the pope. Abderahman builds the great mosque, and the aljama, or court of justice, at Cordova; Casim, brought before him in chains, is pardoned, and becomes a faithful subject. Arigisius, duke of Beneventum, attacks Amalfi and is repelled by the citizens. Accession of Haroun Al Raschid, on the death of Al Hadi, The seventh general council, held at Nice, decrees the worship of images. The dukes of Beneventum and Bavaria do homage to Charlemagne, and give their sons as hostages ; Arigisus dies soon afterwards. Charlemagne invites from Italy teachers of grammar and arithmetic, and singers who introduce into France the Gregorian chant. Death of Abderahman, set. 60, his youngest son his successor. Bertric marries Offa's daughter, Eadburga. Egbert received in France by Charlemagne. A band of Danes, from three ships, attack England for the first time. Edris Ben Abdallah founds the kingdom of Fez. Grimoaldo, son of Arigisus, released and made duke of Beneventum, on condition of acknowledging Charlemagne as his sovereign lord. Thassilon, preparing for another contest, is deposed ; he and his son are condemned to become monks. The Huns, or Avars, who occupy Pannonia, invade Bavaria and Friuli, and. are repulsed. Bavaria, Friuli, and Liburnia added to the kingdom of France. Charlemagne refuses to give his daughter Rotruda in marriage to the young" Greek emperor. Irene sends an army under Adelgisus to attack Italy ; he is totally defeated. Suleiman and Abdallah, the elder brothers of ELixem, conspire to raise independent principalities in Spain. Death of Mauregatus. Suleiman defeated at Bulche ; Abdallah surrenders Toledo, and is reconciled to Hixem. Alfwold, king of Northumberland, slain. Constantine divests Irene of all power, and puts his minister, Stauracius, to death. Suleiman, again defeated, retires to Tangier in Africa. Osred expelled from Northumberland, and Ethelred restored to the throne. Death of Lambert, archbishop of Canterbury, who is succeeded by Athelard. Campaign of Charlemagne against the Huns or Avars ; they are defeated by the duke of Friuli. Hixem proclaims the Algineb, or holy war, in Spain ; his ge- nerals retake Barcelona and Saragossa. (Asserted victory of Vereruundus near Burgos ; very doubtful.) Vereruundus resigns his crown to Alfonso. An inunda- tion of the Tiber destroys the Flaminian gate and the bridge of Antoninus. Baldulf, bishop of Whitherue. The progress of Charlemagne against the Huns stopped by a revolt of the Saxons ; his natural son, Pepin, engages in a conspiracy, for which he is con- fined in a monastery. Heresy of the Adoptians. Felix of Urgel, condemned by the council of Ratisbon, recants his opinions. Offa murders Ethelbert, and annexes East Anglia to Mercia ; in atonement for his crime, he levies a tax on his subjects, to support the school founded by Ina at Rome ; this is afterwards converted into " Peter's Pence." Charlemagne projects a canal, to unite the Maine with the Danube. Osred returns from exile and is put to death. Mar- riage of Ethelred and Elfieda. 278 FROM THE TEAS A.D. Hegira. Eastern Empire. Popes. Sp Goths. AIN. Saracens. France. Arabia. 793 177 14 Constan- tineVI. 22 Hadrian I. 3 Alfonso II. 7 Hixem, or Hashem. 26 Charle- magne. 8 Haroun Al Raschid. 794 178 15 23 4 8 27 9 795 179—180 16 1 Leo III. 5 1 Al Ha- kem I. 28 10 796 180—181 17 2 6 2 29 11 797 181—182 1 Irene. 3 7 3 30 12 798 182—183 2 4 8 4 31 13 799 183—184 3 5 9 5 32 14 800 184—185 4 6 10 6 33 Now empe- ror of Ihe West. 15 801 185—186 5 7 11 — 7 34 16 802 186—187 1 Nicepho- rus I. 8 12 8 35 17 803 187—188 2 . 9 13 9 36 18 804 188—189 3 10 > 14 10 37 19 805 189—190 4 11 ■ 15 11 38 20 806 190—191 5 — 12 16 12 39 21 807 191—192 6 13 17 13 40 22 — 808 192—193 7 14 ■ 18 14 41 23 809 193—194 8 15 ■ 19 15 42 1 Al Amin. 810 194—195 9 16 20 16 43 2 1 793 TO 810 A.D. 279 Repe- tition Bates 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 Doges op Venice. 804 SOS S07 7 Giovanni Galbajo. 8 — - 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 Obelerio. 2 3 5 Denmaek. 810 1 Sigurd II or Snogoye, Nouthum- Britain or England. BERLAND. ESSEX. WESSEX. MERCIA. KENT. 4 Ethel- 2 Sigeric. 10 Bertric. 39 Offa. 34 Alric. red. 1 Erdulf. 2 ■ 3 4 5 9 4 _ 10 5 _ 11 12 7 - 1 Alfwold. 8 - 2 9 — Erdulf, re- stored. 10 — 1 Eanred. 11 — 11 — 12 13 14 15 16 1 Egbert, 1 Egbert. 1 Cen- wulf. 1 Eadbert Pren. 1 Cutbred. 2 3 4 5 1 Baldred 280 FROM THE TEAB D. 794 705 798 799 soo Events and Eminent Men. The Saracens recover Girona, cross the Pyrenees, and capture Narbonne. Alfonso refuses to pay them the stipulated tribute, and defeats them at Ledos. Fruitless attack on Grimoaldo, duke of Beneventum, by Louis and Pepin, sons of Char- lemagne. Hixem decorates Cordova with fountains, bridges, and palaces. Charlemagne abandons his projected canal. Lindisfarne pillaged by the Danes, under Ragnar Lodbrok. Offa founds the abbey of St. Alban's. On the approach of Charlemagne, the Saxons submit without a battle. The Saracens driven from Oranges by the count of Toulouse. Felix disavows his recantation, and is supported by Eliprand, archbishop of Toledo ; they are condemned by a council at Francfort-on-the-Maine ; Alcuin > writes against them. Hixem endeavours to abolish the Latin language, and establishes schools for teaching Arabic. Death of Assan Ben Ahi Giafar, the Arabian poet. Charlemagne founds the university of Paris. Ethelred, king of Northumber- land, slain by his subjects. The Danes defeated at Wearmouth, and Ragnar Lodbrok slain. Death of Charlemagne's queen, Fastrada; among the learned whom he patronizes, are Ermoldus Nigellus and Theodolfus, abbot of Fleury, afterwards bishop of Orleans. Charlemagne ravages the country of the Saxons, to avenge the death of his ally, Wilza,kingof theObotrites, he adorns Aix-la-Chapelle, and makes it the capital of his dominions. Tudin, a chief of the Hnns, sues for peace. Another of their chiefs defeated by Eric, duke of Friuli. Hixem dies, set. 38. Death of the Ara- bian traveller, El Godei. The Danes infest Ireland. The emperor Constan tine divorces his consort Maria, and marries Theodoca, one of her waiting-maids. The moon eclipsed, Mar*ch 28. The Saracens driven out of France ; Girona recovered from them. Charlemagne transplants many thousand Saxons into France ; Alcuin obtains their release from slavery. Pepin defeats the Huns and extends his father's empire to the confluence of the Drave and Danube. A council at Friuli. Kenulph invades Kent, and kills Eadbert Pren. Eanbald I. archbishop of York, succeeded by Eanbald II. Death of Ceolwulf, bishop of Lindsey. Death of Offa, July 29, and of his son Egbert a few months afterwards. Constantine having made himself unpopular by his marriage, Irene deposes him, puts out his eyes, and usurps the throne. Suleiman and Abdallah raise a civil war against their nephew, Al Hakem ; Toledo declares in their favour. The Franks take Barcelona, Saragossa, and Huesca. Sigeric, king of Essex, goes to Rome. Paulus Diaconus becomes a monk at Monte Casino. Al Hakem recovers Huesca and Lerida. Adalard, abbot of Corvey, a grandson of Charles Martel, is the counsellor and vicegerent of Pepin in the government of Italy. Felix of Urgel writes a Defence of his heresy; Paulinus of Aquileia replies. Final conquest of the Avars or Huns ; the accumulated spoil of many years falls into the hands of Charlemagne. Insurrection against Leo III.; he takes refuge in France, and is conducted back to Rome by a French army. Al Hakem defeats his uncles, and drives them into Tadmir (Murcia) and Valencia. The Balearic isles under the protection of Charlemagne. Felix of Urgel again recants. Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West by pope Leo, at Rome, December 25; his generals conquer Girona. Victory of Al Hakem in Tadmir ; Suleiman slain ; Abdallah capitulates and retires to Tangier. Eadburga poisons Worr, the friend of her husband, Bertric, who accidentally partakes the cup and dies ; she takes flight to the court of Charlemagne, but ends her days soon afterwards in great misery at Pavia. The West Saxons recal Egbert from France and make him their king. In a Witenagemot at Winchester, the name of England is given to his dominions. Haroun al Raschid sends to Charlemagne the keys of Jerusalem, and many valuable presents. The dynasty of the Agla- bites founded at Cairoan and Tunis. Charlemagne adds his capitularies to the laws of Lombardy ; the Vulgar Era is used in dating them ; he receives at Pavia an embassy from Haroun al Raschid ; among the presents brought to him is an elephant. Barcelona surrenders to Louis of Aquitain. A violent earthquake in Italy. Denmark becomes a settled State mider Sigurd II. Death of Paul Warnefrid. 793 TO 810 A.D. 28] A.D. Events and Eminent Men. SOI 610 Proposal to unite the two empires by the marriage of Charlemagne and Irene ; conspiracy against her at CP. She is dethroned, Oct. 31, and banished to Lesbos ; Nicephorus assumes the purple. Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, asserts his independence. Alfonso adorns Oviedo with palaces and churches. Al Hakem recovers Saragossa, Pampeluna, and Huesca : his general, Jusuf Ben Amru, defeated and made prisoner. Haroun al Raschid murders the Barme- cides. Death of Paulinus, patriai'ch of Aquileia. Beornmod bishop of Rochester. The moon eclipsed, Dec. 20. Treaty between Charlemagne and Nicephorus, to decide the limits of the two empires. The independence of Venice recognized ; disputes between the doge and the tribunes ; flight of the latter. Final submission and pacification of the Saxons at Salz in Franconia, Irene dies at Lesbos. Nicephorus refuses the tribute to the Saracens. Haroun al Raschid invades Phrygia. Death of Athel- ard, archbishop of Canterbury ; Wulfred succeeds him. The archbishopric of Lichfield suppressed by the synod of Cloveshoo. Large colonies of Saxons transplanted by Charlemagne into distant parts of his empire. Leo III. visits Aix-la-Chapelle. Godfrey, king of South Jutland, attacks the Obotrites and burns Rerich. The Venetians expel their doge and instal Obelerio in his place; Malamocco the most important seat of their go- vernment and commerce. Al Hakem returns to Cordova ; treaty of alliance between him and Edris Ben Edris, the young king of Fez. Death of Alcuin Heraclea in Pontus reduced by Haroun al Raschid. Nicephorus, defeated and wounded, agrees to an ignominious treaty of peace. Charlemagne attacks the Bohemians ; their duke, Lecko, falls in battle. Massacre of Toledo, by order of the Wali Amru. Treaty between Alfonso and Al Hakem. Defeat of the Saracens in Catalonia. Death of Cuthred, king of Kent. Wineta, at the mouth of the Oder, destroyed ; its people and trade removed to Julin (now Wollin). Diet of Thionville : Charlemagne fises the division to be made of his empire at his death, among his three sons. Death of Grimoald, duke of Beneventum. The Franks recover Pampeluna, and as far as Tortosa. The Northumbrians expel Erdulf, who flies to Charlemagne at Nimeguen ; Alfwolf usurps the throne. Edris Ben Edris builds the city of Fez. Many citizens of Cordova put to death for a plot against Al Hakem. Nicephorus patriarch of CP. Haroun al Raschid founds public schools ; he sends another embassy to Charle- magne with rich presents, among which is a curious clock of brass. The Sara- cens of Spain repulsed, in their attempt on Sardinia and Corsica. Tortosa besieged by the Franks. Cenwulf suspends Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury. The Danes infest Ireland. The designs of Pepin on Venice and Dalmatia lead to war with Nicephorus. Occultation of Jupiter by the moon, Jan. 31. Charlemagne assists Trasicon, king of the Obotrites, against Godfrey and the Jutlanders. Godfrey constructs the first Danawerk on the Eyder. Normans infest the coasts of the French empire ; large naval armaments prepared against them. Al Hakem's son, Abderahman, delivers Tortosa. Alfonso founds Santiago de Compostella. Charlemagne institutes " missi regii," iti- nerant commissioners, to watch the administration of justice ; through his intervention and that of the pope, Erdulf is restored to the throne of Nor- thumberland. George Syncellus writes his chronology. Nicephorus oppresses his empire by taxes, and makes war, at first successfully, against Chunnus, king of the Bulgarians. Victory of the Obotrites and death of their king, Trasicon. To check the inroads of Godfrey, Charlemagne fortifies Hamburg. A Greek fleet repulsed at Comacchio. The Saracens attack Corsica. Death of Haroun al Raschid ; contest between his sons for the throne. Council of Aix-la-Chapelle. The sun eclipsed, July 16. Death of Erdulf, king of Northumberland ; his son Eanred begins his troubled reign. Pepin attacks Venice ; the citizens defend themselves ; soon after this he dies at Ravenna, July 8, set. 33. After a victory gained by Alfonso, Al Hakem makes peace with him and Charlemagne. Ambassadors from Nicephorus conclude at Aix-la-Chapelle a treaty of peace between the two empires. Godfrey of Jutland slain by his own people during a maritime expedition against Frisia. 282 TEOM THE YEAE A.D. H EGIRA. Eastern Empire. Popes. Spain. Goths. Saracens. Empire of the West. Arabia. 811 812 195—196 196—197 1 Stauraci- us. 1 Michael I. Rhangabe. 2 17 Leo III. 18 21 Alfonso. 11. 22 17 Al Ha- kem I. 18 44 Charle- magne. 45 3 Al Amin. 4 813 198 1 Leo V. the Armenian. 19 23 19 46 1 Al Ma- mun. 814 199 2 20 24 20 1 Louis I. le D^bonnaire. 2 815 200 3 21 25 ■ 21 2 3 S16 201 4 1 Stephen V.(orIV.) 26 22 3 4 817 202 5 1 Pascal I. 27 23 4 5 818 203 6 2 28 24 5 6 — 819 204 7 3 29 25 6 7 820 821 205 206 1 Michael II. the Stammerer. 2 4 5 30 — 31 26 1 Abderah- man II. 8 8 9 822 207 3 6 32 2 9 10 823 208 4 7 33 3 10 11 - — 824 209 5 1 Eugeni- usll. 34 4 11 12 ■ 825 210 6 — - 2 35 5 12 13 826 211 7 3 36 6 13 14 827 828 212—213 213—214 8 9 1 Valen- tine. 1 Grego- ry IV. 2 37 38 8 14 15 15 16 829 214—215 1 Theophi- lus. 3 39 9 16 17 I 811 TO 829 A.D. 283 1 Repe- tition \DatP.s. Doges of Venice. Denmabk. Tusca- ny. North- England. y^ B ~ Essex. Wessex. Mercia. Kent. LAND. 811 1 Angelo Partici- aco. 18 Sigurd II. or SnogOye 3 Ean- red. 13 Sigend . 12 Egbert !l6Cen- 7Baldred. wulf. | ! 812 2 19 4 14 13 17 8 813 3 20 5 15 14 18 9 814 4 21 6 16 15 19 10 815 5 22 7 17 16 20 11 816 23 8 18 17 21 12 817 7 24 9 19 18 22 13 818 8 25 10 20 19 23 14 819 9 26 11 - — .. - 20 (1 Ce- J nelm. 1 lCeol- L wulf. 15 820 10 27 12 22 21 2 16 821 11 28 13 23 22 lBer- nulf. 17 822 828 12 13 — 29 30 1 Boni- face II. 14 15 24 Conquered by Eg- bert. 23 24 2 1 Lude- can. 18 Conquered by Eg- bert 824 14 lHardica- nute I. 2 16 25 2 825 15 2 3 17 26 1 With- laf. ■ 826 16 — 3 4 — 18 27 2 827 1 Giustini- ano Parti- ciaco. 4 ■ 5 19 28 3 828 2 5 6 20 29 4 829 1 Giovan- ni Parti- ciaco. 6 7 21 30 5 284 FROM THE YEAB Events and Eminent Men. 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 Nicephorus defeated and slain by the Bulgarians, July 25; his son Stauracius dies after a reign of six months; Michael is appointed his colleague and suc- cessor, Oct. 2. Peace between Charlemagne and Godfrey's son, Hemming ; the river Eyder made the boundary of their respective dominions. Revolt of the Armorican Bretons repressed. The Venetians depose Obelerio and his brothers ; the new doge transfers the seat of government to the island of Rivo Alto (Rialto). Death of Charles, the eldest son of Charlemagne, Dec. 4. Pepin's illegitimate son, Bernhard, created titular king of Italy ; Walla, a grand- son of Charles Martel, is his minister. Charlemagne effects a general peace by treaties with the Greek emperor, with Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, with Al Hakem in Spain, and with Harold and Reginfried, the sons of Hemming, in South Jutland. He calls upon his prelates for their opinions on the rite of baptism, and adopts the treatise of Odelbert, archbishop of Milan. Wulfred goes to Rome and pleads his cause before the pope, who orders him to be restored to the archbishopric of Canterbury. Banchor, in Ireland, plundered by the Danes. Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle; Louis crowned as colleague and successor to Charlemagne. The emperor Michael, defeated by the Bulgarians, retires into a monastery and is succeeded by Leo, the Armenian. Crunnus ravages Thrace and takes Adrianople. Al Amin dethroned by his brother Al Mamun. Egbert defeats the Britons of Cornwall and South Wales ; St. David's burnt. African and Spanish corsairs infest the islands and coasts of Italy ; the citizens of Amalphi and Gaeta arm against them. Charlemagne calls the five councils (of Aries, Chalons, Rheims, Mentz and Tours) to regulate the discipline of the church. Wulfred returns to England. Cenwulph refuses to obey the papal mandate, but at last allows Wulfred to resume his functions, with some limitations, on his surrendering certain lands and paying a sum of money. Death of Charlemagne, Jan. 28, set. 71. Louis restores to the Saxons some of their lost privileges ; deprives Bernard of his able advisers, and grants an asylum to Harold, after his expulsion from Jutland. The emperor Leo revives the edicts against image-worship. Al Mamun protects the Shiites (sect of Ali) from persecution, and patronizes literature. Death of Crunnus the Bulgarian. Louis exacts an apology from pope Leo, for having exercised civil judicial power in Rome; gives his son Lothaire the title of king of Bavaria, and to Pepin that of Aquitain, and sends an army of Saxons and Obotrites to restore Harold in Jutland. Al Hakem proclaims his son Abderahman, as his vicegerent and successor; disaffection begins to prevail at Cordova. Theodorus patriarch of CP. holds a council, which annuls all decrees against Iconoclasts. Death of pope Leo ; his successor Stephen crowns Louis and Ermengard at Rheims. The emperor Leo invades Bulgaria, and concludes peace with Omortag. A council at Aix-la-Chapelle, regulates the Benedictine priories, and canonries attached to cathedral churches. Louis sends commissioners to inspect monas- teries. The Anglo Saxon college at Rome destroyed by fire. Agobard, arch- bishop of Lyons protests against image worship. Al Mamun employs astrono- mers to observe the sun's greatest declination, which is found to be 23—34. Death of pope Stephen; he and his successor Pascal having been consecrated, without first obtaining the imperial consent, Louis asserts his prerogative, but confirms the elections. Lothaire associated with his father in the empire. Bernard plots to defeat this; he and the other conspirators are imprisoned. Al Hakem's cruelty drives many thousand Andalusians into Africa; some settle at Fez ; others emigrate to Egypt. Benedict of Aniane introduces stricter rules of monastic discipline. Ermoldus Nigellus writes a poetical chronicle of his times. Al Mamun's liberality to the sect of Ali causes a revolt of his subjects. Death of the historian Theophanes. Bernard cruelly put to death, set. 19. Remorse of Louis. Death of the empress Ermengard. A rebellion in Armorica suppressed. Turpin (or Tilpin, see a.d. 769), archbishop of Rheims, writes his romances. Marriage of Louis to Judith, daughter of Guelph, a Bavarian nobleman, the founder of that illustrious German family. (See a.d. 746.) Commotions in Pan- 811 TO 829 A.D. 285 A.D. Events a*d Eminent Men. 821 S22 824 827 nonia and Gasccmy appeased. Death of Cenwulph, king of Mercia ; his son Cenelm, set 7, murdered. Ceolwulph succeeds. The power of Mercia declines. Leo banishes the monk Theodore Studites, for his defence of image-worship. Leo assassinated, Dec. 25. Michael of Amorium usurps the throne. Abderah- man wars against the Franks on the Ebro, he is recalled to Cordova by the melancholy madness of his father Al Hakem. Louis gives to his son Lothaire the title of king of Italy. Dynasty of the Taherites founded in Khorasan. Diet of Nimeguen. Louis, youngest son of the emperor, created king of Bavaria and Bohemia. Marriage of Lothaire to Ermengarda. Adalard restored to his abbey of Corvey. Death of Al Hakem. Abdallah leaves Tangier to raise a rebellion, submits to the new caliph Abderahman, and is again pardoned. Bernulph usurps the throne of Mercia. Antonius I. patriarch of CP. Diet of Attigni in Ardennes. Public Penance of Louis for his acts of injustice. Walla re-appointed chief minister in Italy. Thomas, a Cappadocian slave, be- besieges CP. Abderahman takes Barcelona and Urgel. The expatriated An- dalusians (See a.d. 817) leave Egypt and settle in Crete, where they build Candia. Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda. Synod of Cloveshoo. The Emperor Michael sends an embassy to Abderahman, and proposes a treaty of alliance. Charles, afterwards called " the Bald," bora at Francfort. Voluntary submission of the East Anglians to Egbert. Bernulf, king of Mercia, defeated and slain in an attempt to regain his authority over them. Egbert subdues Essex and Kent. Lothaire crowned at Rome. Louis proceeds, with two of his sons, to tranquillize Armorica. He receives at Rouen ambassadors from CP. Revival of discussions on image-worship. The " Constitutions " of Lothaire regulate the various laws in Italy. Conflicts in the Pyrenees between the Franks and Saracens ; the former defeated in the Bort Xezar, or, Pass of Roncesvalles. A great Synod at Cloveshoo. Bulgarian embassy to Louis. Ludecan, the successor of Bernulf, attacks the East Anglians, is defeated and killed; Withlaf or Wiglaf, called to the throne of Mercia, but driven out by Egbert. Council of Paris on image-worship. Claude, bishop of Turin, writes against, Jonas of Orleans defends, it. Harold of South Jutland baptized at Ingelheim ; receives from Louis a grant of land at Rustringen in Friesland. On a visit to his country, Ansgar a monk of Corvey attends him to preach Christianity in the North. Complaints made to the council of Rome, that Charlemagne's institutions for the promotion of learn- ing were neglected, and many places had no teachers. Abderahman provides for the careful education of his sons, and establishes public schools throughout Spain ; he repairs roads, embanks rivers, and constructs aqueducts, reservoirs and baths. Among the learned whom he patronises are the poet Abdallah Aben Xamin, and the traveller Yahye Ben Hakem. Dicuil, an Irish monk, settled in France, writes " De Mensura Orbis Terrse." The Saracens of Africa introduced by Euphemius into Sicily. Revolt of Merida against Abderahman. Egbert subdues Mercia and Northumberland. The insurrection of Merida quelled ; Toledo revolts. The Saracens conquer a great part of Catalonia. Syracuse taken by them. Boniface, marquis of Tus- cany, defends Corsica and invades Africa. Egbert allows the kings of Northum- berland and Mercia to retain their titles, on their paying him tribute and acknowledging his authority as Bretwalda. North Wales submits to him. Death of Ethelwald, bishop of Lichfield. The moon eclipsed, Dec. 25. Death of the emperor Michael, Oct. 3. Louis makes another division of his states, giving a portion to his younger son Charles, and naming as his guardian Bernard, duke of Languedoc. Lothaire, in an edict, reproves the clergy for their total neglect of education and establishes masters in Florence, Turin, Verona, and other places. The monk Dungallo, who had written a book in defence of image- worship, is placed over the school of Pavia. The Saracens land in Calabria. The doge of Venice, Giustiniani Particiaco, at his death bequeaths funds for building the church of St. Mark. Death of Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury ; his successor, Theologild, dies soon after his appointment. Swithun, afterwards bishop of Winchester, is Egbert's chief adviser and preceptor of his sons. 236 FEOM THE TEAB A.D. Hegiea. Eastern Empire. Popes. Arabia. Spain. Goths. Saracens Doges op Venice. Empire OF THE West. "830 831 215—216 216—217 2 Theo- philus. 3 4 Gregory IV. 5 18 Al Ma- mun. 19 40Alfon- sp II. 41 10 Abder- ahman II 11 2 Giovan- ni Parti- ciaco. 3 17 Louis I.leDeb- onnaire. 18 832 217—218 4 6 20 42 12 4 19 833 218—219 5 7 1 Al Mo- tassem. 43 13 5 ', 20 834 219—220 6 8 2 44 14 6 21 • 835 220—221 7 9 3 45 15 7 22 836 221—222 8 10 4 46 16 8 23 837 222—223 9 11 5 47 17 1 Pietro Tradonico. 24 838 223—224 10 12 6 48 18 2 25 — - 839 840 224—225 226 11 12 13 14 8 49 — 50 19 20 3 26 iTAir. lLo- ;haire I. 841 227 13 15 1 Al Wa- thek. 51 21 5 2 842 228 1 Michael III. 16 2 52 22 6 3 843 229 2 17 3 1 Kami- rol. 23 7 4 844 ' 845 230 231 3 4 1 Sergius II. 2 5 — — 3 — — 24 25 ___ 9 _ 5 6 846 232 5 3 ■ 6 4 26 10 7 847 233 6 1 Leo IV. 1 Al Mo- tawakkel. 5 27 11 8 848 234 7 2 2 6 2S 12 9 849 235 8 3 3 7 29 13 L0 850 236 9 4 4 1 Ordo- nio I. 30 14 LI . 830 TO 850 A.D, 287 Repe- tition Dates 830 831 832 i 1 ] France. GrERMA NY, - Den- mark. Tusca- ny. SCOTLANr NORTHUM- En ^AND. * BERLAND. WESSEX. MERCJA, 7 Hardi Canute J 8 9 - 8 Boni .1 face II i 9 10 - Union of 22 Eanred. 31 Egbert . thePicts and Scots by the 23 — 32 marriage of Aycha and Un- 24 33 garia. . 6Withlaf. 7 8 833 10 11 1 Alpine 25 34 9 834 11 ■ 12 2 26 35 ■ 10 835 12 13 3 27 36 11 836 837 13 14 14 15 1 Ken- neth M' Alpine. 2 28 29 1 Ethel- wulf. 2 12 13 838 15 16 3 30 3 1 Beort- wulf. 839 16 17 4 31 4 2 840 1 Charles the Bald. 1 Louis. 17 18 5 32 5 3 841 842 843 2 3 4 2 3 4 18 19 20- 19 20 21 6 7 8 33 Annexed to the kingdom of Eng- land. 6 IT ^_ 8 4 5 6 844 5 5 21 22 9 9 7 845 6 6 22 23 10 10 _ 8 846 7 7 23 24 11 11 d 847 8 8 24 1 Adal- bert. 12 L2 i 10 — 848 9 9 — 25 2 L3 18 1 l — 849 10 10 26 3 14 4 1 2 850 11 LI 27 4 15 L5 Jl3 - 288 FEOM THE TEAS 830 831 \ 332 83G 8:35 838 840 84] Events and Eminent Men. Louis deposed by his three eldest sous, and restored by the diet of Niraeguen. Bernard retires into Spain. Ansgar preaches Christianity in Sweden. Ceolnoth archbishop of Canterbury. The emperor Theophilus hostile to image-worship. Obelerio, the former doge of Venice, loses his life in an attempt to regain his power. Clemency of Louis to his sons and their abettors. Diets of Aix-la-Chapelle and Thionville. Merida and Alisbona join the insurrection in Spain. Messina taken by the Saracens ; Theodotus falls in battle against them. Paschasius Radbert, abbot of Corvey, introduces the doctrine of Transubstantiation, and is opposed by Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda. Renewed discord between Louis and his sons. Palermo and the greater part of Sicily subdued by the Saracens. Omeya, the son of Abderahman, defeats the insurgents near the river Alberche. The Danes land in the Isle of Sheppey. John VII. patriarch of CP. Louis a prisoner in the hands of his son Lothaire, who assumes full imperial power. Defeat of the Spanish rebels at Maghazul. The Danes land in Wessex from thirty-five ships, and defeat Egbert. The regular succession of Scottish kings begins with Alpine. Death of the caliph Al Mamun. Lothaire compelled by his brother to restore their father to his throne. Merida submits to Abderahman. Ansgar appointed archbishop of Hamburg. Ber- nard independent in Catalonia, under the title of count or marquis of Barcelona. Diet of Thionville, degradation of Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, Ebbo of Rheims and others, who had joined in the rebellion. Egbert defeats at Hengston a com- bined army of Danes and Cornish Britons. Death of Egbert. His successor Ethelwulf places his son Athelstan over Kent, Essex, and Sussex. Baldimer, the Bulgarian king, releases his Greek prisoners. Death of Walla, after being made abbot of Bobbio by Lothaire. Paschasius Radbert writes his Life. Theophilus invades Syria and destroys Sozopetra, the birth-place of Al Motassem. Louis allots Neustria to his youngest son Charles. The Danes harass the countries about the Meuse and Waal ; they are repulsed by the West Saxons at Southampton, and defeat them on the isle of Portland. The Venetians compel their doge to retire into a monastery ; they elect his successor. Pope Gregory, during the distracted state of Europe, extends the power of the church, and uses the forged " Decretals" for that purpose. A comet is seen at Easter-time. Al Motassem defeats Theophilus and retaliates the fate of Sozopetra on Amorium. Louis forms a league between his sons Lothaire and Charles ; death of his son Pepin. The rebellion in Spain ended by the surrender of Toledo. The Danes sail up the Loire and ravage the country as far as Tours ; they invade Kent, and infest the marshlands of Lindsey and East Anglia. Louis of Bavaria rebels ; deserted by his army, he submits to his father. Death of Bernard, count of Barcelona. The Saracens of Spain fit out a fleet and plunder Marseilles. The Venetians repress the piracy of the Dalmatians : butlose their ships in an attack on the Saracens at Tarento. Theophilus sends ambas- sadors to invite the assistance of Abderahman and Lothaire against Al Motassem. Death of Louis le Debonnaire, at Ingelheim, June 20, set. 64; his three sons divide his empire into three independent States, Charles taking France, Lothaire Italy, with the title of emperor, and Louis Bavaria or Germany ; but they quarrel about the limits of their respective territories, and the sons of Pepin claim Aqui- tain. Louis seizes the German States allotted to Lothaire, who brings an army across the Alps, to assert his rights ; negotiations and truces between the three ! brothers. The kingdom of Poland founded by Piast. Ethelwulf defeated by the Danes at Carrum (Carhamton, in Somersetshire). Death of Claude, bishop of Turin ; and of Agobard, former archbishop of Lyons. Louis and Charles unite to resist the pretensions of Lothaire, and defeat him at Fontenat, in Auxerre, June 25 ; both parties, weakened by this battle, continue ineffectual hostilities. Rouen plundered by the Danes, under Hasting. Nomenoi revolts in Bretagne and takes Rennes and Nantes. Southern Italy distracted by the rival claims of Siconolfo and Radelgiso to the duchy of Beneventum. Death of Al Motassem ; the splendour of the Arabian Caliphate declines. j 830 TO '350 A.D. 289 843 844 845 847 848 849 Events and Eminent Men. Theophobus rejects the purple offered him by his soldiers, and is beheaded for their crime. Death of Theophilus, Jan. 20 ;' his empress, Theodora, reigns in the name of their son, Michael, set. 5 ; she punishes, by whipping and degradation, John VII., and appoints in his place Methodius I. patriarch of CP.; a council held there, Feb. 19, under her auspices, restores the worship of images. Inter- view between Louis and Charles at Strasburg; they bind themselves by oath to maintain their league, the former using the German, and the latter the Romance, language. Lothaire agrees to hold a congress at Metz, for settlement of their disputes. The Saracens, invited by Radelgiso to support his cause in Beneven- tum, establish themselves at Ban. Kenneth completes the subjection of the Picts, whose last chieftain, Wead, is slain in battle. Death of Eginhard, the former secretary of Charlemagne. Death of Eanred, the last nominal king of Northumberland. Treaty of Verdun ; the three brothers fix the limits of their territories. Italy, France, and Germany become distinct States. A portion of Germany assigned to Lothaire, between the Rhine and the Meuse. The Danes (called by Arabian writers Magioges, "people of Gog and Magog") land at Lisbon from fifty-four ships, and carry off a rich booty. Continued strife in Southern Italy ; siege of Beneventum by Siconolfo. Alfonso dies at Oviedo, set. 85. The diet of Thionville confirms the territorial settlement made in the preceding year at Verdun. Lothaire gives the title of king of Italy to his son Louis, who is crowned at Rome. On the death of Pope Gregory, his successor, Buccaporci (Pig's cheek), takes the name of Sergius II. Ramiro defeats the Saracens at Clavigo, near Calagurris (Calahorra). The Danes infest the neighbourhood of Cadiz and Seville ; Abderahman fits out a fleet to resist them. The Paulicians, persecuted by Theodora, defend themselves, and fortify Tephrice. Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, negotiates with her and with Louis of Germany. Pepin establishes his authority in the greater part of Aquitain, and Nomenoi defeats Charles in Bretagne. Misenum taken by the Saracens, The Danes repulsed at the mouth of the Parret. Ratramn or Bertram writes against Transubstantiation. John Scotus Erigena the founder of scholastic theology. The Saracens advance to the walls of Rome, and after plundering the country, return and lay siege to Gaeta. The Danes, repulsed in Gallicia by Ramiro, take the island of Noirmoutier, on the coast of Vendee. Spain afflicted by a great drought and swarms of locusts. Ignatius, patriarch of CP. The three brothers repress some growing jealousies by a conference at Mersen, near Maestrecht. The Saracens driven from the siege of Gaeta by a violent storm. Death of the caliph Al Wathek. Abderahman relieves the distress in Spain by a remission of taxes and the construction of aqueducts and fountains. Rabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, made archbishop of Mentz. The monk Gott- schalk raises the Predestinarian controversy. Earthquake in Italy. Louis, king of Italy, drives the Saracens out of Beneventum, and divides the duchy between the two rivals. Pope Leo adds a new quarter to the city of Rome, by surrounding the Vatican with walls. Bretagne independent under Nomenoi. A council at Mentz condemns the doctrines of Go'ttschalk, and sends him to Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. The Saracen pirates range at will through the Mediterranean ; they are defeated at the mouth of the Tiber by the combined fleets of Naples, Gaeta, and Amalphi. Leo fortifies Porto at the entrance of the river. Birth of Ethelwulf's youngest J son, Alfred. Gottschalk sentenced by the council of Quiercy to be flogged and to perpetual imprisonment. Pepin strengthens himself in Aquitain by leagues with Saracens and Normans. Roric, a nephew of Harold (see a.d. 826), collects a piratical armament in Friesland, with which he attacks other coasts ; Lothaire purchases security for his own lands, by granting Durstadt to him. The Saracens land in Provence and plunder Aries. Abderahman paves Cordova and builds new palaces there ; he punishes severely his Christian subjects who speak against Mahomet. Death of Ramiro. Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, writes his annals and epistles. Druthmar, a dis- ciple of Ratramn, writes a grammatical commentary on Matthew's Gospel. 290 FEOM THE YEAS A.D. Hegiba. Eastern Empire. Popes. AKABIA. t SPA1N ' 1 Goths. Saracens. Doges of Venice. Tusca- ny. S51 237 10 Michael III. 5 Leo IV. 5AlMota- wakkel. 2 Ordo- nio I. 31 Abder- ahman II. 15 Pietro Trado- nico. 5 Adal- bert 652 238 11 6 3 1 Muha- mad. 16 6 853 239 12 7 7 4 2 17 7 854 240 13 8 8 5 3 IS 8 855 241—242 14 1 Bene- dict III. 9 6 4 19 9 S56 242—243 15 2 10 7 5 20 10 857 243—244 16 3 11 8 6 21 11 85S 244—245 17 1 Nicholas I. 12 9 7 22 12 S59 245—246 IS 2 13 10 S 23 13 S60 246—247 19 3 14 11 9 24 14 861 247— 24S 20 4 1 Al Mo- stanser. 12 10 25 15 , S62 S63 24S— 249 249—250 21 22 G 1 Al Mo- stain. 2 . . 1 Alfon- so III. the Great. 2 11 12 26 27 16 17 864 250—251 23 7 3 3 13 1 Orso Particiaco. IS 365 251-252 24 _ S 4 4 14 2 > 19 — - 366 i 252—253 9 1 Al Mc- taz. 5 15 3 20 851 TO 866 A.D. 291 Repe- tition Dates. S51 S52 sr>;> 854 S55 S56 857 France. 12 Charles the Bald Italy. Germany. 861 862 864 12 Lo- thaire I 1 Louis II. 18 12 Louis. 20 Denmark, 28 Hardi- canute I 29 30 31 16 Ken- neth M' Alpine. England. Wessex. Mercja 19 1 Gorni. 20 22 23 1 Donald III. 1 Con- stantine 16 Ethel, wulf. IS 14Beortwulf. 1 Burhred. 20 1 Ethel- bald. 1 Ethel- bert. 5 ! 1 Ethelred I I. u 2 292 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 851 S52 853 854 855 857 Events and Eminent Men. Charles recovers Aquitain, and imprisons Pepin at Soissons. The Danes ascend the Rhine with 252 ships, and plunder Ghent, Cologne, Treves, and Aix-la- ''hapelle. A band of the same people defeated by ealdorman Ceorl, at Wiegan- beorh ( Wemburg, near Plymouth). Another band, repulsed by Athelstan at Sandwich, afterwards take the island of Thanet and winter there. Roric, with 350 sail, arrives in the Thames, puts to flight Beortwulf, king of Mercia, pillages Canterbury and London, but is at last defeated by Ethelwulf, with great slaughter, at Ockley, in Surrey. H^rispoe succeeds his father, Nomenoi, in Bretagne. Unsuccessful siege of Rari, by Louis. The pope completes and consecrates his new town, which he names the Leonine City. He plants Corsican refugees in the deserted town of Porto. Death of Abderahman, set. 65, leaving forty-five sons and forty-two daughters by his numerous wives. His son and successor, Muhamad, sends his general Musa to invade France, with whom Charles con eludes an ignominious peace. The same general is defeated and wounded at Al- baida, by Ordonio, who then assists a revolt raised by the people of Toledo. Muhamad defeats his rebellious subjects and their Christian allies, near Toledo, and lays siege to the city. Revolt of Musa and his son, Lobia, at Saragossa, The Danes seize Nantes and Tours. They maintain their ground in Thanet, against the men of Kent and Surrey. Ethelwulf defeats Rotri Mawr (Roderic the Great), king of the Welsh Cymri, and penetrates to the isle of Anglesea, He gives his daughter Ethelswith in marriage to Burhred, king of Mercia, and sends his son Alfred to Rome, who is anointed king by the pope. Ansgar re- turns to Sweden, and converts king Olof. Fabulous period of pope Joan. The people of Aquitain offer their duchy to a son of Louis of Germany ; but Pepin, having escaped from prison, places himself once more at their head. Muhamad leaves his son Almondhir to blockade Toledo, and returns to Cordova. The pre- destinarian controversy produces violent altercations. Gottschalk's tenets are attacked by Hincmar and Scotus Erigena, and defended by Prudentius, Floras Magister, and Remigius, archbishop of Lyons. With the exception of a few- leading ecclesiastics, universal ignorance now prevails in Christendom. Death of Lothaire, Sept. 28. His eldest son, Louis, is king of Italy and emperor of the West ; the second, Lothaire, has the countries between the Rhine and Meuse, which take from him the name of Lotharingen (now Lorraine), and the youngest Charles, has Provence. The Toledans drive their besiegers back to Talavera, whence they, in their turn, are compelled to retire within their own walls. Ethelwulf visits Rome, with his son Alfred; he remains there a year, restores the Anglo-Saxon school, and confirms the Rome-scot (afterwards Peter's pence). On the death of Leo, the papacy is contested by Benedict and Anas- tasius ; the former prevails. A band of Danes keep the isle of Sheppey through the winter. Ethelwulf visits Charles the Bald, and marries his daughter, Judith, set. 12, at Verberie-sur-Oise ; on his return to England, Alstan, bishop of Sherbourne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, force him to resign the crown of Wessex to his son Ethelbald. The emperor Louis and his wife, Angilberga, visit Venice. The Normans, under Hasting, carry their depredations as far as Paris. Un- successful siege of Bari by the Beneventines. Ado, archbishop of Vienne. Death of Rabanus Maurus. Inundation and pestilence at Rome. The emperor Michael takes the government into his own hands, shuts his mother up in a convent, appoints his uncle, Bardas, Csesar, and indulges intemperate! habits, which acquire for him the surname of " the drunkard ;" he deposes Ig- natius, and appoints Photius patriarch of CP. The Venetians take Comacchio, to revenge an insult to a relative of their dogis. On the death of Herispoe, the Bretons continue to assert their independence, under Solomon. The Normans establish themselves on the Oise. While Charles is unsuccessfully employed against these two enemies, his brother Louis invades France, but is persuaded to withdraw his forces, by their nephew Lothaire. Toledo submits to Muhamad. Garcias, a descendant of Aznar, count of Arragon ; Sancho, surnamed Arista, founds an independent state in Na varre. Death of Ethelwulf. Ethelbald mprrify bis stepmother, Judith. 851 TO 866 A.D. 293 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. Louis sends Teuton, abbot of Fulda, to the emperor and the pope, with an expla- nation of his late proceedings, which his brother Charles still resents. Vanilon, archbishop of Sens, censured for his treason. Pope Nicholas asserts the genu- ineness of the forged Decretals, and imposes them on the ignorance of the age. The Normans despoil many inland districts of France. Ethelbald compelled by his people to divorce Judith, who is allowed to sell her " morgevgift" and' return to her father. The Magioges (see a.d. 843), with a fleet of sixty ships, '' again devastate the coasts of Spain. Ordonio strengthens his kingdom. Muhamad, unable to make any impression in that quarter, turns his arms against Navarre and Arragon, where he gains some fortresses. Death of Ethelbald ; his brother Ethelbert succeeds. A large ! body of Danes, led by Weland from the banks of the Somme, land at Southamp- ton and ravage Winchester ; they are repulsed by the ealdormen Gsric and Ethelwulf. Ignatius appeals to the pope, who sends legates to CP. to inquire into the appointment of Photius. Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, converted to Christianity. A severe winter ; the Hadriatic frozen. Iceland discovered by the Northmen. Al Mostanser instigates the Turkish guards to murder his father, Al Mota- wakkel, and is raised by them to the caliphate. A band of sea-rovers, called Wariiger, under Ruric (Roric ? see a.o. 850), land near Lake Ladoga, and esta- blish themselves there. Death of Swithun, bishop of Winchester. Ordonio takes Salamanca and Coria. Charles the Bald disturbed by the short rebellions of his sons Louis and Charles ; his daughter, Judith, widow of Ethelwulf, is carried off by Baldwin, who obtains her father's pardon, and is created count of Flanders. Carloman revolts against his father, Louis of Germany. Lothaire divorces Teutberga, and marries his concubine Waldrada; the archbishops of Cologne and Treves support him in the council of Aix-la-Chapelle against the condemnation of pope Nicholas and Hincmar of Rheims. The pope* legates at CP., without his sanction, confirm the appointment of Photius. Ruric conquers Novogorod and Kiow, and becomes grand duke of Russia. The Ungri (Hungarians) obtain a permanent settlement in Pannonia. Death of Ordonio, Dec. 27. Accession of Alfonso the Great. The rebellion of Omar Ben Hafsun enables the Navarrese and Arragonese to regain their lost ground. Al Mostanser killed by the Turkish guards, who place Al Mostain on the throne. Death of Charles of Provence ; his brothers divide his kingdom. Gorm conquers Jutland. Nicholas annuls Lothaire's marriage, excommunicates the archbishops of Cologne and Treves, deposes Photius, and declares Ignatius to be the patriarch of CP. Harold Harfagr, king of Norway. An edict of Charles the Bald, for the destruction of fortified castles, disregarded by his nobles. Nicholas asserts his exclusive right to appoint and depose bishops. The sovereigns and prelates of France and Germany resist his claim. The emperor Louis occupies Rome with an armed force, but fails in his object. The doge of Venice assassinated. Christianity, first introduced into Russia, makes little progress. Charles takes Pepin and reduces Aquitain. Lothaire submits to the papal decree, and is for a time reconciled to Teutberga, but soon recalls Waldrada. The Saracens of Bari commit great depredations in Italy. A naval armament of the Russians against CP. dispersed by a storm. Zeid, the grandson of Mu- hamad, and his army, treacherously massacred by Omar Ben Hafsun. A great drought in Spain. The Danes occupy Thanet, and ravage East Kent. Bertario, abbot of Monte Casino, poet and grammarian. Death of Ansgar, archbishop of Hamburg and Bremen, and of Paschasius Radbert, abbot of Corvey. The emperor Michael causes his uncle Bardas to be assassinated by Basil the Macedonian, to whom he gives the title of Csesar. Almondhir, son of Muhamad, storms Rosas and disperses the army of Omar, who escapes and conceals himself in the mountains. The emperor Louis assembles a large force in Southern Italy against the Saracens. Invasion of East Anglia by a numerous body of Danes. Al Mostain murdered by the Turkish guard. 294 FROM THE YEAB A.D. [iEOIKA. Eastern Empire. Popes. Arabia. Spain. Goths. Saracens. Doges of Venice. Tusca- ny. 867 253—254 1 Basil I. the Mace- donian. 1 Hadrian II. 2 Al Mo- taz. 6 Alfon- so III. the Great. 16 Muha- mad. 4 Orso Partici- aco. 21 Adal- bert 868 254—255 2 2 P. 7 17 5 22 869 255—256 3 3 1 Al Moh- tadi. 8 18 6 23 870 256—257 4 4 1 Al Mo- tamed. 9 19 7 24 871 258 5 — — 5 2 10 — 20 8 25 1 872 259 6 1 John VIII. 3 11 21 9 26 873 260 7 4 12 22 10 27 874 261 8 3 5 13 23 11 28 875 262 9 4 6 14 24 12 29 878 263 10 5 7 15 25 13 30 877 264 11 6 I 8 ( 16 26 ~ 14 31 878 265 12 I 7 - 9 — 17 - 27 15 82 867 TO 878 A.D. 295 Repe- tition Daks. 1 871 S72 873 S74 875 S76 877 878 France. 28 Charles the Bald 29 30 33 Italy. 13 Louis II. 15 30 Germany. 28 Louis. 35 20 1 Louis II. the Stam- merer. 32 34 35 13 Gorm. 14 18 Scot- land. Con- stantine, 10 Flanders, ! Baldwin I. England. Wessex. Mercia 2 Ethel red I. 16 Burn- red. 1 Alfred the Great. 12 1 Charles the Bald. I 2 f 1 Louis II. of Saxony 1 Car- loman. 2 21 24 17 17 I 1 Ceol- wulf. Deposed by the Danes. 296 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 867 Events and Eminent Men. 870 871 872 Michael III. assassinated, Sep. 24, by Basil, who ascends the throne of the East. Photius assembles a council and excommunicates pope Nicholas ; he is after- wards himself deposed by Basil, and Ignatius restored to the patriarchate. Lothaire assists Louis with an army against the Saracens. Charles sends his son. Louis the Stammerer, to govern Aquitain. Eberhard bequeaths the duchy of Friuli to his son Unroco, by whose early death it passes to his brother Be- renger. Muhamad sends an army by sea to attack Gallicia ; his fleet is wrecked at the mouth of the Minho ; Alfonso pushes his conquests beyond Salamanca. Death of pope Nicholas, who leaves the church of Rome more powerful than ever before. The Danes, after wintering in East Anglia, go beyond the Humber and take York. Death of Alstan, bishop of Sherbourne. Louis commences the siege of Bari. Basil defends Ragusa and Dalmatia against the Saracens. Chrysocheir, leader of the Paulicians, overruns Asia Minor and pillages Nicomedia, Ancyra, and Ephesus. The Toulunides possess Egypt. The Spanish Mohammedans defeated in an attempt to take Pampeluna. Notting- ham taken by the Danes ; they are besieged there by Burhred, Ethelred, and his brother Alfred, who allow them to return to York with all their booty. Death of Ratramn. Anastasius the Librarian writes the life of Nicholas I. Basil sends a fleet to assist in the siege of Bari, and offers terms to the Paulicians, which they reject. Lothaire visits Rome to conciliate the pope ; on his return, he dies at Piacenza, Aug. 10. Charles the Bald occcupies Lorraine. Louis of Germany and the emperor Louis both assert their right of succession to the vacant throne. Al Motaz, endeavouring to remove his Turkish guards, is de- posed and slain by them. Alfred, set. 19 — 20, is " secondary," or assistant regent to his brother. The Danes destroy Bardney in Lindsey ; are defeated in Kes- teven, on St. Maurice's day, Sept. 22, by ealdorman Algar ; are reinforced by Guntrum ; Algar slain in a second battle ; Croyland and Medehamstede (Peter- borough) plundered. The eighth general council, held at CP., confirms the de- position of Photius, and anathematizes all Iconoclasts. Gottschalk (see a.d. 849) dies in his prison; Treaty between Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany for the division of Lo- thaire's kingdom ; pope Hadrian makes vain efforts to secure a share for the emperor Louis. The Saracens repulsed in an attempt to relieve Bari ; they take the island of Malta. Death of the rebel Musa, and surrender of Saragossa to Muhamad. Basil drives the Paulicians out of Asia Minor, and besieges Teph- rice. The Bulgarians reject the supremacy of the pope, and accept an arch- bishop from Ignatius. The Danes enter East Anglia under Ingwar and Ubba, descendants of Ragnar Lodbrok (see a.d. 794), and take Thetford ; Edmund, titular king of the country, slain by them : is afterwards canonized. The Turkish guards again create a new caliph, and kill Al Mohtadi. Death of Ceolnoth, archbishop of Canterbury ; Athelred succeeds him. Emigration of Ingulf to Iceland. Capture of 'Bari. Many revolts and disorders follow in Southern Italy. The emperor Louis and empress Angilberga are treacherously surprised in Bene- ventum by Adelgiso, and detained several days in captivity. Hincmar encou- rages Charles the Bald to resist the authority assumed by the pope over the bishops of France. Fall of Tephrice and death of Chrysocheir ; the Paulicians, dispersed, carry their tenets into Europe. Lobia, son of Muza, persists in re- bellion. The Danes proceed to the south of the Thames, where nine great battles are fought against them at Reading, Englefleld, Wilton, and other places. Bagsac, one of their kings, is slain, and nine of their jarls ; a treaty of peace for Wessex is made with them. Death of Ethelred, April 23, and acces- sion of Alfred the Great. Louis of Germany relinquishes to the emperor Louis his portion of Lorraine. The Saracens bring a large force into Italy and besiege Salerno. Almondhir carries on an active warfare against Alfonso, but is successfully resisted. The Danes, under Healfdene, take London ; Burhred makes peace with them for Mercia, and pays them tribute. Yacoub Ebn Seis, the brazier, supplants the Taherites in Persia, and founds the Sofiarian dynasty, Basil disciplines the army, im- proves the finances, and reforms the empire. 867 TO 878 A.D. 297 873 874 875 876 877 Events and Eminent Men. On the approach of the emperor Louis with an army, the Saracens raise the siege of Salerno ; they land in Calabria, and commit great depredations. Basil and the pope divert Louis from his intention of revenging himself on Adelgiso. Italy, France, and Germany laid waste by locusts. A terrible drought suspends all warlike operations in Spain. The Danes, after an incursion into Northum- berland, winter at Torksey, in Lindsey. Organs introduced into the churches of Germany. Almondhir defeated by Alfonso, near the river Urbicus. The Danes conquer Mercia, and set up Ceolwulf as their tributary king. Burhred dies at Rome, and his queen Ethelswith at Pavia. Basil recovers many provinces of Asia Minor from the Saracens. Death of the emperor Louis, Aug, 12 ; Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany contend for the succession ; the former, by granting new privileges to the church of Rome, obtains the support of the pope, and is acknowledged as the king of Italy and emperor of the West. The Saracens besiege Tarentum, ravage Cannae, and defeat Adelgiso, duke of Beneventum. Healfdene leads his men into Northum- berland, sets up Ricsig as nominal king, destroys Coldiugham, Tynemouth, and Lindisfarne, and makes inroads into Strathclyde. Guthrum, Oskytil, and Amuud, with another division of Danes, station themselves at Cambridge. Alfred fits out a fleet and conquers in a sea-fight. Harold Harfagr overcomes the Vikingr in Hasunfiord, and subdues the southern part of Norway. Rollo, son of Rognwald, goes to England. Death of Ado, archbishop of Vienne. Louis of Germany dies at Francfort-on-the-Maine, Aug. 28 ; division of his king- dom among his three sons ; Bavaria to Carloman ; Saxony to Louis II. " the Stammerer," and East France (Franconia and Swabia) to Charles " the Fat f their uncle, Charles the Bald, attempting to dispossess them, is defeated at Andernach, by Louis, Oct. 8. The troops of Basil, called by the citizens of Bari to defend them against the Saracens, retain possession of the place, and found a new province of the eastern empire. Almondhir again attacks Gallicia, and is foiled by Alfonso. Omar Ben Hafsun comes out of his retreat, and recovers all the strong places on the river Segre. The Danes take Wareham and Exeter. Rollo's first settlement in Normandy. Ignatius sends a Greek patriarch to the Christians in Russia. Successful campaign of Basil in Cappadocia and Syria. Basil revises the laws of Justinian, and puts them into the Greek form of the Basilika. The pope and Italian princes call on Charles the Bald to protect them from the Saracens ; by creating hereditary benefices and titles, at the diet of Quiercy-sur Oise, he raises a large army, with which he marches into Italy ; at Pavia, hearing that Carloman was advancing with a strong force to claim the kingdom, he retreats into Savoy, and, while crossing Mount Cenis, dies sud- denly, Oct. 13, set. 54 ; his death attributed by some to a fever, by others to poison. No emperor of the West for three years. Carloman acquires the crown of Italy ; the pope, who opposes him, is driven from Rome by Lambert, duke of Spoleto, and takes refuge in France. Boso, duke of Lombardy and Provence, brother of the empress Richilda, marries Ermengarda, only child of the late emperor Louis II. The Saracens repulsed in an attack on the island of Grado. A large traffic in slaves carried on by the Venetians. Sergius II., duke of Naples, leagues with the Saracens. Fresh swarms of Danes arrive at Wareham and Exeter ; others take London and Essex ; Alfred defeats their fleet of 120 ships at Swanewic (Swansea). Ubba winters in Dimetia (South Wales). Rollo visits his countrymen in England. Alfred concludes a treaty of peace with the sea-kings at Exeter. Ceolwulf is deposed, and the Danes occupy all Northum> berland. Death of Ignatius ; Photius again patriarch of CP. Carloman, detained by sickness in Bavaria, deputes Lambert, duke of Spoleto, and Adalbert, of Tuscany, to act for him in Italy. The Saracens take Syracuse again, and complete the conquest of Sicily. Almondhir besieges Zamora, but is driven away by Alfonso. The Danes defeated at Cynwith : lose their war-flag of the Raven ; numerous hosts arrive, and Alfred withdraws into the isle of Athelney; after some months he collects his forces, and defeats the enemy at Ethandun (Eddington). Peace concluded, and Guthrum embraces Christianity, taking the name of Ethelstan. Rollo returns to France. 298 FROM THE YEA3 A.D. Hegira. 266 267 Eastern Empire. Popes. Arabia. Spain. Goths. Saracens. France. Germany. 879 880 13 Basil I. the Mace- donian. 14 8 John VIII. 9 10 Al Mota- med. 11 18 Al- fonso III. the Great. 19 28 Muha- mad. 29 1 Louis III. Carlo- man 1 2 2 4 Louis II. of Saxony. 5 881 268 15 10 12 20 30 - — 3 3 6 882 883 269 270 16 17 1 Marinug, or Martin 11. 2 13 14 21 22 31 32 Carlo- man 4 alone.' 5 1 Charles the Fat. 2 884 271 18 1 Hadri- an III. 15 23 33 1 Charles the Fat. 3 885 886 887 272 273—274 274—275 19 1 Leo VI. the philo- sopher. 2 1 Stephen VI. (or V. Murat.) 2 3 16 17 18 24 25 26 34 1 Almond- hir. 2 2 3 4 4 5 1 Arnulf 888 275—276 3 4 19 27 1 Abdal- lah. 1 Eudes count of Paris. 2 889 276—277 4 5 20 28 2 2 3 890 277—278 5 6 21 29 3 3 4 • 891 892 893 278—279 279—280 280—281 6 8 1 Formo- sus. 2 3 22 IAIMo tadhed. 2 30 31 32 4 5 6 4 5 6 894 281—282 9 4 3 33 7 7 8 895 282—283 10 5 f 1 Boni- face VI. I 18 days. -1 Stephen VII. (or VI. Mu- . rat.) 1 Roma- nus. 4 34 8 8 9 896 897 283—284 284—285 11 12 5 6 35 36 9 10 9 Charles IV., the Simple 1 10 2 10 11 898 285—286 13 1 Theodo- rus II. 20 days. 1 John IX. 37 11 Charles alone. 3 12 879 TO 898 A.D. 299 Repe- tition Dates. 887 897 Italy. ICharles the Fat, Doges of Venice. 16 Orso Particiaco 1 Giovan- ni Parti- ciaco II. Tusci NY. 5 Adal- bert. 1 Beren- ger I. duke of Friuli. 2 Guy 1 3 2 5 4 7 Lambert 1 8 2 1 Pietro Candiano 1 Pietro Tribune 43 1 Adal- bert II 2 3 5 6 Provence, Bohe- mia. 1 Boso. 2 3 Transju- rane Bur GUNDY. Flan- ders. 1 Bald- win II, Den- mark. 1 Rudolf I Louis, in Lower Burgun- dy. 1 2 2 10 10 11 11 1 Borzi voi. 2 25 Gorm 27- Scot- LAND. 28- 44- 18 Con stan- tine. Aodb, Eocha, Grig, their years uncer- tain. Eng- land. 9 Alfred the Great. 1 Don aid IV 300 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 879 881 884 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Louis the Stammerer, April 11.; his two sons reign conjointly. Carloman of Bavaria disabled by paralysis, his brother, Charles the Fat, takes his place as king of Italy. Boso assumes the title of king of Provence, Aries, and Bur- gundy. The Danes occupy Chippenham and Fulham. Methodius forbidden by the pope to perform the service of the church for the Slavonians in their own language. The pope and Photius quarrel. Death of Constantine VIII., Ba- sil's eldest son. Death of Ruric ; his son, Igor I., aet. 14 ; wardship of Oleg. Death of Carloman of Bavaria ; his States are seized by his brother Louis, except Carinthia, which is left to his natural son, Arnulf. The German and French kings make war on Boso and besiege Vienne, which is defended by Ermengarda. Guthrum-Ethelstan divides East Anglia among his followers. Hasting con- ducts his band from Fulham into Belgium. Alfred, by treaty, gives the Danes in England equal rights, and they acknowledge his supremacy. Methodius ob- tains leave to use the Slavonic tongue in churches, if he first reads the gospel in Latin or Greek. The sun eclipsed, March 14. Charles the Fat, emperor of the West. Alfonso's victories followed by the em- bassy of Dulcidius, and a truce of three years. A great earthquake in Spain. Isembard, lord of La Perte, persuades Guntrum to invade France, where he is defeated by Louis III., at Jaucourt, on the Somme. Death of Louis of Saxony, Jan. 20 ; his brother, Charles the Fat, king of all Ger- many. Hasting, defeated by Louis III. on the Loire, attempts to land in Wessex, but is repulsed by Alfred's complete naval victory. Death of Louis III., Aug. 3. Carloman sole king of France. Hasting, worsted at Norden, in East Friesland, joins his countrymen, who had occupied Treves and Cologne. Battle of Haslo. Charles gives up Friesland to the Danes. Vienne capitulates to Carloman. Ermengarda permitted to return to Autun. Victory of Muhamad at Aybar. Garcias, king of Navarre, and Omar Ben Hafsnn, slain. Death of Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. Albategni, the Arabian astronomer, observes the autumnal equinox, Sept. 19. Oleg takes Smolensko. A year of peace for England. Guthred rules the Danes in Northumberland. Alfred sends Sighelm and Athelstan on missions to Rome and the Christian church in India. Calib, son of Ben Hafsun, leagues with the Franks. The Saracens destroy the abbev of Monte Casino, and murder the abbot, Bertario. Carloman dies of a wound received from a wild boar; his brother (Charles the Sim- ple) being only four years old, Charles the Fat unites France under his sceptre, with Germany and Italy. The Danes go up the Scheldt to Louvain ; others land in Kent, and besiege Rochester ; Alfred drives them back to their ships. The emperor Charles protests against the consecration of the new pope, without his consent. Godfrey, chieftain of the Danes in Friesland, is invited to a conference, and treacherously slain. Battle of Hisna Xariz in the Pyrenees ; Abdelhamid, general of the Saracens, taken, and his army cut to pieces. Al- fred's ships defeated by the Danes at the mouth of the Stour, in East Anglia. Death of Basil, March 1 ; his son and successor, Leo, banishes Photius, and ap- points Stephen I. patriarch of CP. Long siege of Paris by the Danes ; Eudes and Robert defend the city; the emperor Charles pays a large sum of money, and the besiegers retire to Sens. Muhamad dies, aet. 65. Calib Hafsun takes Saragossa and Toledo. Alfred repairs London, and is said to have founded the university of Oxford ; he improves the laws and government of England. _ The Ungri give the name of Hungary to Pannonia. Death of John Scotus Erigena, after having been invited to England by Alfred. The German nobles depose Charles and elect Arnulf, natural son of Carloman of Bavaria. Death of Boso ; great confusion in France and Italy. The doge of Venice resigns ; his successor, Pietro, falls in a battle with the Slavonians. Death of Charles the Fat, Jan. 12. Eudes, king of France. Louis, son of Boso, suc- ceeds to Aries, or Lower Burgundy, under the tutelage of his mother, Ermengarda. Rudolf founds, in Switzerland and Savoy, the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy. Berenger, duke of Friuli, and Guy, duke of Spoleto, contend for the throne of Italy. Almondhir slain in battle against Calib. Alfred begins his translations , from Latin into Anglo Saxon. j 879 TO 898 A.D. 301 Events and Eminent Men. 8P0 897 The sous of Abdallah rebel, and defeat his army near Jaen. Guy, after two victories over Berenger, is elected king by a diet at Pavia ; they both exercise royal power. The Ungri are joined by the Magyars, under Arfrad and other tribes ; they become powerful, and defeat Simeon, king of the Bulgarians. Southern Italy constituted a province of the Greek empire (see a.d. 876), and called Lombardia. Bohemia, first organized by its duke, Borzivoi, is given by Arnulf to his natural son, Zwentibold, duke of Moravia. Ermengarda obtains the pro- tection of Arnulf for her son, who is crowned at Aries. Death of Adalbert I duke of Tuscany. Revolt of the Carmathians in Eastern Arabia. Death of Guthrum Ethelstan in East Anglia ; Eric succeeds him as chief of the Danes in that province. Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, supposed to have com- piled the early part of the Saxon Chronicle. England tranquil; Alfred's wise measures produce security and order. Guy of Spoleto crowned emperor of the West, Feb. 21. Arnulf defeats the Nor- mans near Louvain. The Bohemians assert their independence, and expel Zwentibold. Leo's general, Simbaticius, conquers Beneventnm. Death of Photius. Alfred's daughter, Elfrith, married to Baldwin II., count of Flanders. Fulke, bishop of Rheims, proclaims Charles IV., the Simple, king of France. Eudes drives his young competitor into Germany. The principal towns in Italy are fortified and defended by the citizens. George, the Patrician, succeeds Simbaticius, and fails in his attempt on Capua. Abderahman, son of Abdallah, leads the royal army against his brother, Muhamad. The tribe of Hamadan acquires independence in Mesopotamia. Ismail Samini, sultan of Turkestan. Guthred originates the palatine privileges of Durham. A comet is seen. Arnulf employs Hungarian mercenaries to suppress the violence of Zwentibold ; after which they harass Italy. Berenger applies to Arnulf for assistance. The Greeks foiled at Salerno. Hasting aud Bibrn Jsernside bring large bodies of Danes into Kent, and fortify Milton. Antonius II. patriarch of CP. Arnulf's successful campaign in Northern Italy. Death of Guy: his son, Lam- bert, emperor and king. Abderahman overcomes his rebellious brothers ; Mu- hamad dies of his wounds, and Almutaraf is assassinated. Borzovoi, duke of Bohemia, converted to Christianity. Alfred defeats the Danes at Farnham and Bemfleet, and compels them to raise the siege of Exeter ; he restores to Hasting his wife and sons, who were made prisoners. Arnulf extends his conquests in Italy to Lucca. The Danes avoid an encounter with Alfred ; some of them retire into the isle of Mersey, others up the river Lea. Arnulf gives Lotharingen to Zwentibold. Nicholas I. patriarch of CP. Arnulf takes possession of Rome, and is crowned emperor of the West ; he besieges Spoleto, which is vigorously defended by Agetruda, Lambert's mother; Berenger, and Adalbert, duke of Tuscany, conspire against him; on his retirement into Bavaria, the Italian princes recover their States. Berenger and Lambert divide Lombardy. Beneventnm regains independence under its duke, Radelgiso. Eudes relinquishes the eastern province of France to Charles the Simple, and recognizes his title. The Danes, having lost all their ships in the river Lea, march to Bridgenorth, on the Severn. The Bulgarians defeated by the Hungarians in three bloody battles. Pope Stephen declares the election of his predecessor, Formosus, invalid, disinters his body, and throws it into the Tiber. The congress of Pavia ratifies the treaty between Berenger and Lambert. Pope Stephen imprisoned and strangled. Alfred constructs a powerful navy, defeats the Danes near the Isle of Wight, and puts a final stop to their incursions. Death of Eudes. Charles the Simple, sole king of France. Adalbert, duke of Tuscany, rebels against Lambert, is surprized, and made prisoner.^ Lambert dies suddenly at the end of the year. Berenger adds Spoleto to his former pos- sessions, and is undisputed king of Italy; he releases Adalbert, and restores Tuscany to him. Contest for the papal chair between John IX. and Sergius ; the former, after his consecration, calls a council, which annuls all the proceed- ings of Stephen against Formosus. Sergius is banished. Death of Elstan bishop of London. 302 FROM THE TEAB 1 A.D. EIegira. Eastern ] Empire. Popes. Arabia. Spain. Goths. Saracens. Prance. Ger- j MANY. Italy. 899 286—287 14 Leo VI. 2 John 3A1 Mo- 38Alfon- 12 Abdal- iCharles 1 Lou- 12 Be- the phi- IX. tadhed. jolllthe lab.. IV. the is III. renger losopher. Great. Simple. I. 900 287— 2S8 15 • 1 Bene- dict IV. 9 39 — - 13 5 2 13 Louis of Arlesl 901 288—289 16 2 10 — - 40 14 6 3 14 2 902 289—290 17 3 1 Al 41 15 7 1 15 3 Moktafi. 903 291 18 — 1 Leo V. 1 months. 1 Chris- topher. 2 42 16 8 5 16 4 904 292 19 1 Sergi- us III. 3 43 17 9 10 6 17 5 905 293 20 2 4 44 18 11 7 18 906 294 21 3 5 45 19 12 8 19 907 295 22 4 6 46 20 13 9 20 908 296 23 5 IAIMo- ktadir. 47 21 10 21 909 297 24 6 2 48 22 14 11 22 910 298 25 7 3 IGarcias 23 15 12 23 911 299 1 Alexan- der. 1 Constan- tine X. Porphyro- genitus. 1 Anas- tasius III. 4 2 24 16 1 Con- rad, duke of Fran- conia. 24 ■ 912 300 2 2 5 3 1 Abde- rahman III. 17 2 25 913 301 3 1 Lando. 6 1 Ordo- nio II. 2 18 3 26 914 302 4 1 John 7 2 3 19 ^ 27 X. 915 303 5 2 8 3 4 20 5 28 916 304 6 3 9 4 5 21 6 29 917 305 7 4 ■ 10 5 6 22 7 30 918 306—307 8 5 11 6 7 23 I Hen- ry the Fow- ler. 31 919 307—308 9 Romanusl. Lecapenus and his sons 1 6 12 7 8 24 2 32 920 921 308—309 309—310 10 2 11 3 7 8 13 14 8 9 9 10 25 26 3 1 33 34 Rudolf of Bur- gundy 1 922 310—311 12 4 9 15 10 11 1 RobertI 5 35 2 923 311—312 13 5 10 16 lFro- ila II. 12 1 Rudolf duke of Burgun- 6 36 3 dy. 899 TO 923 A.D. 303 tition Dates 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 921 922 928 Doges of Venice. Tuscany 12 Pietro Tribuno, 1 Orso Partici- aco II. 2 10 Adal- bert II. 1 Guido, Burgun- dy and „Arles. 12 Rudolf I. Louis. 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16' 16 Bohe- mia. 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 1 Rudolf II. Flan- ders, 21 Bald- 45Gorm win II Den- mark. 1 Spitig neus I 2 4 5 1 Wra- tislausl. 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 31 1 Wen- ceslausl 2 35 7 36 8 1 Bald- win III. Arnulf I. 2 2 SCOTLAND ENGLAND. Donald 29 Alfred IV. the Great. 30 54 — 55 — 56 — 57 — 58 1 Constan- tine III. 2 — 3 — 4 — 3 66 4 67 16 1 Edward the Eldes, 2 — 304 FBOM THE YEA.B A.D. 900 901 902 904 905 906 907 910 911 EVKNTS AND EMINENT MEN. Luiiis, king of Lowei Burgundy, or Aries, enters Italy to claim the crown ; retires on the approach of Berenger. Death of the emperor Arnulf ; his son, Louis III. (called IV. by some) is proclaimed his successor, set. 7. The Hungarians invade Italy, defeat Berenger near the Brenta, and penetrate to Modena. Louis, again invited into Italy, is acknowledged king by some nobles. Zwenti- bold killed in a revolt of the people of Lotharingen, who join the German king- dom. Abdallah maintains peace with Alfonso ; but a large irregular force of Saracens, having attacked the Christians, is defeated at Zamora. Berenger retires into Germany. Louis of Aries emperor of the West. Embassy of Abdallah, to renew his treaty with Alfonso. Death of Alfred the Great, Oct. 28, set. 53. Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, retires among the Danes of, Northumber- land. Werfrith, bishop of Worcester. John of Corvey, abbot of Athelney. Grimbald, provost of St. Omer's. Louis, surprized by Berenger, is allowed to go into Provence, on taking an oath not to return into Italy. Abdallah, unpopular for not making war on the Christians of Spain, arrests and puts to death his son, Alcasim. Ismail Samani conquers Persia. Leo's commander, Himerus, defeats the Saracens in a naval action. The men of Kent repel an attempt of the Danes to land at Holm. Leo V, elected pope, is deposed at the end of two months, and supplanted by his chaplain, Christopher. Ermengarda, abbess of St. Sixtus, in Fiacenza. The Carmathians plunder a rich caravan, and slay many thousand pilgrims. Winchester cathedral consecrated. Death of Grimbald. The Russians, with a large naval force, attack CP., and the Saracens Thessa- lonica. Ethelwold conducts a Danish fleet to Essex. Louis breaks his oath and advances into Italy; he is made prisoner by Berenger, at Verona, and his eyes put out, after which he renounces the kingdom of Italy, and is permitted to return to Aries. The emperor Leo, excommunicated by Nicholas for having married a fourth wife, deposes the patriarch, and appoints Euthyraius I. in his place. Egypt recovered from the Toulunides by Mohtafi's general, Mohammed. Defeat of the Danes ; Ethelwold, and their king, Eohric, slain. A comet is seen, Oct. 20. Death of Alfred's widow, Elswith. The Hungarians defeated at Venice ; Berenger procures their departure from Italy by a payment of money. The Saracens ravage Beneventum and Capua. The Normans overrun the northern provinces of France. Peace concluded at Itch- ingford with the Danes of East Anglia and Northumberland. Bavaria desolated by the Hungarians Pope Sergius restores the Basilica of the Lateran. Rebellion of Garcias against his father, Alfonso ; he is defeated at Zamora, and imprisoned. The city of Chester rebuilt. Mohammed al Mahdi founds the Fatimite empire in Egypt. Ineffectual league of Beneventum, Capua, and Amain, against the Saracens of the Liris. Calib Hafsun defeated, keeps Toledo. Death of Denewulf, bishop of Winchester. The Beneventines apply to the emperor Leo for aid against the Saracens. Thu- ringia invaded by the Hungarians ; the Landgrave Burchardt is slain ; he leaves no issue, and his lands are given by the emperor to Otho, duke of Saxony. Death of Suleiman, or Abu Ayub, the Arabian historian. Alfonso resigns his crown to his sons ; Garcias takes the title of King of Leon ; Ordonio has Gallicia. The Hungarians defeat Louis of Germany. The Nor- thumbrian Danes break the peace, and are defeated at Tettenhall. Death of Asser, bishop of Sherburn, the friend and biographer of Alfred. Frithstan, bishop of Winchester. The Benedictine Abbey of Clugny,in Burgundy, founded. Death of Louis, the last of the German Carlovingians ; Otho, duke of Saxony, refuses the crown, and recommends Conrad, duke of Franconia. Rollo consoli- dates his conquests in the North of France. The Danes of Northumberland sustain a great defeat at "Wodnesfeld, in Staffordshire ; their kings, Eowils and Halfdene, with many of their nobles, are slain. Edward equips a numerous fleet; his daughter, Eadgift, is married to Charles the Simple. Death of the emperor Leo ; he is succeeded by his son, Constantine X. (see Eckhel) set. 6, called Porphyrogenitus, with his uncle Alexander for his colleague and acting regent. Nicholas restored patriarch of CP. Hatto, archbishop of Mentz. 899 TO 923 A.D. 305 Death of the Greek emperor, Alexander; Zoe assumes the regency.- Alfonso takes the field again to assist his sons, and gains his last victory, soon after which, he dies at Zamora. Death of Abdallah, set. 72; he is succeeded bv his grandson, Abderahmau III., son of Muhamad (see a.d. 894). Defeat of Calib Hafsun. Berenger grants licences for the fortifications of monasteries and castles. Rollo, on his conversion to Christianity, takes the name of Robert, and receives by treaty from Charles the Simple, the province afterwards called Normandy, of which he is the first duke. Death of inhered, ealdorman of Mercia ; his widow, Ethelfled, daughter of Alfred, assists her brother Edward in governing and fortifying Mercia, which is now incorporated with VVessex. The sun totally eclipsed. On the death of Garcias, Ordonio reunites Gallicia and Leon ; he invades central Spain, and takes Talavera. Hertford, Witham, Tamworth, and Stafford, for- tified. Mathuedoi, regent of Brittany, and his son, Alan, expelled by Rollo, take refuge in England. Igor, son of Ruric, by the death of his guardian, Oleg, is invested with the government of Russia. Adrianople taken by the Bulgarians. Warwick and Edinburgh fortified. John X. elected pope, through the intrigues of Theodora, a Roman courtezan. Berenger declared emperor of the West, Louis still retaining the title. Edward promotes the resort of students to Cambridge. Runcorn fortified. Coronation of Berenger, March 24. The Saracens driven from their station on the Liris. Wales invaded by the Mercians, and Brecknock taken. Abderahman equips Meets to defend the coasts of Spain against the piratical Saracens of Africa. The Danes of the Five-burghs break the peace and invade Mercia ; Ethelfled repels them, and takes Derby. Haco, abbot of Fulda. Sara- gossa submits to Abderahman. Death of Calib Hafsun, at Huesca. Invasion of Fez by Musa Ben Abi Alifia. Ordonio defeats the Saracens at St. Stephen's of Gormat, pursues them as far as Badajos and Merida, and makes peace on his own terms. Ethelfled takes Leicester; York submits to her. A fleet of Normans from Brittany repulsed by Edward in the Severn. Death of Conrad ; Henry the Fowler, son of Otho, duke of Saxony, elected king of Germany. Thurcytel submits to Edward- Romanus Lecapenus confines Zoe in a convent, and makes himself joint emperor with Const Porphyr., to whom he gives his daughter, Helena, in marriage, and the title of Augustus to his three sons ; being seniors in age, they take pre- cedence of the legitimate emperor, and one of them is styled Constantine IX. {see Eckhel.) Edward takes Bedford from the Five-burghers. Robert, count of Paris, Herbert of Vermandois, and other nobles of France, con- spire against Charles the Simple. Edward fortifies Maldon. Thurcytel passes over to join the Normans in France. Abderahman overcomes the Christians of Leon and Castille in the valley of Junquera. Ordonio recruits his army and retrieves this disaster by a victory at Rivobrigse (Rioja). Rudolf of Transjurane Burgundy, invited into Italy by some discontented nobles, is elected king, in opposition to Berenger, who calls to his assistance some Hungarians. The Danes, endeavouring to destroy Ed- ward's new fortifications, are repulsed at Towcester. Charles the Simple deposed ; Robert, count of Paris, elected king of France. Rudolf maintains his ground at Verona. Death of Ethelfled at Tamworth. Mercia and North Wales submit to Edward. Adrianople again taken by the Bulgarians. Robert defeated by Charles at Soissons, and slain. Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, is created king of France. Charles, put to flight, is confined at Peronne by the duke of Vermandois ; his queen, Eadgift, and their son, Louis d'Outremer, take I refuge with her father in England. Lotharingen is given up to Henry, king of Germany. The Bulgarians besiege CP. Interview between Romanus and Simeon; peace concluded, Berenger defeated at Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza, by Rudolf ai.d the Italian nobles Klfwina, Etheltied's daughter, conspires against her uncle in Mercia. is .removed into Wesse,x. Edward takes Manches- ter. Death of Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury ; Ethelm succeeds him, On the decease of Ordonio, his brother, Froila, usurps the throne of Leon. 306 FBOM THE TEAB Spain. A.D. Hegika. Eastern Empire. Popes. Arabia. *** cf,t: France. Germa- ny. Italy. 924 312—313 14Constan- 11 John X. 17 Al 1 Al- 13 Ab- 2 Rudolf 7 Henry 4 Ru- tine X. Mokta- fonso derah- duke of the dolf of Porphyro- der. IV. man Bur- Fowler. Burgun- genitus. III. gundy. dy. Romanusl. Lecapenus and his sons. 6 925 313—314 15 7 12 18 2 14 3 8 5 926 314—315 16 8 13 19 3 15 4 9 IHugh Count of Pro- vence. 927 315—316 17 9 14 20 4 16 5 10 2 928 316—317 18 10 1 Leo VI. 21 5 17 6 11 3 929 317—318 19 11 1 Stephen VIII. (or VII. Mu- rat.) 22 6 18 7 12 4 930 318-319 20 12 2 23 7 19 8 13 5 931 319—320 21 13 UohnXI. 24 1 Rami- roll. 20 9 14 6 932 320—321 22 14 2 1 Al Kaher. 2 21 10 | 15 7 933 321—322 23 15 3 2 3 22 11 16 8 934 322—323 24 16 4 1 Al Radhi. 4 23 12 17 9 935 323—324 25 17 5 2 5 24 13 18 10 936 325 26 18 lLeo VII. 3 6 25 1 Louis IV. d'Ou- tremer. 1 Otho I. the Great. 11 937 326 27 19 2 4 7 26 2 2 12 938 327 28 20 3 5 8 27 3 3 13 939 328 29 21 1 Stephen IX. (or VIII. Mu- rat.) 6 9 28 4 4 14 940 329 30 22 2 1 Al Motaki. 10 29 5 5 15 941 330 31 23 3 2 11 30 6 6 16 942 331 32 24 1 Mari- nus II. 3 12 31 7 7 17 943 332 33 25 2 4 13 32 8 8 18 944 333 34 3 1 Al Mo- stakfi. 14 33 9 9 19 945 334 35 4 1 Al Moti. 15 34 10 10 20 946 335 36 1 Agape- tus 11. 2 16 35 11 11 21 947 336 37 2 3 17 36 12 12 | 1 Lo- thaire. 924 TO 947 A.D. 307 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Venice. TUSCANY. Burgundy and Arles. Bohemia. Flanders. Den- mark. Scot- land. Eng- land. 924 13 Orso Particiaco 11. 8 Guido. 14 Rudolf II. Louis. 37 9 Wences- laus I. 7 Baldwin III., and Arnulf. 70Gorra 21 Con- stan- tine III. 1 Athel- stan. 925 926 14 15 9 10 15 38 16 39 10 11 8 9 71 72 22 23 2 927 928 16 17 11 12 17 40 18 12 13 10 11 73 74 24 25 4 5 929 18 1 Lambert. 19 14 12 75 26 — 6 930 931 19 20 2 1 Boson. 20 21 15 16 13 14 76 77 27 28 7 8 932 933 1 Pietro Candiano II. 2 2 3 22 23 17 18 15 16 78 79 29 30 9 10 934 3 4 24 19 17 80 31 11 — 935 4 5 25 20 18 81 32 12 936 937 5 — - 6 1 Hubert. 2 26 1 Conrad. 1 Boleslas I. 2 19 20 1 Harold II., Blue- tooth. 2 S3 34 13 14 938 939 1 Pietro Badoero. 3 4 2 3 3 4 21 22 3 4 35 36 15 16 940 941 2 5 6 4 5 5 6 23 24 6 37 38 1 Ed- mund I. 2 942 943 1 Pietro Candiano III. 2 7 8 — 6 7 7 8 25 26 — ' 39 40 3 944 945 4 9 10 ■ 8 9 10 27 28 10 1 Mal- colm I. 2 5 6 946 5 11 10 11 29 11 3 1 Edred. 947 6 12 11 12 30 ia — 4 2 x 2 303 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 924 925 | 926 Events and Eminent Men. 929 930 931 932 934 935 Berenger assassinated in Verona. Rudolf sole king of Italy. The Hungarian mercenaries plunder and burn Pavia, whence they proceed into the south of France, and are overcome. The Danes of Northumberland, and Britons of Strathcluyd, submit to Edward, soon after which he dies, at Farringdon, and is succeeded by his son, Athelstan. After an ignoble reign of fourteen months, Froila dies of the leprosy, and Alfonso, the rightful heir, obtains the throne. Muza takes the city of Fez ; Alhasan Ben Edris continues to struggle against him. The kingdom of Italy offered to Hugh, count of Provence. Guido, duke of Tus- cany, marries Marozia, widow of the marquis Alberico. Athelstan gives his sister in marriage to Sihtric, with a part of Northumberland. Wulfhelm arch- bishop of Canterbury. Birth of Dunstan. Burchardt. duke of Swabia, enters Italy to support Rudolf; is defeated and slain. Hugh expels Rudolf, and is acknowledged king of Italy. Henry the Fowler con- quers the Slavonians and establishes the margraviate of Brandenburg. Death of Sihtric ; his lands revert to Athelstan, whose supremacy is recognized by Con- stantine king of Scotland, Howel of the West Welsh, and Owen of Monmouth. Hugh the Great, count of Paris, marries Eadhiid, sister of Athelstan. The father of the historian, Liutprand, goes to CP. as ambassador from Hugh, king of Italy. Death of Simeon, king of Bulgaria ; his son Peter makes peace with the Greeks, and marries Maria, granddaughter of the emperor Romanus. Tarentum taken by the Saracens. Toledo submits to Abderahman. Giafar Ben Hafsun escapes, and forms a league with the Christians of Leon. Rollo retires into a monastery; William I. Longuespee, duke of Normandy. Odo, abbot of Clugny. Guido and Marozia usurp supreme temporal power in Rome, and confine the pope in a prison, where he dies. Giafar and his allies plunder Talavera. Tryphon patriarch of CP. Death of Louis of Aries, emperor of the West. Union of the Lower and Transjurane Burgundy. Charles the Simple dies in his captivity at Peronne, Oct. 7, set. 50. Abderahman assists the Edrisites in Fez. The Carmathian leader, Abu Taher, plunders Mecca, and massacres the pilgrims. Death of Guido, duke of Tuscany. Henry the Fowler besieges Prague, and is acknowledged superior lord of Bohe- mia ; his son, Otho, marries Eadgith, sister of Athelstan. The forces of Abder- ahman occupy Ceuta and Tangiers. Hugh, king of Italy, takes his son Lothaire as his colleague. Alfonso retires from the throne of Leon, and is succeeded by his brother Ramiro. Abderahman proclaimed king at Fez. Alan of Brittany (see a.d. 913) returns from England to his own country. Lambert, duke of Tuscany, supplanted by his brother Boson. Death of Christopher, son of Romanus. Death of Frithstan, bishop of Winchester ; Brinstan succeeds him. Marozia still rules in Rome, and makes her son pope. Hugh marries Marozia, and is expelled from Rome by her son Alberic, who con- fines his mother, and his brother, the pope, in St Angelo, and governs the city. Ramiro takes Madrid. The Saracens invade Castile, and are defeated at Uxama (Osma). The caliph Al Moktader deposed and blinded. The Fatimites regain Fez. Death of Rollo. Orso resigns the dogeshipof Venice. Romanus makes his son, Theophvlact, aet. 16, patriarch of CP. Hugh besieges Rome. The nobles of Italy propose to call Rudolf back to the throne ; Hugh purchases his friendship by ceding to him a part of Provence. Imad al Doulah establishes the Bowides in Persia. Edwin the Etheling perishes at sea. Athelstan victorious in Scotland. Death of Brinstan, bishop of Winchester; Elphege succeeds. Death of Harold Harfagj; Erik king of Norway. Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, is invited into Italy, and retires defeated. Overthrow of the Hungarians at Merseburg, by Henry the Fowler. Victory of Ramiro and Ferdinand, count of Castile, over the Saracens near Auca (Occa) on the Ebro. The caliph Al Kaher deposed. The Venetians annex Comacchio to their territories. Aben Ishac Ben Omeya, governor of Santarem, leagues with Ramiro ; their forces advance to Badajos and Lisbon. 92 i To 917 A.B. 309 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Henry the Fowler. Hugh lays siege to Rome again. Odo, abbot of Clugny, negotiates between him and Alberic, who marries Alda, the daughter of Hugh. Death of Kudolf (Raoul) king of France ; Louis, surnamed d' Outremer, is called from his asylum in England (see a.d. 923), and placed on the throne. Death of Gorm, king of Denmark, after a reign of 81 years. Erik, king of Norway, dethroned for his cruelty, is succeeded by Haco the Good. Struggles between Christians and idolaters in Bohemia ; the latter set aside Wenceslaus and put Boleslas in his place. Hugh ejects Boson, and makes his own natural I son, Hubert, duke of Tuscany. Abderahman builds his magniticent palace of I Azahra. The African Saracens despoil Sicily; The caliphs of Bagdad sink I into insignificance. Liutprand writes his history. Death of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, ex-king of Italy.- Athelstan assists in esta- blishing Louis on the throne of France, and Alan in Brittany. Montreuil taken by Arnulf, count of Flanders. Confederation of Scots and Irish with the Danes of Northumberland under Anlaf, totally defeated by Athelstan and his brother Edmund, at Brunanburh (Bamborough ?), where the chancellor, Thur- cytel, distinguishes himself. Marriage of Hugh to Bertha, and affiancement of his son Lothaire to Adelaide, the one widow, and the other daughter, of the deceased Rudolf. The Agrigen- tines revolt against the Saracens in Sicily. Louis claims Lorraine, and is de- feated by Otho. Arabian writers assert a victory gained by Abderahman at Alhandic, and the capture of Zamora* this is supposed to be the battle dated | by Mariana in 934, with a different result. War between Otho and Boleslas. Winter, marquis of Istria, levies imposts on Venetian merchants, the repeal of which the doge enforces by suspending all intercourse between the two States. Zamora recovered by Ramiro, according to Arabian history. Odo of Clugny mediates again between Hugh and Alberic. I Berenger, marquis of Ivrea, escapes the hostile designs of Hugh, and takes refuge in Germany. Strife begins between Louis and his nobles. Death of Athelstan, Oct. 22 : his brother Edmund succeeds, set. 18. Louis defeated by Huj,h, c uut of Paris, and Herbert of Vermandois. Treaty of peace for five years between Ramiro and Abderahman. The Russians, under Igor, attack CP., and are repelled by Romanus. The Northumbrian Danes break the peace, and choose Anlaf for their king. Odo Severus archbishop of Canterbury. Assisted by a Greek fleet, Hugh expels the Saracens from Fraxinet in Provence. Death of Anlaf the Elder; Anlaf, the son of Sihtric, governs Northumberland; Wulfstan, archbishop of York, supports him. Marriage of Romanus, son of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, to Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Hugh, king of Italy. William, duke of Normandy, assassinated ; Louis endeavours to take the duchy from his son Richard. Edmund defeated at Tamworth, afterwards overcomes Anlaf, and takes the Five Burghs. Dun- stan appointed abbot of Glastonbury. Romanus Lecapenus and his two sons deposed and banished; Constantine X. Porphyrogenitus assumes the imperial power which he had lost, and appoints his own son, Romanus, to be his colleague. Ahmed establishes the office of Emir al Omra, which overrules the caliph of Bagdad. Abderahman improves the harbour of Tortosa. Edmund reduces Northumberland to entire subjection. Constantine of Scotland retires into a monastery. Berenger arrives from Germany, and is welcomed by all the nobles of Italy ; he leaves to Hugh and his son Lothaire the title of King. Louis compelled to restore Normandy to Richard. Death of Igor ;' his widow, Olga, governs the Russians during the minority of their son Swatoslaus. Edmund conquers Dun- wallon, king of Strathcluyd ; Cumberland and Westmoreland granted as a fief to Malcolm, king of Scotland. Crowland abbey restored, and a peal of bells in- troduced there by Thurcytel. Hugh withdraws into Provence. Edmund assassinated by Leofa at Pucklechurch, in Gloucestershire, May 26, set. 24 ; his brother Edred succeeds. Death of Hugh ; Lothaire marries Adelaide, and remains nominal king of Italy. Edred marches an army into Northumberland and Scotland, and receives oaths of suhmission in both countries. 310 PEOM THE TEAB A.D. 1 Hegiba. Eastern Empire. Popes. Arabia. Spain. Goths. Saracens. France. Germa- ny. lTArv. 948 949 337 338 38Constan- tine X. Porphyro- genitus. 39 3 Aga- petus II. 4A1Mo- ti. 5 18 Ra- miro II. 19 37 Abder- ahman III. 38 13 Louis IV. d' Outre- mer. 14 13 Otho I. the Great. 14 2Lo- thaire. 3 950 951 339 340 40 41 5 6 6 lOr- donio III. 2 39 40 15 — 16 — 15 16 4 1 Beren- ger II. Adal- bert. 1 2 -2 952 341—342 42 7 8 3 41 17 17 3 3 953 342—343 43 8 9 4 42 18 18 4 4 954 955 956 957 343—344 344—345 345—346 346—347 44 45 46 47 9 10 1 John XII. 2 10 11 12 13 5 1 San- cho I. the Fat. 2 3 43 44 45 46 lLo- thaire. 2 3 4 19 20 21 22 = 7 7 958 347—348 48 3 14 4 47 5 23 9 9 959 348—349 1 Roma- nus II. 4 15 5 48 6 24 10 10 960 349—350 2 5 16 6 49 7 25 11 11 961 950—351 3 — 6 17 7 1 Alha- kem II. 8 26 12 12 Con- 962 351—352 4 7 18 8 2 9 - — 27 quered by Otho. 963 352—353 1 Nice- phorusll. Phocas. 8 1 Leo VIII. 19 — 9 3 10 28 964 353—354 2 1 Bene- dict V. 20 10 4 11 29 965 966 354—355 355—356 3 4 1 John XIII. 2 21 22 11 — 12 5 6 12 13 — 30 31 967 j 968 356—357 357—358 5 — 6 3 4 23 24 lRa- miro III. 2 8 14 15 32 33 | 969 970 359 360 1 John Zimisces. 2 5 6 25 26 3 4 9 10 16 17 34 35 971 361 3 - 7 27 5 ii_ 18 36 948 TO 971 A.D. 311 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Venice. Tuscany Akles oe Burgun- dy. Bohemia. Flanders Den- mark. 1 Scot- land. Eng- land. 948 949 7 Pietro Candianc III. 8 13 Hubert 14 12 Conrad 13 13 Boles- las I. 14 31 Baldwin 13 Ha- III, and rold II Arnulf. Blue- tooth. 32 14 5 Mal- , colm I 6 3Edred. 4 950 9 15 14 15 33 — — 15 7 5 951 10 16 15 16 34 1 16 8 6 952 11 — 17 16 17 35 17 9 7 953 12 18 17 18 36 18 1 Indulf.|' 8 954 13 19 18 19 37 19 2 9 — 955 14 20 19 20 38 20 3 1 Edwy. 956 15 21 20 21 _ 39 21 4 2 957 16 22 21 22 40 22 5 3 958 17 23 — 22 23 — 41 r 23 6 4 959 960 1 Pietro Candiano IV. 2 24 25 23 24 — 24 25 42 43 24 25 8 1 Edgar. 2 961 3 1 Hugh. 25 26 44 26 lDuff. 3 962 4 2 26 27 45 27 2 4 963 5 3 27 28 46 28 3 5 964 6 4 28 29 47 29 4 6 965 966 8 5 6 29 30 30 31 1 Arnulf II. 2 30 31 1 Culen. 2 7 8 967 9 7 31 1 Boles- las II. 3 32 i 3 9 968 10 8 32 2 4 33 [ 4 10 969 11 9 33 — 3 5 1 34 j 5 11 970 971 12 13 10 11 34 35 4 5- | 6 35 36 1 Ken- neth III 2 12 13 312 FROM THE TEAR 949 950 951 953 955 956 957 958 Events and Eminent Men. Lothaire applies to the emperor Constantine for protection. Liutprand sent by Berenger on an embassy to CP. Eric, son of the Danish king Harold, is set up as king of Northumberland, and expelled by Edred. Thurcytel resigns his office of chancellor, endows the abbey of Crowland, and is appointed its abbot. Dunstan is Edred's chief counsellor, and the royal treasures are committed to his care in Glastonbury abbey. Abdallah. son of Abderahman, and his friend, Abdilban, put to death for con- spiracy. The aqueduct of Ecija completed. Eric, with his son Henry and his brother Regnald, slain in the wilds of Stanmore, by Osulf, who is created earl of Northumberland. Landing of Anlaf Cwiran in the north of England. Em- bassy from CP. arrives at Cordova. Abderahman renews his attempt to conquer Fez. Death of Lothaire, Nov. 22 ; his widow, Adelaide, continues in Pavia. Berenger and his son, Adalbert, crowned kings of Italy, Dec. 15. Otho victorious over the Slavonians and Bohemians ; Boleslas tributary to him. Death of Rami- ro II. Ordonio makes inroads into Lusitania as far as Lisbon ; he is repelled, and the Saracens pursue him over the Douro at Setmanica (Simancas). Haco the Good slain by Erik's son, Harold, who becomes king of Norway. Adelaide, ill-treated and imprisoned by Berenger, escapes to Albert Azzo of Ca- nossa, and solicits the protection of Otho, who marches an army into Italy, rescues and marries her. Death of Elphege, bishop of Winchester. Otho restores Italy to Berenger and his son; they do homage to him at the diet of Augsburg, and cede to him the marches of Verona and Aquileia. Wulfstan imprisoned by Edred at Jedburgh ; Thetford punished for the murder of its abbot, Edelm. On the birth of Otho's son by his second marriage, his eldest sou, Ludolf, kindles a civil war in Germany; Berenger takes advantage of this, to besiege Albert Azzo in Canossa, for the assistance which he had afforded to Adelaide. Louis d'Outremer killed by a fall from his horse, Sep. 10, aet. 33 ; his eldest son, Lothaire, set. 15, succeeds him, under the protection of Hugh, count of Paris. Ludolf invites Hungarians to assist him in his war against his father. Death of Alberic ; his son Octavian inherits his authority in Rome. Wulfstan, re- leased from prison, is made bishop of Dorchester. Battle of Augsburg. Otho drives the Hungarians out of Germany, and soon after- wards conquers the Slavonians ; peace restored between him and his son. Hugh, count of Paris, receives from Lothaire Aquitain and other accessions of terri- tory. Ordonio III. dies soon after a victory obtained by him over the Saracens at San Estavan. The Russian princess, Olga, baptized at CP. ; she carries back into her own country some beginnings of civilization. Death of Edred. The marriage of Edwy, son of Edmund, to Elgiva, is opposed by the clergy. Flight of Dunstan into E'landers. Death of Hugh, count of Paris ; his eldest son, Hugh Capet, inherits his titles and power. Octavian, son of Alberic, elected pope, under the name of John XII. Many provinces, including Armenia, recovered from the Saracens by the Greek empire. Sancho takes refuge in Navarre from his discontented people, who for a time place on the throne Ordonio, a son of Alfonso IV. Berenger raises the siege of Canossa, on the approach of Ludolf at the head of an army sent by Otho. Polyeuchus patriarch of CP. Ludolf dies in Italy. Sancho, wishing to consult the physicians of Cordova, is kindly received there by Abderahman, who assists his restoration to the throne of Leon. Edgar Etheling governs Mercia under the supremacy of his brother. Edwy places the new Benedictine monasteries under sequestration. Death of Wulfstan. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, separates Edwy and Elgiva ; her face is seared with hot irons, and she is banished to Ireland. Mercia, East Anglia, and Nor- thumberland revolt, and make Edgar king. Death of Constantine (imputed to poison), Nov. 15, set. 54. Elgiva returns from Ireland, is barbarously mutilated by her persecutors, and dies at Gloucester ; Edwy soon afterwards dies there also; his brother Edgar recals Dunstan, and! makes him bishop of Worcester and London. j 948 TO 971 A.B. 313 961 962 Events and Eminent Men. 964 966 970 971 Many nobles and prelates of Italy repair to the court of Otho for protection against Berenger. Nicephorus Phocas, general of the East, recovers the isle of Crete from the Saracens. The traffic in slaves again prohibited in Venice. Otho, master of Italy, is elected and crowned king. Death of Abderahman, set. 72. On the death of Odo, Dunstan is appointed archbishop of Canterbury. Otho and Adelaide crowned emperor and empress of the West, at Rome, by the pope; their son, Otho II., titular king of Italy. Albert Azzo created count of Keggio and Modena ; Oberto, founder of the house of D'Este, appointed count of the palace. Nicephorus Phocas defeats the Saracens and recovers the former provinces of the empire as far as the Euphrates. Al Hakem employs agents in Africa and Arabia to purchase or copy MSS.; the catalogue of his library fills 44 vols. A great pestilence and fire in London; St Paul's Minster burnt. Silver discovered in the Hartz mountains. Norway tributary to Denmark. Death of the emperor Romanus, March 15, set. 24 ; his widow, Theophano, ap- pointed regent-guardian of their two young sons, marries Nicephorus Phocas, who had been previously proclaimed emperor by the army. The vices of John XII. and his plots against Otho, cause him to be deposed by a council, and Leo VIII. is appointed pope. Al Hakem attacks the frontiers of the king- dom of Leon, on the Douro. Edgar invades North Wales ; defeat and death of Idwal, son of Rotri Mawr; an annual tribute of 300 wolves' heads exacted from the Welsh. Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, promotes the Benedictine rule in England ; the monasteries and minsters of Ely and Medehamstede are repaired : the name of the latter changed to Peterborough. Fairs established in Flanders and manufactures promoted. Berenger and his queen surrender to Otho, and are sent prisoners to Bamberg Adalbert escapes to Corsica. Revolt of Rome; the election of Leo VIII. is set aside, and Benedict V. chosen pope. Death of John XII. Otho besieges and takes Rome. Edgar displaces all married priests, and fills the church with monks. John Zimisces expels the Saracens from Cilicia and Cyprus. Erik IV king of Sweden. Adalbert returns to Lombardy, is defeated, and conceals himself In the mountains The two rival popes die, and John XIII. is elected. Al Hakem destroys the vine-grounds in Spain, to check the drinking of wine ; he concludes a treaty of peace with Sancho. Nicephorus and Zimisces carry their arms into Syria. Disastrous attempts of the Greeks in Sicily. John XIII., driven from Rome, is restored by Otho. Berenger dies at Bamberg ; his widow, Willa, takes the veil. Antioch recovered, after 328 years' subjection to the Saracens. Swatoslaus extends the dominions of the Russians to the Black Sea, and invades Bulgaria. Otho establishes his supremacy over Beneventum and Capua. The bishopric of Prague founded by Boleslas II. Death of Abulfaragi AH, historian of the Omeyan Caliphs. Sancho, king of Leon, poisoned by Count Gonsalvo. Embassy of Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, to propose a treaty of marriage between Otho's son and the daughter of the late emperor Romanus ; the haughty refusal of Nicephorus causes Otho to attack the Greek provinces in Southern Italy. The archbishopric of Magdeburg founded. The men of Thanet punished for having plundered some traders who arrived from York. Fez conquered by the Fatimites. Victory of Otho over the Greeks in Calabiia. Assassination of Nicephorus. John Zimisces emperor; he takes for his colleagues Basil II. and Constantine XL, sons of Romanus II. and Theophano. The Fatimite, Maiz Ad Din, esta- blishes an independent caliphate in Egypt, and builds Cairo. Witikind, abbot of Corvey, writes his History. Zimisces begins his successful war against the Russians, and brings a large colony of Paulicians from Armenia into Thrace ; treaty of peace between him and Otho. After many struggles and vicissitudes, Navarre, under Sancho II., establishes independence. Basil I. patriarch of CP. Defeat of the Bulgarians by Bardas Sclerus. Zimisces assents to the treaty of marriage proposed again by Otho. The Venetians forbid the sale of arms and; all munitions of war by their merchants to the Saracens. Death of Oskytel, archbishop of York. 314 FROM THE YEAE A.I). 972 Hegira. Eastern Empire. Popes. Arabia. Spajn. T T Navar- Sara- Leon - re. cens. France. Germa- ny. 362 4 John 1 Bene- 28 Al 6 Ra- 3Sancho 12 Al 19 Lo- 37 Otho Zimisces. dict VI. Moti. tniroIII. II. Ha- kem II. thaire. I. the Great. 973 363 5 2 29 7 4 13 — - 20 1 Otho ! II. 974 364 1 Boni- face VII. 1 month. 1 Dora- nus II. lAlTai. 8 5 14 21 2 975 365 7 1 Bene- dict VII. 2 9 6 15 22 ' 3 976 366 1 Basil II. and Con- stantine XI. 2 3 10 7 IHix- emll. 23 4 977 367 2 3 4 11 8 2 24 5 978 368 3 4 5 12 9 3 25 6 979 369 4 5 6 13 10 4 26 7 980 370 5 6 7 14 11 5 27 8 981 371 6 7 8 15 12 6 28 9 982 372 7 8 9 1 Vere- mund or Bermu- doll. 13 7 29 10 983 373 8 1 John 10 2 14 g 30 1 Otho XIV. III. 984 374—375 9 2 11 3 15 9 31 2 985 375—376 10 1 John XV. 12 4 16 10 32 3 988 .376—377 11 2 13 5 17 - — 11— 1 Louis V. 4 le Faine- ant. 987 377—378 12 3 \U 6 18 12 1 Hugh 5 Capet. 988 378—379 13 4 15 7 19 - — 13 2 6 939 379—380 14 5 16 8 20 14 3 7 990 380—381 15 6 17 9 21 15 4 8 991 381—382 16 7 1 Al Kader. 10 22 16 5 9 992 382-383 17 8 2 11 23 17 6 10 993 383—384 18 9 3 12 24 18 7 11 994 384—385 19 10 4 13 1 Garci- asll. 19 8 12 995 385—386 '20 11 1 5 14 2 20 9 13 972 TO 995 A.D. 315 titwn Dates. 973 974 975 976 979 981 984 990 991 993 Doges of Tusca- Venice. ny. 14 Pietro Candiano IV. 15 — 16 — 1 Pietro Orseolo I, 2 1 Vitale Candiano, 1 Tribuno Memmo. 2 3 4 12 Hugh 13 14 - — 16 10 11 12 1 Pietro Orseolo II. Aeles ob Bub- gundy. 16 Con- rad. 37 40 50 51 56 Bohe- mia. 6 Boles- 8 Ar- ias II. nulf II 1 Rudolf III. 2 — 10 20 23 15 Den- MAEK. 37 Ha- rold II, tooth. Poland, 16 17 18 24 1 Bald- win IV 2 3 40 48 1 Swein I., the Double Beard- ed. 9 Mise co or Miecis las I. 10 11 Scot- land, 20 1 Boles- las I. 3 Ken- neth III. Eng- land. 18- 23- — 24 ICon tan- tinelV 1 Ken- neth IV 14 Ed- gar. lEd- 'ward II the Mar- tyr. 2 1 Ethel red II. the Un- 10 316 FROM THE YEAH 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 983 Events and Eminent Men. The emperor Otho defeats Harold, king of Denmark, who embraces Christianity. Marriage of Otho II. at Kome. to Theophania, daughter of the late emperor Romanus. William, count of Provence, expels the Saracens from Fraxinet. Edgar anointed at Bath by the archbishops Dunstan and Oswald ; during his annual review of his fleet (scip-fyrd), eight tributary kings do homage to him at Chester : among whom are Kenneth of Scotland, and Howell of Wales. The Saracens of Spain, attempting to recover Fez, are defeated at Tangier. Death of Swatoslaus, and division of his territories among his sons. Jaropolk I. herits Kiow. Death of Otho I. at Mansleben, May 7, set. 61. Al Hakem sends a powerful army into Africa under Galib. The empress Theophania introduces Greek manners in Germany. Influence of Crescentius in Rome. Benedict VI. imprisoned and strangled Boniface VII., pope for one month, deposed and driven away to CP. Galib restores the authority of Al Hakem in Fez and Western Africa. Antonius III. patriarch of CP. Otho destroys the Danawerk on the Eyder. Norway again independent. Henry II. duKe of Bavar a, leagues with the Bohemians and Poles against Otho. DeatU o Edgar; his son Edward elected by the chief ealdormen, A comet is seen. Death of John Zimisces. Henry, duke of Bavaria, defeated by Otho and deposed, takes refuge in Bohemia. Death of Al Hakem ; his reign is the most glorious portion of the Saracenic dominion in Spain. Commotion in Venice, the doge attempts to introduce mercenary troops, and is slain ; his palace burnt, with St. Mark's and other churches. Capture of Passau by Otho, and submission of Henry. The invasion of Lorraine by Lothaire involves him in war with Otho. Muhamad Abdallah, afterwards called Almansor, or " the Illustrious," governs Spain during the minority of Hixem. Dunstan supports the Benedictines in their contest with the secular clergy. Edward assassinated, March 18, set. 17, by order of his mother-in-law, Elfrida, at the gate of Corfe Castle. During a council held at Calne, many of those present are maimed or killed by the floor of the room giving way ; Dunstan and his friends escape unhurt. Bardas Sclerus revolts, and takes Nice. Pietro Orseolp, doge of Venice, retires into a monastery. Samuel, king of the Bulgarians, con- quers Macedon and Thessaly. Almansor collects a formidable army against the Christians of Leon. Galib falls in single combat with Abdelmelic, governor of Toledo. Jaropolk, after having slain his brother Oleg, drives Wladimir, or Wolodimir, from his heritage. The northern pirates renew their depredations. Treaty of peace, by which Lothaire leaves Lorraine in Otho's possession. Theo- phania urges her husband to claim the Greek provinces in Italy ; he advances with his army to Ravenna. Chester, Southampton and Thanet ravaged by the Danes. Birth of Otho III. Defeat and flight of Bardas Sclerus. Wladimir obtains the assistance of the sea-kings, returns, defeats his brother Jaropolk, puts him to death, and becomes sole prince of Russia. Otho visits Rome, with the empresses Adelaide and Theophania, advances into southern Italy, and takes Salerno. Almansor defeats the Christian forces, and captures Zamora. The Danes attack Padstow, and lay waste the coasts of Devonshire and Wales. (The invitation of the Roman nobles to a feast and their massacre by Otho, which many chronologies record this year, are called by M.ara.tori fandonie (lies). The Greek emperors invite the Saracens of Africa to oppose Otho. Battle of Basientello, July 13, total defeat of the Germans and Italians ; Otho, taken pri- soner, escapes by swimming. Great danger of the Christians in Spain; divided by civil strife, and hard-pressed by the Saracens. Death of Ramiro III. The isle of Portland ravaged and London burnt by the Danes. Erik the Icelander discovers Greenland. Revolt of the Obotrites and Wenden. Otho, while raising another army, dies at Rome, Dec. 6. Theophania governs in the name of their young son, Otho III. Almansor takes Leon and Astorga. Nicholas II. patriarch of CP. S72 TO 995 A.D. 317 .D. 984 987 992 994 995 Events and Eminent Men. Henry, duke of Bavaria, claims the wardship of young Otho, and seizes his person ; he is compelled to abandon his pretensions. Gerbert of Aurillac, tutor of Hugh Capet's son, Robert, is appointed Otho's preceptor. Pope John XIV. murdered Almansor defeats Borel, count of Barcelona, and takes the city. Al Hassan, the last Edrisite king of Fez, surrenders, and is treacherously beheaded by order of Almansor. Death of Ethel wold, bishop of Winchester; Elphege II., or Godwin, succeeds him. Death of Roswitha, the nun-poetess. The kingdom of Fez a dependency of Spain. The death of the pretended pope, Boniface, leaves the papal chair to be quietly filled by John XV. Harold driven from the throne of Denmark by his son Swein. Death of Lothaire. Almansor invades Navarre. Miseco, or Miecislas, duke of Poland, converted to Christianity. Ethelred besieges Rochester. Death of Louis V., May 21 : the last of the Carlovingian line. Charles, duke of Lorraine, claims the crown of France ; the nobles give it to Hugh Capet, John XV. driven from Rome by Crescentius, is protected by Hugh, duke of Tus- cany, and restored. Almansor takes Osma and Alcobriga, in Castile. Charles invades France and takes Laon. Robert, son of Hugh Capet, crowned as his father's colleague. Defeat of the Bulgarians by the emperor Basil. Co- imbra and Santiago taken by Almansor. Cosenza destroyed by the Saracens. The factions of the Caloprini and Morosini distract Venice. Wolodomir, of Russia, married at Cherson, to Anna, sister of the Greek emperor, and con- verted to Christianity. Watchet, in Somersetshire, plundered by the Danes. Death of Dunstan ; Ethelgar, archbishop of Canterbury. Rome contains forty monasteries and twenty nunneries of the Benedictine rule, and sixty colleges of canons. The empress Theophania arrives at Rome and suppresses the seditions there. Rural counts and barons begin in Germany and Italy, from their castles, to make depredations on their neighbours. Almansor sets apart a fund to promote literature ; learned men, from all parts of the East, resort to Cordova. Defeat and death of Bardas Phocas ; submission of Sclerus. Theophania, having restored the authority of her son in Italy, returns to Germany. Ethelred sends an army to attack Normandy. Death of Ethelgar, archbishop of Canterbury ; Sigric succeeds him. A comet is seen in the north, which dis- appears and afterwards returns in the west. Hugh Capet recovers Laon ; Charles of Lorraine is taken prisoner and dies. Miseco, duke of Poland, and Hugh, duke of Tuscany, attend the court of Otho and Theophania, during Easter, at Quedlinburg. Death of Theophania at Ni- ineguen, June 16 Arnulf, archbishop of Rheims, deposed, and Gerbert ap- pointed in his place. Death of the caliph Al Tai ; his successor, Al Kader, restores the power and dignity of his office. Gerbert introduces the use of the Arabian numerals, which he had learned at Cordova. A poetical tournament held in Almansor's palace. Monthly roses first cultivated in Spain by the poet, Muhamad Ben Alisei. The Anglian army defeated in Normandy ; a treaty of peace under the mediation of the pope. The Danes ravage Ipswich and Maldon ; a tribute raised for them by means of the "Danegild" tax. Ethelred collects a fleet against the Danes and defeats them. Pietro Orseolo concludes treaties, which promote the interests of Venice. Almansor invades Gallicia, and carries away the bells from the church of San- tiago as trophies The Danes take Bamborough and ravage Liudsey. Hugh Capet maintains Gerbert in the see of Rheims against the opposition of the pope Almansor invades Navarre. Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, and Swein, king of Denmark, with a fleet of 94 ships, attack London, and are beaten back by the citizens ; Ethelred concludes a treaty of peace with them. Gerbert, deserted by Hugh Capet and deposed by the council of MouSon, is re- ceived in Germany by Otho. After two victories, Almansor concludes a treaty of peace with Bermudo. Death of Henry II. duke of Bavaria; his son Henrv III., succeeds him. Sisinnius II patriarch of CP. Death of .Sigric, archbishop of Canterbury; Alfric, the learned grammarian, is appointed in his phice. A comet is seen. 318 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. Hegiba. East- ern Em- pire. ' Popes. Ara- bia. Spain. T _. T Navar- Sara- Leon - re. gens. France. Germany, 996 997 998 386—387 387—388 388—389 21 Basil II. and Constan- tine XI. 22 23 1 Grego- ry V. 2 ^John XVI., 10 months.) 3 6 Al Ka- der. 7 8 15 Vere- mund or Ber- mudo II. 16 17 3 Garci- asll. 4 5 21 Hix- em II. 22 23 1 Robert II. 3 14 Otho III. 15 16 999 1000 1001 389—390 390—391 392 24 25 26 1 Silves- ter II. 2 3 9 10 11 1 Alfon- so V. 2 3 6 1 San- cholll. 2 24 25 26 4 5 6 17 18 19 1002 393 27 4 12 4 3 ■ 27 7 1 Henry II. 1003 1004 394 395 28 29 1 John XVII. 6 months. 1 John XVIII. 2 14 5 6 — 4 - — 6 28 29 8 9 2 3 1005 396 30 3 15 7 6 30 10 — 4 1006 397 31 4 16 8 7 31 11 5 1007 398 32 5 17 9 8 32 12 ■ 6 1008 399 33 6 18 10 9 33 13 7 1009 1010 400 401 34 35 1 Sergi- usIV. 2 19 20 11 12 10 11 1 Muha- mad II. 1 Sulei- man Al- mostain. 2 14 15 8 9 1011 402 36 3 21 13 12 3 16 10 1012 1013 403 404 37 38 1 Bene- dict VIII. 2 22 14 15 13 14 5 17 18 11 12 1014 405 39 3 24 16 15 6 19 13 1015 406 40 4 25 17 16 7 20 14 1016 407 41 5 26 18 17 1 Ali Ben Ha- mud. 21 15 i 996 TO 1016 A.D. 319 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. Bohe- mia. Tus- cany. Akles ok Bur- gundy. DEN- MARK. Po ~ Russia I Sc0T " LAND. KUSSIA - LANU . Eng- land. 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 6 Pietro Orseo- 10 II. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 Ottone Orseolo. 30 Boles- las II. Hugh 37- 38- 1 Boles- las III 2 1 Jaro- mir. 40 lAdal bert III. 2 9 10 1 Udal ric. 10 11 12 13 lRi- naldo, 4 Ru- dolf III. 8 Bald- win IV. 12 Swein I., the Double Bearded. 13 25- 27- 27 29 1 Ha- rold III. 2 1 Ca- nute. 5 Bo- leslas I. 17 Wla dimir or Wolodo- mir the Great. 18 1 Swato- polk I, 2 Ken- neth IV. 1 Mal- colm II, 19 Ethel, red II. the Un- ready. 20 37 38 1 Ed- mund Ironside ICanute 320 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 997 999 1000 1001 Events and Eminent Men. 1004 Death of Hugh Capet ; his son Robert succeeds, and marries his relation, Bertha, Otho crowned emperor of the West and king of Italy. Crescentius banished from Rome. Otho obtains the papal chair for Bruno, under the designation of Gregory V. The emperor Basil defeats the Saracens in Syria. Revolt of Zeir Ben Atia in Fez. Geisa, duke of Hungary, converted to Christianity; his son, Waik, baptized by the name of Stephen. The Vikingr attack Stade. Wulfstan bishop of London. Richard II. duke of Normandy. Suidas writes his Lexicon. Crescentius returns to Rome, and is excommunicated by Gregory, who takes flight to Pavia. The bishop of Piacenza is set up as pope, with the title of John XVI. Otho subdues the Slavonians of Brandenburg. Stephen succeeds his father as duke of Hungary. The Venetians conquer the coast and islands of the Hadriatic as far as Ragusa, and their doge styles himself duke of Dalmatia. Abdelmelic, son of Almansor, defeats Zeir Ben Atia. The Danes burn the abbey of Tavistock. Adalbert, bishop of Prague, killed while preaching in Prussia. Otho conducts Gregory back to Rome ; Crescentius is beheaded, and the anti-pope John imprisoned. Gerbert is appointed archbishop of Ravenna. Robert resists the papal annulment of his marriage, for which he is excommunicated, and his kingdom laid under interdict ; he resigns Bertha, and is married to Constance, daughter of William, count of Aries. The authority of the Spanish caliph fully restored in Fez ; Zeir Ben Atia retires among the Moors. The cities of northern Italy begin to be independent. Dorsetshire invaded by the Danes. Death of Otho's aunt, Mathilda, abbess of Quedlinburg, and regent during his absence. Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, declared a public enemy by the emperor, and deprived of his States. Gerbert elected pope, as Silvester II. Mahmoud of Ghizni takes the title of sultan, and extends the Turkish empire into India. Death of Veremund ; his son, Alfonso V., eet. 5, has Gonsalvo for his guardian and regent. Death of Adelaide, widow of Otho I. The Danes overrun and plunder Kent. The son of the doge of Venice marries Maria, niece of the Greek emperors. Sergius II. patriarch of CP. Otho founds the archbishopric of Gnesna in Poland. The emperor Basil conquers Bulgaria. Stephen takes the title of king of Hungary. Defeat and death of Olaf Tryggvason. Norway divided by Denmark and Sweden. Zeid Ben Atia slain in battle with a Moorish tribe. Almansor defeats the Christians at Hisn I Dhervera. The Persian poet, Ferdusi, writes his Shah-nameh, or Book of Kings. J The citizens of Rome refuse to admit Otho within their walls: on the approach of his army they open the gates to him. Two Icelanders, Biorn and Leif, dis- cover the northern coast of the continent, afterwards called America. Victory of the Danes at Alton ; the high-steward Ethelwerd, slain, supposed to be the I " Patricius Fabius Quaestor Ethelwerdus," who made a Latin version of the Saxon } Chronicle to the year 975 Death of Otho III. Jan. 23. Henry, duke of Bavaria, elected king of Gemiany I Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, obtains the crown of Italy. Bari, besieged by the | Saracens, is relieved by the Venetians. Robert, king of France, inherits the I duchy of Burgundy. Union of the Christian princes in Spain ; Almansor totally defeated by them atCalat Anosor, is wounded, and dies soon afterwards, set. 65. I Ethelred marries Emma, sister of Richard III., duke of Normandy; he makes a truce with the Danes, and pays them tribute, after which he orders a general massacre of them in England, on St. Brice's day, Nov. 13. Death of Ardulf, archbishop of York. Pope Silvester founds a school at Bobbio, cultivates mathe- matics and astronomy, and endeavours to revive learning, for which he is accused of magic and necromancy. Death of Silvester II. May 11. Abdelmelic succeeds to the offices held by his father. Almansor, defeats the Christians at Lerida. Swein invades England to avenge the massacre of his people ; Exeter and Wilton plundered. Wulfstan, archbishop of York. Avicenna, Med. Arab. fl. Death of Abbo, monk and as- tronomer. A comet seen. Henry transfers the duchy of Bavaria to Henry IV., brother of his queen, Cune-, gonda;] he defeats Ardouin, conquers lxany parts of Italy, and is crowned king at Pavia. Swein ravages East Anglia, burns Norwich and Thetford, and is | driven back to his ships by L'lfk y^l. t)96 TO 1016 A.D. 32: A.D. 1005 1006 1007 1003 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 Events and Eminent Men. Boleslas of Poland attacks Bohemia; Henry repels him. Salerno defended by its citizens against the Saracens. Famine and pestilence desolate Europe. Death of Giovanni Orseolo, son of the doge of Venice, followed by that of his wife, Maria. The Danes withdraw from England. A very bright comet appears. Baldwin, count of Flanders, seizes Valenciennes. The bishop of Wiirtzburg opposes Henry's design of a bishopric at Bamberg. A truce of two years between the hostile parties in Spain. The Danes return and lay waste all England. Ethelred's army defeated at Kennet ; he retires into Shropshire, and obtains peace by . paying tribute. Death of Alfric ; Elphege II. succeeds him in the archbishopric of Canterbury. Death of the Saxon poet, Kenulf, bishop of Winchester. Henry restrains the encroachments of Baldwin, founds the bishopric of Bamberg, and continues the war against Boleslas. Fulbert, bishop of Chartres, esta- blishes a school of theology. Birth of Pietro Damiano at Ravenna. Henry prevents the election of his brother-in-law, Adalbert, to the archbishopric of Treves, and dispossesses Henry of the duchy of Bavaria. Ardouin regains Pavia and other parts of Italy. Abdelmelic is defeated by the Christians, and dies ; the ambition of his brother, Abderahman, causes his own death, and is the beginning of long civil commotions in Spain. Muhamad Ben Hixem seizes and imprisons the caliph Hixem. Ethelred prepares a fleet for the defence of his country. Death of Aimoin, the monk-historian of France. Muhamad usurps the caliphate of Spain, is defeated by Suleiman, chief of the African guards, and beheaded. Suleiman, supported by Sancho, king of Na- varre, proclaimed caliph. Hixem, released, reigns nominally in Cordova. Ethel- red's fleet dispersed by a storm ; Wulfnoth rebels ; fresh incursions of the Danes. The Christian princes in Spain regain their lost territories, by assisting alter- nately the different factions of the Saracens. Ulrkytel defeated by the Danes at Ringmere, in East Anglia; Thetford, Cambridge, and Northampton burnt by them; another band of them defeated in Scotland by Malcolm. Dedication of the church of Bamberg. Revolt of Melo at Bari against the Greek catapan, Basilius. Suleiman besieges Cordova. All the southern parts of England plundered and laid waste by the Danes. Canterbury taken, and arch- bishop Elphege carried away a prisoner. Henry deposes Jaromir, and creates Udalric duke of Bohemia. The new pope, Benedict VIII., driven from Rome by an anti-pope, takes refuge in Germany. Suleiman gains possession of Cordova ; the fate of Hixem unknown. The Danes put Elphege to death, and receive a tribute of 48,000 pounds of silver. Thorkill enters into the service of Ethelred. Henry concludes peace with Boleslas and marches into Italy. Swein takes London and nearly the whole of England : Ethelred and his queen repair to her brother, Richard, in Normandy. Living, or Leovinga, archbishop of Canterbury. Benedict VIII. conducted back to Rome by Henry, whom he crowns emperor of the West. Victory of the emperor Basil over the Bulgarians, and barbarous treatment of his prisoners ; death of their king, Samuel. Ali Ben Hamud takes arms against Suleiman. The Almogawares, or adventurers, sail from Lisbon to explore the Atlantic. A great inundation in England and Flanders. Death of Swein at Gainsborough, Feb. 3 ; his son, Harold, succeeds him in Denmark. Ethelred returns to England and drives out Canute. Death of Ardouin. Sigeferth and Morcar treacherously slain at Oxford. Canute lands at the month of the Frome. Death of Wladimir of Russia. The Saracens repulsed at Luni, in Tuscany, by pope Benedict; they besiege Sa- lerno, and are defeated by the aid of a band of Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem. Defeat and death of Suleiman ; Ali Ben Hamud caliph of Spain. Stephen gives a code of Laws to Hungary. Death of Ethelred, at London, April 23, set. 49 ; after many battles, his son, Edmund Ironside, is foiled by the treachery of Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, and by treaty divides his kingdom with Canute. Edmund assassinated, Nov. 30. Canute becomes king of all England, and by the death of his brother, Harold, succeeds to the throne of Denmark. Swatopolk, grand duke of Russia, defeated by his brother, Jaroslav, prince of Novgorod, seeks an asylum in Poland, with his father-in-law, Boleslas. The Bulgarians defeated by the emperor Basil. Mugehid Edim at t acks Sardinia. 322 FBOM THE TEAB A.D. 1 Hegiba. East- ern Em- pire. POPE8. Ara- bia. Spain. Nav- Sara- Leon. AEEE. CENS. France. Bohe- mia. Ger- many. 1017 408—409 12 Basil 6 Bene- 27 Al 19 Alfon- 18 I Abder- 22 Ro- 6U- 16Hen- II. and dict Ka- so V. San- ahman bert II. lalric. ryll. Cons tan- VIII. der. cho IV. tine XI. III. 1018 409—410 43 7 28 20 19 2 23 7 17 1019 410— 411J44 8 29 21 20 3 24 3 ID 1020 411—412 45 9 30 22 21 4 25 9 19 1021 412—413 46 10 31— 23 22 lAlCa- sim. 1 Yahye Ben Ali, 26 lO- 20 1022 413—414 47 11 32 24 23 1 Abder- ahman V. 27 ll 21 1023 414—415 48 12 33 25 24 1 Muha- mad III. 28 12 22 1024 415—416 49 1 John 34 26 °5 1 Yahye 29 13 1 Con- XIX. Ben Ali, restored. rad II. 1025 416—417 50 Con- stantino alone. 2 35 27 26 2 1 Hixem III. 30 14 2— 1026 417—418 51 3 36 28 27 2 31 15 3— — 1027 418—419 52 4 - — 37 29 28 3 32 — - 16 4 1028 419—420 1 Roma- nus III. Argyrus. 5 38 1 Bermu- do or Ve- remund III. 29 4 33 17 5- — 1029 420—421 2 6 39 2 30 5 34 18 i 1030 421—422 3 7 40 3 31 6 35 19 7 i 1031 422—423 4 8 1 Al Kaim. 4 32 lGeh- war. 1 Henry I. 20 H 3 1032 423—424 5 9 2 5 33 ■ 2 — 2 — 21 9— j i 1033 425 6 1 Bene- dict IX. 3 6 — 34 3 3 22 to-! 1034 426 1 Michael 2 4 7 35 4 4 23 11 — 1 IV. the , 1 Paphla-' 1 j gonian. j 1035 1427 ! 2 ~~ ! 3 5 8 1 Gar- cias III. 5 — I 5 — 1 24 12 1036 428 3 1 4 — 6 9 Annexed 2 6 6 25 13 2037 j 429 1 4 U — ! 7 to Cas- tile. 3 7_ " lBre- tislas I. 11 1017 TO 1037 A.D. 322 Repe- tition Dates. I Doges of Ve- nice. 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 9 Ottone Orseolo. 1 Pietro Barbo- lano. 2 1 Dome- nico Fa- bianico. 2 — Tusca- ny. or Bur- gundy. 4 Rinal- do. 1 Boni- face II. 25 Ru- dolf III 29 Bald- win IV. 30 Annexed to Ger- many. Flan- ders. Den- mark, Sweden lOAnund Jacob. 11 2 Ca- nute. 26 Boles- las I. 1 Miecis- las II. Hun- gary. Russia 18 Ste- phen, 30- 31- 1 Bald- win V 2 lHar- daca- nute. 2 8 33 9 34 Eight years of anarchy. Domestic and fo- 35 36 reign pre- tenders strive for the throne. 37 3Swa topolk I. 1 Jaro- slav I. 2- Scot- LAND. 15 Mal- colm II. 16 17 18 27- 29- Eng- LAND. 2 Ca- nute. 1 Dun- can I 2 4 — 5— f? 1 Harold I. Hare- foot. 324 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1018 Events and Eminent Men. 1020 1023 1024 1025 1027 Melo engages a band of Normans to assist his revolt in Apulia. Mugehid driven out of Sardinia by the Pisans and Genoese ; his fleet nearly destroyed by a storm ; the Pisans remain masters of the island. Abderahman proclaimed caliph of Spain. Ali drowned in a bath by his attendants ; his brother, Alca- sim, opposes Abderahman. Canute marries Emma, the widow of Ethelred ; the sons of Edmund are sent to Stephen of Hungary. The traitor Edric slain. The Bulgarians finally subdued. Basilio Bugiano sent with a large force to oppose Melo and the Normans, in Apulia. Yahye, son of Ali, claims the king- dom of Cordova. Swatopolk restored at Kiow by the arms of Boleslas ; Canute holds a witenagemot at Oxford, to settle the tribute and laws ; London pays £10,500, and the rest of England £72,000. Melo and the Normans, after three victories, are totally defeated 'at Cannse. Melo retires into Germany. The Normans enter the service of Guimar, duke of Salerno. Great confusion in Spain. Yahye brings in a large body of Moors (Mauritanians), and drives his uncle, Al Casim, from Cordova. Abderahman makes a firm stand in Valencia. Canute goes to Denmark, and introduces a more regular system of government. Olaf II., kin 0, of Norway, makes Drontheim his residence. Swatopolk, finally expelled from Russia by Jaroslav, dies among the Carpathian Mountains. Death of Living, or Elfstan, archbishop of Canter- bury ; Edelnoth succeeds him. Eustathius, patriarch of CP. Death of Melo, at Bamberg. The pope visits the emperor Henry, and requests him to stop the progress of the Greeks in Italy ; Rudolf arrives from Normandy with a troop of followers, and offers his services against them. Yahye and Al Casim agree to share the kingdom between them. Canute returns to England, and holds a witenagemot at Cirencester The catapan Bugiano takes the fort of Garigliano, and kills its commander, Batto he releases his Norman prisoners. Henry enters Italy with an army. Abder- ahman falls in a battle near Granada. Al Casim, expelled by the people of Cordova, is imprisoned by Yahye. Canute banishes the jarl Thurkyl. Death of Elfgar, bishop of Elmham. After having gained some advantages in Apulia, Henry returns to Germany. Abderahman Ben Hixem acknowledged caliph by the greater part of Spain. Thurkyl, reconciled to Canute, is appointed his viceroy in Denmark. Guido Aretino invents his musical scale. Abderahman assassinated by his cousin, Muhamad, who usurps the throne. Death of Wulfstan, archbishop of York ; Elfric succeeds him. Death of the emperor Henry, July 13 ; Conrad, duke of Franconia, elected by a diet to succeed him. Muhamad poisoned by his oppressed subjects, and Yahye recalled to the caliphate. The jarl Ulf marries Canute's sister, Estrith ; and earl Godwin, Ulf's sister, Githa. Death of the emperor Basil; his brother, Constantine, remains sole ruler of the East. The crown of Italy, offered in succession to several French princes, is refused by them. Yahye falls in battle against the Wali of Seville. Hixem, brother of Abderahman V., is elected caliph. Canute goes to Denmark ; is de- feated in the river Helga by the Swedes and Norwegians ; the emperor Conrad cedes Schleswig to him, through the mediation of Unwan, archbishop of Ham- burg. Murder of the jarl Ulf. Alexis, patriarch of CP. Birth of Roderigo Diaz del Bivar (the Cid). Conrad, by his firmness, dissipates a conspiracy formed against him by the Swabian count, Guelph, and other German nobles ; he is crowned king of Italy. Pandulf employs Norman auxiliaries to gain possession of Capua. Failure of an expedition sent by Constantine against Sicily. The Venetians banish their doge, Ottone Orseolo. The Rabitos, or frontier-knights, bind themselves by a row, to resist the progress of the Christians in Spain during the civil war of the Saracens. England recovers from past disasters under Canute's wise govern- ment; after having settled the affairs of the north, he goes on apilgrimage to Rome. Conrad crowned emperor at Rome ; Canute, and Rudolf, king of Burgundy, attend the ceremony. Contest between the archbishops of Milan and Ravenna for the privilege of walking on the right-hand side of the emperor; he grants the Normans a licence to defend Southern Ttaly against the Greeks. Robert (h 1017 TO 1037 A.D. 325 A.D. Events and Eminent Mi 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 10ST diable), duke of Normandy, discards Canute's sister, Estrith (Ulfs widow), whom he had married, and by Arlot, daughter of a townsman of Falaise, has a son William, afterwards "the Conqueror" of England. Wippo, Conrad's secre- tary, writes his Life of that sovereign. Death of Romoaldo, institutor of the Camaldulensian Order. Pandulf surprises Naples, and expels its duke, Sergius. Death of Constantine XI., Nov. 12, get. 70; his daughter, Zoe, marries Romanus Argyrus, who succeeds to the empire. Alfonso V. killed at the siege of Viseu ; the caliph Hixem makes his first entry into Cordova. Conrad's son, Henry, crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Canute conquers Olaf. king of Norway. Perse- cution of the Paulicians of Montfort. Death of Fulbert, bishop of Chartres. Sergius recovers Naples, and grants Aversa (the ancient Atella) to the Normans, with the title of Count to their leader, Rainulf. Reyca continues the revolt of Bari. Canute rebuilds and endows the abbey of Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's Bury), and constructs the " King's Delf," between Peterborough and Ramsey. Defeat of the emperor Romanus by the Saracens. War between Conrad and Stephen of Hungary. Pandulf of Capua engages the services of the Normans, and gives them lands taken from the abbey of Monte Casino. Death of Olaf. The Saracens driven out of Syria. Death of the caliph Al Kader. Hixem, the last of the Omeya line, retires into private life ; Spain divided by the Moorish chieftains into many States, the principal of which, Cordova, is governed by Gehwar. Death of Robert, king of France. Canute invades Scotland ; Malcolm submits. Godwin created earl of Kent. The Venetians depose their doge, and recal Ottone Orseolo, whose brother, the patriarch of Grado, acts as vice-doge. Rudolf bequeaths to Conrad the kingdom of Burgundy. Civil wars begin among the Moors of Spain. Ottone Orseolo dies still in exile, and Domenico Fabianico is elected doge. Death of Elfsy, bishop of Winchester ; Alwyn succeeds him. Bermudo and Sancho unite their families by a treaty of marriage. Alberico, a count of Tusculnm, purchases the papal chair for his son, ten years old, who takes the name of Benedict IX. The " Truce of God" instituted. Canute rebuilds the abbey of St. Benedict de Hulmo. Glaber of Clugny writes his Chronicle. Romanus poisoned by Zoe, who marries Michael the Paphlagonian, and raises him to the throne. Eudes, duke of Champagne, nephew of the deceased Rudolf, claims the kingdom of Burgundy, but is overcome by Conrad, whose son, Henry, also defeats Udalric, duke of Bohemia. Poland torn by factions on the death of Miecislas ; his widow, Richiensa, takes refuge in Germany, and his son, Casi- mir, in the monastery of Clugny. On the death of Sancho, king of Navarre, his territories are divided among his sons ; the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon are founded ; the former by Ferdinand I., and the latter by Ramiro I, Bona, in Africa, taken by the Pisans. Commotions in Milan, caused by the tyranny of archbishop Aribert, lead to great confusion and discord throughout northern Italy, Death of Canute, Nov. 11, at Shaftes- bury ; his eldest son, Hardacanute, succeeds him in Denmark, and the younger, Harold, in England. Robert (le diable) dies on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and his son, William, set. 8, becomes duke of Normandy. Marriage of Henry, son of Conrad, to Canute's daughter, Gunhild. Battle of Campo Malo between the factions of Italy ; Conrad arrives to repress these disorders. Alfred the Etheling lands with a body of Normans at Sandwich, is made pri- soner by Godwin, and put to death at Ely. Marriage of Boniface, duke of Tuscany, to Beatrice, daughter of Frederic, duke of Upper Lorraine ; splendid festivities at Marengo. Death of the retired caliph, Hixem. Conrad condemns Aribert and other bishops to repair the wrongs they have done ; resistance of the bishops; siege of Milan; commotions at Parma. Eudes, in the absence of Conrad, seizes Bar le Due ; is defeated and slain, Sept. 17, by Gonthelon, duke of Lorraine. Bermudo falls in battle against Ferdinand, who con- quers Leon and annexes it to his kingdom of Castile. Gehwar, unable to produce tranquillity by negotiation, attempts it, without success, by force of arms. Harold expels Canute's widow, Emma, from England ; she is hospitably received at Bruges by Baldwin, count of Flanders, and his consort Adela. Hardacanute not having claimed the share reserved for him, Harold is crowned king of all England. Death, of Avicenna, the Arabian physician. 326 FROM THE TEAR A.D. Hegiba. 1 East- sen Em- pire. Popes. Ara- bia. Spain. Cas- Aba- J^av- tile. gon. arre. Saba- CENS. Fbance. Bohe- mia. Geb- MANY. 1038 1039 430 431 5 Mi- chael IV. the Paphla- gonian. 6 6 Be- nedict IX. 7 8A1 Kaim. 4Fer-' di- nand I. 5 4Ra- miro I. 5 4Gar- cias III. 5 8Geh- war. 9 8 Henry I. 9 2Bre- tislas I. 3 15 Con- rad II. 1 Hen- ry III. 1040 432 7 8 10 6 6 6 10 10 4 2 1041 433 lMi- shael V. Cala- phates. ' 1 Zoe and Theo- 9 11 7 7 7 11 11 1042 1043 1044 434 435 436 dora. lCon- stantine XII. Mono- machus. 2 3 1C 11 1 Sil- vester III., 3 months 1 Gre- gory VI. 2 12 13 14 8 — - 10 12 1 Mu- ll am ad Ben Geh- war. 2 12 13 14 — 6 7 8 4 9 10 10 1045 437 4 15 16 11 12— 11 12 11 12 3 15 — 16 9 10 — 1046 438 5 1 Cle- ment 1047 439 6 II. 2 17 13 13 13 5 17 11 9 1048 440 7 — lDa- masus 18 14 e- 18 ■ 12 10 1049 441—442 8 II. 1 Leo 19 15— 15 15 7 19 13 11 1050 442-443 9 IX. 2 20 16 16 16 8 20 14 12 1051 443—444 10 3 21 17 17 17 21 15 13 1052 1 1053 11 4 22 18— 18 10 22 16 14 ,445—446 12 5 • ■ 1 San- cho IV. 11 23 17 15 1038 TO 1053 A.D. 327 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. Tusca- CANY. Flan- ders. Den- mark. Swe- Po- DEN. 1 LAND. Hun- gary. Russia SCOT- * LAND Ens- land. 1 ! 1038 7 Dome- nico Fa- bianico. 12 Boni- face II. 3 Bald- win V. 4 Harda Canute 15 A- nund Jacob \ 1 Peter 20Jaro slav I -6 Dun- can I 4 Harold I. Hare- foot. J 1039 8 13 4 5 16 2 21 1 Mac- beth. 1 Harda canute. 1040 9 14 5 6 17 3 22 2 2 1041 10 15 6 7 18 lCa- simir I. 1 Sam- uel Abo. 23 3 | 1042 1043 11 1 Dome- nicoCon- tareno I, 16 17 7 8 1 Mag- nus, king of Nor- way. 2 2 2 3 24 25 4 5 1 Ed- ward the Con- fessor. 2 20 1044 2 18 9 3 21 1 Peter restored. 26 6 3 1045 3 - 19 10 — 4 22 5 2 27 7 4_ 1046 4 20 11 5 23 6 1 An- drew. 28 8 5 — 104 5 21 12 ; 1 Sweyn Ul.Es- tritson. 24 7 2 29 9— ._ 1048 1049 6 22 — — n — 2 25 8 9 — - 3 4 30 31- 7 — a-! 7 — 23 14 ) 26 1 11 1050 8 24 *_! 4 — 27—j 10 5 32 12 ._| 1051 9 25 16 5 1 Ed- mund the Aged. 2 3 11 6 33 ,3— 1C 1052 1053 10 11 1 Frede- ric. 2 17 18 6 12 13 7 8 34 35 15 11 — 12 :m FROM THE TEAE A.D. 1038 1041 1042 1043 1044 Events and Eminent Men. 1046 Conrad dispossesses Pandulf of Capua, and gives it to Guimar; he confirms the Normans in their fortress of Aversa ; they are employed by the Greek general, Maniaces, in his invasion of Sicily. William de Hauteville (Bras de fer) dis- tinguishes himself. Disease attacks Conrad's army, and compels him to return to Germany. Death of Gunhild. Ramiro, on the death of his brother Gon- salves, annexes Sobrarba to Aragon. Almondar, the Moorish king of Saragossa, assassinated at Granada. Death of Stephen , king of Hungary. Bretislas, duke of Bohemia, invades Poland. Togrul Beg, grandson of Seljuk, expels the Gazne- vides and conquers Persia. Hardacanute prepares to claim the throne of England and arrives in Flanders. Death of Ethelnoth, archbishop of Canter- bury ana Elfric, bishop of Elmham ; Eadsine succeeds the former. Death of Conrad at Utrecht, June 4. The siege of Milan raised. The Normans, disappointed of their reward in Sicily, return into Italy, elect Ardum for their leader and seize many places in Apulia. Defeat of an English army by the Welsh prince Griffith, son of Llewellyn. Death of Harold at Oxford, March 17. Hardacanute sets sail from Het Zwyn (Sluys), enters the Thames, and is ac- knowledged as king by all parties. Duncan, king of Scotland, defeated and slain by Macbeth. Battle of Clontarf, near Dublin ; the Danes totally defeated. Brian Boroimhe and his son, Murdoch, fall in the hour of victory. Maniaces deprived of his command in Sicily ; nearly the whole island recovered by the Saracens. Rainulf and Arduin establish their head quarters at Melfi. Reconciliation between the emperor Henry and archbishop Aribert. Ferdinand takes Viseu and Coimbra. . -. . Death of the emperor Michael IV. The Normans defeat the Greek catapan Dulchianus, near the river Labento, and at Cannae. All the nobility of Milan, and the archbishop, are driven out by the populace. Hardacanute levies op- pressive taxes on the English ; tumults in Worcestershire. Edward, the son of Ethelred, recalled into England from Normandy. The Poles call Casimir from his monastery to reign over them. Peter, king of Hungary, deposed, and Samuel Abo usurps the throne. Expulsion of Michael V. ; Zoe and Theodora's joint reign of two months ; the latter retires. Zoe marries Constantine XII. (see Eckhel). and makes him emperor; twelve Norman chieftains divide among them the greater part of Apulia, with Melfi for their common capital; Maniaces is sent again to command against them. Milan blockaded by the expelled nobles. Ramiro attacks Na- varre, and is defeated by Garcias. Hardacanute falls in a fit during a feast at Lambeth, and dies, June 8. The Saxon line restored by Edward the Confessor. Magnus the Good, king of Norway, obtains the crown of Denmark. Revolt of Maniaces; driven out of Italy by the Greeks and Normans, he is killed at Durazzo. CP. is for the fourth time attacked by the Russians. The em- peror Henry marries Agnes, daughter of William, duke of Poitiers. Marriage of Edward the Confessor to Godwin's daughter, Edgitha ; his mother, Emma, is incited by Stigand, bishop of Elmham, to plot against him ; she is deprived of her wealth, and the bishop of his see. Death of Gehwar, king of Cordova; quiet accession of his son. Michael I. Cerularius patriarch of CP. Peace restored at Milan. The Normans, in the pay of Guimar, prince of Salerno and Capua, invade Calabria. The Roman people expel Benedict IX. for his vices. Silvester III is pope for three months. Gregory VI. buys the papal dignity. Eadsine resigns the archbishopric of Canterbury, which is given to Siward, abbot of Abingdon. Stigand restored. Sweyn Estritson, son of Ulf Jarl, and Canute's sister, Estritha, having failed in his attempts on the crowns of England and Denmark, is received at Bruges, by Baldwin, count of Flanders ; his sister, Gunhild, and her sons, banished from England. The Wends of North Germany invade Jutland, and are defeated by Magnus. Ferdinand of Castile exacts tribute from his Moorish neighbours Death of Aribert, archbishop of Milan ; of Elfward, bishop of London Alwyn of Winchester ; the latter is succeeded by Stigand and - i m iters Italy with his army. Council of Sutri ; the three rival popes set aside, and Clement II. elected. Henry receives the imperial crown at Rome. De- 1 1033 TO 1053 A.D. 129 A.D. 1049 1051 1053 Events and Eminent Men. feat of the catapan Eustasius, at Trani, by the Normans. Death of William Bras de fer; his brother, Drogo, is elected leader and count. Birth of Matilda, daughter of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Ferdinand extends his conquests to Madrid and Toledo. Sweyn, a son of earl Godwin, and Griffith, prince of North Wales, invade the western counties of England ; Lothen and Irling i»fest the eastern coast. Death of Siward ; Eadsine returns to Canterbury. Hermann Contractus writes his Chronicle. A severe winter. Peter resigns Hungary to the emperor ; the people call to the throne Stephen's nephew, Andrew. A council held at Rome condemns simony, and declares no election of a pope to be valid without the emperor's sanction. The archbishops of Ravenna and Milan again dispute for precedence. The emperor restores Capua to Pandulf, confirms Drogo and Rainulf in their titles and possessions, and gives the duchy of Ca- rinthia, with the march of Verona, to Guelph, the third count of that name. The marquis Albert Azzo II., an ancestor of the D'Este family, marries Guelph's sister, Cunegunda. Magnus killed by a fall from bis horse. Sweyn Estritson succeeds on the throne of Denmark, and Harold II. in Norway. God- win's son, Sweyn, goes to Bruges. On the death of Clement II., the deposed pope, Benedict IX., intrudes himself again, but withdraws after the election of Damasus II., who dies twenty-three days after his consecration, and the papal throne remains vacant till the fol- lowing year ; these two popes are supposed to have been poisoned. Edward displeases his people by his partiality to the Normans. Robert, a monk of Jumieges, is made bishop of London. A violent earthquake in England. Death of the historian Glaber. Rebellion of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and Godfrey, duke of Lorraine ; the imperial palace at Nimeguen burnt; they are defeated, and submit to Henry. Leo IX. elected pope by the diet of Worms, takes with him to Rome the monk Hildebrand. Beorn, brother of Sweyn, king of Denmark, murdered at Dart mouth, by Sweyn, Godwin's son. The Danes lose their power in England. Leo IX. visits Apulia, to hear the complaints of the people against the Normans. Councils of Rome and Vercelli. Berenger of Tours condemned and imprisoned for denying the doctrine of Transubstantiation ; his adversary, Lanfranc, prior of Bee, in Normandy, obtains celebrity. Birth of Henry's son, Henry, the future em- peror. Sweyn pardoned by Edward, and restored to favour. Death of the empress Zoe. The emperor Constantine, urged by Leo to check the Normans in Italy, orders Argyrus, son of Melo, to oppose them. Drogo is assassinated ; his brother Humphrey takes his place. Bloody affray between the people of Dover and the retinue of Eustace, earl of Boulogne. Banishment of earl Godwin and his sons. Robert, promoted to the archbishopric of Canterbury, on the death of Eadsine, refuses to ordain Spearhafoc (Sparhawke) bishop of London. Gregory, bishop of Vercelli, excommunicated for adultery, obtains absolution from the pope The bishop of Spires summoned before the council of Mentz on a like charge. Leo visits Germany, endeavours to stop the war between Henry and Andrew king of Hungary, and to obtain assistance from the former against the Normans Beneventum is ceded to him in exchange for lands given to the bishop of Bamberg. William appointed bishop of London in the place of Sparhawke. Reconciliation of Godwin and his sons with Edward. Archbishop Robert, with the Norman bishops and nobles, driven out of England. Final abolition of the Danegild. William, duke of Normandy, visits Edward ; on his return, Ingulph accompanies him as his secretary. Death of Canute's widow, Emma. Stigand is made archbishop, of Canterbury. Peter Damiano distinguishes him- self in the church. Death of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Leofric and Godiva (Godgyfu) noted for their liberality at Coventry. Battle of Civitella, June 18. Leo IX. defeated and made prisoner by the Normans, under Humphrey, count of Apulia, Richard, count of Aversa, and Robert Guis- card. Henry's young son created duke of Bavaria, and acknowledged king of Germany. Death of earl Godwin; his son, Harold, succeeds to his titles and power. Michael Cerularius attacks the doctrines and ceremonies of the Romish church, and disputes the authority of the pope. Garcias, king of Navarre, falls in battle against his brother Ferdinand. 330 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. 1054 1055 1056 1057 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 446—447 447—448 448—449 449—450 450—451 451—452 452-453 453—454 i 454—4551 I 455-456 456—457 459 East- ben Em- PIEE. 1067 460 Popes, 1 Theo- dora. Mi- chaelVI. Stratio- ticus. 1 Isaac I. Coni- nenus, 1 Con- stantine XIII. Ducas. 2 6 Leo IX 1 Vic- tor II. 1 Ste- phen X.(or IX., Mu- rat.) 2 1 Be- nedict X. 1 Ni- colas II. 1 A- lexan- derll ARA- BIA. 24 Al Kaim 20 Ferdi- nand I, 21 27- 23- 29- 1 Eudo- 7- cia. Spain. Cas- Aba- Nav- Saba- tile. gon. abbe. cens. 20 Ra miro L 25- 26- 27- 1 San- 31- cho II. the Brave. 2San- cho IV. 12 Mu- hamad Ben Geh- war. 13 Fbance, Bohe- mia. 24 Hen- ry I. 25 15- 37- 1 San- cho I. 27 28 IMu- hamad Almu ate- did. 2 18 Bre- tislas I. lSpi- tigne- usll 1 Philip I. Geb- MANY. 16 Hen rylll IHen-, ry IV. i I lWra- ti,sla: II. 1054 TO 1067 A.D. 331 tition [Dates. 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1000 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 Doges of Ve- nice. 12 Do- menico Conta- reno I. Tusca- ny. 15 16 18 20 3 Fre- deric. 1 Ma- tilda. Flan- debs. 19 Bald- win V. 20 Den- mark. Swe- den'. 8 Sweyn 4 Ed III. Es- mund tritson. the Aged. 24 25 12 24 25 27 30 Po- land. 14 Ca- simir I. HlJNGA BY. 13 1 Sten- kil. 9 An- drew, 1 Isas- lavl Scot- land. Mac- beth. Eng- land. IBo- leslas II. 13 14 1 Mal- colm III. Can- more. 2 13 Ed- ward the Con- fessor. 14 1 Bela .7 5- I. 1 Bald- win VI. the Good. 21 IHa co the 10- 1 Solo- mon. 14- 12- 17 18 20 1 Ha- rold U lWil- Uiam UheCcn- ^■queror. 2 On. Ma- tilda. 332 FROM THE TEAR 1055 1056 1057 1058 Death of Constantine Monomachus; Theodora resumes the sceptre of the East, Breach between the churches of Rome and CP. Leo IX. and Michael Cerula- rius mutually excommunicate each other. Hildebrand begins to have great influence at Rome. Death of Leo IX., April 19 ; the papal throne vacant nearly a year. Death of Jaroslav of Russia. Marriage of Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, to Beatrice, widow of Boniface, duke of Tuscany. Defeat of the Scots under Macbeth, by earl Siward, at Lanfanan. Aldred, bishop of Worcester, sent to Cologne, to bring home Edward, son of Edmund Ironside. Hildebrand, now sub-deacon of Rome, is deputed to confer with Henry on the ehoice of a new pope : Gebhard, bishop of Eichstadt, is chosen, and takes the name of Victor II. Death of Frederic, the young duke of Tuscany; his sister, Matilda, only eight years of age, succeeds him, under the guardianship of Beatrice and Godfrey ; Henry claims the duchy as a fief of the empire, and de- tains Beatrice in captivity ; a diet held at Roncaglia ; Guelph IV. ancestor, in the direct line, of the houses of Brunswick and D'Este. War between Pisa and Lucca ; battle of Vaccoli. Death of earl Siward. Togrul Beg drives the Bowides from Bagdad. Death of Theodora, the last of the Macedonian dynasty, Aug. 22, set. 76; Michael Stratiotieus succeeds •ft. Death of the emperor Henry III., Oct. 5, set. 39 ; he is succeeded by his son, set. 6, under the regency of the empress Agnes, assisted by pope Victor. Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, defeated and slain by the Welsh, under Griffith, at Cleobury ; Harold, and Leofric, earl of Coventry, repel the invaders, and bring them to terms of peace. Battle of Dunsinane ; Macbeth loses his crown and his life. Michael VI. resigns the Eastern Empire to Isaac Comnenus. Baldwin, count of Flanders, and Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, submit to the imperial authority; Beatrice is restored to her husband. Death of Humphrey; Robert Guiscard assumes the command of the Normans in Apulia. Death of pope Victor. Ed- ward, son of Edmund Ironside, returns to England, and dies soon after; Harold, son of Earl Godwin, is designated heir to the throne. Hildebrand is made a cardinal. Peter Damiano appointed bishop of Ostia. Cedrenus writes his History. Death of Leofric, earl of Coventry. Roger, brother of Robert Guiscard, arrives in Italy; they conquer Calabria. Robert divorces Alberada, the mother of Bohemond. On the death of Stephen, the bishop of Veletri is irregularly elected pope, and takes the name of Bene- dict X. Hildebrand returns from Germany, and with Peter Damiano, and the con- currence of the empress Agnes, assembles a council at Sienna, to choose another pope. Elfgar, son of Leofric, is banished ; with the aid of a Welsh prince, Griffith, anda Norwegian fleet, he obtains the restoration of his rank and lands. Isaac Comnenus deposes Michael Cerularius, and appoints Constantine III. pa- triarch of CP., after which he himself retires into a monastery, and resigns the empire to Constantine Ducas. The bishop of Florence elected pope by the council of Sienna, as Nicholas II. ; he seeks the friendship of the Normans, gives Capua to Richard, count of Aversa, and the title of duke of Apulia and Calabria to Robert Guiscard. The council of Rome decrees that future popes shall be elected by the cardinals, but confirmed by the people and clergy of Rome, and by the emperor. Berenger subscribes at Rome a recantation of his heresy, which he retracts on his return to France ; fresh controversy between him and Lanfranc. Nicholas first disputes the right of the emperor to appoint the bishops of Germany, The deposed pope, Benedict, is degraded and confined in a monastery. Hildebrand attains the dignity of archdeacon of the Romish church. Death of Henry I. king of France; his son, Philip, eight years old, succeeds, with Baldwin, count of Flanders, for regent. Robert Guiscard, and his brother, Roger, take Reggio, and complete the conquest of Calabria. Muhamad Almu- atedid takes Cordova by treachery, and becomes the most powerful of Moorish princes in tpain; Muhamad Ben Gehwar dies of grief. Stenkil founds a new dynasty in Sweden. Andrew killed in battle by his brother, Bela, who mounts the throne of Hungary. 1054 TO 1067 A.D. 333 1061 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 The Normans invade Sicily and take Messina. Harold's brother, Tostig, earl of Northumberland, accompanies Aldred, archbishop of York, to Rome, and compel the pope to confirm his appointment to that see, by threatening to stop the; payment of Peter's pence. On the death of Nicholas, Hildebrand incites the cardinals to elect Alexander II. without the imperial consent ; he is supported by the Norman princes, by Godfrey, the acting duke of Tuscany, and Desi- derius, abbot of Monte Casino. The empress Agnes nominates the bishop of Parma, Cadalo, as antipope ; his cause is maintained by the count of Tusculum, the cardinal Ugo Bianco, and the bishops of Lombardy ; great ferment in Ger- many and Italy. In Tostig's absence, Malcolm invades Northumberland. Godfrey drives Cadalo from Rome, and secures the papacy to Alexander. Hanno archbishop of Cologne, seizes the emperor Henry, and makes himself regent. Agnes retires to Rome, penitent, and is pardoned by Alexander. Discord between Robert and Roger Guiscard, appeased by the division of Calabria between them. Richard takes the city of Capua. Lanfranc abbot of Caen. Robert Guiscard takes Tarentum. Roger totally defeats a numerous army of Moors in Sicily. The naval forces of Pisa break into the harbour of Palermo and carry off a rich booty. Cadalo re-asserts his claim to the papacy, and takes possession of S. Angelo, in which he is besieged. Death of Togrul Beg; his nephew, Alp Arslan, succeeds him. Harold and Tostig defeat the Welsh: death of their prince, Griffith. A council at Rome condemns the prevailing simoniacal dealings in church benefices and the licentious lives of the priest- hood. Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen, insinuates himself into the favour of Henry IV. Xiphilin, patriarch of CP. Michael Psellus educates the son of Constantine Ducas. Adam of Bremen writes his history. The Normans subdue the greater part of Sicily and besiege Palermo, but without success. Ferdinand of Castile achieves his last victories over the Moors of Catalonia and Valencia. Almamoun, king of Toledo, seizes Valencia, and deposes his son-in-law, Almudafar. Pilgrimage of Siegfried, archbishop of Mentz, and other prelates, to the Holy Land, accompanied by 7000 armed men. Death of Ferdinand, Dec 27 ; by his will, his territories are divided among his three sons ; Sancho, the eldest of them, inherits Castile. Cadalo escapes from the castle of S. Angelo. Hildebrand is the prime mover of the papal pro- ceedings. Desiderius enlarges and decorates the monastery of Monte Casino. Rebellion in Northumberland and Wales ; Tostig takes flight to the court of Baldwin, in Flanders ; Harold restores tranquillity. Dedication of Westminster Abbey, by its founder, Edward the Confessor ; the Anglo-Saxon laws are col- lected and digested by his orders. Alp Arslan conquers Armenia. Death of Edward the Confessor, Jan. 5. Harold proclaimed king, Jan. 6 ; his brother, Tostig, lands at Scarborough, with a large army of Flemings and Norwegians ; they are totally routed by Harold, Sep. 25, at Stanford Bridge, on the river Derwent ; Tostig, and Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, are slain. Landing of William, duke of Normandy, at Pevensey, Sep. 29. Battle of Hastings, and death of Harold, Oct. 14. William the Conqueror crowned king of England, Dec. 25. Richard, count of Aversa, invades the papal states, and retires on the approach of Godfrey with an army from Tuscany. Henry enters Italy with a large force, which he suddenly withdraws. Adelbert, archbishop of Bremen, abuses his influence over the young prince, and is banished from the court. Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, aggrandizes his family ; his relation, Conrad, whom he had appointed to the see of Treves, is killed by the people. A large comet appears, April 24, and remains visible more than 20 days. Mag- nus II. and Olaf III. succeed their father on the throne of Norway. Death of Constantiue Ducas ; the empress Eudocia appointed to rule during the; minority of her son Michael. Ramiro I. invades Castile, is defeated and slain. Conquests of the Almoravides in Africa. Foundation of Battle Abbey by king William; he visits Normandy. Flight of Edgar Etheling to Scotland; his sister, Margaret, is married to Malcolm. Council of Mantua ; Hildebrand denies the imperial right to interfere in the election of a pope; Cadalo again asserts his claim, which is rejected by the council. Robert Guiscard besieges Bari. Marriage of the emperor Henry to Bertha, daughter of Otlio, marquis of Susa. 334 FROM THE FEAR A.D. 1068 1070 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 Hegiea. 461 462 East- ern Em- pike. 1 Roma- nus IV. 463 465 470 471 472 473 474—475 475-476 476-477 nes. 2 - 1 Mi- chael VII. Ducas. Popes 8 A- lexan- derll Ara- bia. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nat- Sara- tile. GON. ARRE. CENS. 38 Al Kaim 1 Nice- phorus III. Bo- tani- atea. 2 — 1 Alex- ius I, Comne- nus. 1 Gre- gory VII. 42- 43- 44- 1 Al Mok- tad. 2 4 San choll Brave, 5 1 Al- fonso VI. 2 San- 16 choI.[ San- ! cho I IV. I 3 17 1 Mu- hamad Almo- ata- mad. 2 France Philip 10 10 8 11 21- ISan choV 14- 15- 16 Bohe. MIA. 8Wra tislas II. 10 12 17 Ger- j MANY. 13 Hen rylV 15- 24 27- 28 J 1068 TO 1083 A.D. 335 \Repe- 1 tition 'Dates i I 1068 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 j 1079 1080 1081 10S2 1033 Doges of Ve- nice. 26 Do- menico Conta- reno I. 27 1 Dome- nico Silvio. Tusca- ny. 14 Ma- tilda. 15 16 28 Flan- ders. 2 Bald- win VI. the Good. lArnulf|24 III. 1 Ro- bert I. the Fri- sian Den- mark. 22Sweyn III. Es- tritson. Swe- den. 3Hi the! 25 27 1 Ha- rold IV 1 Ca- nute II 13 Years of confu- sion. Haco's sons, Inge and Hal- stan, and his son-in- law, Blot- Sweyn, divide the king- dom. Po- land, 11 Bo leslas II. 12- Hun- GARY. 6 So- lomon. Rus- sia. 15 Isas- lavl 13 8 17 \h- lLa dislas' I. 2- 3- lGei- sa I. 19. 20- lWla- dislas I. 2- SCOT- LAND. 13 Mal- colm III. Can- more. 14- lWse- wolod. Eng- land. 3 Willi- am the Con- queror. 23- 15 16 17 I Death JofQu. \ Ma- tilda, Nov.l 336 FEOM THE YEAB A.D.. 10G9 1070 1072 1073 1075 Events and Eminent Men. The empress Eudocia marries Romanus Diogenes, and raises him to the throne. Victory of Roger, at Michelmir, in Sicily. The Saracens convey intelligence to the besieged in Palermo by carrier-pigeons. Perpignan built by Sancho, the your.g king of Aragon. Edgar Etheling and his Scotch allies de- feated by William ; the curfew-bell introduced by him. Alp Arslan conquers Georgia. The Turks penetrate into Phrygia : are driven back by Romanus. The emperor Henry calls a council at Mentz to annul his marriage ; Peter Damiano, the papal legate, prevents the divorce. Attempt to assassinate Robert Guiscard in his tent before Bari. William the Conqueror seizes Maine, on the death of its count, Herbert. York burnt by the Danes, Edgar Etheling, and earls Wal- theof and Cospatric : William arrives in the winter with his army, on which they betake themselves to their fleet in the Humber. Morocco founded by Abu Bekir, ameer of Lamtuna. Death of Aldred, archbishop of York. The medical school of Salerno flourishes. Isaslav, expelled by his subjects, is restored by Boleslas, king of Poland. Sancho, king of Castile, defeated in his attempt to subdue his Christian neigh- bours. Ismail, king of Toledo, fails in his attack on Seville. Yuzef Ben Taxfir raises the power of the Almoravides in Africa. War between the Pisans and Genoese. Death of Godfrey; his widow, Beatrice, governs Tuscany in the name of her daughter, Matilda. Stigand deposed, and Lanfranc appointed archbishop of Canterbury. Death of Baldwin, count of Flanders, father of Matilda, queen of England. Olaf III. builds Bergen and Stavanger, and pro- motes the commerce of Norway. The emperor Romanus defeated and made prisoner by Alp Arslan. Michael Ducas {Parapinaces) succeeds ; his brothers, Andronicus I. and Cons tan tine (XII. according to some) are his nominal colleagues. Romanus, released from his cap- tivity, is blinded, and dies. Roderic, the Cid, restores victory to Sancho II. Count Roger defeats the Greek fleet; Bari surrenders to Robert Guiscard ; the two brothers extend their conquests in Sicily. The emperor Henry gives the duchy of Bavaria to Guelph IV., an ancestor of the Brunswick family. Re- bellion of earls Edwin and Morcar ; William surrounds them with his fleet in the isle of Ely, and captures them. Philip, king of France, defeated at Mount Cassel, by Robert, the Frisian. The Norman chiefs take Palermo and reduce all Sicily. Sancho II. assassinated atZamora; his brother, Alfonso, succeeds him. Alp Arslan assassinated; his son, Malek Shah, inherits the throne of the Seljukians. William the Conqueror invades Scotland ; Malcolm submits to him. Death of Peter Damiano. Hildebrand elected pope, takes the name of Gregory VII.; he forbids the sale of church benefices in Germany. The Saxons and Thuringians revolt against the emperor Henry. Marriage of the countess Matilda to Gosselon, son of the late | duke Godfrey. Lissa, taken by the Normans, is recovered by the Venetians, j Isaslav, again expelled from Russia, takes refuge in Germany. Slavizo king of Croatia. Gregorv VII. excommunicates Robert Guiscard for not doing homage to him; is acknowledged liege lord of Hungary by Solomon: threatens Philip of France, and sends his legates to admonish the emperor Henry ; he suggests the first idea of a general crusade against the Turks. Soliman conquers Asia Minor, and founds the Seljukian kingdom of Roum or Iconium. Edgar Etheling makes submission to William the Conqueror. The emperor Henry defeats the Saxons at Hohenburg, and begins his resistance to the pretensions of Gv^.srory. The council of Rome decrees all ecclesiastical appointments to be invalid, if not made by the pope. Robert Guiscard again excommunicated. Isaslav makes Russia a fief to the Roman see, in the hope of being assisted to regain his throne. Ralph Guader fails in his attempted re- bellion against William, and escapes to Flanders. Ingulph, abbot of Croyland, writes his history. Comus I. patriarch of CP. The diet of Worms, held by the emperor Henry, deposes the pope, Gregory; the council of Rome excommunicates the emperor, and absolves his subjects from their \ 1068 TO 1083 A.D. 337 A.D. 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 Events and Eminent Men. allegiance. Assassination of Gosselon, husband of the countess Matilda, and death of her mother, Beatrice ; she takes on herself the government of Tuscany and her Italian States. Henry gives Lower Lorraine to his son Conrad, and Antwerp to Godfrey of Bouillon. Sancho IV. murdered by his brother, at Za- mora; Sancho I. of Arragon seizes Navarre. William the Conqueror invades Brittany and besieges Dol ; he is defeated by Philip, king of France. Earl Waltheof beheaded. Death of Sweyn, king of Denmark. Isaslav, on the death of his brother, Swiatoslav, is restored in Russia by Boleslas, king of Poland. William gives the abbey of Westminster to Vitalis, abbot of Ber- nay. Atsiz. Malek Shah's lieutenant, conquers Syria from the Fatimites of Egypt and takes Jerusalem. The Seljukian Turks persecute the Christian pilgrims. Submission of Henry to Gregory at Canossa. The diet of Forcheim elects Rudolf, of Swabia, king of Germany. Henry prepares for war against his rival ; Ma- tilda supports the cause of Gregory. Robert Guiscard takes Salerno. Nice- phorus Botaniates and Nicephorus Bryennius rebel against Michael, and advance to attack CP. Gregory exacts an annual tribute from Alfonso, king of Castile. Peace concluded between William and Philip. A great fire in London. Nestor writes his Chronicles of Russia. Lambert, of Aschaffenburg, writes his German annals. Michael resigns the Eastern empire, and retires as bishop to Ephesus. Nicephorus Bryennius defeated by Botaniates, who obtains the throne. Battle of Melrich- stadt; Henry defeated by Rudolf; they both appeal to Gregory, who sends legates to arbitrate between them ; he excommunicates Nicephorus Botaniates. Robert Guiscard besieges Beneventum. Aben Abed, king of Seville, takes Murcia. Tower of London founded. Isaslav slain in battle; his brother, Wsewolod, succeeds him. Rudolf invades Westphalia. Henry gives Swabia to Frederic of Hohenstauffen. Aben Omar, vizir of Aben Abed, conquers Malaga, and concludes a treaty of alliance with Alfonso of Castile. Boleslas of Poland excommunicated by Gre- gory and expelled by his subjects. Rebellion of Robert in Normandy, against his father, William, who is wounded at the siege of GerberoL The New Forest planted. The Gelalaean era begins, March 15. Battle of Fladenheim, Jan. 27; the emperor Henry defeated; he is excommu- nicated and deposed, and the title of Rudolf recognized by a council held at Rome, March 9 ; he calls a council at Brixeu, Jan. 25, by which Gregory i» deposed, and Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, elected pope, under the name of Clement III. Battle of Zeiz, on the Elster, Oct. 15. Rudolf, mortally wounded by the lance of Godfrey of Bouillon, dies at Merseburg; the army of the countess Matilda is defeated near Mantua on the same day. Henry's party gains strength. Gregory retires to Aquino, is reconciled to Robert Guiscard, and removes the excommunication from him. The Domesday survey of England commenced. Walcher, bishop of Durham, with many of his attendants, killed at a gemot. Alexius Comnenus drives Nicephorus into a monastery, and occupies his throne, Henry invades Italy and takes Rome. The German princes elect Hermann, of Luxemburg, for king, and gain a victory at Hochstadt. Robert Guiscard attacks the Eastern empire, and defeats Alexius, at Durazzo. Alfonso enters the kingdom of Toledo, and is driven back by Alaftas, king of Badajos. William makes war on the Welsh. Osmond, bishop of Salisbury, compiles the mass* book for his church. Eustratus Garidas patriarch of CP. Durazzo taken by the Normans, Feb. 8; Robert returns to Italy, leaving his son, Bohemond, to prosecute the war. William arrests his brother, Odo, bishop of Bayeux and earl of Kent, and seizes his wealth; Bohemond defeats Alexius in two battles, and besieges Larissa : is compelled to retreat. Henry presses his attack on Rome. Robert is detained in Apulia by the revolt of Cannee and other cities. Alfonso lays siege to Toledo. William imposes a tax of six shillings on every hide of land. Fierce tumults in Glaston- bury abbey. 338 FROM THE TEAB 1 J li East- A.D. iHegira. ern Em- j 1 PIRE. Popes. Ara- bia. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors tile. gon. arre. France Bohe Ger- MIA. MANY. 1084 477—478 4 Alex- ius I. Comue- nus. 12 Gre- gory VII. 10 Al Mok- tadi. 13 Al- fonso VI. 18 i San- chol. 9 San- cho V 17 Mu- hamat Almo- ata- rnad. 25 Philip 24 Wra- tislas II. !29 Hen- ry IV. j 1085 478—479 5 13 11 14 10 18 26 25 30 1086 479—480 6 1 Vic- tor III. 12 15 20 11 19 27 — » 26 31 10S7 480-481 7 2 13 16 21 12 20 28 27— 32 1088 1089 481—482 482—483 8 9 1 Ur- ban II. 2 14 15 17 22 23 13 14 21 22 29 — 30 33 1090 483—484 10 3 16 19— 24 15 23 31 30 35 * 1091 484—485 11 4 17 20 25 16 1 Yus- sef the Almo- ravide. 32 31 36 1092 485—486 12 — 5 18 21 26 17 2 33 1 Con- rad I. 37 1093 486—487 13 6 19 22 27 18 3 34 lBre- tislas II. 38 1094 487—488 14 7 1 Al Mor- tader. 23 1 Pe- dro I. 1 Pe- dro I. 4 35 ■ 2— 39 1095 488—489 15 8 2 24 2 2 5 36 3 40 1096 489—490 16 9 3 25 3 3 6 37 4 41 1097 491 17 10 26 4 7 3S 5 42 1098 492 18 11 5 27 5 8 39 1 6— 43 1084 TO 1093 A.D. 339 Repe- tition Doges of Ve- Tusca- Flan- Den- Swe- Po- Hun- Russia. Scot- Eng- Dates, nice. ny. dees. mark. den. land. gary. land. land. 1084 iVitale Faledro, 30 Ma- tilda, 14 Ro- bert I. the Fri- sian. 5 Ca- nute II. 6 La- dislas I. 8 Wla- dislas I. 7 Wse- wolod. 29 Mai- colm, Can- more. 19 Wil- liam the Con- queror. Dec. 25. 1085 2 31 15 6 Civil 7 9 8 30 20 1086 3 32 16 1 Olaf III. war and anar- chy con- tinue. 8 10 9 . 31 . 21 ■ d. Sep. 9, 1087, ajt. 59. 1087 108S 4 5 33 34 17 18 — 2 3 9 10 11 12 10 11 32 33 i Wil- liam II. Ru- fus. Sep. 26. 2 1089 6 35 19 4 — 11 13 12 34 3 1090 7 36 20 5 12 14 13 35 4 1091 8 37 21 6 13 .5— 14 36 5 — 1092 9 38 22 7 14 16 15 37 — 6 1093 10 39 1 Ro- bert II. 8 15 17 1 Swa- topolk II. 1 Do- nald Banc. 7 1094 11 40 2 9 - — 16 18 2 2 8 1095 12 41 3 1 Erik I. 17 1 Colo- man. 3 3 — - 9 1096 1 Vitale Michele I. 2 42 ■ 4 2 1° 2 - 4 ■ 4 10- 1097 43 5 3 19 8 5 5 11 1098 3 44 4 20 £ 6 1 Edgar. 12 z 2 340 FROM THE YEAR 1085 1088 10S9 1090 1091 Rome surrenders to Btenry, March 21. Clement III. is consecrated, and crowns the emperor, March 31. Gregory is hesieged in S. Angelo ; on the approach of Robert Guiscard, Henry and Clement retire into Lombardy. Robert embarks again for Albania, and obtains a great victory over the Greek and Venetian fleets. Vitale Faledro, by his intrigues and bribes, causes the doge to be deposed, and is himself elected to fill the place. Alfonso takes the city of Toledo. Aben Omar, accused of treachery, takes refuge among the Christians. The Carthusian order founded by Bruno, at La Chartreuse. Nicholas III. patriarch of CP. Death of Robert Guiscard, in Cephalonia, July 17 ; abandonment of his enter- prize, and division of his States between his sons, Bohemopd and Roger. Death of Gregory VII., at Salerno, May 25 ; the papacy vacant till the following year. Aben Omar captured by Abn Abed, and beheaded. Guelf, duke of Bavaria, with the Saxons and Swabians, besieges Wiirzburg ; Henry attacks them, and is defeated. Desiderius, abbot of Monte Casino, is elected pope, and takes the office very reluctantly with the name of Victor III. The Mohammedans of Spain invite Yussef, the chief of the Almoravides of Africa, to assist them. Alfonso is defeated at Zalacca. The Domesday Book is completed ; William visits various parts of his kingdom, and passes over into Normandy. Canute's preparations to invade England are stopped by a revolt of his subjects, in which he is slain, at Odensee. Edgar Atheling retires among the Normans of Apulia. Soliman, the Seljukian of Roum, falls in a battle against Thuthusch, prince of Damascus; he is succeeded by his son, Kilidsch Arslan Death of Marianus Scotus, monk of Fulda, and writer of Chronicle. The diet of Spires makes a fruitless effort to restore peace in Germany. Rome alternately occupied and lost by the two rival popes; Victor withdraws to Monte Casino, where he dies, Sept. 16. Yussef returns to Africa ; the Christian forces rally under Roderic, the Cid, defeat the Mohammedans at Alcoraza, and take Huesca. William invades France, and soon afterwards dies at Rouen. His eldest son, Robert, inherits Normandy; and his second, William, secures the throne of England. Godfrey of Bouillon created duke of Lower Lorraine. Mag- nus III., king of Norway. Augsburg taken by Guelf, duke of Bavaria. Henry defeated by Egbert, marquis of Saxony. Death of the imperial pretender, Hermann. Otho, bishop of Ostia, elected pope, March 8, with the title of Urban II. Syracuse taken by Roger ; he appeases the dissensions between his nephews Bohemond and Roger. Yussef is re-called into Spain by the Mohammedan princes ; their jealousies and discord render his assistance unavailing. Odo rebels in favour of his nephew Robert ; he and his partisans are captured by William Rufus in Rochester Castle, and sent to Normandy. Death of the empress Bertha. Death of Berengarius. Henry excommunicated by Urban ; many German princes come over to him. Marriage of the countess Matilda to Guelf V., son of the duke of Bavaria. Guibert resigns his pretensions to the papacy. Alfonso drives the Mohamme- dans from the siege of Alid, near Loi-ca, and compels Yussef to re-embark for Africa. Maine revolts against William Rufus. Death of Lanfranc ; William keeps Canterbury and other sees vacant for several years, and appropriates their revenues. Marriage of the emperor Henry to Adelaide, a Russian princess, widow of Otho, marquis of Brandenburg. A violent earthquake in England, Aug. 11. The disease, called St. Anthony's fire, breaks out in Lorraine. Henry invades Italy, and lays siege to Mantua. Roger completes the conquest of Sicily, and undertakes an expedition against Malta. Yussef returns to Spain with a large army, attacks the Mohammedan princes, and conquers Granada. Hassan, Subah of Nishapur, in Chorasan, collects a band of Carmathians, who are named after him, " Assassins." William Rufus invades Normandy, andtakes St. Valery. Mantua and Ravenna surrender to the emperor Henry. Yussef conquers Seville and Almeria, sends Almoatamad a prisoner to Africa, and becomes siipreme ruler in Mohammedan Spain. Peace between William and hie brother Robert ; Malcolm invades England, and is driven back. 1084 TO 1098 A.D. 341 A.D. 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 109S Events and Eminent Men. Death of Malek Shah, followed by civil wars and partition of his dominions. William Rufus fortifies Carlisle. The Nominalist heresy of Rascellinud con- demned by the council of Soissons. Valencia betrayed to the Almoravides by Ahmed Ben Gehaf; king Alcadir slain. The castle of S. Angelo held by Guibert's party, and his title to the papacy is still asserted by Henry. Rebellion of the emperor's son Conrad ; he is crowned king of Italy at Milan. Ynssef conquers Badajos, and puts to death king Almetuakel. Malcolm invades England, and is killed near Alnwick, by Roger de Mowbray. Donald Bane usurps the throne of Scotland. William, alarmed by a fit of illness, nominates bishops to the vacant sees ; he appoints, for Canterbury, Anselm, a native of Aosta, and abbot of Bee, who had been distinguished in the Nominalist contro- versy, by writing in support of the Realist doctrines. The empress Adelaide leaves her husband, and accuses him of ill-treatment before the council of Constance. Philip, king of France, is excommunicated by the councils of Rheims and Autun, for divorcing his queen Bertha, and espousing Bertrade. Peter the Hermit goes on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The Cid, in alliance with a body of Mohammedans, retakes Valencia; Ahmed Ben Gehaf is burnt alive. Saacho, king of Aragon and Navarre, falls in battle; he is succeeded by his son Pedro. War renewed in Normandy. Prince Henry returns to England. Duncan, son of Malcolm, is accepted in Scotland as king, is soon afterwards killed, and Donald Bane restored. Peter, on his return from the Holy Land, is commissioned by Urban to preach a general crusade. Council of Placentia, March 1, and of Clermont, Nov. 18. Philip and Henry are again excommunicated. All classes, except ecclesiastics, are called upon to take the sign of the cross. Great excitement in France. The Balearic Islands submit to the Almoravides. Guelf V. separates from the countess Matilda; he and his father abandon the pontifical party and join the emperor's. Henry of Besancon marries Alfonso's daughter Theresa, and is created duke of Portugal. Barkiarok. Malek Shah's son, recovers Syria from his uncle Thuthusch. Robert, earl of Northumberland, fails in his rebellion, and is confined in Windsor castle. Marriage of Conrad to Matilda, daughter of Roger, count of Sicily. Four tumultuary bands of crusaders, numbering together 273,000, depart for Pa- lestine, led by Peter the Hermit, Walter de Pexejo, and his nephew, Walter the Pennyless, the priest Gottschalk, and William the Carpenter. Most of these I perish in Hungary and Bulgaria : some return ; a few remaining thousands pass the Bosphorus, and are massacred by the sultan Kilidsch Arslan. A more re-| gular military force proceeds, by different routes, under Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh de Vermandois, Raymond of Toulouse, Stephen of Chartres, Bohemond, prince of Tarentum, and his cousin Tancred, Robert, count of Flanders, Robert, duke of Normandy, who pledges his duchy to his brother William, to raise money for his outfit, and Godfrey's brothers, Eustace and Baldwin. Amalfi re- covers her independence. The Fatimite Aphdal expels the sons of Ortok from Jerusalem. Alexius, suspicious of the crusaders, obtains from their chiefs an oath of fealty. He secures for himself the city of Nicaea, conquered by their arms, June 20. Battle of Dorylseum, July 4. Siege of Antioch, Oct. 21. Quarrel of Tancred and Baldwin in Cilicia. The latter separates from the main army, and founds the principality of Edessa (or Orfa). William Rufus expels Anselm from Eng- land, in defiance of the papal legate. Westminster Hall built. Henry pro- tects the German Jews. Death of Albert Azzo, marquis of Lombardy, more than 100 years old ; by his first marriage with Cunegonda he was father o Guelf IV., the progenitor of the Brunswick family ; and from that with Gar senda was born Fulk, from whom the family of Este descends. A comet visi ble, Oct. 1. Antioch surrenders, June 3. The Turkish general Kerboga defeated, June 28 Edgar, son of Malcolm, established on the throne of Scotland by Edgar Athel ing, with an English army. Urban holds a council at Bari, to condemn the do© triues of the Greek church ; Anselm takes a prominent part in the proceedings 342 PEOM THE TEAS A.D. Hegiba. East- ern Em- pire. Popes. Ara- bia. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile. gon. abbe. France. } Bohe- mia. Ger- many. 1099 1100 193 194 19 Alex- ius I. Comne- nus. 20 1 Pas- cal II.[ j 6A1 Mor- tader. 7 28 Al- fonso VI. 29 6 Pe- dro I. 7 6 Pe- dro I. 7 9Yus- sef the Almo- ravide. 10 40 Phi- lip I. 41 — 7Bre- tislas II. lBor- gevoy II. 44 Henry IV. 45 1101 495 21 3 8 30 8 8_ 11 42 2 1102 496 22 4 31 9 9 12 43 3 47 1103 497 23 5— 10 32 10 10 13 44 4 1104 1105 4S8 499 24 — 25 6 7 11 12 33 34 1 Al- fonso I, el Batal- lador. 2 1 Al- fonso I. 2 14 1 Ali Ben 45 46 5 6 49 1106 1107 500 501 26 27 13 14 35 36 4 3— Yus- sef. 2 3 47 48 7 lSwa- topolk 1 Hen- ry V. 9 1108 502 28 10 15 37 5 5 4 1 Louib VI. le II. 2 3 1109 503 29 11 16 lUrra- ca and Alfon- so VII 6 6 5 Gros. 2 lLa- dislas II. 4— 1110 504 30 12 17 2 7 7 6 3 2 5 1111 505 31 13 18 3 8 8 7 4 3 6 1112 £06 32 14 19 4— 5 9 10 8 9 5 6 7 10 5 1113 507—508 1 33 15 20 1114 508—509 34 — 21 6— 11 11 10 7 6 9 k 1115 509—510 35 17 22 7 12 12 11 8 7 10 1116 510—511 36 18 23 8 13 13 12 9 8 11 1 _ < — 1 — , — J 1099 TO 1116 A.D. 343 Repe- tition Dates. 1099 Doges of Ve- nice. Tusca- ny. 4 Vitale Michele 45 Ma- tilda. 1100 5 46 — 1101 6 47 ■ 1102 1103 1 Orde- lafo Fa- ledro. 2 48 49 1104 3 50 1105 4 51 1106 5 52 1107 6 — 53 1108 7 ■ 54 1109 8 55 1110 9 56 1111 10 57 1112 11 58 1113 12 59 1114 13 60 1115 14 1116 15 1 Den- mark. 7 Ro- 5 Erik bert 18 IBald win VII. 2 1 Niels or Ni- cholas. 2- 3- Swe- DEN. Poland. 21 La- dislas I, 22 1 Phi- lip and Inge II 2 1 Boles- las III Hunga- ry. 5 Colo- man. Russia. 7 Swa- topolk II. 12 — 13 — 14 — 15 — 16 — 17 — 18 — 19 — 1 Ste- phen II 2 1 Wla- dimirll. Monoma- chus. 2 Scot- land, Eng- land. 2.Ed-|l3Wil- gar. liamli. \Rufus, (Sep. 26. 3 id. Aug. 2.pet.43. lHenryl, Aug. 5, m. Nov. 12, Ma- tilda, of Scotland. 4 . Prince Wil- liam. 5- 1 A- lexan- der I. 2 344 if ROM THE TEAB 1103 1104 1105 1106 Jerusalem besieged by the Crusaders, June 7, taken July 15. Godfrey of Bouillon elected king, July 23. The Fatimite array from Egypt defeated at Ascalon, Aug. 12. Godfrey frames the Assise of Jerusalem for the government of his kingdom. The military Order of the Knights Hospitallers founded; Gerard, count d' Avesnes, is their first Provost or Grand Master. Arnulf, first patriarch of Jerusalem under the Christians. Urban obtains possession of the castle of S. Angelo ; holds a council at Rome, by which all his adversaries are again ex- communicated ; dies, July 29. The diet of Aix-la-Chapelle excludes Conrad, and appoints his brother Henry to be successor to their father in Germany. Peace restored in Sweden, through the mediation of the Danish king, Erik ; Haco's son, Inge, is seated on the throne. William Rufus conquers the pro- vince of Maine! Death of Osmund, bishop of Salisbury. The Cid, after having defended Valencia five years, dies there, and is buried at Burgos. Anna Comnena writes the history of her father's reign. Death of Godfrey of Bouillon, July 18; his brother. Baldwin, prince of Edessa, elected king of Jerusalem. Anselm, archbishop of Milan, the bishop of Pavia, and Count Albert of Biandrate, lead a numerous reinforcement to Palestine. Death of Guibert (Clement III.); new antipopes arise, one of whom assumes the name of Sylvester IV. William Rufus accidentally slain in the New Forest. Henry 1. renews the laws of the Confessor, and unites the Norman and Saxon races by his marriage with Matilda, grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside. Valencia, abandoned by the soldiers of the Cid, after his death, is taken by the Almora- vides. Pietro della Colonna, the first of that family who is named in history, loses some of his patrimony in a contest with the pope. Anselm is reinstated at Canterbury by king Henry. Death of Conrad, king of Italy ; the countess Matilda, without the title, exercises the power of queen ; Ferrara submits to her. Milan and other cities in Lom- bardy, become independent municipalities. Death of Roger, count of Sicily ; his widow, Adelaide, rules, as guardian of her two sons, Simon and Roger; the latter, now only four years old, eventually obtains the sovereignty. Guelf, duke of Bavaria, and William, duke of Aquitain, conduct a large body of cru- saders to the East. United with those who set out in the preceding year, they are met by Kilidsch Arslan, on entering Asia Minor, and all cut to pieces or dispersed. Anselm escapes to CP. and dies there, and Guelf in the island of Cyprus. Robert, duke of Normandy, on his return from Palestine, invades England. Treaty of peace between him and Henry. Charter of London granted. The excommunication of the emperor Henry is again repeated. Pascal obtains from the countess Matilda a deed of gift of all her States to the Church. Disputes respecting the right of investiture begin between Henry Land arch- bishop Anselm. Rebellion of the earl of Shrewsbury. Coloman, king of Hungary, conquers Croatia and Dalmatia. Yussef 's son Ali recognized as heir to the thrones of Spain and Africa. Death of Magnus III., king of Norway ; Sigurd I. succeeds. Erik makes Lunden the i metropolitan see of Denmark, and sets out for Palestine. Robert of Normandy visits his brother Henry. Anselm goes to Rome. Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, defeats the Turks and takes Ptoleraaig (Acre), War renewed between Henry and his brother Robert in Normandy. The em- peror Henry's son, incited by the papal party, rebels against his father. Interview between the emperor Henry and his son at Elbingen ; a diet is called, to be held at Mentz, for the settlement of their dispute. King Henry takes Caen and Bayeux in Normandy. Death of Erik, king of Denmark, in Cyprus. The pretended "gift of Constantine" first alleged. Death of Yussef Ben Taxfin in Africa, set. 100. Defeat of the Turks in an attempt to retake Jeru- salem; Bohemond made prisoner. The emperor Henry resigns his crown, soon after which he dies at Liege, Aug, 7. His son after having obtained the throne, asserts his right to appoint bishop;. Alexius' claims Antioch. Bohemond is released by the Turks, returns to Europe and marries Constance, daughter of Philip, king of France. Battle of Tinche- 1099 TO 1116 A.D. 345 A.D. 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 Events and Eminent Men. bray ; Robert is made prisoner and sent to Cardiff castle, where he ends his | days. King Henry annexes Normandy to his dominions. A comet seen in the ( S.W., Feb. 16. Death of Kilidsch Arslan. Venice suffers from two destructive fires, and Malamocco swept away by an inundation. Bohemcnd lands in Epirus, and besieges Durazzo. Pascal holds a council at Troves, where he urges a new crusade ; the question of the investitures is angrily discussed. King Henry returns to England from Normandy. Death of Edgarj king of Scotland ; his brother Alexander succeeds. Alexius is aided by the Venetians ; Bohemond abandons the siege of Durazzo, and concludes a treaty of peace, which stipulates a free passage by land for the crusaders ; after this, he returns to Otranto. AH defeats the Christians at Ur- cesia (Ucles), between Toledo and Cuenca ; Alfonso's young son Sancho is slain. Death of Philip, king of France. Baldwin, assisted by a Venetian fleet, takes Tripoli. Contract of marriage be- tween Matilda, daughter of Henry, king of England and the emperor Henry V. The disputed castle of Gisors, in Normandy, causes war between England and France. Death of Alfonso VI. He is succeeded by his daughter Urraca ; her husband, Alfonso, king of Aragon and Navarre, is acknowledged in Castile as Alfonso VII. ; her young son, Alfonso, by a former marriage, is king of Gallicia. Portugal declared independent, and the hereditary succession established in count Henry's family. Ahmed, the Mohammedan king of Saragossa, is de- feated and slain by Alfonso. Ali, repulsed in the siege of Toledo, returns to Africa. Amadeus, count of Maurienne, becomes count of Savoy. Death of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. The Princess Matilda is sent into Germany with her dowry. The emperor Henry marches into Italy with a powerful army. Treaty between Pascal and the Norman princes of Apulia and Capua. Henry enters Rome ; bloody contests between his soldiers and the people. Pas- cal, a prisoner, resigns the right of investiture, and crowns the emperor. Death of Roger, duke of Apulia; he is succeeded by his son William II. Bo- hemond, while preparing to return to Antioch, dies, and is buried at Canosa. Henry visits the countess Matilda, and appoints her his vicegerent in Italy. Alfonso repairs Soria, Uxama, and other cities ; he quarrels with Urraca, and imprisons her. The earl of Anjou seizes the province of Maine. John IX. patriarch of CP. The Lateran council annuls the concessions made by the pope ; great commotions follow. Urraca escapes ; her partisans in Castile are defeated by her husband ; she flies to her son in Gallicia. Death of Henry, count of Portugal ; his widow, Theresa, becomes Regent, for their young son, Alfonso. The king of France supports the earl of Anjou ; war between him and Henry I. Tancred dies at Antioch. Death of Inge, king of Sweden; his two sons reign conjointly. Pes- tilence in England. The Order of Knights Hospitallers confirmed by a papal Bull. Marriage of Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, to Adelaide, widow of Roger, count of Sicily. Death of Swatopolk, duke of Russia ; his brother Wladimir II. succeeds. Bernard, get. 23, becomes a monk, in the convent of Citeaux. Conquest of the Balearic Isles by the Pisans. Mantua revolts, is besieged and taken by the countess Matilda. Marriage of the emperOT and Matilda of Eng- land celebrated at Mentz. War in Wales ; king Henry erects castles there, to secure his conquests. A comet appears at the end of May. Pascal claims the right of investiture in Hungary ; opposition of the clergy. Death of Coloman. Death of the countess Matilda, July 24, set. 69. The inheritance of her States is disputed by the emperor and the pope. The Pisans carry away rich spoils from Majorca and Minorca, but retain possession of Ivica. The chief men of Nor- mandy swear allegiance to William, son of Henry I. The emperor Henry takes possession of Matilda's lands. He is excommunicated by another council held in the Lateran, by which Pascal's concessions are again annulled. King Henry I. supports his nephew, Theobald de Blois, against the king of France. 346 FROM THE TEAB 1 East- Spain*. < 1 A.D. Hegira. ern EM- Popes. Ara- Cast- Aba- Nav- Moors. France. Bohe- GrEB-| FIRE. bia. TILE. GON. ARRE. mia. MANY J 1117 311—512 37 Alex- 19 24 Al 9Urra-' 14 Al- 14 Al- 13 All 10 Louis 9La- 12 ius I. Pascal Mor- ca ana fonso fonso Ben VI. U dislas Hen- Comne- II. tader. Alfon- I. el I. Yus- CrTOS. II. ry V. nus. soVII. Batal- lador. sef. 1118 512—513 IJohnll. or Calo- Joan- nes. IGe- lasius II. 1 Al Mo- star- shed. 10 14 11 10 13— 1119 513—514 2 lCal- listus II. 2 11 16 16 15 12 11 14 1 1120 514—515 3 2 3 12 17 17 16 — 13 12 15— — j 1121 515—5161 516—517 5 3 4 13 14 18 19 17 18 14 15 13 11 i 16 j i 17 * 5 19 1122 1123 517—518 6 5 6 15 20 20 19 16 15 18 ~ 1 1124 518-519 7 lHo- norius 11. 7 16 21 21 20 17 16— 19 1 t 1125 519—520 8 2 8 17 22- — 22 21. IS — 1 Scbi- eslas I. lLo- thaire II. 1126 520—521 9 1 3 9 18 Al- fonso alone. 23 23 22 19 2 ( ! 1127 1128 521—522 522—523 10 11 10 11 19 20 °1 24 25 23 °0 3 ■ 3 ' 5 25— 24 21 4 4— 1129 524 12 6 12 21 26 26 25 22 5 5— ■ 1130 525 13 1 Inno- cent II. 13- — 22 27 27 26 23 6 6 1131 1132 1133 1134 526 527 528 529 14 15 ■ 16 17 11 °3 28— 28 27 — 24 3 15 16 17 °9 29 30 ■ ■ 28 29 25 8 8 25 ■ 26 30 26 9 9 1 Ra- lGar- 30 27 10 10 — - miro cias II. IV. 11S6 530 18 — - " 1A1 Ras- hid. 27 2 31 28 11 11 1117 TO 1135 A.D. 347 Dates, 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1163 1134 1135 Doges of Ve- nice. 1 Dome- nico Mi- chele; Tusci NY. Held by the em- perors, and go- verned by tbeir stewards or depu- ties. 10 1 Pietro Palano. Conrad has at this time the title of mar- quis, from the emperor, and Al- bert from the pope. 7 Bald- win VII. ICharles the Good. Den- mark 13 Niels or Ni- cholas 14 1 Hen- ry of Ba- varia. 2 3 4 5 — 6 7 8 1 Wil- liam Glito. 1 Thi- erry. 2 Swe- den. 5 Phi- lip II. 7 Inge II. alone Poland, 17- 18 1 25- 27- 16 Bo- leslas III. 18 19 20 21 Hunga- ry, 4 Ste- phen II. Rus- sia. , 5 Wla dimir II. Mo- mma- 7 29- lErik II. lRa- wald, IKol, 25 Scot- land, 11 Alex- ander I. 12- 14 — I Ma- tislafl. 1 Bela 7 ■ II. I 3 — 4 — 5 — 6 — Eng- land. 1 Da- vid I 18 Hen- 1 ryl. | Aug. 5. 19 — ■ Qu. Ma- tilda d. May 1. m.Feb.2, Adelaide of Lou- vain. 23 24 25 27 28 1 Jaro- polk II. 2- 10 33 34 (b. Hen- ry II.) 35 36 d.Dec.1, set. 67. 1 Stephen 26 Dec. ' |Qu. Ma- 1 tildaof Bou- I \lcgne. | 348 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1118 Events and Eminent Men. 1119 1122 1123 1124 The emperor Henry marches to Rome; the pope retires to Monte Casino, and thence to Beneventum. Second coronation of Henry hy the archhishop of Braga, who is excommunicated for the act. League between Alfonso and the Moorish king of Saragossa; the Almoravide general, Mez-deli, is defeated and slain by them ; they take Lerida. The doge of Venice falls at Zara, in defending Dalmatia against the Hungarians. A violent earthquake in Italy. Death of Alexius Comnenus, Aug. 15. Accession of his son John. Anna Com- nena, detected in a conspiracy against her brother, is pardoned with her hus- band Bryennius. Baldwin I., king of Jerusalem, dies at Rhinoscorura (El Arisch). Baldwin II. (de Bourg), count of Edessa, is elected in his place. The Order of Knights Templars founded by Sir Hugh de Pagano. Saragossa taken by Al- fonso. On the death of Pascal, the Cardinals elect Gelasius II.;' the emperor appoints the archbishop of Braga to assume the papal dignity under the name of Gregory VIII. This gives rise to the factions afterwards called the Guelfs and Ghibelins. Zonaras, imperial secretary and captain of the guards at CP., writes his History. Henry I. re-establishes his ascendancy in Normandy by his victory at Brenneville ; Baldwin, count of Flanders, the ally of Louis, is mortally wounded in this battle. Interview of Henry with pope Callistus at Gisors. The long war begins be- tween Genoa and Pisa. Defeat of the Turks at Antioch by Baldwin II. and the Knights Hospitallers, and on the Mseander by the emperor John. Henry I. resists the papal claim to investiture in England ; banishment of Thurstan, archbishop of York. Death of Gelasius II. The new pope, Callistus II., holds a council at Rheims. Prince William, Hem-y's son, is married to Matilda, daughter of Fulk, count of Anjou. Florence of Worcester writes his Chronicle. Calatayud taken by Alfonso. Peace between Henry I. and Louis. Prince William, on his way to England, is drowned off Barfieur, Nov. 26, with many young nobles. The antipope with- draws from Rome to Sutri ; Callistus takes possession of the Lateran. Marriage of Roger, count of Sicily, to Alberia, daughter of Alfonso, king of Castile. Rebellion of Cordova ; followed by the revolt of El Mehedi, in Africa, which begins the power of the Almohades. Siege of Sutri, by the army of Callistus, and surrender of the antipope, Gregory. Norbert founds the order of Premon- stratensian canons. The people of Saxony rise against the emperor. Roger, count of Sicily, invades Calabria and Apulia. Matilda, the bride-widow of Prince William, returns to her father. Abelard builds the convent of Paraclete. The moon eclipsed, April 4. The emperor John drives the Petchenegans out of Thrace. The dispute between the emperor Henry and the pope, respecting the right of investiture, compro- mised by the diet of Worms. Abelard, accused of heresy at the council of Soissons, is condemned to burn his writings. Malta taken by Roger, count of Sicily. Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, and Jocelyn de Courtenay made pri- soners by the Saracens. A general council, held in the Lateran, confirms the agreement made at Worms. Alfonso makes an incursion into Murcia and Granada. The Almohades lay siege to Morocco ; are repulsed by Ali. War renewed in Normandy by the re- bellion of some powerful barons ; king Henry takes their castles. Roger, bishop of Salisbury, is his prime minister. The pope refuses to sanction the elec- tion of William of Curbeil to the archbishopric of Canterbury, till his assent is purchased by a large sum of money. The emperor John refuses to confirm the privileges of Venice ; the Venetians send a large army into the East, which encounters an Egyptian fleet off Joppa, and obtains a great victory. Louis, king of France, supports William, son of duke Robert, in his claim on Nor- mandy ; the oriflamme is first used by him as the royal standard Earl Waleran and others of the confederate nobles are made prisoners by king H enry. The Genoese capture a rich Pisan convoy on its voyage from Sardinia. Tyre taken by the Crusaders, assisted by the Venetians, to whom a third part of the city is allotted ; they conquer Rhodes and Chios, and extend their commerce in the East Death of Eadmer, abbot of St. Alban's. 1117 TO 1135 A.D. S4£ 1125 1126 1127 1130 1131 1132 Events and Eminent Men. Death of the emperor Henry, at Utrecht, May 22 ; his widow, Matilda, returns to England. Election of Lothaire, duke of Saxony, to the imperial throne ; the dukes of Swabia and Franconia refuse to acknowledge him. Treaty of peace concluded by king Henry in Normandy. Punishment of the mint-men in England, for issuing bas« coin. The Venetians take the islands of Samos and Andros, and the town of Spalatro, in Dalmatia; triumphant return of the doge to Venice. Piombino taken by the Genoese. Otho, bishop of Bamberg, founds the bishopric of Julin (Wollin), in Pomerania. Controversy between Abelard and Bernard. Death of Wladimir Monomachus, grand-duke of Russia. Lothaire gives the duchy of Saxony to Henry IV., duke of Bavaria. Death of Urraca; her son, Alfonso, reigns alone in Castile. King Henry leaves Normandy, and brings his prisoners with him to England. Marriage of Henry's daughter, Matilda, to Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk, count of Anjou (Aug. 26) ; she is acknowledged, by the English nobles, heiress to her father's throne. Charles, earl of Flanders, slain ; his province is given by Louis to William, son of Robert, former duke of Normandy. Death of Wil- liam, duke of Apulia; his territories become subject to Roger, great count of Sicily, who is excommunicated by the pope. Baldwin, ransomed from captivity, attacks Aleppo, and is defeated by Zenghi, Atabek of Mosul. William, earl of Flanders, slain at the siege of Alost.. Conrad, duke of Fran- conia, crowned king of Italy at Milan ; excommunicated by the pope, he never acquires any sovereign power. Roger overcomes the papal resistance, and is acknowledged duke of Apulia and Calabria. Peace concluded between Henry I. and Louis. Death of El Mehedi, chief of the Almohades ; his vizir, Abdelmumen, succeeds him. Henry gives liberty to earl Waleran and his other prisoners, and restores their lands to them. A council held in London, makes decrees for the celibacy of the clergy, which, by the king's permission, are disregarded. On the death of Honorius, the cardinals divide into two factions, one of which elects Innocent II., and the other the antipope, Anacletus II.: the latter gains possession of the Lateran, and is consecrated there; Innocent takes refuge in France, and holds a council at Clermont. Roger crowned king of Sicily, at Palermo. Ali defeated by the Almohades, in Morocco, and his son, Taxfm, by Alfonso, in Andalusia. The Chronicle of Simon of Durham ends. | Baldwin, defeated near Damascus, dies, and leaves the kingdom of Jerusalem to his son-in-law, Fulk, count of Anjou. Death of Bohemond II., count of Edessa ; Jocelyn de Courtenay succeeds him. Alfonso bequeaths Aragonto the Knights Hospitallers and Templars; but his will is not carried into effect. Amalfi and Naples submit to Roger. Interview of pope Innocent with Henry, king of England, at Chartres ; Lothaire is crowned by him at Liege. Lothaire arrives in Italy, and expels Conrad ; pope Innocent joins him at Ronca- glia. Treaty of peace between the Genoese and Pisans. Alfonso lays siege to Fraga. The Charters of Henry I. give security to English industry. The Flemings, who had before purchased and carried away the wool of our eastern counties, about this time introduce the art of spinning it into yarn, at Worstead, in Norfolk, and manufacture stuffs from it in the city of Norwich. Birth of Matilda's son, afterwards Henry II. Lothaire conducts Innocent to Rome, and is there crowned emperor by him. Tuscany and its dependencies given to Lothaire's son-in-law, Henry Guelf, duke of Bavaria and Saxony. Ana- cletus, still retaining all the fortified posts in Rome, Innocent again retires to Pisa. Alfonso, el Batallado?; defeated and slain by the Moors, at Fraga; the kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre choose separate sovereigns, who are protected by Alfonso, king of Castile. Robert, king Henry's brother (see 1106), dies in his captivity. Erik, son of Erik I. having been proclaimed king by the people of Schleswig, | defeats Niels and his son, Magnus. Leo Stypiota, patriarch of CP. Stephen of Blois, grandson of William the Conqueror, obtains the throne of Eng- land on the death of Henry I. The Pisans take Amalfi, and ruin its com- merce ; a copy of Justinian's pandects is said to have been discovered there, and made known in Italy. Roger, king of Sicily, defeats the Pisans at La Fratla, and recovers the towns wlii c h they had conquered. Peace restored in Germany. | 350 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Hegira. East- ern Em- pire. Popes Ara- bia. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors tile. gon. arre. France Bohe- mia. Ger- many. 1136 531 19 John II. or Calo- Jo- annes. 7 In- nocent II. 1 Al Mok- tafi. 28 Al- fonso VII. 3Ra- miro II. 3Gar- cias IV. 32 Ali Ben Yussef 29 Louis VI. to &ros. 12 So- bies- las I. 12 Lo- th aire II. 1137 532 20 8 9 lPe- tronil- la and Ray- mond i 33 1 Louis VII. 13 13 1138 1139 533 534 21 • '22 9 10 3 4 30 31 II. 2 3 5— 6 34 35 3 14 15 1 Con- rad III. 2 — 1140 535 23 11 5 32 7 36 4 1 La- dislas III. 3 1141 536 24 1 12- — 6 33 5 8 37 5 2 4 1142 537 1 '25 13 7 _ 34 35 36 37 6 7 8 9 38 1 Tax- fin Ben Ali. 2 1 Ab- delmu- men. 6 - 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 1143 1144 1145 538 539 540-541 1 Ma- nuel I. Comne- nus. 2 3 lCe- lestin II. 1 Lu- cius II. 1 Eu- genius III. 8 10 10- — - 11 12 8 9 1146 541—542 4 2 11 38 39 10 11 13 14 2 3 10 11 7 8 1147 542—543 5 3 12 10 1148 543—544 6 4 13 40 12— 15 4 12 9— 11 1149 544—545 ' 7 5 14 41 13 16 5 13 10 12 1150 545—546 8 6 15 42 14 lSan- cho VI. 6 14 11 13 1 1151 546—547 9 — 7 16 43 15— 2— — 7 15 12 14 1136 TO 1151 A.D, 351 | Repe- tition '.Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. Tusca- ny. Flan- ders. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Hunga- ry. Rus- sia. Scot- land. Eng- land. 2 Ste- phen, Dec. 26. 1 1136 i 7 Pietro Polano. 4 Henry of Bava- ria. 9 Thi- erry. 2 Erik II. 3Kol. 35 Bo- leslas III. 6Bela II. 5 Jaro polk II 13 Da vidl 1137 8 5 10 1 Erik III. 4 36 7 6 3 ; use 1139 1140 9 — — 10 11 - — 6 1 Udel- ric. 2 11 12 13 — 4 lSver- ker I. 2 3 1 La- dislas II. 2 3 8 9 10 1 Wse- wolod II. 2 15 16 17 5 1141 12 . 3 14 5 4 1 Geisa II. 3 18 7 1142 13 4 15 6 — - 5 5 2 4 19 8 1143 14 5 16 7 6 6 3 5 20 9 1144 15 6 17 8 7 7 4 — 6 21 10 1145 16 7 18 ■ 9 8 1 Bo- leslas IV. 5 7 22 11 1146 17 8 19 10 9 2 6 1 Igor II. 1 IsSs- lav II. 2 23 12 1147 18 9 20 1 Sweyn IV. 1 Ca- nute III. 2 10 3 7 24 13 1148 1 Dome- nico Mo- rosino. 10 21 11 8 3 25 14 1149 2 11 22 b 12 5 — 9 4 26 15 1150 3 12 23 4 13 6 10 5 27 16 1151 4 13 24 5 14 7 11 6 28 17 352 EEOM TJIS YEAH A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1138 1139 1142 Lothaire marches into Italy with a large army. The empress Matilda resists Stephen's usurpation, and invades Normandy ; David, king of Scotland, support,, her cause, hut is conciliated by Stephen. Baldwin de Redvers holds out in Exeter; he is brought to terms. Roger is driven out of Apulia and Calabria. The emperor and pope Innocent, each claims the conquered provinces ; they compromise their dispute by jointly creating Rainulph count of Apulia. Lothaire conducts Innocent to Rome, and, on his return to Germany, dies in the Tyrol, Dec. 3. Roger, having recruited his army in Sicily, recovers most part of his lost territories ; but sustains a de- feat from Rainulph, near Ragnano. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux. endeavours to mediate between them. Ramiro affiances his daughter Petronilla, only two years old, to Raymond, count of Barcelona ; resigns the kingdom of Aragon to them, and retires into a monastery. Death of Louis VI. (le Gros) ; his son, set. 8, succeeds him. Stephen repels an invasion of the Welsh. Raymond of Poitiers receives the principality of Antioch ; it is claimed by Roger, and at- tacked by the emperor John, who is repulsed with great loss. Death of the antipope Ana-letus ; his partisans elect another, whom they style Victor III. : in a few months they all submit to Innocent. Conrad, duke of Franconia, is elected emperor of Germany, and founds the Hohenstaufen dy- nasty ; from his castle of Wiblingen, his party take the name of Ghibelins, which is extended to all their supporters in Italy. His opponent, Henry Guelf, is put under the ban of the empire, and deprived of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony; hence the papal party are called Guelfs (see 1118); long wars and commotions ensue. David, king of Scotland, invades England, and is defeated (Aug. 22) by the earl of Albemarle in the " Battle of the Standard," near Northallerton, in Yorkshire. Boleslas divides Poland among his sons ; the eldest, Ladislas, endeavours to deprive his brothers of their shares. Ali sumirons his son Taxfin from Spain, to support him against the Almohades in Africa. Death of the historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth Pope Innocent taken prisoner by Roger, near S. Germano ; a treaty of peace fol- lows, by which Roger's title is confirmed, and his son created duke of Apulia. Tuscany is taken from Henry Guelf; the people of Saxony maintain his autho- rity, and prepare to restore him in Bavaria ; he dies suddenly at Quedlinburg, and transmits his rights to his son. Henry the Lion. Alfonso, duke of Portugal, gains a great victory over the Moors at Ourique, on the river Corbes, and as- sumes the title of king. The empress Matilda arrives in England, and prepares to assert her claim by arms, assisted by Robert, earl of Gloucester, a natural son of Henry I. Duke Guelf, uncle of Henry the Lion, defeated by Com-ad, at Weinsberg. Arnold of Brescia denounces at Rome the corruptions of the church. Stephen be- sieges the earl of Chester in Lincoln castle. The Genoese acquire possession of Ventimiglia. The canon law is introduced into England. The council of Sens condemns the doctrines of Abelard. Guarnarius, or Werner, teaches the civil law at Bologna. Battle of Lincoln, Feb. 2 ; Stephen defeated and carried away prisoner to Bristol. His brother, the bishop of Winchester, abandons his cause, and crowns Matilda. Robert, earl of Gloucester, afterwards captured, is exchanged for Stephen. Suger, former minister of Louis le Gros, writes the history of that monarch. Diet of Francfort. Henry the Lion acknowledged duke of Saxony. His rival, Albert, the Bear, created Margrave of Brandenburg. Bavaria given to Henry of Austria; he is opposed by duke Guelf VJ., who receives subsidies from the kings of Hungary and Sicily, to assist him in prosecuting his claim. Matilda, besieged in Oxford, escapes to Wallingford. Fulk, king of Jerusalem, killed by a fall from his horse. His son, Baldwin III. a*t. 13, succeeds under the regency of the queen mother, Melusine. Death of Abelard ; he is buried in the mo- nastery of Paraclete, where Eloisa is abbess. The emperor John, preparing again to attack Antioch, dies, April 8, of a wound I received while hunting near Anazarbus. Commotions at Rome. Arnold ofj Brescia endeavours to restore the senate and ancient form of government.! 1136 TO 1151 A.a. 353 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 11M Events and Eminent Men. Death of Innocent II., Sept. 24. Contest between Louis VII. and the pope, for the appointment of the archbishop of Bourges ; the king is attacked by Theobald, count of Champagne; besieges Vitry; 1300 persons are burnt in a church. Matilda retires to Normandy. General insurrection of the Moors in Spain! against the Almoravides. Death of Ali. The people of Padua are compelled by the Venetians to restore the Brenta to the channel which they had closed. Geisa, king of Hungary, invites German emigrants to join the former colony of that people in Transylvania. Death of the historians, William of Malmsbury, and Ordericus Vitalis. Michael II. patriarch of CP. Edessa stormed by Zenghi. Taxfin totally defeated in Africa, by Abdelmumen. Wars of the Italian cities ; Venice against Ravenna ; Verona and Vicenza against Padua and Treviso ; Florence and Pisa against Lucca and Sienna. Pope Lucius II. killed by a stone, in attempting to suppress the new senate. His successor, Eugenius III., withdraws from Rome ; after an absence of some i months, he tranquillizes the people, and returns to the city. Zenghi assassi- 1 nated ; he is succeeded by his son Noureddin. Abdelmumen takes Morocco, I and sends an army into Spain. Prince Henry inherits Anjou and Maine, by the death of his father, Geoffrey. Normandy submits to him. Death of his uncle, Robert, earl of Gloucester, Oct. 31. Eugenius again leaves Rome ; he employs the abbot Bernard to preach another crusade ; abbot Suger vainly dissuades Louis from such an undertaking. The Almohades take Seville. Roger attacks the coast of Africa : after which he invades Greece, and plunders Corfu, Corinth, Athens, and Thebes. The silk-weavers of Greece are transported to Palermo. Alfonso carries his arms into Murcia. Comus II. patriarch of CP. Eugenius urges the second crusade. Diet of Francfort. Conrad's son, Henry, declared his successor. Duke Guelf resigns to Henry the Lion his claim on the duchy of Bavaria, and accompanies the emperor and king of France to the Holy Land. Unfortunate result of their expedition. Treachery of the emperor Manuel. Lisbon taken by Alfonso of Portugal. The kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, assisted by a Genoese fleet, take Almeria. Moscow built by George Dolgorucki, prince of Suzdal. Comus deposed, and Nicholas IV. patri- arch of CP. Unsuccessful sieges of Damascus and Ascalon, by the Christians. The emperor Conrad and the king of France prepare to leave Palestine. AmadeUs, count of Maurienne, or Savoy, dies in Cyprus; he is succeeded by his son, Humbert III. Tortosa reduced by Raymond ot Barcelona and the Genoese. The Almohades take Cordova. King Stephen refuses to send bishops to the council of Rheims, for which all England is laid under an Interdict. Boleslas, king of Poland, ex- communicated. George Antiochenus, the Sicilian admiral, anchors his fleet be- fore CP., and plunders the vicinity. Louis, returning by sea from his crusade, is captured by the Greeks, and rescued by the Sicilian fleet ; Roger receives him hospitably at Potenza, in Calabria. The emperor Manuel and the Venetians recover Corfu and other islands ; they defeat the Sicilians in a naval engagement. Eugenius establishes himself in Rome. Bernard, reproached for the failure of the crusade preached by him, is defended by Otho of Frisingen. Noureddin defeats the Christians near the Orontes. Raymond, prince of Antioch, slain. Eugenius again driven from Rome. The Venetians expel the pirates, and regain Pola and the coast of Dalmatia. The Milanese defeated by the people of Cremona, at Castelnuovo, and lose their caroccio. Victory of Manuel over the Servians, who become vassals of the Eastern empire. Bernard dedicates to Eugenius his five books, " De Consideratione." Manuel invades Hungary, crosses the Danube, grants a truce to Geisa, and carries a large booty to CP. Peace concluded between the emperor Conrad and duke Guelf. Death of Conrad's son, Henry. League between Modena and Parma. Conquests of Abdelmumen in Africa. Vacarius teaches the Roman law at Oxford. Gratian, a Benedictine monk of Bologna, frames the canon law. A papal legate arrives in Norway, and makes Drontheim an archbishop's see. Theodore II. patriarch of CP. 2 A 354 PROM THE YEAB A.D. 1152 1153 1154 I 1155 1156 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1167 1168 Hegiea, 547—548 548—549 549—550 650—551 551—552 554—555 555—556 East ern Em- pire 10 Ma- nuel I. Conine- nusi 11 557 558 560 561 562 563 564 23 Popes. 8 En genius 1 Ana- stasi- us IV 1 Adri- an IV lAlex ander III. 2 Ara- bia. 17 Al Mok- tafi. 19- 1 Al Mos- tanjed 2— Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile. gon. arre. 44 Al- fonso VII. 19- 20- 1 San- 21- cho III. Leon Ferdi- nand II. 1 1 Al- fonso I VII. 2 | 2 3 23- 4 24- 16 Pe- tronil- la and Ray- mond. 17 122- 4 5 25 | 1 Al- fonso II. 9—10 10—11 11—12 3 San- cho VI. 8Ab- delmu- men. lYuzef Abu Jakub, France. 16 Louis VII. 13 La- dislas III. 16 17- 27 28 29- Ger- 1IANY 1 Fre- deric I. BarA baros- sa. 2 1152 TO 1168 A.D. 355 Repe- tition Dates, 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 5 Dome- nico Mo- rosino. Doges of Ve nice. 14 Udel- ric. 1 Guelf 8 — 1 Vitale Michele II. 2 — Tusca- ny. 25 Thi- erry. 27 29 — 30 — 31 32 — 33 34 1 Philip of Al eaefi. Den- mark. 6 Ca- nute III. 10 1 Wal- demar I. 15 Sver- ker I. lErik IX. 2 Swe- den. ICharles VII. 1 Canute Ericson Po- land 8Bo- leslas IV. 13- Hun- GARY, 12Gei- sa II. 7 Isas- lavll. 15- 17 — 18- 1 Ste- phen III. 2 1 Ste- phen IV. 2 lKos- tislav, 29 Da- vid I. Apr. 27 1 Mal- colm IV, May 24 2 13- lMs- tislav II. 2 Scot- land, 18 Ste- phen. Dec. 26. rf.Oct.25, et. 49. 1 Henry II. Plan- tagenet. Dec. 19. Qu. Ele- anor of Guyenne. 2 — 3 — 4 I. Rich- ard Gmur de Lion. 12 1 Wil liam, 2 Maylg m. Isa- bella of Angou- leme. 3 Maya 364 FBOM THE TEAB A.D. 1183 1192 Events and Eminent Men. Clement III. sends cardinal-legates to move all the States of Europe to the crusade. The emperor Frederic takes the cross, collects a numerous army, and negotiates with Isaac Angelus to secure a safe passage through the Byzantine empire. Guy of Lusignan is set free by Saladin, Conrad, of Montferrat, defends Tripoli. The Bulgarians compel the Greeks to abandon the siege of Lobitza. Prince Richard is encouraged by Philip Augustus to rebel against his father ; war ensues between England and France. Clement again makes Rome the papal residence, by a treaty with the senate. Kilidsch Arslan II. expelled by his sons; Kutbeddin Malek Shah reigns in Iconium as his share of the empire, The third crusade. Frederic begins his march April 23 ; he is impeded by and defeats, the Greeks; winters in Thrace. Guy of Lusignan lays siege to Acre; distress of the besiegers relieved by a fleet of Danes, Frisians, and Flemings. Henry II., unsuccessful in his war, makes peace, and dies soon afterwards, at Chinon. Massacre of the Jews in London and other cities. Sancho, king of Portugal, takes Silvas and Beja. Death of William II., king of Sicily. Tan- cred, natural son of Roger, is invited by the Sicilians, and supported by the pope, against Constance and her husband. Frederic storms Adrianople and Demotria; Isaac Angelus submits, and provides a fleet at Gallipoli to convey the crusaders across the Hellespont ; they are re- sisted by Kutbeddin, and take Iconium. Frederic is drowned in the river Calycadnus(Salef), June 10 ; his son, Frederic, duke of Swabia, leads the army to Antioch, where they suffer great distress, and many thousands perish. Richard intrusts the regency of England to Longchamp, bishop of Ely, and Hugh, of Durham ; he embarks with his forces at Marseilles, and Philip Augustus at Genoa ; they pass the winter in Sicily, where they quarrel, and are reconciled. Many battles between Saladin and the besiegers of Acre. Death of Guy's wife, Sybilla, and their two children ; her sister, Isabella, is divorced, and marries Conrad, count of Montferrat, who thus acquires his claim to the titular kingdom of Jerusalem. Tancred conquers Apulia ; the count of Andria, Henry's ge- neral, defeated and slain at Ascoli. King Richard claims the dowry of his sister, Joan, widow of the late king of Sicily. Leontius Thootocites, patriarch of CP. Duke Frederic, with his remaining troops, joins the Christian camp before Acre ; Philip Augustus arrives April 20. Richard conquers the island of Cyprus, and gives it to Guy of Lusignan ; he lands in Palestine, June 8. Surrender of Acre, July 17. Marriage of Richard, in Cyprus, to Berengaria, daughter of Sancho, king of Navarre. Saladin defeated at Arsouf; Jaffa and Ascalon surrender to the Christians. Philip Augustus returns to France. Guy retains the title of king of Jerusalem for life, to be inherited by Conrad. Assassination of Conrad. Richard quarrels with the Austrian prince, Leopold. The Order of Teutonic! knights founded. Henry VI. crowned at Rome; besieges Naples; loses his army by sickness, and withdraws ; the archbishop of Cologne and duke of Bo- hemia die there. The Sicilians drive away the fleets of Genoa and Pisa; reconquer Apulia ; the empress Constance, made prisoner at Salerno, is released by Tancred. Pope Celestin allows the Romans to destroy Tusculum ; the ex- pelled inhabitants build Frascati. Prince John expels the regents appointed by his brother, and assumes their authority. The Moors recover the cities taken from them by the king of Portugal. Berne, in Switzerland, built. Hugo Falcandus writes his History of Sicily. Dositheus, patriarch of CP. Richard advances towards Jerusalem ; battle of St. George's day ; the Order of the Garter said to have been originated by him; the attack on Jerusalem aban- doned ; a treaty concluded with Saladin ; Richard leaves Palestine ; ship- wrecked near Aquileia, he is seized by the archduke of Austria, and imprisoned by the emperor Henry. Conrad's widow marries Henry of Champagne, and transfers to him her titular sovereignty, which Guy relinquishes for that of king of Cyprus. Philip Augustus, on his return, intrigues with Prince John, and invades Normandy; he is repulsed by the garrison of Rouen. The emperor Isaac defeated by the Bulgarians. Henry Dandolo elected dogo of Venice. Roger Hoveden, and Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, write their Chronicles. .188 TO 1201 A.D. 365 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1195 1197 1198 1200 1201 The pope threatens to excommunicate the princes who bold king Richard in cap- tivity. John attempts to occupy his brother's throne ; is resisted by the barons. Death of Saladin, March 24, set. 57 ; his three sons divide his empire. Acre, given to the Knights Hospitallers, is called St. John d'Acre. The Bulga- rians plunder Varna, Anchialus, and other towns. The Christian princes ir Spain settle their differences, and unite against the Moors. Discord and wars among the municipal republics of Italy. George II. Xiphilin, patriarch of CP. Richard, released for a ransom of 150,000 marks, returns to England, May 13 declares war against Philip Augustus, and lands in Normandy with his army : pardons his brother John. Tancred dies of grief for the loss of his eldest son, Roger ; his other son, William, is proclaimed, but is soon overpowered by the emperor Henry, who conquers Apulia and Sicily. Battle between the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the harbour of Messina. The Bulgarians defeat the emperor Isaac at Arcadiopolis, and advance to Adrianople. The emperor Isaac dethroned by his brother, Alexius. Battle of Alarcos, July 19 ; Alfonso VIII., defeated by the Moors; 20.000 prisoners released by Jakub Almansor. Philip, brother of the emperor Henry, marries Irene, widow of young Roger of Sicily, and daughter of Isaac Angelus ; he receives from his brother Tuscany and all the territories vacant by the death of duke Guelf. The emperor Henry's young son, Frederic, elected king of the Romans, the duchy of Swabia given to Philip. Revolt of the Sicilians quelled with great cruelty; the count of Acerra put to death. Calatrava taken by the Moors, and Toledo threatened. Azzo, marquis of Este, leads the Guelf faction in Ferrara. Joannice, king of the Bulgarians. Richard concludes a truce for five years with Philip Augustus. Fresh discord between the Christian princes favours the progress of the Moors in Spain ; they take Madrid and Alcala de Henares. Death of the emperor Henry, at Messina, Sep. 28. Death of Peter Waldo. Contest for the crowns of Germany and Italy, between Philip of Swabia, sup- ported by the Ghibelins, and Otho of Brunswick, son of Henry the Lion, who is chosen by the Guelfs. Frederic, son of the late emperor, is acknowledged in Sicily, with his mother, Constance, as regent, and on her death, pope Innocent III, the successor of Celestin. The March of Ancona, and duchy of Spoleto, annexed to the papal States. Florence becomes an independent Republic. Battle of Gisors ; Richard's war-cry, " Dieu et mon Droit." Death of Henry of Cham- pagne ; his widow, Isabella, marries Henry, duke of Brabant, and soon after- wards, Almeric, who had succeeded his brother Guy as king of Cyprus, and now unites to it the titular sovereignty of Jerusalem. Fulk of Neuilly preaches another crusade. John X., patriarch of CP. Richard mortally wounded atChalus, in Limoges ; John usurps the throne, to the exclusion of Geoffrey's son, Arthur of Britanny, who is acknowledged in Maine, Poitou, and Touraine. A quarreL between Parma and Placentia inflames a general war among the Lombard cities. Averroes, the Arabian physician, fl. at Morocco. Saladin's brother, Safadin, usurps the dominions of his nephews. Treaty between king John and Philip Augustus, who forsakes Arthur. John divorces his queen, Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, and marries Isa- bella, daughter of the duke of Angouleme. Alfonso, king of Castile, takes Biscay, Alava, and Guipuscoa from Sancho of Navarre. Marquard claims the guardian- ship of Frederic, under the will of the deceased emperor ; pope Innocent sends an army, and defeats him near Palermo. Holstein conquered by Canute, king of Denmark. Innocent compels Philip Augustus to take back his queen, Inge- burga, whom he had divorced. The cathedral of Rouen rebuilt. Preparations for the fourth crusade ; treaty of the nobles of France and Flanders with Venice. Innocent III. decides in favour of Otho, as emperor of Germany ; the adherents of Philip protest. Marquard obtains the regency of Sicily, and dies soon after ; his place is taken by Capparone. Alexius, srm of the deposed Isaac Angelus, escapes and comes to Italy. Death of Constance, mother of prince Arthur. Saxo Grammaticus writes his Danish history. Marriage of Alfonso, king of Leon, to Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso of Castile. 366 FROM THE YEAE A.D. 1 Hegira. East- ern Em- Popes. Ara- Spain. Castilk Ara- Nav- Moors. France. Bohe- Ger- pire. bia. & Leon. GON. ARRE. mia. many. 1202 599 S Alex- ius 111. 5 In- nocent III. 23 Al Naser. 45 Al- fonso VIII of Castile. Alfonso IX. Leon.la 7 Pe- dro II. 9 San- cho VII. 5 Mo- hamad Abdal- la. 23Philip Augus- tus. 6 Pre- mislas I. or Otto- car I. Still 1203 600 1 Isaac, restored. 6 24 46-16 *— 10 6— - 24 7 con- tested. 1204 601 1 Bald- win I. 7 25— 47—17 9 11 — 7 25 - 8 1205 1206 602 603 2 1 Hen- 3 26 27 48 18 m 12 13 8 9 26 27 9 10 9 49—19 U ry. 1207 604 2 10 28 50—20 12 11 10 28 11 1 Phi- lip of Swa- bia. 1208 605 3 11 "9 51—21 13 15 11 29 12 lOtho IV. 1209 606-607 4 12 30 52—22 11 16- — 12 30 13 2 1210 607-608 5 13 31 53—23 IS— 17 13 31 14 o 1211 1212 608—609 609-610 6 14 15 32 33 54—24 55—25 16 17 18 19 14 15 32 33 16 j[ 1213 610—611 8 16 34- 56—26 Uas. I. 20 1 Yusef Almo- stansir. 34 17 6— 1214 611—612 9 17 35 1 Hen- ry I. 27 2 21 2 35 18 7 1215 612—613 10 18 36 2—28 3 22 3 36 — 19 1 Fre- deric IX. 1202 TO 1215 A.D. 367 Eepe- 1202 1203 1204 1205 ( Doges ! of Ve- nice. 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1215 11 Hen- ry Dan- dolo. 12 — 13 10 Tusca- CANY. 8 Philip. 1 Pietro Ziani, 10 Flan- ders. 11 Portu- gal. 24 San- cho I. 25 1 Alfon soli. 9 Bald- win IX. 1 Jane and Fer- dinand Den- mark. 10 1 Wal- demar II. Swe- den. 4Sver- ker II. Po- land 3 Les sek I. 10 — - lErik X. Hun- gary. 7 Erne- 8 Panic ric. II Russia 1 Wla- dislas II. 1 An- drew II Scot- land. Willi &m.,the Lion. Dec. 9 10 ■ '39- 41- 42- 1 Wse- wolod III. 1 Ms- tislas III. Eng- land. 48- 1 A- lexan derll Dec. 4. 2 4 John, May 23. i 5 May 15. I June 3. | 7 M ay 19. 8 May 11 b. Hen- ry III. 9May31 10 May lo. HMay7. 12 May 27- 13 May 12- 14 May* L5May2i 17 May 29. 368 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 1204 1206 1207 Events and Eminent Men. 1209 Boniface of Montferrat chosen general of the crusade ; departure of the fleet from Venice, Oct. 2. Siege of Zara. The expedition winters in Dalmatia. Philip of Swabia urges the crusaders to replace his father-in-law, Isaac Angelus, on the throne. Dandolo disregards Innocent's threat of excommunication. Prince Arthur made prisoner by John, and murdered. Papal interdict on the kingdom of Leon, because Alfonso refuses to annul his marriage. The young Alexius joins the crusaders. Constantinople taken, July 18. Restor- ation of Isaac Angelus; his son proclaimed with him Alexius IV. Judgment of the French peers against John for the murder of Arthur; his lands in France are occupied by Philip Augustus. Tumults at CP. The Greeks elect Mourzoufie for emperor. Isaac and his son, Alexius, are put to death. The Latins again besiege and take the city, April 9; they make Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor. Division of the empire; Boniface has the kingdom of Thessalonica. The Venetians obtain many im- portant maritime districts, which increase their trade. Many Greeks take re- fuge in Asia. Theodore Lascaris, son-in-law of Alexius Angelus, takes the title of emperor, at Nicsea. Alexius Comnenus founds the empire of Trebizond. Pedro, king of Arragou, goes to Rome, and does homage to the pope as his liege lord. A papal legate is sent to crown Joannice king of Bulgaria, who acknow- ledges the supremacy of the Roman pontiff. Geoffrey de Villehardouin writes his Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade. Thomas Morosini, first Latin patriarch of C P. Baldwin, defeated and made prisoner at Adrianople by the Bulgarians and re- volted Greeks, dies in captivity. His brother, Henry, victorious in Bithynia, is recalled to oppose these enemies. Death of Henry Dandolo, at CP., June 1. The four bronze horses are carried to Venice. Boniface sells Crete to the Ve- netians. William de Champlitte founds the principality of Achaia, in the Morea. Otho de la Roche, duke of Athens. The Greek despotat of Epirus under Michael Angelus. Normandy submits to Philip Augustus. Henry of Flanders elected emperor of CP. He endeavours vainly to remedy the civil and ecclesiastical confusion in his dominions. Temporising policy of Innocent; the Venetians resist his interference, and disregard his threats'. John lands with an army at Rochelle, and takes Angers ; on the approach of the French, he suddenly decamps. Disputes commence respecting the nomination to the vacant see of Canterbury. Otho, defeated in a great battle by Philip, takes flight to England. Raymond of Toulouse is compelled to withdraw his protection from the Waldenses ; they are furiously persecuted. First intro- duction of the Inquisition. Hugh I. succeeds his father, Amalrich, in Cyprus. The titular kingdom of Jerusalem descends to Mary, daughter of Isabella and Conrad (see a.d. 1190), who conveys it by marriage to John De Brienne. Temugin, acknowledged chief of all the Mongol tribes, takes the name of Dschingis-khan, and begins his victorious career. Death of the historian Nicetas. Michael IV. patriarch of the Greek church at Nicsea. University of Paris founded. . Philip of Swabia acknowledged by the princes of the empire, and by the pope. Stephen Langton consecrated archbishop of Canterbury by Innocent; resistance of king John. Boniface slain in a skirmish with the Bulgarians ; his second son, Demetrius, succeeds to the kingdom of Thessalonica. Mark Sanudo con- quers Naxos, and founds his duchy in the Archipelago. Death of Joannice, king of the Bulgarians. Francis John Bernadoni founds the Franciscan order of Mendicant Friars. Assassination of Philip, at Bamberg, by the count of Wittelsbach ; Otho is unani- mously elected by the diets of Halberstadt and Francfort. Tuscany ceases to be a separate state, except the republic of Florence. Riniari Dandolo defeats the attempts of the Genoese on the island of Crete. King John persists in rejecting Stephen Langton, for which Innocent lays an interdict on the kingdom of England. Peter de Castellan, the papal legate, assassinated ; crusade against count Raymond, and the heretics of southern France, now called Albigenses, Marriage of Otho to Beatrice, daughter of his late rival, Philip ; he cedes to the pope all the lands of the deceased countess Matilda, and other territories in TO 1215 A.D. 369 Events and Eminent Men. Italy ; he is crowned at Rome and Milan; his German attendants quarrel with the Romans, and jealousy arises between him and Innocent. Salinguerra, leader of the Ghibelins at Ferrara, expels the marquis Azzo and the Guelfs. Innocent keeps Frederic, the young king of Sicily, strictly under his tutelage, and marries him to Constance, daughter of Pedro of Arragon. Excommuni- cation of king John. Defeat of the Scots in an invasion of England. The count Raymond submits to the council of Valence ; his lands and heretical sub- iects are despoiled by Simon de Montfort and his crusaders. Henry, emperor of CP., holds the parliament of Ravenika. The Christian princes in Spain re- store peace among themselves, and unite in the league of Mallen. Otho claims the kingdom of Sicily, and retains some of the lands which he had agreed to give up : he is excommunicated by the pope. Kaikhosrou, sultan of Iconium, is defeated by Theodore Lascaris, and falls in battle. Geoffrey de Villehardouin, nephew of the historian, obtains the principality of Achaia. Expedition of king John into Ireland. The council of Paris condemns fourteen heretics to the flames ; orders the works of Aristotle to be burnt, and forbids all future translations, or reading of them. Dschingis-khan invades China. The Venetians monopolize the trade of the East. Innocent arrogates universal dominion ; endeavours to transfer the empire of Germany to Frederic of Sicily, his ward and pupil ; and absolves the English people from their oath of allegiance to John. Mohamad collects large forces against the Christians, and lays siege to Salvalierra. The emperor Otho con- quers Apulia. King John subdues a rising of the Welsh under Llewellyn, i The papal legate, Pelagius, irritates the Greeks in CP. The marquis Azzo recovers his influence in Ferrara Otho returns to Germany. Frederic of Sicily arrives there, collects a powerful party, and makes a league with the king of France. Innocent issues a Bull, deposing king John, and giving the crown of England to Philip Augustus. Sal vatierra surrenders to Mohamad; after which (July 16) he is totally routed by the combined Christian forces, on the Navas (plains) de Tolosa, and takes flight to Africa. Fall of the Almohades in Spain. Death of Azzo, marquis D'Este; his son, Aldrovandino, inherits his titles and power. King John, threatened by Philip Augustus, and deserted by his barons, submits to the pope, and does homage for his crown, to the legate Pandulf. Pedro, king of Aragon, assists Raymond of Toulouse, and is slain in the battle of Muret, which Simon de Montfort gains against the Albigenses. Mohamad dies at Mo- rocco; the minority of his son. Yusef, favours the progress of Alfonso in Spain. Battle of Castiglione ; the Milanese defeated by the citizens of Cremona. Theo- dore III. eastern patriarch. Battle of Bouvines ; Otho, supported by an auxiliary force of English and Flem- 1 ings, is defeated by Philip Augustus, and retires into his hereditary States. I Meeting of barons at Bury St. Edmund's ; Stephen Langton urges them to j demand from John a charter of liberties. War renewed between the Byzantine | and Nicsean emperors. Henry takes Lentianes by storm, and puts to death its defenders, the brother and son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris. Death of Alfonso, king of Castile. After a struggle of twelve years, Innocent compels Alfonso of Leon to divorce his queen, but acknowledges the legitimacy of their children. Birth of Roger Bacon. Theodore, despot of Epirus. Magna Charta signed by John at Runnymede, June 19. Innocent attempts to annul it by a Bull, which Langton refuses to publish, and the barons disregard. John revokes the charter, hires foreign mercenaries, and takes the castle of Ro- chester. Frederic II. crowned king of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle. Innocent exacts from him a promise to give up the kingdom of Sicily to his young son, Henry, and to undertake a crusade in the Holy Land. The Twelfth General Council (Fourth Lateran) decrees Transubstantiation to be a doctrine of the church, enforces auricular confession, and transfers the greatest part of the lands of count Ray- mond to Simon de Montfort. The priests of the Byzantine empire permitted to celebrate divine service in the Greek language, if they inculcate the papal supre- macy. Maximus I. and Manuel I., eastern patriarchs. Origin of the Dominicans. _ , __ 370 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 613—614 1223 1225 615-616 616—617 617—618 620—621 621—622 62; 624 East- ern Em- pire, 1 Peter of Cour- tenay 3 — 4 - . Robert- 1 Ho- norius III. 37 Al Naser. Ara- bia. Spain. Castile Ara- Nav- MOORS &Leon. gon. ARRE. 3 Hen- ry I. ofCas- tile. Alfon- GO IX. of Le- on. 29 1 Fer- di- nand III. 2—31 3—32 4—33 5—34 43 6-35 8—37 1 Al Zaher, 1 Al Mos- tan- ser. 1 Gre- 2 £ory IX. 4 Jas. 23San- I. I cho VII. 4 Yusef|37Pliilip Almo- stansir '28 11 30- 34- 1 Abul Melic. 1 Ab- dallah Moha- mad. 2 1 Abu lola. Augus- tus. 43 1 Louis VIII. 1 Louis IX. Saint Louis, Port- ugal. Geb- MART, 6 Al- fonso II. ISan- cho II 2Fre derio II. 11- 1216 TO 1227 A.D, 371 Repe- tition Dates. 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 Doges of Ve- nice. l2Pietro Ziani 11 Jane and Fer- dinand. Bohe- mia. 20 Pre- mislas or Otto- car I 13 12 14 - — 13 15 - — 14 — 16 — - 15 17 16 18 17 19 18 20 19 21 20 - — 22 — 21 Den- mark. 15 Wal- demar II. 27 38 23 25 26 Swe- den. Uohn 28 17 lErik XI. Po- land 23Les- sek I. 24- 25- Hun- GARY, 12 An drew II. 31- lBo- leslas V. 20 Russia. | Scot- land. 3 Mstis- las III 1 Wla- dimir IV. 2 lexan- derll Dec. 4 10- Eng- land. 18 John. May 19. d. Oct. 19, set. 49. 1 Henry III. Oct. 28. 13 11 2 b 2 372 FROM r r IT i: TEAK 1219 1221 1222 Invited by the English barons, Louis, son of Philip Augustus, lands with an army. John, marching from Lynn-Regis into Lincolnshire, loses his baggage and many of his men in the quicksands ; he retires to Newark, and dies of vex- ation. Innocent designs, by his personal exertions, to mediate a peace between the Genoese and Pisans, and engage them in the projected crusade , on his road he dies at Perugia, July 6. Death of Henry, emperor of CP. Peter de Cour- tenay, husband of his sister Yolande, while absent in France, is elected to fill the vacant throne. Frederic calls his son Henry into Germany. By the death of Aldrovandino in 1215, his brother, Azzo VII., having become marquis of Este, the power of the family declines. William, earl of Pembroke, marshal and regent of England, defeats Louis near Lincoln, who returns to France. Peter de Courtenay crowned at Rome; is made prisoner by Theodore, despot of Epirus ; Yolande governs in bis name. The pope obliges Andrew, king of Hungary, to begin the fifth crusade. The city of Toulouse refuses to admit Simon de Montfort, and recalls count Raymond. Haco V., king of Norway. Death of Otho of Brunswick. Frederic seizes the palatinate of the Rhine. Arter some fruitless attempts in Palestine, John de Brienne leads the crusaders against Egypt; they take the port and outworks of Damietta. The sultan Saphadin dies of vexation. Simon de Montfort killed while besieging Toulouse ; his son, Amaury, continues the Avar. The earl of Pembroke, in the name of Henry III., orders Magna Charta to be publicly read and obeyed. A Bull of Honorius forbids the teaching of the civil law in the university of Paris. Wal demar, king of Denmark, conquers Livonia and Courland, and is master of nearly all the southern coast of the Baltic, including Hamburg and Lubeck. Dschingis-khan invades Carisme, and drives the sultan Mohammed out of the field. Geoffrey de Villehardouin II. succeeds his father in Achaia. The city of Damietta taken by the crusaders, and Cairo threatened. Death of the earl of Pembroke ; Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and Hubert de Burg, succeed him as joint regents of England. Dschingis-khan takes Samar- kand, and sends his son, Toushi, to conquer Kipzak. The sultan Mohammed is succeeded by his son Gelaleddin. Peter of Courtenay dies a prisoner in Epirus, and the empress Yolande at CP. Their eldest son, Philip, count of Namur, re- fuses the imperial crown. Henry, son of Frederic, elected king of the Romans. Frederic crowned emperor at Rome. Honorius stipulates that the crown of Germany and Sicily shall never be united, that the lands of the countess Matilda shall be given up to the church, and that the emperor shall undertake at once the promised crusade. Malek-kamel, son and successor of Saphadin, offers to the crusaders in Egypt favourable terms of peace, the acceptance of which is prevented by the violence of the legate Pelagius. The king of Hungary returns to his States, and finds his son, Bela, at the head of a rebellion against him. Robert, second son of Peter and Yolande, elected emperor of CP. Flourishing period of English minstrels, French troubadours, and German minnesingers. Westminster Abbey rebuilt. The cathedrals of Salisbury and Amiens commenced. Death of Mark Sanudo ; his son, Angelo, is second duke of Naxos. The advice of John de Brienne is over-ruled by Pelagius, and the Christian army in Egypt utterly ruined ; Damietta given up to the Turks. Honorius threatens to excommunicate the emperor for not joining the crusade. Frederic sends out an armament of forty galleys under the count of Malta, who arrives too late. He visits Sicily ; holds a parliament at Messina, and promulgates good laws for the government of that kingdom. Germanus II., patriarch of the Greek church. The nobles and citizens of Milan, by their mutual jealousies, increase the con- fusion among the Lombard cities ; the marquis Azzo regains his power in Ferrara. Marriage of Alexander, king of Scotland, to Jane, eldest sister of Henry III. Building of the cathedral of Burgos. Death of Theodore Lascaris ; John Ducas Vataces succeeds him. Theodore, despot of Epirus, conquers Thessalonica, and takes the title of emperor. Honorius fails in his project of a congress at Verona, to organize a new crusade ; he issues 1216 TO 1227 A.D. 373 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 Events and Eminent Men. a Bull, declaring Henry III. of age. Death of the empress Constance. Andrew appeases the troubles of Hungary by his Golden Bull, granting privileges to the nobles and clergy. Battle between the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the har- bour of Acre. Death of Raymond, count of Toulouse ; his son recovers nearly all his paternal states. Gelaleddin is driven over the Indus by Dschingis-khan, who remains master of all Carizme. The university of Padua founded. Alaed- din, sultan of Iconium. Brescia nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The mar- quis Azzo and the Guelfs again expelled from Ferrara by Salinguerra. Death of Alexius, emperor of Trebizond; his son-in-law, Andronicus Ghidos, succeeds. Honorius assembles a congress at Ferentino ; the emperor Frederic pledges him- self to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to marry John de Brienne's daughter, Yolanthe. Death of Philip Augustus. Henry III. claims from Louis VIII. the restitution of Normandy. Death of Yusef Almostansir ; leaving no successor, the civil war of the Alfitna commences among the Almohades. The first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, held by Haco V. at Bergen. Waldemar, king of Denmark, taken prisoner by the duke of Schwerin. Louis invades Poitou, and takes La B,ochelle. Amaury de Montfort cedes his claims on Toulouse to him. Battle of Pemaneon ; Vataces defeats the emperor Robert, and extends his conquests to the Hellespont. Theodore, emperor of Thessalonica, takes Adrianople, The Mongols advance from Kipzak to the river Kalka, near the mouth of the Don; defeat of the Russians and their allies; their prince, Mstislas, is slain; the conquerors ravage the south of Russia, and then retire over the Wolga. Abulmelic, after a reign of eight months in Murcia, is deposed by Abdallah Mohamad. The Christians invade Valencia, and take Huejada. Marriage of John de Brienne to Berengaria, sister of the king of Castile. Honorius, annoyed by the senate, retires from Rome to Tivoli. Frederic obtains another delay of two years for his crusade ; he marries Yolanthe at Brindisi, j and claims the kingdom of Jerusalem, in virtue of her right, inherited from her I deceased mother (see a.d. 1206). William, count of Montferrat, dies while at- tempting to recover Thessalonica for his brother, Demetrius ; the expedition fails. Magna Charta confirmed by Henry III. He sends his uncle, the earl of I Salisbury, and his brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, to defend Poitou and Gas-j cony. The council of Bourges decrees another crusade against Toulouse. The Lombard cities renew their league, secretly encouraged by the pope. Frederic orders the students at Bologna to remove to his new university at Naples. Waldemar regains his liberty by a ransom of 45,000 marks, and relinquishing most of his conquests. Peace concluded between the Byzantine and Nicsean emperors. Louis VIII. dies at Montpensier, in Auvergne, while prosecuting the crusade against Toulouse ; his widow, Blanche of Castile, assumes the regency for her son, Louis IX. Honorius mediates a treaty between Frederic and the Lombard cities ; the decree against the university of Bologna is revoked. Otho de la Roche resigns the duchy of Athens to his nephew, Guy de Roy. Waldemar re- conquers Rendsburg and Ditmarsh. Death of John Bernadoni, or Francis of Assisi; divisions and disputes among the Franciscans. Death of Honorius; Gregory IX., who succeeds him, vehemently urges the crusade. Frederic embarks ; the sickness of his army, the death of the land- grave of Thuringia, and his own bad health, cause him to land again ; he is excommunicated by the pope. Great disorders in Italy ; Eccelino da Romano drives the Guelf party out of Verona and Vicenza. Henry III. offends his subjects by his partiality for foreigners ; he is obliged to dismiss from his council Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and others Waldemar defeated by the duke of Saxony at Bornhovet. Death of Dschingis-khan ; four of his sons divide the empire, among whom Octai is supreme, or Great Khan. Demetrius, titular king of Thessalonica, dies in Italy. The emperor Frederic writes in Latin, "De Arte venandi cum avibus." The German epic romances, the HeU denbuch (Heroes' Book) and Niebelungen lied (Song of the Niebelungen), composed about this time. 374 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Hegi- HA. East- ern Em- • PIRE. Popes. Ara- bia. Spain. Castile Ara- Nav- Moors. & Leon. gon. arre. France. Port- ugal. Ger- many. 1228 626 1 John de Bri- enne. 2 Gre- gory IX. 3 Al Mos- tan- ser. 12 Fer- dinand III. of Castile. Alfonso IX. of Leon. 41 16Jas. I. 35San- cho VII. 2 Abu- lola. 3 Louis IX. Saint Louis. 6San- choll. 14Fre- deric II. 1229 627 2 3 4 13 42 reunited. 17 36 3 4 — — 7 15 1230 628 3 4 5 14 18 37 4 5 8 16 j 1231 629 4 5 6 15 19 38 5 6 9 17 1232 630 5 6 7 16 20 39 1 Aben Hud. 7 10 18 1233 631 6 7 8 17 21 40 2 8 11 19 1234 632 7 8 9 18 22 1 The- obald I. 3 9 12 20 1235 633 9 10 19 23 2 4 10 13 21 1236 634 9 10 11 20 24 3 5 11 14 22 1237 635 1 Bald- win II. 11 12 21 25 4 lMu- hamad I. 12 — 15- 23 1238 636 2 12 13 22 ■ 26 5 2 13 16 H 1228 TO 1238 A.D. 375 Repe- tition Dates 1228 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1257 Doges of Ve- nice. 24Pietro Ziani. Flan- ders. and Fer- dinand. 1 Jaco- 24 po Tie- polo. 27 28 Jane alone. 30 32 Bohe- mia. 32 Pre- mislas or Otto- car I, 1 Wen- ceslas III. Den- mark. 27 Wal- demar II. 7 Erik XI. Po-: LAND 2 Bo- leslas V. 30 31 13 8 Hun- gary. 24 An- drew II. 25- Russia. 5 Wla- dimir IV. Scot- land. 15 A- lexan- der II. Dec. 4. Eng- land. 13Henry III. 37 17 27- 30 11 IBela IV 1 Jaro- slav II 20 21 m. Elea- nor of Pro- vence. 22 376 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1228 1229 Events and Eminent Men. 1230 1231 Frederic departs for Palestine ; the pope again excommunicates him, absolves his subjects from their allegiance, declares a crusade against him in Apulia and Sicily, and sends John de Brienne with an army to reduce those countries. Frederic lands at Acre. Death of Robert de Courtenay ; his brother, Baldwin, the rightful heir, being only nine years old, the barons of Romania elect John de Brienne, ast. 80, emperor for life, under a convention that Baldwin is to be his successor. Death of Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury; his suc- cessor, Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from infringement. The empress Yolanthe dies in giving birth to her son Conrad. The papal army makes great progress in Apulia. Frederic at Acre ; the Hospi- tallers and Templars are forbidden by the pope to obey him ; he concludes a treaty, by which the sultan restores Jerusalem and other cities ; he hastens back to Italy, and recovers the territories taken from him in his absence. The' proceedings of Gregory cause much dissatisfaction through all Christendom. Close of the crusade against the Albigenses ; count Raymond gives up all his lands west of the Rhone, and affiances his only daughter and heiress to Alfonso, brother of Louis. The council of Toulouse interdicts to laymen the reading of the Scriptures, and organizes a more effectual Inquisition for the suppression of heresy. The Folkunger grow powerful in Sweden, and for a time expel Erik from the throne. Reconciliation of the emperor and pope. First arrival of the Teutonic knights m Prussia. Unsuccessful expedition of Henry III. in France. Death of Alfonso, king of Leon ; under his son, Ferdinand III., that kingdom is reunited to Castile. Ferdinand pushes his conquests to Jaen. The pope gives the government of Spoleto and Ancona to Milo, bishop of Beauvais. A great flood in Rome, Feb. 1, followed by a pestilence. Theodore, emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made prisoner, and blinded by Asan, king of Bulgaria; his brother, Manuel, usurps his throne. Michael II. despot of Epirus. The Livonian Knights of the Short Sword conquer Courland. The Lithuanians give the title of Great Prince to their leader, Ringold. Gregory issues severe Bulls against heretics, forbids laymen to dispute on the doctrines of faith, and gives new privileges to the religious orders. The Domi- nicans and Franciscans contend for superiority in the University of Paris. Thorn, on the Vistula, founded by the Teutonic Knights. John de Brienne arrives at CP. Negotiations for the union of the Greek and Latin churches. Death of Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew, king of Hungary, and widow of Louis VI., landgrave of Hesse ; the cathedral of Marburg dedicated to her. The Al- magest of Ptolemy translated into Latin by order of the emperor Frederic. The Zuyder Zee formed. Orthogrul obtains from Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, a settlement between the Sangarius and Mount Olympus, for 400 families of Oghusian Tartars, who had been driven from Khorasan by Dschingis-khan ; from these the Ottomans descend. Henry III. dismisses Hubert de Burg, and recalls the bishop of Winchester. The emperor Frederic meets Salinguerra and Eccelino da Romano at Ravenna, to concert measures against the marquis Azzo and the Lombard cities, Gregory establishes tribunals of the Inquisition at Toulouse and Carcassone. Asan drives Manuel from Thessalonica, releases his prisoner, Theodore, whose daughter he marries, and places her brother John on the throne. Abulola retires into Africa and dies ; with him the reign of the Almohades in Spain ceases. Aben Hud takes Granada ; the Moors in Spain distracted by civil wars ; Fer- dinand attacks them in Seville, and James, king of Aragon, takes the Balearic islands. The Carismians cross the Tigris and Euphrates. The Mahometans of Syria request assistance from the Christians. Gregory, by a Bull, directs the Knights of Palestine to obey the emperor Frederic as king of Jerusalem. University College, Oxford, founded by William, archdeacon of Durham. The first commercial company, called " the Steel-yard Society," established in London. Large flights of locusts in Italy. Rebellion of the English barons against the foreign favourites of Henry III. Commotions in Rome and Sicily. The friar Giovanni of Vicenza preaches 1228 TO 1238 A.D. 377 1234 1236 1238 Events and Eminent Men. peace among the jities and States of Italy ; assembly of their deputies on a plain near Verona ; a treaty of concord signed, which lasts only six days. John de Brienne makes war on John Vataces, and recovers some fortresses in Asia. Amadeus IV. succeeds his father, Tommaso, count of Savoy. The Dominican, Conrad of Marburg, the first Inquisitor in Germany, put to death for his cruelty The convent of Port Royal founded. Coal first discovered near Newcastle. Assassination of the earl of Pembroke ; the bishop of Winchester and his officers are again expelled. Rebellion of Henry, son of the emperor Frederic. The five books of Canon Laws, or Decretals, published by Raymond de Pennafert. Gregory driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who resist his temporal power and seize his revenues ; he appeals to the emperor and other princes for assistance. League of John Vataces with Asan, the Bulgarian ; the empire of Thessalonica suppressed. Northern China conquered by the Mongols. Death of Sancho VII., king of Navarre; he is succeeded by his nephew, Theobald, count of Champagne. Marriage of Andrew, king of Hungary, to Beatrice, daughter of Aldrovandino, late marquis of Este. Erik overcomes the Folkunger, and regains the throne of Sweden. The citizens of Rome attack Viterbo, and are repulsed by the united forces of the empire and the church. The bishop of Winchester, a refugee in Italy, commands the papal army. Marriage of the emperor Frederic to Isabella, youngest sister of Henry III., at Worms ; he forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players. Submission of his son, Henry, who is degraded by the diet of Mentz, and imprisoned. Death of Andrew, king of Hungary; his son, Bela, defeats the duke of Austria, to whom the crown was offered by some nobles, and imprisons his mother-in-law, Beatrice; she escapes to her family in Italy, where she gives birth to a son, named Stephen. John Vataces crosses the Hellespont and conquers the Thracian Chersonesus; he joins the Bulgarians and threatens Constantinople. Ubeda surrenders to Ferdinand, king of Castile. The Golden Horde of Mongolians establish themselves on the plain of Kipzak, or Kapzak, under Batou, grandson of Dschingis-khan. John I. (Avouchos) emperor of Trebizond. William, bishop of Valence, uncle of queen Eleanor, obtains great influence over Henry III., and brings many of his countrymen to England. The parliament of Merton rejects the canon law : " Nolumus Leges Anglise mutari." The emperor Frederic begins war against the Lombard cities, and, aided by Eccelino da Ro- mano, takes Verona and Vicenza. Cordova and part of Andalusia conquered by Ferdinand. James, king of Aragon, attacks Valencia. Batou invades Russia; his approach causes Asan to withdraw from Romania, that he may protect Bul- garia. Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, poisoned by his son, Gajaseddin Kaik- hosrou II., who succeeds him. Battle of Cortenuova, Nov. 27 ; the Carroccio of the Milanese is sent by Frederic to Rome and placed in the Capitol ; their Podesta, Pietro Tiepolo, son of the doge of Venice, is made prisoner and put to death. The Venetians declare against the emperor; Conrad, his second son, is elected king of the Romans. Aben Hud is murdered by his generals ; civil war rages fiercely among the Moors ; Muha- mad Aben Alahmar establishes the kingdom of Granada. The Livonian knights, defeated by the Lithuanians, join the Teutonic knights in Prussia, who extend their conquests.. Death of John de Brienne. Baldwin II. visits Flanders to implore assistance from Western Europe. Asan changes his policy, and supports the falling empire of the Latins in Romania. The salt-works of Wilicska in Poland formed. Frederic fails in his siege of Brescia. The marquis of Este defeated at Padua. League of Venice, Genoa and the pope against the emperor. Valencia taken by the king of Aragon, Sep. 29. Batou conquers Kiow, drives Wladimir from his throne, and sets up Iaroslav as a vassal of the Golden Horde. Death of Malek al Kamel, sultan of Egypt. Manuel I., called the Great Captain, em- peror of Trebizond. Death of Peter des Roches, thirty-two years bishop of Winchester. The Merines in Africa, under Muarref Mohamad, rise in power. 378 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. Hegira. 1239 637 1240 63S 1241 639—640 1242 640—641 1243 641—642 1244 642—643 1245 643—644 1246 644-645 1247 645—646 1248 646-647 East- ern Em- Popes, pire 3 Bald- win II, ^Gre- gory IX. 14- lCe- lestin IV Va- cant. 1 In nocent IV 10 12 Ara- bia. 14 Al Mos- tan- 1 Al Mo- star Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile. gon. arre. France 23Fer- di- nand III. 24- 25- 27Jas I. 28- 29- 26 1 30 27- 30- 31- 31- 32- 3 The- obald 3Mu- hamad I. 14 Louis IX.Sai?t< Louis. 16 18 19 20 21 Port- ugal. 17 San cho II. 18 19- 20- Ger- MANY 25 Fre- deric II 26 27- 24- 1 Al- fonso III. 34 1239 TO 1248 A.D. 379 Repe- tition Doges of Ve- Flan- Bohe- Den- Swe- Poland. Hunga- Rus- Scot- Eng- Dates. nice. debs. mia. mark. den. ry. sia. land. land. 1239 11 Jaco- po Tie- polo. 34 Jane. 10 Wen- ceslas III. 38 Wal- demar II. 18 E- rik XI. 13 Bo- leslas V. 5 Bela IV. 2 Jaro- slav II. 26 A- lexan- der II. Dec. 4. 24Henry III. Oct. 28. b. Ed- ward I. June 16. 1240 1241 12 13 — 35 36 11 — 12 — 14 15 7 3 4 27 28 25 26 lErik IV. 20— 1242 14 _ 37 13 2 21 16 8 5 29 27 ■ 1243 15 38 — 14 - 22 17 9 6 30 28 1244 16 1 Mar- garet II. 15 \ 23 18 10 7 31 29 1245 17 2 16 5— 24 19 _ 11 8 32 30 1246 18 — 3 17 6 25 20 12 9 33 31 1247 19 4 18 7 26 21 ■ 13 lSwa- toslav III. 34 32 — 1248 20 5 19 — 27 22 14 2 35 33 380 FEOM THE YEAH A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1240 1241 The emperor, having married his natural son, Enzio, to Adelaide, heiress of the two principalities of Torri and Gallura, creates him king of Sardinia; Gregory claims the island, and excommunicates Frederic, denouncing him as a heretic and atheist, and absolving his subjects from their allegiance. Frederic justifies himself in a manifesto drawn up by his chancellor, Peter de Vineis. The Ve- netians and Bolognese take Ravenna. Theobald of Navarre (the troubadour king), with the counts of Bar and Montfort, undertakes a crusade in the Holy Land; he breaks the truce with the sons of Malek el Kamel, who defeat him and capture Jerusalem ; he returns with the loss of his noble companions and two- thirds of his forces. Disputes begin between Sancho, king of Portugal, and his nobles and clergy. Baldwin II. returns to CP. with a large army, raised by the sale of the holy crown of thorns and other relics to the king of France, who builds the Sainte Chapelle for their reception. Many heretics burnt this year. Elbing built by Conrad, landgrave of Thiiringen, grand master of the Teutonic Knights. Bela permits the Cuman fugitives to settle in Hungary. Gregory proclaims a crusade against the emperor ; he sends ecclesiastics into other countries to raise money ; in England they obtain benefices and offices that produce 70,000 marks yearly. The Venetians and marquis Azzo d'Este take Ferrara ; Salinguerra is treacherously seized by the papal legate and sent to Venice, where he soon dies a prisoner, set. 80. Frederic recovers Ravenna and Faenza : Alessandria submits to him ; he ravages the papal States and Tuscany; Florence holds out. Simon de Montfort, and Gilbert, earl of Pembroke, are the favourites of Henry III. ; his brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, visits Pales- tine, redeems Jerusalem from its captors., repairs its fortifications, and induces the sultan to renew the truce for two years. Alfonso, son of Ferdinand, concludes the treaty, by which his father's supremacy is established in the Moorish king- dom of Murcia. Waldemar founds the bishopric of Revel, creates the Danebrog Order of Knighthood, and publishes his code of laws. Baldwin, in his campaign against Vataces, loses almost all his possessions in Asia ; his Latin auxiliaries, receiving no pay, abandon him. Rebellion of count Skule, in Norway, suppressed by Haco V. The Swedes in Finland make encroachments on Russia. The students of Oxford, ill-treated by the townspeople, withdraw to Cambridge. Ferdinand founds the university of Salamanca, and transfers to it the schools established by his grandfather, Alfonso, at Palencia. Methodius II. patriarch of the Greek church. A Pisan and Sicilian fleet, by order of Frederic, captures (May 3) twenty-two Genoese galleys, in which cardinals, prelates, and ambassadors, summoned by Gregory, were proceeding to hold a council at Rome ; the prisoners are confined in Naples and Apulia. The emperor takes Beneventum and besieges Genoa by sea and land; the citizens defend themselves bravely. The Mongolians, of the Golden Horde, ravage Hungary, Poland, and Silesia ; Bela is driven by them into Dal- matia. Frederic, wishing to be at liberty to oppose these invaders, employs the earl of Cornwall, on his way home from Palestine, in fruitless negotiations with the pope for peace. Death of Gregory, Aug. 21. Celestin IV. survives his election only eighteen days ; the papal chair remains vacant twenty months. Henry III. disgusts his subjects by his favours to foreigners and infringements of Magna Charta ; the parliament refuses to grant him money. Eleanor, daughter of Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, and grand-daughter of Henry II., the rightful heiress of the crown, dies in Bristol castle, where she had been confined thirty- nine years. Death of Waldemar, king of Denmark ; his three youngest sops make war on their elder brother, Erik. Caloman inherits the throne of Bul- garia, on the decease of his father, Asan. John Vataces is recalled from the siege of Thessalonica, by the approach of the Southern Mongols towards Ana- tolia. Alexander Newski, son of Jaroslav, defeats the Swedes near the Neva. Death of Snorro Sturleson, composer of the Edda. Henry III. lands in France, and is defeated by Louis at Taillebourg and Saintes, July 21 and 22. The Mongolians repulsed at Olmutz, in Moravia, begin to retreat. Aldermen first elected in London. Thomas Wykes and Walter Hem- ingford write English Chronicles. Gerard Von Malsberg, grand master of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. 1239 TO 1248 A.D. S8I 1243 Events and Eminent Men. Frederic urges the cardinals to appoint a pope, and releases some of his prisoners to attend the conclave. Innocent IV. elected, June 24. Negotiations for peace again abortive. Enzio, with an imperial army, is repelled by the Milanese ; assisted by a Pisan fleet, he relieves Savona, besieged by the Genoese. A truce for five years concluded between England and France. Richard, earl of Corn- wall, marries Sancha. daughter of the earl of Provence. Death of Hubert de Burg. Denia surrenders to the Aragonese. Muhamad gives up Jaen to Fer- dinand, and places the kingdom of Granada under his protection. Batou evacu- ates Hungary, and returns to Kapzak ; Russia remains tributary to the Golden Horde. The Carismians overrun Syria ; defeat the combined forces of the Christians and Ayoubites near Gaza; capture and pillage Jerusalem. The pope gives Prussia to the Teutonic Knights, and erects four bishoprics there. Matthew Paris, monk of St. Alban's, writes his History. Robert Grossetete, bishop of Lincoln, theol. aniphil. Innocent IV. escapes from Rome, and fixes his court at Lyons. Louis IX., in a fit of sickness, vows to undertake a crusade. Death of John, despot of Thessalonica ; his brother, Demetrius, succeeds. Mark Sanudo II. duke of the Archipelago. Gajaseddin Kaikhosrou, sultan of Iconium, defeated by the Mongols at Kou- sadac. Baldwin II. again visits the West, to beg for support. Henry, count of Hohenlohe, grand master of the Teutonic Knights. Manuel II. patriarch of the Greek church. Alexander de Hales, " the Irrefragable Doctor," cultivates theo- logy and Arabic literature. Innocent holds the Thirteenth General council at Lyons, where he excommunicates and deposes the emperor Frederic, and Sancho, king of Portugal ; deputies from the nobles and clergy of England appear there, and protest against the extor- tions practised on them by the papal emissaries ; they declare King John's act. of submission to have been made without the consent of his subjects, and there- fore not valid ; Baldwin pleads before the council for assistance. Louis pledges many of his nobles against their will to join him in a crusade. Death of Caloman, king of Bulgaria. John Vataces extends his empire both in Asia and Europe. Origin of the Hanseatic League. Westminster Abbey completed by Henry III. Thomas Aquinas studies at Paris. Death of Roderic Ximenes, arch- bishop of Toledo and historian of Spain, while returning from the council of Lyons. Conference at Clugny between Louis and Innocent; the latter refuses all terms of accommodation short of Frederic's unconditional submission ; he urges the election of a new emperor in Germany; the temporal princes oppose this: the archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves elect Henry landgrave of Thilringen, Frederic's son, Conrad, collects an army, which is defeated ; the duke of Bavaria takes up his cause. The papal agents form conspiracies in Apulia, which Frederic in person puts down. Great discontent in England, France, and Italy, in consequence of the large contributions exacted by Innocent from the clergy, to defray his expenses. Ferdinand lays siege to Seville ; the Moors of Granada assist him. with an army under Muhamad. Xativa surrenders to the king of Aragon. John Vataces conquers Thessalonica, and annexes it to his empire. William de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia, takes Corinth. Peter de Vineis dis- missed from office, fined, and imprisoned. Death of Henry of Thiiringen; at the instigation of Innocent, the ecclesiastical princes elect William, count of Holland, and crown him king of the Romans at Aix-la-Chapelle. Parma, recovered by the papal party, is besieged by Frederic. The English parliament, offended by the obstinate attachment of Henry III. to his foreign favourites, refuses to grant him supplies ; remonstrates also agai the large sums levied in the kingdom by the pope, and resists the payment of them. Seville surrenders to Ferdinand. The emperor is obliged to raise the siege of Parma, Feb. 18. Louis IX. sails with his crusaders, and winters in Cyprus; Blanche of Castile regent during his absence. The Portuguese expel their king, Sancho, who dies at Toledo, and Is succeeded by his brother, Alfonso. William de Villehardouin takes Nauplia and Monemvasia, and completes the conquest of the Morea. The Genoese sur- prise Rhodes. Henry III. dismisses the parliament, and raises money by forced loans and the sale of his jewels. 382 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Hegira. East- ern Em- fire. Popes. Ara- bia. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile. gun. arre. France. Port- ugal. Ger- many. 1-449 647—648 13 Bald- win II. 7 In- nocent IV. 7 Al Mo- sta- sem. ^Fer- di- nand III. 37Jas. I. 16 The- obald I. 13 Mu- ll am ad I. 24 Louis I X. Saint Lov.is. 2 Al- fonso III. 35Fre- deric II. 1 1250 648—649 14 8 8 34 3S 17 14 25 3- — 36 d. Dec. 13. 1 Con- radlV. 1251 1252 649-650 650-651 15 16 9 10 18 15 16 26 27 - — 1 2 3 10 1 Al- fonso X. 40 1253 651—652 17 11 11 2 41- 1 The- obald II. 17 28 6 4 1254 652-653 18 1 A- lexan- der IV. 12 *— 42 2 18 29 7 1 Wil- liamof Hol- land. 1255 653—654 19 2 13 43 3— 19 30 1256 1257 654—655 656 20 21 3 4 14 15 44 45 1 20 21 31 32 9 10- 3 lRich- ard, earl of Corn- wall. 6 5 Sa- voy. 1258 657 22 5 6 Bo- nifacio Rolan- do. 46 6 22 33 11 2 1249 TO 1258 A.D. 383 Repe- tition 1249 1250 I 2 1252 1254 1257 1258 Doges of Ve- nice. 1 Mari uo Moro- sino. 1 Rani- eri Ze- no. Flan- ders. 6 Mar garet II. Bohe- 20 Wen- ceslas III. 21 1 Otto- car II. Den- mark. 9 Erik 28 E- IV. rikXl Swe- den. 1 Abel 1 Chris- topher 1 Wal- deniar. Po- Hun- land. GARY 23 Bo- lesl, V. 27- 28- 15 Be- lalV Russia 1 An- drew II. 18- 29 21 Scot- land. Eng- land. 1 Alex- 341 ienry ander III. HE Oct. 28. July 9. 1 Alex- ander I Newski. 37 38 6 39 4 7 40 5 7- 10 43 384 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1249 Events and Eminent Men. The crusaders land in Egypt and take Damietta. Enzio defeated and made pri- soner at Fossalta, May 26 ; he is detained in captivity at Bologna for the rest of his life (23 years). Eccelino da Romano conquers Relluno and the marquisate of Este. Birger Jarl restores the ascendancy of the Folkunger in Sweden Michael Scott translates the works of Aristotle. Albert the Great teaches at Cologne. Death of William of Anvergne. Battle of Mansourah, April 5 ; total defeat of the crusaders ; Louis and the re- mainder of his army made prisoners ; they obtain their liberty by restoring Damietta and binding themselves to abstain from further hostilities. They retire to St. John d'Acre. The Mamelukes assassinate the sultan, Turan Shah, and make themselves masters of Egypt ; Ibeg, their first sultan, Death of the emperor Frederic, in Apulia, Dec. 13, set. 5S ; his son, Conrad, succeeds as king of Sicily, and is acknowledged as king of Germany by most of the temporal princes; his rival, William of Holland, obtains little authority, although sup- ported by the ecclesiastical States and the papal party. Frederic, by his will, leaves his natural son, Manfred, regent of Sicily in Conrad's absence. The marquis Uberto Pelavicino distinguishes himself by the advantages which he gains for the citizens of Cremona in their contest with Parma. On the death of Erik XI., Birger Jarl places his young son, Waldemar, on the throne of Sweden, and makes himself regent ; he introduces the mariner's compass among the navigators of the Baltic. Erik IV. of Denmark assassinated by his brother Abel, who obtains the throne. The college of the Sorbonne founded at Paris. The north transept of York minster begun. Florence adopts a demo- cratic government and peace between Guelfs and Ghibelins. Innocent returns to Italy; visits Genoa, Milan, and other cities, and fixes his residence in Perugia: he excommunicates Conrad, and excites rebellions in Sicily and Apulia, which Manfred quells. Eccelino da Romano and Uberto Pe- lavicino continue to support the Ghibelin party ; Conrad comes to Italy. Mangou succeeds Gujak as Great Khan of the Moguls. Poppo von Osterna, Grand Master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. John Vataces recovers Rhodes from the Genoese. The English laws are introduced into Wales. The citizens of London pay 500 marks for the privilege of having their mayor sworn before the barons of the Exchequer. Some lands in the Strand, held of the Crown by a farrier, are made over to the corporation, and from this time the sheriffs tender the annual rent of six horse-shoes and nails. Conrad passes into Apulia, having made pacific overtures, which are rejected by Innocent, he attacks the adherents of the papal party, takes Capua, and lays siege to Naples. The Lombard cities, being no longer in fear of Frederic, begin,' to quarrel among themselves. Death of Ferdinand of Castile, at Seville, Mav 30; accession of his son, Alfonso, the philosopher. Abel, king of Denmark, falls in battle against the North Frisians ; his brother, Christopher, takes the throne. Andrew, grand-duke of Russia, is expelled by the Golden Horde, and his brother, Alexander Newski, raised in his place. Memel built by the Teutonic knights. Mendog, chief of the Lithuanians, is baptized, and takes the title of king. Naples surrenders to Conrad. Innocent offers the kingdom of Sicily to Richard, earl of Cornwall, who declines it; Henry III. proposes his son, Edmund; Charles of Anjou treats for it with the pope. A parliament held, May 3, in Westminster Hall, denounces the penalty of excommunication on all who violate Magna Charta, and resists the taxes imposed by papal authority for crusades. Grossetete, bishop of Lincoln, refuses to admit a canon appointed by the pope, and protests against the power assumed by Innocent ; this prelate dies soon afterwards. Louis, still in Palestine, sends the friar Rubruquis on an embassy to Mangou at Karakorum ; he is accompanied hy Haithon, Christian prince of Armenia; alleged conversion of the Great Khan. Brancaleone enters on his- office as senator of Rome. The Astronomical Tables of Alfonso, king of Castile, are framed. Muhamad founds the Alhambra at Granada, and introduces the I manufacture of silk among his people. Death of Blanche of Castile, regent of ! France. 1*249 TO 1258 A.D. 385 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Conrad, May 21, and of Henry, youngest son of the late emperor Ire- deric. William of Holland is acknowledged as king by the German princes. Conrad's son. Conradin, only two years old, is proclaimed king of Sicily ; his guardian, Berthold, marquis of Homburg, resigns the trust to Manfred, who, having no means of resistance, submits to Innocent. The pope advances with a strong force into Apulia. Manfred is driven to take up arms, obtains possession of Nocera and the public treasury, collects an army, and defeats the papal troops at Foggia. Innocent dies at Naples. Louis returns from his crusade to France, and represses the disorders which had arisen in his kingdom. Alfonso conquers Xeres, Medina Sidonia, and other cities in the south of Spain. Death of John Vataces, Oct. 30 ; the empire of Nicsea devolves on Theodore Lascaris II. ; the historian, George Acropolita, is his chancellor. Birger fortifies Stockholm, and regulates the internal government of Sweden. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, heads the crusade, proclaimed by pope Innocent, against the remaining pagans in Prussia ?.nd Courland. The papal governor, Ruffo, is expelled by the citizens of Messina. Manfred in- tercepts a large convoy, the loss of which obliges the cardinal-legate to agree to terms of peace ; Alexander refuses to ratify them, having concluded his treaty for giving Sicily to Edmund, son of Henry III. ; this is set aside by the English parliament not granting the money f r carrying it into effect. Prince Edward visits Spain, and is knighted at Burgos by Alfonso, king of Castile, to whose sister, Eleanora, he is affianced. Theodore Lascaris recovers from the Bulga- rians all their conquests south of Mount Hsemus. Bills of exchange in favour of Italian merchants, drawn at Rome on the English bishops and abbots, which I they are compelled to pay. Arsenius I. Greek patriarch. KOnigsberg built by j Ottocar. " ; Death of William of Holland, in battle against the Frisians ; no candidate aspires I to the crown of Germany. Manfred acquires possession of Sicily. The marquis Azzo recovers the d'Este territories and takes the city of Padua. Hulagou, brother of the Great Khan Mangou, invades Persia, extirpates the tribe of "the Assassins" in that country, and proclaims himself sultan. William de St. Amour, condemned by the pope for his book against the Dominicans, is obliged to take night from Paris. Bonaventura, general of the Franciscans. The Au- gustin Order of Mendicant Friars established. George Acropolita made pri- soner at Prilapos by Michael II., despot of Epirus. Brancaleone imprisoned by the Romans. Richard, earl of Cornwall, is elected king of the Romans by some of tlie German princes, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle ; the others choose Alfonso of Castile ; the reign of both is only nominal. The Milanese expel their nobles and give Martin della Torre absolute power over them-; the commons of Genoa appoint Bocca.negra their captain. Algarve conquered by Alfonso ; he quarrels with his brother, Henry, who retires among the Moors at Tunis. Portugal placed under an interdict by the pope, in consequence of Alfonso III. having divorced his queen and married another. Under the influence of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, " the Mad Parliament'' is held at Oxford ; the " Provisions of Oxford" are enacted ; twenty-four barons form a council to advise or command the king. Manfred crowned king of Si- cily. Death of Theodore Lascaris ; his son, John, set. 9, succeeds to the throne of Nictea, under the guardianship of the patriarch Arsenius. The people of Rome restore Brancaleone to his office, who dies soon afterwards. The fortified castles raised by the Roman nobles in the city are destroyed. Eccelino defeats the papal forces at Corticella, takes the legate prisoner, and gains possession of the city of Brescia. Hulagou stomas Bagdad, puts to death Al Mostasem, the last of the caliphs, carries his arms into Syria, and takes Damascus. Defeat of the Genoese by the combined fleets of Venice and Pisa, near Acre; the pope mediates a peace between them. A proclamation of Henry III. to the people of Huntingdon, affords the first specimen of Early English. Birth of Osman, or Othnian, the founder of the Ottoman power. 2 c 386 FEOM THE YEAR A.D. 1259 1260 Hegi- 658 660 1262 661 12G8 1265 664 1267 , 666 1268 667 23 Bald- win II. East- ern Em- pire. lexan- der IV. 1 Mi- chael (VIII.) Palaso- lo^os. Popes 1 Ui ban IV. 1 Cle- ment IV. Sa- voy. 7 Bo- nifa- cio Ro- lando. 1 Pe- ter. lPhi lip I. Spain. Cas- Aka- Nav- Moobs, tile. gon. aeee. 8 Al- fonso X. 47Jas I. 50- 7 The- 23 Mu- obald hamad II. I. 21- 26- 16 55 15- 29- 32- France, 34 Louis IX.Saint Louis. 35 14- 42 Port- ugal, 12 Al- fonso III. GkRSIA" NY. 3 Rich ard, earl of Corn- wall. 12 1259 TO 1268 A.D. 387 titwn Dates. 1259 1260 1264 1265 1268 Doges op Ve- nice, 8 Rani- eri Ze- no. 12 13 15 1 Loren- zo Tie- polo. Flan- DEB8. 16 Mar- garet II. 21- 22- BOHE- MIA. 7 0t- tocar II. 14- Den- MABK. lErik V. 12 13 Swe- den. 10 Wal- demar, 37 15 16 18 Poland. 33 Boles laaV. 35 40 42 HtTNGA- BY. 25 Bela IV. Russia. Scot- land. 8 Alex ander I Newski. 28 30 32 34 10 1 Jaro- slav III. 11 A- lexan- der III. July9, 44 Hem rylll. ct. 2t : . Eng- land. 14- 4S- 19- 46. 51 52- 53- 2 c 2 388 EBOM THE TEAS A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1259 1260 1263 1262 1263 Treaty of Abbeville concluded between Henry III. and the king of France. Rich ard, king of the Romans, returns to England. Michael Paloeologus obtains the guardianship of John Lascaris, and usurps the throne. Uberto Pelayicino joins a general league against Eccelino da Romano, who is defeated, and dies of his wounds ; the cities and States held by him regain their freedom. On the re- commendation of Martin della Torre, the Milanese appoint the marquis Uberto for their podesta ; he continues to support the Ghibelins. The archbishop of Lund raises a rebellion against Christopher, king of Denmark, who is expelled, and dies in exile ; his son, Erik, inherits the crown. Manfred is excommu- nicated by the pope. Kublai succeeds Mangou as Great Khan of the Mongols. Death of the historian Matthew Paris. The despot of Epirus defeated by Michael Palseologus at Pelagonia; William, prince of Achaia, made prisoner. Acropolita regains his liberty. Henry III. is dispensed by the pope from his oath to observe the "Provisions," and prepares to resist the barons. With the assistance of Manfred, the Ghi- belins gain possession of Florence ; Alberico da Romano, brother of Eccelino, and his family, are made prisoners, and cruelly put to death. Michael Palceo- logus besieges CP., makes a truce with Baldwin, and leaves Strategopulus in command of the army in Thrace. On the death of Ibeg, the Mamelukes choose Bibars for sultan, who drives the Mongols out of Syria, and takes Damascus and Jerusalem. Henry III. attempts to establish a university at Northampton. The Lithuanians and Prussians renew their struggle against the Teutonic knights. In the absence of the emperor Michael, Strategopulus takes CP. by surprise, July 25 ; flight of Baldwin. The Greek empire restored. The Genoese, by treaty, obtain Pera and Galata, Smyrna, the ports of the Crimea, and other naval stations, with many commercial privileges ; the Venetians are excluded from the Black Sea. Death of Alexander IV., May 25; his successor, Urban »V., excommunicates the Genoese, for their alliance with the Greek heretics. Mar- riage of Manfred's daughter, Constance, to Pedro, son of James, king of Aragon, Muhamad, king of Granada, breaks his alliance with Alfonso, and encourages the Moors of Andalusia and Murcia to rebel against him. The Order, or Guild, of the Virgin Mary, founded at Bologna. Segarelli and the sect of Apostolicals denounce the licentious clergy. Urban resists the proposal of some German princes to elect Conradin king of the Romans ; he offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. Marriage of Philip, eldest son of Louis, to Isabella of Aragon. Urban exacts securities that France shall not assist Manfred. Lucca joins the league of the Ghibelins in Tuscany, who all acknowledge Manfred's supremacy. The Ge- noese depose Boccanegra. Martin della Torre again absolute at Milan ; Uberto Pelavicino rules Cremona, Brescia, and Placentia ; Mastino della Scala obtains authority in Verona. Stephen of Hungary (see 1235) acquires a rich dowry with Traversara of Ravenna, and on her death marries Tommasina de'Morosini of Ve- nice. The kingly power is restored to Henry III. by parliament ; his son, Edward, brings a foreign army to support him ; beginning of the civil war between him and the barons. William, prince of Achaia, is released on ceding three fortresses to the emperor Michael. Excommunication of Michael by the patriarch Arsenius. Haco, king of Norway, defeated in his invasion of Scotland ; he acquires the sovereignty of Iceland and Greenland. Henry III. and the barons refer their disputes to be settled by the arbitration of Louis IX. Urban's hatred of the house of Swabia distracts all Italy ; he rejects all terms of accommodation, and finally concludes the treaty by which Sicily and Apulia are given to Charles of Anjou. The citizens of Milan refuse to admit Otho Visconti, whom the pope appoints their archbishop ; an interdict is laid on the city. Death of Martin della Torre; his brother, Philip, is elected in his room. Naval battle off Negropont ; the Venetians defeat the Genoese. Alfonso reduces Xeres and the other revolted cities. Mark Sanudo il. dies at Melos, and is succeeded by William I., fourth duke of Naxos. Andronicus II. fifth emperor of Trebizond. Death of Haco V. ; the kingdom of Norway inhe- 12!>9 TO 1208 A.D. 389 Events and Eminent Men. rited by Magnus VII. Balliol college. Oxford, founded. Alexander Newski visits the Golden Horde to obtain pardon for the people of Novogorod and Wladimir, who had rebelled against their conquerors ; he dies on his journey homeward. Hanno von Hangerhausen, grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. Victory of the Lithuanians at Durben. De Montfort and the barons refuse to accept the award of Louis. Battle of Lewes, May 14 ; Henry III. and his son Edward, Richard, king of the Romans, and his eldest son, Henry, are made prisoners. Urban appoints Charles of Anjou senator of Rome ; a crusade proclaimed against Manfred. Interdicts so frequent, that they lose their effect. Death of Urban, Oct. 2, at Perugia ; the papal see vacant four months. The marquis Azzo dies, set. 50; his son, Obizzo, is elected at Fer- rara. The king of Granada makes peace with Alfonso, and pays him tribute. John de la Roche duke of Athens. Merton college, Oxford, founded. Cimabue, father of the modern school of painting in Florence (1240 — 1300). Death of Vincent de Beauvais, compiler of the Speculum Majus, the first attempted Encyclopaedia. A parliament Jan. 22, to which knights of the shires, citizens and burgesses, are summoned; the origin of Representative Government in England. Prince Edward released; the earl of Gloucester joins the royal party; battle of Evesham, Aug. 4 ; De Montfort and his son slain; the authority of the king restored. Charles of Anjou arrives at Rome, and is crowned king of Apulia and Sicily; he is followed by an army of crusaders under Robert of Flanders and from the Guelf cities of Italy. Death of Philip della Torre ; his power in Milan is transferred to Napoleon, another member of the family. The emperor Michael quarrels with the Genoese, and makes a treaty with Venice. Birth of Dante. Battle of Benevento, Feb. 26 ; defeat and death of Manfred ; Charles of Anjou acknowledged king ; his pride and oppression offend his new subjects. Clement IV., by a Bull, claims the disposal of benefices in Christian lands and their revenues while vacant. A Genoese fleet captured by the Venetians at Trapani in Sicily. Magnus, king of Norway, cedes the Hebx'ides and the Isle of Man to Scotland. Death of Birger Jarl, regent and benefactor of Sweden. George sixth emperor of Trebizond. The emperor Michael banishes the patriarch Ar- senius to Proconnesus, and appoints Germanus III. Pachymer, the Byzantine historian, is sent, with others, to read his sentence to the deposed patriarch. Kenilworth castle taken by Henry III.; he holds a parliament there. The lands of the rebellious barons are confiscated ; some of them take refuge in the Isle of Ely. The pope appoints Charles of Anjou viceroy of Tuscany, and the citizens of Florence give him the government of their city for ten years. Treaty of Viterbo ; the dethroned emperor, Baldwin, cedes to Charles of Anjou the suze- rainty of Achaia, and William de Villehardouin betroths his infant daughter, Isabella, the heiress of the principality, to Philip, Charles's second son. The confederates threaten the Greek empire; Michael sends an embassy to Rome with proposals for a reunion of the two churches. Conradin, invited by the Ghibelin party and the discontented subjects of Charles, enters Italy with an army ; a large part of Sicily declares in his favour. Louis IX. projects another crusade. Roger Bacon proposes to the pope a reformation of the calendar. Ger- manus resigns the patriarchate of CP., and is succeeded by Joseph I., who absolves the emperor from his excommunication ; this is followed by the Arsenite schism, which divides the Greek church nearly fifty years. The barons in the Isle of Ely submit to Henry III., July 29. Henry of Castile appointed senator of Rome, Louis IX., by a Pragmatic Sanction, resists the papal claim to nominate bishops in France. Conradin is joined by Henry of Castile and other nobles, and collects a powerful army ; he is defeated at Tagli- acozzo, Aug. 23 ; made prisoner, and beheaded at Naples, Oct. 29 ; the family of Hohenstaufen, or Swabia, ends with him. Charles, after his victory, executes such barbarous vengeance, that his brother Louis and pope Clement protest against his cruelties ; he resumes the office of senator of Rome. Antioch and Joppa taken by Bibars. Death of Clement IV., at Viterbo, Nov. 29 ; the discord of the cardinals keeps the papal chair vacant two years. A second treaty between the Greek empire and Venice. 390 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 Hegiba 670 671 672—673 673—674 674—675 675—676 676—677 677—678 East- een Em- pire. 9 Mi- chael (VIII.) Palceo- logos. 13 18 Popes. Va- cant. 1 Gre- gory X. Iimo- centV. 4 mos. Adri- an V. 5 wks. \ John XX. or XXI. 1 Ni- colas III. Sa- voy. 2 Phi lip I. Spain-. Cas- Aba- Nav- MoobS, tile. gon. abbe. 18 Al- fonso X. 10- 61- 25- 27- 57Jas. I. 58- 1 Pe- dro III. 17 Theo- bald II. lHen ry I. Uo- anna. 33 Mu- hamad I. 84- Fbance lMa- hamad II. 44 Louis YSL.Saint Louis 1 Philip III. Port- ugal. Ger- many, 22 Al- fonso III. 13 Rich ard, earl of Corn- wall. 14 — 26— lRu dolfof Habs- burg. 30- 31- 1269 TO 1278 A.D. 391 titiori Bates, 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1277 1278 Doges op Ve- nice. 2 Loren- zo Tie- polo. Flan- dees. Bohe- mia. 26 Mar- garet II 28 1 Jaco- po Con- tareuo. Den- mark. 17 Otto- 11 Erik car II. V. 18 Swe- den. 20 Wal- de- mar. 22- Po LAND. 43 Bo- leslas V 30 22 33 16 23 25 1 Wen- ceslas IV. 46- Hun- GARY. 35 Be- lalV. 1 Ste- phen V. Rus- sia. 7 Jaro- slav III Scot- land. 21 A- lexan- derlll July 9. Eng- land. 54 Henry III. Oct. 28 1 La- 1 Vas- dislas sili I. 111. 27- 48- 50- 1 Mag- nus I. 52- 24- 1 Dmi- tri. 6 2 27' 26- 56 57 .Nov.16, 1 Ed- ward I. Nov. 20. Qu. Elea- nor of Castile. 2 2S 6 392 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1270 1271 1273 The pope's legate preaches the crusade to the parliament assembled in April at Northampton ; another, held Nov. 18, at Marlborough, enacts many new laws. Henry Bracton writes De Legibus Anglid. Richard visits Germany, and ex- ercises authority as king of the Romans ; he regulates the tolls to be paid by vessels on the Rhine. Nocera taken by Charles ; its walls thrown down, and its Saracen population distributed in distant provinces ; he calls a meeting at Cremona of deputies from the cities of Lombardy, and proposes himself their general, protector, or governor : they decline his offer. Death of the marquis Uberto Pelavicino. Napoleon della Torre raises the Guelf family of Fissiraga to power in Lodi. The Moors in Spain invite the assistance of the African Merines. Alfonso, king of Portugal, acquires the sovereignty of Algarve. St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, founded. Roger Bacon forbidden to teach at Oxford, and confined to his monastery. Louis IX., by his laws, called " Establishments," suppresses the wager of battle, and provides for a regular administration of justice. Last of the Crusades. Louis lands in Africa, and besieges Tunis ; the plague breaks out in his army ; he dies Aug. 25 ; his son, the duke of Nevers, the papal legate, with many nobles and soldiers, perish. Charles, king of Naples, arrives with another ar- mament, and concludes a treaty, by which the Tunisian sovereign is bound to pay him tribute ; the whole fleet returns, and on its passage is thrown by a storm on the coast of Sicily at Trapani ; Charles seizes the wrecked vessels of his French and Genoese allies, and appropriates the plunder to his own treasury ; Theobald, king of Navarre, dies Dec. 5, while returning from this expedition. Prince Edward perseveres in the crusade, and lands at Acre ; during his absence, the incapacity of his father and turbulence of the barons create great disorders in England. Commotions in Genoa ; the families Doria and Spinola obtain the ascendancy, and support the Ghibelin party. The Bolognese merchants refuse to pay a toll levied by Venice on their goods; war between the two States. Edward drives Bibars from the siege of Acre, and takes Nazareth ; an attempt is made to murder him. Philip III. and Charles of Naples visit Rome to urge the election of a pope; in their presence, Guyde Montfort, governor of Tuscany, son of Simon, late earl of Leicester, kills Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall, March 13, in a church, during the celebration of mass ; the assassin is allowed to escape. Philip inherits the remaining part of the county of Toulouse, east of the Rhone. Death of Richard, earl of Cornwall and king of the Romans, at Berkhamstead, Dec. 12 ; Alfonso of Castile continues to claim the title, but has no authority in Germany. Marco Polo, the Venetian, sets out, with his father and uncle, on their travels into Tartary. John de Joinville writes his Memoirs of Louis IX. Edward concludes a truce with Bibars for ten years, and leaves Palestine ; he is quietly proclaimed king Nov. 20, four days after his father's death ; he remains for some time in France. The new pope urges another crusade to the Holy Land, and summons for the purpose a general council to be held at Lyons. The Genoese Guelfs apply to Charles of Naples for assistance. Death of Enzio, king of Sardinia (see 1249), in his prison, at Bologna. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, refuses the crown of Germany. The king of France grants a patent of nobility to his silversmith. Some Castilian nobles, detected in a conspiracy against Al- fonso, retire to Granada. Edward I. demands justice on the assassin of his cousin Henry; Guy de Montfort is excommunicated by the pope ; the same punishment is inflicted on the citizens of Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the marquis of Montferrat, for their league to resist the tyranny of Charles of Naples. Rise of the house of Habsburg ; Rudolf elected king of the Romans, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Kublai is assisted in his conquest of China by mangonels, which the Polos construct for him. The pope claims and receives the county of Venaissin, as his share of the lands taken from Raymond of Toulouse, by the crusade against the Al- bigenses. The Merines arrive in Spain. Death of Muhamad I., king of Granada; interview between his son, Muhamad II., and Alfonso, at Seville ; a treaty con- j eluded. Elmacin, the Arabian historian, fl. The burning of sea-coal prohibited I in England. 1269 TO 1278 A.D. 393 127; Events and Eminent Men. 1275 1276 1277 I 1278 Edward I. lands at Dover Aug. 2 ; is crowned with his queen, Eleanora, at West- minster, Aug. 19 ; sends commissioners into the counties to reform the admi- nistration of Justice. A council (Fourteenth General) held at Lyons. The ambassadors of Michael Palaeologus acknowledge the supremacy of the pope, and effect a temporary union of the two churches ; the patriarch Joseph, refusing I his assent, is deposed, and John Veccus appointed in his place. Regulations ' made for the future proceedings of the conclave in electing a pope; James I., | who had been king of Aragon 62 years, attends the council, and wishes to be crowned: this is refused, because he had not paid the tribute to the Roman see, promised by his father in 1204. The title of Rudolf of Habsburg recognized on his securing to the church all its claims in Italy. The cession of the county of Venaissin confirmed. Gregory fails in his exhortations to another crusade. The tide of fortune turns against Charles of Naples; his fleets are defeated by the Genoese ; and the coalesced States, assisted by Alfonso of Castile, take Ales- sandria. Thomas Aquinas, " the angelic doctor," dies on his way to the council of Lyons, and Cardinal Bonaventura, the " seraphic," while attending its sitting. The "Chronicles of St. Denis" are presented to Philip III. Alfonso has an in- terview with the pope at Beaucaire, and claims to be acknowledged king of the Romans. Hartmann von Heldrungen, Teutonic grand master in Prussia. Diet of Augsburg. Ottocar, king of Bohemia, put to the ban of the empire, is deserted by his allies. Alfonso, threatened with excommunication, resigns his claim ; death of his eldest son, Ferdinand. Abu Jusef, king of the Merines, brings over a large force from Africa to assist the king of Granada. Defeat of the Castilians at Ecija, count Nunez slain; and of the Aragonese, near Mastos, in Jaen, Sancho, archbishop of Toledo, slain ; Alfonso arrives and stops the progress of the conquerors. Pedro, son of James, king of Aragon, secretly employs John of Procida to promote his designs on Sicily (see 1261). Edward I. persecutes the Jews. The Venetians prohibit marriage between the doges and foreigners. William de la Roche duke of Athens. Marco Polo allowed by Kublai to introduce Christian missionaries into China. Gregory has an inter- view with Rudolf at Lausanne, Oct. 6, and again urges him to another crusade. Ottocar resigns the duchy of Austria to Rudolf. A truce between Alfonso and Abu Jusef. Eleanor, daughter of the late Simon de. Montfort, on her way to marry Llewellyn, prince of Wales, is detained in England, and Edward leads an army into Wales. The Visconti obtain possession of Como ; all Lombardy distracted by civil wars, earthquakes, floods, famine and pestilence, followed by a severe winter of four months. Novogorod joins the Hanseatic league, and be- comes an important seat of commerce. Death of James, king of Aragon, July 27, after a reign of 63 years. Death of three successive popes, Joanna, queen of Navarre, three years old, is affianced to Philip, the eldest son of the king of France ; her territories are occupied and governed by Frenchmen. ) Edward subdues Wales as far as Snowdon. Jealousy between Rudolf and Charles of Naples. Ottocar endeavours to recover Austria. Napoleon della Torre de- feated and made prisoner by the Visconti, who establish their power in Milan. Isabella de Villehardouin, on the death of her father, becomes princess of Achaia ; Charles of Naples assumes the government, in virtue of her betrothal to his son Philip. Death of Bibars, Sultan of Egypt ; Kalaoun succeeds him. Battle of Marchfeld, Aug. 26; Ottocar defeated and slain; Bohemia is left to his son, Wenceslas ; Austria annexed to the house of Habsburg. Rudolf resigns the exarchate of Ravenna to the pope ; Nicholas desires to check Charles of Naples, and advance his relatives, the Orsini. Charles threatens to attack the Greek empire ; but Nicholas, as his suzerain, forbids him; death of his son Philip; he still retains the government of Achaia. Llewellyn does homage to Edward ; he marries Eleanor de Montfort. Siege of Algesiras ; Alfonso repulsed. Waldemar expelled by his brother Magnus, the first who styles himself king of the Swedes and Goths. The Prussians submit to the Teutonic knights. Final extinction of the Almohades in Africa by the Merines. Kublai appoints Mar-Sachis, a Nestorian Christian, governor of Changhianfu, in Manji (Southern China), who builds there three churches for his sect. 394 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. Hegira. East- ern Em- Popes.) Port- Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors France BOHE Ger- pire. UGAL. TILE. GON. ARRE. MIA. many. 1279 678—679 19 Mi- chael . VIII. Palseo- logos. 3 Ni- colas III. lDi- onysi- us. 28 Al- fonso X. 4 Pe- dro III. 6 Jo- anna. 7Mu- hamac II. lOPhilip III. 2Wen cesla: IV. - 7 Ru- dolf of Habs- burg. 1280 679—680 20 2 29 5 ? " 8 11 3 8 d.Aug 22. 1281 680—681 21 1 Mar- tin IV Feb.22 3 30 6 - 8_ 9 12 — - 4__ 1282 681—682 22 d.Dec.ll 1 Andro- nicus II. 2 4 31 7 9^- 10 13 10 1283 682—683 2 3 5 32 8 10 11 14 6 11 1284 683-684 3 — 6 1 San- cho IV. 9 11 12 15 7 12 1285 684—885 4 5 d.Mar. 28. 1 Ho- 7 2 1 Al- fonso III. 12 IS 1 Philip IV. the Fair. 13 1286 685-686 5 norius IV. Apr.2. 2 8 3 — ^ 2 13 14 2 - 9 1 — | 1287 686—687 6 3 d.Apr. 3. 9- — 4 3 14 15 3 10 15 ! 1288 687—688 7 1 Ni- cholas IV. Feb.22 10 5 4 15 16 4 11 16 1289 1290 689 690 8 9 o 11 12 5 6 16 17 17 18 5 6 12—— 17 - ... 3 13 18 1 1 1279 TO 1290 A.D. 395 Repe- tition Dates. Doges op Ve- nice. Savoy. Flan- ders. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Hunga- ry. Russia. Scot- land. Eng- land. 1279 1 Gio- vanni Dan- dolo. 12Philip I. 36 Mar- garet II. 21 E- rik V. 2 Mag- nus I 1 Les- sekll. 8 Ladis- las III. 4 Dmi- tri I. 31 A- lexan- der III. July9. 8 Ed- ward I. Nov. 20. 1280 2 13 IGuy de Dam- pierre. 22 — ^ 3 2— 9 5 32 9 1281 3 — - 14 2 23 4 3— 10 6 33 10 1282 1283 15 Id 21 — 5 4 11 - 7 8 31 11 12 5 4 25 5 12 35 1284 6 17 • 5 26 7 6— 13 9 36 13 b. Ed- ward II. April 25. 1285 ? " 1 Ama- deus IV. 6 27 8 14 10 37 14 i j 1286 i 8 2 7 ■ lErik VI. 9 — - 8 — - 15 11- — 1 Mar- garet. March 16. 15 j 1287 i ' 1288 9 10- — 3 - — 4 — 8 9 2 3— lO- ll 16 17 12 13 2 3 16 17 10 1289 1290 1 1 Pietro Grade- nigo. 2 5 6 10 11 12 1 Bir- ger. lLa- dislas Lok- tek. 1 Pre- mis- es. 18 1 An- drewIII. the Ve- netian. 14 15 18 19 5 5 396 FROM THE YEAR Events and Eminent Men. Edward obtains from his parliament the first Statute of Mortmain ; he gives up Normandy to the king of France. John of Procida foments the discontent of Sicily. The conquest of Southern China completed by Kublai. Camerino, in the March of Ancona, nearly destroyed by an earthquake. Nicholas proposes to erect kingdoms in Tuscany and Lombardy for two of his family ; his projects are dissipated by his early death, after which many of the Orsini lose the .offices in which he had placed them. The Annibaldeschi claim to be senators of Rome. Through the treachery of Tibaldello di Zambrasi, Fa- enza is made subject to the Bolognese. The count of Savoy fixes his residence at Turin. The emperor Michael assists the agitation created by John of Procida in Sicily. A parliament, held Nov. 7, passes the Quo Warranto Act. John Comnenus, seventh emperor of Trebizond, secures the independence of his State. Marienburg on the Vistula built. The Langue d'oui, or modern French, begins to supplant the early Roman Langue d'oc. Death of Albertus Magnus. Erik II., the Priest-hater, king of Norway. The papal chair vacant six months ; Charles of Naples procures the election of his creature, Martin IV. ; league of Orvieto between them and Venice, against the Greek empire. Excommunication of the emperor Michael. Charles punishes the disaffection of Sicily by more cruel oppression. Edward prepares again to invade Wales ; holds a parliament at Worcester, and removes his law-courts from Westminster to Shrewsbury. Revolt of Sancho in Castile; he seizes Cor- dova, and enters into a league with the king of Granada ; his father, Alfonso, forms an alliance with the Merines. Othmau begins to be dangerous in Bithy- nia. Marriage of Erik, king of Norway, to Margaret, only child of Alexander, king of Scotland. Segarelli imprisoned for heresy. The Sicilian Vespers, March 30 ; massacre of the French and general revolt of the island. Charles besieges Messina ; Peter of Aragon and John de Procida arrive with an army; Charles retreats into Calabria; his fleet is destroyed by the Catalan admiral, Roger de Loria. Peter proclaimed king of Sicily ; he and his people are excommunicated, and an interdict laid on their lands. The mar- quis Guido da Montefeltro defends Forli with success against the Guelfs ; Ti- baldello di Zambrasi slain in the attack. War between Genoa and Pisa; all Italy torn by intestine strife ; excommunications and interdicts are fulminated in all directions ; the nope and cardinals burnt in effigy at Perugia. Llewellyn, defeated by Edward a"t Llandewyer, falls in battle ; Aberconway castle built. Rudolf invests his son Albert with the duchy of Austria. Death of Michael Pa- lseologos ; his son and successor, Andronicus, breaks the union of the Eastern and Western churches. The Danish nobles extort from the king their first Handfeste, or charter of privileges. Robert of Gloucester writes his English Chronicle in rhyme. Veccus deposed, and Joseph I. restored as patriarch of CP. Peter invades Calabria, and takes Reggio. Victory of Roger de Loria at Malta. The king of France sends troops into Italy to assist Charles. The pope declares Aragon to be forfeited by Peter, and offers it to Charles de Valois, second son of Philip. Submission of Forli, and dispersion of the Ghibelin refugees. Wales finally subdued ; Llewellyn's brother, David, put to death by Edward. Schism in the Greek church ; council of Adrymettum ; contest for the patriarchate ; Joseph deposed, and Gregory II. appointed. Burchard von Schwenden, grand master of the Teutonic knights, reduces the Sudauer, the last Prussians who resist. Queen Eleanora gives birth to a son at Caernarvon castle, April 25, afterwards Edward II., from whom the eldest son of the king of England takes the title of prince of Wales. The statute of Winchester makes the Hundred answerable for robberies committed in the day-time ; watch and ward instituted. Charles, prince of Salerno, defeated and captured by Roger de Loria, in a naval battle off Naples, June 5. Marriage of the emperor Andronicus to Violante, afterwards named Irene, daughter of William, marquis of Montferrat, who resigns as her dowry, the nominal sovereignty of Thessalonica, conquered by the Byzantines in 1222. Death of Alfonso X., June 21 ; his son, Sancho, takes the throne, ex- cluding the family of his deceased elder brother, Ferdinand. The power of Pisa is irretrievably broken by the great naval victory of Genoa, off Melora, Aug. 13. Foundation of Peter-house college, Cambridge. 1279 TO 1290 A.D. 397 A.D. 1285 1286 12S7 1238 1290 Events and Eminent Men. The death of Charles at Foggia, Jan. 7, frees Sicily from all future attacks ; his son, although still a prisoner in Aragon, is acknowledged as his successor in the kingdom of Naples. Roger de Loria takes Gallipoli and Taranto. Pope Martin dies at Perugia, March 29. The king of France invades Catalonia ; takes Rosas and Girona ; his fleet is destroyed and his supplies intercepted by Roger de Loria ; he abandons his enterprize, and ends his days at Perpignan, Oct. 6, set. 40: he is succeeded by his son, Philip le Bel, set. 17, who, in right of his child-wife, is also king of Navarre. Peter also, after having recovered Rosas and Girona, dies, Nov. II ; his eldest son, Alfonso, inherits Aragon, and his second, James, becomes king of Sicily. Edward I. defines the limits of each court of law, and regulates the administration of justice in the counties. The citizens of Pisa invite the protection of Florence. Westminster Abbey completed. Death of Abu Jusef, chief of the Merines and king of Morocco. The charter of London sus- pended; police regulations made for inn-keepers and brokers. Nicholas Sanudo I. fifth duke of Naxos. Usurpation of Theodora at Trebizond. Death of Alexander, king of Scotland ; his grand-daughter, Margaret, " the fair maid of Norway," set. 3, is the heiress of his throne. Erik V., of Denmark, murdered by the nobles, is succeeded by his son. Alfonso takes the Balearic Islands from his uncle, who had assisted the French invasion of Aragon. The gabelle, or salt-duty, first introduced in France. Death of the historian Abul- pharagius, primate of the Jacobite church. Segarelli released from prison, but his sect is prohibited by the pope. Edward L, in Guyenne, mediates a treaty of peace between Aragon and France and the liberation of Charles, king of Naples; the pope prevents its ratification, and dying soon afterwards, April 3, the papal chair remains ten months unoc- cupied ; while disputing in their choice, six cardinals fall victims to the malaria, and the rest disperse. Robert, count d'Artois, regent of Naples, prepares an armament to recover Sicily : it is destroyed by Roger de Loria, June 23, at Castellamare; among the prisoners is Guy de Montfort (see 1271), who i-s kept in confinement till his death. Matteo Visconti appointed captain of Milan. The Genoese destroy the shipping and magazines in the harbour of Pisa, Lao-i dicea taken by Kelaoun. The Jews fined and banished from England. The treaty between Aragon and France brought to a conclusion by Edward, at Oleron, in Beam ; Charles, restored to liberty, resumes the title of king of Sicily, which he had resigned. Count L'golino de Gherardeschi deposed at Pisa, and starved to death in a dungeon, with two of his sons and three grandsons, Gbizzo, marquis d'Este, elected perpetual lord of Modena. Othman takes Do- rylseum and Melangia. The pope releases Charles from all the obligations of the treaty, by which he re- gained his freedom, and authorizes Charles de Valois to persist in his claim to the crown of Aragon. Roger de Loria besieges Gaeta. The kings of England and France succeed in effecting a truce of two years between Sicily and Naples. Edward I", dismisses and fines some of his judges, convicted of corruption. Ke- laoun takes Tripoli. The right of Ferdinand's son, Alfonso de la Cerda, to the throne of Castile is supported by a strong party. Mission of the Franciscan de Monte Corvino from the pope to Kublai. Athanasius I. patriarch of CP. Margaret, the young queen of Scotland, dies on her passage from Norway ; the succession to her throne is disputed by Balliol, Bruce, and Hastings, descended, from the three daughters of David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion. Ladislas of Hungary assassinated by some Cumans, whom he had offended; he is succeeded by Andrew III., called the Venetian, from the place of his birth (see 1235, 1262); the pope sets up against him Charles Martel, son of the king of Naples by a sister of Ladislas. William, count of Montferrat, cap- tured by the citizens of Alessandria, is confined in an iron cage, in which he soon dies. The Genoese plunder the harbours of Pisa and Leghorn. Manorial rights in England regulated by a new law. A university founded at Lisbon. Conrad von Feuchtwangen gi-and master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. Guy IL fifth duke of Athens. Poland distracted by various pretenders to the throne. Segarelli and the Apostolicals are again persecuted. — J 39.8 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. Hegi- RA. East- J EBN EM- tire. Popes. Port- ugal. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile, gon. arre. France. Bohe- mia. Ger- many, 1291 691 10 An- dronicus II. 4 Ni- cholas IV. Feb. 22. 13 Di- onysi- us. 8San- cho IV. 1 Jas. 11. the Just. 18 Jo- anna. 19 Mu- hamad II. 7 Philip IV. the Fair. 14 Wen- ceslas IV. 19 Ru- dolf of Habs- burg. d.July 15. 1292 692 11 5 d. Apr. 4. 14 9 2 19- — 20 8 15 1 A- dol- phu3 ofNas- sau. 1293 693 12 15 10 3— — 20 21 9 16— 2 — 1294 1295 694 695 13 14 1 Celes- tin V. July 5. 1 Boni- face VIII. Dec. 24. 2 16 17 11 1 Fer- di- nand IV. 4 5 21 22 22 23 10 11 17 18 ■ 3 1296 696 15 — — S 18— a— 23 — - 24 12 19 i\297 1298 697 698 16 17 1 24 25 13 .» . 20 1 i 5 20 4 8 25— 26 14 — . 21 1 Al- bert of Aus- tria. \ 699 18 6 21 26 27 15 22 1 1299 129i TO 1299 A.D, 399 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. Sa- voy. Flan- debs. Den- mark Swe- den. Po- land. Hun- gaby. Russia. Scot- I LAND. Eng- land. 1291 3 Pietro Grade- nigo. 7 Ama- deus IV 12 Guy de Dam- pierre. 6 Erik VI. 2Bir ger. 2Pre- mis- las. 2 An- drew III. the Ve- netian. 16Dmi tril. 20 Ed- ward I. Nov. 20. d. Qu. E- leanor. 1292 4 — 8 13 ■ 7 3 3 3 17 — 1 John Balliol. Nov. 17 21 1293 1294 5 — 6 9 — 10 14 15 1 5 18 1 An- drew- Ill. 2 3 22 1 23 9 6 5 1295 7 — 11 16 . 10 6 lLa- dislas re- stored. 6 2 4 24 1296 8 12 rr — 11 7 2 7 3 Subject to Eng- land. 25 1237 1298 1299 9 — 10 11 13 14 15 i 1 18 — 19 20 12 12 3 4 5 8 9 L0 — 4 5 26 27 28 w.Sep. 12 Marga- ret of Eiance, e — 10 — 14 6 400 FROM THE YEAH A.D. 1291 1292 1293 1295 Events and Eminent Men. Tlie disputed succession in Scotland is referred to the decision of Edward I. ; he claims and receives from the competitors homage as their suzerain. Alfonso, king of Aragon, concludes a treaty of peace with France, at Aix, in Provence ; but, before it can be executed, he dies June 18, and is succeeded by his brother, James, who appoints their younger brother, Frederic, regent of Sicily. Gerace, in Calabria, taken by the Sicilians. Clialil, son of Kelaoun, terminates the Christian kingdom in Palestine by the capture of Acre (May 18), Tyre, and Bey- rout ; the surviving Hospitallers and Templars take refuge at Limisso in Cyprus. Robert Blum, a Templar under the Italian name of Roger di Flor, is degraded by the Order, and retires to Genoa, where he fits out a private galley, and seeks his fortune as an adventurer. Nicholas vainly tries to arouse Europe to another crusade. Death of Rudolf; the nobles of Germany refuse to elect his son Albert. Queen Eleanor dies at Hornby, in Lincolnshire, Nov. 28 ; a cross is erected at every resting-place of her funeral procession on its way to West- minster. Isabella de Villehardouin marries Florenz of Hainault. Edward awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does homage to him at Newcastle. Adolphus of Nassau elected king of Germany and crowned at Aix- la-Chapelle, June 24. The efforts of Nicholas IV. to stimulate another crusade are stopped by his death, after which the dissensions of the cardinals keep the church without a head two years and three months. The Castilians, after de- stroying a Moorish fleet at Tangiers, return to Spain and take Tarifa. The Florentines besiege Pisa, and are repulsed by Guy da Montefeltro. Roger de Loria defeats the viceroy of Naples in Calabria, invades Greece, and takes the island of Scios. Charles Martel, routed at Zagrab, leaves Hungary. Masoud II., sultan of Iconium, defeated by the Mongols, retires to CP. Death of Roger Bacon. Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward to appear in London. War between England and France. Guyenne seized by Philip. An encounter be- tween some Genoese and Venetian merchant-galleys near Cyprus occasions a long war between these two States. Athanasius deposed ; John XII. patriarch of CP. Edward forms an alliance with Adolphus, king of Germany, and Guy, count of Flanders, against France. Peter da Morrone, a poor hermit, is elected pope, as Celestin V. ; at the end of five months he abdicates, to make way for Boniface VIII. The Genoese, under Niccolo Spinola, capture a Venetian fleet and take Canea, in the isle of Candia. Don Juan, Sancho's brother, with an army of Merines from Africa, besieges Tarifa ; the place is successfully defended by Don Guzman ; death of his son. The Merines give up Algesiras to the king of Granada, and withdraw from Spain. The Hospitallers fortify Limisso, and begin to create a navy. Death of Kublai; the supremacy of his tribe ceases; the khans of Zagatai, Persia, and Kapzak, become independent. Jacopo da Varagine, archbishop of Genoa, writes the " Golden Legend." Balliol renounces his feudal subjection to England, and enters into a league with the king of France. Edward holds a parliament, to whieh all the boroughs i send deputies, and vote supplies. Death of Sancho, king of Castile, at Toledo,} April 25; his widow, Maria, is regent to their son Ferdinand, who succeeds, set. 10. Treaty of Anagni ; James, king of Aragon, resigns Sicily to Charles of! Naples; the people of the island proclaim his brother Frederic, with theirj mother, Constance, for regent. Death of Charles Martel, and of Otho Visconte,' archbishop and lord of Milan. Marco Polo returns to Venice from his travels] in the East. ' | Battle of Dunbar, April 27. Balliol, made prisoner, resigns his crown. The Scotch parliament does homage to Edward at Berwick ; the earl of Surrey is appointed governor of Scotland; the crown and sceptre of the kingdom are brought to London, and the coronation-stone from Scone placed in Westminster Abbey. A papal Bull forbids ecclesiastics to pay taxes imposed by temporal princes ; the kings of England and France resist this, and compel the clergy to pay ; the former, by placing out of the protection of the law those who refuse,! and the latter, by prohibiting the export of money from his dominions. Edward,] ■ I 1291 TO 1299 a.d. 401 Events and Eminent Men. having obtained supplies from his parliament, sends an army into Guyenne, under his brother, the earl of Lancaster. Coalition of France, Navarre, Aragon, Portugal, and Granada, with the malcontent princes Alfonso and Juan, against the young king of Castile ; his mother, with the assistance of Juan Lara, maintains the throne. The Sicilians and their king are excommunicated by the pope; they invade Calabria, where they take Squillace and other towns. Civil war in Genoa; the Ghibelins Doria and Spinola expel the Guelfs Grimaldi and Fiesco. The Venetians take Caffa in the Crimea from the Genoese. John, duke of Brabant, institutes the society of Merchant Adventurers. Edward having levied arbitrary taxes on wool and leather, the earls, Bohun of Hereford (Constable) and Bigod of Norfolk (Marshal), refuse to join his army; and the parliament passes an Act, Confivinatio Cartarum, Aug. 1, de- creeing, that no taxes shall be raised without the consent of the knights, citizens, and burgesses in parliament assembled ; this Act receives the royal assent, Guy, count of Flanders, is defeated by the French, and loses Furm s ; Edward passes over with a large force to succour his ally ; during his absence, the Scotch, under Sir W. Wallace and the earl of Moray, gain the battle of Cambuskenneth, and drive the English out of their country. Roger de Loria takes Otranto ; he is recalled by James of Aragon, who visits Rome, promises to make war on his brother Frederic, gives his sister Violante in marriage to Robert, duke of Calabria, is invested by the pope with the sovereignty of Sar- dinia and Corsica, and appointed to command a crusade against the Holy Land Philip is excommunicated, because his law, against the export of coin, stops the papal revenues derived from France. Boniface deposes the cardinals Jacopo and Pietro dalla Colonna, excommunicates the whole family, and confiscates their property. The Grimaldi and Fieschi continue to molest Genoa, and seize Monaco. Alexius II. seventh emperor of Trebizond. Dionysius of Portugal with draws from the league against Castile. Godfrey von Hohenlohe grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. On the death of Masoud II., he is suc- ceeded by Alaeddin II., the last of the Seljukian sultans. Death of Florenz ot Hainault, leaving a daughter, Maud, heiress of the principality of Achaia. Boniface prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the study of anatomy at Bologna. A truce of two years between England and France. Wallace penetrates with his victorious bands as far as Durham, but retires at the approach of Edward, who gains a decisive victory at Falkirk, July 22, and re-establishes his power Scotland. Battle of Rosenthal, between Worms and Spires, July 2. Adolphus of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolf's son, Albert, who is elected king by the diet of Francfort, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 24. Naval victory of the Genoese, under Lamba Doria, Sep. 8, off the Dalmatian island, Curzola"; the Venetian fleet destroyed ; the admiral, Andrea Dandolo, taken, dies of grief; Marco Polo, who commanded a galley, is conveyed a prisone? to Genoa, where he writes his Travels. Boniface proclaims a crusade against the Colonna family. Roger di Flor enters into the service of Frederic, king of Sicily. The Scotch refer their cause to the pope. James of Aragon, Avith a fleet under Roger de Loria, makes war on his brother Frederic ; the Sicilians defend them- selves valiantly, with varied success. The papal crusaders obtain possession of Palestrina, the impregnable fortress of the Colonna family, by a capitulation ; having gained his end, Boniface breaks his word, refuses the promised amnesty, and the Colonna are dispersed in Sicily, France, and other countries. Matteo Visconte mediates peace between Genoa and Venice ; also with Pisa ; and among most of the cities of Italy ; these treaties exalt Genoa ; the armed vessels of her rivals are excluded for a stated period from the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Othman invades the territory of Nicomedia ; the commencement oi the Ottoman empire. The Mongols occupy Palestine, and offer Jerusalem to the Christians. Raymond Lully, a native of Majorca, writes philosophical works. which are afterwards condemned as heretical. ~2d 402 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Hegira. East- ern Em- Popes. Port- Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors France Bohe- Ger- pire. ugal. tile. gon. arre. mia. many. 1300 700 19 Ari- el ronicus II. 7 Bo- niface VIII. Dec.24 22 Di- onysi- us. 6 Fer- di- nand IV. lOJas. II. the Just. 27 Jo- anna. 28 Mu- hamac II. 16Philip IV. the Fair. 23 Wen- ceslas IV. 3 Al- berto/ Aus- tria. 1301 1302 701 702 20 . 21 . 8 9 23 8 11 28 29 IMu- hamac III. AbuAb- dallah. 17 IS 24 12 25 5 1303 703 22 1 Be- nedict XI. Oct.22. 25— 9 13 30 2 19 26 6 1304 704 23 d.July Va- cant. 26 10 14 31 3 20 27 7 1305 705—706 24 1 Cle- ment V. June 15. 27 11 15 1 Lou- is Hu- tin. 4 21 lWen- ceslas V. 1306 706-707 25 2 28 12 16 2 5 22 1 Ru- dolf of Aus- tria. 9 1307 707—708 26 3— 29 13 17 3 6 23 1 Hen- ry of Carin- thia. 10 1308 708—709 27 30 14 18 1 7 21 2 1 Hen- ry VII. o/Lux- em- burg. 13wU TO 1308 A.D. 403 Repe- tition Dates. 1300 Doges of Ve- nice. 12Pietro Grade- nigo. 1301 13 1302 1305 1306 1308 Savoy 16 Ama deus IV. 19 20 — - >25 Flan- dees. 21 Guy de Dam- pierre. 22 Den- mark. 15 Erik VI. 24 1 Robert III. 23 3 19 15 SWE- 11 Rir ger. 20 21 20 ,24 I 4 — - 23 19 ♦ Po- land Hun- gary, 11 An- drew III. the Ve- netian. IChas, I.Ro bert. 1 La- dislas again re- Russia 7 An- drewIII 10 1 Mi- chael II. Scot- land. Subject to Eng- land. Eng- land. 29 Ed- ward I Nov. 2C 30 1 Ro- bert I. Bruce. Mar. 25 35 .July 7 1 Ed- ward II. July 8 2 n. Isa- bella of France. 2 d 2 404 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1300 Events and Eminent Men. 1301 1303 Boniface claims Scotland as a fief of the papal see ; he proclaims a jubilee, and attracts innumerable pilgrims to Rome by his plenary Indulgence. Roger de Loria defeats a Sicilian fleet, and takes the admiral, Conrad Doria. Robert, duke of Calabria, besieges Messina ; the diseased state of his army compels him to return to Naples ; Violanta mediates a truce of six months between her husband and her brother. A party among the magnates of Hungary espouses the cause of Charles Robert, son of Charles Martel ; he is proclaimed in Dalmatia and Croatia. Florence, prosperous and rich, is divided by the factions of the Bianchi (whites), under Vieri de' Cerchi and the Neri (blacks), headed hy Corso de' Donati ; the former have the ascendancy, and reject the pope's offered medi ation. The Poles expel Ladislas, and take Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, for their sovereign. G-uy, count of Flanders, is defeated and made prisoner by Philip's brother, Charles de Valois. Dante Alighieri (1266—1321) finishes his Divina Comedia. Villani begins to write his Chronicle. Universities founded at Lyons and Lerida. Cardinal Napoleone Orsino, by order of Boniface, be- sieges Gubbio and expels the Ghibelins. The marriage of Galeazzo, son of Matteo Visconte, to Beatrice, sister of Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, celebrated with great pomp. Segarelli burnt at Parma ; the Apostolicals, under their new leader, Dolcino, retire into Dalmatia. William de Villaret elected grand master of the Hospitallers. The name of Lollards first given to a charitable society at Antwerp, who lulled the sick by singing to them. The English parliament denies the right of the pope to intermeddle in the affairs of Scotland. Philip of France imprisons the bishop of Pamiers, appointed by the pope ; quarrels with Boniface. Death of Andrew III., king of Hungary, the last of the race of Arpad ; supported by the papal influence, Charles Robert is crowned as his successor ; Wenceslas, son of the king of Bohemia and Poland, is invited by a powerful party to oppose him. Boniface invites Charles of Valois into Italy, to assist his ambitious schemes, and flatters him with the hope of obtaining the imperial crowns of the East and the West. Under the plea of restoring peace Charles is admitted into Florence, where he allows the Neri to ill-treat and drive out their opponents ; Dante is among the expelled. Marriage of Philip of Savoy to Isabella de Villehardouin. The Hospitallers in alliance with the Mongols, enter Jerusalem, but establish no permanent occupation. Othman defeats Andronicus at Baphseon, near Nicomedia. The Scotch appoint Comyn regent, and make another effort to regain independence. Boniface issues a violent Bull against Philip, who burns it, accuses him of si- mony and heresy, and refuses to acknowledge him as pope. Another expedition of Charles of Valois ends in a treaty, by which Frederic is recognized king of Sicily, and marries Leonora, daughter of Charles of Naples. Expulsion of the Visconti from Milan, and return of the Dalla Torre. The first assembly of the States General in France, April 10. Defeat of the French by the Flemings at Courtrav, July 11. Flavio Gioja said to have invented the mariner's compass at Amalfi {see 1250). Edward makes peace with France, and marches again into Scotland. Philip de- mands a general council, to hear his charges against the pope, by whom he is excommunicated and his subjects absolved from their allegiance. Boniface is surprized at Anagni, by William de Nogaret ; after being kept some days a pri- soner, he is allowed to return to Rome, where he dies, (Jet. 11. Roger di Flor forms, out of the mercenaries who had served in Sicily, his Catalan Grand Com- pany, and is employed by the Greek emperor : he receives the title of grand duke, leads his forces agains.t the Mongols and Turks, and establishes himself at Cyzicus. The Visconti make a vigorous, but unsuccessful, effort to reinstate themselves at Milan. Siegfried von Feuchtwangen grand master of the Teu- tonic knights in Prussia. Athanasius restored patriarch of CP. The regent Comyn submits to Edward ; Wallace continues the struggle. Philip defeats the Flemings, Aug. 18. Benedict XI. reverses many of the acts of Boniface, and endeavours to restore peace; he dies after a reign of nine months, and the dissensions of the cardinals keep the papal chair vacant. A great part of Florence, burnt by the violence of the factions. Wenceslas renounces the ] 300 TO 1308 A.D. 405 Events and Eminent Men. 1308 crown of Hungary. Roger di Flor defeats the Mongols, enters Philadelphia, and stations himself at Ephesus. Dolcino and the Apostolicals return to Italy, and fix themselves on a mountain near Vereelli. Albert oppresses Switzerland; ty- ranny of his bailiff, Gessleiv Birth of Petrarch. Wallace, taken prisoner, is executed as a traitor, Aug. 23. Philip procures the papacy for Clement V., who summons the cardinals to meet him at Lyons. The kings of Castile and Aragon divide Murcia by the treaty of Campillo. On the death of Joanna, her eldest son, Louis, by her marriage with Philip of France (see 1276), inherits Navarre. Siege of Magnesia by the Catalans ; they occupy the Thracian Chersonesus. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia and Poland, dies ; La- dislas Loktek once more regains the Polish throne. Death of John, marquis of Montferrat; his States are inherited by his nephew, Theodore, son of his sister Violanta, and the emperor Andronicus (see 1284). Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, marries Beatrice, daughter of Charles II. of Naples ; many States form a league against him. Clement restoi'es the cardinals della Colonna, whom Bo- niface had degraded. Otho of Bavaria, grandson of Bela IV., claims the crown of Hungary. Uzbek, grand khan of the Golden Horde. Robert Bruce, grandson of the first claimant, is crowned king of Scotland, and dispossesses the English of great part of the country ; Aymer de Valence defeats him near Johnston ; three of his brothers are taken, and condemned as traitors. The Bulls of Boniface against Philip are revoked. Clement urges a general crusade, and demands a tenth of all ecclesiastical revenues for the purpose; Philip recommends him to be less exorbitant. William de Villaret projects the acquisition of Rhodes. The marquis d'Este loses his ascendancy in Modena and Reggio. The Dorias expelled from Genoa by the Spinola party. The Ca- talans fortify Gallipoli; other adventurers join them ; Roger di Flor is created, Caesar. Death of Wenceslas V., the last male of the reigning family in Bohemia ; ! Rudolf of Austria claims the crown. A crusade against the Apostolicals. Od complaint made by the nobility and gentry, the use of sea-coal is prohibited in London and the suburbs. John Sanudo I., on the death of his brother Nicholas, is induced to leave a hermitage, and becomes sixth duke of Naxos. Edward banishes Piers Gaveston. Robert Bruce defeats the earl of Pembroke ; Edward marches against him ; dies at Burgh on the Sands, set. 67. Edward II. recalls Gaveston, and creates him earl of Cornwall. Conference of Philip and Clement at Poitiers. Charges against the Templars ; the grand master, Molay, and all the knights in France, imprisoned and their possessions seized. Fulk de Villaret, grand master of the Hospitallers, collects a force in Europe, and begins operations against Rhodes. Roger di Flor assassinated at Adrianople, and many of the Catalans massacred ; they make Rocafert captain of the Grand Company, commence hostilities against the empire, defeat Andronicus at Aspros, and over-run Thrace. Gessler killed by William Tell. On the death of Budolf, Henry, duke of Carinthia, takes the crown of Bohemia. Dolcino, his wife, and many of his followers, are burnt alive; dispersion of their sect. John dalle Carceri marries Florence Sanudo, and succeeds as seventh duke of Naxos. Peter de Langtoft's Chronicle ends. Marriage of Edward II. to the daughter of the king of France, Jan. 23 ; crowned at Westminster, Feb. 24 ; the earl of Lancaster and the queen demand the removal of Gaveston ; Edward appoints him governor of Ireland. Albert of Austria assassinated by his nephew; the electors of Germany choose Henry, count of Luxemburg, for their king. Origin of the Swiss confederation; union of Werner Stauffacher of Schweiz, Walter Furst of Uri, and Arnold von Melchthal of Unterwalden. Ferdinand of Castile takes Gibraltar, and by a treaty of peace acquires other territory in Granada. Philip assembles the States General at Tours, to sanction his proceedings against the Templars. Death of the marquis d'Este ; contest among his family; the Venetians support his grandson, Fulk, to obtain Ferrara. Dionysius removes the university from Lisbon to Coimbra, and encourages literature. Vasco Lobeira writes his I Amadis de Gaul. Otho of Bavaria relinquishes his pretensions in Hungary. Walter de Brienne succeeds Guy TI. as sixth duke of Athens. 406 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. Hegiba. East- ern Em- pire. Popes Port- ugal. Spain. Cas- A.ra- Nav- Moors. tjle. gon. arbe. France. Bohe- mia. Ger- many. 1309 1 709—710 28 An- dronicus II. 5 Cle- ment V. June 15. 31Dio- nvsi- us. ^Fer- di- nand IV. 19Jas II. the Just. 5 Lou- is Hu- tin. lNa- zar. 25Philip IV. the Fair. 3 Hen- ry of Carin- thia. 2 Hen- ry VII. o/Lux- em- burg. 1310 710—711 711—712 29 30 6 7 32 33 16 17 20 21 7— 2 3 26 27 Uohn ofLuXr em- burg. 2 1311 712—713 31 8 1 Al- °2 8 28 3 1312 fonso XI. 1313 713—714 32 — 9 35 2— 23 9— lAbul Walid, or Is- mail. 29 1 6 1314 1315 714—715 715—716 33 34 d. Apr. 20. Va- cant. 36 37 3 4 24 25 10 11 2 3 1 Louis lL.Hutin. 2 6 Con- tested by Fre- deric (HI.) of 1316 1317 716—717 717—718 35 36 Uohn XXII. Aug.7. 2 38 39 6 26 27 Uohn I. 5 days. 1 Jo- anna II. 2 4- — 5 Uohn I. 5 days. 1 Philip V. the Long. 2 7 8 Aus- tria and Louis (IV.) of Ba- varia. 1318 718—719 37 3 40 7 28 3 6 3 9 1319 1 719—720 38 41 29 4 7 i 10 . 1309 TO 1319 A.D. 407 ■ Repe- tition Doges of Ve- Savoy. Flan- Den- Swe- Po- Hun- ' Russia. [ Scot- | Eng- Dates. nice. ders. mark. den. land gary. LAND. LAND. 1309 21 Pietrc Grade- nigo. 25 Ama- deus IV 5 Robert III. 24 Erik VI. 20 Bir- ger. 5 La- dislas again re- stored 9Chas I. Ro- bert. 6 Mi- chael II. 4 Ro- bert I Bruce March 25. 3 Ed- ward II. July 8. 1310 22 26 — - 6 25 21 6 10 7 5 4 1311 1 Mari- no Gior- gio. 27 7 26 22 7 11 8 6 5 1312 1 Gio- vanni Soranzo 28 8 27 23 8 12— 9 — 7 6 1313 2 29 9 28 24 — - 9 13 10 8 b. Ed- ward III. Nov.12. 1314 3 30 . 10 29 ■ 25 10 14 11 9 8 1315 4 31 11 30 26 11 15 12 10 9 1316 5 32 12 31 2f 12 16 .3- 11 10 1317 6 - — 33 13 32 28 13 17 14 12 11 1318 34 14 33 29 — 14 15 15 1 Jurij III. 13 14 — - 12 13 1319 8 35 15 Vacant. 1 Mag- nus II. Smek. 19 408 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1310 1312 1313 Edward II. recalls Gaveston, who offends the barons again by his insolence. Re- moval of the papal see to Avignon. Clement issues a Bull, in which he declares Ferrara to be a fief of the church, excommunicates the Venetians, lays an in- terdict on their lands, places them out of the protection of all laws, human and divine, and authorizes Christians* to seize their persons, sell them for slaves, and rob them of their property, in all parts of the world; his legate preaches a crusade against them, collects a large force and drives them from Ferrara, which is not restored to any of the d'Este family, but governed for the pope by Robert, who had just succeeded his father, Charles II., as king of Naples. Bajamonte Tiepolo endeavours to form a Guel? party at Venice, fails, and is expelled. At the diet at Spires, the imperial cities of Germany are for the first time repre- sented. Marienburg in Prussia is made the seat of the Teutonic knights. The Catalans are repulsed in their attack on Tbessalonica ; their leader, Rocafert, is treacherously seized by the Neapolitan admiral, Thibaut de Sipoys, and starved to death in a dungeon at Naples. Rebellion in Granada ; Muhamad III. resigns his crown to his brother Nazar. Commissioners are appointed by parliament to exercise the royal power in England ; they banish Gaveston. Henry obtains the throne of Bohemia for his son John, and proceeds with a numerous retinue and army to Italy ; he restores Matteo Visconte at Milan, and endeavours to allay the violence of the two factions ; Robert, king of Naples, and chief of the Guelf party, secretly opposes him. An attempt of the Ferrarese to regain their independence, is sup- pressed by the legate, cardinal Pelagrua. with great cruelty and rapine The councils of Mentz, Ravenna, and Salamanca, acquit the Templars accused before them ; at Paris and Senlis they are condemned ; many of the knights are burnt alive. The city of Rhodes is taken by the Hospitallers, and the conquest of the island completed. The Catalan Grand Company enter into the service of Walter de Brienne, duke of Athens. Arnold di Villa Nuova teaches the distillation of spirits of wine. Edward again recalls Gaveston, retires to York, and protests against the ordi- nances of the commissioners ; the barons arm against him. Henry and his queen, Margaret, are crowned at Milan ; the party of the Dalla Torre, suspected of plotting new disturbances, are driven from that city; Matteo Visconte regains full power there. Henry makes many fruitless efforts to restore peace among the Italian cities ; the plague breaks out in his army ; his queen, Margaret, falls I a victim to it at Genoa. The Fifteenth General Council, at Vienne, in Dauphiny, suppresses the Order of Knights Templars, condemns the Beghards and Be- \ guines of Flanders, and refuses to entertain the charges brought by the king of France against the late pope Boniface. Walter dc Brienne quarrels with the Catalans, and is defeated and slain by them in a battle on the banks of the Ce- phissus ; they conquer the duchy of Athens, and appoint Roger Deslau grand duke. Niphon I. patriarch of CP. Gaveston made prisoner at Scarborough, conveyed to Warwick, and beheaded, July 1 ; peace between Edward and the barons. The council of Vienne con- tinues its sittings till May 6 ; the act for suppressing the Templars published April 3 ; their possessions divided among several sovereigns, and part assigned to the Hospitallers. Robert, king of Naples, seizes the principal forts in Rome ; Henry is, nevertheless, crowned in the Lateran church by three cardinals. The new emperor enters into a treaty of alliance with Frederic of Sicily, and gives him one of his daughters in marriage. Karl Beffartof Treves, grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Hertford college, Oxford, founded. Robert Bruce takes Inverness and besieges Stirling; a truce between England and Scotland. Philip restrains Clement from excommunicating the king of Naples for his violence in Rome. The emperor Henry, in conjunction with the Genoese and Sicilians, prepares to attack Robert, but dies suddenly at Buon- convento, near Sienna, Aug. 24, jet. 49 Nazar, king of Granada, deposed by his nephew, Abul Walid. Robert appointed governor of Florence for five years. Marriage of Louis of Burgundy to Maud of Hainault, heiress of Achaia. Birth of Boccacio. Rudiger von Manesse, of Zurich, forms his Collection of Poems. 1309 TO 1319 A.D. 409 1314 1317 1318 1319 Events and Eminent Men. Battle of Eannockburn, June 25 ; the independence of Scotland established. Louis of Bavaria, and Frederic, son of the late Albert of Austria, are elected by two opposite parties kings of Germany, and make war on each other. Cement appoints the king of Naples senator of Rome and viceroy of Italy ; protected by him, the Guelf faction prevails ; the Ghibelins maintain their struggle at Pisa, Lucca, and other places. Death of Clement V. ; the dissen- sions of the cardinals keep the papal see vacant again nearly two years and four months. Death of Philip le Bel ; he is succeeded by his son, Louis Rutin (the Quarrelsome), already ten years king of Navarre. Fruitless expedition of the king of Naples against Sicily ; repulsed at Trapani, he agrees to a truce of three years. Molay, grand master of the Templars, is burnt alive at Paris, protesting to the last the innocence of his Order. The Hospitallers conquer the islets near Rhodes, and settle the government of their little State. Exeter College, Oxford, founded by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. The earl of Lancaster, the king's cousin, takes the direction of public affairs in England. Edward adopts a new favourite, Hugh le Despenser. Robert Bruce invades England, takes Berwick, is repulsed at Carlisle, and returns to Scotland ; his brother, Edward, lands with an army in Ireland. Matteo Visconte and Uguccione dalla Faggiuola defeat Philip and Peter, king Robert's brothers, and repress the Guelfs in Lombardy and Tuscany. The three Swiss cantons defeat Leopold of Austria at Morgarten, Nov. 16. Othman attempts to recover Rhodes ; he is bravely repelled by the knights, with the assistance of Amadeus of Savoy. Mondini de' Luzzi teaches anatomy. England afflicted by a grievous famine. Edward Bruce crowned king of Ireland ; his brother, Robert, goes over with an army to support him, but soon withdraws. Death of Louis X. ; his posthumous son, John, lives only five days. The Salic Law is established, to exclude females and their descendants from the throne of France. Joanna, daughter of Louis, inherits only Navarre. Philip V., second son of Philip IV., takes the French throne. The predominance of French cardinals, created by Clement V., secures, eventually, the election of another French pope, and the continuance of the papal see at Avignon. John XXII. appoints eight more cardinals, of whom seven are French. The Genoese conclude a commercial treaty with Alexius of Trebizond, which secures their trade in the Black Sea. John XIII. patriarch of CP. Another expedition of Robert against Sicily ends in another truce. The citizens of Ferrara expel Robert's garrison, and restore the government of the marquis d'Este. Violent commotions in Genoa The Swedish king, Birger, by the j murder of his two brothers, causes a rebellion of his people. Battle of Dundalk, Oct. 5; Edward Bruce defeated by Lord Birmingham, and I slain ; termination of the war in Ireland. Philip obtains from Joanna, a child, get. 8, the cession of Navarre and Champagne, which had been united since the time of Theobald I. (ax. 1234); of the former, she regains possession, but the latter remains annexed to the crown of France Genoa, besieged by the Ghibelins, is relieved by king Robert, who is appointed governor of the city for ten years. Giotto (1276—1336) the first painter of portraits from life. A truce of two years between England and Scotland. Bruce excommunicated by the pope ; the Scotch parliament resists all papal interference in their affairs. The siege of Genoa is raised, and king Robert goes to Avignon ; after his de- parture, the Ghibelins, Doria and Spinola, return and renew the attack. Brescia submits to a governor appointed by Robert. The Castilians invade Granada, and are defeated with great loss ; their two princes, Juan and Pedro, are slain. Dionysius of Portugal gives the confiscated possessions of the Templars in his kingdom to a new military Order, of Christ. On the death of Erik, the throne of Denmark remains for a time vacant. Birger deposed and banished by the Swedes : they elect Magnus Smek, set. 3, who is also king of Norway. Michael, grand duke of Russia, is put to death by the khan of Kapzak, who places Jurij on the throne. Louis of Bavaria gives the marquisate of Lusatia to the king of Bohemia. 410 FEOM THE YEAR A.D. Hegiba, 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 722 72g 724 725 726 727 1327 East- ern Em- pike. An- dronieus II. 40 5 John XXII Aug.7 41 42 44 45 1 Atl- dronicuS III. I! Popes Port- ugal. 42 Di- onysi- us. 7 ,44 Spain. Cas- Aba- Nav- tile. gon. arbe. 9 Al- fonso XI. 13 1 Al- fonso IV. the 30Jas.' 5 Jo- II. the anna Just. II. 31- 32- 1 Al- fonso IV. 11- jra.Phi- lip Count d'Ev- Moobs. Feance. Bohe- mia. 8 Abul Walid or Is- mail. 5 Philip V. the Long. 11 John of Lux- em- burg. 9 6 12 10 ICharles IV. le Bel. 13 11 2 14 12 3 15 IMu- hamad IV. Ben Ismail. 4 16 2 5 17 3 6 18 Ger- many Still con- tested lLou LSlV. of Ba- varia. 1 Philip VI.de Valois. 1320 TO 1328 A.D. 41 i tition Dates. 1320 1321 1322 1324 1325 1326 1327 Doges of Ve- Savoy. Flan nice. DEES. 9 Gio- 36 Ama- vanni deus IV. Soranzo. 10 Den- mark. 16 Ro- bert III. 1 Louis I. 14 1 Ed- ward. 1 Chris- topher II. Swe- den. 2 Mag- nus II Smek. PO- HUNGA-[ Rus- LAND. RY. i SIA. 16 La- dislas again re- stored. 18- SCOT- LAND, 1 Fran- cesco Dando- lo. 20 Charles I.Ro- bert. 21- 10- 2Jurij[15Ro III. bert I Bruce March 25. Eng- land. 14 Ed- I ward II. 1 July 8. 1 1 Dmi- tri II. 27 1 Alex ander II. llvanl. Kalita, or the Purse, 21- 18 19 Jan. 20. 1 Ed- ward IIL Jan. 25. 2 m. Phi- lippa of Hai- nault. 412 FROM THE TEAR A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1321 1323 The favours heaped by Edward on Despenser and his father excite the jealousy of the earl of Lancaster and other barons. Robert, by his intrigues, prevents a settlement of the contest in Germany, in order to promote his ambitious designs in Italy; he sends Philip de Valois with a French army to oppose the Visconti, who compel him to return without having obtained any advantage. The siege of Genoa is still continued. The long and prosperous reign of Dionysius in Portugal is troubled by the discontent of his son. Christopher, brother of Erik, obtains the vacant throne of Denmark by a capitulation with the nobles. The barons obtain from the parliament an act of attainder and banishment against the Despensers ; the king collects an army, reverses the act, and recalls the exiles. Andronicus the younger, assisted by John Cantacitzene and Sir- yannes, commences a civil war against the emperor, his grandfather; peace concluded between them at Rhegion : the war renewed in the autumn, and Heraclsea besieged. Siryannes returns to the service of the old emperor. The besiegers of Genoa defeat an army landed against them by king Robert. Andoria. Galeazzo Visconte lays siege to Cremona. Dante, still an exile from Florence for his Ghibellinism, dies, set. 56, at Ravenna, where he had been be- friended by Guido Novello da Pollenta. Edward II. defeats the barons at Boroughbridge ; the earl of Hereford slain ; the earl of Lancaster made prisoner and beheaded at Pontefract, March 23; Hugh le Despenser acquires for himself a large part of the forfeited estates. Queen Isabella, while resident in the Tower of London, first sees Mortimer, who is brought a prisoner, to be confined there. The property of the English Templars seized, Jan. 7 ; the knights are dispersed in monasteries, and pensions allowed them. Sir John Mandeville travels in the East, 1322 to 1356. Death of Philip, king of France ; leaving only daughters, he is succeeded by his brother, who unjustly claims also Navarre; resistance of the Navarrese ; battle of Beotibata, in a pass of the Pyrenees. Death of Maria, queen-dowager of Castile. Treaty of Epibates between the emperor Andronicus and his grandson. Battle of Muhldorf, or Ampfing; Frederic of Austria is taken prisoner by Louis of Ba- varia (Sep. 28), who from this time reigns sole king of Germany. Cremona surrenders to Galeazzo Visconte ; his brother, Marco, defeats a papal and Nea- politan army at Bassignano ; their father, Matteo, his family, and adherents, are excommunicated by the pope, who publishes a crusade against them, con- fiscates their property, and authorizes their enemies to seize their persons and sell them as slaves. Robert and the pope offer to recognize Frederic of Austria as king of Germany, if he will give active support to their plans ; he sends his brother Henry with an army, who, on arriving at Brescia, leams the real nature of the party strife raging in Italy, and marches back again. Matteo Visconte resigns his power to his son, Galeazzo, and retires to the monastery of Crescen- zago, where he dies, June 27, set. 72. Unsuccessful invasion of Scotland by Edward; a truce of thirteen years concluded between the two countries. Through the influence of Isabella, Mortimer is allowed to escape. Louis of Bavaria invests his son with the margraviate of Brandenburg, vacaut by the extinction of the family of Albert the Bear, who had held it since 1134. The siege of Genoa raised. The papal legate takes Alessandria and Tortona, and besieges Milan. Louis sends some German troops to assist the Visconti ; the assailants are repulsed with great loss. The pope excommunicates Louis, and declares his election void. Queen Isabella visits France, to arrange the dispute between her husband and brother respecting Guyenne ; Edward cedes the province to his eldest son, who goes over to do homage for it. Commencement of Isabella's guilty intimacy with Mortimer ; they plot to overthrow the Despensers. Diet of Nuremberg ; Louis protests against the papal assumption of power in Germany, and appeals to a general council. Galeazzo defeats the combined army at Vavrio, and takes Monza ; he offers terms of peace, which Robert makes the pope reject. Alfonso takes the government of Castile into his own hands. James, king of Aragon, claims Sardinia under the gift of Boniface VIII., in 1297, and invades the island. Werner von Orselsn grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Birth of Wickliffe. 1320 TO 1328 A.D. 413 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1327 1828 Charles desires Isabella to leave his court; she withdraws to Hainault, where she j affiances her son, Edward, to Philippa, daughter of the count, whom she engages to assist her with an army. Frederic of Austria, by the treaty of Traussnitz, renounces the crown of Germany, and is released from prison. Castmccio of Lucca, and Azzo, sun of Galeazzo Visconte, defeat the Florentines and their allies at Cappiano and take their general, Raymond da Cardona. Robert be- sieges Palermo, and returns to Naples, unable to accomplish his object. Siege of Cagliari, in Sardinia, by the Aragorie.se ; the Pisans make a vain effort to relieve the place. Abul Walid is slain in a revolt at Granada, and succeeded by his son. Isabella lands with her army in Suffolk, Sep. 24, and is joined by many nobles. Flight of Edward into Wales ; the Despensers are taken and hanged ; the king is conveyed a prisoner to Kenilworth castle. Leopold of Austria, and the pope, annul the treaty of Traussnitz ; Frederic surrenders again to Louis, who treats him as his friend. The pope incites Ladislas, king of Poland, and Ge- dimin, duke of Lithuania, to attack the Teutonic knights, and invade Branden- burg. Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded by Dr. Richard Baden. Parma and Reggio submit to the papal legate. The Florentines give the government of their city for five years to Robert's son, Charles, duke of Calabria. Death of Othman ; Prusa taken by his son Orchan. Death of Roger Deslau ; the Ca- talans invite Manfred of Sicily to be grand duke of Athens. Florence Sanudo, by her second marriage, conveys the duchy of Naxos to Nicholas IT. Edward II. deposed by Parliament, Jan. 7 ; his son refuses the crown, unless re- signed by his father; this being accomplished, Jan. 20, Edward 111., who had just entered his fourteenth year, is proclaimed Jan. 25 ; his mother and Mor- timer rule in his name. Robert Bruce invades England, but retires before the English army; Edward displays early proofs of valour ; his father is brutally murdered by his keepers in Berkley castle, Sep. 21, a±t. 43. Modena submits to the legate. Conference at Trent between Louis and the leaders of the Ghibelins ; he advances to Milan, and is crowned king of Italy, May 31 ; he j quarrels with Galeazzo Visconte, and imprisons him at Monza ; the citizens of Pisa shut their gates against him, but yield, after a siege, and pay a heavy I contribution. The Genoese, in the service of king Robert, take Ostia ; Sciarra Colonna defends Rome. The pope fulminates more violently against Louis, in whose defence, the Franciscan, William Occam, Marsilius of Padua, and John of Janduno, by their writings, deny the temporal authority of the Roman bishop over Germany and other countries. Cecco d'Ascoli burnt at Florence, for heresies discovered in his poetry. Rainulph Tiigden concludes his Poly- chronicon. Origin of the Goldsmiths' and Skinners' Companies in London. Isabella and Mortimer odious to the nation ; he concludes a treaty of peace, recognizing the complete independence of Scotland. The marriage of Edward to Philippa of Hainault is solemnized at York. Death of Charles, king of France, Jan. 31, get. 34; his crown descends to Philip, son of Charles de Valois, second son of Philip III. (see 128?i; unable to claim Navarre, he marries Joanna to Philip, count d'Evreux, who reigns jointly with her. The Flemings revolt ; are defeated by the king of France, at Mount Cassel, Aug. 23, and reduced to submission. Louis crowned emperor at Rome, Jan. 17, by the bishops of Venice and Aleria; he holds an assembly of the people, April 18, at which it is decreed that every pope must reside in Rome. John XXII. is deposed, and Nicholas V. elected. Galeazzo Visconte is liberated, and dies ; his son, Azzo, succeeds him. The Ghibelins lose two important leaders by the death of Sciarra Colonna and Castmccio of Lucca ; the Guelfs also lose king Robert's son, Charles, duke of Calabria, leaving only two young daughters. Luigi da Gonzaga obtains the lordship of Mantua, and Cane dalla Scala that of Padua. Third rebellion of An- dronicus the younger ; he takes CP., and his grandfather resigns the throne to him. Alexander II. of Russia provokes the Golden Horde by a massacre of the Tartars ; Uzbek expels him, and gives the principalities of Moscow, Novogorod, and Wladimir, to Ivan, brother of Jurij, who takes the title of grand prince of Moscow, and makes that city the capital of his dominions. Death of Nicholas Trivet, hist orian of the house of Anjou. 414 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Hegira. 1330 1331 1332 730 731 1335 736 733 734 1336 1337 1338 East- ben Em- pire. 2 An- dronicus III. Popes 14 John XXII. Aug.7. 3 15 16- 5 19 i. Dec. 4. 1 Be- nedict XII. Dec/20 2 737 738—739 739—740 740—741 11 Port- ugal. 5 Al- fonso IV. the Brave. 18 Al- fonso XI. Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. TILE. GON. ARRE. France, 21- 22- 3 Al- fonso IV. 14 Jo- anna II; 25- 15- 1 Pe- dro IV. 27- 28 5Mu- hamad IV- Ben Ismail. lYusef Ben Is- mail. 19 2 22- 24- 2 Philip VI. de Valois, 20 John of Lux- em- burg. 7 112 Bohe- mia. 22- Ger- MANY 8 Lou- is IV o/Ba varia 26- 12- 13- 18- 1329 TO 1339 A.D. 415 1330 1333 1334 1335 1336 1339 Doges or Ve- nice. 2 Fran- Dando- lo. 1337 10 1338 11 1 Barto- lommeo Grade- nigo. Savoy. 1 Aimon the Pa- cific. Flan- ders. 8 Louis I. Den- Swe- MAEK. DEN. 10 Chris- topher II. Count ofHol- stein, re- gent. 11 Mag- nus II 20 Po- land, 25 La- dislas again 26 1 Ca- sunn 111. Hunga- ry. Charles I. Ro- bert. Rus- sia. 2 Ivan I. Ka- lita, or 85 Scot- land. 24 Ro- bert I. Bruce. Mar. 25. d.June7, 1 David 1 I.Bruce June 7 10- Eng- LAND. 3Ed- wardlll. Jan. 25. 4 — b. Ed- ward the Black Prince. J une 15. 10 41G FROM THE YEAE 1330 1331 1332 Mortimer provokes the enmity of the harons ; he arrests Edmund, earl of Kent, the king's uncle. Louis alienates the minds of the principal Ghibelins; the Viscouti and D'Este treat with the pope; the antipope Nicholas abjures, and is imprisoned at Avignon. Death of Frederic of Austria. Louis returns to Ger- many. The independence of Navarre secured by the convention which Joanna and her husband sign at their coronation in Pampeluna. Orchan blockades Niceea, and defeats Andronicus at Pelekanon. The Danes expel their king, Christopher, and place on the throne Waldemar, the young duke of Schleswig, under the regency of Gerard, count of Holstein. Andronicus conquers Chios from the Genoese family of Zacharia. Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. Death of Robert Bruce ; he is succeeded by his son, David, set. 5. The earl of Kent beheaded, March 9, and the earl of Lancaster imprisoned. Edward resolves to take the government into his own hands. Isabella and Mortimer are surprized in Nottingham castle ; he is executed at Tyburn, Nov. 29, and she is confined for the rest of her life at Castle Rising, in Norfolk. John-, king of Bohemia, while negotiating with the duke of Carinthia, at Trent, is invited by the Guelfs of Brescia to take the command of their city. Christopher recovers the throne of Denmark. Nicasa surrenders to the Ottomans: Andronicus concludes a treaty of peace with them. On the death of Manfred, his brother, William, holds the dukedom of Athens. Andronicus III. succeeds his father, Alexius II., in the empire of Trebizond. The Seljouk Turks ravage the coast of Greece ; their armament is defeated near Mount A thos, by a combined fleet of Venetians, Neapolitans, Rhodians, and other Christian powers. Dominico Catagna, and a Genoese colony, manufacture alum at Phocsea. Alfonso of Castile involves himself in many troubles by his illicit attachment to Eleanora de Guzman. Edward redresses the grievances ot his people, and restores a strict administration , of justice. John of Bohemia recalls the banished Ghibelins to Brescia, and reconciles' the two factions ; many other cities in Lombardy place themselves under his government: the chiefs of the contending parties, jealous of his power suspend their differences, and coalesce against him. The Genoese call upon Robert of Sicily to assist them in their war with Aragon. Luther, duke of Brunswick, grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia ; the Poles and Lithuanians defeated at Plowcze. Death of Abulfeda (Ismail, prince of Hamah), Arab. Hist, and Geog. Jane de Valois. countess of Hainault, visits her daughter Philippa. John Kempe is invited to bring Ids servants and apprentices from| Flanders, to join the weaving colony, already founded at Norwich in 1132 ; they are patronized bv the Queen Edward Balliol claims the crown of Scotland, collects an English army, and lands,! on the coast of Fife ; the earl of Marre, the regent, defeated and slam, Aug. 11 ;l the young king, David, and his affianced bride, Jane, sister of the king of! England, take refuge in France. Edward Balliol crowned at Scone, Sep. 27 ; is' soon afterwards defeated at Annan, by Sir Archibald Douglas, and driven into England. The deposed emperor, Andronicus, dies in a monastery, as the monk Antony, Feb. 13, set. 74. John of Bohemia goes to Avignon, and has daily, secret conferences with the pope ; his garrison is driven out of Brescia. Great disorders follow the death of the Trebizontine emperor, Andronicus; his brother, Basil, occupies the throne by the exclusion and murder of Manuel II. The !f Turks attack Trebizond, and are totally defeated. Lucern joins the Swiss con- federacy. Gibraltar retaken by the Moors. Edward III. enters Scotland with a powerful army, and lays siege to Berwick, battle of Halidown Hill, July 19; the regent Douglas defeated and slain; Ber- wick surrenders, and is annexed to England ; Balliol, restored, does homage to Edward as his superior lord. The papal legate besieges Ferrara, and is repulsed with immense loss by Azzo d'Este and his brothers. John of Bohemia, dis- appointed in his designs on Italy, returns to his own kingdom. Charles Robert I of Hungary claims the kingdom of Naples ; .the dispute is settled by a treaty I of marriage between the two branches of the family. The Merines of Africa, ! who had taken Gibraltar, are besieged by Alfonso ; Muhamad, king of Granada, 1329 TO 1339 A.D. 41/ A.D 1334 1337 1338 1339 Events and Eminent Men. relieves the fortress, and is assassinated ; he is succeeded by his brother, Yusef. John XIV. patriarch of CP Siryannes assassinated. Death of Christopher, kin$ of Denmark. Dietrich Burggraf von Altenburg, grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. Andrew, second son of Charles Robert, king of Hungary, is affianced, set. 7, to Joanna, grand-daughter of Robert, king of Naples, presumptive heiress of the throne, and is sent into Italy to be educated. Balliol holds a parliament at Edinburgh, Feb. 19 ; excites the hatred of the Scotch ; takes refuge at Carlisle, Dec. 24 ; Sir Andrew Murray regent Edward receives the banished Robert, count d'Artois, at his court, and prepares secretly to assert his imaginary claim to the throne of France, by alliances with Flanders and other States. The papal legate loses Bologna and most of the cities which he had taken. John XXII., at his death, leaves Italy distressed and impoverished by his ambitious schemes, while in his own treasury are found eighteen millions of gold florins, and the value of seven more in plate and jewels. Denmark a prey to anarchy ; Gerard, count of Holstein, exercises a disputed power as regent. The Genoese, in alliance with the knights of Rhodes, and Nicholas Spezza- banda, duke of Naxos, defeat an attempt made by Andronicus and his Turkish auxiliaries against Phocsea. Nicolo Acciaiuoli, a Florentine banker, acquires lands in the Morea, in payment of loans to the house of Anjou. Edward again conducts Balliol into Scotland ; the defenders of the country main tain themselves among the mountains. Gonzaga of Mantua obtains possession of Reggio, and Azzo Visconte, of Como and Crema; death of Beatrice d'Este. The Genoese expel king Robert's governor, and take for their captains RafaeleDoria and Galeotto Spinola. Louis of Bavaria makes overtures to the new pope, which Benedict wishes to accept, but is over-ruled by the kings of France and Naples. The violence of the factions in Italy much abated. A quarrel arises between Padua and Venice for some salt-works on the banks of the lagunes. James van Artevelde, a brewer of Ghent, having driven the count of Flanders into France, rules that province. Birth of Timour, or Tamerlane, May 7. Edward obtains the support of Van Artevelde ; he raises money by grants from parliament, and confiscating the wealth of the Lombard merchants. The prince of Wales created duke of Cornwall. Edward coins gold florins. The Venetians obtain possession of Padua, and give the city to Marsilio da Carrara. Azzo Visconte takes Brescia. Death of Frederic, king of Sicily; his son, Peter II., succeeds him. The Moguls ravage Thrace. Andronicus defeats the Alba- nians, and conquers the despotat of Epirus. Oriel college, Oxford, founded. Petrarch's first visit to Rome. Birth of Froissart A remarkable comet appears. Edward sails from the Orwell with a fleet of 500 ships, July 15 ; lands his army at Antwerp on the 22d ; has an interview with the emperor at Coblentz ; is ap- pointed vicar of the empire ; confers privileges on the city of Ghent, and assumes the title of king of France. Benedict XII., at the instigation of Philip, renews the excommunication of the emperor ; the Electors at Rense, near Mentz, issue a declaration, that Germany is an independent empire, over which the pope has no jurisdiction ; a diet at Francfort ratifies this manifesto. Robert, king of Naples, makes another unsuccessful attack on Sicily. Orchan takes Nicomedia. Death of William, duke of Athens ; his brother John succeeds him.t Edward invades France and encamps at Vironfosse ; marches back into Flanders, and disbands his army ; returns to England, and obtains a grant of money from parliament, on condition of redressing grievances and giving privileges to the boroughs. Mastino dalla Scala cedes Treviso to the Venetians; his disbanded mercenaries form themselves into the first condottiere company known in Italy ; they are employed by Lodrisio Visconte in an attempt to surprize Milan ; he is defeated, and made prisoner. Death of Azzo Visconte, set. 37 ; he is succeeded by his uncle, Luchino. Robert defeats the Sicilian fleet and conquers the Lipari Islands ; Asti is taken from him by John Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat, who restores the expelled Ghibelins. Simone Boccanegra, the first doge elected at Genoa. Katharine of Valois, regent of Achaia, employs Niccolo Acciaiuoli as her prime minister. Secret mission of Barlaam from CP. to Avignon ; he teaches Petrarch Greek, and brings into the West the literature of Greece. 2 B 418 FEOM THE TEAS A.D. 1340 1341 741—742 1343 1344 1346 1346 Hegira. 743—744 744—745 745—746 746—747 147—748 1347 748-749 East- ern Em- pire. 13 An- dronicus III. 1 John V. Pa- lseolo- gus. John VI. Can- tacu- zene. Popes. 7 Be- nedict XII. Dec. 20. d. Apr. 25. 1 Cle- ment VI. May 7. Port- ugal. 16 Al- fonso IV. the Spaih. Ca8- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile. gon. arre. 29 Al- fonso XI. 30 19- 21- 81- 32- 5 Pe- dro IV. 34- 35- 27- 28 10- France 25 Jo- 8Yusef 13Philip anna Ben Is- VI. de II. mail. Valois. 26 29- 31- 32- 13- 16 17 Bohe MIA. 31 John ofLuX' em- burg, 19 Louis IV. of Bava- 20 34 22 Ger- many 35 36 IChas, I. 23- lChaa IV. 1340 TO 1347 A.B. 419 Repe- tition. Dates. 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 Doges of Ve- nice. 2 Barto- lommeo Grade nigo. Sa- voy. 12 Ai- mon the Pacific. 14 21 Den- MABK. 1 Wal- demar III. 20 lAndrea] 1 Ama- Dando- |deus VI. lo. 22 Swe- den. Po- HtTNGA LAND. KY. 22 Mag- nus II. 24 25 8Ca- simir III Charles I. Ro- bert Rtrs- 1 Soot- land 1346 1 Louis II. 1 Louis I. ^Da- vid II. Bruce June7 14 Ed- ward III. Jan. 25. b. John ofGaunt. Eng- land. 27 13 7 28 IS- IS - 16- 17 -19 14— 5 15 2 e 2 420 FROM TILE TEAS A.D. 1340 Events and Eminent Men. 1341 1342 1343 On his return to Flanders, Edward encounters and destroys a large French fleet, June 24 ; 230 ships taken ; he besieges Tournay ; a truce concluded, Sep. 3, through the mediation of Jane, dowager-countess of Hainault. Queen Philippa accompanies ber husband ; their son, John of Gaunt (or Ghent), is born in the city from which his name is taken ; he is afterwards duke of Lancaster. The Moors of Granada and Fez besiege Tarifa ; the kings of Castile and Portugal relieve the place, and defeat the besiegers with great loss near the river Guada- celito. A long civil war follows the death of Basil, emperor of Trebizond ; his widow, Irene, first occupies the throne. On the death of the regent Gerard, Waldemar, Christophers son, obtains the crown of Denmark. The plague, or black death, introduced into Italy from the East, spreads over Europe. Foun- dation of Queen's College. Oxford, by queen Philippa's confessor, Kobert de Eglesfield. Death of the Biblical Commentator, Nicholas de Lyra. Quarrel of Edward with Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, and the clergy. The parliament, with their vote of supplies, pass an act, limiting the king's prero- gative, which he annuls by a proclamation; he supports the claim of John de Montfort to the county of Bretagne, in opposition to Charles de Blois, who receives the province from the French king ; De Montfort is made prisoner by Philip at Nantes. Death of Andronicus ; Anne of Savoy regent for her son, John V., set. 9, is supported by the grand admiral, Apokaukus, and the patriarch, against Cantacuzene, who proclaims himself emperor. Mastino dalla Scala cedes Lucca to Florence, which the Pisans oppose by a war. Among the hostages given by Florence is Giovanni Villani, the future historian. Petrarch receives the crown of laurel in the capitol. Controversy between Barlaam and the monks of Mount Athos. Ludolph K6nig von Weitzau, grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. Niccolo Acciaiuoli returns from the Morea to Italy. Jane de Montfort, in her husband's captivity, defends Bretagne, is besieged in Hennebonne, and relieved by the arrival of English succours. Campaign in Bretagne ; death of Robert d'Artois ; Edward besieges Yannes. Lucca sur- renders to the Pisans. Walter de Brienne, titular duke of Athens, appointed captain of Florence, makes peace with Pisa. Italy infested by condottiere bands : league of the States against them. The Castiliaus lay siege to Algesiras. Death of Peter, king of Sicily ; his brother, John, duke of Randazzo, as regent for his young son Louis, successfully defends the island. Charles Robert, king of Hungary, is succeeded by his son Louis. Cantacuzene escapes into Servia ; Stephen Dushan supports him with an army, and lays siege to Serres. Cola di Rienzo accompanies the embassy sent from Rome to the new pope, Clement VI, David Bruce returns to Scotland, and assumes the government. The papal legates mediate a truce of three years betweeu England and France, and their allies. Clement renews the excommunication of the emperor Louis, and makes such arrogant demands, that the diet rejects them indignantly, and resolves to resist them strenuously. Death of Robert, king of Naples ; his grand-daughter, Joanna, is crowned without her husband, Andrew of Hungary, for whom she manifests an extreme aversion ; her sister, Maria, is married to Charles, duke of Durazzo. The Florentines expel Walter de Brienne and es- tablish a popular government. The band, called duke Warner's company, after levying heavy contributions in Italy, receives a large sum to withdraw into Germany. Algesiras surrenders to Alfonso of Castile, who concludes a truce for ten years with the king of Granada. The Greeks and their Bulgarian auxili- aries besiege Demotica ; Cantacuzene invites the assistance of the Turks, who relieve the place, and from this time form a permanent settlement in Europe. Magnus, king of Sweden, appoints his second son. Haco VIII., set. 5, king of Norway. Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, founded by the countess of Pembroke. Some nobles of Bretagne and Normandy are treacherously seized and put to death by Philip ; breach of the truce : the earl of Derby defeats the count de Lisle at Bergerac, in Guyenne, and reduces a great part of Perigord. Apokaukos fails in his attempt against Demotica. The Servians join the imperialists against Canta- cuzene, and are defeated by the Turks. The knights of Rhodes destroy a Turkish fleet at Pallene, and assist in the capture of Smyrna by the Venetians and the 1340 TO 1347 A.D. 42 ~T" A.D. l'i Events and Eminent Men. king of Cyprus. The nobles of Genoa expel Boccanegra, and appoint a doge of! their own order, Giovanni da Mr.rta. Clare Hall, Cambridge, rebuilt and endowed i by Elizabeth de Burg. Edward holds a tournament at Windsor. The Madeira j islands first discovered by an Englishman, named Masham. Gold nobles coined j by Edward. Parliament, by the "Statute of Provisors," forbids the inter- ference of the pope in bestowing benefices and livings in England. Peter, prince of Portugal, marries Inez (or Agnes) de Castro, and retires with her to the banks of the Mondego. The earl of Derby defeats de Lisle at Auberoche, and takes him prisoner. Van Artevelde slain in a popular tumult, j Andrew of Hungary murdered at Aversa, Sep. 18 ; Joanna is accused of having instigated the deed. The Genoese refer their intestine disputes to Luchino Vis- j conte. Clement employs Uberto Delfino to preach a crusade against the Turks, I but without effect. Apokaukos murdered by his prisoners. Stephen Dushan I takes Serres. Henry Dusner von Arfoerg, grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. The Grocers' Company established in London. Andrea Daudolo, doge of Venice, and Giovanni Villani, write their Chronicles. Edward embarks his army at Southampton, July 4, and lands at La Hogue, July 12. , Battle of Crecy, Aug. 25; cannon first used by the English ; the Black Prince, I 83t. 16, displays great courage ; among the slain in the French ranks, is John, king of Bohemia, for some years blind ; his crest and motto have from that time been retained by the prince of Wales, as a memorial of this victory. Edward lays siege to Calais. David Bruce is defeated, taken prisoner, and his army destroyed, Oct. 17, at Neville's Cross, near Durham, by queen Philippa ; she joins her husband in the camp before Calais. Clement VI. induces some princes to elect for emperor Charles, marquis of Moravia, and son of John, king of Bo- hemia ; he is crowned at Bonne, escapes from the field of Crecy, and inherits his father's crown. Louis of Bavaria is still supported by a large majority of the princes. Louis of Hungary demands satisfaction for the murder of his brother ; he advances with an army to support the revolt of Zara, but is defeated by the Venetians, to whom the city again submits. Luchino Visconte acquires Parma and Piacenza. Clement excommunicates Waldemar, king of Denmark, for having undertaken a pilgrimage to the Holy Land without his permission. Cantacuzene secures the friendship of Orchan, by giving him his daughter in marriage ; he advances to the gates of CP. The Genoese take the island of Scios, and expel the Greek garrison at Phocsea. The pope gives Louis, count of Clermont, grandson of Alfonso de la Cerda, licence to conquer the Canary, or Fortunate, Islands, and to take the title of king. The university of Heidel- berg founded. The church of St. Sophia at CP. greatly injured by an earthquake. Charles de Blois made prisoner at La Roche-Darien, by Jane of Montfort; his countess, Jane de Penthievere, continues the struggle; surrender of Calais, Aug. 4 ; Eustace de St. Pierre and his five fellow-citizens are saved through the intercession of Philippa and her son ; this age of heroines softens the harshness of chivalry. Charles of Bohemia attempts to conquer the Tirol, is defeated by the marquis Louis of Brandenburg. Death of Louis of Bavaria, Oct. 11 ; the crown of Germany is offered to Edward III., who declines it ; Charles IV. is left undisputed king of Germany. Louis of Hungary claims the throne of Naples, and arrives in Italy to support his pretensions. Joanna marries Louis, prince of Tarento ; renounces her claims on Sicily, and makes a treaty with Louis, king of that island. Clement threatens to excommunicate the king of Hungary, who defies his fulminations. Niccolo, or Cola di Rienzo, tribune of Rome, May 20 : reforms many abuses ; is celebrated and counselled by Petrarch ; defeats the exiled nobles, Nov. 20, when seven of the Colonna family are slain ; dazzled by his success, commits many extravagant acts, loses the support of the people, abdicates and takes flight, Dec. 15. Cantacuzene enters CP., Feb. 3, and concludes a treaty on the 8th with Anne of Savoy; he is acknowledged emperor ; is crowned May 13, and marries his daughter, Helena, on the 21st, to the young excluded emperor, John V. Casimir gives the i first code of laws to Poland. The king of Denmark sells Esthonia to the Teutonic knights. St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster, rebuilt by the king. I Isidore I. pat riarch of CP. 1 422 FEOM THE TEAE ! A.D. Hegira 1348 1349 1350 749—750 750—751 751—752 1351 752—753 1352 1353 1354 753—754 755 756 East- ern Em- fire. 2 John VI. Can- tacu- Popes. Port- ugal. 7 Cle- ment VI. May 7 24 Al- fonso IV. the Brave. 25- '26 11 d. Dec. 6. 1 In- nocent VI. Dec. IS. 27- 28 . 1 John V. re* stored. 30 SPAIN. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors, tile, gon. arre. 37 Al- fonso XI. IPe ter the Cruel 13 Pe dro IV. 14s 18- 33 Jo- anna II. 16 Yu- sef Ben Ismail, IChas. 17- II. the Bad. 18- 21 Phi- lip VI. de Var 22 1 John II. the Good, 20- IMu hamad V. Ben Yusef. France, Bohe- mia 3Chas L 2Chas. IV, Ger- many 1348 TO 1354 A.B. 423 tition Dates 1348 1349 1350 1361 1352 1353 1354 Doges op Ve- nice. Savoy. FLAN- DERS. Den- mare GAndreal 6 Ama- 3 Louis 9Wal Dan- I deus II. demar dolo. VI. HI- 1 Mari- no Fali- ero. 12 Swe- den. 30 Mag- nus II. Smek. 31 17 Po- land, 16 Ca- simir III. HUNGA- 7 Louis I. 11 82 6 12. 7 13 33 20 35 18- Russia. Scot- land 10 21 20 Da vidll Bruce, June7, Eng- land. 22 Ed- ward III. Jan. 25. 1 I wan II. 26 25 27 424 FROM THE TEAR A.D, 1348 1349 1350 1351 Events and Eminent Men. A truce between England and France. Louis of Hungary takes possession of Naples; Joanna and her husband take refuge in Provence; the plague raging in Italy, obliges the conqueror to return into his own country ; he puts to death the duke of Durazzo and takes with him the child, Charles Martel, his brother Andrew's son. and many Italia' nobles. Joanna sells Avignon to the pope, who gives her husband the title of king ; they return to Naples, War between Can- tacuzene and the Genoese of Galata ; the Greek fleet captured before CP. ; the senate of Genoa orders the colony to desist from hostilities. Pedro of Aragon, held for a time in captivity by a conspiracy of his nobles, is rescued by his people ; he makes new laws, extending the privileges of the commons, and limiting the power of the crown and the grandees. The count of Clermont fits out a fleet in Catalonia, for his expedition to the Canary Islands j the state of France and the defenee of his lands compel him to relinquish the undertaking. Joan, daughter of Edward III., affianced to Peter of Castile, dies of the plague at Bordeaux, on her way to Spain. Niccolo Acciaiuoli is appointed by Joanna hereditary grand seneschal of Naples and count of Amalfi. Duke Warner again appears in Italy, with his band, and is taken into the Neapolitan service. A great mortality caused throughout Europe by the plague ; 50,000 are buried during the year in the Charter-house yard of London ; in the month of October Saragossa loses 300 daily ; two-thirds of the population of Florence perish ; among its victims is Giovanni Villain, the historian ; his Chronicle is continued by his brother Matteo ; this plague suggests to Boccacio the idea of his De- cameron. Caius and Gonville College, at Cambridge, founded by Edmund Gonville. Interview of Rienzo with the king of Hungary at Naples. Edward defeats a plot to betray Calais, Jan. 1 ; he conquers in single combat the French knight, Eustace de Ribaumont. Institution (or revival, see 1192) of the Order of the Garter, April 23. Louis of Naples recovers the greater part of his kingdom, but loses it again through the defection of duke Warner, who takes pay of the Hungarians. Death of Luchino Visconte; his brother, the archbishop John, becomes governor of Milan and its dependencies. Joanna of Navarre dies in France ; her son, Charles, receives the surname of the Bad, or the Cruel, for his severities in repressing some disorders in his provinces. Cle- ment declares the Flagellants to be heretics, and issues a Bull against them. Bartolo da Sassoferrato, eminent as a jurist. After a series of rapid revolutions, Alexius Comnenus III. is acknowledged emperor (the seventeenth) of Trebizond. Dauphiny annexed to France, on condition that the king's eldest son should be called the Dauphin. Giinther, count of Schwarzberg, is elected king by some of the German princes, but resigns at the end of four months. Death of Philip, king of France ; the reign of his brother, John, is disturbed by the intrigues of Charles of Navarre. Alfonso of Castile is carried off by the plague in his camp before Gibraltar, March 26; his son, Peter, set. 16, by his ferocious acts obtains the surname of the Cruel. Louis of Huugary again over-runs the kingdom of Naples, which he evacuates under a treaty mediated by the pope. On the death of Giovanni da Murta, Giovanni di Valente is elected doge of Genoa. The seizure of some Venetian ships by the Genoese at Caffa, in the Crimea, leads to a furious naval war. Cantacuzene, protected by a Turkish force, enters Thessalonica, and recovers part of Macedonia from the Servians ; he pays his Turkish mercenaries with money sent from Russia to repair the church of St. Sophia ; Callistus I., the newly-appointed patriarch of CP., connives at the act, but the clergy are very indignant. The Hungarians are improved by their intercourse with Italy; vines are planted at Tokay. Clement, at the end of fifty years, repeats the jubilee; Rienzo in disguise visits Rome. The law of high-treason defined by a special Act of the English parliament. Zurich joins the Swiss confederation, and is placed at the head of the cantons ; the abbot of St. Gall forms an alliance with them. Peter the Cruel puts to death Eleanora de Guzman, and persecutes her family. John Visconte, having obtained possession of Bologna, Clement, after threats of excommunication and interdict, accepts a sum of money, and grants the investiture. Rienzo seeks Charles IV. 1348 TO 1354 A.D. 425 A.D. 1352 1353 Events and Eminent Men. 1354 at Prague, and is transferred by him to the custody of the pope at Avignon. The Genoese fleet, under Paganino Doria, plunders many Venetian towns on the Adriatic and in Negropont ; the Venetians and their ally, the king of Aragon, send a powerful army into the Archipelago. Cantacuzene leaves John V. at Thessalonica, and returns to settle the religious disputes at CP. Nice- phorus Gregoras, the historian, is confined in the monastery at Chora, and ill- treated for his heresy. Winrich von Kniprode grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia ; industry and commerce begin to flourish in that country ; schools and hospitals are established there. Corpus Christi, or Benedict, College, Cambridge, founded ; also Trinity Hall, by William Bateman, bishop of Norwich. The parliament, by a statute of Praemunire, still farther limits the papal power in England. Naval battle in the Bosphorus, Feb. 13 ; the Genoese defeat the Venetians and Aragonese under Nicoletto Pisani, assisted by the Greek fleet ; they compel Cantacuzene to sign a treaty, May 6, which gives them the entire command of the Black Sea. John V. is encouraged by his partizans of Thessa- lonica to commence war against Cantacuzene. Glaris and Zug join the Swiss league. Death of Obizzo, marquis d'Este ; he is succeeded by his son, Aldro- vandino III. Alliance of Genoa with Louis of Hungary; their fleet, commanded by Antonino Grimaldi, defeated by the Venetians and Aragonese off Linghiera, in Sardinia, Aug. 29; the Genoese, in despair, place themselves under the protection of John Visconte ; he restores their confidence, and improves their city ; among other useful works, he erects for them a public clock. Fra Moriale, a knight of Rhodes, collects a condottiere band in Italy ; Deodati de Gozon, grand master of the Order, not being able to check such private adventures of his knights, resigns his office. Marriage of Peter the Cruel to Blanche de Bourbon ; in three days he deserts her, and devotes himself to his mistress, Maria de Padillia. John V. is driven to the isle of Tenedos by the Turkish allies of Cantacuzene, who breaks his treaty with Anne of Savoy, and proclaims his own son, Matthew, joint emperor. The canton of Berne accedes to the Swiss confederation. Simeon, grand duke of Russia, dies of the plague ; his nephew, Iwan II., does homage to the Golden Horde, as his successor. Death of Maximus Planudes, the Greek collector of the fables ascribed to iEsop. Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland, surprises the town of Berwick. Rienzo ap- pointed senator of Rome ; puts t death Fra Moriale ; fails in his attempt on. Palestrina ; is assassinated, Sep. 8. The cardinal Albornoz restores order in Rome. Petrarch accompanies an embassy sent by John Visconte to Venice, which endeavours without success to restore peace between that republic and Genoa. Paganino Doria captures or destroys the Venetian fleet at Sapienza, in the Morea, Nov. 4, and takes the admiral, Pisani, prisoner. Death of Andrea Dandolo, Sep. 7. Marino Faliero elected doge of Venice. Sicily distracted by two rival factions and a minor's reign ; Niccolo Acciaiuoli conquers Palermo, Trapani, and a large part of the island for the king of Naples. Death of John Visconte ; his nephews, Matteo, Bernabo, and Galeazzo, jointly succeed him. John V., assisted by some Genoese ships, surprizes CP., and regains his throne. Cantacuzene retires into a monastery as the monk Joasaph. Nicephorus Gre- goras is released from his confinement. The patriarch Callistus having been deposed by Cantacuzene for refusing to crown Matthew, John V. deposes Phi- lotheus, who performed the ceremony, and restores Callistus. Charles IV. in- troduces a feudal constitution in Bohemia ; he proceeds to Italy and arrives at Mantua, but refuses to join the league against the Visconti. Yusef, king of Granada, is stabbed by a madman in a mosque ; his son, Muhamad, succeeds him. Inez de Castro murdered by order of her husband's father, Alfonso, king of Portugal. Peter of Castile imprisons his queen. Suleiman, son of Orchan, repairs the walls of Gallipoli, which had been thrown down by an earth- quake, and brings over a colony of Turkish families, who permanently occupy the place. The title of lord mayor given to the chief magistrate of London. 426 FEOM THE TEAS A.D. 1356 1357 1358 1361 1362 Hegi- II East- ern Em- pire, 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 1363 765 2 John Y. re- stored. Popes. 4 Inno- cent VI. Dec. 18. Spain. Port- Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors ugal. tile. gon. arre. 31 Al- fonso IV. the Brave. 6Pe ter the Cruel 1 Pe- ter I. the Se- vere. 10 d.Sep.12. 1 Urban V- Oct. 31 20 Pe dro IV. 4 11 25 12 7Chas. II. the Bad. 2Mu- hamad V.Ben Tusef. France 6 John II. the Good. llsmail 10 II. Bohe-I Ger- MIA. MANY, 10 Chas I. 9Chas, IV. 1 Abu Said. 11 15 It I . i 1 Mu- 13 hamad V. re- stored. 18 17- 1355 TO 1363 A.D. 427 'Repe- tition Dates. Doges op Ve- nice. Savoy. Flan- ders. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. r ■"' Hun- gary. IRussia Scot- land. 1 1 | Eng- land. 1355 1 Gio- vanni Grade- nigo. 13 Ama- deus VI 10 Louis II. 16 Wal- demar III. 37 Mag- nus II. Smek. 23 Ca- siruir III. 14 Louis I. 3 Iwar II. 27 David 11. Bruce. June 7. 29 Ed- ward III. Jan. 25. 1356 1 Gio- vanni Delfino. 14 11 17 38 24 15 4 28 30 1357 1358 1359 2 3 15 — . 16 — 17 — 12 13 — 14 39- 10 25 ft6 16 17 18 5 6 1 Dmi- tri III. 29 30 31 31 32 33 19 20 41- — 27 1360 1361 5 18 19 15 16 21 1° 28 19 20 2 32 34 1 | J5 1 Lo- renzo Celso. 22 13 1 1362 2 20 17 21 1 Dmi- tri IV. 34 — : $6 - — 1S63 3 21 18 24 — - 15 31 22 2 35— < i 17 428 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1355 Events and Eminent Me». 1356 1358 1359 Charles, king of Navarre, is treacherously seized and imprisoned in France ; his brother Philip, and Geoffrey d'Harcourt, enter into alliance with Edward III. War renewed. The prince of Wales conducts an army to Guyenne, crosses the Garonne, and over-runs Languedoc. Edward lands at Calais," and invades the northern provinces ; he comes back to England, repels an incursion of the Scotch, recovers Berwick, and advances to Edinburgh ; Balliol resigns to him his claims on the crown of Scotland, for a pension. Charles IV. is crowned at Milan Jan. 6, and at Rome April 5. Marino Faliero, doge of Venice, accused of a con- spiracy against the nobles, is beheaded, April 17, set. 80, on the great staircase of the ducal palace. The Venetians conclude a disadvantageous peace with the Genoese ; the latter employ their fleets on the coast of Africa, and take Tripoli. Death of Louis, the young king of Sicily ; his brother, Frederic, at a still more tender age, is supported by the Aragonese. Matteo Visconte dies, Sep. 26 ; his two brothers continue to act in concert. Battle of Poictiers, Sep. 19 ; John, king of France, taken prisoner by Edward, the Black Prince ; the dauphin Charles escapes, and assumes the government during his father's captivity. The Golden Bull, prepared by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, is promulgated by the emperor, as the fundamental law of the Germanic consti- tution. General resistance of Northern Italy to the brothers Visconti ; the marquis of Montferrat takes Asti from them ; the Genoese recover their inde- pendence, and re-elect their former doge, Simon Boccanegra. Louis, king of Hungary, renews his hostilities against the Venetians. Matthew Cantaeuzene struggles to regain his lost throne. John V- obtains the friendship of Orchan. Wickliffe publishes his "Last Age of the Church." Sir John Mandeville returns from his Travels, and writes his account of them. The prince of Wales brings his prisoners to London, and is triumphantly received, May 24. Edward concludes a treaty with the captive king, which the dauphin rejects. Distress of France ; Charles of Navarre escapes from his prison, and makes active war ; the States create internal discord by their endeavours to restrict the royal prerogative. David, king of Scotland, is released for a ransom, after a confinement of eleven years. Peter I., having succeeded his father, Al- fonso, on the throne of Portugal, punishes the murderers of Inez de Castro, and transfers her remains to the royal sepulchre of Alcobaca, with funeral honours. Louis of Hungary takes Zara, Trau, and Spalatro, from the Venetians. Count Lando, chief of another irregular band, is employed by the league against the brothers Visconti, whose army is defeated on the Oglio with great loss. The rebellion of Louis, duke of Durazzo, obliges Acciaiuoli to raise the siege of Catania, and return to Naples. Cardinal Albornoz recalled from Rome to Avignon. , Matthew Cantaeuzene is given up to John V. by the Servians, and compelled to ' abdicate. Timour's first campaign against the Irakians. Violent commotions in France; the authority of the dauphin disregarded; the marshals of Normandy and Burgundy murdered ; insurrection of the peasantry, or war of La Jaquerie ; Edward's lieutenant, the Captal de Buche, rescues the dauphin's wife and the ladies of her court from their violence at Meaux. Edward respects the truce to which he had agreed in his treaty with the king. Peter of Aragon supports Henry de Trastamare, son of Eleanor de Guzman {see 1330 and 1351), in his claims on the crown of Castile. Peter the Cruel puts to death his brother, Ferdinand, with others of the royal family, John, prince of Aragon, and many Castilian grandees. The Venetians by a treaty of peace resign Dal- matia and Istria to the king of Hungary, and agree to style their doge only duke of Venice, expunging from his title their share of the empire of Romania, acquired in 1204. Peace concluded between the Visconti and their enemies. The duke of Durazzo reconciled with the king of Naples. Cardinal Albornoz again sent as legate to Rome. Orchan's son, Suleiman, killed by a fall from his horse. The barony of Corinth granted to Niccolo Acciaiuoli. Edward's terms of peace not being accepted, he invades France again, and lays siege to Rheims. Pavia surrenders to Galeazzo Visconte ; Bernabo besieges Bo- logna. Innocent makes a vain effort to restore peace between Castile and Aragon, and turn their arms against the infidels. Peter continues his atrocities, 1355 TO 13C3 a.D. 429 1360 1361 Events and Eminent Men. and puts to death his aunt, Eleanor, queen of Aragon. Muhamad, king of Gra- nada, deposed hy his brother, Ismail, retires into Africa. Death of Orchan; his son, Amurath, or Murad I., becomes sultan of the Ottomans. Timour takes Samarcand, and conquers Maveralnaher, or Transoxiana. Margaret, daughter of Waldemar, king of Denmark, betrothed to Haco, king of Norway. John of Gaunt marries Blanche, daughter of the earl of Lancaster, great-grandson of Henry III., and receives the title of duke of Lancaster. Edward desists from his attack on Rheirns, and advances unopposed to the gates of Paris; treaty of peace signed at Bretigui, May 8; the king of France set free, for a large ransom ; his daughter, Isabella, is betrothed to the young son of Galeazzo Visconte, who assists him in paying the stipulated price for his libera tion ; the lands of Vertus in Campagne are settled on the son, with the title of count. Bologna is given up to the legate, cardinal Albornoz ; Bernabo, defying threats of excommunication, persists in the siege, till he is driven away by a body of Hungarians, invited by the legate ; these auxiliaries plunder the terrl tories of Modena and Parma. The condottiere Anichino di Mongardo infests Naples. Ismail, the usurper of Granada, is slain by his chief minister, Abu Said, who seizes the throne. Amurath takes Ancyra and Demotica. Wickliffe's controversy with the Mendicants at Oxford. John Milicz, archdeacon of Prague, opposes the prevalent superstition and errors of the age. Cantacuzene retires to Mount Athos, and writes his History. Boccacio introduces Leontius Pilatus to teach Greek at Florence. The insurrectionary bands in France defeat the royal army under James Bourbon, at Brignais, near Lyons, April 2. Blanche de Bourbon, get. 25, poisoned by order of Peter the Cruel, in her prison at Medina Sidonia, with her companion, Isabella Lara, widow of prince John of Aragon ; Maria de Padillia, Peter's fa- vourite mistress, dies soon afterwards. Bernabo Visconte renews the siege of Bologna; the king of Hungary refuses farther assistance against him. The pope and the marquis of Montferrat invite into Italy a number of soldiers disbanded from the English army. The violence of the plague suspends all military operations ; the doge of Venice dies of it, and Aldrovandino d'Este ; during the minority of his son, Obizzo IV., his brother, Nicholas, takes the reins of govern- ment. Galeazzo Visconte founds the university of Pavia. Muhamad leaves Africa and comes to Ronda ; he is proclaimed again at Malaga, and applies to Peter of Castile for support. Amurath takes Adrianople, and makes it his residence. Edward forms Guienne and the adjoining provinces into the principality of Aqui- tain, for his son, the Black Prince ; he celebrates his fiftieth year by a general amnesty, and a confirmation of Magna Charta. An Act of parliament orders the French language to be discontinued in law pleadings and documents, and English to be used in all the courts. Death of Louis, king of Naples ; Joanna marries James of Aragon, son of the deposed king of Majorca, but stipulates that he shall not assume the regal title. Abu Said visits Peter of Castile to ask his friendship, and is treacherously slain by him ; Muhamad re-ascends the throne of Granada. The Desht-Jitteh, or Getes, begin to manifest their jealousy of Timour. Philotheus restored patriarch of CP. The king of France returns to England, on account of some difficulties in executing the treaty. London is visited by the king of Cyprus, who is endeavouring to incite Europe to a new crusade ; David of Scotland, being there also at the same time, Edward III., his son, the Black Prince, and the three foreign sovereigns, are entertained by Sir Henry Pikard, who had been lord mayor in 1357. Ber- nabo Visconte is excommunicated by the pope, and defeated by the League ; the forces of his brother, Galeazzo, are routed by the marquis of Montferrat, as- sisted by Otho of Brunswick and the English mercenaries ; count Lando slain at Novara. The English enter into the service of the Pisans, and obtain a victory for them over the Florentines. Gabriel Adorno elected doge of Genoa. Marriage of Haco, king of Norway, to Margaret, the future "Semiramis of the North" ; the Swedes, displeased by this marriage, offer their throne to Albert of Mecklenburg, a son of Magnus Smek's sister. Amurath turns his arms against the Bulgarians and Servians: from the former he takes Philippopolis, and from the latter Serres. Timour's first catupaigr against the Getes in MMv^ralnaher. 430 FEOM THE TEAE A.D. Hegira. East- ern Em- Popes. Port- Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. France. Bohe- Ger- pire. ugal. TILE. OON. ARRE. mia. many. 1364 766 11 John V. re- stored. 3 Ur- ban V. Oct.31 8 Pe- ter I. the Severe. ^Pe- ter the Cruel. 29 Pe- dro IV. 16 Chas. II. the Bad. 3Mu- hamad V. re- stored. 1 Chas. V. the Wise. 19 Chas. I. 18 Chas. IV. 1365 767 12 4 9 16 30 17 4 — 2 20 19 1366 768 13 5 10 17 31 18 5 3 21 20 1367 769 ! 14 15 ■ 6 1 Fer- di- nand. 2 18 19 32 33 19 20 6 4 5 - — 22 23 21 1368 770 ! 16 3 1 Hen- ry II. 34 21 8 6 24 23 1370 772—773 17 9 d-Dec. 19. i Gre- 4 2 35 22 9 7 — 25 24— gory XI. Dec.30 2 36 10 26 1371 773—774 18 5— ■ — 23^— 1372 774—775 19 • <- 37 11 9 27 26 1364 TO 1372 A.D. 431 Repe- tition Bates, 1364 1368 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 DOGES of Ve- nice. 4 Lo- renzo Gelso. 1 Marco Cornaro. Savoy. 22 Ama- deus VI. Flan- ders. 19 Louis II. Den- ma RK. 25 Wal- demar III. Swe- den. 1 Al- bert. 1 An- drea Conta- reno. 24 25 21 27 6 27 24 30 , 25 Po- land. 32 Ca- simir III. Hun- gary. 33- 35- 36- Louis I. Rus- sia. 3 Dmi- tri IV. Scot- land. Da- vid II Bruce. June 7. 37. Eng- land. 38 Ed- ward III. Jan. 25 29 26 27 ,33 6 37 1 Lou is. 28— 29- 30- 40 41 — b. Rich- ard II. b. Hen- ry IV. 40- 41. 42- 43 I. Qu. Philip- 1 Ro- bert II Stuart. Feb. 22, ,46 432 FEOM THE TEAS 1365 1366 1368 Events and Eminent Men. The king of France dies, April 8, in the palace of the Savoy, at London. Bertrand du Guesclin defeats the army of the king of Navarre in Normandy, and takes its commander, the Captal de Buch, prisoner; he is himself afterwards defeated and captured, Sep. 29, at Auray, by the Breton forces under John Chandos ; the count Charles de Blois is slain, and John de Montfort is acknowledged duke of Brittany. France harassed and plundered by " Companies" of disbanded soldiers, commanded by Sir Matthew Gournay, Sir Hugh Calverly, and others. Treaty of Union between Bohemia and Austria. Peace between the Visconti and the Italian States Sir John Hawkwood takes the command of the English in the pay of Pisa ; they are defeated by the Florentines ; a treaty of peace follows between the two republics. Albert takes the throne of Sweden. Chaucer writes his Canterbury Tales. Carlsbad founded. Peter the Cruel renders himself so odious to his subjects, that Henry de Trasta- mare revives his claim to the throne of Castile, and obtains permission from Charles V. of France to enlist the " Companies" in his service j Du Guesclin negotiates with their leaders, and organizes the army. Marriage of Leopold, duke of Austria, to Verde, daughter of Bernabo Visconte. Death of Niccolo Acciaiuoli. Frederic of Sicily recovers Palermo and Messina. The king of Cyprus and the knights of Rhodes, with some Venetian and English volunteers, surprize Alexandria, which they abandon, taking with them a large booty. Haco invades Sweden ; he is defeated by Albert at Enkifiping, and his father, Magnus, made prisoner. A treaty of commerce between Amurath and the re- public of Ragusa. Timour quarrels with his brother-in-law, Houssein. Uni- versity of Vienna founded. The monastery of Sumelas, near Trebizond, endowed by Alexius III. The pope claims the tribute, which had been previously paid by England ; an Act of parliament, 40 Edward III., resists the demand, and declares the concessions made by king John to be illegal and invalid. Du Guesclin marches to Avignon, extorts a large sum from the pope, leads his forces into Castile, expels Peter, and places Henry on the throne; the tyrant takes refuge in Guienne, and appeals to the Black Prince. A new league formed against the Visconti ; Bernabo by a large army overawes Genoa. Petrarch, by his letters, supports the people of Rome, urging the pope to make their city his residence again; Urban orders his palaces to be prepared for his reception. Alexius III. of Trebizond defeated by the Turkoman tribes ; the imperial notary, Panaretos, writes his Chronicle of that empire. Wickliffe dismissed from the wardenship of Canterbury Hall. Houssein, defeated by Timour, retires to Balkh. The Black Prince espouses the cause of Peter, recalls the " Companies" from Henry's army, defeats him at Najara, April 3, takes Du Guesclin prisoner, restores Peter to his throne, and restrains the cruelty of the perfidious tyrant, who, in return for the services rendered him, refuses the stipulated pay to his allies ; Edward leaves him to his fate. Birth, at Bourdeaux, Jan. 6, of Richard, son of the prince of Wales, by his marriage with his cousin, Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, daughter of Edmund, earl of Kent {see 1329, 1330). Urban returns to Rome. Death of cardinal Albornoz. Marriage of Marco, son of Bernabo Vis- conte, to Isabella, daughter of Stephen, duke of Bavaria. After a short recon- ciliation between Timour and Houssein, and a defeat of the Getes, their war is renewed ; Timour takes Balkh ; Houssein made prisoner, is tried by sound of trumpet, condemned and put to death by three of Timour's chiefs. Death of Peter, king of Portugal ; he is interred at Alcobaca, in the tomb of Inez de Castro The Kremlin of Moscow built by Dmitri IV. The nobles of Aquitain refuse to pay the taxes levied by the Black Prince for the charges of his Castilian campaign, and appeal to the king of France. Bertrand du Guesclin is set at liberty, collects another army, and returns to Spain ; Peter is supported by the Moors of Granada. Alarmed by the progress of Amurath, John. V. treats with Urban for the re-union of the two churches. The king of Cyprus visits Rome, to urge a crusade ; the pope tries in vain to rouse the West against the Ottomans. The emperor Charles marches into Italy and levies contributions. Marriage of Violante, daughter of Galeazzo Visconte, to Lionel, 1364 TO 1372 A.D. 433 duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III.; Petrarch, present at the festi- vities, is placed at the "tahle of the princes ;" the death of Lionel soon follows. Beruabo Visconte makes an inroad on the Mantuan territories. Timour conquers the Getes, and is inaugurated sovereign of Balkh ; the chiefs all make submis- sion to him. Milicz is imprisoned at Rome for preaching his doctrines. The king of France breaks the treaty of peace, by citing the prince of Wales to answer for his conduct towards his subjects ; Edward answers that he will attend at the head of 60,000 men. War renewed ; Edward III. appeals to the parliament, who grant subsidies, and urge him to re-assume the title of king of France. Death of Queen Philippa, at Windsor, Aug. 14, and of Blanche, wife of John of Gaunt. Peter the Cruel defeated, March 14, and slain March 23, at Montiel, near Almagro, set. 35. Henry is acknowledged king of Castile ; the king of Portugal claims the throne. John of Gaunt marries Constance, Peters eldest daughter, and in her right he also claims the crown of Castile ; her sister Isabella becomes the second wife of Edmund, earl of Cambridge, fourth son of Edward III. The emperor John V. visits Rome, and conforms to the Ca- tholic church, without obtaining the expected succours. The emperor Charles returns to Germany. Bernabo Visconte takes Sir John Hawkwood and his band into his pay. On the death of Lionel, duke of Clarence, De Spenser, with some English retainers, takes possession of the lands given by Galeazzo as his daughter's dowry, and sells them to the marquis of Montferrat ; the marquis takes De Spenser and his followers into his service. The declining health of the prince of Wales causes his return to England ; most of the territories acquired by his and his father's victories are recovered by Charles V. Du Guesclin recalled from Spain and appointed constable of France ; Chandos, constable of Guienne, falls in battle ; the Captal de Buch made pri- soner ; Sir Robert Knolles marches his army, unopposed, from Calais to Paris, but obtains no permanent advantages. Henry, the new king of Castile, fails in an attempt to take Ciudad Rodrigo from the Portuguese, who invade his kingdom, while he has to defend himself against the king of Granada, and the united forces of Aragon and Navarre. Urban V. returns to Avignon, where he dies, Dec. 19 ; his successor, Gregory XL, continues to reside there. Galeazzo Vis- conte takes Casal from tbe marquis of Montferrat. On the capture of San- Miniato by the Florentines, Filippo Borromeo, one of its citizens, takes refuge in Milan, and is the founder of an illustrious family. The Genoese depose Gabriel Adorno, and elect Domenico da Campofregoso. Death of Casimir, king of Poland, the last of the Piast dynasty ; the Poles elect Louis, king of Hungary, to be their sovereign, by a. capitulation on which their constitution is based. The emperor John V. detained at Venice for payment of his debts, released by his son Manuel ; he returns with disgrace to CP. The Getes invade Maveral- naher, but retire on Timour's approach ; the Carismians resist him. Angelo, son of Niccolo Acciaiuoli, mortgages Corinth to his relation Nerio. Wickliffe denies the pope's right to tribute from England. The first stone of the Bastile laid, April 22, by Aubriot, provost of Paris. The English parliament petitions the king to employ no churchmen in any office of the State, and threatens to resist by force the oppressions of papal authority. Death of David, king of Scotland, Feb. 22, set. 47 ; he is succeeded by Robert, the first of the Stuarts, son of his sister Margery. Bernabo Visconte obtains possession of Reggio. Wickliffe receives the degree of Doctor of Divinity at Oxford. Ferdinand, king of Portugal, offends his people by his marriage with Eleanor Tellez Sir Walter Maury builds the Carthusian monastery in London j (La Chartreuse), now the Charter-house. Siege of Rochelle by Bertrand du Guesclin; the earl of Pembroke, proceeding with a fleet and army to relieve the place, is captured by the Castilian admiral, Boc- canegra, and a French fleet. Peace concluded between Naples and Sicily. A quarrel for precedence between the consuls of Venice and Genoa, in Cyprus, leads to a new war. Death of John Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat. The Cammians submit to Timour. Haco, having again invaded Sweden, obtains the release of his father Magnus, who soon afterwards dies in Norway. 2 F 434 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1375 Hegira 775-776 776—777 1379 1380 779—780 780—781 781—782 782— 7S3 East- ern Em- Popes. Port- fire. UGAL. 20 John X. re- stored. 4 Gre- gory XI. Dec.30 23 24 25 d. Mar. 27. 1 Ur- ban VI. Apr.9. Cle- ment VII. 1 Oct.31. 2 2 7 Fer- di- nand. 10 13 Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- M*oors, tile. gon. arre. ryll droIV. 25 Cha8. II. the Bad. 26- 28- 10- Uohn I, 29 30- 32- 12 Mu- hamad V. re- stored. France. BohE' MIA. 10 Chas. V.the Wise. 13 19 1 Chas. 3 8 1 vi. | I 28 Chas. I. 30- 32- lWen- ceslas IV. Ger- many 27 Chas, IV. lWen ceslas 1373 TO 1380 A.JJ. 435 j Repe- tition 'Dates. 1373 1374 Doges of Ve- nice. 7 An- drea Conta- reno. Savoy. 31 Ama- deus VI 32 28 Louis II. 10 1378 1379 1880 13 U 38 Den- MAKK. 34 Wal- demar III. Swe- den. 35 30 10 Al- bert. Po- land. 4 Lou is. Hun- gary. 1 Olaf 13 IV. 35 37 32 34 35 5 32 Louis I 33- 34 14 Russia. | Scot- Eng- land, land. 12 Dmi- ) 3 Ro trilV I bel- li. Stuart. Feb.22 47 Ed- ward III. Jan. 25. 10- 18- 5 49- 15 83- 10- 2 f 2 50- d. Prince ofWale 51 d. June 21. 1 Rich ard II June 22 436 FBOM THE YEAB 1374 1376 1377 | John of Gaunt lands at Calais with a large force, and marches to the South ; the French avoid a general battle, but harass him by constant skirmishes; he reaches Bordeaux with his army so diminished, that he desists from farther enterprizes. Henry of Castile invades Portugal, besieges Lisbon, and compels Ferdinand to sign a treaty of peace. Gregory exacts a tenth of the ecclesiastical revenues in many countries, to defray the expenses of the war against the Vis- conti; he excommunicates them, and takes Sir John Hawkwood into his service; all Lombardy is desolated by these contests. The Venetians make war on Francesco da Carrara, lord of Padua ; the dukes Albert and Leopold of Austria, and Louis, king of Hungary and Poland, send him an auxiliary force, but he is compelled to subscribe a humiliating treaty of peace. The Genoese attack Cyprus and take Famagosta ; the king is obliged to own himself their feudatory, and pay them an annual tribute. Gregory forbids the knights of Rhodes to assist the attack on Cyprus, and assigns to them an annual payment out of the tithes of that island, for the defence of Smyrna. Birth of John Huss, July 6, at Hussinetz, in Bohemia. Winchester College founded by William of Wykeham. The ravages of the plague dispose the belligerent States to lay down their arms. A truce is concluded between England and France. Castile and Aragou are reconciled by the treaty of Almazan. The Visconti and their enemies agree to a truce. Bernabo's hunting excursions are as oppressive as his wars ; he keeps 5000 hounds at the expense of his peasantry, and punishes with death all in- fractions of his game-laws. Wickliffe is appointed one of seven ambassadors to represent to the pope the grievances of the church in England. Death of Petrarch, at Arqua, near Padua, July 18, set. 70. Death of Waldemar, king of Denmark: Margaret claims the throne for her son, Olaf, set. 5, to which her sister's son, a younger Albert, of Mecklenburg, also pretends. The papal legate makes an inroad on the territory of the Florentines, who engage Sir John Hawkwood in their service, and repel the invasion. Death of James of Aragon, third husband of queen Joanna. The emperor John V., sum- moned to the Ottoman camp, leaves his son, Andronicus, as regent, who conspires to retain the throne, and unites with Saoudgi, eldest son of sultan Amurath; the two rebels are overcome by their fathers, and are both deprived of their eyes. Andronicus, to gain the support of the Genoese, cedes to them the island of Tenedos. New College, Oxford (first called St. Mary of Winchester), founded by William of Wykeham ; he is employed by Edward III. to build a new castle at Windsor, for which each county in England is assessed to furnish its quota of workmen. Death of Boccacio, set. 6?. Death of the Black Prince, June 8, pet. 46 ; the parliament, fearing intrigues against the rights of his young sou, petition the king to remove from court his mistress, Alice Pierce, and John of Gaunt; Edward complies, and declares Richard Prince of Wales and heir to the crown. The Florentines excite a ge- neral revolt in the papal States, and obtain possession of Bologna, for which they are excommunicated, an interdict laid on their city, and all Christians are authorized to seize a Florentine whenever they find him, rob him of his property, and sell him for a slave. Gregory hires a mercenary force of Bretons, which he sends to recover his dominions; he then leaves Avignon, embarks at Mar- seilles, and arrives in Italy. Joanna, queen of Naples, marries Otho, duke of Brunswick, but withholds from him the regal title. Wenceslas, son of the em- peror Charles, is elected king of the Romans. The States of Denmark choose Olaf for their king, under the regency of his mother, Margaret. The blind Andronicus is confined by his father in the tower of Anemas. Death of Frederic III., king of Sicily, July 27; his daughter, Maria, succeeds him, as queen of that island and duchess of Athens. Muhamad cultivates the arts at Granada, constructs the Azake, or public hospital, and embellishes the city with other! buildings. Wickliffe appointed parish-priest of Lutterworth and prebendary of Westbury , charges of heresy against him are sent to Rome. Macarius, pa- triarch of CP. Death of Edward III., at Richmond, eat. 64; his grandson, Richard, sat. 11, is crowned, July 16; the parliament appoints a council of regency, composed of three bishops, two earls, and four knights ; for the first time the members of the 1373 TO 1380 A.D. 437 1378 1379 Events and Eminent Men. 1380 House of Commons choose a speaker ; Peter Delamere is selected for the office ; they banish Alice Pierce, and confiscate the estates given her by the late king. The truce with France expires, and is not renewed. Gregory makes his entry into Home, Jan. 17, but soon afterwards fixes his residence at Anagni ; his over- tures are rejected at Florence. Charles of Navarre persists in his ambitious schemes ; his kingdom is invaded by the Castilians, and he loses most of his provinces in France; Cherbourg is held by the, English ; his sons, Charles and Peter, and his daughter, Joanna, are captured by the French ; the first, on his way to join his father's army, and the two last, at Breteuil, in Normandy ; they are taken to Paris, and kindly treated by the king, their uncle. Fruitless incursions of Sir Hugh Calverley, governor of Calais, into Picardy, and the duke of Lancaster into Brittany. Death of Gregory XL, followed by the " Great Schism of the West," After having appointed Urban VI., the cardinals annul their act, protesting that they were overawed by the people of Rome, and elect Clement VII. ; both popes maintain their respective claims, and excom- municate each other and their opponents ; Urban resides at Koine, Clement at Avignon, and all Europe is divided; England adheres to Urban, and France to Clement ; Urban creates twenty-six new cardinals. Death of the emperor Charles IV., at Prague, Nov. 29; his son, Wenceslas, succeeds him in Germany, and inherits Bohemia ; Sigismund has Brandenburg, and John. Lusatia. Death of Galeazzo Visconte, Aug. 4; his son, John Galeazzo, count of Vertus, succeeds him, and obtains possession of Asti ; Bernabo marries his daughter, Valentina, to Peter Lusignan, king of Cyprus. Silvester de'Medici heads a revolt of the people of Florence, which is soon suppressed. The Genoese imprison their doge, Campofregoso, and elect Niccolo di Guarco ; their countrymen at Galatn assist the escape of Andronicus, who again rebels. The Venetians endeavour to acquire Tenedos; their admiral, Victor Pisani, defeats the Genoese fleet, com- manded by Louis del Fiesco. Wickliffe, condemned by a papal Bull, escapt s imprisonment, through the protection of the duke of Lancaster, and the decease of Gregory. A. capitation, or poll-tax, imposed on the people of England by the parliament, | April 25. The two popes come to open war ; Urban proclaims a crusade against \ his rival and queen Joanna ; he employs the company of St. George, by whom the Bretons, in the service of Clement, are defeated, and the castle of S. Angelo taken. Peace between Castile and Navarre, followed by the death of Henry. May 30, set. 47 ; he is succeeded by his son John. The emperor John V. is made prisoner by his son, Andronicus, who usurps the throne ; the Venetians propose to liberate the captive, and obtain from him an order for the delivery of Tenedos into their hands ; their fleet is totally defeated near Pola, May 6, by the Ge- noese, whose admiral, Lucian Doria, falls in the battle ; his successor, Peter Doria, advances to attack the city of Venice, and makes himself master of Chi- ozza and Malamocco ; the Venetians sue for peace, which is refused to them ; they are roused by this to most vigorous exertions for self-defence. Francesco da Carrara lays siege to Treviso, which is relieved by Bernabo Visconte. Charles of Durazzo, sent by Louis of Hungary against the Venetians, is diverted by Urban VI. to attempt the conquest of Naples. The disciples of Wickliffe form themselves into a society of itinerant preachers, to whom the name of Lollards (borrowed from Antwerp, see 1300) is given. Nilus patriarch of CP. The duke of Gloucester, the king's youngest uncle, marches with 10,000 men from Calais to Brittany; the duke of Burgundy, at the head of a large army, avoids a battle. Death of Bertrand du Guesclin, July 13. Charles V. dies, Sep. 16, succeeded by his son Charles, aat 12 ; the oppressive measures of the young king's uncles cause violent commotions through all France. Urban excommu- nicates Joanna, and absolves her subjects from their allegiance to her; at his instigation, Charles of Durazzo, or dalla Pace, marches with his Hungarian army to attack Naples, and arrives at Rome. The Genoese fleet and army at Chiozza surrender to the Venetians. Francesco da Carrara again besieges Treviso. Death, of the Venetian admiral, Victor Pisani. On the decease of Haco, his widow, j JcB 1 Margaret, undertakes the regency of Norway for her son Olaf. Timour inva las Persia. Wickliffe co mmences his English translation of the Scriptures . 438 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 13S1 13S2 7S3— 7S4 784-785 7S5-7S6 13S4 786—787 loSo 13-o 1&57 790 East- ern Em- Popes 28 John V. re- stored. 4 Ur- ban VI. A.pr.9 Cle- ment VII. 4 Oct.31 30 31 32 IS & 789 Port- ugal. ^Fer- di- nand, 3 John I. 1 John I. Spain 1 . Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors. France. Bohe- tile. gon. arre. 46Pe-|33 120 Mu- 7 160 dro J Chas. IV. ) II. the \£ad. 34- 34 10—1 hamad V. re- stored. 23- 51 38 25 • 'UoknlChasJ26- I i- •! ni. theXo-\ I lie. 2 Chas. VI. 4 Wen- 4Wen- ceslas ceslas IV Ger- many 10 1381 TO 1387 A.D. 439 "Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. Savov. Flan- ders. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Hun- gary. Russia. Scot- land. Eno. LAND. 5 Rich- ard II. June 22. 1381 15 An- drea Conta- reno. 39 Ama- deus VI. 36 Louis II. r 6 Olaf IV. 18 Al- bert. 12 Louis. 40 Louis I. 20 Dmi- tri IV. 11 Ro- bert II. Stuart, Feb.22. 1382 lMi- chele Moro- sino. 1 Anto- nio Ve- niero. 40 37 7 19 1 Ma- ria. 1 Ma- ria. 21 12 6 m, Anne of Bohe- mia. 1383 2 1 Ama- deus VII. 38 Annex- ed to Burgun- dy. 8 20 2 2 22 13 7 1384 3 2 9 21 lHed- wig. 3 23 14 8 ^Naples. , .,i 1385 4 3 lLa- dislas. 10 - — 22 2 4 24 15 9 1386 5 — 4 — 2 11 23 a and Ladis- las II. 25 16 10 1 1387 6 5 3 1 Mar- garet. *_ 4 6 with Sigis- mund. 26 17 11 440 FROM THE YEAR 1381 1382 Events and Eminent Men. 'The people of England exasperated by the poll-tax; the abbey of Bury St. Ed- mund's plundered by the mob. Insurrection of Wat Tyler ; London in posses- sion of his lawless multitude ; while threatening the king in Smithfield, he is killed by the lord mayor, Walworth ; Richard's courage and presence of mind put an end to the rebellion. Another band, under John the Litester, is overcomes and dispersed, near Northwalsham, by De Spenser, bishop of Norwich {see 1369). The Venetian admiral, Carlo Zeno, restores the maritime ascendancy of the re- public ; its rulers abandon their designs of territorial aggrandizement, and to save Treviso from Francesco da Carrara, give it up to Leopold, duke of Austria. Peace concluded under the mediation of Amadeus of Savoy. Patents of nobility given to thirty citizens of Venice, who had distinguished themselves in defence of the city. Charles of Durazzo conquers Naples and occupies the throne ; Jo- anna and her husband remain captives ; her dominions in Provence are given by pope Clement to the duke of Anjou. League of the free cities in Germany to maintain their privileges. Francis Crispo assassinates Nicholas III., duke of Naxos, and seizes the duchy. Through the intercession of the king of Castile, the family of Charles of Navarre are liberated from their confinement in Paris. The duke of Lancaster holds a court of minstrels at Toulouse. An Act of par- liament surreptitiously obtained against heretics. John V. escapes from his prison ; under the protection of Amurath, he is restored to his throne, and reigns at CP. as joint emperor with his son, Andronicus, who resides at Selymbria. The chancellor of Oxford prohibits Wickliffe's preaching against Transubstan- tiation. ; Marriage of king Richard, Jan. 14, to Anne, sister of Wenceslas, king of Germany and Bohemia. Expedition of the duke of York to assist the Portuguese in their war against Castile, and support John of Gaunt's claim to the crown of that kingdom ; Portugal obtains an honourable peace, but the claim of the English prince is disregarded. Defeat of the Flemings at Rosebecque, near Ypres, by a French army. Continued tumults in France ; insurrection of the Maillotins at Paris. The duke of Anjou attacks Charles, the new king of Naples, who puts Joanna to death, and engages Sir John Hawkwood in his service. Death of Louis, king of Hungary and Poland ; he is succeeded by his daughter, Maria, betrothed to Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. The doctrines of Wickliffe are condemned as heretical by Courtenay, archbishop of Canterbury ; he is com- pelled to retire from Oxford to Lutterworth ; the young queen, and her mother- in-law, Joan, widow of the Black Prince, save him from severe punishment. Urban appoints the bishop of Norwich commander of a crusading force ga- thered in England against the supporters of Clement. Conrad Zbllner von Rothenstein, Teutonic grand master in Prussia. The English parliament repeals the Act of the preceding session against heretics. Unsuccessful crusade of the bishop of Norwich in Flanders. Urban visits Naples, where he obtains dignities, lands, and advantageous marriages for his relatives. The plague destroys a great part of the duke of Anjou's army, and deprives him of his most important ally, Amadeus VI. of Savoy. Tumults in Genoa; the doge, Niccolo di Guarco, is deposed, and Leonardo de Montano appointed in his place.Ferdinand, king of Portugal, marries his only child, Beatrice, to John I. of Castile ; on his death, Oct. 20, set. 43, the Portuguese resist the union of the two kingdoms, and elect John, natural son of their former sovereign, Peter I. The emperor Wenceslas attempts to reform the dissolute habits of the priest- hood, and is hated by them. Turkistan conquered by Timour. On the decease of Louis, count of Flanders, his territories descend by inheritance to Philip, duke of Burgundy, and constitute henceforth part of that duchy. The duke of Anjou dies at Bari ; the remains of his army disperse. The arrogance of Urban produces discord between him and Charles of Naples. The duke of Austria sells Treviso to Francesco da Carrara. John of Castile invades Portugal and besieges Lisbon. Birth of Henry of Viseu, son of John, king of Portugal. ' The Poles transfer their crown from Maria to her sister, Hedwig. Manuel, second son of Johu V., crowned joint emperor at CP. Death of Wickliffe, Dec. 30, at Lutterworth. The Fishmongers' Company in London founded. 1381 TO 1337 Y^.D. 44 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. Fruitless expedition of Richard II. into Scotland ; the Scotch make an incursion into England to as little purpose ; their French auxiliaries return home. Sir John Holland, son of the princess of Wales by her first marriage, and half- brother to the king, kills Lord Stafford in a private quarrel; Richard refusing to pardon the murderer, his mother dies of grief at Wallingford. Battle of Alju- barrotte, near Leyria, July 29 ; 30,000 Castilians defeated by 2500 Portuguese, commanded by their king, and the constable Nunho Alvarez Pereira ; the inde- pendence of Portugal established ; the convent of Batalha built to commemorate this victory. Urban in Nocera ; six cardinals, accused of a plot against him, are degraded, imprisoned, and put to the torture ; he excommunicates Charles, and lays Naples under an interdict ; Charles orders the interdict not to be observed, and besieges Nocera ; Urban escapes to Salerno, and thence by sea to Genoa. Charles, invited to Hungary, leaves Naples to his son, Ladislas, under the re- gency of his mother, Margaret. Fall of Bernabo Visconte ; treacherously seized by his nephew, John Galeazzo, he soon afterwards dies in prison, Dec. IS, aet. 66 ; all his dominions submit to John Galeazzo, who relieves them from op- pressive taxation, restores their privileges, and becomes the greatest potentate in Italy. Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, king Richard's favourite, is created marquis of Dublin, duke of Ireland, and governor of that island, for life. Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, and chancellor, is impeached by parliament, and deprived of his office. John of Gaunt charged with disloyalty ; the queen intercedes for him, and he is allowed to take an army to Spain ; he lands at Corunna, July 25, | and in alliance with the king of Portugal, to whom he marries his daughter, Phi- lippa, invades Castile to claim the crown. The duke of Gloucester, Richard's uncle, induces parliament to appoint a commission of fourteen persons to execute the sovereign power in the kingdom for a year. The king of France collects a large armament at Sluys to invade England ; some of his ships are taken by the English, and the rest dispersed by a storm. At the intercession of the king of England, Urban pardons Adam Easton, one of the accused cardinals ; the other five are barbarously murdered, without any proof of their guilt, and protesting their innocence to the last ; two other cardinals, fearing his violence, escape, and join his rival, Clement. Charles of Durazzo assassinated, in Hungary; queen Maria imprisoned. Urban give3 Naples to Louis, son of the late duke of Anjou. At the request of her subjects, Hedwig marries Jagellon, grand-duke of Lithuania, who takes the name of Ladislas II., and unites his territories to Poland ; the Lithuanians abandon paganism. Battle of Sempacb, July 9 ; Leo- pold of Austria totally defeated by the Swiss. Timour conquers Georgia. Nerio Acciaiuoli, governor of Corinth, obtains possession of Athens and Thebes. i Urban's conduct provokes the disrespect of the Genoese ; he retires to Lucca. i Marriage of Joanna of Navarre to John V., duke of Brittany, Sep. 11. The Duomo of Milan built by John Galeazzo Visconte. Consultation of Richard II. at Nottingham, with Sir Robert Tresilian and the other judges; they declare the late commission to be a criminal act, and the authors of it punishable with death. The duke of Gloucester, and Henry, earl of Derby, John of Gaunt's eldest son, accuse the king's friends and ministers of treason, and eompel them to flight ; the duke of Ireland retires to the Ne- therlands. Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, accidentally burnt to death, Jan. 1, at Pamplona, set. 56 ; his son, Charles the Noble, inherits the throne. Peter IV., king of Aragon. dies, Jan. 5, at Barcelona, get. 76, is succeeded by his son, John I. Civil war in Naples ; Margaret maintains courageously the rights of her son Ladislas ; Otho of Brunswick, at first employed against her, enters into her service. John Galeazzo Visconte, assisted by Sir John Hawkwood, takes Ve- rona and Vicenza ; marriage of his only daughter, Valentina, to Charles de Valois, brother of the king of France. Death of Olaf, the young king of Den- mark and Norway, set. 17 ; his mother, Margaret, is acknowledged queen of both countries. Sigismund, with a Bohemian army, liberates Maria, and takefa upon himself the government of Hungary. The conquests of Amurath extend from Cilicia in the East, to Albania in the West. Antonius IV. patriarch of CP. 442 FROM THE TEAR Hegi 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1398 793 794 East- ern Em- Popes, pire. 35 John V. re- stored. 796 797 800 801 Port- ugal HUrban VI. April 9. Clement VII. 11 Oct. 31 Urban d. Oct. is. 1 Boni- face IX. Nov. 2. Clement VII. 12 2 13 1 Ma- 3 14 nuei II, 6 John I. 4 15 5 16 XIII. 1 Sep. 28. Spaix. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors tile. gon. arre. 10 John I. 1 Hen- ry III 2 John I. 2Chas. III the Noble 9 4 1 Mar tin I. 27 Mu hamad V. re- stored 28- France 9 Chas VI. 29- lYusef II. Ben Muha- mad. 12 Bohe- mia. Ger- many. 11 11 Wen- Wen ceslas ceslaib IV. 1 Mn- 17 hamad VI. BenYu- sef. 18 19 20- 1388 TO 1398 A.D. 443 Repe- tition Dates. 1388 1392 1394 1395 1397 1398 Doges of Ve- nice. 7 Anto- nio Ve- niero. 1389 8 1300 Savoy. Naples. Den- mark. 6 Ama- deus VII. 4 La- dislas. 2 Mar- garet. 1 Ama- 7 deus VIII. I 14 10 Swe- den. 25 Al- bert. 1 Mar- garet, Qu.of Den- mark and Nor- way. 2 Po- land. 5Hed- wig and Hun- gary. 7 Ma- ria with Ladis- Sigis- ias II. mund Rus- SIA. 27Dmi tri IV, 8 1 1 Vas sili II lSi- gis- mund alone. Scot- land. 18 Ro- bert II. Stuart. Feb. 22. 19 20 — d. Apr 1 Robert III. April 19. 2 - 10- 11- Eng- land. 12 Rich-! ard II. j June 22.' 14 17 18 - rf.Q.Anne. 19 20 m. Isabel la of Valois. 22 444 TllOM THE YEAR 1.390 1391 1393 Events and Eminent Mhk. Violent proceedings of the duke of Gloucester's party; the judges, Sir Robert Tresiliari, and Sir Nicholas Brembre, with Lord Beauchamp of Holt, Sir James Berners, Sir Simon Burley, and others, unjustly executed for treason. Battle of Otterburne (Chevy Chace). Aug. 15; a private feud, not a national quarrel ; the! earl of Douglas slain by Percy {Hotspur), who is afterwards made prisoner; the' result of the day uncertain. Urban claims the kingdom of Naples; while pro-j ceeding at the head of an army to put down the two contending parties, he is thrown from his mule, and lamed ; his troops mutiny and disperse, and he is conveyed to Rome. Overthrow of the house of Carrara by a powerful league; John G-aleazzo Visconte takes Padua, and the Venetians recover Treviso. The Swedes offer their crown to Margaret. Richard II. asserts his right to govern for himself; he gives the office of chan- cellor to William of Wykeham. John of Gaunt resigns his pretensions to Castile, and returns to England. On the death of Urban, the schism is continued by the election of Boniface IX. Marriage of Ladislas, the king of Naples, to Constance, daughter of Manfred, count of Chiaramoute ; his rival, Louis of Anjou, is crowned at Avignon by Clement. The duke of Bourbon and a Genoese fleet unsuccess- fully attack Tunis. Albert, king of Sweden, defeated and made prisoner at Falkioping, by Margaret, who reigns over the three northern kingdoms. The Servians defeated at Kossova by Amurath, who is killed after the battle by one of the conquered nobles ; his son, Bajazet I. (Aderim), succeeds him. Victory of the Swiss at Nafels ; the Austrians treat for-peace. Cession of the duchy of Guienne by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, for life. The two popes mutually excommunicate each other. Boniface makes great efforts to support Ladislas in defending Naples against Louis of Anjou. John Galeazzo Visconte attacks Bologna ; the Florentines send Sir John Hawkwood to oppose him, and assist Francesco Novello da Carrara to recover Padua. Venice and Ferrara join the league against Visconte. Another jubilee replenishes the papal treasury. Jacopo da Campofregoso doge of Genoa. Conrad von Wallen- rode Teutonic grand-master in Prussia. Bajazet compels John V. to destroy new fortifications which he is constructing, and summons Manuel to attend him with a Greek contingent at the siege of Philadelphia, which surrenders to him. Ma- nuel III., eighteenth emperor of Trebizond, succeeds his father, Alexius. The transfer of Guienne causes dissatisfaction among the people ; Richard revokes the grant. Sir John Hawkwood, by his skilful manoeuvres, foils the Milanese! in their war against Florence and Padua. Death of the emperor John V. Ma- nuel escapes from Bursa, and succeeds his father, only as a vassal of the! Ottomans. Witold, an independent Lithuanian prince, maintains a harassing I warfare against the Teutonic knights ; Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, leaves ] England, and assists the Order as a volunteer in these campaigns. Marriage of j Maria, queen of Sicily, to Martin, nephew of John I. of Aragon. Death of Mu- hamad V., king of Granada ; his son, Yusef, succeeds him. The Liberties of London, seized by Richard, are restored through the queen's in- tercession and the submission of the citizens. Robert de Vere, Richard's former favourite, accidentally slain during a boar-hunt in Brabant. The par- liament confirms the " Statute of Provisors," and by other Acts restrains the j papal power. The king of France attacked by fits of melancholy madness ; his uncles resume the government; cards are invented, or introduced, for his amuse- 1 ment in his lucid intervals. Through the mediation of Boniface, and Caracciolo, : grand master of Rhodes, a treaty of peace terminates the hostilities in Northern j Italy, but the coalesced States maintain their union to guard against the en- croachments of Visconte. By the death of queen Maria, Sigismund becomes sole sovereign of Hungary. Ladislas appoints Witold grand-duke of Lithu- ania. Timour attacks the Golden Horde in Kapzak. University of Erfurt founded. Antonio di Montaldo doge of Genoa. A rebellion in Ireland. Visconte makes a vain effort to drain the Lake of Mantua, by diverting the waters of the Mincio. Violent commotions in Genoa ; four rivals attempt to expel Montaldo from the dogeship ; he retains the office. Origin of the Mercers' Company in London. 1388 TO 1398 A.D. 4 45 A.D. 1395 1398 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Anne of Bohemia, the "Good Queen Anne," at the palace of Shene, in Richmond, June 7, set. 27. Sigismund favours a revolt of the Bohemian nobles, who keep his brother, Wenceslas, for a time in captivity, but soon set him free again. Death of Clement VII. ; his cardinals elect Benedict XIII., and the schism continues. Renewed discord at Genoa ; doges rise and fall almost monthly. Sir John Hawkwood dies in the service of Florence, and is interred there with funeral honours. Death of Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt ; also oft the countess of Derby, his son's wife. Nerio Acciaiuoli obtains the title of duke of Athens, and dying soon afterwards, leaves his territories to his natural son, Antonio. Conrad von Jungingen grand master of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. Nicholas de Clemangis, rector of the University of Paris, publishes his work Be Buina Ecclesice, exposing the corruptions of the church. Richard, endeavouring in person to suppresss the Irish insurrection, is recalled to England by the agitation arising from the spread of Wickliffe's doctrines ; the favourers of them appeal to parliament. Vain attempt of the university of Paris to heal the schism of the church. John Galeazzo Visconte obtains from Wenceslas the titles of duke of Milan and count of Pavia. Ladislas fails in his efforts to dislodge Louis of Anjou from the city of Naples. Death of John, king of Aragon ; his brother, Martin, succeeds him. Marriage of Richard II., at Calais, Nov. 1, to the French king's daughter, Isabella of Valois, only nine years old. A truce for 25 years concluded between England and France. John of Gaunt marries Katharine Swinford, daughter of Paon de Rouet, a knight of Hainault ; their son, John Beaufort, and other children, born before their marriage, are legitimized by the king and the pope. Battle of Ni- copolis, Sep. 28 ; Sigismund, king of Hungary, with a confederate army of French princes and nobles, other European chivalry, and knights of Rhodes, defeated by Bajazet, The Greek emperor sends Emanuel Chrysoloras to implore as- sistance from the Christians of the West ; after having completed his mission, the ambassador is engaged by the government of Florence to teach Greek. The Genoese place themselves under the protection of France. Margaret obtains the recognition of her sister's grandson, Erik the Pomeranian, as her successor in Denmark. The dissection of dead bodies in the surgical schools in France authorized by a royal edict. A council at London condemns the doctrines of Wickliffe. Cnllistus II. patriarch of CP. The convent of La Certosa, near Pavia, built by the duke of Milan. The duke of Gloucester arrested on a charge of high treason, and sent to Calais, where he dies suddenly. The earl of Arundel beheaded; the earl of Warwick banished. Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby, created duke of Hereford, the earl of Nottingham duke of Norfolk, and other peers receive higher titles. Ladislas recovers the Terra di Lavoro, and other portions of the kingdom which Louis of Anjou had occupied. Hostilities recommenced by the duke of Milan against the Florentines and Gonzaga of Mantua, who are supported by their allies. The Teutonic knights commence a naval war, and take Wisby. Union of Calmar, June 17 ; Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, agree to a treaty, by which they are combined into one kingdom; Erik is crowned as its future head. Quarrel of the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk ; they are both banished by Richard. Mortimer, earl of March, presumptive heir to the throne, and governor of Ireland, is slain by a rebel force in that island. Wenceslas and the French government, in concurrence with the council of Paris, ineffectually endeavour to terminate the schism of the church; France withdraws from obeying Benedict. Peace concluded, May 11, between the confederates and the duke of Milan; he fails in an attempt to surprize Pisa. Ladislas gains the support of Marzano, the ad- miral of Naples, and many other influential nobles. Marshal Boueicault arrives at CP. with a fleet and troops to assist the emperor Manuel. Bloody strife in Genoa ; the French governor, the bishop of Meaux, withdraws to Savona. The Teutonic knights complete their conquest of the Isle of Gothland ; Margaret attempts, without success, to recover it from them, but by the treaty of Copen- hagen obtains the right of redeeming it for an equivalent. John Huss, professor of theology at Prague. Froissart writes his Chronicles. Matthew I. patriarch of CP. ' 446 FROM THE TEAR AJ>. Hegira. 1399 802 1400 803 1401 804-805 1402 805—806 1403 806—807 1404 807-808 1405 808-S09 1406 1 809—810 East- ern Em- pike. 9 Ma- nuel II. 13 Popes, 16 11 Bo- niface IX. Nov.2. Bene- dict XIII. 6 Sep .28 12— 13— 14— 15-10 16 d.Oct.l 1 In- nocent VII. Oct.17. Bene- dict XIII. 11 2—12 3- rf.Nov.6 lGre gory XII. Nov. 30. diet XIII 13 Port- ugal. 17 John I. 18- Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors tile. gon. arre. 10 Henry III. 13 16- Uohn II 5 Mar- 13 tin I. Chas. III. the Noble, 16- 18- 4Mu hamad VI.Ben Yusef. France 20 Chas VI. 21 24 27 Bohe- mia. 22 Wen- ceslas IV. 25- 27- Ger- MANY 22 Wen- ceslas 1 Ru- pert, Count Polar tine. 2 28 1399 TO 1406 A.D. 447 Repe- tition Dotes. Doges of Ve- nice. Savoy. Naples. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Hunga- ry. Rus- sia. Scot- land. Eng- land. 5 1399 1400 18 Anto- nio Ve- niero. lMi- chele Steno. 9 Ama- deus VIII. 10 15 La- dislas. 16 13 Mar- garet. If 11 Mar- garet, Qu. of Den- mark and Nor- way. 12 16 La- dislas alone. 17 8 Sigis- mund alone. 11 Vassi- li II. 12 10 Ro- bert III. Apr. 19. 11 23 Rich- ard li. June 22 to Sep. 29. 1 Henry IV. Sep. 30. 2 1401 2 11 17 15 13 18 10 13 12 3 1402 3 12 18 16 11 14 13 4 m. Joanna ofNavarrc. 1403 1404 5 13 14 19 20 17— 18— 15 16 20— 21 12 13 14 15 5 — - 1 6 ■ 16 1405 6 15 21 19 17 22 14 17 16 7 1406 7 16 22 20 18 23 15 18-— 1 James 8-- J April 4. j i i l ! 44$ FROM THE TEAK 1399 1401 1402 Events axd Esuxksfi Mex. Death of John of Gaunt ; his lands are withheld by Richard from his son, the banished duke of Hereford. Richard embarks for Ireland, leaving the duke of York regent. The new duke cf Lancaster claims his inheritance and lands, July 4, at Ravenspur 5 in Yorkshire, with a few attendants, who, by the accession of his friends, are soon increased to a numerous army. Richard returns from Ireland, is deserted by his army, surrenders himself to Henry, Aug. 20, is de- posed by the parliament, Sep. 29, and sent a prisoner to Pontefract castle ; Henry IY. takes the throne. Benedict, besieged in Avignon by a French amiy, surrenders, and promises to abdicate on condition of Boniface doing the same. The San Severini come over to Ladislas, and assist him to recover the city of Naples ; Louis of Anjou, deserted by all. returns to Provence. Gherardo d'Ap- piano sells Pisa to the duke of Milan. Marshal Boucicault returns to France, Dec. 10; the emperor Manuel accompanies him to seek assistance in Western Europe, leaving his nephew, John of Selymbria, regent at CP. By the death of his queen, Hedwig, Ladislas II. becomes sole sovereign of Poland. Timour takes Delhi, and returns from the conquest of Hindostan to Samarcand. The Bianchi, or White Penitents, produce a great impression in Northern Italy ; the hymn, " Stabat mater dolorosa," is first composed and sung by them in their pro- cessions. Death of John Y., duke of Brittany ; his widow, Joanna, governs the duchy for her young son, John YI. A plot against Henry IY. defeated; the earls of Kent, Salisbury, and Huntingdon, lords Luniley and Spenser, and other conspirators, suffer death; the young queen, Isabella, who had taken part in it, is made prisoner, and confined at Haver inge-atte-Bower ; soon after this event, Richard is murdered, pet. 34. Marriage of Henry's eldest daughter, Blanche, to Louis of Bavaria. Wenceslas, deprived of his German crown, retains that of Bohemia ? Frederic, duke of Brunswick chosen as his successor, is killed in a fray ; the electors then appoint Rupert of Bavaria, count Palatine. The emperor Manuel, received with great honours at Yenice. visits France and England. The jubilee at Rome is disturbed by an in- surrection of the Colonna family; the plague carries off many of the pilgrims; Boniface forbids the Bianchi to enter Rome, and suppresses their processions. Bajazet's designs against CP. are interrupted by the approach of Timour, who ! invades Syria and sacks Aleppo. Death of Chaucer. Revolt of Owen Glendower in Wales. The Scots invade England, retire on the advance of Henry, and are pursued by him to Edinburgh. Isabella, Richard's virgin-widow, refuses a proposal of marriage with Hemy. prince of Wales, and is allowed to return to France. An Act of parliament is passed for the Dunishment of heretics ; its first victim is William Sawtre, parish priest of St. Osyth, London, who, for denying Transubstantiation, and professing the principles of Wickliffe, is burnt" alive in Smithfield, Feb. 19. Rupert enters Italy to repress the ambition of the duke of Milan, and is defeated by him. (Jet. 21 ; Leopold, duke of Austria, is taken prisoner. Marshal Boucicault appointed governor of Genoa, restores order there. Timour takes Damascus and Bagdad. Huss confessor to the queen of Bohemia. Birth of Francesco Sforza, July 23. at S. Miniato. Death of Froissart ; his Chronicle is continued by Mon- strelet, from 1400. Marriage of Henry IY., at Eltham, April 3, by proxy, to Joanna of Navarre, widow of the duke of Brittauy. Defeat of the Scots by the Percies at Homedon Hill; Archibald, earl of Douglas, Morduc, earl of Fife, the earls of Angus, Murray, and Orkney, with many other nobles and gentry, captured. Henry offends the earl of Northumberland, by forbidding him to ransom his priso-aers. Wenceslas, unpopular with his subjects, is for a time held in captivity by his brother. Sigismund, and restored to freedom ; Ladislas of Poland refuses the crown of Bohemia, which is offered to him. Sigismund sells the province of Neumark, on the right bank of the Oder, to the Teutonic knights. Rupert returns to Germany. The duke of Milan obtains possession of Bologna, and at the summit of power is carried off by the plague, Sep. 3, at Marignano, set. 55 ; his sons divide his dominions; the eldest, Gian Maria, succeeds to Milan andj the title. Death of Maria, queen of Sicily ; her husband, Martin, remains j 1399 TO 1406 A.D, 449 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. II sole sovereign of the island. Timour invades Asia Minor. Battle of Angora, or Ancyra, July 28; Bajazet totally defeated and made prisoner, dies in captivity ; civil wars follow among his sons. The " Confrerie de la Passion" licensed by royal letters patent to exhibit sacred dramas, or Mysteries, in France. Death of Sir John Gower, the English poet. A large comet is seen. 1403 Queen Joanna arrives in England : her marriage is again solemnized at Win- chester, and she is crowned at Westminster, Feb. 26. The earl of Northum- berland releases his prisoner, Douglas; conspiracy between them and Owen Glendower, to place Mortimer, earl of March, on the throne. Battle of Shrews- bury, July 21 ; defeat of the confederates, Harry Percy (Hotspur) slain ; Henry of Monmouth, prince of Wales, performs his noviciate in arms; the earl of Northumberland pardoned. The power of the Visconti declines; Bologna and Perugia are recovered by pope Boniface; Sienna and other cities revolt; the Guelf and Ghibelin factions revive ; Florence and Venice prepare to take ad- vantage of these disorders. Ladislas of Naples, invited by some nobles to Hungary, finds Sigismund too firm on his throne, and abandons the enterprize. Return of the emperor Manuel to CP. from an unsuccessful journey ; Marshal Boucicault, having escorted him with a Genoese fleet, provokes the Venetians, and is defeated by their admiral, Carlo Zeno, near Modon. An Act of parliament restricts the dealings of merchant strangers, who visit England. A Bohemian knight, Hieronymus Faulfisch (Jerome of Prague), returns from Oxford to his own country, and, in conjunction with John Huss, preaches Wickliffe's doctrines. • Laonicus Chalcocondylas records the observations made in the West, by the i ! emperor Manuel and his followers. I 'Henry IV. and the lords oppose a petition of the House of Commons, that the re- ! venues of the church should be applied to the service of the State. On the | ! death of Boniface, the Roman cardinals elect Innocent VII. ; Benedict persists ! in not abdicating, and the schism goes on. The Visconti continue to lose their i | possessions. The Venetians obtain Vicenza, and Verona surrenders to Fran- ! I cesco da Carrara. The elector of Mentz and other German princes join in the I I league of Marbach, to oppose Rupert. Death of Philip, duke of Burgundy ; his son, John the Fearless, is involved in a struggle with the duke of Orleans, for the regency of France. Margaret claims Holstein and Schleswig on the demise of Gerard VI. The Teutonic knights obtain Samogitia from the king of Poland, and reach the summit of their prosperity. Timour returns to Samarcand, and celebrates his triumph. Insurrection of the earl of Northumberland, and Scrope, archbishop of York ; the earl escapes into Scotland ; the archbishop is taken, condemned by a civil judge, Sir William Fulthorpe, and beheaded. Owen Glendower defeated by the prince of Wales, at Monmouth, May 11; still maintains himself in his mountain- retreats. Venice conquers Padua and Verona ; Francesco da Carrara and his sons are murdered, and the family becomes extinct. Timour, on his march to China, dies at Otran, April 1, set. 69; his vast conquests fall in pieces. Wal singham writes his English History. The duke of Albany, brother of the kinsj of Scotland, usurps absolute power, and puts to death his eldest nephew, David. The estates of the earl of Northumberland confiscated ; the Isle of Man granted to Sir John Stanley. An Act of parliament prohibits any one, not possess- ing twenty shillings a year in land, from apprenticing his sons to any trade. 1 ifK) Philippa, daughter of Henry IV., goes to Denmark, contracted in marriage to Erik, Margaret's destined successor Robert, king of Scotland, sends his youngest son for security to France, who is captured on his way by the English. On the death of Robert, April 4, the young prince, set. 9, succeeds to the throne as James I., but is detained and educated in London ; the duke of Albany, mean- while, is regent. Death of Innocent VII., and election of Gregory XII. Gerson, chancellor of the university of Paris, proposes a general council, to terminate the schism of the church. Pisa conquered by the Florentines, Oct. 9. Death of Henry III., king of Castile, Dec. 25. set. 27 ; his brother, Ferdinand, is appointed regent to the infant king, John II. . - - - 450 FROM THE TEAR A.D. Hegira. 1407 810-811 1408 811—812 1409 812-613 1410 813—814 1411 914-815 1412 815—816 1413 816—817 1414 817—818 East- ! Spain, ern Em- Popes. 1 Port- Cas- Ara- Nav- Moors pire. ugal. tile. gon. aree. 17 Ma- nuel II 2 Gre- gory 25 John I. XII Nov. 30. Bene- dict XIII. 14 Sept.28. 3_15 26 4-16 27- 1 A- lexau- derV. Junel5. 5-17 d. A- lexan- der, May 3. Uohn XXIII. May 17- 6—18 2 John XXIIL, 8—20 9—21 32- 5- 2 John II. 13 Mar- tin I. 21 Chas. III. the Noble 1 Fer- di- nand the Just. 12 Mu- hamad VI. BenYu sef. lYusef III. BenYu- sef. France 28 Chas VL 30 31 34 35 BOHE' MIA. Wen ceslas IV. 34- 35- Ger- MANY 8Ru pert, Count Pala- tine. 10 1 Si- gis- raund 1407 TO 1414 A.D. 451 Eepe- tition Dates. ' DO\?E3 of Ve- nice. Savoy. INaples. Den- mark Save- Po- DEN. 1 LAND Hunga- ry. Russia . Scot- land Eng- land. 1407 8Mi- chele Steno. 17 Ama- deus VIII. 23 La- dislas. 21 Mar- garet 19 Mar- garet, Queen of Denmark and Nor- way. |24 La- ; dislas III. ■ ' alone. 16 Sigis- mund alone. 19 Vas sili II - 2Jas I. Apr. 4 9 Hen- ry IV. Sept- 30. 1408 9 18 24 22 20 25 17 20 3 10 1409 10 19 — - 25 23 21 • 26 18 21 4 a- 1410 11 20 26 24 22 27 19 22 > 5 12 | 1411 12- 21 27 25 23 28 20 23 6 13 1412 13 22 28 1 E- rik VII. 1 Erik XIII. 29 21 24 7 14 1413 14 23 29 2 2 SO '22 1 25 8 — - i Mer. 20. 1 Hen- ry V. Mar. 21. 1414 1 Tom- maso Moce- nigo. 24 I 1 Joan-' nail. 3 3 31 23 26 9 2 1 1 2 g 2 452 FROM THE YEAB 1407 1408 Events and Eminent Men. The earl of Northumberland and lord Bardolf, endeavouring to raise another re- bellion, are defeated and slain at Braruham, by Sir Thomas Rokesby. Death of OwenGlendower; Wales becomes tranquil, and Henry's reign from this time undisturbed. The government of France distracted by the animosities of the leading families ; the duke of Orleans assassinated at the instigation of the duke of Burgundy. The rival popes agree to a conference at Savona, which Gregory at last evades. Bajazet's sons, Suleiman, Isa, and Mousa, gradually restore portions of his subverted empire, but remain at enmity with each other* Ulrich von Jungingen grand master of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Valentino, widow of the duke of Orleans, demands justice on her husband's as- sassins ; the duke of Burgundy, proclaimed an enemy of the State, occupies Paris with his army, and drives out the royal court. The two popes interchange hollow professions of a desire for peace, but neither abdicates , France renounces obedience to either of them ; Benedict takes flight to Perpignan ; Gregory fixes himself at Lucca. Ladislas of Naples takes possession of Rome. The cardinals of both parties retire to Pisa, and call a general council for the following year. The Venetians obtain Patras in the Morea. Death of Martin, king of Sicily ; his father inherits the island, and unites it to the kingdom of Aragon. Sforza da Cortignuola, father of Francesco, distinguishes himself in the service of Niccolo d'Este, marquis of Ferrara, and defeats Ottobuono, lord of Parma and Reggio, but sustains afterwards a check. Council of Pisa; the two popes refuse to appear; they are deposed, and Alexander V. elected, who is obeyed as the true pope by the greater part of Europe ; Gre- gory is still reverenced in Bavaria, Friuli, and Naples, and holds his council at Cividale. Benedict is upheld by Aragon, and calls his council at Perpignan. The three popes mutally excommunicate, revile, and condemn each other, and all their opponents. The adherents of Alexander dispossess Ladislas of the city of Rome. Unsuccessful attempt of Boucicaul't to surprise Milan ; during his absence the Genoese overpower and expel their French garrison, and place them- selves under the protection of the marquis of Montferrat; the marshal returns to France. Sforza overcomes Ottobuono, who is treacherously slain. Parma and Reggio submit to Niccolo d'Este ; Sforza rewarded for his services by the lordship of Montecchio. Louis of Anjou, under the auspices of pope Alexander, revives his pretensions to the throne of Naples. A grand tournament in London between the marshal of Hainault and the earl of Somerset ; the mystery of " the Creation of the World" is exhibited by the parish clerks. Huss and Jerome make many converts at Prague ; the orthodox professors and students secede, and found the university of Leipzig. The Commons again urge Henry IV. to use the temporalities of the church for the benefit of the people, and petition for a mitigation of the Acts against he- retics ; the king rejects their prayer, and orders the execution of Bradby, a condemned Lollard, in consequence of which, they refuse to vote supplies. The young duke of Orleans marries the daughter of the count dArmagnac, whence his faction takes the name of Armagnacs, and fiercely contends with the Bur- gundians ; both parties court the alliance of the king of England. Death of pope Alexander; John XXIII. elected in his place; new excommunications are fulminated by the papal trio. Louis of Anjou is recognized at Rome ; his fleet, conveying an army from Provence, on its way to Naples, is totally defeated and driven back by the Genoese allies of Ladislas. On the decease of Rupert, Si- gismund, brother of Wenceslas, and king of Hungary, is raised to the throne of Germany ; some of the electors choose Jodocus, or Josse, margrave of Moravia, whose death soon after puts an end to the dispute. War between Castito and Granada ; Antequera surrenders to the regent Ferdinand. Death of Martin, king of Aragon, the last of his ancient line : five candidates claim the vacant throne. The Teutonic knights defeated at Tannenberg by the Poles and Lithu- anians, July 15, with great loss; their grand master falls in the battle; his successor, Henry von Plauen, concludes a treaty at Thom. by which he re- linquishes Samogitia. Bajazet's son, Suleiman, is surprised by his brother, Mousa, and slain. Euthymius II. patriarch of CP. The Cordwainers' Company (workers in Spanish leather from Cordova) fo u nded in London. 1407 TO 1414 A.D. 453 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. Henry IV. supports the duke of Burgundy by an auxiliary force under the earl of Arundel. Pope John excommunicates Ladislas, who is defeated by Louis, at Roccasecca, May 19 ; through want of money and provisions, the conqueror is compelled to retreat, and goes back to Provence. The Aragonese appoint nine judges or commissioners, to examine and decide on the claims of the candidates for their crown, Appenzel invites the protection of the Swiss cantons against the abbot of St. Gall. War between Hungary and Venice. John. Huss excom- municated, and forbidden to preach. University of St. Andrew's founded. The Guildhall, London, built. Henry IV. transfers his alliance from the Burgundians to the Orleanista. The prince of Wales insults the chief justice, Sir William Gascoigne, and is com- mitted by him. Sforza leaves the papal service, and enters into the Neapo- litan ; a treaty of peace ensues between Ladislas and John XXIIL, who mutually recognize each other. Gregory is desired by the king of Naples to leave Gaeta, and removes to Rimini, The cruelties of Gian Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, provoke a conspiracy, and he is assassinated; his brother, Philip Maria, re-unites all that remains of their father's extensive dominions. The Hungarians penetrate to Treviso, but are defeated by the Venetians, who recover part of Friuli. Antonio Doria, with a Genoese fleet, infests the coast of Catalonia. The Aragonese commissioners decide in favour of Ferdinand, who, on ascending the throne awarded to him, resigns the regency of Castile. Margaret, set. 60, dies at Flensburg, while negotiating a treaty with the princes of Holstein and Schleswig ; Erik succeeds, in virtue of the Union of Calmar Sigismund urges a reform of the church, and is supported by Gerson in calling for a general council to carry it into effect. John Huss publicly burns, at Prague, a papal Indulgence ; he and Jerome protest against the doctrine and sale of them. Death of Henry IV., at Westminster, set. 47. Henry V. discards his former asso- ciates, and reforms his conduct. Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, head of the Wicklimtes, condemned to death by the bishops, escapes into Wales, Civil war of the two factions in France ; atrocious murders in Paris; the whole king- dom desolated. Ladislas takes forcible possession of Rome, the castle of S. An- gelo, Ostia, Viterbo, and most of the papal States. The pope retires to Florence and Bologna, holds a conference with Sigismund at Lodi, and agrees to call a general council at Constance. George Adorno doge of Genoa. The duke oi Milan leagues with Genoa and other States against Sigismund, and prevents his receiving the iron crown of Italy. A council held at Rome, before the pope's departure, condemns again the writings of Wickliffe, excommunicates John Huss, and lays an interdict on every place that harbours him. Michael Kuch- meister von Sternberg, Teutonic grand-master, persecutes the Hussites in Prussia. Mahomet, son of Bajazet, overcomes his brothers, re-unites Anatolia and Romania, and restores the Ottoman empire. Leonardo Bruno Aretino, the future historian of Florence, is epistolary secretary to John XXIII. Sir John Oldcastle engages in a conspiracy, which is detected; he again escapes, but many of his confederates suffer death. Henry asserts his claim to the crown of France, and makes exorbitant demands, to which he receives an in- sulting reply. The parliament again recommends that the church lands should be seized, to supply the wants of the king's treasury ; 110 alien priories are sur- rendered to him. The royal party in France, and the duke of Burgundy, suspend their hostilities for a time by the treaty of Arras. Ladislas threatens to besiege the pope in Bologna, but is dissuaded by the Florentines ; he dies, Aug. 6, set. 39, and is succeeded by his sister, Joanna, widow of William, son of duke Leopold of Austria. The Neapolitan army retires from Rome, but retains the castle of S. Angelo. Sigismund returns from Italy to Germany, is crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, and attends the council of Constance, Seventeenth General Council, which is opened by the pope, Nov. 5 ; his two rivals refuse to appear in person, but send their representatives. Peter d'Ailly urges the reforms recom- mended by the university of Paris. Erik renews the war against Holstein and Schleswig. 4bA FEOM THE TEAE A.D. Hegtra. | East- ern Em- pire. Popes. Port- ugal. Spain. Cas- Aha- Nav- Moors, tile. gon. arre. France. Bohe- mia. Ger- many. 1415 818—819 25 Ma- nuel II. 22 Be- nedict XIII. Sept.28. John depo- sed, May 29. Gre- gory abdi- cates, July 4- 33 John I. 10 John II. 4 Fer- di- nand the Just. 29 Chas. III. theNo- ble. 8Yusef III. Ben Yu- sef. 36 Chas. VI. 38 Wen- ceslas IV. 6Si- gis- mund. 1416 819—820 26 27 — 23 24 1 Mar- tin V. Nov. 11. 34 35 11 12 1 Al- fonso V. the Wise. 2 30 31 9 10 37 38 39 40 1417 821 1418 822 28 2—25 36 13— 3 32 11 39 41 — 1419 823 1 1 29 3—26 37 14 4 33 12 — 40 lSi- gis- muncL 10 1420 824 30 4—27 38— 15 5 34 13 41 2 11 1421 825 31 32 5—28 6—29 39 40 16 17 6 35 36 14 15 42 1 Chas. VII. 3 12 1422 826 1423 827 33 7—30 41 I i 18 37 2 hamad VII. el Hayza- ri. 1415 TO 1423 A.D. Repe- tition ; Doges of Ve- Sa- Naples. Den- Swe- Po- Hunga- Rus- Scot- Eng- Dates. nice. voy. mark. den. land. ry. sia. land. land. 1415 1 2 Tom- maso Moceni- go. 25 Ama- deus VIII. 2 Joan- na II. 4 Erik VII. 4 Erik XIII. 32 La- dislas II. 24 Sigis- mund. 27Vas- sili II lOJas I. April 4- 3 Hen- ry v. ! Mar. 21. , 1418 1417 3 26 27 — 8 4 6 6 5 — 6 33 34 25 26 11 12 4 29 1418 5 28 5 7 7 36 27 30 13 6 1419 6 29 6 8 — 8 36 28 31 14 7 1420 7 — 30 7 9 9 37- 29 32 15 8 rn. Ka- tharine of Va- lois. 1421 6 31 8 10 10 38- 30 ■ 33 16- — 9 b. Hen- ry VI. 1422 9 6 " 9 11 11 39 31 34 17— 70 I Hen- ry VI. Sept- 1 1423 1 Fran- 33 10 12 12 40 32 35 18 2 cesco | Foscaro.j 456 FROM THE YEAR 1415 I 1417 1418 1419 The earl of Cambridge, lord Scrope, and others, beheaded, for designing to rebel in favour of Mortimer, earl of March, the rightful heir to the throne. Henry embarks at Southampton, Aug. 13, invests Ilarfleur, Aug. 17, which surrenders, Sep. 26; Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 15; Queen Joanna goes in procession from St. Paul's to Westminster, to return thanks for the victory. A truce granted to France. Henry returns to England, and makes his triumphal entry into London, Nov. 23. The king of Portugal engages in a maritime enterprise, and takes Ceuta ; he discontinues the use of the Julian period in his dominions, and introduces the computation of time from the Christian sera. John resigns the popedom, revokes his resignation, is deposed by the council of Constance, and imprisoned for the rest of his life ; at last he formally submits. Gregory ab- dicates voluntarily, is allowed to retain the dignity of cardinal, and made go- vernor of the March of Ancona. Benedict refuses to lay down his office, and resists the entreaties, as well as the threats, of Sigismund and Ferdinand, king of Aragon, who repair to Perpignan, and hold a conference with him. John Huss and Jerome of Prague are invited to Constance, furnished with a safe-conduct by Sigismund ; the council perfidiously asserts that no civil power can protect he- retics, and by their decree, Huss perishes in the flames, July 6. Joanna, queen of Naples, marries James of Bourbon, who deprives her of all authority, puts to death her chamberlain and favourite, Pandolfo Alopo, and imprisons Sforza. The restless Genoese appoint two new doges in succession, the last of whom is Tommaso da Campofregoso. The emperor Manuel visits the Morea, and attempts to fortify the Isthmus of Corinth. An attempt of the French to recover Harfleur is repelled by the duke of Bedford. Visit of Sigismund to London and Paris ; he concludes a treaty of alliance with Henry, hoping to acquire the former kingdom of Aries. The late disasters of France render the animosities of the two factions more virulent. Ferdinand of Aragon, infirm in health before his journey to Perpignan, dies on his return, April 2, and is succeeded by his son, Alfonso, whose patronage of letters has obtained for him the surname of the Wise. Jerome of Prague, victim of the same treachery, shares the fate of his brother-reformer, Huss, May 30; their disciples in Bohemia take up arms to defend the liberty of conscience. Joanna of Naples regains her freedom; her husband is compelled to dismiss his French guards, and renounce the regal title ; Sforza is liberated, and receives again the office of constable, with new grants of land ; Ariano and some other fiefs are given to his son, Francesco. Joseph II. patriarch of CP. George Gemisthus Pletho attempts to revive the Platonic philosophy, and reform Greek society. Isabella, queen of France, quarrels with the Armagnacs and her son, the dauphin, Charles ; she is confined at Tours, and invites the assistance of the duke of Bur- gundy, who liberates her, and conquers a great part of the kingdom. The council of Constance elects the cardinal Otho Colonna to be pope, who takes the name of Martin V. ; Benedict still contumaciously opposes him. The ex-pope, Gregory, dies, Oct. 13. Sforza, with a Neapolitan army, dislodges the condot- tiere Braccio from Rome ; his son, Francesco Sforza, performs his first feat of arms, Oct. 16, and displays the courage of a veteran. Sir John Oldcastle is ap- prehended, and suffers death in Smithfield. The Hussites elect Ziska for their leader. Alexius IV. nineteenth emperor of Trebizond. Gypsies in Transylvania. Henry renews the war in France, conquers the greater part of Normandy, and lays siege to Rouen ; the queen and duke of Burgundy negotiate with him ; they obtain possession of Paris, and of the king's person ; dreadful massacre of their opponents; the count d'Armagnac and many of the nobility butchered by the populace in their prison ; the dauphin and his adherents transfer their seat of government to Poitiers. Close of the council of Constance, April 22 ; the new pope returns to Italy, attended by Sigismund and a numerous train. The duke of Milan, Philip Maria Visconte, condemns his wife, Beatrice Tenda, to be be- headed, for alleged infidelity. Sm-render of Rouen, Jan. 19 ; Henry pursues his victorious career. The dauphin beguiles the duke of Burgundy by a treaty, and when they meet, causes him to be assassinated, Aug. 18, Great irritation throughout France. Philip, duke of 14 10 TO 1423 A.D. 457 Events and Eminent Men. Burgundy, and the queen open new negotiations with Henry. Martin V., invited to Florence, fixes his residence there. The ex-pope, John, escapes, is pardoned. and dies. James of Bourbon returns to France. Sforza appointed gonfalonier of the church, recovers Spoleto from Braccio. The duke of Milan, through his general, Carmagnola, concludes peace with Genoa, and regains Bergamo. Death of Wenceslas ; his brother, Sigismund. inherits Bohemia ; the Hussites refuse to acknowledge him, and storm the town-hall of Prague ; the Venetians are suc- cessful in their war against him, and take Belluno, and other towns. Queen Joanna, of England, accused of witchcraft, is arrested by the duke of Bedford, confined at Pevensey, and deprived of all her possessions. Sir Richard Whit- tington, third time lord mayor of London. The treaty of Troyes, May 24, disinherits the dauphin, declares Henry heir to the crown of France, and regent during the life of Charles VI., whose daughter, Katharine de Valois, he marries, June 3 ; he subdues Sens, and other towns, and takes possession of Paris. Henry of Viseu, prince of Portugal, grandson of John of Gaunt (see 1386), promotes the study of navigation at Sagrez, near Cape St. Vincent, and sends out squadrons, by one of which the island of Madeira is discovered. The influence of Alvarez de Luna over John of Castile causes troubles in that kingdom. Pope Martin encourages Louis III., of Anjou, to claim the crown of Naples, and assists him with an army. Joanna applies to Alfonso of Aragon for protection, and adopts him as heir. Braccio submits to the pope, and recovers Bologna for him. Carmagnola re-annexes Cremona, Parma, and Brescia, to Milan. The Venetians conquer Friuli and Dalmatia. The pope makes his entry into Rome, Sep. 30. Sigismund besieges the Hussites in Prague, and is defeated by them at Wissehrad, July 14. Battle of Bauge" ; a division of the English army defeated by a Scotch auxiliary brigade, under the earl of Buchan ; the duke of Clarence slain ; Henry repairs the disaster, besieges Meaux, and drives the dauphin beyond the Loire. Jo- anna and Alfonso engage Braccio, who stops the progress of Louis. The Florentines obtain Leghorn. Genoa surrenders to Carmagnola. Death of sultan Mahomet, and accession of Amurath I. John de' Medici gonfalonier of Florence. Flight of Jaqueline of Brabant into England. Namur united to Burgundy. Surrender of Meaux, May 2. Death of Henry V., at Vincennes, Aug. 31, set. 35 ; his son, nine months old, is proclaimed king of England and France, Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, protector of the former kingdom, and John, duke of Bedford, regent of the latter. Death of Charles VI., Oct. 22, set. 53 ; the dauphin crowned at Poitiers, as Charles VII. Before his death, Henry does justice to the queen-dowager, Joanna, and orders the restitution of her lands. Alfonso puts an end to Martin's hostilities, by threatening to recognize again Benedict XIII. Peace restored to Naples ; Sforza and Braccio unite in its defence ; Louis at Rome. Carmagnola governor of Genoa. The Hussites offer Bohemia to La> dislas, king of Poland, and Witold, duke of Lithuania ; Korybut, nephew of the former, is sent to them. Marriage of Albert, duke of Austria, to Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund. Paul Bellizer von Russdorf Teutonic grand-master ; the dissensions of the High and Low Germans weaken the Order ; they are defeated by the Poles and Lithuanians, and lose Sudauer. Gypsies first appear in Italy. League against France renewed at Amiens, April 17 ; the duke of Bedford marries Anne, sister of the duke of Burgundy. Defeat of the French and Scotch, at, Crevant sur Yonne, by the earls of Salisbury and Suffolk. James, king of Scotland, released after a captivity of seventeen years, marries a daughter of the earl of Somerset. Joanna, and her favourite, the seneschal Caracciolo, quarrel with Alfonso, whose adoption she annuls, and takes Louis of Anjou in his place ; war ensues. Alfonso, during a voyage to Aragon, attacks and plunders Marseilles. The duke of Milan supersedes Carmagnola, and appoints Guido Torello to command the Genoese fleet sent to assist the queen of Naples. Amu- rath besieges CP., and for the first time uses cannon, ill-constructed and ill- served ; he is compelled to raise the siege. The death of Yusef, king of Granada, and accession of his son, Muhamad el Hayzari (the left-handed), followed by tumults and rebellions. The council summoned at Pavia is transferred to Sienna. 458 FEOM THE TEAS AD. Hegi- East- ern Em- Popes. Port- Spain. Cas- Aba- Nav- Moors. France. Bohe- Ger- Ri. pire. ugal. TILE. GON. ARRE. mia. many. 1424 828 34 Ma- nuel II. 8 Mar- tin V. Nov. 11- Benedict . XIII. 31 Sept. 23. d Nov. 29. Clement VIII. 1 42 John 1. 19 John II. 9 Al- fonso V.the Wise. 38 Chas. III. the Noble. 2 Mu- ll am ad VII. el Hayzo> ri. 3 Chas. VII. 6Si- gis- mund. 15 Si- gis- mund. 1425 829 1 John VI. 9 2 43 20 10 1 Blan- che II. and John 11. 3 4 7 16 ,1426 830 2 10— 3 44 21 11— 2 4 5 8— 17- — 1427 831 3 11 4 45 22 12 3 > 5 6 9 18 1428 832 4 13 5 46 23 13 1429 833 5 13 Clement resigned, July 26. 47 24 14 5 7 8 11 20 1430 834 6 14 48 25 «_ s- 8 9 12 21 1431 835 7 d.Feb. 19 1 Euge- nius IV March 3- 49 26 16— 7 9 10 13 22 1432 836 8 2 | 50 27 17 8 10 11 14 n — 1424 TO 1432 A.D. 459 I Repe- tition Bates. 1424 Doges op Ve. NICE. 1428 1429 1430 1432 2 Fran cesco Foscaro, Savoy. 34 Ama dens VIII. Naples. 11 Joan- na II. Den- mark 13 E- rik VII. Swe- den. 13 E- rik XIII. Po- land, 40 42 18 16- 41 La- dislas II. 42- Hun- GARY. 34 43- 18 18 19- 20- 19 21 45- 35 36 37 Russia 36 Vas- sili II 1 Vas- sililll. Scot- Eng- land, land. 19Jas.I.[3Menry April 4- VI. Sept. 49- 22 4 23 10 27 11 460 FROM THE YEAS A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1424 1425 1426 1428 Defeat of the combined French and Scotch armies by the duke of Bedford, at Verneuil, Aug. 27 ; the earls of Buchan and Douglas, the counts of Aumale, Tonnerre, and Ventadour, slain ; the duke of Alencon, the marshal La Fayette, and many nobles, taken prisoners. The duke of Gloucester offends the duke of Burgundy, by marrying Jaqueline, duchess of Brabant, and claiming her here- ditary States of Holland and Hainault. Visit of the duke of Bedford to England, to appease this quarrel. Naples taken by the Genoese allies of queen Joanna. Sforza Attendolo drowned in crossing the river Pescara ; his son, Francesco, takes the command of his forces. Defeat and death of Braccio, at Aquila. Pe- rugia recovered by the pope, and Capua restored to Naples. The duke of Milan defeats the Florentines, dismisses Carmagnola from his service, and appoints the cardinal Jacopo Isolani governor of Genoa. The council of Sienna dissolved, and ordered to be held in 1431, at Basle. Death of Benedict XIII.: two refrac- tory cardinals continue the schism by electing Clement VIII. in his place. Death of Ziska, the Hussite general ; Procopius Rasa conducts the war against Si»-ismund. The emperor concludes an ignominious treaty of peace with Amu- rath. Dissension between the duke of Gloucester and the bishop of Winchester, composed by the duke of Bedford. Reconciliation with the duke of Burgundy. The duke of Britanny withdraws from the English alliance ; his brother, the count of Richemont, is appointed, by king Charles, constable of France. Queen Katharine marries Owen Tudor, and retires into private life. League of Florence and Venice against the duke of Milan ; he takes Francesco Sforza into his service, and they employ Carmagnola. Death of the emperor Manuel, set. 77 ; his son, John VI., inherits the empire, reduced now to the city of CP., a few neighbouring towns, Thessalonica, and part of the Morea. Charles III., of Navarre, is succeeded by his daughter, Blanche, and her husband, John, brother of Alfonso of Aragon. John de' Medici is sent ambassador from Florence to Venice. John and Hubert van Eyck, masters of the early Flemish school, invent painting in oil. Death of Peter d'Ailly, archbishop of Cambray, and chancellor of the university of Paris. Poggio Bracciolini (1380 — 1459) revives literature. Siege of Montargis ; the earl of Warwick compelled to abandon it by the bastard of Orleans, afterwards count de Dunois The duke of Bedford forces the duke of Britanny to break off his alliance with France. Carmagnola takes Brescia; the dukes of Savoy and Mantua join the league against Milan. The pope creates twelve cardinals, among whom is Beaufort, bishop of Winchester. The Hussites extend their conquests into Saxony and Meissen. John, king of Navarre, Henry, prince of Aragon, and the principal nobility of Castile, combine against Alvarez de Luna. Bursbai, sultan of Egypt, makes Cyprus tributary, and threatens Rhodes. The university of Louvain founded. Muhamad el Hayzari is ex- pelled by his cousin, Muhamad el Zaquir (the drunkard), who for a short time occupies the throne of Granada as Muhamad VIII. Lubeck and the Baltic Hanse Towns support the duke of Holstein against Erik. The constable de Richemont withdraws from the French court, disgusted by the deference of Charles to his minister, de la Tr6mouille. The duke of Milan gives up Vercelli to the duke of Savoy, and induces him to secede from the league. Under the mediation of Sigismund and the pope, Venice and Florence agree to a congress at Ferrara, to treat of peace with Milan. Alvarez de Luna banished from the court of Castile. The Hussites defeat an army of the empire at Mies. Lincoln College, Oxford, founded by Richard Fleming. Constantine, the fa- vourite brother of the emperor John VI., appointed despot of Clarentza, in the Morea ; the historian, Phranza, is in his service as great chamberlain. The siege of Orleans is begun by the earl of Salisbury, who is killed by a cannon- ball ; the earl of Suffolk takes the command. Peace concluded at Ferrara, April 18 ; Brescia, Bergamo, and part of the lands of Cremona, are ceded to Venice. Francesco Sforza, accused of* treachery, is saved by his friend, Guido Torello, but remains two years unemployed. Alvarez de Luna recalled by the king of Castile. The usurper of Granada is put to death, and Muhamad VII. restored to the throne. The Hussites carry their victorious arms into Silesia. Death of John de' Medici, founder of the illustrious family at Florence. 1424 TO 1432 A.I5. 461 Events and Eminent Men. 1431 Battle of Herrings, Feb. 12 ; Sir John Fastdlfe brings a convoy of stores to the camp before Orleans ; Joan of Arc l-elieves the city, May 4 ; the siege raised, May 8; the earl of Suffolk taken prisoner at Jergeau. Defeat of the English, at Patay, June 13; the lords Talbot and Scales taken; Sir John Fastolfe dis- graced. Coronation of Charles, at Rheims, July 17. Henry VI. crowned at Westminster, Nov. 6. Termination of the schism of the West ; Clement VIII. , abdicates, and is appointed by the king of Aragon bishop of Majorca. Brabant i added to the duchy of Burgundy. The Hussites refuse to negotiate for peace 1 with Sigismund. Death of Gerson, chancellor of the university of Paris. Henry VI. is taken over to France, and crowned at Paris, Dec. 17. Joan of Arc , made prisoner at Compiegne by the Burgundians (May 24), is sold by them to | the duke of Bedford. The Florentines besiege Lucca, and are repelled by Fran- ' cesco Sforza, secretly employed by the duke of Milan. Venice and Florence renew their league. Thessalonica taken by Amurath. Poggio Bracciolini writes his Dialogue Dp, Varietate Fortunes. Philip, duke of Burgundy, institutes the Order of the Golden Fleece, on his marriage with Isabella, daughter of John, king of Portugal, and to commemorate the manufacturing prosperity of the Ne- [ therlands. Phranza, sent on an embassy to the Ionian Islands, is captured by &\ Catalan cruizer, and obliged to ransom himself and his companions. •Joan of Arc, condemned for sorcery and heresy, is dishonourably and inhumanly burnt at Rouen, Jan. 14. The English power in France declines rapidly. Eii- genius, on taking the papal chair, deprives the Colonna family of their offices, in which his predecessor, Martin, had placed them; their resentment and rebel- ' lion cause great disturbance at Rome ; their rivals, the Orcini, are patronized, i Venice and Florence again at open war with the duke of Milan ; the Venetian , general, Carmagnola, routed by Francesco Sforza, at Soncino, May 17, and their fleet on the Po destroyed, near Cremona, May 23 ; their ally, the marquis oft Montferrat, defeated by Sforza, is saved from entire ruin by his relation, Ama- deus, duke of Savoy. The combined fleets of Venice and Florence defeat the i Genoese near Portofino, Aug. 27. Carmagnola is suspected of treachery by thej Venetian government. Sigismund is crowned king of Italy, at Milan, Nov. 25. j Muhamad refuses to pay his stipulated tribute ; the Castilfans invade Granada; Alvarez de Luna defeats the Moors on Mount Elvira; Yusef Aben Alahman, j proclaimed king, dies in six months, and Muhamad is restored. Victory of the Hussites at Tauss, over the army of the empire. Opening of the council of Basle, under the presidency of Julius Cesarino, July 23 ; first session, Dec. 14 ; this, the Eighteenth General Council, commences its proceedings by declaring itself, in all spiritual matters, superior to the pope. The German prelates present a memorial on the grievances of their church, previously agreed to by a national synod, held at Mentz. Nicholas de Clemangis urges the reforms before recommended by Gerson and d'Ailly. Cosmo de' Medici, inheritor of his father's wealth, uses his influence in Florence to promote the arts and literature, and j collects around him the learned men of Italy. Agnes Sorel first introduced at | the court of Charles VII. A violent earthquake in Spain. JThe count of Dunois takes Chartres, and relieves Lagni. Death of the duchess i of Bedford, and marriage of the duke to Jaqueline of Luxemburg. Defection of Philip, duke of Burgundy, from the English cause. Eugenius commands the council to assemble at Bologna ; they disobey his orders, and continue to hold their sittings at Basle ; he refuses the imperial crown to Sigismund. Carmagnola imprisoned at Venice, put to the torture, and beheaded, May 5. The king of Aragon arrives with a fleet in Sicily, and renews his project of obtaining the succession to Naples. Boleslas, the successor of Witold, the Lithuanian prince, commences hostilities against Poland ; Ladislas deposes him. and places Witold's brother, Sigismund, on the throne. The Portuguese navigators, sent out by prince Henry, discover the Azores. The wars of the Hanse towns, and Holstein, with Denmark, open the trade of the north to the English and Hol- landers. Bertrandon de la Brocqnie?-e, a Burgundian knight, visits the East, and on his return writes an account of his travels. ^Eneas Sylvius secretary to the council of Basle. 462 FBOM THE TEAR A.D. 1433 1434 1435 Hegiea 1437 1438 839—840 840-841 841—842 842—843 845—844 ■ BmT- 'ebk Em- pike. 9 John VI. 10 Popes 3Eu geni- us IV. Mar.3, 15 Felix V. 1 Nov. 17- I SPAIN. Port- Cas- Aba- Nav- Mooes, ugal. tile. oon. arre. 1 Ed ward, or Du- arte. 1 Al- fonso V. the Afri- can. 28 John II. 18 Al- fonso V. the Wise. 20- 22- 9Blan- chell and John II. lO- ll Mu- haniad VII. el Hayza- France* 12 Chas. VII 18 Bohe- mia. 15 Si- gis- mund 19 rf.Dec.S 1 Al- bert. Gee- many. 24 Si- mund. 26- 27- 28 rf.Dec.S 1 Al bert II. 1433 TO 1439 A.D. 463 1433 11 Fran- cesco Foscaro, 1435 1437 1438 Doges of Ve- nice. 15 Savoy. 43 Ama- deus VIII. 20 Joan- na II. 45 48 Naples. 1 Al- fonso of Aragon. Den- mark, 22 E- rik VII, Swe- den. 22 E- rik XIII 23- 50 La- dislas II. La- dislas III. 25- 26 25- 17 Pope Fe- lix V 1 Chris- topher III 28 Po- land, 42 Sigia- mund. 43 Hun- gary. 45 46 d- Dec. 8. 1 Eliza- beth and Albert of Aus- tria. Russia. 9 Vassi- li III. 10 12 13 14 Scot- land. 28 Jas. April 4- 30- 31- Eng- land. 12 Hen- ry VL Sept. 1. 14 1 Jas. II. Feb. 21. 15 16 18 464 FROM THE TEAR 1433 1455 1436 Consress of Arras ; the English, commissioners withdraw ; the duke of Burgundy claims manv concessions from Charles VII., and continues to treat with him ; he acquires Holland and Hainault Nicholas, marquis d'Este, the pacificator of Italv, mediates a treatv, -which the belligerents sign at Ferrara, April 26. Si- gismund crowed emperor at Rome, May 31. The duke of Milaa secretly au- thorizes Francesco Sforza to occupy the March and city of Ancona. The Hussite3 divide into two sects, the Calixtines and Taborites ; the former, satisfied by the concessions made to them by the council of Basle, secede from the league. The peasants of Dalecarlia revolt : Engelbrechtson, a nobleman, places himself at their head, and drives Erik's officers out of Sweden. Cosmo de Medici founds the universitv of Florence : through the intrigues of his enemies, he is banished. The Portuguese, for the first time, explore the coast of Africa beyond Cape Bo- iador. Death of John I., king of Portugal, Aug. 12, set. 77 : he is succeeded by his son, Edward. Belgrade given up to Sigismund by the Servians. The council of Basle limits and defines the papal authority. Eugenius confirms the March of Ancona to Francesco Sforza for his life, and appoints him gon- falonier of the church. Nicholas Fortebraccio takes Rome ; Eugenius escapes in disguise, and retires to Florence. Cosmo de' Medici recalled by the Florentines, and his enemies are banished. The Calixtines join the imperial army, and defeat the Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod. Death of Louis of Anjou ; Joanna is beset bv adverse factions. Amadeus, duke of Savoy, retires into a hermitage at Ripaglia, near the Lake of Geneva, leaving the regency of his States to his cons. Death of Ladisl is, king of Poland, set. 90 ; the States assume the re- gency durinsr the minoritv of his son. The treaty of Arras concluded. Sep. 22. The duke of Burgundy announces to the English council his alliance with the king of France. Death of queen Isabella, Sep! 30, and of the duke of Bedford, Dec. 14: his office of regent is taken by the duke of York. The annats. or first-fruits, hitherto paid to the pope, are abolished by the council of Basle. The condottiere Fortebraccio is defeated and slain at Capo del Monte. Death of queen Joanna ; she bequeaths her dominions to Resmier d' Aniou, who, being a prisoner in the hands of the duke of Burgundy, sends his queen, and his son, Louis, to take possession ; the pope asserts his claim, and supports it by an army. Alfonso, king of Aragon, another compe- titor, lavs sieee to Gaeta": in a naval battle with the Genoese, near the isle of Ponza. Aus. 5. he is defeated and made prisoner, with his brother, the king of Navarre, and mauv of his principal nobles: the captives are sent to Milan ;^ the duke releases them without a ransom, and enters into a league with Alfonso against the pope. The Genoese, angry at losing the fruits of their victory, expel their Milanese masters, and restore their own independent government. Alfonso's brother, don Pedro, takes Gaeta. The Calixtines, deceived in the ex- ecution of their treaty, reunite with the Taborites: Sigismund concedes the fourteen points demanded by them, on which they submit to him, and allow him to enter Prague. Erik, by a treaty of peace, relinquishes the greater part of Schleswie to the duke of "Holstein. and makes concessions at Stockholm, which rest-re tranquillitv in Sweden. War renewed in Granada : the Castilians take Huesca. Charles Canutson. regent, or statholder, in Sweden. Death of Antonio, duke of Athens ; his widow employs Chalcocondylas ^father of the his- torian) to negotiate with Amurath, for his support ; Phranza is sent by Con- stantine to treat with him for the surrender of Athens and Thebes. Paris retaken bv the French. The duke of Burgundy besieges Calais, but retires on the approach of the duke of Gloucester. Eugenius, invited to return to Rome, fixes his residence at Bologna. Genoa joins the league of Florence and Venice : Francesco Sforza is taken into their service. Alfonso arrives at Gaeta, and is acknowledged by many towns in the Abbruzzo and other provinces. Treatv of Iglau between Sigismund and the Hussites. Erik withdraws from the o-overnment. but returns at the request of his subjects. The duke of Glou- cester separates queen Katharine from Owen Tudor ; she is compelled to retire to the abbev of Bermondsev ; her husband confined in Newgate ; their three =ons committed to the care 6f the earl of Suffolk's sister. Remarkable seTerity U33 TO 1439 A.D. 40/) 143S 1439 of the winter. Feud of the cantons Schweiz and Glaris against Zurich, for the county of Toggenburg. Constantine visits Constantinople, and is selected by his brother as heir to the imperial throne. Nerio II. expels Antonio's widow from Athens, and banishes Chalcocondylas. Jaqueline of Luxemburg, widow of the duke of Bedford, marries Sir Richard Woodville; they are the future parents of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. Triumphal entry of Charles VII. into Paris. James I., of Scotland, set. 40, mur- dered at Perth, April 20, by his uncle, the earl of Athol ; during the minority of his son, Sir William Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston are regents of the kingdom. The council of Basle summons the pope to appear and answer various charges brought against him ; he answers by a Bull, dissolving the council, and calling another at Ferrai-a, where he invites the Greek emperor, John, to attend, and arrange for the union of the two churches. Death of the emperor Sigismund, Dec. 8, set. 70 ; his daughter, Elizabeth, and her husband, Albert of Austria, succeed him in Hungary; Albert is also chosen king of Ger- many and Bohemia ; the greatness of the House of Hahsburg begins. Death of Joanna of Navarre, queen-widow of Henry IV., at Havering Bower, July 9, set. 67, and of queen Katharine, in Bermondsey Abbey, set. 36. All Souls 1 College, Oxford, founded by Cnicheley, archbishop of Canterbury. Origin of the Vintners' Company in London. Erik retires to Wisby. Unfortunate expe- dition of the Portuguese against Tangier; prince Ferdinand, taken by the Moors, dies in captivity. Phranza is employed by Constantine to negotiate with Amurath. Albert crowned king of Hungary, Jan. 1, recognized by the diet of Francfort, March 20, and soon afterwards crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. The fathers of the council of Basle continue their sittings, declare Eugenius contumacious, and decree the suspension of his authority. The council of Ferrara opened; Jan. 8, by cardinal Nicholas Albergati ; declares that of Basle at an end ; the pope arrives there, Jan. 27, and the Greek emperor, John, March 4, followed by the patriarch of CP., and the prelates of his church. The pragmatic sanction of Bourgea declares the pope subordinate to a general council, and annuls his fiscal rights in France. Kegnier d'Anjou regains his liberty, and arrives in Naples. All Italy is distracted by the petty wars of its different States. The duke of Milan induces Sforza to return to his service, by promising to give him his daughter in marriage. Cosmo de' Medici goes as ambassador to revive the cooling friend- ship of Venice for Florence. The plague rages in all parts of Europe ; it is aggravated in England and Fiance by a direful famine. Laurence Koster, of Haerlem, originates the first idea of printing, by cutting letters on blocks of wood, and produces his Speculum, humanae. Salvationis. Edward (Duarte), king of Portugal, dies pf the plague, at Thomar, Sep. 19, set. 47; his son, Alfonso, set. 6, has his uncle, Henry of Viseu, for his guardian and regent. Some Hussites offer the crown of Bohemia to Casimir of Poland ; he brings an army to support them ; they are defeated by Albert, at Tabor. Eugenius removes his council from Ferrara to Florence, where an ostensible union of the Latin and Greek churches is signed, July 6. The council of Basle de- poses Eugenius, June 25, and renews the schism of the church by electing Ama- deus, the hermit-duke of Savoy, who accepts the papal dignity under the name of Felix V. ; all the parties to this proceeding are excommunicated. Albert of Austria undertakes an expedition against the Turks, which is interrupted by his sudden death, Oct. 27 ; his widow, Elizabeth, gives birth to a son, named Ladislas, who is sent into Austria to be brought up. The Venetians, hard pressed in their war, send ambassadors to Florence ; the gonfalonier, Cosmo de' Medici, renews the league with them- Francesco Sforza, irritated by the broken promises of the duke of Milan, engages in tL;ir service, and restores victory to their arms. The Danes depose Erik, and elect his nephew, Chris- topher, to be their king. The Russian patriarch, Isidore, on his return from Florence, is deposed by his indignant countrymen. Amurath conquers Servia, but fails in his attempt on Belgrade. Masaccio, the Florentine painter, prepares the way for the modern style of that school. The Drapers' Company, London, founded. 2h 466 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 1440 1443 Hegiea. 844—845 845— S46 846-847 847—848 1444 S4S— S49 1445 1446 S49-850 850—851 851—852 East- I een Em- Popes piee 16 John VI. 18 20 lOEu- geni- usIV Mar. 3. Felix V. 2 Nov. 1 Poet ugal 13— 5 3 Al- fonso V. the Afri- can, 15— 7 16— 23 * F *-* 3 - : 10- I 1 Ni- 'cholasj V- Mar. 6. Felix Spain. Cas- Ara- Nav- Mooes tile. gon. aeee. 35 25 Al- 16Blan Tohn fonso fe 11 - V.th Wise II. 3o- 27- 38 28 30- 32- and Jolinll Johnll. alone. 23- 18 Mu- hamad VII. el 20- 21 22 ■ 1 Mu- hamad VIII. Aben Ozmin Feance. 19 Chas. VII. 20 Bohe- Ger- siia. many. lLa- dislas III. 1 Fre- deric IV. 1440 TO 1447 A.D. 467 Repe- tition Dates. 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1UZ 1446 1447 Doges of Ve- nice. 18 Fran- cesco Foscarc-! Savov. 50 Ama deusVIII. Pope Fe- lix V 20 21 23 52 53 54 Naples. Den- mark. 6 Alfon- so of Aragon. 2 Chris topher III. Swe- den. I Chris topher. Po- land. 7 La dislas III. 56 5 7 Ha 10 Hun- gaby. 1 Eli- zabeth, and Ladis- lasIV. king of Poland. Russia. 16 Vas- sili III. 1 Ca- simir IV. 8 3d. E liza- beth. Ladis- Scot- land. 4 Jas. II. Feb. 21. 18 5 20 1 La- dislas king o/ Bo- hemia. Eng- LAND. 19 Hen- ry VI. Sep.l. b, Edward IV. 10- 2 H 2 23 let of Anjou. 26 468 tfllOM THE YEAB 1442 The duke of Orleans, taken prisoner at Agincourt, is released for a ransom. Death of the earl of Warwick, while regent in France. Revolt of the dukes of Bourbon and Alencon, with many other nobles, against Charles VII. Frederic, count of Tyrol, elected king of Germany. The Bohemians choose Albert's infant son, with two regents : Meinhard, a Catholic, and Ptarsko, a Hussite. At the request of her subjects, under the advice of John Huniades, Elizabeth marries Ladislas, king of Poland, and associates him on the throne of Hungary. Al- fonso of Aragon takes Aversa and besieges Naples. The Swedes elect Christo- pher for their sovereign. The Greek emperor is received with great dissatis- faction on his return toCP.; no real union of the churches is effected. The Turks attack Rhodes, and are defeated by the knights. League of Marienwerder against the Teutonic Order ; the grand master resigns. Metrophanes II. patriarch of CP. The Castilian grandees, and Henry, prince of Asturias, compel the king, by force of arms, to dismiss »\lvarez de Luna. Death of Blanche, queen of Navarre ; her rights descend to her son, Charles, prince of Viana ; his father retains the throne, and long discord ensues between them. A general peace concluded in Italy. The generals of the duke of Milan claim portions of his territories ; he puts an end to their pretensions, by marrying his daughter, Bianca, to Francesco Sforza. The Venetians, by treachery, obtain Ravenna. Death of Nicholas, marquis d'Este. Henry VI. founds King s College, Cambridge, and Eton College. Conrad von Erlichshausen Teutonic grand master in Prussia. Hadji Kerai separates from the Golden Horde, and establishes the independent khanate of Crim Tartary, or the Crimea, where he has long to contend with the Genoese. Intrigues and cabals of the cardinal-bishop of Winchester against the duke of Gloucester ; the duchess, for imputed witchcraft, is condemned to do penance in St. Paul's church, and to be imprisoned for life ; her confessor, Boling- broke, and Margery Jordan, of Eye, are hanged for alleged participation in her crime. Alfonso takes the city of Naples, and the whole kingdom submits to him. Regnier d'Anjou returns to Provence. Death of Elizabeth ; her hus- band, Ladislas, remains king of Hungary ; his general, John Huniades, by his victories, repels the Ottoman invasion of Transylvania. George Castriot(Scan- derbeg) distinguishes himself in the Ottoman army. The African Moors redeem some of their countrymen from captivity in Portugal, by paying their ransom in gold-dust and black slaves, from the coast of Guinea ; this gives rise to the slave-trade. John Faust improves Roster's invention, sets up a press at Mentz, and begins by printing the Tractatus Petri Hispani. Amurath resigns the sceptre to his son, Mahomet il., and retires to Magnesia. Christ College, Cambridge, founded. Close of the council of Basle. Eugenius leaves Florence, and fixes his residence again in Rome ; he acknowledges Alfonso, king of Naples, and employs him to re- cover the Mai-ch of Ancona for him from Francesco Sforza ; this produces a new war. Sforza defeats his most able adversary, Niccolo Piccinino, at Monteloro, Nov. 8. Scandei-beg escapes from the Ottomans, seizes Croya, and maintains an independent principality in Albania. John Huniades crosses the Danube, takes Nissa (Naissus) and Sofia, and defeats the Ottoman army, at Kunobitza. in the defiles of the Balkan, Dec. 24; Amurath is recalled from his retirement, and resumes the command. Cardinal Beaufort prevails over the duke of Gloucester in the English councils; under his influence, the earl of Suffolk concludes a treaty with France, May 2S, j and negotiates a treaty of marriage between Henry VI. and Margaret, daughter | of Regnier dukeof York- 1473 INiccolo Marcel lo- 2 16 26 3 29— 16 12 14 13 j 1 | 1474 1 Pietro Moce- nigo. 3 17 " 27 4 30 17 13 — 15 J 14 b. Prince Edward, son of the duke of Glouces- . ter. | 1475 2 4 . 18 28 5 31 18 14 16 is — ; i 1476 1 Andrea Vendra- mino. ■ 5 19 29 6 32 19 .- „_ I 16 1 1 1477 2 6 — 20 SO 7— 33 20 16 18 / 17 1478 1 Gio- vanni Moce- nigo. 7 — 21 31 8 34 21 - 17 19 18 1479 2 8 22 32 9 35 22 — 18 — 20 19 1 1480 S 9 23 33 10 1 36 23 19 . 21 1 20 I 2 i 2 484 FROM THE TEAS 1473 1474 Henry, the young earl of Richmond (see 1453), is sheltered, with his uncle, the earl of Pembroke, in Brittany. The Catalonian insurrection finally quelled. With some limitations, the Union of Calmar is renewed, hut Sten Sture remain.- protector of Sweden. The combined fleets of Venice, Naples, and the pope drive the Turks out of the Archipelago, and plunder Smyrna. Death of cardinal Bessarion. The Universities of Ingoldstadt and Treves founded. The Court of Common Pleas decides, that entails of land may be barred by a common covery. A bed of alum, discovered at Volterra, in Tuscany, is claimed and appropriated by the government of Florence. Louis XL effects the dissolution of the league " For the Public Good," but has still to contend with the duke of Burgundy, whose power is increased by the addition of Guelderland and Zutphen to his dominions. Philip de Comines enters into the service of Louis. Strife between Silvester, archbishop of Riga, and the Teutonic knights in Livonia. Marriage of Richard, duke of Gloucester, to Anne of Warwick, widow of prince Edward. New commotions arise in France ; the duke d'Alencon is arrested, and the count d'Armagnac assassinated ; the king wishes to have the duke of Bur- gundy excommunicated ; the parliament of Paris forbid the intervention of the pope. The Turks carry their depredations to the borders of Friuli. The printing of musical notes introduced. Birth of Copernicus. Alliance of Edward with the duke of Burgundy, and secret treaty with the count of St. Pol, constable of France ; preparations for war. Death of Henry, king of Castile, Dec. 11, set. 45; his sister, Isabella, and her husband, Ferdinand, com- mence their joint reign. Alfonso, king of Portugal, is affianced to Joanna, and claims the kingdom of Castile : he takes Zamora. Birth of prince Edward, son of the duke of Gloucester, at Middleham Castle. The emperor Frederic refuses to give the duke of Burgundy the title of king ; war between them ; Charles conquers Lor- raine, and Louis XI. expels Regnier from Anjou. Caxton publishes his first book, " The Game and Playe of the Chesse," Birth of Ariosto, and of Michael Angelo. Edward embarks his army at Portsmouth, June 20, and lands at Calais ; his allies fail in their engagements ; a truce concluded, Aug. 29, followed by the peace of Pecquigni ; queen Margaret ransomed, and restored to her father. The duke of Burgundy reconciled to Louis, gives up to him the count of St. Pol, who is con- victed of treason, and beheaded. Year of jubilee at Rome ; a new papal decree having ordained the recurrence of the festival four times in each century; the concourse of pilgrims small. Sixtus alienates many lands of the church to endow members of his family : vain protests of the cardinals. The Venetians become masters of the island of Cyprus. Caff a, and the other Genoese ports in the Crimea, taken by the Turks; Meugheli Kerai, khan of the Crim Tartars, becomes tributary to them ; they are defeated at Rakowitz, by Stephen, vaivode of Moldavia. Catharine Hall, Cambridge, founded. The duke of Burgundy invades Switzerland ; is defeated at Granson, near the Lake of Neuchatel, April 5, and at Murton, or Morat, June 20. Ferdinand of Castile recovers Zamora, and defeats Alfonso near Toro; Alfonso applies to Louis XL for assistance, which he cannot obtain. Death of Isabella, duchess of Clarence. Marriage of Matthias Corvinus to Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinand of Naples. Assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan, Dec. 26 ; he is succeeded by his son Gian Galeazzo Maria, get. 8, under the regency of his mo- ther, Bona. The Turks invade Croatia; Scodra, or Skutari, in Albania, is bravely and successfully defended against them by Antonio Loredano. Sten Sture founds the University of Upsal ; he checks the nobility and priesthood by sum- moning deputies of the towns and peasantry to attend the national Diet. The Greek grammar of Constantine Lascaris printed at Milan. Lorenzo de' Medici sends Janus Lascaris to collect MSS., and patronizes Demetrius Chalcocondylas and Angelo Politiano ; the Platonic academy of Florence rises under his auspices. Sir Peter d'Aubusson elected grand master of Rhodes. Edward IV. conceives suspicions against his brother, the duke of Clarence, which are encouraged by Richard, duke of Gloucester; two of his friends, Burdet and Stacy, are tried and executed. Richard, the duke of York, the king's second son, set. 5, is affianced to Anne Mowbray, set. 3, heiress of the duke of Norfolk. 1472 TO 1480 A.D. 485 A.D. 1478 Events and Eminent Men. The duke of Burgundy aspires to conquer Lorraine, and lays siege to Nancy ; he is attacked by the Swiss, defeated, and falls in battle, Jan 5. Louis XL seizes part of his dominions ; the rest are transferred to the house of Austria, by the marriage of his only daughter, Mary, with Maximilian, son of the emperor Fre- deric. War renewed between the emperor and Hungary. Marriage of Ferdinand of Naples to Joanna, daughter of the king of Navarre and Aragon. Matteo del Fiesco raises a revolt at Genoa, and is discomfited by Prospero A-dorno. Iwan III. discontinues the tribute to the Golden Horde. The progress of the Turks alarms Venice. Martin Truchses von Wetzhausen Teutonic grand master in Prussia. First attempt to translate the Bible from the Vulgate into German. Condemnation and death of the duke of Clarence, Feb. 18. Conspiracy of the Pazzi and others, abetted by Sixtus IV., against the Medici ; Julian assassinated, April 26, in the cathedral of Florence, during the elevation of the host; Lo- renzo, slightly wounded, escapes; most of the conspirators massacred by the people ; the rest judicially punished. The pope lays an interdict on the city, for having put to death the archbishop of Pisa, and imprisoned the cardinal legate, accomplices in the crime; he then, with Ferdinand of Naples, makes war on the Florentines, who are supported by Louis XL, the regent of Milan, Venice, Ferrara, and Rimini; the emperor Frederic and Matthias Corvinus send ambassadors to protest against the conduct of the pope ; he disregards their remonstrances, and urges the Swiss to invade Milan. The Genoese restore their ancient form of government, and elect Battistino Fregoso for their doge. Abul Hassan refuses to pay tribute, and renews the war with Castile. Matthias Cor- vinus obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia ; he protects the Bohemian Brethren, descendants of the Hussites. Iwan III. takes Novogorod, and puts an end to its republic. Variance between the king of Scotland and his nobles ; his brother, the duke of Albany, escapes into England. Death of John II., king of Aragon and Navarre, at Barcelona, Jan. 19, set. 82; his son, Ferdinand, inherits Aragon and its de- pendencies, which are now united with Castile, under Ferdinand and Isabella ; his daughter, Eleanora, by her mother's right, succeeds in Navarre, but enjoys the fruit of crime (see 1461, 1462) for a very short term, dying at Tudela, Feb. 12 ; the crown descends to her grand-son, Francis Phcebus de Foix. Alfonso of Por- tugal defeated at Albuera, Feb. 24, makes peace with Castile ; Joanna takes the veil at Coimbra. Pope Sixtus demands of the Florentines the expulsion of Lorenzo de' Medici, and that he shall be sent a prisoner to Rome. Lodovico Sforza il Moro, uncle of the young duke, is admitted into Milan, and acquires great power there. Lorenzo de' Medici goes, Dec. 5, to Naples, and treats in person with king Ferdinand. The Venetians agree to a peace with the Turks ; they give up Lemnos, Skutari, and other strong places ; retain Nauplia, Mo- nemvasia, and other fortresses in the Morea, and pay a tribute for the liberty of trading in the Black Sea. Matthias Corvinus repulses the Turks at Weis- 3 senburg, in Transylvania. The archbishop Silvester, defeated by the Livonian : knights, dies in captivity. Christian founds the University of" Copenhagen. I John Burchard, of Wesel, imprisoned by the archbishop of Meutz, for op- j posing indulgences and other practices of the church. Lincoln College, Oxford, ] founded 1427, completed by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln. Lorenzo de' Mediei obtains the friendship of Ferdinand ; treaty between them, . March 6 ; anger of the pope. Siege of Rhodes by the Turks, May 23 ; D'Au- '■ busson and his knights repel them with great loss in a general assault, July, 26. They take Otranto by storm, Aug. 21. Sixtus meditates flight into France, forgives Ferdinand, forgoes his animosity against Lorenzo de' Medici, and con- cludes a treaty with Florence, Dec. 3. Lodovico Sforza drives away the ministers and friends of his late brother, and rules absolutely, in the name of his nephew ; the duchess Bona withdraws from Milan. The Inquisition introduced into Spain by cardinal Mendozas. War renewed between the emperor Frederic and Matthias Corvinus. Death of Reguier d'Anjou ; his daughter, Margaret, late queen of England, resigns all her claims on his States to Louis XL, for a pensron, and re- tires to Dampierre, near Saumur. 486 FROM THE YEAE A.D. 1481 1482 Otto- | Hegi- |man Em- Popes. pire. 1 Baja- zet II. HSixtus IV. 1 John II. the Perfect. 2 4rf.Ang.12. 4- 1 Inno- cent VIII. Aug 29. Port- ugal. 8 Fe.r- dinanci and Is- abella. Spain. Nav- Moors. |Feax ARRE. 3Fran-jl6Abnl21 Louis :, s Fhoa- iHassan. I XL 891 1487 893 1 Ca- tharine and Jehn d'Al- bret. -|2- 13- 1 Abu Abdal lah. Abdal- lah el Zagal. 1 Bohe- mia. 11 La- dislas IV. 42Fre- deric IV. 43- 1 Chas. VIII. Ger- many. 18 Er- nest. Sax AXO-j NY. I 1 Fre- deric III. 48- 1481 TO 1487 A.D. 487 Repe- tition Dates. 1482 Doges op Ve- nice. 4 Gio- vanni Moce- nigo. 14S4 j 1485 1487 1 Marco Barba- rigo. 1 Agos- tino Bar- barigo. 10 Fili- berto. 1 Chas.I. 2 Naples 24Ferdi- nand I. Den- mark. Po- DEN- LAND, 11 Sten Sture Protec- tor. 28 37 Ca- simir IV. HlJNGA BY. 24 Mat- 20 1 thias Corvi- jnus Hu- ! >niades. ' Rus- sia. Scot- land. 30 25 17- 28 22 Jas. III. Aug. 3. Eng- land. 21 Ed- ward IV March i- 22 25- 24- 26 25- 26- 23 d. April 9 • Edward V J April 9 to June 25. 1 Rich- ard III. June 26. Q. Anne of Warwick. d.Q Anne 3 d Aug. 2: 1 Hen- ry VII. Aug- 22. 2 n. Elizabeth! of York. b- Prince Arthur- | 488 FROM THE YEAE Events and Eminent Men. Treaty of marriage between the dauphin of France and the princess Elizabeth of York ; Louis breaks the contract, and urges the king of Scotland to make war on England Maine and Provence united to France. Death of Alfonso V., king of Portugal, at Cintra, July 28, set. 49 ; his son, John II., from the events of his reign, receives the surname of the Gh-eat, or the Perfect. The parliament of Evora restricts the privileges of the nobility. All the States of Italy (except Venice) unite with the kings of Castile and Aragon, Portugal, and Hungary, in a general league, and recoA-er Otranto from the Turks, Sep. 10. Freyburg and Solothurn join the Swiss confederacy. Death of Christian I. ; his son, John, succeeds him on the throne of Denmark. The Nogay Tartars crush the Golden Horde in the battle of Bielawesch ; the independence of Russia is established. Riga resists the Teutonic knights. Death of Mahomet II., May 31 ; his son, Bajazet II., and Dschem (or Zizim) contend for the succession ; the former prevails ; the latter takes refuge in Egypt. The plague proves fatal to Francis Philelphus, and to Bartolommeo Platina, librarian of the Vatican. Caxton prints, " The Boke of Tulle of Olde Age" (Cicero de Senectute). James of Scotland prepares to invade England : Archibald Douglas {Bell the Cat), and other disaffected lords, refuse to proceed ; they hang Cochran, earl of Mar, and other royal favourites, on Lauder Bridge ; the king is made prisoner, but released on the approach of the dukes of Gloucester and Albany, with an English army, who recover Berwick {see 1461), advance to Edinburgh, and enforce a treaty of peace. Seclusion of Louis XI. in his castle of Plessis les Tours ; his son, the dauphin, set. 12, is affianced to Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, set 3. Defeat of the Moors in Granada ; Alhama taken and Loxa besieged ; revolt of Abu Abdallah against his father. The Venetians commence a war against the duke of Ferrara, which for a time embroils Italy, till the pope, who had sided with them, concludes a treaty of peace, Dec. 12. Matthias Cor- vinus takes Heimburg and Brack. Zizim" seeks an asylum in Rhodes, and passes thence into France. Christian's second son, Frederic, claims Schleswig, under his father's will ; his brother, John, divides the duchy with him. The (i Policronicon" printed by Caxton. Birth of G2colampadius. Death of Mar- garet of Anjou. Establishment of the Clothworkers' Company, London. Death of Edward IV., April 9, set. 42; accession of his son, Edward V., set. 13. Usurpation of Richard III., June 26. Murder of Edward, and his brother, the duke of York, in the Tower ; their mother, with her daughter, takes refuge in the sanctuary at Westminster ; her brother, earl Rivers, and other members of the Woodville family, put to death, June 13. Lord Hastings beheaded. Jane Shore condemned to do penance, and reduced to poverty. Conspiracy of the duke of Buckingham, and Henry, earl of Richmond ; Buckingham detected and ex- ecuted, Nov. 3 ; Richmond returns to Britanny. Death of Louis XL, at Plessis les Tours, Aug. 30, set. 60; his son, Charles VIII., set. 13, succeeds, under the) regency of his sister, Anne, married to the Sire de Beaujeu, brother of the duke of Bourbon. The Union of Calmar renewed ; Sweden and Norway acknowledge John I., but the former retains Sten Sture as protector, or administrator. The Venetians, disregarding all the remonstrances of other States, continue their hostilities against Ferrara ; pope Sixtus excommunicates them for persisting in the course, which he at first abetted and concurred in. Conspiracy among the nobility of Portugal to reverse the orders of the parliament of Evora ; the duke of Braganza and many others beheaded. Abul Hassan compels the Spaniards to raise the siege of Loxa ; repulses them at Malaga ; fails in his attempt to recover Alhama. Abu Abdallah taken prisoner at Lucena, is re- leased by Ferdinand, and encouraged to persist in his rebellion. Birth of Martin Luther, Nov. 10, at Eisleben, in the county of Mansfeld. Caxton's English translation of the Lord's Prayer. Birth of Rabelais. Death of prince Edward, son of Richard III. The queen dowager, Elizabeth, is persuaded to leave her sanctuary, and place herself and her daughters in the hands of the usurper. The earl of Richmond withdraws from Britanny into France, where many English exiles join him. The regent of France assembles the States General at Tours, which manifest a very independent spirit. The MSI TO •J 80 A.D. 1486 Events and Eminent Men intestine discord of the Moors assists the progress of Ferdinand in Granada. Abul Hassan resigns his crown to his brother Abdallah t% Zagal, (the vigorous,) who has to contend with his nephew, Abu Abdallah (called by Christian writers Boabdil). Peace re-established in Italy by the treaty of Bagnalo, Aug. 7 ; the duke of Ferrara is compelled to relinquish to the Venetians Rovigo and other portions of his hereditary States. Pope Sixtus persecutes the Colonna family ; puts to the torture and beheads the prothonotary Lodovico ; favours the Orsini ; gratifies the cupidity of his own relations, and more particularly promotes the ambitious designs of his nephew (or son) count Girolamo Riario ; his projects are interrupted by his death, Aug. 12, when the persecutions, which he had in- stituted, cease, and his favourites are exposed to the animosity of the Romans. Birth of Ulrich Zuinglius. Christopher Columbus applies in vain to John II. of Portugal, and Henry VII. of England, to afford him the means of exploring the Western Ocean. Death of queen Anne, March 16, set. 31. Richard applies to the pope for a dis- pensation to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. Landing of the earl of Richmond, at Milford Haven, Aug. 7. Battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22 ; Richard slain, aet. 33. Accession of Henry VII. ; Coronation, Oct. 30. His uncle, Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, created duke of Bedford ; Lord Stanley, ear-1 of Derby, and Edward Courtenay, earl of Devonshire. Ferdinand takes Ronda and other towns, and again lays siege to Loxa. Birth of Katharine of Aragon, future queen of England, at Alcala de Henares, Dec. 16. Matthias Corvinus takes Vienna and Neustadt. Rebellion of the barons of Naples against the heavy taxes imposed on them. Moncenigo, doge of Venice, dies of the plague. The sweating sickness, from Sep. 21 to the end of Oct., carries off two lord mayors, a sheriff, six aldermen, and many thousand other persons, in London. Wynkyn de Worde prints his Polycronicon. Columbus opens his views to Ferdinand of Spain, and receives no encouragement from him. A great eclipse of the sun, March 16. The houses of York and Lancaster united by the marriage of Henry to Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., Jan. 18 ; birth of Arthur, prince of Wales, Sep. 20. Henry unpopular ; insurrection of lord Lovel and the Staffords put down by the duke of Bedford ; imposture of Lambert Simnel ; he is crowned at Dublin. The duke of Orleans having quarrelled with the regent, and retired into Bri- tanny, a war is kindled between that duchy and France ; siege of Nantes. Maximilian, archduke of Austria, elected king of the Romans. Surrender of Loxa ; Ferdinand defeats Abdallah el Zagal, and lays siege to Velez Malaga. The Aragonese are excited to revolt by the severities of the Inquisition, and put to death the chief inquisitor, Peter Arbue. Innocent encourages the rebel- lion in Naples, and invites the duke of Lorraine to claim that kingdom ; Ferdinand of Spain, the duke of Milan, and Lorenzo de' Medici, unite their good offices to preserve peace in Southern Italy. Bartholomew Diaz reaches, but does not pass, the southern extremity of Africa, to which he gives the name of Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy), afterwards called the Cape of Good Hope. Death of George of Trebizond, translator of the Greek Fathers into Latin. Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sends troops to support Lambert Simnel ; he lands in Lancashire ; battle of Stoke, near Newark, June 6 ; the earl of Lincoln, lord Lovel, and the leaders of the rebellion, perish in the field ; Simnel is spared, and employed as a turnspit in the king's kitchen. Coronation of the queen, Nov. 20. Henry's offered mediation, to settle the dispute in France, is rejected. Surrender of Velez Malaga ; the dissensions of the Moors still assist the progress of Ferdinand, and after taking other towns, he invests New Malaga. Lorenzo de' Medici recovers Sarzana from the Genoese ; they place themselves again under the protection of the duke of Milan. Marriage of Lorenzo's daughter Maddalena, to Franceschetto Cibo, the pope's son. Iwan III. takes Cazan, and makes its khan prisoner. 490 FROM THE TEAR A.D. Heoi- RA. 2 t 9 Popes. Bohe- mia. France. Port- ugal. Spain, Castile Nav- MoORS &ABAGON. ARRE. Ger- many. Saxo- ny. 1488 894 8 Baja- zet II. 5 In- nocent VIII. Aug. 29 18 La- dislas IV. 6 Chas. VIII. 8 John II. the Perfect 15 Ferdi- nand and Isabella 6 Ca- tharine and John d'Al- bret. 5 Abu Abdal- lah. Abdal- lah el Zagal. a 49Fre- deric IV. 3 Fre- deric III. 1489 895 9 19 7 9 16 7 6 — 6 50 4 1490 896 10 7 20 king- of Hun- gary. 8 10 17 8 7 7 51 5 1491 897 11 8 21 9 — 11 18 9 8 52 6 1492 898 12 9 rf..Julv25. 1 A- lexan- der VI. Aug.ll. 22 10 12 19 10 Con- quered by Fer- dinand. Bran- den- 53 7 1493 1 899 13 2 23 11 13 20 — - 11 burg. lMax- imili- an I. 8 ISJohn. 1494 900 14 3 24 12 14 21 12 19 2 . 9 1495 901 15 4 25 13 1 Ema- nuel. 22 13 20 i 3- / 1488 TO 1495 A.D. 491 Repe- tition Do «E8 op Ve- Sayoy. Naples. Den- Swe- Po- Hun- Russia Scot- Eng- Dates. nice. 3 Agos- tino Barba- mark den. land gary. land. land. 1488 7Chas.I. 31 Ferdi- nand I. 8 John I. 18Sten Sture Protec- 44 Ca- simir IV. 31 Mat- thias Corvi- 27lwan III. 1 James IV. June 11. 4 Hen- ry VII. Aug- 22. rigo. tor, nus Huni- ades. 1489 4 — - 1 Chas. II. 32 9 19 45 32 28 2 5 /"•Princess Margaret.j 1490 5 2 33 10 20 46 1 Ladis- las VI. king of Bo/tetiiia. 29 3- 6 | 1491 6 3 34 11 21 47 2 30 4 7 ! b. Henry ■ VIII. j 1492 7 — 4 35 12 22 Uohn Albert. 3_ 31 — 5 8 1493 8 5 36 13 23 2 4 32 6 9 1494 6 1 Alfon- so 11. 14 24 3 5 33 1 10 I 1495 10 7 ■ 1 Ferdi- nand II. 15 25 4 6 34 1 *i 11— j 1 ! 4'-) 2 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1489 1490 1491 1492 Events and Eminent Men. James III. of Scotland defeated by his barons near Bannockburn, and murdered in Beaton's Mill. June 11 ; his son inherits the crown. Defeat of the Bretons, at St. Aubin, July 28; the duke of Orleans prisoner. Death of Francis II., duke of Brittany ; distress of his subjects, and contests for the hand of his daughter, Anne. Malaga submits to Ferdinand ; he advances against Guadix and Almeria. Zizim, Bajazet's brother, is at his own desire conveyed to Civita Vecchia,. The Homer of Demetrius Chalcocondylas printed at Florence. Birth, Nov. 29, of the princess Margaret, the future queen of James IV. of Scot- land. Henry VII, sends an auxiliary fo-rce into Brittany; confusion in the province ; intrigues for the marriage of the duchess ; return of the English army. Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus, tries to arouse maritime en- terprise in England. Surrender of Guadix, Almeria, and Baza, to the Spaniards. Reception of Zizim by the pope, March 14. Creation of cardinals. D'Aubusson, grand master of Rhodes, and John, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, eet. 14, afterwards pope Leo X. Ferdinand of Naples excommunicated and deposed, for refusing to pay his annual tribute to the pope ; marriage of his grand-daughter, Isa- bella, to the duke of Milan. Death of John Wessel, professor of theology at Groningen. Johann von Tieffen, grand master of the Teutonic Order. Anne of Brittany betrothed to Maximilian, king of the Romans. Death of Al- fonso, son of the king of Portugal, by a fall from his horse, during the festivities after his nuptials with Isabella, eldest daughter of the Spanish sovereigns. Abdallah el Zagal gives up to Ferdinand his remaining territories, and retires to an estate allotted to him ; his nephew still holds out in Granada. War between Bajazet and Kaitbai, sultan of Egypt; both send ambassadors to, Rome ; the Ottoman requesting the pope to keep his brother, Zizim, in safe cus- tody, and offering a pension for his maintenance ; the Egyptian proposing that he | should be released, and supported in his claim to the throne. Death of Mat- i thias Corvinus, set. 47 ; Ladislas, king of Bohemia, is elected by the Hungarians ; Maximilian contends unsuccessfully for the crown, but recovers the Austrian \ provinces which Matthias had conquered. Marriage of Lodovico Sforza il Moro \ to Beatrice of Ferrara. A more perfect German version of the Bible is published. Elizabeth, widow of Edward IV., retires into the convent of Ber- mondsey. Queen Elizabeth gives birth, at Greenwich, June 28, to a son, afterwards Henry VIII. Charles VIII. sends back to her father his affianced bride, Margaret; compels Anne of Brittany to break her engagement to Maximilian, and marries her himself; this unites Brittany to France ; Henry VII. and Maximilian league against him. To prepare for a war, Henry levies a benevolence on his people, and the parliament, Oct. 27, grants a supply. Ferdinand begins the siege of Granada. The rivalry of the two lately-married princesses, Isabella and Beatrice, is the beginning of discord in Milan. Marriage of the duke's sister, Anna Sforza, to Alfonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara. After a struggle of many years, Riga submits to the Livonian knights of the Teutonic Order. Henry lands his army at Calais, Oct. 6, and lays siege to Boulogne. Chaides agrees to pay him 745,000 crowns, and an annual tribute of 25,000 ; peace is concluded, and France retains Brittany. Imposture of Perkin Warbeck ; he lands at Cork and gains partisans ; is invited to the court of France ; dismissed after the peace of Estaples; received and protected by the duchess of Flanders. Surrender of Granada, Jan. 2 ; end of the dominion of the Moors in Spain ; Abu Abdallah receives a pension, and retires into Africa. After seven years of application, Columbus obtains from Ferdinand, in his camp before Granada, the means of undertaking his voyage of discovery ; sails from Palos. Aug. 3; arrives, Oct. 12, at one of the Bahama islands, which he names S. Salvador, after which he reaches Cuba and Hispaniola. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici, April 7, eet. 44 ; hi-.- eldest son, Pietro, takes his station in Florence. The cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, elected pope, takes the name of Alexander VI. On the death of Ca- simir, aet. 64, the Poles choose his son, John Albert, to succeed him The queen dowager, Elizabeth, dies in the convent of Bermondsey. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. 1488 TO 1495 A.D. 493 Events and Eminent Men. Many of the English nobility, deceived by Perkin Warbeck, concert measures in his favour; Sir Robert Clifford insinuates himself into their confidence, and betrays their schemes ; he discovers and publishes the history of the impostor. Death of the emperor Frederic, Aug. 20, ast. 78 ; his son, Maximilian, succeeds' him ; the first who takes the title of emperor of Germany, without bein° crowned at Rome ; he marries Bianca Maria Sforza, sister of the duke of Milan, and concludes a peace with France at Senlis ; by which Artois and Franche Comte' the dowry of his daughter, Margaret, are restored to him. Charles VIII. restores also to Spain, by the treaty of Narbonne, the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne. Cadiz given up to Ferdinand. Columbus arrives at Lisbon, March 4, and is re- ceived by Ferdinand and Isabella at Barcelona, April 15 ; commences his second voyage, Sep. 25. The pope divides the yet undiscovered regions of the New World between the Spaniards and Portuguese, by a line, which, in the progress of discovery, he is obliged to correct, by removing it 370 leagues further west- ward. Defeat of the Turks in Transylvania, by Ladislas, and in Syria, by Kaitbai The duke of Milan being now of full age, his uncle, Lodovico, intrigues to retain his power as regent; he creates discord between the pope and Ferdinand of Naples, and invites the king of France to revive the Anjou claim on that crown. The Court of Requests instituted in London. Henry punishes the Flemings for their support of Perkin Warbeck, by stopping their trade with England. Sir William Stanley, and other favourers of the pretender, are condemned and executed. Sir Edward Poynings, governor of Ire* land, induces the parliament of that country to pass the Act,\vhich bears his name, giving full force there to all tke laws of England. Warbeck fails in an attempt to land in Kent. Ferdinand of Naples prepares to resist the threat- ened invasion, but dies, Jan. 25, set. 70; his son, Alfonso, conciliates the pope. Charles sends agents into Italy, one of whom is Philip de Comines. The Neapo- litan fleet defeated near Genoa, Sep. 8. Death of the duke of Milan (supposed to be poisoned by his uncle), Oct. 22, sat. 25 ; his widow, Isabella, and her children, are sent to the castle of Pavia ; to the exclusion of her eldest son, the emperor Maximilian invests Lodovico with the dukedom. Submission of Florence to Charles, and expulsion of Pietro de' Medici and his brothers, Nov. 9. Zizirn is placed by the pope in the castle of S. Angelo, and the knights who had attended him are sent back to Rhodes. Aldus Manutius sets up his press at Venice. Death of John Ficus de Mirandola, set. 33, and of Angelo Politiano, tat. 40. Warbeck retires to Flanders ; is unsuccessful in Ireland; favourably received by James IV. in Scotland, and married to Katharine Gordon, daughter of the earl of Huntley. Charles enters Rome, Jan. 1 ; he is urged to depose Alexander, whose scandalous mode of life had given universal ©ffence, but concludes a treaty with him, and continues his progress, Jan. 28. Alfonso resigns the crown of Naples, Jan. 23, to his brother Ferdinand, and retires to a monastery at Mazzara in Sicily, where he dies, Nov. 19. Zizim, who by treaty had been delivered into the hands of Chaides, is carried off by a slow poison, previously administered to him. Cardinal Caesar Borgia, given by the pope a*, a hostage, makes his escape. Ferdinand retires to the isle of Ischia; Charles enters Naples, Feb. 24; alarmed by his rapid success, the emperor Maximilian, Ferdinand of Spain the pope, Venice, and Lodovico of Milan league against him ; leaving a part of his army to occupy his conquests, Charles quits Naples, May 20 ; reaches Rome, June 1 ; the pope retires to Perugia •. Charles breaks through the allied forces, posted on the river Taro to intercept him, July 6 ; arrives at Turin; concludes a separate treaty with Lodovico, at Vercelli, Oct. 10, and returns to France. Pisa regains independence. Supported by a Spanish and papal army, under Gonsalvo Fernandez di Cordova, and Prosper Colonna, Ferdinand II. enters Naples again, July 7, and recovers a great part of his kingdom. The diet of Worms establishes the Imperial Chamber of Wetzlar. Wirtemburg created a duchy. John, king of Portugal, oppressed by grief for the loss of his son, Alfonso (see 1490), and the pope's refusal to legitimize his natural son, George, dies of the iropsy, at Albuera, Sep. 14 ; his cousin, Emanuel, succeeds. Jamaica discovered by Columbus, May 3. Alliance of the Valais with Switzerland. 494 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1496 1497 1438 1499 Hegiba. 903—904 904—905 905—906 906—907 1501 907—908 Otto- man Em- 1502 908— 16 Baja- zet II. 17 Popes 5 Alex ander VI. Aug. 11 19 Bohe- mia. 26 La- dislas IV. king of Hun- gartf 14 Chas VIII. 29 30- 31- 11- 1 Louis XII. Port- ugal. Spain. Cas- Nav- tile. arke. 2Ema nuel. 23Fer-|l4Ca dinaud and Is- abella 24- tharine and John d'Al- bret. 15- Ger- MANY 4 Max imili- an I. 26- 27- 16- 17- 18- 20- Saxo- NY. HFre- deric III. Bran- den- burg. SlJohn 23 Uoa- chim I, 16- 17- 1496 TO 1502 A.D. 495 Repe- tition Dates. 1499 1500 1501 1502 Doges of Ve- nice. 11 Ag03- tino Barba- rlgo. Savoy. 1 Philip II. 1 Fili- berto II Naples 1 Fre- deric. 15 1 Leo- nardo Lore- dano. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Conquer- ed by- France and Spain. Bruns- wick LUNE- BURG. 25 Hen- ry I. 16 26 Sten 5 John John I. Sture (Albert. I Protec- | tor. < 1 John II. king of Den. mark and Norway. 18- 20- HuNGA RT. 7 Ladis- las VI. king of enua. 35 1 wan III. Scot- land. 9 Jas. IV. Junell Eng- land. 12 Hen ry VII Aug. 22. 10- 10 lAlex- ander. 12 37- 38 = 13- 40- 15 18 14 — b Princess Mary 15 16 17 Prince Arthur to Katharine ofAragon. m. Princwa Margaret to James, king of Scotland. d. Prince Artaor. 496 FEOM THE TEAE 1496 1497 The king of Scotland, with Warbeck, makes an inroad into Northumberland, but retreats before an English army. Encouraged by the success of Columbus, Henry sends out John Cabot, and his son, Sebastian, on a voyage of discovery. Co- lumbus returns from his second voyage. Marriage of Philip, son of the emperor Maximilian, and Mary of Burgundy (see 1477), to Joanna, second daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. The duke tie Montpensier, French viceroy in Naples, dies at Pozzuolo, Oct. 19; his garrisons capitulate, and return to France. Ferdinand, on the point of regaining full possession of his kingdom, dies, O'ct. 5, and is succeeded by his uncle, Frederic. The Venetians , occupy Brindisi, Otranto, and other ports, as security for subsidies advanced by them. Maximilian enters Italy with an army ; quarrels with the Venetians, and returns to Germany. Emanuel, in his treaty of marriage with Alfonso's widow, Isabella, eldest daughter of the Spanish sovereigns, agrees to expel all Jews and Mohammedans from Portugal; he tits out an expedition, under Vasco de Gama, to explore the eastern seas ; departure from Belem, July 9. The Florentines besiege Pisa. Jesus College, Cambridge, founded by John Alcock, bishop of Ely. Insurrection in Cornwall; the rebels, headed by lord A u die y, march into Kent, encamp at Eltham, are defeated on Blackheath, June 22 ; the leaders ai-e ex- ecuted, the multitude pardoned. The Scottish king makes another invasion, finds Norham castle well defended, and goes home again ; a truce concluded, and Warbeck dismissed ; the Flemings refuse him shelter, on which Henry allows them to renew their commercial intercourse with England. The adventurer still gathers some adherents in the West, with whom he attempts to besiege Exeter; his followers submit to the king's army at Taunton, and he takes refuge in the sanctuary at Beaulieu, in the New Forest. The marriage of Emanuel and Isabella is solemnized. Sep. 30. Maximilian's daughter, Margaret {see 1491), is married in April, at Burgos, to John, the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella ; in Oct. the young prince dies. Sten Sture offends the Swedish nobility, is defeated, and deprived of his protectorate, by John, who enforces the union of Calmar, is crowned at Stockholm, and his son. Christian, is declared his successor. Divorce of the pope's daughter, Lucretia Borgia, from John Sfcrza. The church lands of Benevento and others are secularized by the pope, re-constituted into a duchy, and given to his 'son, John, who is assas- sinated seven days afterwards ; the crime is imputed to his brother, Caesar Borgia, who had laid aside his cardinal's purple, and resumed the position of a layman. The Grisons allies of the Swiss cantons. Vasco de Gama passes the Cape o f Good Hope, and arrives at Calicut. The Medici repulsed from the gates of Florence. Birth of Philip Melancthon. Cabot discovers Newfound- land, and the coast of North America, as far as that part now called Virginia. University of Aberdeen founded. Maximilian licenses the fairs of Leipzig. Surrender of Warbeck ; he confesses his imposture; his life is spared, but he is exposed to the derision of the populace, and detained in custody. A fit of apo- plexy ends the life of Charles VIII , at Amboise, April 7, set. 28 ; the succession goes into the Orleans family, and Louis XII. takes the throne of France; by grants to Caesar Borgia, and creating him duke of Valence, he obtains a papal Bull for his divorce from his first wife, a daughter of Louis XL, and marries Anne of Brittany, widow of his predecessor; he asserts his claims to the duchy of Milan, and the kingdom of Naples. Columbus, in his third voyage, discovers Trinidad. Vasco de Gama, having laid the foundation for the Portuguese empire in India, returns to his country. Birth of Henry's daughter, Mary, the future queen of Louis XII., and afterwards married to the duke of Suffolk. The Ve- netians, under the pretence of assisting Pisa, endeavour to gain possession of it for themselves; the duke of Milan aids the Florentines in prosecuting the siege. Savonarola, a Dominican, with two of his disciples, burnt at Florence, May 23, by desire of the pope, for preaching the necessity of reform in the church ; his Life written by John Francis Picus Mirandola. Frederic, duke and erector of Saxony, grand master of the Teutonic Order. An Act of parliament forbids the Company of Merchant Adventurers to exclude other merchants from the trade of the Low Countries. 1496 TO 1502 A.D. 497 A.D. 1500 1501 Events and Eminent Mi Warbeck plots with the earl of Warwick to effect their escape from the Tower; hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 16 ; the earl, the last of the male line of the Planta- KenetS; beheaded, Nov. 28. The Florentines, unsuccessful against Pisa, behead their general, Paolo Vitelli. Alliance of France and Venice, conquest of Milan ; flight of Lodovico Sforza into Germany, with his family and treasure ; entry of Louis, Oct. 6; Cremona acquired by the Venetians. Jean Jaques Trivulee, marshal of France, governor of the conquered State. Voluntary submission oi Genoa. The emperor Maximilian makes war on the Swiss is defeated, and concludes a treaty of peace at Basle. The Turks enter the Venetian States, and ravage Friuli. Ojeda, a former companion of Columbus, and Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, are employed by Emanuel to explore the New World : they discover Brazil ; and Amerigo, writing an account of their voyage, caHs the new continent after himself, America. Death of Marsilio Ficiiro, translator of Plato, and restorer of Greek philosophy, in Italy, Oct. 1. Ferdinand compeis all the Moors in his kingdom to embrace Christianity, or quit the land. Henry VII., to avoid the plague raging in London, takes his family to Calais ; interview there with Maximilian's son, Philip, governor of the Netherlands ; projected marriage of his son, just born at Ghent (the future emperor Charles V.) with Henry's young daughter, Mary. The oppression of the French provokes a revolt in Milan; Lodovico Sforza returns with an army of Swiss mercenaries, by whom he is at last betrayed into the hands of his enemies, and consigned for the remaining ten years of his life to the castle of Loches, in Berry. The year of jubilee affords a pretext for the sale of Indulgences in all countries, without requiring the purchasers to visit Rome. Murder of Alfonso of Aragon, third husband of Lncretia Borgia, ascribed to her brother, Csesar. Columbus, the victim of false accusations, is brought back to Spain a prisoner. Pedro Alvarez Cabral sails from Lisbon, March 8, with a fleet of thirteen ships, destined for India; driven by storms out of his course, he arrives at Brazil, and shares the glory of being its first discoverer; pursuing his voyage, he visits Quiloa, Mo- zambique, and the eastern coast of Africa. Corte Peal, also sent out by the king of Portugal, explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Labrador, as far as Hudson's Bay. Modon and Coron taken from the Venetians by the Turks. The Florentines renew the siege of Pisa, which they again abandon with great loss, j War of independence in Ditmarsch ; the king of Denmark defeated at Meldorf. Marriage of Arthur, prince of Wales, to Katharine, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, Nov. 14, and of the princess Margaret, to James, king of Scotland. Maximilian forms the Aulic Council. Conquest and partition of Naples by France and Spain; the armies commanded by the duke de Nemours, and Gonsalvo de Cordova ; the duchy of Anjou given to Frederic, which he holds till his death, Sep. 9, 1504. The pope creates his son, Csesar, duke of Ko- magna, having aided him in acquiring possession of the territory by force, fraud, perfidy, and murder; Faenza, the last city that holds out, capitulates on terms that are violated, and its lord, Astorgio de' Manfredi, a youth of 17, bar- barously put to death. Sten Sture regains his ascendancy in Sweden. The duke of Saxony, as grand master of the Teutonic Order, refuses homage to Alexander, who succeeds his brother, John Albert, on the throne of Poland. Basle and Schafhausen join the Swiss confederacy. Ismail I. founds the Son dynasty in Persia. Luther studies at Erfurt. Death of prince Arthur, April 2, set. 16 ; his young widow retires to the palace of Croydon ; the king projects her marriage to his son, Henry, now prince of Wales. Sebastian Cabot returns from his voyage; his report encourages Eliot, and some Bristol merchants, to undertake expeditions Columbus, on his fourth voyage, reaches the isthmus of Panama. Continued atrocities of Caesar Borgia ; by the same course of villany he makes himself master of Urbino and other cities ; marriage of his sister, Lucretia, to her fourth husband, Alfonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara. The kings of France and Spain begin to quarrel about the division of their plunder. Juan de Nova Castella, the Portuguese admiral, returning from India discovers the island of St Helena, May 21. Henry VII. builds his chapel in Westminster. University of Wittenberg founded. __ __ 498 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. 1503 Hegiba 909-910 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 £610 910—911 911—912 912—913 913—914 914—915 915—916 016—917 Otto- man Em- pibe Popes 23 Baja zetll. 24 25 27 28 29 12 A lexan- derVI. Aug. 11 d. 18. 1 Pius III. Sept. 22 rf.Oct. ir 1 Ju- liusll Nov. 1. 2 Port UGAL. 9Ema- nuel. 10 12- 31 d . Isa- bella. 32Fer- dinand alone, 33 14 35 16- Spain Nav- 21 Ca- tharine and John d'Al- bret. Bohe- mia 33 La dislas IV, king of Hun. ary 34- 25- 37- 27- 35 36 — - 37- Bran- DEN- BURO, 5 Joa- chim I. 10- Saxo- NY. 18Fre- deric III. 19- Bruns- Ger- wick. many. 26 Hen ry I. 22 12- 24 31. 11 Max imilian I. 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 1503 TO 1510 A.D. 499 Repe- tition Dates, 150-1 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 Doges op Vb-' NICK. 3 Leo- nardo Lore- dano. 10 Savoy. 7 Fili- berto II ICharles III. France. 6 Louis XII Den- mark 23 John I 24- 25- 26- 27- SWE- DEN. 1 Svante Sture, Protec- tor. Po- land. 3Alex- ander. 1 Si- gis- mund I. Hunga- ry. HLadis las VI king of 15 16 43- lVas sili IV 16 19 Russia, 42Iwan III 16Jas. IV. Junell Scot- land. 20- 22 2 K 2 Eng- land. 19 Hen- ry VII. Aug:- 22. d. Queen Elizabeth. 22 23 d. Apr. 21. 1 Henry VIII. April 22. m. Katha rine of Aragon, >00 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1504 lo05 1506 Death of queen Elizabeth, Feb. 11, after giving birth to a princess, who survived only a few days. Pope Julius grants a dispensation for the prince of Wales, set. 12, to be contracted in marriage to Katharine, his brother's widow, set 18 ; the contract is signed. Henry employs Empson and Dudley to extort money from his subjects. Alexander VI. dies suddenly, set. 72, while he and his son are contriving still greater enormities; his successor, Pius II., lives only 22 days after his election. Julius II. deprives Csesar Borgia of his ill-gotten spoils, and imprisons him. Gonsalvo de Cordova defeats the French, April 28, at Ci rignuola, where the duke de Nemours is killed; enters Naples, May 14; takes the fort Del' Uovo, by springing a mine ; gains a decisive victory, Dec. 28, on the Garigliano, where Pietro de' Medici loses his life, and the whole kingdom of Naples becomes subject to Spain. The Portuguese commander, Albuquerque, on his way to India, discovers Zanzibar. Death of DAubusson, grand master of Rhodes, June 30, set. 80. Death of Sten Sture ; Svante Sture succeeds to his influence in Sweden, and is supported by the people, in opposition to the crown, the nobility, and the priesthood. Peace concluded between Iwan III. and the Teutonic knights of Livonia. Venice makes peace with the Turks, and cedes to them Santa Maura. A parliament, Jan. 25 ; the Commons appoint Dudley their speaker; a subsidy is voted to the king, though he is known to be in no want of money. Death of Isabella, queen of Spain, Nov. 26, set. 53 ; the kingdom of Castile passes to her daughter, Joanna, and her husband, Philip; in their absence, Ferdinand still continues to govern. Columbus returns from his fourth and last voyage. Treaty of Blois ; proposed betrothal of Charles, set. 4 (son of Philip, see 1500), to Claude, daughter of Louis XIL, whose dowry is to consist of Britanny, Franche Comte, and Milan. Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, who, after the death of her first husband (see 1497), married Filiberto, duke of Savoy, is, by his death, again a widow. The Venetians, jealous of the new Indian trade of the Portuguese, incite the Mamelukes of Egypt, and Zamorin, sovereign of Calicut, to commence hostilities against them. Csesar Borgia is released from confinement on con- ditions which he violates, is again captured and sent a prisoner to Spain, where he soon afterwards dies in a skirmish, in Navarre ; while the other domains taken from him are restored to the church, Venice retains Faenza and Rimini. The citizens of Naples resist by violence the introduction of the Inquisition. Pope Julius begins to practise the nepotism which he condemned in his predecessor. Pisa is again besieged by the Florentines. The intrigues of the earl of Suffolk in Flanders cause many arrests in England, and some executions ; among those who suffer death is Sir James Tyrrel, the accomplice in the murder of Edward V. and his brother. Henry, prince of Wales, by his father's desire, signs a secret protest, June 27, against his mar- riage with his brother's widow. Peace between France and Spain ; Louis XII. claims Milan, and gives up all that he holds or claims in Naples, as the dowry of his niece, Germaine de Foix, who is married to Ferdinand. Death of Iwan III., by whom the Russian empire is now consolidated. Luther becomes a monk at Erfurt, and begins his Scriptural researches, Francesco de Almeira, Portuguese viceroy, establishes factories along the coast of Malabar, and his fleets interrupt the Egyptian and Venetian commerce. Philip and Joanna, on their way to assume the government of Castile, are driven by a storm into the harbour of Weymouth ; entertained at Windsor ; negotiations ' there ; the earl of Suffolk given up to Henry, and confined in the Tower ; pro- posed marriage between Henry and Margaret, Philip's sister; revived project of uniting his son, Charles, to the princess Mary ; neither contract signed. Death of Philip, at Burgos, Sep. 25, set. 28; insanity of his widow ; their son, Charles, set. 6, is declared heir of Spain and the Netherlands, and Ferdinand, set. 3, of the Austrian States ; the minority of Charles, and the incapacity of his mother, leave his grandfather, Ferdinand, still the actual king of Castile ; the emperor Maximilian, standing in the same degree of relationship, claims the regency ; angry discussions follow. The States General of France forbid the alienation of the provinces, contemplated by the treaty of Blois, and annul the contract; the 1503 TO 1510 A.D. 501 A.D. 1509 1510 Events and Eminent Men. princess Claude is affianced to Francis, count of Angouleme, pi-eemnptive heir to the throne. Pope Julius leads his army against Perugia and Bologna ; en- couraged by him, the Genoese expel their nobles and the French. Ferdinand of Spain visits Naples. The sugar-cane brought to Hispaniola from the Canaries. Death of Columbus, at Valladolid, May 20, set. 64. Bramante d'Urbino begins St. Peter's, at Rome ; Julius lays the first stone, April 18. The University of Francfort on the Oder founded by the elector of Brandenburg. Ladislas secures the eventual union of Hungary with Austria, by the double betrothment of his just-born son, Louis, to Maria, the youngest daughter of the deceased Philip, arrd of his own daughter, Anna, to Maria's brother, Ferdinand. The Great Harry, the first ship of the royal navy of England. Margaret of Savoy, appointed governess of the Netherlands, concludes a commer- cial treaty with England ; Wolsey negotiates with her. Louis XII. comes to crush the revolt in Genoa; conference between him and Ferdinand at Savona. Gonsalvo returns to Spain. Portuguese settlements formed on Ormus by Al- buquerque, and on Ceylon by Lorenzo de Almeida; Madagascar visited by Tristan d'Acunha. Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, created a cardinal, and minister to Ferdinand. Margaret, mother of Henry VII., gives an additional endowment to Christ College, Cambridge. The emperor Maximilian enters Italy with an army ; the Venetians refuse him a passage ; after some months of unsuccessful war, he concludes a truce, leaving in their hands Trieste, and many other places ; the league of Cambray concluded Dec. 10, by Margaret, regent of the Netherlands, and the cardinal de Rohan, am- bassador of France and legate of the pope ; the emperor, the kings of France and Spain, and the pope, coalesce against Venice ; they are afterwards joined by the dukes of Savoy, Mantua, and Ferrara. Luther professor of philosophy at Wit- tenberg. By the advice of Covilham, the Abyssinians send Matthew, an Ar- menian merchant, to request the assistance of the Indian Portuguese against the Mahometans. Death of Henry VII., at Richmond, April 21, set. 52; Henry VIII. marries Ka- tharine of Aragon, June 3 ; they are crowned at Westminster, June 24. Pro- clamation to encourage complaints ; arrest of Empson, Dudley, and their accom- plices. Wolsey, employed by Henry VII. just before his death, on a mission to Maximilian, at Brussels, is introduced to the new king by Fox, bishop of Win- chester. The Venetians endeavour, by concessions, to avert the storm which threatens them ; their overtures rejected ; they prepare to defend themselves ; are totally defeated, at Agnadello, May 14, by Louis XII., and lose all their late acquisitions. The other confederates jealous of France ; the Venetians recover Padua, and rise again in power. Pisa taken by the Florentines, June 8. Cam- paign of cardinal Ximenes in Africa ; Oran taken. Diego Columbus, son of "Christopher, governor of Spanish America. Albuquerque refers the Abyssi- nian envoy to the government at Lisbon. St. John's College, Cambridge, founded by Margaret, mother of Henry VII., soon after which she dies, June 29. Lu- ther preacher at Wittenberg. Erasmus visits Oxford. Death of the historian, Philip de Comines. St Paul's School, London, founded by Dr. Colet. The court of Henry VIII. the scene of gaiety, in which the treasures of his father are profusely lavished. Wolsey dean of Lincoln, and almoner to the king. Act of attainder against Empson and Dudley ; they are executed, Aug. 17. Pope Julius designs his Holy League against France, in which he is joined by Venice, and the Swiss ; he makes war on the duke of Ferrara ; courts Henry VIII. Ferdinand of Spain, desists from the war in Italy, and prosecutes that in Africa, where he conquers a large portion of the northern coast. Maximilian acts in con- cert with Louis XII., and calls a council at Tours, at which some cardinals attend. The Spaniards form their first settlement on the mainland of America, at Pa- nama. The Portuguese conquer Goa, and extend their commerce to Sumatra. Cardinal Ximenes founds the Universities of Alcala de Henares (Complutum) and Santiago de Compostella. Luther, on a deputation to Rome, witnesses the corruption in the papal court. Erasmus teaches Greek at Cambridge. 502 FROM THE TEAR 1511 Hegira 917—918 1512 91&-919 920 1514 H21 1515 1516 922 023 Otto- man Em- Popes, 31 Baja- zet II. lSeliml, 9 Juli- us II. Nov.l. d.Feh.20. 1 Leo X. Mar.ll. l7Em- anuel Pobt- UGAL. 20- 22- Spain. 38Fer- dinantL 10- Nav- ARRE. Bban BOHE- DRN- MIA. BURG. 29 Ca- tharine and John d'Al- bret. Con- quered by Fer- DUKES op Ba- varia 41 La- dislas IV. king of Hun- gary, 6 Wil- liam I ■13- IChas I. moa- clrim I 1 Lou is I. ki-lg of Hwi- if /try. 15- Sax- ONY. 26Fre- deric III. 34 Hen ryl. 35- r,o- Bruns- WICK. Ger- many. 19 Maxi- milian I 20 21 22 20- 23 1511 TO 1516 A.D. 503 tition Dates. 1512 1514 1515 1518 DOGES of Ve- nice. 11 Leo- nardo Lore- dano. 15 i 19. Po- land. 17 Si- gis- mund I. Hun- gaby. 7 Lou- is IT. mia. Russia. 18 Vas- sili IV Scot- land. lOJas. V. Sep.£>. 12 Eng- land. 14Hen- xy Vlii, Apr. 22i 12- 1 Fer. dinand of Aus- tria, 2 23 22 512 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1522 1524 1525 Events and Eminent Men. Charles breaks his promise to Wolt*ey, and obtains the papacy, Jan. 19. for Adrian VI., his former tutor, leaving Germany under the vicariate of his brother, Ferdinand, and the Netherlands well governed by his aunt, Margaret, he visits England again, May 26 ; soothes Wolsey by new promises and bribes ; prevails on Henry to declare war against France ; embarks at Southampton, July 6, and arrives at Santander, July 23 ; his presence restores order and tran- quillity. The earl of Surrey, with a fleet and army, invades France ; plunders Morlaix, besieges Hedin, and comes back, after a fruitless campaign. War with Scotland , the regent, Albany, advances to Solway Frith ; his army refuses to proceed, and he concludes a truce with lord Dacres. Prospero Colonna defeats Lautrec, at La Bicocca, April 22; takes Genoa, May 30; the French are driven! out of nearly all Italy. The duke of Urbino recovers his States. Rhodes | surrenders to the Turks, Dec. 20; De ITsle Adam, and his surviving knights, j retire into Sicily. The Diet of Nuremberg sends to the pope a memorial of grievances, and demands a general council. Hasty changes, promoted by Carl- stadt, produce disturbances at Wittenberg. Luther emerges from his retreat to appease them; he publishes his New Testament, and his Reply to Henry VIII. Cano returns with the ships of Magelhaens by the Cape of Good Hope, and arrives at Seville, having completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, in 1154 days. Death of Reuchlin, aet. 67. Anne Boleyn is recalled from France, and appointed maid of honour to queen Katharine. Henry assembles a parliament, April 15; Sir Thomas More speaker; supplies sparingly granted ; the time of levying them arbitrarily anticipated. Venice, and the duke of Ferrara, join the league against Francis; the enemies who attack him on all sides, gain no permanent advantage. Flight of the duke of Bourbon into Germany. Admiral Bonnivet commands the French army in Italy, with the chevalier Bayard under him ; they make no important progress. Death of Adrian VI., Sep. 14; Julius de' Medici elected, Nov. 19, takes the name of Clement VII. Wolsey sees the emperor's insincerity, and turns against him. Death of Prospero Colonna, Dec. 30 ; the duke of Bourbon takes the command in Italy. Gustavus Vasa king of Sweden. Christian, expelled by his subjects, takes refuge in Flanders: Frederic, duke of Holstein, is called t»> the throne of Denmark and Norway. Luther's opinions are widely propagated in the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Poland, and Hungary. A trans- lation of the Bible is circulated in the Netherlands. Pilgrimage of Loyola to Palestine. Insurrection of the German peasants, headed by Munzer. Death of William Lily, the grammarian, first master of St. Paul's School. Retreat of Bonnivet ; death of Bayard; the French driven out of Italy; the duke of Bourbon invades Provence ; siege of Marseilles. Charles's allies jealous of his success. Francis collects a large army, and passes Mount Cenis ; the im- perialists retire into Italy ; the French re-occupy Milan, and besiege Pavia : Venice maintains neutrality ; Clement concludes a secret treaty for himseif and Florence, with Francis. Treaty of Malmo ; the independence of Sweden recognized ; the union of Calmar dissolved; Denmark and Norway remain united : the island of Gothland given up to the Danes. Vassili makes unsuccessful war on the Tartars of Casan. Baber, a descendant of Timur, reigning in CabuL takes Lahore. First discovery of Peru, by Pizarro and Almagro. Luther ab- jures his monastic vows ; his monastery is secularized by the elector of Saxony. League of Ratisbon; cardinal Campeggio induces some German princes and bishops to support the established religion. Controversy begins among the Re- formers respecting the Eucharisfc; Carlstadt withdraws to Strasburg, where Martin Bucerand Fabricius Capito adopt his opinions Melancthon, professor of theology, at Wittenberg. The New Testament translated into Danish. Loyola returns from his pilgrimage and studies at Barcelona. Birth of Camoens. Henry Fitzroy, the king's natural son, by lady Talbois, is created duke of Rich- mond and Somerset ; queen Katharine, annoyed by Wolsey's ostentation, pro- vokes his resentment ; he insinuates into Henry's mind doubts as to the validity of their marriage, and excites his admiration of Anne Boleyn ; her father is created viscount Rochford, and treasurer of the household. Pavia defended by Antony de Lpyva; the duke of Bourbon, marquis of Pescara, and I.annny, viceroy 1522 TO 1527 A.D. 513 A.D. 1526 Events and Eminent Men. 1527 of Naples, march to its relief; battle of Pavia, Feb. 24 : Francis taken prisoner, i and his army destroyed ; Louis de la Tremouille, the admiral Bonnivet, and the ! duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, slain ; among the prisoners are Henry, the i titular king of Navarre, and Ferdinand Castriota, marquis of S. Angelo, a de- scendant of Scanderbeg. Francis conveyed to Madrid ; the Spaniards, masters of I Milan, leave the duke only a nominal sovereignty ; they refuse to let the pope have Reggio ; he negotiates with Venice. Charles gives his youngest sister, Katharine, in marriage to the king of Portugal, to whose sister, Isabella, he also contracts himself. Henry VIII. breaks off his alliance with Spain, and concludes a treaty, Aug. 30, with Louisa, mother of Francis, and regent. Great discontent excited in England by the king's attempt to raise money without authority of parliament; the insurgents submit, and are pardoned. Albert., the Teutonic grand master, embraces Lutheranism, secularizes the lands df the Order, and is declared duke of Prussia. Death of Frederic, elector of Saxony ; his successor, John, assists the Reformation. The mass abolished in Zurich. Luther marries Katharine de Bora. The insurgent peasants defeated at Frankenhausen, and Munzer beheaded. The Order of Capuchins takes its rise. Wolsey uses his legatine power to suppress several small monasteries, and with their revenues endows Christ Church College, Oxford, as also a school at his birth-place, Ipswich ; he presents to Henry his new palace at Hampton Court, Treaty of Madrid, for the release of Francis, Jan. 17; he arrives in France, March IS ; refuses to surrender Burgundy ; concludes the treaty of Cognac, or Holy League, with the Venetians, the pope, and other Italian States, May 22, to which Henry VIII. accedes. Marriage of Charles to Isabella of Portugal, at Seville, March 3 ; he promises Milan to the duke of Bourbon. Soliman invades Hungary ; battle of Mohacz, Aug. 26 ; defeat and death of Louis, set. 20 ; some magnates elect John von Zapolya, vaivode of Transylvania, to be his successor, others acknowledge the claim of Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, who is quietly received in Bohemia ; civil war enfeebles Hungary, and assists the progress of the Turks ; the union of these two kingdoms to the house of Habsburg dates from this time. The elector of Saxony, and Philip, landgrave of Hesse, enter into a league at Torgau, which other princes join at Magdeburg, for their mutual support in the exercise of the reformed religion. The Diet of Spires resolves, that all the States of Germany are free to choose their own religion; the arch- duke Ferdinand, as vicar of the empire, signs and promulgates the decree. Con- ference between Reformers and Papists, at Hamburg. Publication of Luther's German Liturgy, and Tyndal's English version of the New Testament. Loyola studies at Alcala de Henares ; his zeal excites the jealousy of the Inquisi- tion. Francis Guicciardini, a Florentine officer, is actively employed in the wars, of which he afterwards writes the History. Hans Holbein comes to London. Rome stormed by the imperialists, May 6; the duke of Bourbon killed while mounting to the assault; dreadful massacre and pillage ; the pope a prisoner in S. Angelo. A new treaty between England and France, May 29 ; stipulation, that Francis, or his son, the duke of Orleans, shall espouse the princess Mary. Wolsey's embassy, July 11 — Sep. 16. The question of Henry's marriage begins to be publicly discussed. Mission of Dr. Knight, to negotiate with the pope for a divorce ; he is admitted to him in S. Angelo. The Medici expelled from Florence, and the republican government restored. The duke of Ferrara takes Modena, and the Venetians Ravenna. Lautrec, with a French army, re-enters Italy ; conquers Genoa, Alessandria, Novara, Pavia, and nearly all the duchy of Milan; marches towards Rome. After many negotiations for ransom and peace, Clement escapes in disguise from his confinement, Dec. 8, and reaches Orvieto. Ferdinand crowned king of Hungary, at Buda ; John von Zapolya retires first into Poland, and then among the Turks. Marriage of Henry d'Albret, titular king of Lower Navarre, to Margaret, sister of Francis I., distinguished for her talents, and her patronage of learned men. The Diets of Odensee, in Denmark, and Westeras, in Sweden, establish religious liberty. Albert, duke of Prussia, marries Dorothea, princess of Denmark. Philip, landgrave of Hesse, founds, at Marburg, the first Lutheran university. Death of Nicholas Machiavelli, set. 5S. 2 L ~ 514 EBOM THE YEAB A.D. Hegiba, Otto- man Em- Popes. Port- Spain. Bava- Prus- Bran- den- Saxo- Bruns- Ger- pire. ugal. ria. sia. burg. ny. wick many, 1528 935 9 Soli- man II. 6 Cle- ment VII. Nov. 19. 8 John III. 13Chas I. em- peror oj Germa- ny. 21 Wil- liam I 4 Al- bert. 30Joa- chim I. 4 John 51 Hen- ry I. 10 Chas. V. king oj Spain. 1 1529 936—937 10 7 9 14 22 — 5 31 5 52 1 i.—i 1530 937—938 11 8 10 15 23 6 32 6 53 i i 12~~^ 1531 938—939 12 9 11 16 , 24 7 33 7 54 13 1532 939-940 13 10 12 17 25 1 John Frede- 1 Er- nest I. 11 ric. 1533 940—941 14 11— 13 18 26- — 9 35 2 2 15 *528 TO 1533 A.D. 515 tition Dates 1528 15^9 1530 1531 1532 1533 Doges of Ve- nice. 6Andrea Gritti Savoy. 25 Chas III. 26 France 14 Fran- cis I. 28 30 Den- Swe- den. 6Frede-6Gusta- ric I. vus Vasa. Po- land 23 Si- gis- mund I. 24- Hun- GARY. Fer- dinand 1. of Aus- tria- 25- 10 27- RUSSTA, 24 Vas- sili IV. 25 SCOT- LAND. 16Jas. V. Sept. 9 27 28 1 Iwan IV. 19- Eng- LAND. 20 Hen- ry VIII April 22. 22 20- 21- 1 2 l 2 n. Anne Boleyn. 25 — — i.Princess Elizabeth. 516 FROM THE TEAS A.D. I5^y Events and Eminent Men. Lantrec and the Venetians invade and nearly conquer Naples. Andrew Doria after defeating and capturing a Spanish fleet, suddenly withdraws from assisting this enterprize, and returns to Genoa. Lautrec, and his successor, the marquis de Saluces, die of the plague, which carries off many thousands of the French army ; the imperialists, under the prince of Orange, recover the whole kingdom. The duke of Brunswick hrings a large reinforcement to Leyva, in Milan ; takes Pavia ; is repulsed at Lodi ; the plague attacks his men, and he returns to Germany. The emperor Charles V., although so powerful, is so, poor, that he cannot pay his armies, and they suhsist by plunder. The Venetians, under the duke of Urbino, retake Pavia. Andrew Doria restores the independence of Genoa. The pope, overawed by Charles, and veering as the fortune of war changes, temporizes in the affair of Henry's divorce ; after long hesitation, the king's envoys, Gardiner and Fox, obtain from him a commission for the car- dinals, Campeggio and Wolsey, to try the question. James V. of Scotland frees himself from the power of the Douglas family, and banishes them; commence- ment of the Reformation in that kingdom; Patrick Hamilton condemned by Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew's, and burnt. Visit of De ITsle Adam to Henry VIII., who recommends him to accept Malta for the seat of his Order. Death of Albert Durer, the head of the German School, set. 57. Campeggio and Wolsey open their commission, May 23 ; Katharine appeals to the pope, who evokes the cause to Pome. Treaty of Barcelona, between the emperor and the pope, June 29, stipulates for the restoration of the Medici at Florence. Peace between Charles and Francis, concluded at Cambray, Aug. 5, by Margaret, governess of the Netherlands, and Louisa of Savoy. Charles arrives at Genoa Aug. 12; in his progress through Italy, makes peace with Venice, and other States; meets Clement, at Bologna, Nov. 5. Florence refuses submission to the Medici, and is besieged by the prince of Orange. Fall of Wolsey, Oct. 18; Sir Thomas More appointed chancellor. First interview of Henry with Dr. Thomas Cranmer, fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, by whose advice the opinions of all the universities in Europe are taken, on the validity of his mar- riage with his brother's widow. The parliament, Nov. 3, passes Acts for re- forming and regulating the clergy ; impeaches Wolsey ; Cromwell defends him ir the House of Commons. The Moluccas are given up to Portugal by Charles V. Pizarro invades Peru. Soliman overruns Hungary, besieges Vienna, Sep. 22, is forced to retire, Oct. 15. John von Zapolya is crowned at Buda. Diet of Spires ; the reformers deliver a protest against its decisions, April 19, and are thence called Protestants. First meeting at Schmalkalden. Conference at Marburg, Oct. 1. The Va.lais joins the Swiss confederacy. Oecolampadius completes the Reformation at Basle. Hans Holbein patronized by the new chancellor, Sir Thomas More. Birth of Palestrina. Cranmer and Anne Boleyn's father, now earl of Wiltshire, convey to the pope the opinions of the universities, and Henry's notice, that he will not admit any citation to Rome. Death of Wolsey, at Leicester Abbey, Nov. 28, set. 59. Co- ronation of Charles at Bologna, as king of Italy, Feb. 22, and as emperor (the last crowned out of Germany), Feb. 24. Filibert, prince of Orange, killed in a battle before Florence ; surrender of the city, Aug. 12, after a siege of ten months ; Alexander de' Medici appointed chief magistrate for life, with the title of duke of Penna ; the office made hereditary in his family. The isles of Malta and Gozo, and the city of Tripoli, in Africa, given to the Knights Hospitallers, for the permanent residence of their Order, March 23. Charles decides in favour of the duke of Ferrara, Dec. 21, his long struggle against the papal claims on his States. Luther draws up the Articles of Torgau. The Confession of Augsburg presented by the Protestant princes, June 25, to the Diet held in that city. Final decree of the Diet, Nov. 19, against the Protestants. Mendoza first viceroy of Spanish America. The duke of Savoy besieges Geneva, to restore the bishop, Avho had been expelled by the Reformers. Death of Andrea del Sarto, of the Florentine School, set. 42. The poet Vida, who had been patronized by Leo X., is still favoured by Clement. Death of Margaret, governess of the Netherlands, set. 50. Death of Sannazarius. 1528 TO 1533 A.D. 51* A.D. 1532 1533 Events and Eminent Men. A parliament, Jan. 16; the attorney-general indicts the clergy for having in- fringed the " Statute of Provisors;" they throw themselves on the king's mercy, are heavily fined, and pardoned; in their supplication, they address him as "supreme head of the church." Katharine resists every effort made to give her consent to a divorce ; Henry finally separates from her, June 14 ; she retires to Ampthill. Ferdinand, the emperor's brother, is elected king of the Romans: crowned at Francfort, Jan. 11. Clement resists the emperor's award till Oct. 12, when he gives up Modena to the duke of Ferrara, hut from that time he begins to incline again in favour of Francis. Berne, Freyburg, and Zurich, compel the duke of Savoy to abandon the siege of Geneva. The Catholic cantons defeat the Zurichers, at Cappel ; Zuinglius slain, set. 47. Christian II., encouraged by his brother-in-law, the emperor, lands in Norway, and claims his lost throne. The Protestant princes unite in the league of Schmalkalden. Bullinger succeeds Zuinglius, and establishes the reformed worship in Zurich. Death of Oeco- lampadius, set. 49. Michael Servetus publishes a treatise on the Errors of the Trinity. Death of Louisa of Savoy. A parliament, Jan. 15, prohibits the payment of annats, or first fruits, to the see of Rome. Henry, again cited by the pope, refuses to attend or to send a proxy ; renews his treaties with Francis, during an interview with him at Calais and Boulogne, Oct. 11 ; is married to Anne Boleyn, Nov. 14, by Rowland Lee, afterwards bishop of Coventry ; appoints Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury ; Sir Thomas More resigns the office of chancellor, May 16, which the king gives to Sir Thomas Audley. The Ottomans advance again towards Germany; the Diet of Nurem- berg secures religious liberty to the Protestants, till the meeting of a Free General Council, and raises a large army to oppose the invaders ; on the approach of this force Soliman retires. Definitive annexation of Britanny to France. The Florentines are persuaded by the historian, Guicciardini, and Baccio Va- lori, to surrender their liberties, May 1, and appoint Alexander de' Medici their absolute ruler and duke. Ancona treacherously seized by the papal general, Gonzaga. Clement arrives at Bologna, Dec. 8, to hold another conference with the emperor, who urges him strenuously to call a general council. Christian II. is captured by the Danes, and confined in Sonderburg till his death, in 1559. Albert, duke of Prussia, is put to the ban of the empire, but maintains himself against the German knights. John Calvin, or Chauvin, a native of Noyon, begins to preach at Paris. Conquest of Terra Firma ; Porto Bello and Cartha- gena founded ; mines of Zacotecas discovered. Christ-Church College, Oxford, additionally endowed by Henry. The Protestant clergy introduce the custom of attiring themselves in black. Appeals to Rome prohibited by act of parliament, Feb. 4. Archbishop Cran- mer opens his consistorial court at Dunstable, M ay 10 ; declares Henry's marriage with Katharine unlawful and invalid, May 23 ; ratifies that with Anne Boleyn. May 28 ; she is crowned, June 1 ; birth of the princess Elizabeth at Greenwich, Sep. 7. The pope declares all Cranmer's proceedings null and void. Francis endeavours to mediate between Henry and Clement. The conference at Bologna continues to the end of February with little satisfaction to either the emperor Or pope. Ambassadors from Portugal arrive there, accompanied by Alvarez, chaplain of Roderigo de Lima (see 1520), who, released from Abyssinia, misrepre- sents the sentiments of David, king of that country. Charles returns to Spain. Meeting of the king of France and the pope at Marseilles, Oct. 11. Marriage of Henry, duke of Orleans, second son of Francis, to Katharine de' Medici, Oct. 27. Death of John George, marquis of Montferrat, last of the family of Palseologus ; leaving no heir, great contentions arise for the succession, which are referred to the emperor's decision. Cortes conquers Cuzco and Quito, the capitals of Peru. Margaret, queen of Navarre, sister of Francis, avows heretical opinions; her mysteries, farces, and novels give a great impulse to the literary efforts of France. The Gargantua of Rabelais published. The writings of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, and Sir Thomas Wyatt refine the English language, and inspire a taste for poetry in the higher orders. Death of Ariosto, set. 59 51S FBOM THE YEAR A..D. Hegiba. Otto- man Em- Popes. Port- Spain. Dukes of Ba- Prus- Bran- den- Saxo- Bruns- Ger- 1 1 fire. 15 Soli- man II. i Cle- ment VII. rf.Sep 25 IPaul III. Oct. 12. ugal. varia. sia. burg. ny. wick. many. | 1534 941—942 14 John III. 19Chas I. em- peror of Germa- ny. 27 Wil- liam I. 10 Al- bert. 36 Joa- chim I. 3 John Fre- deric. 3 Er- nest 1 i6Chas. V. kivg of Spain. 1535 942—943 16 2 15 20 28 11 1 Joa- chimll. 4— 4— — 17— 1536 943—944 17 3 16 21 29 12 2 5 5 18 1537 944—945 18 4 17 22 30 13 3 6 6 19— 1538 945—946 19 s- 18— 23 31 4 7 7 20 1539 946—947 20 19 24 32 15 5 — 8 8 21 1540 947-948 21 7 20 25 — 33 16 6 9 22— 1534 TO 1540 A.D. 519 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. 12 An- drea Gritti. Savoy. France. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Hun- gary. Russia. Scot- land. 1 Eng- land. 1534 31 Chas. III. 20 Fran- cis I. 1 Chris- tian III. 12Gus- tavus Vasa. 29Si- gis- mund I. 9 Fer- dinand I. of Aus- tria. 2 Iwan IV. 22James V. Sep. 9. 26 Hen- rv VIII. April 22. 1535 13 , 32 21 2 :s_ 30 10 3 23 27 1536 j 14 33 22 3 — - 14 31 11- 4 24 — 28 d. Anne Boleyn. m, Jane Seymour, j 1537 ! I 15 34 23 4 15_ 32 12 5 25 29 b. Prince Edward, tf, Jane Seymour. 1538 16 35 - — 24 ■ 5 16 33 u_ 6 26 30 1539 1 Pietro Lando. 36 25 6 17 34 7 27 31 1540 2 37 26 7 18 35 15 S- — 28 32 m.Anne of Clevea, divorced, m. Katharine Howard- 520 FROM THE YEAB > 1535 1536 Events and Eminent Men. The parliament, Jan. 15, confirms all Cranmer's sentences, and settles the suc- cession to the crown on the issue of the king's second marriage, March 30. Decree of the pope and cardinals against Henry, March 23. Another parliament, Nov. 3, declares the king to be the only supreme head on earth of the English church, and completes the final breach with Rome; Sir Thomas More, and Fisher, bishop of Rochester, refuse to take the new oaths ; are committed to the Tower, and attainted. Revolt of the earl of Kildare in Ireland,, encouraged by the emperor, is suppressed. Elizabeth Barton, the maid of Kent, and the accom- plices of her imposture, executed, April 20. Death of Clement ; cardinal Alex- ander Farnese, elected pope, takes the name of Paul III. Hayraddin Barbarossa, after having ravaged the coast of Italy, takes Tunis. The new pope fails in an attempt to seize Camerino for his son, Peter Louis ; creates his grandson, Alex- ander, a cardinal, set. 14. Death of Alfonso, duke of Ferrara ; his son, Hercules II., succeeds him. Christian III. inherits Denmark on the death of his father, Frederic I. The Sound opened to the Netherland merchants. Lubeck and the Hanse Towns make war on Denmark and Sweden, and excite revolts in favour of Christian II. Expulsion of the bishop of Geneva. The duke of Savoy fails in an attempt to restore him. Francis supports the Protestants in Germany, and persecutes them in France. The Anabaptists, under John of Leyden, gain pos- session of Minister. Loyola collects his first religious society in Paris. First complete edition of Luther's German Bible published in three vols. fol. Death of Antonio Allegri Correggio, head of the school of Parma, set. 40. Nicholas Copernicus, a native of Thorn, studies the true system of the universe. Tyn- dal retires to Antwerp; his translation of the New Testament is bought up and publicly burnt by Tonstal, bishop of London. Canada discovered by Cartier, a French navigator. Persecution of all who deny Henry's supremacy ; Fisher, after being created a car- dinal, is beheaded, June 22, and Sir Thomas More, July 6, set. 53. Cromwell, appointed vicar-general, sends commissioners for the visitation of monasteries. The pope excommunicates Henry, and lays his kingdom under an interdict, Aug. 30 ; these once-dreaded fulminations are treated with contempt in England, and disregarded in other countries. Deputies from Florence complain to the em- peror of the usui-pation and misgovernment of Alexander de' Medici. Successful expedition of Charles V. and AndreAV Doria against Tunis and Bona. Death of Francis Sforza, duke of Milan ; John Paul Sforza, a natural son of Ludovico il Moro, claims the succession, and dies suddenly at Florence. Leyva takes pos- session of the duchy for the emperor. Francis revives his claim and enters Savoy. Cortes founds Lima; the Peruvians revolt; Almagro attacks Chili. Paraguay settled by the Spaniards, and Buenos Ayres built. Truce between Fer- dinand and John von Zapolya. Christian III. and Gustavus Vasa defeat the revolted Danes and the Hanse Towns at Assens and near Bornholm. Calvin publishes the first exposition of his tenets. Olivetan translates the Scriptures into French. Tyndal and Miles Coverdale publish a more correct English ver- sion of the Bible. James V. of Scotland refuses to meet Henry and concert common measures for shaking off the yoke of Rome. The use of tobacco first known in Europe. Death of Katharine at Kimbolton, Jan. 6, set. 50. The parliament, Feb. 4, passes an act for suppressing the lesser monasteries ; 376 of them granted to the king. The union between England and Wales completed. The convocation orders a new English version of the Scriptures, under the superintendence of Cranmer, Latimer, and other prelates. Anne Boleyn, accused of infidelity, committed to the Tower, May 2, without any proof of crime ; some of her attendants are exe- cuted, her brother, viscount Rochford, beheaded, May 17, and she undergoes the same fate, May 19. Marriage of Henry to Jane Seymour, May 20. The parlia- ment, June 8, settles the succession on the issue of this union. Insurrections in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and other parts, excited by the priesthood ; suppressed by the duke of Norfolk. Charles offers Milan to the duke of Angouleme, third son of Francis, who demands it for his second son, the duke of Orleans ; war con- tinued. The king of France takes Turin and attempts to surprise Genoa. The 1534 TO 1540 A.D. 521 A.D. 1537 1538 Events and Eminent Men. emperor invades Provence, loses half his array and his best general, Leyva, by sickness and want, marches back to Italy, and embarks for Spain, Nov. 15. Montferrat given to the duke of Matttua. Sudden death of the dauphin ; on sus- picion of having poisoned him, Count Sebastian Montecuccoli is cruelly put to death. James V. marries Magdalen, eldest daughter of Francis, who dies soon after her arrival in Scotland. Copenhagen surrenders to Christian III. Peace with the Hanse Towns ; order restored, and the Protestant religion established in Denmark. The League of Schmarkaldeu renewed for ten years. The pope endeavours to support his authority by a new Bull, In cmnd Domini. The ana- baptists of Munster suppressed ; John of Leyden put to death, June 2. Calvin preaches at Ferrara, is expelled, and settles at Geneva. Death of Erasmus, set. 69. Reginald Pole, Peter Caraffa, and Jacopo Sadoleto, created cardinals. Final subjugation of Peru; discovery of Caliiornia by Cortes. Death of Garci- laso de la Vega. Continued insurrections in England ; the leaders executed by martial law. Lords Hussey and Darcy beheaded. Birth of Edward, prince of Wales, Oct. 12'; death of Jane Seymour, Oct. 24. Alexander de' Medici assassinated; Jan. 6 ; Cosmo succeeds him. Truce for three months between France and Spain, Nov. 14, Castro in Apulia taken and plundered by the Turks ; they recommence war against Venice, and attack Corfu. Under the influence of his favourite sultana Roxalana, Soliman concludes a treaty with Francis I. Ignatius Loyola and his disciples are favourably received at Rome. Conquest of New Grauada. General suppression of monasteries, and destruction of relics in England. Lambert disputes with the king in Westminster hall, and is burnt; some anabaptists undergo the same punishment; tne marquis of Exeter and others executed foi a conspiracy with cardinal Pole. Congress of Nice. Truce for ten years between France and Spain, June 18 ; accidental but friendly interview of Charles and Francis at Aigues Mortes. League against the Turks ; sea-fight off Prevesa ; Doria abandons his Venetian allies to be defeated by Barbarossa. The lakes Lucrinus and Avernus destroyed, and the Monte Nuovo formed, by a volcanic eruption, Sept. 29. Conquest of Arabia by the Turks. Marriage of James V. to Mary, daughter of the duke of Guise. Dissensions among the Spaniards in America ; Almagro killed by Pizarro. League of Nuremberg between the em- peror and the Roman catholic princes of Germany. Peter Bembo created a cardinal. The parliament, April 28, passes the law of the six articles, confirms the surrender of the monasteries, and provides for new bishoprics. The English translation of the Bible allowed to be freely circulated. Anne of Cleves arrives in England, Dec. 27. The heavy taxes imposed on the Flemings cause a revolt at Ghent ; on his way to suppress this insurrection, Charles passes through France, and arrives at Fontainebleau at the end of the year. The Venetians treat with the Turks for peace. Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes. Cranmer's Bible published. Calvin, at the head of the church of Geneva, founds the university there. The monastery of St Bartholomew, in London, converted into a hospital. Marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6. Disgrace of Cromwell, attainder and execution, July 28. Divorce of Anne ; she passes the rest of her life in Eng- land, quietly retired, and enjoys her dowry. The king marries Katharine Howard, Aug. 8. Protestants and Catholics are alternately persecuted, according to the royal caprice. The parliament, April 12, confirms these measures and suppresses the Knights Hospitallers in England. Charles V. at Paris, Jan. 1, promises Milan to the duke of Orleans ; gives it, Oct. 12, to his own son, Philip. Submission of the Flemings ; they are punished by still heavier taxes, and the citizens of Ghent ai-e deprived of their franchises and privileges ; many take refuge in Eng- land. Pea.ce concluded between Venice and the Ottoman porte; the republic, surrenders Napoli di Romania, Malvasia, and all her remaining possessions in the Morea. Death of John von Zapolya ; his infant son, John Sigismund, is sup- ported by the Turks in opposition to Ferdinand. Orellana explores the river of the Amazons ; Cortes returns to Spain. The society of the Jesuits organized, and their statutes approved by the pope. Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIII. Cherry trees brought from Flanders, and planted in Kent. Death of Guicciardini, set. 58. 522 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. 1541 1542 948—949 949—950 1543 1544 1545 1548 1547 950—951 951—952 953 954 955 Otto- man Em- pire. 22 Soli- man II. 25 26 27 28 Popes, Port- ugal. 8 Paul III. Oct. 12. 21 John III. 10 13 14 26Chas I. em- peror of Ger- many. Chas. V. 27- 23- 24- 27- Spain 28- 31- Dukes op Ba- varia. Prus- sia. 34 Wil- liam I. 17 Al- bert. 35 18 36 19 37 20— 38 21 30 22 40 23 Bran- den BURG 7 Joa- chim II. Saxo- ny. 10 John Frede- 10 Bruns- wick. 10 Er- nest I. 11. 12- lHen ryll. and Wil- liam. Ger- many. 23Chas, V. king of Spain. 27- 28- 1541 TO 1547 A.D. 523 Repe- tition Dates. 1542 1544 1545 1546 1547 Doges op Ve- nice. 3 Pietro Lando Savoy. 38 Chas. III. France. 27 Fran- cis I. 28 Den- mark. 8 Chris- tian III 40 1 Fran cesco Donato. Swe- den. Po- IHtjn- LANB. i GARY. 19 Gus- 36 Si- tavus Vasa. mundl. 20- 30 42 43 44 32 1 Henry II. 37- 12 22- 23- 16Fer- dinand I. of Aus- tria- POTS'SIi 9Iwan IV. Scot- land. V. Sjept. 9, 40- 18- Enq- LAND. 33 Hen- ry VIII. April 22 b2- 20- 21- 30 34 d. Dec. 14- d.Katbarii 1 Mary. Houard, Katha- rine Parr, Lady Lft- timer. 15- 37 d Jan, 25 1 Ed- ward VI Jau. $3. 524 FROM THE TEAE A.D. 1541 1542 1543 1544 Events and Eminent Men. An insurrection in Yorkshire, supposed to have heen instigated by cardinal de la Pole, causes his mother, the dowager countess of Salisbury, to be beheaded, May 27. Portions of the monastic revenues applied to endow new bishoprics ; West- minster, Peterborough, Chester, Gloucester, and Oxford founded. The history of I Katharine Howai'd's early life revealed to the king. Two French envoys, on their way to Constantinople, seized and killed in Italy ; Francis demands satisfac- tion, and contracts leagues with Denmark, Sweden, and the Protestant States of Germany. During a conference at Lucca, Sep. 10, the emperor 'again urges the pope to hold a general council. Contrary to the advice of Andrew Doria, Charles | undertakes his disastrous expedition against Algiers, Oct. IS— Dec. 3. Soliman defeats Ferdinand and takes Buda ; he adds Hungary to the Ottoman empire, and give i only Transylvania to the son of Zapolya. Diet of Ratisbon ; the first " Interim" refers the religious controversies to a general council. Maurice, duke of Saxony, although a Protestant, refuses to join the League of Schmalkalden. The king of Portugal invites Francis Xavier and other Jesuits to undertake missions in his colonies. Pizarro assassinated by Almagro's son, who is exe- cuted by the governor, Decastro. Death of Carlstadt, the reformer of Basle ; and of the mysticist, Theophrastus Paracelsus. The parliament, Jan. 6, passes bills of attainder against Katharine Howard and the viscountess Rochford, who are beheaded, Feb. 13. War with Scotland, defeat of the Scottish army at Solway, Nov. 24 ; birth of Mary, queen of Scots, Dec. 8 ; death of her father, James V., Dec. 14. Cardinal Beaton obtains the regency in her name. Henry takes the title of king of Ireland, that island being erected into a kingdom by act of parliament. The bishopric of Bristol instituted. War renewed between France and Spain ; the dauphin besieges Perpignan, and is I'epulsed ; armies march, plunder and destroy the defenceless, but make no conquests. The pope issues a Bull, May 22, calling a general council to as- semble at Trent, Nov. 1 ; approved by the Diet of Spires, the meeting deferred ; Gardiner endeavours to restrict the reading of the translated Scriptures, Cranmer successfully resists the attempt The Portuguese admitted to trade with Japan; Francis Xavier and his brother Jesuits arrive in India. Las Casas delivers to Charles V. a protest against the cruelties practised on the native Americans ; courts are established for their protection. The South of Europe devastated by flights of locusts. Syracuse and other towns in Sicily nearly destroyed by earthquakes. Treaty with Scotland for the marriage of prince Edward to the young queen ; ob- structed by cardinal Beaton and the French party. Henry is reconciled to the ' emperor, and concludes a league with him against France. The parliament, Jan. j 22, grants supplies, and enacts that the king's book, " The Erudition of a Christian j Man," is to be received as the standard of religious faith. Marriage of Henry to ; Katharine Parr, widow of lord Latimer, July 12. The pope, offended by the em- j peror's league with a heretic, seeks an interview with him, which Charles j avoids ; they meet for a few hours at Busseto, June 22. and part unsatisfactorily, j Paul disappointed in his project of obtaining Milan for his son. Campaign of I Charles against the duke of Cleves, ally and general of Francis. Siege of Nice I by the French, under the count d'Enghien, assisted by a Turkish fleet under! Barbarossa. Progress of the Turks in Hungary; Gran, Fiinfkirchen and Stuhl-! weissenburg submit to them. Marriage of Philip, prince of Spain, to Maria, daughter of the king of Portugal. Hermann, archbishop and elector of Cologne, | favom-s the protestant opinions, and invites Melancthon and Bucer to reform his church. Death of Copernicus, set. 70 ; in fear of persecution, he defers till his last days the publication of his great work, De Orbium Coslestium Eevolutionibus. An- drew Vesalius of Brussels publishes his celebrated work on Anatomy, with plates by Titian. Death of Luther's adversary, Eck, prorector of the university of j Ingolstadt. iQueen Katharine prevails on Henry to restore his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, I to the right of succession, which is enacted by the parliament, Jan. 14. Gardiner, 1 bishop of Winchester, fails in an attempt to prejudice the king against Katharine i on account of her adhering to the Protestant faith. War with Scotland ; the earl TO 1517 A.D. >25 A.D. 1546 1547 Events and Eminent Men. of Hertford, after taking Edinburgh, Haddington, and other towns, abandons them, and returns to England. Defeat of the imperialists by the French, at Ceresuola, April 14. War with France; Henry entrusts the regency to his queen, and lands at Calais, July 14; takes Boulogne, Sept. 14, and besieges Montreuil. The emperor advances to the river Marne, and concludes a separate treaty of peace with Francis at Crespy, Sep. 18. Henry returns to England, Sep. 30. The pope, Nov. 30, calls the council of Trent to meet March 25. The Diet of Spires makes concessions to the Protestants, which irritate the pope. Holstein and Schieswig divided by the king of Denmark with his brothers. The Diet of Westeras declares the throne of Sweden hereditary in the family of Gustavus Vasa, and Protestantism to be the religion of the land. Cranmer is permitted to publish an English litany. The university of K&nigsberg founded. Birth of Tasso. The French attempt a landing in England ; are repulsed near the Isle of Wight, and return to their own ports. The parliament, Nov. 23, places at the king's dis- posal the revenues of the universities, and of all similar institutions. The queen intercedes for Cambridge, of which, as well as of Oxford, the endowments are preserved. Death of the duke of Orleans, get. 23, soon after having received the emperor's promise of his daughter, Maria, with the duchy of Milan for her dowry. The pope alienates Parma and Placentia to his son, Peter Louis Farnese, with the title of duke. The council of Trent, the nineteenth and last general council, opened Dec. 13. Persecution of the Waldenses. Discovery of the mines of Potosi. Birth of Don Carlos of Spain, July 8. Peace with France and Scotland, at Campe, June 7. Disease inflames Henry's petulance ; but to the last he protects Cranmer. Persecution of Anne Askew and others. Queen Katharine, although most affectionate, escapes only by great prudence from the machinations of Gardiner and Wriothesley. The duke of Norfolk and the earl of Surrey committed to the Tower. Death of Luther, Feb. 18, get. 62. The archbishop of Cologne deprived of his see by the pope, and of his electorate by the emperor. Diet of Ratisbon. The Protestants reject the acts of the council of Trent. The elector of Saxony and landgrave of Hesse put to the ban of the empire. League between the emperor and the pope, June 22. Charles collects an army, and commences hostilities against the Protest- ants. Maurice, the Protestant duke of Saxony, sides with him and attacks the electorate. The duke of Wirtemberg, the elector palatine, and many imperial cities, submit. Protestants persecuted in Scotland ; Wishart burnt ; assassina- tion of cardinal Beaton, May 28. Socinus founds an Anti-Trinitarian Society in Italy. Death of the cardinal Peter Bembo, set. 76, and Jacopo Sadoleto. Death of Hayraddin Barbarossa. Death of Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. Birth of Tycho Brahe. St. Bartholomew's Hospital incorporated by Henry VIII. The earl of Surrey beheaded, Jan. 19. A bill of attainder passed, Jan. 14, against the duke of Norfolk, who is saved by the death of the king, Jan. 28, set. 56. The earl of Hertford created duke of Somerset, regent or protector to Edward VI., set. 10. Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, deprived of the chancellorship and excluded from the council. The new government promotes the Reformation. War with Scotland ; defeat of the Scots at Pinkey, Sep. 10. The parliament, Nov. 4, repeals the law of the six articles, and most of the arbitrary acts passed during Henry's reign. Marriage of queen Katharine to Sir Thomas Seymour, the protector's brother. Death of Francis I., March 31, set. 53; he is succeeded by his son, Henry, whose queen is Katharine de' Medici. Conspiracy of Fiesco, count of Lavagna, at Genoa, Jan. 2. The pope's son, duke of Parma, suspected of being an accomplice in this plot, is assassinated, Sep. 10; his son, Octavius, suc- ceeds him. The emperor detaches the marquis of Brandenburg from the Pro- testant league ; defeats them at Miihlberg, April 24 ; the elector of Saxony made prisoner, is deprived of his States; the landgrave of Hesse treacherously seized after the battle. The pope orders the council to be transferred from Trent to Bologna ; the emperor forbids the prelates of Germany to remove. Insurrection of Naples against the introduction of the Inquisition. Cranmer's first book of Homilies published. John Knox preaches in Scotland. Lselius Socinus retires from Italy into Switzerland. St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, founded. Birth of Cervantes. 526 FEOM THE YEAR A.D. 1548 Hegi- RA. 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 957 958 960 Otto- man Em- pire. 29 Soli- man II. Popes. Port- j 7GAL. 1 15Paul2SJohn III. iHI. Oct. 12 31 16 rf.Nov.ll Uu- lius HI. Feb. 8 Pukes Spain, op Ba- va.sia. 29- 30- 31- 33Chas I, em- veror of Ger- many, Chas. V. 41 Willi am I. 34- 36- 37- Prus- SIA. 24 Al bert. Bran- DEN- 3URG 42 25- 1 Albert III. 39 14 Jo acbim II. Saxo- ny. Bruns- G er- WICK. MAN7, IMau- 3 Henry rice. II. and Wil- liam. 28- 17- 20 2 30Chas. V. king of Spain. 31- 1 An gustus 33- 34' 1548 TO 1554 A.D. 527 titicra Dates. Doges of. Ve- nice. Savoy. France Den- mark. Swe- den, Po- land Hun- gary Russia, Scot- land. Eng- land. 1548 4 Fran- cesco Dona to 45 Chas III. 46 2 Henry II. 15Chris tian III 26 Gus- tavus Vasa, lSi- gis- mund II. Au- gus- tus. 23Fer- dinand Aus- tria. 16 Iwan IV. 17 7 Mary Dec. 14. 2 Ed- ward VI Jan. 28- 1550 1551 1552 1553 1864 1 Marco Antonio Trevi- sano. 1 Fran- cescoVe- 48 1 Ema- nuel Fi- liberto. 25- 26- 27- 18 19 10 31- 21 22 12 13 C 7 rf. July 6. IMary July 6. m. PMlip of Spam. 528 FROM THE YEAH A.D. 1548 1548 Events and Eminent Men. 1550 I !i_! Progress of the Reformation in England ; images removed from churches ; the communion service introduced. The queen of Scotland taken to France and affi- anced to the dauphin ; a French force arrives in Scotland, besieges Haddington, is driven back by the earl of Shrewsbury. Death of queen Katharine ; her hus- band, now lord Seymour, and high admiral, quarrels with his brother; intrigues of Dudley, earl of Warwick; Seymour committed to the Tower. Marriage of Jane d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre (see 1527), to Anthony Bourbon, descended in the male line from Louis, first duke of Bourbon, son of Robert, fifth son of Louis IX. The emperor gives the electorate 'of Saxony to duke Maurice, leaving to John Frederic only Thnringen ; he holds a Diet at Augs- burg, where he issues another " Interim," that satisfies neither Protestants nor Catholics; the pope very indignant that a temporal prince should frame a reli- gious creed ; he endeavours to contract a new alliance with the king of France, who visits Italy, but finds the principal States very averse to war. Charles calls his son Philip into Germany ; gives his daughter, Maria, in marriage to his brother Ferdinand's son, Maximilian, whom he deputes as his vice-gerent in Spain. The Leipsic " Interim," prepared by the elector Maurice, is accepted by some Protestants. Bucer, Fagius and other learned foreigners in Oxford, assist in reforming the English church. The university of Jena founded. Introduc- tion of the orange-tree from China into Portugal. Lord Seymour beheaded, March 20. The Book of Common Prayer adopted. The clergy allowed to marry. Discontent of the people ; in Devonshire the insur- gents are defeated by lord Russel. Rett's rebellion in Norfolk, suppressed by the earl of Warwick. Gardiner and Bonner committed to the Tower. Conspiracy in the council against Somerset ; he is sent to the Tower, and resigns the protec- torship ; fined and released, Dec. 23. The earl of Warwick, head of the council. Lord Rubse) created earl of Bedford. The pope resumes Parma, which his grandson Octavius refuses to give up ; death of Paul III. Nov. 10, set. 82; the papal chair vacant three months. Draguts Rais, the successor of Barbarossa, besieges Tripoli, which is defended by the knights of Malta. Francis Xavier goes to Japan. The Jesuits arrive in Brazil. Somerset House built by the protector. The council concludes peace with France and Scotland, March 24 ; Boulogne re- stored. Agreement for a marriage between Edward VI. and Elizabeth, daughter of the French king. Gardiner deprived of the see of Winchester. The bishopric of Westminster united to London, and given to Ridley. Conception built, for the seat of government in Chili. Giorgio Vasari, a Florentine artist, publishes his Lives of the Painters. Death of Paul Fagius. Birth of Sir Edward Coke. Arbitrary proceedings of the regency to enforce religions uniformity. More bishops displaced. The princess Mary endeavours to escape to her cousin, the emperor, who, by his protest, obtains for her permission to celebrate mass privately. War- wick created duke of Northumberland. The duke and duchess of Somerset, with many of their friends, accused of conspiracy, Oct. 16 ; he is brought to trial, Dec. 1, and condemned. The duke of Parma invites the support of the Fi*ench king ; the pope concludes a league with the emperor. Charles employs force to establish his " Interim," in Germany ; many of his friends are alienated. The elector Maurice forms a secret combination with many Protestant princes. The Turkish fleets ravage the coast of Sicily ; fail in an attack on Malta ; but compel the knights to surrender Tripoli. Ferdinand obtains possession of Transylvania. The council of Trent opened again, May, 1. Henry II. recalls all the French prelates. Death of Martin Bucer, set. 60. Socinus goes into Poland. The Steel- yard Company (see 1232) lose their privileges. St. Thomas's Hospital, London, founded. Origin of Shrewsbury school. Execution of Somerset, Jan. 22, "followed by that of many of his friends. Parlia- ment, Jan. 23, passes the first Act to make provision for paupers ; after sitting five years, refuses to concur in some of Northumberland's measures, and is dissolved, April 15. Instructions to sheriffs to influence the electors in their choice of members. Tonstal deprived of the bishopric of Durham. The king attacked by the measles and small-pox, which bring on symptoms of a consumption. The elector Maurice concludes his treaty with the king of France and the German 1548 TO 1554 A.D. A.D. 1553 1554 EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN. princes, Jan. 15; occupies the passes cf the Tyrol, and surprises the emperor at Inspruck, who escapes with difficulty to Willach; the fathers of the church take | flight from Trent. April 28; treaty of Passau ; the landgrave of Hesse is set at j liberty, the " Interim" revoked, and religious freedom secured to the Protestants, j The king of France takes Metz, Toul, Verdun, and all Lorraine; prohibits the exportation of money, and threatens to shake off the yoke of Rome : the pope, finding his treasury empty, concludes a separate treaty, April 29, leaving the duke of Parma in possession of his States. Soliman recommences war in Hun- gary, takes Temeswar and Vesprim, is repulsed at Eger. Andrew Doria is obliged to retire before a Turkish fleet, July 15, leaving seven of his ships. Death of Paul Jovius the historian, of Francis Xavier, the Jesuit missionary, and of Hermann, the deposed archbishop of Cologne. French tragedy originated by the Cleopatra of Etienne Jodelle. Death of Leland the antiquary. The parliament, March 1, divides the diocese of Durham ; its regalities are given to Northumberland. A new settlement of the crown, June 21, excludes the prin- cesses Mary and Elizabeth, as well as the young queen of Scotland, and gives the succession to the next heiress, the ladv Jane Grey, wife of lord Guildford Dud- ley, and eldest daughter of Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset and duke of Suffolk, bv his marriage with Frances Brandon, only surviving child of Mary, second daughter of Henry VII., married (see 1514 i5) to Charles Brandon, duke of Suf- folk. Sir James Hales refuses to sign the patent ; Cecil, secretary of state, at- tests the king's signature. Death of Edward VI., July 6, »>t. 16. Lady Jane Grey proclaimed against her will. Mary escapes to Framlingharn, asserts her claim, and is supported by the nation. Retirement of lady Jane Grey, July 16. North- umberland beheaded, Aug. 22. Imprisonment of lady Jane, her husband and father. The Catholic religion restored. The duke of Norfolk and the deposed bishops released; Gardiner lord chancellor. The parliament, Oct. 5, repeals all the statutes of the late reign with regard to religion. Negotiations for the queen's marriage with the emperor's son, Philip. The emperor is driven from the siegf of Metz, and leaves the king of France in possession of all his conquests. Albert margrave of Brandenburg, persists in a predatory warfare against the Catholics he is defeated at Sievershausen bv the elector Maurice, and compelled to lay down his arms ; but the conqueror falls in the battle The French, supported by a Tur- j kish fleet, conquer the greater part of Corsica from the Genoese. Jane of Navarre (see 1548) gives birth to a son at Pan. the future Henry IV. of France. An En- glish captain, Canseller, discovers the passage round the North Cape to Arch- angel ; the czar Iwan encourages the trade thus opened. The Spaniards penetrate | to New Mexico, and the Portuguese extend their settlements in Brazil to the | river Plata. Socinus preaches successfully in Poland. Michael Servetus per- secuted at Vienne in Dauphiny for his "Christianismi Restitutio," escapes to Geneva, meaning to seek refuge in Poland ; under the influence of Calvin, he is condemned and burnt there. Birth of Edmund Spenser. Death of Rabelais, set. 70. Edward VI. founds Christ's Hospital. London; incorporates and adds to the en- dowments of St. Bartholomew's and St Thomas's. The treaty for Mary's marriage signed. Jan. 15. Sir Thomas Wyatt fails in his rebellion, and is executed, Feb. 6 ; the princess Klizabeth sent to the Tower. Lady Jane Grey, set. 17, and her husband, beheaded, Feb. 12 ; her father, Feb. 23. The parliament, April 5, reunites the bishopric of Durham, to which Tonstal is restored ; refuses to revive the laws of the six articles, and against heresy, is dis- solved, May 5. Philip arrives at Southampton, July 10 ; is married to the queen at Winchester, by bishop Gardiner, July 25. The new parliament, Nov. 12, allows the legate, cardinal Pole, to reconcile hngland to the pope; but stipulates, that the alienated church property shall be secured to its present holders ; Philip is not permitted to be crowned, or to have any authority in the country. His father gives up to him Naples and Sicily. The Saxon princes settle their differences by the treaty of Naumburg. Andrew Doria, now set. 84, recovers the greater part of Corsica for the Genoese. Birth of Sir Philip Sidney. Mary of Guise, the queen-mother, regent, in Scotland. Trinity College, Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas Pope. Death of Holbein, set 56. 2 M 530 JfBOM THE YEAB A.D. 1555 1556 1557 1559 Hegi- RA. 963 965 967 1560 968 Otto- man EM- PIRE. 37 36 Soli- man II 41 Popes. 6 Julius III. Feb. 8. d. Mar. 5. 1 Mar- cellusll. April 9. d.April 30. 1 Paul IV. May 23. Port- ugal. IS John 111. 40Chas I. em- peror of Germa- ny. Chas. V. Chas. resigns. 1 Phi- lip II. 1 Se- bas- tian. 5 4- Aug.18. 1 Pius IV. Dec 24- Dukes of Ba- varia. 6 Al- bert III. Prus- SIA. 31 Al- bert. 21 Joa- chimll. 34- 35- Bran- DEN- BURG. SAXO- NY. 3 Au- gus tus. 24. Bruns WICK. 10 Hen- ry II. and Wil- liam. 12 Wil liam alone. 13. 14. 15. GER- MANY 37Chaa~ V. king oj Spain. 1 Fer dinand I. 1555 TO 15G0 A.D. 531 Repe- tition Dates. 1555 1556 1557 DOGKS of Ve- nice. 2 Fran cesco Veni- ero. 1 Loren zo Pri- uli. 1558 1559 Savoy. 5 Eman- uel Fi- liberto. Franci 9 Hen- ry II. Den- mark. Swe- den. 22 Chris- 33 Gus- tian III. tavus Vasa. 23 — Po- land. Hun- gary 34 lGiro- lamo Priuli. 1 Fran cis II. 1 Chas. IX. 24 1 Frede- ric II 8Si- gis- ound II. Au- gustus. 30Fer- dinand r „/ ■Aus- tria. Russia. Scot- land. 23 I wan IV. 37 1 Erik XIV. 10 ! 32 _ United to Ger- many. WlR- TEM- BERG. 9 Chris- topher 25 liMary Dee. 11 Eng- land. 3 Mary. Jury r 16- 27 rf. Nov 17 1 Eliaa- 1 beth. Nov. 17. 2 M 2 532 FROM THE YEAE 1555 1556 1557 1558 Lamina! PoLe recommeucLs uiai tne i^ugiisJi Protestants snuma De ninuij treated ; Gardiner urges severity ; his opinion prevails, and a court for the trial of heretics is opened under his presidency, Jan. 28. His first victim, John Rogers, a prebendary of St. Paul's, is burnt in Smithfield, Feb. 4. Ridley and Latimer suffer at Oxford, Oct. S: seventy-two are sacrificed at the stake this year. The pope demands the restitution of church-lands and Peters pence; Mary gives up all that are still held by the crown. The parliament, Oct. 21, refuses a subsidy, and rejects bills proposed for facilitating persecution. Death of Gardiner, Nov. 12. Heath, archbishop of York, appointed chancellor. Philip leaves London, Aug. 26; sails from Dover, Sep. 4: receives the Netherlands, by his father's re- signation, Oct. 25, and appoints the duke of Savoy governor. The Diet of Augs- burg, Sep. 25, confirms the treaty of Passau and the religious freedom of the Protestants. Death of Julius III., Feb. S, and of Marcellus II., April 30; their successor, Paul IV. (cardinal John Peter Caraffa, founder of the Theatmes and restorer of the Inquisition), although now set. SO, begins to create general con- fusion by his arrogance and nepotism ; despoils the Colonna family, gives their lands and dignities to his own relatives ; and enters into a league with the king of France to take Naples from the emperor. Cosmo de' Medici, having assisted the Imperialists to take Sienna, in expectation of obtaining it for himself, is disappointed by Charles V., who gives it to his son Philip. Death of Henry d'Albret; Lower Navarre descends to his daughter, Jane, and her husband, An- tony de Bourbon Sternhold and Hopkins complete the version of the Psalms in English metre. Death of Polydore Virgil. John Knox, with Calvin at Geneva. Cranmer suffers at Oxford, March 21, aet. 67. The total number of Protestants burnt in England this year is 94 ; many others fined, imprisoned, or their property con- fiscated. Cardinal Pole appointed archbishop of Canterbury; is deprived oi his legatine power by the pope. A truce for five years concluded be \v< e i the emperor and the king of France, at Versailles, Feb, 5. Charles V. resigns Spain and all its dependencies to his son, Philip, Feb. 6. In Sept. he gives up the im- perial dignity to his brother, Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and retires to the monastery of St. Just, near Placencia, in Spain. Paul IV. claims the disposal of the German empire, and deters the electors from acknowledging Ferdinand's title ; lie administers the government in his brother's name. The pope absolves the king of France from the obligations of the truce just concluded, and prevails upon him to renew the war, according to his treaty, for the conquest of Naples. Philip cedes Piacenza to the duke of Parma, and obtains his alliance ; he sends the duke of Alva to invade the papal territories , the duke of Guise brings a French army to assist the pope, and induces the duke of Ferrara to join him. Death of Ignatius Loyola, set. 65, and of Johan. Sleidan, the historian of the Reformation. Philip arrives in England, March 20; having obtained a declaration of war against France, June 7. he departs, July 7. The earl of Pembroke is sent to the Nether- lands with 10,000 men, and joins the army commanded by Emanuel Filibert, duke of Savoy. Defeat of the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 10; their commander, the constable Montmorency, taken prisoner. To commemorate this victory, Philip afterwards builds the Escurial, and proposes to give the queen's sister, Elizabeth, in marriage to the duke of Savoy. Henry II. recalls the duke of Guise from Italv, and the pope is compelled to make peace, Sep. 14. Inquisitorial powers granted to Bonner for punishing heresy, are exercised by him with revolting barbaritv; 79 victims perish at the stake this year. Congregation of reformers in Scotland. Deed of union signed at Edinburgh, Dec. 3. Ambassadors from Russia conclude a commercial treatv at London. May 1. Death of Anne of Cleves, in her palace at Chelsea, July 16, set. 41. The College of St. John the Baptist, Ox- ford, buirrbV Sir Thomas White, an alderman of London, and Gonville College, Cambridge, enlarged by Dr. John Cains. Sir John de Valette, elected grand master of the knights of Malta, founds the city and fortress which bear his name. Calais taken by theduke of Guise, Jan. 7. The parliament, Jan. 20. grants supplies. Unsuccessful expedition against Brest: victory of the Spaniards at Gravelines, July 13. assisted by the English fleet. Mam age of the queen of Scots to the dauphin Francis. April IS. Elizabeth refuses proposals of marriage, made by J555 TO 1560 A.D. 533 A.D. 1559 1560 Events and Eminent Men. the king of Sweden, for his son Erik. Bonner having condemned 39 more to the flames, is stopped by the death of queen Mary, Nov. 17, set. 43, and the acces- sion of Elizabeth, who turns away from him when he is presented to her ; she adds eight Protestant members to her council of state, and appoints Sir Nicholas Bacon lord chancellor, and Sir William Cecil secretary of state ; releases all who are imprisoned, and recalls all who are exiled; orders the celebration of mass to be discontinued in her chapel, and the service to be read in English. Philip makes her an offer of marriage, which she rejects. Ferdinand I. is acknowledged as emperor, and crowned at Frankfort, March 14. Charles V. celebrates his own obsequies ; soon after which, Sep. 21, he dies in his retirement, get. 59. The bel- ligerents in Flanders agree to a suspension of arms, Oct. 17. Death of cardinal de la Pole, Nov. 18 ; a pestilential fever carries off twelve bishops. Death of the philologist Julius Caesar Scaliger. The Salters' Company, London, founded. Coi'onation of Elizabeth, Jan. 15; the surviving bishops, all Catholics, refuse to officiate ; the bishop of Carlisle is prevailed on to perform the ceremony. The pope denies her right to the crown; she recalls her ambassador from Rome. The Protestants greatly predominate in the new parliament, Jan. 25, and restore the religious institutions of Edward VI., May 8. Dr. Kitchen, bishop of Landaff, takes the oath of supremacy ; all the other bishops refuse, and are degraded ; Mathew Parker archbishop of Canterbury. Peace of Cateau Cambresis, April 2. Philip marries Isabella, the French king's daughter, who had been previously promised to his son, Don Carlos. Savoy restored to Emanuel Filibert, who marries Margaret, sister of Henry II. Return of Philip to Spain, leaving his sister, Margaret, duchess of Parma, governess of the Netherlands; he refuses the order of the Garter, sent by Elizabeth. Henry II., accidentally wounded at a tourna- ment, dies, July 20, aet. 41 ; his son, Francis II., husband of Mary Stuart, succeeds, set. 16; France is governed by his mother. Katharine de' Medici, and his wife's uncles, the duke of Guise and the cardinal of Lorraine. John Knox returns from Geneva, and promotes the Reformation in Scotland: the queen regent opposes it by persecution, and French troops are sent to support her ; the lords of* the congregation apply to Elizabeth for assistance. In Spain the Inquisition begins its reign of terror; the archbishop of Toledo is imprisoned; cardinal Granville, bishop of Arras, attempts to introduce the tribunal into the Nether- lands ; the resistance of the people is encouraged by William of Nassau, prince of Orange, and the count Egmont. The councillor, Anne Dubourg, the first victim of persecution in France, suffers on the Place de Greve, Dec. 23. The people of Rome break open the prisons of the Inquisition, set free its captives, pull down part of its palace, and destroy its records. The pope is compelled by the notorious vices of his nephews to banish them from Rome; he dies soon after this, set. 84, and is succeeded by cardinal John Angelode' Medici, l J ius IV. The Index Expurgatorius, or list of books prohibited by the council of Trent, is carried into effect by a papal commission. Cardinal Henry, regent of Por- tugal, allows the Jesuits to educate hisnepnew, and govern the kingdom. Elizabeth sends a fleet and army to assist the Scotch reformers. Death of the queen regent, June 10. Treaty of Edinburgh, July 5. The French evacuate Scotland, and stipulate that Mary shall renounce her claim on the throne of England. Mary and her husband refuse to ratify this treaty. Her subjects abolish the mass, and establish the Presbyterian church. Rebellion of Shan O'Neale in Ireland. Ascendancy of the House of Guise in France ; league of Amboise against them ; arrest of the king of Navarre and the prince de Conde. Death of Francis II., Dec. 5; his brother, Charles IX., succeeds, aet. 10; Kath- arine retains the regency, and coalesces with the reformers to counteract the Guise family ; the duke de Conde" is saved, the constable de Montmorenci re- called, and the king of Navarre appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom. Pius IV. acknowledges the emperor Ferdinand. Death of Gustavus Vasa, Sep. 29, 33t. 70 ; his son, Erik, succeeds him ; his younger sons have Finland, East Gothland, and Sudermania. Deathof Andrew Doria, Nov. 25 aet. 94; andofMelanc- thon, get. 63. Birth of Arminius. Annibale Caracci, and Maximilian de Bethune. afterwards the duke of Sully. Westminster School founded by Elizabeth. 534 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Hegira. Otto- 1 man Em- Popes. Port- Spain. Bava- Prus- Bran- den- Saxo- Bruns- Ger- | pire. 42 Soli- man II. ugal. ria. sia. burg. NY. WICK. many. 1 1561 969-970 3 Pius IV. Dec. 24 5 Se- bas- tian. 6 Phi- lip II. 12 Al- bert III. 37 Al- bert. 27 Jo- achim II. 9 Au- gustus. 16 Wil- liam. 4 Fer- dinand I. 1562 970—971 43 4 6 7 13 10 17 5 1563 971—972 44 5 7, 8 14 39 29 11 18 6 1564 972-973 45 6 8 9 15 40 30 12 19 1 Max- imili- an II. 1565 973-974 46 rf.Dec,9 » 10 16 41 31 13 20 2 1566 974—975 1 Selim II. 1 Pius V. Jan 7 10 11 17 42 32 14 21 1567 975—976 11 12 18 43 33 22 1561 TO 1567 A.D. 535 Repe- tition Dates. 1561 1562 1564 1565 1566 Doges op Ve- nice. 3Giro- lamo Priuli. Savoy. nuel Fi- liberto. France, Den- mark. 2 Chas. 3 Fre- IX. deric II. I 1 Pietro Lore- dano. 4 15 Swe- den. 2 Erik XIV. Po- land, 14 Si- gis- mund I I.Au- gustus 15- Wir- TEM- BERG. 12 Chris- topher I Russia. Scot- land. 29Iwan20Mary IV. Dec. 11. Eng- land. 4 Eli- zabeth Nov- 17. 22 32- 24 July 24 I James VI. 536 PROM THE YEAH ,.A.D. i I 1561 1562 1563 Eve?:ts and Eminent Men. Return of queen Mary to Scotland, Aug. 19 ; she is molested by John Knox and her subjects, for her adherence to the Catholic faith, and seeks the good-will of Elizabeth, but offends her by still withholding her assent to the treaty of Edin- burgh. The wise government of Elizabeth lays the foundation of England's power and prosperity, and gives free scope to the spirit of the nation ; she declines many proposals of marriage ; lord Robert Dudley, a son of the late duke of Northumberland, becomes her favourite ; she imprisons the earl of Hertford, son of the late protector Somerset, for having married, without her consent, Katharine, the younger sister of lady Jane Grey. The conference of Poissy inflames religious discord in France. The king of Navarre and Mont- morenci join the Guise faction, obtain possession of the young king's person, and constrain the queen-regent to act with them. Edict against the reformers', now called Huguenots (see 1519) ; Conde and Coligni prepare to take up arms. The members of the Caraffa family, convicted of many crimes, are condemned to death by the pope, March 3, and the sentence executed. The council of Trent re-opened, March 10. Depredations of Dragut, the African corsair, in Sicily and Tuscany. Pius repairs the fortifications of Ancona, Civita Vecchia, and Rome. Cardinal Granvelle, created archbishop of Malines, thwarts the mild government of the duchess of Parma in the Netherlands. Naples harassed by the Spanish Inquisition. Gotthard Kettler, Livonian grand master of the Teutonic knights, converted to Protestantism, erects Courland and Semgallen into a duchy for himself. Esthonia and Revel are given up to Sweden, and the rest of Livonia to Lithuania. Death of Peter Martyr. Birth of Francis Bacon. Merchant Tailors' School instituted. Submission and pardon of Shan O'Neale. Elizabeth supports the Huguenots ; is at- tacked by the smallpox. Edict of St. Germain in favour of toleration. Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, March 1. Conde and Coligny collect their forces at Orleans ; Rouen is taken from them by Antony of Navarre, who dies of a wound received there ; arrival of English auxiliaries, Sep. 20 ; Havre de Grace given up to them. Defeat of the Huguenots at Dreux ; the hostile commander, Montmorenci, is made prisoner by them, but their own general, Cond£, falls into the hands of the adverse party. Jane d'Albret, on the death of her husband, encourages the reformed religion in Navarre, and educates her son, Henry, in that faith. The re-opened council of Trent begins its first session, Jan. 18. Turin and other towns occupied by the French are given up to the duke of Savoy ; birth of his son, Charles Emanuel. Maximilian, son of the emperor Ferdinand, elected king of the Romans. Truce for eight years between Ferdi- nand and Soliman. Poland and Russia attempt to take Esthonia from Sweden. Discussions and dissensions of Protestant sects. The elector Palatine leaves the Lutheran for the Calvinistic creed, and introduces the Heidelberg cate- chism. Paul, son of Aldus Manutius, prints at Rome. Birth of Lopez de la Vega. Death of Lselius Socinus. Elizabeth evades compliance with the request of parliament, Jan. 12, for a set- tlement of the succession to the crown ; they vote a subsidy for the payment of her troops in France. Assassination of the duke of Guise, by Poltrot de Mere, at the siege of Orleans, Feb. 24; compromise of Amboise between the two factions, March 19 ; they unite to take Havre de Grace from the English ; the plague breaks out in the garrison ; the earl of Warwick capitulates ; his in- fected army brings the disease into England ; Elizabeth concludes a peace with the queen-regent. Plans of the Guise family for marrying the queen of Scot- land to some foreign prince; Elizabeth proposes her favourite, Dudley, now created earl of Leicester. Close of the council of Trent, Dec. 4. The citizens of Milan resist successfully Philip's design of introducing the Inquisition among them. Prejudiced against his son, Don Carlos, he invites the archdukes Rudolf and Ernest, sons of his cousin, Maximilian, to reside in his court ; he begins to build the Escurial. Siege of Oran, by Dragut ; the knights of Malta assist in repelling him. The duchess of Parma supports the complaints of the Nether- lands against Granvelle's intolerance. War between Denmark and Sweden. Diet of Wilna and Synod of Pinkzow, in Poland ; the Socinians establish a sepa- 1561 TO 1567 A.D. 53; A.D Events and Eminent Men. 1564 1565 1566 1567 rate church ; they make proselytes in Transylvania. The queen of Navarre disregards a citation to Rome, and is excommunicated. Lord Henry Darnley, son of the earl of Lenox, proposed as a husband for the queen of Scots ; Elizabeth at first approves, and then capriciously objects. David Rizzio, Mary's music-master, becomes her secretary and favourite. Death of the emperor Ferdinand, July 25, a?t. 61 ; his son and successor, Maxi- milian, establishes a general toleration. Katharine de' Medici commences a visitation of the provinces of France, with her son, Charles IX. Pius IV. confirms the acts of the council of Trent, and carries into effect the reforms ordered. A numerous sect in England objects to the ceremonies of the church and vestments of the clergy, and takes the name of Puritans. A royal edict in France fixes the commencement of the year on the first of January. Death of Calvin, May 2/, set. 55, and of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, set. 90. Birth of Shakspeare and of Galileo. The building of the Tuileries commenced. A co- lony of Huguenot emigrants planted in Florida by Ribaut, of Dieppe. The Manillas, ceded by Portugal to Spain, receive the name of the Philippines. Marriage of the queen of Scotland to lord Darnley, July 27; rebellion, and banish- ment of the earl of Murray and other lords; they are disowned by Elizabeth. Conference at Bayonne, between Katharine de' Medici and the duke of Alva ; plot for the extermination of Protestants. Philip institutes a rigorous persecution in all his States ; attempts to enforce the decrees of the council of Trent in the Netherlands by means of the Inquisition. Siege of Malta by the Turks, under Mustapha Pasha, May 18 ; valiant defence of the grand master, de Valette, and his knights; Dragut slain, June 18 ; siege raised, Sep. 20. Death of Pius IV., Dec. 9. Death of Conrad Gessner, the naturalist of Zurich, set. 49. Murder of Rizzio, March 9. Birth of James, son of queen Mary, June 19. The English parliament, Sep. 30, again urges the settlement of the succession, which Elizabeth evades, by declaring her intention to marry ; Paul Wentworth dis- tinguishes himself in the House of Commons. Through the influence of Carlo Borromeo, cardinal Michele Ghislieri is elected pope, Pius V., Jan. 7; having been grand Inquisitor, his elevation is unpopular at Rome. The " Compromise of Breda," a protest against the measures of Philip, is presented to the regent of the Netherlands, by 300 nobles ; they are answered by a reproof, as beggars (gueux), whence they take the name of Geusen, and prepare for an armed re- sistance. The Turks invade Hungary, and take Zigeth ; Soliman dies in his camp, during the siege, Sep. 4, sat. 71 ; Selim, his son by Roxalana, succeeds, and puts to death his five brothers. The Catholic princes contribute to repair the fortifications of Malta, and complete the new city of La Valetta. Death of Diana of Poictiers, the former mistress of Henry II. Death of the poet, Vida. Elizabeth dissolves the parliament, Jan. 2 ; reproves them for wishing the suc- cession settled. Murder of Darnley, Feb. 10; accusation and acquittal of Both- well, April 12 ; he carries Mary off to Dunbar, April 24 ; they are married, May 15; insurrection of lord Hume; Bothwell, put to flight, escapes to Den- mark ; Mary made prisoner at Carberry Hill, June 15 ; resigns the crown to her son, with the earl of Murray for regent, July 24 ; the Scotch parliament ratifies these proceedings, and condemns Mary as an accomplice in the murder of her husband. Pius V. fills the dungeons with prisoners brought from all parts of Italy, to be tried by the Inquisition ; the archbishop of Toledo is brought to the castle'of S. Angelo. Philip sends the duke of Alva with an army to the Netherlands ; the counts Egmont and Horn are arrested ; the prince of Orange escapes into Germany ; the duchess of Parma resigns her office, and returns to Italy. Renewal of the civil war in France ; Conde and Coligny fail in their attempt to seize the king's person ; they are defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10 ; their adversary, the constable de Montmorenci, is killed. Edict of the queen of Navarre in favour of Calvinism. The French colonists in Florida are expelled or killed, by the Spaniards, as heretics. Massacre of the Sture family in Sweden by Erik. Peace concluded between the Turks and the German empire. The Royal Exchange, London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham, Sep. 7. Origin of Rugby School. Caraccas, in Venezuela, built by the Spaniards. 538 EEOM THE YEAS A.D. Hegira. Otto- man Em- Popes. ! Port- Spain. Bava- Prus- Bran- den- Saxo-|bruns- Ger- pire. UGAL. ria. sia. burg. NY. j WICK. many. 1568 976—977 3 Selim II. 3 Pius V. Jan. 7. 12 Se- bas- tian, 13PM- lipll. 19 Al- bert III. 1 Fre- deric Albert 34Joa- chim II. 16 Au- gus- tus. 23 Wil- liam. 5Max- imili- anil 1569 977—978 4 4 13 14 20 2 35- — 17 24 6 1 1570 978—979 5 14 15 21 3 36 18 25 7 1571 979—980. 6 6 15 16 22 4 Uohn George. 19 26 8 1572 i 980—981 7 7 d. May 1- 1 Gre- gory XIII. May 13. 16 17 23 5 2 20 27 9 1.573 981—982 8 2- 17 18 24 6 a 21 28 10 1 1 1 ! 1568 TO 1573 A.D. 539 1 Repe- i Dooes 1 tition of Ve- Dates. nice. 1568 1569 1570 2 Pietro Lore- dano Savoy. 16 Ema- nuel Fi- liberto. 1572 1573 1 Luigi Moce- nigo. France 9 Chas. IX. Den- mark. 10 Fre- deric II SWE- DEN. 1 John III Po- land, 12 13 I I 13 14 4 24- 21 Si- gis- mund II. Au- gustus 22- WlR- TEM- BERG. 1 Louis III. Rus- sia. Scot- land, 36Iwan 2Jas VI July 24 Eng- land. 11 Eliza- beth, j Nov. 17. 25 1 Hen- ry of Valois, 5 — m 16 540 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1570 Events and Eminent Men. Escape of Mary from Loch Leven castle, May 2 ; defeat of her army at Langside, near Glasgow, May 15; she lands at Workington, in Cumberland, May 16; Elizabeth refuses a personal interview. Mary is placed at Bolton, under the care of lord and lady Scrope ; the regent Murray accuses her of participation in her husband's murder ; conference at York, Oct 4 ; removed to Hampton Court ; she declines to answer the charge; her residence transferred to Tutbury. Fal- lacious negotiations for a marriage between Elizabeth and the archduke Charles of Austria. Don Carlos of Spain, delivered by his father, Philip, into the hands of the grand Inquisitor, Jan. 18, dies in prison, July 30 : death of his step-mother, queen Isabella (or Elizabeth), in premature child-birth, Oct. 3. New edicts against the Moors, still resident in Spain, provoke a rebellion, which affords a pretext for cruel persecutions. Alva's sanguinary tribunals in the Netherlands drive thousands of the wealthiest and most industrious of the population to emigrate into England ; the counts Egmont and Horn beheaded, June 5- Wil- liam, prince of Orange, enters Brabant with an army, and is driven back. His brother. Louis of Nassau, is defeated at Groningen. Peace of Longjumeau, between the Huguenots and Catholics, is broken in six months by an attempt to arrest Conde and Coligny, and a new edict for religious uniformity. Pius V. renews the Bull, " In Coena Domini," and endeavours to exalt the papal power to its former height. Carranza, archbishop of Toledo, condemned to death by the In- quisition. Some ships, conveying money from Spain to the duke of Alva, are detained by Elizabeth at Southampton and Plymouth, Dec. 29. The conduct of Erik, king of Sweden, betrays insanity; he is deposed, and his brother, John, takes the throne. Death of Roger Ascham, set 53, of bishop Coverdale, set. 81, and of Las Casas, set. 94. Death of Albert, first duke of Prussia. Projected marriage of the queen of Scots to the duke of Norfolk ; she is removed to Coventry, he is committed to the Tower. Insurrection of the earls of Nor- thumberland and Westmoreland, and Leonard Dacre : flight of the leaders into Scotland ; dispersion and severe punishment of their followers ; release of Nor- folk, under a solemn pledge to abandon his design. Defeat of the Huguenots at Jarnac. by Henry of Anjou, younger brother of Charles IX., March 13. Assas- sination of the duke of Conde ; his nephew, Henry of Navarre, now set. 16, becomes the head and hope of the party. Coligny defeated at Moncontour. Oct. 3. Pius V. ordains severe reforms in church and state ; allows no Jews in his territories, except in Rome and Ancona ; offends the emperor, the king of Spain, and the duke of Savoy, by creating Cosmo de' Medici, and crowning him grand duke of Tuscany, and disregards their protests against this and other measures. Maximilian sends the archduke Charles into Spain, to dissuade Philip from his cruel treatment of the Netherlands, but to no purpose ; Alva continues his barbarous course. Luis de Ataide revives the waning power of Portugal in India ; capture of Onore. Frederic Albert, the duke of Prussia, being a minor, of weak intellect, the elector of Brandenburg is associated with him, and obtains the reversion of the duchy from the king of Poland. De- structive explosion of a powder-magazine at Venice. Return of Camoens to Lisbon. Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, narrowly escapes as- sassination in his oratory, Oct. 26. The pope excommunicates Elizabeth, and commands her subjects not to obey her, Feb. 25 ; a man is hanged for fixing up this idle Bull in London. Assassination of the earl of Murray, Jan. 23 ; anarchy in Scotland ; the earl of Sussex, with an English army, restores order ; the earl of Lenox appointed regent. Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 15, gives treacherous security to the Huguenots. The revolt of the Moors in Spain suppressed by John of Austria ; marriage of Philip to his fourth queen, Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximilian, at Se- govia, Nov. 12, and of her sister, Isabella, to Charles IX., king of France, Nov. 26, Invasion of Cyprus by the Turks ; the powerful allied fleet collected for its defence remains inactive through the discord of its commanders, while Nicosia and the greater part of the island are conquered. Maximilian gives up Tran- sylvania to John Sigismund. The treaty of Stettin restores tranquillity in the northern kingdoms. Introduction of the Spanish Inquisition into America. The 1568 TO 1573 A.D. 541 A.D. 1571 1572 Events and Eminent Men. city of Ferrara nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 16. The Royal Ex- change, London, tpened by queen Elizabeth's visit to Sir Thomas Gresham. Death of Benvenuto Cellini, a?t. 70. Earl Thomond, encouraged by the pope, and the king of Spain, to prepare a rebellion in Ireland, is detected, and escapes into France. A parliament, April 2 ; the House of Commons claims liberty of speech for its members; the Puritans keep alive the spirit of independence; laws passed, de- claring it treason to call tlie queen a heretic, or to publish any Bull or absolution of the pope. Delusive negociations for a marriage between Elizabeth and tha duke of Anjou. Alva opens a secret intercourse with the queen of Scots, and en- gages the duke of Norfolk in a new conspiracy ; the duke and the bishop of Ross are committed to the Tower. The partisans of Mary seize the castle of Edin- burgh ; murder of the earl of Lenox at Stirling, Sep. 4. The earl of Marre ap- pointed regent ; concludes a truce with the queen's party. Charles IX. offers his sister, Margaret, in marriage to young Henry of Navarre, and deceives the Hugue- nots by his pretended friendship. Philip resists the jurisdiction claimed by the pope in Sicily. General emigration of the Moors from Spain. The surrender of Famagosta leaves the Turks masters of Cyprus; they are signally defeated in the Gulf of Lepanto, Oct. 7, by the combined fleets of Spain, the pope, Venice, Genoa, and the knights of Malta, commanded by John of Austria Completion of the new city of La Valetta ; the knights take possession of it, Aug. 18. Death of John Sigismund of Transylvania ; Stephen Bathori succeeds him. Noronha, Portuguese viceroy at Goa. The Thirty-nine Aiticles adopted as the rule of the church of England. Harrow school founded. Birth of Kepler. Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Dr. Hugh Price ; endowed by queen Elizabeth. Trial and condemnation of the duke of Norfolk, Jan. 12 ; the queen hesitates to ex- ecute the sentence ; is urged by the parliament, May 8; he is beheaded, June 2. Mary is subjected to a more rigorous confinement. Cecil, now lord Burleigh, ap- pointed lord treasurer. The earl of Northumberland is given up by the Scotch regent, and executed, Aug. 22. Death of the earl of Marre, Oct. 28; earl Morton succeeds him as regent ; surrender of Edinburgh castle ; pacification of Scotland,. Elizabeth concludes a treaty with Charles IX., April 11. The leading Huguenots are induced to assemble at Paris : Jane, queen of Navarre, is poisoned there, June 10; her son Henry, now king of Navarre, is married to Margaret of Valois, Aug. 18. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24. Death of Pius V., May 1 ; his suc- cessor, Gregory XI II., orders a public thanksgiving for the barbarous murders committed atParis; rejoicing in Spain on the same occasion; mourning in England. The revolted Netherlander fit out ships against the Spanish commerce ; Wil- liam of Orange combines them into a systematic plan of operation, under th8 name of Water geusen ; they take the Brie.l and Flushing, and are joined by most of the cities in Holland and Zealand. Maximilian gives up the government of Hungary to his son Rudolf, who is crowned as his successor. Sigismund Au- gustus dies without issue, and the race of Jagellon is extinct ; the throne of Pt land becomes elective, and several months elapse before it is filled. Death of John Knox, set. 67. A new star or comet visible sixteen months in the constellation Cassiopeia. The Lusiad of Camoens published. Death of Sepulveda, the Spanish historian. Birth of Inigo Jones. The nobility and gentry of England offer to raise an army and avenge the slaugh- tered Huguenots ; Elizabeth more cautiously supports the Protestants in France and the Netherlands. In France they take arms again, and oblige the duke of Anjou to raise the siege of La Rochelle, June 25; by a fourth treaty of peace, they stipulate for the free exercise of their religion ; in Holland, Alva takes Haar- lem, after a vigorous defence, for which he puts its inhabitants to the sword; Alkmaar successfully resists him ; he is recalled by Philip ; the duke of Medina- celi refuses his post. The Polish Diet elect Henry, duke of Anjou. for their king, May 9, but require him to sign a compact, securing to them full civil and reli- gious liberty. Tunis taken by a Spanish expedition under don John of Austria. Peace concluded between Venice and the Ottoman porte. Manilla built and made the seat of a Spanish viceroy. Death of the French chancellor, L'tlopital. 542 FROM THE YEAE AJ). Hegiba. Otto- man Em- Popes- Port- Dukes of Ba- WlR- TEM- Prus- Bran- den- Saxo- Bruns- Ger- pire. ugal. varia. BERG. sia. burg. ny. wick. many. 1574 982—983 1 Amu- rath III. 3 Gre- gory XIII. May 13. 18 Se- bastian. 25 Al- bert III. 7 Lou- is III. 7 Fre- deric Albert. 4 John George. 22 Au- gustus. 29 Wil- liam. 11 Max- imili- an II. 1575 983—984 2 *- 19 26 8 8 5 23 30 12 1576 984—985 3 5 20 27 9 9 6 24 31 lRu- dolfll. 1577 986 4 6 21 28 10 10 7 25 32 2 1578 987 5 7 1 Hen- ry the cardi- nal. 29 11 11 26 33 1579 988 6 8— 2 1 Wil- liam II. 12 12 9 Ti _ 34 4 1580 989 7 9 Annex- ed to Spain. 2 13 10 6— Hol- 1581 990 S 10_ land. 3 14 11 29 36 3 Wil- liam Prince ofO- range. 1582 991 9 — 11 4 4 15 15 J 12 30 37 7—— 15& 992 10 12 5 5 16 16 13 31 38 1 ( - 1574 TO 1583 A.D. M3 Repe- tition Dates. 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1581 1582 1583 Doges of Ve- nice. 5 Luigi Moce- nigo. 1 Sebas- tiano Veniero, 1 Nicco- lo da Ponte. Savoy. 22 Ema- nuel Fi- liberto. 23 25 France 1 Hen- ry 111. 1 Chas. Emanu ell. Spain. 19Philip II. Den- MAHK. 16 Fre- deric II. 18 10 25 21 22 27 28 Swe- den. 7 John III. 10 Po- Rtrs- LAND. 8IA. 2 Hen- ry of Valois, 1 Ste- phen Bath- 42 I- 8 Jas wan VI IV. July 24, Scot- land. 3 45 44- 10- Eng- liAND. 17 Eli- ' zabeth.1 Nov. 17. ' 18- 19. 24 25 14 16 5 47 13 14- 50- 51 17- i 25- 544 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Events and Emtnent Men. 1576 1577 1578 The duke d'Alencon and many moderate Catholics, calling themselves Politiques, join the Huguenots. Death of Charles IX., May 30, set. 24 ; his brother, Henry III., leaves Poland, resigns the crown, and takes that of France. Louis de Reque- sens, viceroy of the Netherlands, fails in his siege of Leyden. The Turks recover Tunis and Goletta. Sebastian of Portugal, set. 20, undertakes his first African ex- pedition. Death of Sultan Selim ; his son, Amurath, murders his brothers. Birth of Ben Jonson. Death of the cardinal de Lorraine, and of the Roman printer, Paul Manutius. Faustus Socinus promulgates his doctrines at Basle. The king of Denmark fortifies Kronenburg, and levies the Sound dues. The revolted Netherlanders offer the sovereignty of their provinces to queen Eliza- beth, which she refuses, but mediates for them with Philip. Holland and Zea- land appoint the prince of Orange their Statholder. The vacant throne of Poland is filled, July 15, by the election of Stephen Bathori, prince of Transylvania. A Jubilee held at Rome. Tasso resides at the court of Ferrara. and publishes hi<> " Jerusalem Delivered." The university of Leyden founded. Great jealousy and contention among the petty princes of Italy for title and precedence. Death of archbishop Parker; the see of Canterbury given by Elizabeth to Grindal. Henry of Navarre quits Paris, abjures the Catholic faith, and places himself at the head of the Huguenots. A fifth treaty signed at Loches, or Beaulieu, gives them religious liberty. The duke of Guise organizes at Peronne the Catholic League, and the king, by placing himself at its head, renews the civil war. Death of Re- quesens ; Don John of Austria succeeds him. His troops mutiny for want of pay, and plunder Antwerp ; all the provinces, except Luxemburg, combine for mutual defence by the " Pacification of Ghent." Vain attempts of Don John to nego- tiate. The emperor Maximilian prosecutes his pretension to the crown of Po- land, is attacked at the Diet of Ratisbon by palpitation of the heart, and dies sud- denly, Oct. 12, set. 69; his son, Rudolf, succeeds him. The plague devastates Italy ; 70,000 die at Venice, and among them, set. 99, the celebrated artist, Titian. Martin Frobisher sails, June 11, to seek a north-west passage; fails, and returns. Stephen Bathori marries Anne, sister of the late king Sigismund Augustus. War between the Ottomans and Persia. University of Helmstadt founded. Peter Wentworth imprisoned for his speech in the House of Commons. The laburnum brought into England from Hungary. Birth of John Fletcher, the dramatist. Elizabeth suspends Grindal for favouring the Puritans. A sixth treaty between the Huguenots and the king of France signed at Bergerac. The States of the Netherlands invite the archduke Matthias to be their governor ; the prince of Orange acts as his lieutenant. Don John seizes Namur. Drake commences his voyage round the world, Nov. 15. The high sheriff and 300 persons die of the gaol-distemper, during the assizes at Oxford. Birth of Rubens. The Spanish poet, Alonso de Ercilla, publishes his " Araucana." Many of Titian's finest works perish in a destructive fire at Venice, Dec. 20 ; the church of the Redeemer built there, to commemorate the ceasing of the plague. Alliance between Elizabeth and the Netherlands concluded. Jan. 6 ; the English auxiliaries under Norris repulse Don John at Rimenant. Victory gained by him at Gemblours, followed by the submission of Limburg and Louvain. Amsterdam taken by the Hollanders. The southern provinces separate from the northern, and invite the duke of Anjou. Death of Don John of Austria; he is succeeded by the duke of Parma. James, king of Scotland, takes the government into his own hands. The pope sends troops to assist the Catholics in Ireland ; inter- cepted by Sebastian, king of Portugal, and taken by him against the Moors ; he is defeated in the battle of Alcazarquivir, and perishes in the river Elmahassen ; his uncle, the cardinal Henry, takes the throne. Settlements formed at Congo, Loango, and Angola, to supply Brazil with slaves. The emperor Rudolf revokes the concessions made to the Protestants. A conspiracy in Florence, against tlie grand duke, foiled. Alliance between Poland and Sweden against Iwan IV. of Russia. The Norwegians attempt to interrupt the English commerce with Archangel ; Elizabeth asserts the right freely to navigate all seas. The first stone laid of the Pont Neuf at Paris. California explored by Drake. First colony planted in Virginia by Gilbert. Tulips introduced into England. 1574 TO 1583 A.D. 545 1581 15S2 The Seven Northern Provinces of the Netherlands contract the Union of Utrecht the Ten Southern submit to the duke of Parma, as viceroy of Spain ; he takes Maestricht, and massacres many of the inhabitants. Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent Cambray, and Tournay still resist. Philip II. prepares a powerful armament to support his claim to the crown of Portugal. Elizabeth enters into a treaty of commerce with the sultan, and establishes the Turkey Company. Stephen Ba- thori and the Swedes expel the Kussiaus from Livonia, Esthonia, and Ingria, and penetrate to Polozk. Bianca Capello captivates the grand duke of Florence, and is eventually married by him. Tasso is confined as a lunatic by the duke of Ferrara. Death of Camoens, Sir Thomas Gresham, and the lord-keeper, Sir Nicholas Bacon. Elizabeth is visited by the duke of Anjou, and receives proposals of marriage from him. She imprisons the earl of Leicester, for having married the widow of the earl of Essex without her consent. Drake returns from his voyage, Nov. 3 ; banquet to the queen on board his ship ; she confers knighthood on him. The pope and the king of Spain send an army into Ireland ; total defeat of the in- vaders. Intrigues of the duke of Guise in Scotland, and arrest of the late regent, Morton. Annexation of Portugal to Spain, on the death of Henry, the aged cardinal-king. Philip sends his sister, Margaret, again into the Nether- lands, to assist her son, the duke of Parma, in the government, snd offers a reward for the assassination of the prince of Orange. Death of the duke of Savoy; he is succeeded by his son, Charles Emanuel. Jermak Timofejew, with a band of Cossacks, commences the conquest of Siberia. Pope Gregory converts the Baths of Dioclesian into a granary. Colleges, for the education of English papists, formed at Rome, Douay, and Rheims. The Essays of Montaigne pub- lished. Death of Palladio. Birth of Usher, afterwards archbishop. Kepler and Tycho Brahe prepare their Astronomical Tables, called Rodolphine, in honour of the emperor. Fallacious negotiations between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou. Trial and ex- ecution of earl Morton. The Seven United Provinces issue their declaration of independence at the Hague, nominate the duke of Anjou as their sovereign, with William, prince of Orange, statholder. The duke of Parma obliged to raise the siege of Cambray ; he objects to the co-regency of his mother; she retires into Italy. Iwan of Russia requests the pope to mediate between him and Ste- phen Bathori. The University of Edinburgh founded by the town council, with funds given by Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney. Quarrel between the. knights of Malta and their grand master, Cassiere, referred to the pope. Plots of the Jesuits against Elizabeth ; Parsons banished, and Campian executed. Grindal restored to his see by Elizabeth. Death of Ralph Holinshed. Birth of lord Herbert of Cherbury. Elizabeth finally dismisses the duke of Anjou ; he is recognized as sovereign of the Netherlands at Antwerp, but acquires no real power. Seizure of king James, by the " Raid of Ruthven ;" the University of Edinburgh confirmed and endowed by him. Correction of the calendar by Gregory XIII. ; Oct. 5th made the 15th. Expedition of Antonio of Portugal against the Azores, defeated by the marquis Santacroce ; massacre of his prisoners. Failure of Charles Emanuel's projected attack on Genoa. Stephen Bathori, by his truce with Iwan, retain? Courland, Livonia, and all his conquests. Origin of the Academy Delia Crusca. at Florence. Death of the duke of Alva, set. 74. Birth of David Teniers, the elder. Louis Lilio, of Verona, first suggests, and Christopher Clavius completes, the new or Gregorian calendar. Death of Buchanan, the historian, set. 76. Elizabeth claims the sovereignty of Newfoundland, and fortifies St. John's. Con- viction and suicide of Somerville, for an attempt on her life. Death of Grindal ; Whitgift, primate, acts strenuously against the Puritans. King James escapes from his confinement; Walsingham's embassy to study his character. The duke of Anjou fails in his attempt on Antwerp, and retires into France, covered with disgrace. The duke of Parma restores the authority of Philip in a great part of the ten southern provinces. Joseph Scaliger, " De Emendatione Temportcm,'' rejects the Gregorian era. A truce between Sweden and Russia leaves the former in possessio n of all the conquered Baltic provinces. Birth of Grotius. 2 N 546 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Kegira. ! Otto- man Em- pire. Popes Hol- land Bava- ria. WlR- TEM- BERG. Prus- sia. Bran- den BURG. Saxo- ny. Brums WIOK. Ger- many. 15S4 993 11 Amu- rath III. 13Gre gory XIII. May 13 6 Wil- liam II. 17 Lou is III 17Fre- deric Albert. 14 John George 32 Au- gustus. 39 Wil- liam. 9Ru- dolfll. 1585 994 12 rf.Apr.10 1 Six- tus V April24 7 18 18 15 33^- 40 10- 1586 995 13 2 1 Earl of Lei- cester. 8 19 19 16 1 Chris- tian I. 41 11— 1587 996 11 3 1 Mau- rice of Nattan, 9 20 20 17 2 42 12 1588 99? 15 - — 4 2- 10 21 21 18 3 43 13 1589 1590 998 999 16 17 6d. Aug. 27 1 Ur- ban VII. Sep. 15. 1 Gre- gory XIV. Dec. 5. 11 12 oo 22 23 19 20 1 44 45 14 15— 4 23 5 1591 1000 IS rfOct.15 1 In- nocent IX. Oct. 29. rf.Dec.30 5 13 °1 24 21 1 Chris- tian II. 46- 16 1593 1001 19 1 Cle- ment VIII. Jau. HO. 6 14 25 25 22 2 lEr- nestll. 17— 1593 1002—1003 20 2 7 15 1 Fre- iericl. 26 23 3 2 18 1584 TO 1593 A.D. 547 Repe- tition Dates 1584 Doges of Ve- nice. 1586 1587 1588 1590 1591 1592 1593 7 Nicco lo da Ponte. 1 Pas- quale Ci cogna. Savoy. 5 Chas Ema- nuel I. France 11 Hen- ry III. 12 13 29PM- lip II. 1 Henry IV. of Navarre. 32- 33- Den- MAUK 26Fre- deric II. 27- SwE- DEN. 17 John III. 29- 1 Chris tian IV. 35- 37- Po- LAND, 22 10 Ste- phen Bath- on. 12- lSi- mund III lFeo- dor I. Iwano- witsch. Scot- land. 18 Jas. VI. July 24, Eng- land. 27 Eli- zabeth Nov. 17. 20- 1 Sigis mund \ king of 22 23. 30 31 8 25 26. 10 34 2 n 2 548 FROM THE TEAS 1585 Events and Eminent Men. 1586 Conspiracies against Elizabeth ; national association in her defence ; Throgmorton and Parry suffer death for treason. The queen of Scots more strictly confined. The Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, dismissed. Raleigh conducts a second colony to Virginia. The prince of Orange assassinated, at Delft, by Balthazar Gerard, July 10 (June 30) ; his second son, Maurice, takes his place as leader of the war, but at first without any official title. The duke of Parma lays siege to Antwerp. Death of the duke of Anjou ; Henry of Navarre becomes lawful heir to the crown of France ; the Guise faction and the League attempt to set him aside ; hostilities renewed against the Huguenots ; " war of the three Henries." Death of Iwan IV. of Russia; he is succeeded by his son, Feodor. Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay. Simon Bu- dseus disseminates anti-Trinitarian doctrines in Lithuania, and is expelled from his church. Death of Carlo Borromeo, archbishop of Milan. Birth of John Pym, Selden, and Albert Count Wallenstein. Treaty between Elizabeth and the United Provinces ; Leicester sent with an auxiliary force. Drake and Frobisher, with a powerful fleet, attack the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. Ambassadors from Japan received at Rome by Gregory XIII., who dies soon afterwards, set. 84, and is succeeded by Sixtus V. The French king, by his edict of Nemours, revokes all the conces- sions made to the Huguenots ; the prince of Conde obtains assistance from Eli- zabeth, and with an English fleet relieves La Rochelle. Pope Sixtus attempts, by a Bull, to repudiate Henry of Navarre's claim to the succession in France. Antwerp, reduced by famine, surrenders to the duke of Parma. Davis explores the north-eastern coast of America. Abbas the great, sultan of Persia, defeats the Turks, and takes Van. The duke of Northumberland, committed to the Tower, on a charge of treason, is found dead by a pistol-wound. Death of Carlo Sigonio, the historian. Birth of Richelieu, afterwards cardinal. Death of Tallis, father of English musicians. Coaches first used in England. Babington's conspiracy detected and punished. Trial and condemnation of the queen of Scots, Oct. 25. Success of Drake in Hispaniola, St. Domingo, and Florida ; he returns with a valuable booty, and brings back the Virginian co- lonists ; they introduce potatoes and tobacco into England. Cavendish sails on his expedition. Leicester appointed statholder ; victory at Zutphen ; death of Sir Philip Sidney, get. 32, Sep. 22. The king of France jealous of the intimate connection between the duke of Guise and Philip of Spain. Sixtus V. intimi- dates all Italy by his severity ; improvement and decoration of Rome under his auspices. Death of Stephen Bathori, king of Poland ; Sigismund, crown prince of Sweden, and Ernest, archduke of Austria, contend for the throne. Death of Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma; his son and successor, Alexander, solicits, but cannot obtain, leave to resign his command in the Netherlands. Mary, queen of Scots, beheaded, Feb. 8, set. 44. Misconduct of Leicester ; loss of Sluys and Deventer ; he is recalled and replaced by lord Willoughby; prince Maurice appointed statholder. Preparations of Philip to invade England ; Sixtus issues a new Bull, and proclaims a crusade against Elizabeth. Expedi- tion of Drake against the Spanish harbours ; fleet destroyed at Cadiz ; he returns with rich prizes. Cabal of " the Sixteen" at Paris. Henry of Navarre defeats the royal army at Coutras, under the duke de Joyeuse, Oct. 20 ; his German allies are repulsed by the duke of Guise, at Vimori, Oct. 27, and at Anneau, Nov. 24. Sigismund acknowledged by the prevailing party in Poland. Continued imbecility of Frederic Albert,. duke of Prussia; George Frederic, of Anspach, appointed administrator. Death of Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, and his duchess, Bianca Capello, both hf poison. Death of John Fox, author of the " Book of Martyrs." Birth of Vondel, the Dutch dramatist. The Spanish Armada sails from Lisbon, May 29 ; enters the channel, July 19 ; totally defeated and ruined. To make its disasters more widely known, lord Burleigh establishes the first newspaper, The English Mercury, Aug. 10. Assas- sination of the duke of Guise, set. 38, and of his brother, the cardinal. Sigis- mund, king of Poland, defeats Ernest, at Bitschin, and takes him prisoner. Death of the earl of Leicester, set. 56,' and of the painter, Paul Veronese, set. 56. Birth of Hobbes. Cardinal Baronius publishes his Annates Ecclesiastici. 1584 TO 1593 A.D. 549 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 Events and Eminent Men. Cavendish returns with great wealth, plundered from Spanish settlements during his voyage round the world. Expedition of Drake and Norris to support don Antonio in Portugal, without any important result. Marriage of the king of Scotland to the princess Anne of Denmark. The king of France unites his army with that of the Huguenots to oppose the League now headed by the duke ot Mayenne; he is assassinated at St. Cloud by Jaques Clement, July 31, set. 38. The king of Navarre takes the title of Henry IV. ; the Guise faction attempts to supplant him, by calling his uncle, the cardinal of Bourbon, to the throne, as Charles X Victory of Henry over Mayenne at Arques, near Dieppe, Sep. 21. Death of Katharine de' Medici, at Blois, Jan. 5, set. 70. The stocking-frame in- vented by the Rev. Wm. Lee, of Cambridge. Henry IV. defeats the League at Ivry near Evreux, March 14, and lays siege to Paris • march of the duke of Parma to its relief. Death of the cardinal of Bour- bon • Philip II., in defiance of the Salic law, proposes his daughter Isabella as queen of France. Invasion of Provence by Charles Emanuel of Savoy. Prince Maurice drives the Spaniards out of all the Seven United Provinces, and recovers Breda. Death of Walsingham, ast. 89 ; and of the French jurist, Cujacius. Lope de Vega begins, about this time, to produce his dramas. The first paper-mill in England established bv John Spillman, at Dartford in Kent. Death of Sixtus V., set. 69 ; his successor, Urban VII., dies twelve days after his election, and is fol- lowed by Gregory XIV. . ,, T ,' T iv v ■ Elizabeth sends an army under the earl of Essex to assist Henry IV. ; they besiege Rouen, which is relieved by the duke of Parma. Naval enterprise of lord Charles Howard; courageous death of his vice-admiral, Sir Richard Grenville. G'-egory XIV. fulminates a Bull against Henry. Prince Maurice takes Nim- wegen. Elizabeth founds and endows Trinity College, Dublin. Capt. Lancaster sails for the East Indies, on a private trading speculation. English ships pursue the whale-fishery at Cape Breton. Telescopes improved and brought into general notice by Z. Jansen of Middelburg. Stowe, Speed, Camden, and bpelman, English chroniclers and antiquaries,/.; and De Thou (Thnanus) in France. Death of Pellegrino Pellegrini, the Bolognese artist. The murder of Feodor s brother, Dmitri, by Godunow, prepares the extinction of Ruric's race in Russia. Elizabeth assists Henry IV. with an army under Sir John Norris. His general, Lesdiguieres, checks the duke of Savoy in Provence. Marshal Biron is wounded before Rouen. The new pope, Clement VIII., refuses to let Henry s ambassador enter Rome, and obliges the Venetians to give up Marco Sciarra, who had sought their protection. Death of the duke of Parma at Arras, Dec. 2, set. 47. The 'Turks invade Hungary, and are defeated at Sissek. Death of John III., king ot Sweden ; he is succeeded by his son, Sigismund, already king of Poland ; he being a Catholic, the diet at Upsal declares Lutheranism to be the established re- ligion of the country. Visit of Elizabeth to Oxford. The bridge of the Rialto and the Place of St. Mark constructed at Venice. The university of Paderborn founded ; the sale of books introduced at the fair of Leipzic. Faustus Socmus prevails upon the Unitarians in Poland to adopt a uniform system jof discipline and worship. The Theatre F: of Gassendi. Francois built. Death of Montaigne, set. 59. Birth Sir Edward Coke, solicitor-general, and speaker of the house of Commons ; Eliza- beth restrains their freedom of debate ; Wentworth and three other members imprisoned ; she dictates to them arbitrary laws against Puritans and Catholics. Henry IV. conforms to the Catholic faith. Clement refuses to grant him abso- lution • Philip continues his intrigues with the League against him, and his attempt to make his daughter queen of France. The parliament of Pans declares against female succession and foreign interference. Elizabeth reproaches Henry's abjuration ; accepts his apologies, and enters into a new treaty ot closer alliance with him. Progress of the Turks against the emperor ; the Venetians construct the fortress of Palma Nuova, as a barrier against thern Contest be- tween Protestants and Catholics for the bishopric of Strasburg. Death of Chris- topher Marlowe. Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge founded by F. Sidney, countess of Sussex. Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded by George Keith, ean marischal. Wh alebone first used in England. 550 EROM THE TEAB A.D. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1600 1601 1003—1004 1004—1005 1005-1006 1006—1007 1007—1008 1008—1009 1009—1010 1010—1011 1011—1012 Otto- man Em- Popes, pire. 21 Amu- rath III 1 Maho- met III. 3 Cle- ment VIII. Jan- 30. 8 Mau- rice of Nassau 9 — Hol- land. 10- 12- 16- DUKES of Ba- varia. 16 Wil- liam II. 1 Max- imi- lian. WlB- TEM- BERG. 2 Fre- deric I. Pbus- SIA. 27 Fre- deric Albert. 29- 32- 8 33- Bran- DEN- BURG, 24 John George- 25- Sax- ONY. 4 Chris- tianll 1 Joa chim Fre- deric, Bruns- wick 3 Er- nest II. Ger- many. 19 Ru dolfll 20- ■ 25- 12 11- I 27- 1594 TO 1602 A.D. 551 Repe- tition Doges of Ve- Savoy. France. Spain. Den- Swe- Po- Russia. Scot- Eng- Dates. 1594 nice. MAEK. den. land. land. land. 10 Pas- quale Ci- cogna. 15 Chas. Emanu- el I. 6 Henry IV. of Navarre. 39Phi- lip 11. 7Chris- tian IV. 3 Sigis- mund king of Poland. 8 Sigis- mund III. king of Sweden. 11 Feo- dor I. Iwano- mtsch. 28 J as. VI. July 24. 37 Eli- zabeth. Nov. 17. 1595 1 Marino Gri- mani. 16 7 40 8— 4 - — 9 12 29 38 1596 2 ■ 17 8 41- — 9 5 10 13 — 30 39 1597 3 18 9 ■ 42 — - 10 6 11 14 31 40 __ 1598 4 19 10 lPhi- lipIII. 11 7 . 1,2 1 Boris Godu- now. 32 41 1599 5 20 11 =. 2 12 8 13 2 33 42 1600 6 21 12 3 13 9 14 3 — 34 43 - 1601 7 22 13 4 14 10 15 4 35— 44 1602 8 23 14 5 15 11 1 16 i 5 1 36 45 552 FROM THE TEAB 1594 1596 1597 Events and Eminent Men. Attempts to assassinate Elizabeth are promoted by Philip's ministers and generals in the Netherlands ; her remonstrances against such proceedings are disregarded by him. Birth of Henry, eldest son of king James. The duke of Guise and the chief nobility of France tender their allegiance to Henry IV. Paris and most of the principal cities open their gates to him; with the assistance of Sir John Norris and his English auxiliaries, he recovers the strong places in Bri- tanny, occupied by Spanish garrisons ; Sir Martin Frobisher is killed at the taking of Brest : attempt of Jean Chatel to murder Henry ; the Jesuits are expelled from France. Ernest, brother of the emperor Kudolf, is appointed by Philip viceroy of the Netherlands. Maurice obtains many advantages, takes the city of Groningen, and consolidates the power of the United Provinces. The Protestant League formed in Germany, at Heilbron. Sigismund, at his coronation, is bound by an oath to preserve the Protestant church in Sweden ; after a short residence, he returns to Poland, and leaves the administration in the hands of his uncle, Charles, duke of Sudermania. Surrender of Raab to the Turks. -Death of Tin- toretto, «et. 82, and of the musical composer. Palestrina, set. 65. Birth of John Hampden and Nicholas Poussin. The Falkland Isles discovered by Hawkins. Elizabeth recalls her forces from France and Holland for the defence of her own States. Some Spaniards land in Cornwall, and are defeated. Tyrone, supported by Philip, rebels in Ireland ; Sir John Norris is sent against him. Arnold d'Ossat and cardinal du Perron negotiate a reconciliation between Henry IV. and the pope ; his authority gains ground in France ; a truce concluded with the duke of Savoy ; war declared against Philip. Death of archduke Ernest ; count of Fuentes, viceroy of the Netherlands, invades Picardy. On the recommendation of Cor- nelius Houtman, the Dutch form their East India Company, establish their first factory in Java, and attack the Spanish and Portuguese, both by arms and com- mercial rivalry. The Italian States send reinforcements to the emperor against the Turks, who are defeated, and Gran recovered from them. Death of Sultan Amurath III.; his son, Mahomet III., commences his reign by murdering his brothers and his father's wives. Tasso, invited by the pope to be crowned in the Capitol, dies at Rome, before the ceremony can be performed, April 26, set. 51 , Oranges first known in England. Albert, brother of the late archduke Ernest, governor of the Netherlands, surprises Calais. Elizabeth renews her treaties with Henry IV. and the United Provinces, and sends another army, under Sir Thomas Baskerville, to assist the former. Birth of king James' daughter Elizabeth. Alexander de' Medici, archbishop of Florence, is deputed by pope Clement, to protest against Henry's alliance with the heretical Elizabeth, and endeavours to make peace between him and Philip. Sir Francis Vere governor of Flushing and the cautionary towns, which Elizabeth still retains. Marseilles surrendered to Henry ; the dukes of Mayenne, Nemours, and Joyeuse submit to him ; Maximilian de Bethune, marquis de Rosny, (after- wards duke of Sully) becomes his adviser and prime minister. Unsuccessful enterprise of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins against Porto Rico ; both commanders die from the effects of the climate and fatigue. Cadiz taken and plundered by the earl of Essex and lord Thomas Howard. Sir Walter Raleigh's fruitless expedition into Guiana. Sultan Mahomet places himself at the head of the Ottoman army, takes Eger (Erlau), and defeats the Christian army at Ke- resztes. Birth of Des Cartes. The laurustinus and oleander brought into Eng- land. Lord Thomas Howard created earl of Nottingham ; to soothe the offended pride of Essex, Elizabeth makes him earl marshal. Sir Robert Cecil, second son of lord Burleigh, is appointed secretary of state. Failure of Essex and Raleigh in their projected attack on Ferrol ; the English and Spanish fleets both dispersed by storms. Victory of prince Maurice at Turnhout. Amiens surprised by the Spaniards, March, 11 ; recovered by Henry, Sep. 15. Transylvania relinquished to the emperor Rudolf, by Sigismund Bathori. On the death of Alfonso d'Este, Clement VIII. claims the duchy of Ferrara, and excommunicates Caasar, the rightful heir. Birth of Van Tromp. The pope attempts to settle the Anti- Jesuit controversy, afterwards called Jansenist. 159-1 TO 1602 A.D. 553 A.D. 1598 1599 Events and Eminent Men. 1601 1602 Death of Sir John Norris ; defeat of Sir Edward Bagnal by Tyrone on the Black- water. Elizabeth resents the insolence of Essex by a box on the ear. Clifford and other adventurers molest the coasts of Spanish America. Treaty of Vervins between Henry IV. and Philip, May 2. Edict of Nantes, April 13. Philip mar- ries his daughter Isabella to the archduke Albert, and resigns the sovereignty of the Netherlands to them ; soon after which he dies in the Escurial, Sep. 13, set. 73. His son, Philip III., makes the duke of Lerma his prime minister. By his system of government, the ancient Cortes are gradually abolished, and" all national assemblies suppressed throughout the Spanish dominions. Eliza- beth refuses to make peace without the United Provinces, and concludes another treaty with them. Raab recovered from the Turks, with Vesprin and other towns. Discontent in Sweden, the regent is encouraged to assume sovereign power; Sigismund lands with an army to restore his authority, is defeated, and returns to Poland. By the death of Feodor the line of Ruric becomes extinct ; Boris Godunow founds a new dynasty. Caesar d' Este compelled to relinquish Ferrara to the pope, remains duke of Modena. Whale-fishing commences at Spitzbergen. The Bodleian library at Oxford founded. Death of lord Burghley, set. 78, of Ed- mund Spenser, the poet, aat. 45, and of Henry Stephens, printer, and author of the Thesaurus, set. 70. Birth of G. L. Bernini, the sculptor. The Globe theatre in Southwark built ; Shakspear performs there in his own plays. Essex, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, fails to suppress Tyrone's rebellion ; returns to London; is disgraced, and earl Mountjoy appointed in his place. The Spanish general Mendoza attempts to invade Dutch Gnelderland, and is repulsed by Maurice. Divorce of Henry IV. from Margaret de Valois. Death of his mistress Gabrielle d'Estr^es. Sully restores order in the finances of France. The Im perial general Von Schwartzenberg besieges Buda, and defeats the efforts of the Turks to relieve the place. Birth of Vandyke, Oliver Cromwell, and Blake. Successful commencement of Mountjoy's Irish government. Trial of Essex ; he is pardoned, and regains Elizabeth's favour; he begins a new course of intrigue with king James of Scotland and the Puritans. Francis, afterwards lord Bacon, first distinguishes himself by his conduct in the trial of Essex. Birth of James' son, afterwards Charles I. Henry IV. marries Mary de' Medici ; conquers Savoy. Prince Maurice besieges Nieuport, defeats the archduke Albert, but raises the siege. Sigismund commences war against his Swedish subjects in Livonia. The English East India Company established. Birth of Brian Walton and Claude Lorraine. Death of Richard Hooker, ret. 47. The nature and power of electricity more clearly ascertained by Dr. Wm. Gilbert of Colchester. Insurrection of Essex, Feb. 8 ; he is brought to trial, condemned, and beheaded, Feb. 25, set. 34. Interview of Elizabeth with the marquis of Rosny (Sully), at Dover. Landing of the Spaniards at Kinsale, Sep. 23 ; Mountjoy compels them to surrender, reduces Tyrone to complete submission, and restores tranquillity in Ireland. A parliament held, Oct. 27. Debate on monopolies ; Francis Bacon defends them ; the queen consents to their abolition. Poor-law of 43 Eliz. passed. Secret negotiation between Sir Robert Cecil and king James, prepares the way for the quiet accession of the latter. Peace concluded at Lyons between Henry IV. and the duke of Savoy. Prince Maurice takes Remberg. The archduke Albert commences the siege of Ostend. An armament collected by the maritime States against Algiers, under Gianandrea Doria, is dispersed by adverse winds. Death of Tycho Brahe, set. 55. The first English factories established on the Malabar coast. Birth of Calderon. An expedition, under admiral Sir Richard Levison, against the coast of Spain, returns with rich prizes. The duke de Biron beheaded for conspiring against the king of France. Failure of the duke of Savoy in an attempt to seize Geneva. The privileges of the Dutch East India Company confirmed by the States Ge- neral ; many Portuguese settlements taken. Death of Agostino Caracci, painter and engraver, set. 44. Birth of Mazarine, afterwards cardinal. Artichokes in- troduced into England from Holland, asparagus from Asia, and cauliflowers from Cyprus. St. Mary Magdalen Hall, Oxford, founded. 554 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Hegiea. Otto- man Em- pire. Popes Hol- land. Bruns WICK WlR- TEM- BERG. Prus SIA. Bran- - DEN- BURG. Saxo- ny. Bava RIA. - Ger- many. 1603 1012—1013 1 Ach- med I. 12 Cle- ment VIII. Jan. 30 17Mau- rice, oj Nassau ^Er- nest II. HFre dericl 36Fre deric Albert - 6 Joa- chim Fre- deric. 13 Chris tian II. 8Max imili an. - 28 Ru- - dolf II. 1604 1013—1014 2 13 18 13 12 3* 7 14 9 29 1605 1014—1015 3 14 a. Mar. 4. 1 Leo XI. April 1. A 27. lPaul V. May 16. 19 14 13 38 8 15 10 1606 1015—1016 4 2 20 15 14 39 9 16 — - 11 31 1607 1016—1017 5 3 21 16 15 40 10 17 12 32 1608 1017-^1018 6 4 22 17 Uohn Fre- deric. 41 Uohn Sigis- mund. 18 13 33 ie&> 1010 7 — 5 23 18 2 12 2 L9 14 34 1610 1020 8 6 24 IP 3 13 3 '. JO 15-, — 55- 1603 TO 1610 A.D. 555 Repe- tition Dates, 1604 1605 1606 1607 160S Doges of Ve- nice. 9Marino Grima- ni. Savoy. 24 Chas, Ema- nuel I. 1 Leo- nardo Donato. Fbance 15 Hen ry IV. of Navarre. Spain. 6 Phi lip III. Den- mark 25 27 17 1610 31 16 Chris- tian IV. Swe- den. Po- land. 12 Sigis mund, king of Poland. 1 Chas. IX. 17 Si gis- mund, king of Sweden. 6Boris United Godu- to Eng- now 18 dep. in Sweden. 19- Rus- sia. Scot- land. Eng- land. 1 Louis 13- XIII. 22- 23 21 ■ 5 22 1 Vas- sili Shu- iskoy.. Grand Dukes of Tus- cany. 17 Ferdi. nand I. 18 45 Eli- zabeth d. Mar,24 Great Britain 1 James I March 24. Qu.Anae of Den- mark. 20 24- 22 6 1 Cosmo II. de' Medici. 5-H 556 FROM THE TEATS A.D. 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 Events and Eminent Men. Death of queen Elizabeth, at Richmond, March 24 (April 3, n.s), sat. 69. Acces- sion of James I., who takes the title of king of Great Britain ; coronation at Westminster, July 25. Embassy of Rosny. Treaty between James and Hen- ry IV for the support of the United Provinces. Conspiracy and apprehension of lords Gray and Cobham, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Edward Parham, and others. Sir Edward Coke, attorney-general, prosecutes them. Re-admission of the Jesuits into France. Meeting of the Protestants of Germany at Heidelberg; league among them renewed. By the death of George Frederic of Anspach, the administration of Prussia devolves on Joachim Frederic, elector of Brandenburg. Sir Robert Cecil, secretary of state, created earl of Salisbury. The JSasUicon Doron repuolished. Death of Dr. William Gilbert, the improver of electricity. King James presides at a religious disputation in Hampton Court, which produces no result. A new translation of the Scriptures, and a corrected form of Common Prayer adopted. Death of archbishop Whitgift ; Bancroft, who succeeds him, treats the Puritans with great severity. A parliament held, 'March 19, recog- nizes the king's title, eviuces much spirit in asserting its own privileges and the liberties of the people. Rapid progress of general information and public opinion. Peace concluded with Spain, Aug. 18. The Gunpowder Plot projected, and preparations made to carry it into execution. After a siege of three years, Ostend taken by the marquis Spinola. Prince Maurice reduces Sluys by famine. The Dutch begin their conquest of the Molucca islands. The emperor Rudolf persecutes the Protestants in his German States and in Hungary. The cruelties of Boris Godunow provoke revolt in Russia. The Swedes depose Sigismund, and place his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, on the throne. Arminius, professor j of divinity at Leyden, dissents from the doctrines of Calvin, and is opposed by j Gomarus. Cervantes publishes the first part of his Don Quixotte. Death of t Faustus Socinus. The plague rages violently in London. The Gunpowder Plot detected, Nov. 5 ; Catesby and Percy slain, in an attempt to raise a rebellion in Warwickshire ; Garnet, superior of the Jesuits, Sir Everard Digby, Rookwood, Guy Fawkes, and other conspirators, arrested, and suffer death for their crime. The earl of Northumberland, suspected of participation, is fined and imprisoned ; the lords Mordaunt and Stourton fined. Pope Paul V. threatens to excommunicate the doge of Venice, for having exercised civil jurisdiction over the church. The Turks gain advantages in Hungary, and recover Gran; they sustain great defeats in their war with Persia. Victory of Sigismund over the Swedes, at Kirchholm, in Livonia. Charles IX. builds Gothenburg, Umea, and Uleaborg, and encourages industry and commerce. A pretender in Russia is for a time believed to be Dmitri, the murdered brother of Feodor ; suicide of Boris Godunow. Birth of Sir William Davenant, Sir Thomas Browne, and Edmund Waller. Death of Theodore Beza, aat. 86. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 22 ; a new oath of allegiance ordered, which Paul V. forbids the English Catholics to take. The first Act passed for making the New River. Companies chartered for settlements in Virginia, which is again, and successfully, colonized. The French establish themselves in Canada. New Holland discovered by the Dutch. The emperor Rudolf concludes the peace of Comom with the Turks ; by the pacification of Vienna, he secures to Protestants the free exercise of their religion. Interdict laid by the pope on the Venetian States ; the Republic treats the Bull with contempt, and orders all religious ob- servances to be continued as usual. Paul threatens war, and Venice prepares to resist him. The cardinals Bellarmine and Baronius write in defence of the church, and Paul Sarpi (Fra Paolo) vindicates the measures of the republic. The false Dmitri is put to death, and Vassili Shuiskoy raised by the boyars to the throne of Russia. Death of Justus Lipsius, set. 79. Birth of Corneille and Rembrandt. King James, in a speech to parliament, recommends the union between England and Scotland; the question debated by Sir Francis Bacon and Sir Edward Coke; the measure not carried. Increasing importance of the House of Commons; its Journals begin to be regularly kept. Discussion on the oath of allegiance be- tween king James and cardinal Bellarmine. Insurrection of Reynolds in North 1603 TO 1610 A.D. .557 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1608 amptonshire against inclosures. Visit of Christian, king of Denmark, to his sister, the queen of England. The archduke Matthias endeavours to obtain the abdication of his brother, Rudolf. Naval victory of the Hollanders over the Spaniards off Cape St. Vincent. Negotiations for peace begin between the king of Spain, the archduke Albert, and the United Provinces, and are broken off. Davis penetrates into the Straits which still bear his name. The building of Whitehall commenced, by Inigo Jones. The University of Giessen founded. Under the mediation of Henry IV., the pope desists from his pretensions and his intended hostilities against Venice ; the republic gives up its prisoners, but maintains its jurisdiction over ecclesiastics ; the Jesuits remain excluded from its territories. Richelieu appointed bishop of Lucon. Attempted assassination of Fra Paolo, supposed to have been instigated by cardinal Borghese. Conclu- sion of the Memoirs of the President de Thou, commencing from 1543, Death of cardinal Baronius, set. 69. Birth of the duke of Ormond, and de Ruyter. King James improves the government of Ireland, and offers the forfeited lands in the province of Ulster to Protestant settlers. Hudson explores the bay since named after him. Sir Thomas Chaloner discovers the alum rock at Guisborough near Whitby in Yorkshire, obtains workmen from Italy, and establishes the alum-works there. Wirtemberg, Hesse Cassel, Baden and other Protestant States, enter into a league, of which the Elector Palatine, Frederic, is the chief, The emperor Rudolf gives up Hungary to his brother Matthias, whom the people of that country choose for their king, but stipulate for religious liberty. Death of Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset, 33t 81. Birth of Milton, of Monk ( afterwards earl of Albemarle), and Hyde (afterwards earl of Clarendon). Quebec built Many puritans emigrate to Virginia, under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers ; the latter driven by a storm among the Bermudas, forms a settlement on one of them, named after him Somers' Island. The king of Spain and arch- duke Albert, reduced to extremities and unable to continue the war, recognise the independence of the Seven United Provinces, and under the mediation of Great Britain and France, conclude with them a truce for twelve years, March 30 (April 9, n.s.). The Dutch, by levying heavy tolls at the mouth of the Scheldt, transfer the commerce of Antwerp to Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Death of Arminius, set. 49; his doctrines are advocated by Uitenbogart and Episcopius ; the Gomarians or Calvinists are favoured by prince Maurice and the States General ; violent controversies are carried on. The Catholic princes of Germany confederate at WiU'zburg, and place Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, at the head of their league. Charles Emanuel of Savoy fails in a second attempt to seize Geneva; he endeavours to engage Henry IV. in an attack on the duchy of Milan. Another false Dmitri appears in Russia, supported by Sigismund, king of Poland, and the Cossacks : Vassili is besieged in Moscow ; Charles IX. of Sweden comes to his assistance, and drives the Poles out of Northern Russia. Hugh Middleton begins to cut the channel for the New River. Copper coin first issued from the Mint in London. Death of Joseph Scaliger, set. 69, and of Annibale Carracci, set. 49. The king of Spain expels all the Moors, the most industrious and wealthy, of his subjects. Meeting of Parliament, Feb. 19 ; the Commons restrict the supplies, and begin to limit the royal prerogative. Henry IV. assassinated by Ravaillac, May 4 ( 14, n.s.), set. 57. His measures for opposing the growing power of Austria are suspended ; his widow, Mary de' Medici, regent, is governed by that power and Spain; the duke of Sully treated with coldness and neglect. Struggle in Ger- many for the duchies of Julich, Cleves, and Berg ; the Protestants meet at Halle and extend their League. The Arminians present a Remonstrance to the States General against the opposition which they encounter, and are thence- forth styled Remonstrants. Batavia built by the Dutch on the island of Java; quarrels commence between them and the English factories. Anarchy in Russia; Vassili imprisoned, dies in confinement: Sweden and Poland contend for ascen- dancy. The invention of the thermometer ascribed to Fra Paolo, to Sanctorio, and to Drebbel of Alkmaar. Death of archbishop Bancroft. Birth of viscount Falkland. 558 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 Hegi- BA. 1021 1022 1023 Otto- man Em PIRE. 1025 1026 9 Ach- medl. 10 13 14 1027 1 Mue- tafa I. 1028 llOsman II. Popes, 7 Paul V May 16- 10 Hol- Bruns- land. wick. 25 Mau rice, of Nassau, 30 31 1 Chris. tian I Wir- TEM- BERG 4 John F deric. 10- Prus- SIA. Bban- DEN- BURG. 44 Fre- deric Al- bert. 45- United to DEN- BURG. 4John Sigis- mund lO- ll 8- Duke I of i Prus- Saxo- ny Uohii George III. Bava- ria. ^Max- imilian. Ger- many 36 Ru dolf II. 1 Mat- thias. 1611 TO 1618 A.D. 559 tition Dates. 1611 Doges op Ve- nice. 6 Leo- nardo Donato 1 Marc- antonio Memo, Savoy. 32 Ckas. Ema- nuel I. 33 France 2 Louis XIII. 34 35 1 Gio- vanni Bembo 37 1 Nicolo Donato. 1 Anto- nio Pri- uli. Spain, 14 Phi lip III Den- mark. 24Chris tian IV 26 27 20- SD Swe- Po- Russia, den. land. 1 Gus- 25 Si tavus gis- Adol- mund phus, 30 ■|31 27- Anar- chy. 1 Mi- chael III. Roma- Grand _, Duees of Great Tcbcant.) Britain, 3 Cos- !9 James I- mo II., de' Me- dici. 10 - d. Henry, Prince of Wales 31- 12 14 15 560 FROM THE YEAE 1611 1612 1615 Events and Eminent Men. The province of Ulster settled and cultivated by English and Scotch Protestants Baronets first created ; they purchase their titles. Robert Carre, favourite of king James. Marriage of lord Beanchamp and lady Arabella Stuart ; they are imprisoned in the Tower. The States General deprive Vorstius, a Remonstrant, of his professor's chair at Leyden, by desire of king James. Rudolf relin- quishes Bohemia to his brother Matthias, who is crowned at Prague. Death of Charles, king of Sweden; his son, Gustavus Adolphus, Bet. 17, takes the throne, and makes Axel Oxenstiern his prime minister. Sully retires into private life, and writes his Memoirs. The Order of the Fathers of the Oratory founded at Paris by Berulle. Settlement of the Jesuits in Paraguay. Thomas Sutton purchases the Charter House (see a. p. 3371 ) of the duke of Norfolk, which he endows as a school and hospital. The present authorized English version of the Bible com- pleted and brought into use. Death of the duke de Mayenne. Birth of lord Fairfax, of Gronovius, of James Harrington, and of Turenne (afterwards marshal). Death of Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 6, set. 19. Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury dies, set. 49, and his place, as prime minister, is. filled by the earl of Suffolk. Resistance of the Scotch church to episcopal jurisdiction. The queen regent of France sets herself in opposition to the Huguenots, and is guided by Con- cini. Death of the emperor Rudolf, Jan. 20, n.s., set. 60; his brother, Matthias, already king of Hungary and Bohemia, is elected emperor at Francfort, June 13. The Portuguese establish a factory at Ormus. Sir Robert Shirley, after a long residence in Persia, returns as ambassador and negociates a treaty of commerce between Great Britain and that country. Hickes's Hall built for the use of the Middlesex magistrates. Death of Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Library at Oxford. Birth of the duke of Montrose, of Sir Henry Vane, and Samuel Butler. Marriage of the princess Elizabeth to Frederic V-, elector Palatine. Carre, created by the king first viscount Rochester, and then earl of Somerset, marries the divorced countess of Essex ; at their instigation, Sir Thomas Overbury is committed to the Tower and secretly poisoned. The duke of Savoy claims and invades the duchy of Moutferrat, Bethlem Gabor obtains the sovereignty of Transylvania. Michael III. founds the dynasty of Romanow in Russia. Ineffectual conference of the Remonstrants and Calvinists at Delft. Wadham College, Oxford, founded by Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham. Birth of the duke de la Rochefoucault, of Murillo the Spanish painter, and of Jeremy Taylor (afterwards bishop). English factories at Surat in India, aud at Gombroon on the Persian gulf. Piracies of the Buccaneers on the coasts of America. Meeting of parliament, Apr. 5 ; the Commons vote no supplies, but endeavour to abridge the power of the crown ; the king dissolves them in anger, June 6, and imprisons some of the members. Thomas Leggatt burnt in Smithfield for Arianism, and Edmund Whiteman at Burton on Trent. Agitation in France ; assembly of the States General; the parliament of Paris condemns a book by the Jesuit Suarez, on the papal power ; the pope threatens, and the young king, now of age, is obliged to apologise. An equestrian statue of Henry IV., pre- sented by Cosmo, grand duke of Tuscany, is placed on the Pont Neuf. The church of St. -Peter's at Rome completed. The elector of Brandenburg conforms to the Protestant faith, The Persians, assisted by the English, expel the Por- tuguese from Ormus. Destructive inundations of the sea in Lincolnshire and Norfolk. The New River water brought to London ; Hugh Middleton knighted, but ruined by the undertaking. Logarithms invented by lord Napier. The university of Groningen established. Birth of De Retz (afterwards cardinal). Death of Brantome, and of Isaac Casaubon, set. 55. Pietro della Valle com- mences his travels in. Persia. Beaumont and Fletcher/. rhe murder of Sir Thomas Overbury discovered; trial and condemnation of the criminals ; the two principals, Somerset and his countess, are pardoned ; their accomplices suffer death. Visit of king James to Cambridge ; he there sees George Villiers, who becomes his favourite, and is rapidly promoted. Lady ' Arabella Stuart dies, still a prisoner in the. Tower. Sir Edward Coke quarrels' , I 1811 TO 1618 A.D. 561 Events and Eminent Men. with Villiers, and is displaced from his office of Chief Justice. Marriage of Louis XIII. to Anna Maria Mauricia, daughter of Philip III. of Spain; and of her brother, afterwards Philip IV., to Isabella, sister of the French king. The prince of Conde* places himself at the head of the Huguenots ; preparations for war on both sides. The piracies of the Uscocchi, subjects of Austria, lead to hostilities between the Venetians and Imperialists. The duke of Savoy defends himself against the attack of the Spanish governor of Milan. Coffee in use at Venice. Birth of Salvator Rosa, and of Richard Baxter. The palace of the Luxemburg at Paris built by the queen regent Death of Francis Beaumont, cEt. 60, and of Aquaviva, author of the school system of the Jesuits. Flushing, the Briel, and Rammekins, " the cautionary towns," given up to the Dutch by king James. Richelieu secretary of state. The prince of Conde" seized and imprisoned. Pedro de Toledo, governor of Milan, prosecutes the attack on Savoy. Baffin explores the bay to which his name has been given. Death of Shakspeare, ast. 52, and of Cervantes, in great misery, a>t. 69. Birth of Carlo Dolce. St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, founded. King James visits Scotland ; holds a parliament there, June 13, and a meeting of the bishops and clergy at St. Andrew's, July 10; his efforts in support of epis- copacy cause a great ferment in the country ; on his return to London he pub- lishes his " Book of Sports," and orders a more cheerful observance of the Sunday. Bacon created viscount St. Albans, and appointed lord chancellor. Sir Walter Raleigh, released from the Tower, engages a band of adventurers to seek a gold mine in Guiana. Influence of De Luynes over Louis XIII, Assas- sination of Concini, marshal d'Ancre; Mary de' Medici sent to Blois; Richelieu attends her there. Peace of Stolbova; Sweden obtains Carelia and Ingria. The emperor Matthias adopts his cousin, Ferdinand, son of the late archduke Charles, and resigns Bohemia to him ; he is crowned at Prague, and begins to oppose the Protestants of that kingdom. The terms of a general peace settled in Italy. The centenary of the Reformation celebrated in Germany by a Pro- testant jubilee. Death of the president De Thou, jet. 64, and of John (lord) Napier, set. 67. Birth of Algernon Sidney, and of Bossuet. Proposed marriage of prince Charles to a Spanish princess. Villiers, now duke of Buckingham, rules the king. The earl of Suffolk fined and imprisoned for peculation. Sir Walter Raleigh, on his return from his unsuccessful enterprise, beheaded, Oct. 29, set, 66; the queen intercedes in vain for him. The General Assembly in Scotland agrees very reluctantly to the Articles of Perth, in favour of religious ceremonies. France distracted by the three factions of the court, the queen-mother and the Huguenots. Italy agitated by the " Spanish Trium- virate," Ossuna, viceroy of Naples ; Toledo, governor of Milan ; and Bedmar, ambassador at Venice. Conspiracy for betraying the latter city, the foundation of Otway's " Venice preserved." Toledo recalled by Philip. Ferdinand takes from the Bohemian Protestants their privileges ; they arm themselves against him, May 23, under count Von Thurn ; are supported by an auxiliary force under count Mansfeld, and make themselves masters of the kingdom; commence- ment of the Thirty Years' War. The emperor Matthias relinquishes Hungary to Ferdinand. Death of Frederic Albert, the imbecile duke of Prussia ; annexa- tion of his territories to the Electorate of Brandenburg. Disgrace of the duke of Lerma ; his son, the duke d'Uzeda, supplants him as minister to Philip III. Prince Maurice aims at absolute power in the United Provinces. The synod of Dortrecht condemns the doctrines of Arminius and denies toleration to the Re- monstrants ; the grand Pensionary Oldenbarneveld, Grotius, and other eminent members of the sect are imprisoned. First voyage of the Danes to India, and settlement at Tranquebar. A patent granted for a machine, called a " fire en- gine," for raising ballast and water, nearly on the principle of the steam engine. Death of cardinal de Perron, set. 62. Birth of Abraham Cowley. Music culti- vated in England ; William Bird, composer of " Non nobis Domine," and other sacred music ; Dr. John Bull, professor of music at Gresham College ; and Orlando Gibbons, composer of madrigals and church music. 562 FROM THE TEAK A.D. 1619 1620 1032 1623 1024 1034 1625 1035 1036 Otto- J man Eh- Popes. 2 0smanU5Paul II. V. May 16- d. Jan. 1 Grego- ry XV, Feb. 9. 1 Mus- tafa I. restored. 1 Amu rath IV rf.JulyS. 1 Urban VIII. Aug. 6, Hol- land. Bruns- wick. WlR- TEH- BERG. 33 Mau- rice of Nassau. 9 Chris- tian I. 12 John Fre- deric. 34 10 — - 13 35 11 14 36 12 15 37 13 16 38 14 17 1 Fre- deric Hen- ry. 15 18 Par- ma. 28 Ra- nuccio Far- 30- 1 Ed- ward. 1 George Wil- liam. 9 John George Saxo- ny. 12- 13- Bava- Ger- ria. many. 24Max- imilian. 1 Fer- dinand II. 25 2 26 3 27 — 4 28 5 29 6 30 7 1619 TO 1625 A.D. 563 Repe- tition Dates. 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1625 DOGBS of Ve- nice. 2 An- tonio Priuli. Savoy. 40 Chas Ema- nuel I. 41 Fbance. Den- mark. 42 43 10 Louis 22 Phi- XIII. lip III 11 lPhilip IV. 32 Chris tian IV 33 1 Fran- cesco Conta- 1 Gio- vanni Cornaro, 15 16 35 Swe- den. 9Gus- tavus Adol- phus. Po- land gis- mund. 34- 37 13 37- 35- DtJKES op Tus CANY. 7 Mi- chael III. Boma- 10- llCosmo II. ( Medici. 12 1 Ferdi- nand II. de' Me- dici, GrKBAT I BbitainJ 17James L March 24 J d.Q.Aniie 18 19 15- 12. ,20 21 23 d. March 27 lChas.1. March 27, i, Henri- etta Mwia orFrance-, 2 o2 564 FROM THE YEAE A.D. 1619 1820 1621 J622 Events and Eminent Men. Death of queen Anne, at Hampton Court, March 3, set. 43. Mary de' Medici escapes from Blois, assisted by the duke d'Epernon; Richelieu effects a reconci- liation between her and her son. The duke de Conde" is released. Death of the emperor Matthias, March 20, set. 62 ; election of his cousin, Ferdinand, at Franc- fort, Aug 28. The Bohemians give their crown to the elector Palatine, Frederic V. King James refuses to assist his son-in-law, or even to acknowledge his new title: he is recognized by the Venetians, who enter into a league with the duke of Savoy and the United Provinces, to check the power of Austria. Invasion of Hungary by Bethlem Gabor. The new emperor is besieged in Vi- enna by the Bohemians, and reduced to great extremity, when some troops sent by the grand duke of Tuscany arrive and relieve him ; the duke of Bavaria and the elector of Saxony espouse his cause ; the elector of Brandenburg refuses to take any part in the struggle now commencing. Oldenbarneveld beheaded, Mav 13, jet. 72. Grotius condemned to imprisonment for life. The States Ge- neral defeat the arbitrary designs of Maurice. The circulation of the blood discovered by Dr. William Harvey. Dulwich College founded, by Edward Alleyne. A large comet visible 28 days. Death of Ludovico Caracci, set. 64. Birth of Le Brun, of Colbert, and the duke of Schomberg. Sir Francis Crane assisted by the king to establish a manufactory of tapestry at Mortlake. A Spanish army from the Netherlands, under the marquis of Spinola, conquers the Palatinate of the Rhine. Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, overthrows the Bo- hemians in the battle of Prague, Nov. 9, n.s. The elector Frederic, deprived of his acquired kingdom and of his hereditary territories, takes refuge at Rhenen, in Dutch Guelderland. The duke of Ossuna, suspected of a design to seize the sovereignty of Naples, is recalled to Spain, and replaced by the cardinal Borgia. The duke of Feria, Spanish governor of Milan, occupies the Valteline, to support the revolt of the Catholics against the Protestant government of the Grisons. Amboyna taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese. Manfredonia surprised and plundered by the Turks. Gustavus Adolphus marries Maria Eleanor, princess of Brandenburg. Buxtorf, the Hebrew scholar, fl. Birth of John Evelyn, of Philip Wouvermans, and of Andrew Marvell. Perukes introduced at the French court. Silk first manufactured in England. Vain remonstrances of king James against the seizure of the Palatinate. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 30; reform of abuses in monopolies, patents, and licences. The lord chancellor, Bacon, confesses his acceptance of presents or bribes; is deprived of his office, lined, and imprisoned ; the king restores him to liberty, remits his fine, and allows him a pension. Villiers, brother of the duke of Buck- ingham, Yelverton, attorney-general, and many others, convicted of malversa- tions. Second meeting of parliament, Nov. 14 ; quarrel with "the king ; he tears their protest from their journals. Failure of Louis XIII. in his attempt to take Montauban from the Huguenots ; successful operations of their chiefs, the dukes de Rohan and de Soubise ; death of the constable of France, duke de Luynes. Expiration of the cruce in the Netherlands ; the Dutch refuse to renew it. Death of archduke Albert ; his widow, Isabella, continues to govern, and the prepara- tions for war are directed by Ambrose Spinola. The duke of Holstein. gives an asylum to the expatriated Remonstrants, and builds for them the town of Fried- erichstadt, on the Eyder ; many of them settle in farming establishments, called Hollandereys, and improve the system of agriculture in the duchy. Death of Philip III., March 31, ait. 43 ; his son, Philip IV., set. 16, is governed by his mi- nister oiivarez. The Benedictine congregation of St. Maur receive their statutes from the pope, and commence their literary labours. Death of cardinal Bellarmine, set. 79. Birth of Louis, prince of Conde, of La Fontaine, of Heneage Finch (earl of Nottingham), and of Antony Ashley (earl of Shaftesbury). Escape of Grotius from the castle of Leeuwensteen. The king dissolves the parliament, Jan. 6 ; imprisons Sir Edward Coke, belden, Pym and other members; sends some, against their will, to hold offices in Ireland and makes Sir John Saville comptroller of the household ; relaxes the severity of the laws against Catholics ; assists the elector Palatine with money to attempt the recovery of his dominions. Three armies raised; one under count; 1619 TO 1625 A.D, 565 Events and Eminent Men. Mansfeld defeats Tilly at Wiesloch : but George, duke of Baden, is defeated at Wirapfen, and the elector of Brunswick at II Ochst ; Tilly devastates the Pala- tinate of the Rhine, with horrid barbarity. The duke de Lesdiguieres constable of France, and Richelieu made a cardinal ; the edict of Montpellier restores peace on the basis of the edict of Nantes. Bergen-op-Zoom saved by prince Maurice from the attack of Spinola. The Congregation De Propaganda fide established by the pope. Othman II. strangled by the Janizaries, and Mustafa restored. Death of Paul Sarpi (Fra Paolo), aet. 70, and of John Bull, Mus. D , set. 59. Birth of Moliere. Prince Charles, attended by Buckingham, visits Madrid, to negotiate in person for his marriage with a Spanish princess ; the treaty broken off. The electoral dig- nity of the Palatinate transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria; the imperialists everywhere triumphant ; the war apparently at an end ; count Mansfeld alone re- mains in arms. The valuable library of Heidelberg transported to Rome and Vien- na. The intrigues of discordant factions in the French court prepare the way for Richelieu to become prime minister. The son of the murdered Oldenbarneveld and other Remonstrants attempt to avenge their wrongs by a conspiracy against Maurice; they are detected and punished. Death of Mariana, the historian of of Spain, set. 86, of William Bird, set. 48, and of William Camden, set. 72. Birth of Pascal. The sultan Mustafa deposed again, and killed, is succeeded by Os- man's brother, Amurath IV. A better understanding prevails between James and the parliament on its meeting, Feb- 29. War with Spain. Count Mansfeld has the command of an English army destined for the Palatinate ; failure of his expedition. Impeachment of the lord treasurer Cranfield, earl of Middlesex. Treaty of marriage between prince Charles and Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII. Richelieu, prime minister, takes a more decided part in the politics of Europe ; concludes a treaty with the United Provinces ; conference at Susa ; alliance of France with the duke of Savoy and with Venice ; a French army, under the marquis de Coeuvres, takes possession of the Valteline. Peace between the emperor and Bethlem Gabor, to whom Ratibor and Oppeln are ceded, on his relinquishing his claim to the king- dom of Hungary. Success of the Dutch in their naval enterprises against the coasts of Spanish America. Spinola lays siege to Breda. Massacre of the English in Amboyna by the Dutch. Death of the earl of Nottingham sat. 88, and of the duke of Ossuna. Manhattan, or New Amsterdam (now New York), founded by Dutch emigrants. Bacon, in his retirement, writes his Novum Or- ganum, and De Augmentis Scientiarum. Pembroke College, Oxford, founded by Thomas Teesdale and Richard Wightwick. Death of James I., at Theobald's, March 27, set. 59. Marriage of Charles I., May 1, by proxy, at Paris, to Henrietta Maria, daughter of the late Henry IV. ; arrival of the queen at Dover, June 13. Meeting of parliament, June 18; adjourned to Oxford, on account of the plague, Aug. 1 ; offends the king, and is dissolved, Aug. 12. Alliance, with France ; the English fleet, under Sir John Pennington, refuses to act against the Protestants of Rochelle. Unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz. The islands of Barbadoes and St. Christopher occupied by English settlers. Richelieu commences vigorous measures against the Hugue- | nots, and takes from them the Isle de Rhe. A French anny, under Lesdiguieres, . joins the duke of Savoy in an ineffectual attack on Genoa. Alliance between the king of Denmark and the German Protestant States. The emperor's son, Fer- dinand III., crowned king of Hungary. Bi-eda surrenders to Spinola. Death of the statholder, prince Maurice, set. 59 ; he is succeeded by his brother, Frederic Henry, who causes the intolerant laws against the Remonstrants to be repealed. The plague afflicts most parts of Europe ; so violent in London, that the courts of justice hold their Michaelmas sittings at Reading. Death of John Fletcher, the dramatist, sat. 49, of the duke of Lerma, of the Spanish historian, Herrera, of the Flemish painter, Peter Breughel, set. 56, of Orlando Gibbons, set. 42, and of Sir John Davies, sat. 55. Birth of Bartholomew D'Herbelot, of Carlo Ma- ratta, the landscape painter, of Cassini, of De Witt, of Paul Potter, and the earl of Sandwich. Grotius, a refugee in Sweden, writes De Jure Belli et Pacis. 566 FROM THE YEAR A.D. Hegira. Otto- man Em- Popes. Spain. Francs. Bruns- WlR- TEM- Bran- den- Saxo- Bava- Ger- pire. wick. BERG. burg. ny. ria. many. 1626 1036—1037 4 Amu- rath IV. 4 Ur- ban VIII. Aug. 6 6 Phi- lip IV. 17 Louis XLU. 16 Chris. tian I. 19 John Frede- ric. 8 George Wil- liam. 16 John George 1. 31 Max imilian 8 Fer- dinand II. 1627 1037—1038 5 5 7 18 17 20 9 17 32— 9 1628 1038-1039 6 6 8 19 18 lEber- hard III. 10 33 10 1629 1039—1040 7 7 9 20 19 2 11 19 34- 11 1630 1040—1041 8 8 10 21 20 3 12 20 35 12 1631 1041—1042 9 9 11 22 — 21 4 13 21 36— 13 1632 1042—1043 10 — 10 12 23 22 5— 14 22 37 14- 1626 TO 1G32 A.D. .67 Repe- tition Dates. 1627 Doges I op Ve- ■ Savoy, nice. 2 Gio- vanni Coraa- ro. 1629 1630 1631 1632 47 Chas. Ema- nuel I. 48 Dukes , Dukes op op Tus- Parma. cany, 5 Ed- ward. 6 Fer- dinand II. de' Medici, INiccolo Conta- 1 Fran- cesco Erizzo 1 Victor Ama- deus I. Den- mark. 39Chris feianlV 40 Swe- den. Po- land 16 Gus- 40 Si tavus Adol- phus. 45 18- gis- mund 42- liUSSIA 14 Mi- chael III. Ro- manow, Hol- land. Great Britain. 2 Fre- deric Hen- ry- 2Chas. ij March 27.1 20- 17 1 La- 20 isl IV. 4. Charle: II. §68 FROM THE TEAS Events akd Eminent Men. 1627 1628 1629 Charles I. crowned, Feb. 2. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 6. The earl of Arundel committed to the Tower ; protest of the Lords. Buckingham impeaches the earl of Bristol, and is impeached by the earl and by the Commons ; pending this process, he is elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge. Remonstrances of the Commons ; dissolution of parliament, June 11. The king endeavours to raise a supply by arbitrary impositions of tonnage, poundage, loans, and ship- money ; imprisonment of Sir John Corbet, Sir Edmund Hampden, and others Rivalry and jealousy of Buckingham and Richelieu. Peace with the Huguenots. Treaty of Moncon; the Valteline restored to the Grisons. Conspiracy against Richelieu ; the count de Chalais beheaded. Christian IV. takes the command of the Protestant army, and is defeated by Tilly, at Lutten, on the Barenberg Victory of Wallenstein over Mansfeld, at Dessau. The duke of Urbino gives his territories to the pope. French settlements formed in Senegal and Guy- ana. The convent of Port Royal {see 1233) refounded by the abbess Arnauld Bacon, while on a visit to the earl of Arundel, at Highgate, dies, April 9, set. 65. Death of Lesdeguieres, constable of France, set. 83, and of William Snell, a Dutchman, who discovered the refraction of rays of light. Birth of Robert Boyle. Unpopularity of Charles I.; resistance to his arbitrary measures. He engages in a war against France. Buckingham's ill-concerted and unfortunate attack on the Isle de Rhe\ Louis XIII encouraged by Richelieu to besiege Rochelle ; opera- tions commenced, Aug. 10. Wallenstein defeats the Protestants, commanded by the marquis of Baden ; conquers Pomerania, Holstein, Schleswig, and pene- trates into Jutland. Death of the duke of Mantua; the disputed succession to his States prepares a new war in Italy ; the duke of Savoy revives his claim to the duchy of Montferrat. Success of the Dutch admiral, Hein, in Brazil; he founds Essequibo, in Guyana. Boston, in North America, built by English emigrants. Death of Gruter, set. 67. Birth of Madame de Sevigne\ and of Bossnet. Meeting of parliament, March 17. Petition of Right receives the royal assent. Proceedings of the Commons against the duke of Buckingham and Dr. Main- waring. Supplies voted to relieve Rochelle. Failure of two expeditions under the earls of Denbigh and Lindsay. Buckingham assassinated by Felton, at Portsmouth, Aug. 23, set. 46. Surrender of Rochelle, Oct. 30, n.s. France prepares to support the claim of the duke de Nevers to Mantua ; league against him of Spain, Austria, and Savoy. Charles Emanuel invades Montferrat, and Gonzales de Cordova, governor of Milan, lays siege toCasal. Venice assembles an army to act in concert with the French. Spinola called from the Netherlands to assist in the Italian war. Frederic Henry takes Bois-le-duc, Maestricht, and Wesel ; Tuivnne first studies under him the art of war. Hein captures a richly-laden Spanish fleet off Cuba. Wallenstein conquers all the German Baltie provinces, and is invested by the emperor with the duchy of Mecklenburg. First English settlement on the bay of Massachusetts. Death of the Persian sultan, Shah Abbas. Death of Fulk Greville, lord Brooke, set. 84, and of Mal- herbe, the French lyric poet, sat. 72. Birth of John Bunyan, Sir William Tem- ple, and Francis de Montmorency, afterwards marshal and duke of Luxemburg. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 20 ; censures on the favour shewn by the church to Arminian doctrines; Oliver Cromwell calls them "flat popery;" protest against tonnage and poundage ; the speaker, Sir John Finch, forcibly held in the chair, while the Commons pass their "Remonstrance," March 2 ; Charles dissolves the parliament, March 10, and attempts to raise money and govern without it ; Sel- den, Holies, and other members imprisoned. Peace with France, April 14; proclaimed, May 29 ; Louis XIII. and Richelieu enter Savoy : treaty of Susa concluded with the duke ; siege of Casal abandoned by the Spaniards. War against the Huguenots renewed in Languedoc. Submission of the duke de Rohan, June 27 ; pacification of Nismes establishes religious liberty, July 14. The king of Spain and the emperor of Germany refuse to ratify the treaty, of Susa. Spinola appointed governor of Milan. The Valteline occupied by the Austrians. War continued in Italy. Blockade of Mantua. The emperor, by 1626 TO 1632 A.D. 569 A.D, 1630 Events and Eminent Men. an "Edict of Restitution," requires maDy church lands to be given up by the Protestants ; resistance of Brandenburg and Saxony. The provinces conquered by Wallenstein are restored to the king of Denmark by the peace of Lubeck. Application of the German Protestants to Gustavus Adolphus. New Hampshire colonized. Wouter Van Twiller, governor of New Amsterdam. Corneille, 83t. 23, composes his first comedy, Melite. Death of John Speed, set. 74. Birth of Huygens and Van Tromp. Birth of Charles, prince of Wales, May 29. Peace with Spain, Nov. 5 ; proclaimed 29ch. Sir Thomas Wentworth, created earl of Strafford and prime minister! deserts the popular cause and supports the royal prerogative. Charles resorts' to violent expedients for obtaining money, and sends the marquis of Hamilton with an auxiliary force, to assist in recovering the Palatinate. Laud, bishop of London, introduces pompous and superstitious ceremonies into the church. Wallenstein dismissed from his command, and his troops disbanded. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany with a Swedish army, June 24 ; bis rapid progress • Magdeburg recovered by the Protestants. Louis XIII. and Richelieu return into Savoy, and are masters of the country; the duke Charles Emanuel dies, July 26, set. 69. Mantua taken and sacked by the imperialists. Richelieu frustrates another plot against him. Death of Kepler, set. 59, and of the marquis Spiuola, set. 61. Birth of Isaac Barrow, Tillotsou, and the marquis of Halifax. Charles revives monopolies, sells patents and privileges to new companies, and imposes a stamp on cards. A large subscription raised to repair and improve St. Paul's cathedral. Mary de' Medici, implicated in the plot against Richelieu, re- tires to Brussels ; her son, Gaston, duke of Orleans, joins her there ; the duke of Lorraine is driven from his States. Treaty of Barenwald between Prance, Swe- den, and the German Protestants, against the emperor ; between France and the United Provinces against Spain. Capture of Magdeburg by Tilly, and cruel massacre of its inhabitants, May 10. The elector of Saxony carries his arms into Bohemia. Battle of Breitenfeld, or Leipsic, Aug. 28 (Sept. 7, n.s.). Tilly defeated and made prisoner by Gustavus Adolphus. The Swedes take Halle, the catholic bishoprics in Thuringen and Franconia, the city of Mentz, and pe- netrate through Alsace and Swabia to the confines of Bavaria. Treaty of Cherasco, April 6; Mantua restored to the duke of Nevers; Montferrat divided between him and the duke of Savoy, who cedes Pignerol to France. Connecticut granted to lords Say and Broke. Death of the Italian historian, Davila, set. 55, of Sir Hugh Middleton, the projector of the New River, of Michael Drayton, set. 69, and of Sir Robert Cotton, the collector of the Cottonian Library, set 61. Birth of Dryden. Extended jurisdiction given by Charles to the council of York; he confirms, by proclamation, the orders of Elizabeth and James for the nobility and landed proprietors to reside on their estates in the country. Richelieu's enemies en- deavour to prevail by force of arms : the duke of Orleans submits, and again leaves France ; marshal de Marillac beheaded ; the duke de Montmorency, de feated by marshal Schomberg at Castelnaudry, undergoes the same punish ment, Oct. 30. Tilly restored to liberty, encounters the Swedes on the river Lech, is totally routed, and dies of his wounds. Gustavus Adolphus takes Mu- nich, May 17 ; is called to defend Saxony against Wallenstein ; battle of Liit- zen, Nov. 6 (16, n.s.) ; Gustavus Adolphus falls, set. 38, in the hour of victory ; Bernard of Saxe Weimar takes the command, and, in conjunction with Gustavus Horn, completes the triumph of the Protestants. Death of Sigismund, king of Poland, set 66; his son, Ladislas IV., repels an attack of the Russians on Smolensko and the recently acquired provinces. A colony of English Catholics, under lord Baltimore, settled in Maryland. Expulsion of the Portuguese from Abyssinia. The Dutch acquire the island of St. Eustatia. Death of Edward Fairfax, the translator of Tasso. Birth of John Locke, of Sir Christopher Wren, of Mabillon, afterwards one of the benedictines of St. Maur, of Samuel Puffen- dorf, of Spinoza, of John George Grsevius, and of Compton, afterwards bishop of London. 570 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1634 1635 1636 Hegiea. 1638 1639 1640 1044—1045 1045—1046 1046-1047 1047—1048 1048—1049 1049—1050 1050—1051 1052 Otto- man Em- pire. Popes. 11 Amu- rath IV. 12 11 Ur- ban VIII. Aug. 6. 12- 13 15 1 Ibra- him. Spain. Frahcb- 13PM- lipIV. 24 Lou- is XIII 16- 20- 21- 27' 28- BntJNS ■WICK. lFre deric II. WlB- TEM- BEBG. 6Eber hard HI. 13 14 2 Bran- den- burg 15 George Wil- liam. 18- 1 Fre- deric Wil- liam, the Great. Saxo-Bava- NY. I RIA 23 John 38 25- 26 28- 29- 31- Maxi- milian 40- 41- 42- 43- 45- Ger- many, ^Fer- dinand II, 16- 1 Fer- dinand III. 1 1633 TO 1G41 A.D. 571 Repe- tition Dates. Doges op Ve- nice. Savoy. Dukes of Parma. Dukes op Tus- cany. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Russia. Hol- land. Great Britafn. 1633 3 Fran- cesco Erizzo. 4 Victor Ama- deus. 12 Ed- ward. 13 Fer- dinand II. de' Medici. 46 Chris- tian IV. l Chris- tina. 2 La- dislas IV. 21 Mi- chael III. Rama- now. 9 Fre- deric Henry. 9Chas.I. March i?' b Jas 11. 1634 4 5 13 14 47 2 3— 22 10- 10 1635 isse 5 6^- 6 — 14 15 15 16 48 49 3 • 4 23 ■ 24 — 11 12 11 i 12 5 1637 7 1 Fran- cis Hya- cinth. 16 17 50 — - 5 6 25 — 13 13 1638 8— > ICharles Emanu- el II. 17 — — 18 ■ — - 51 - — 6 7 26 14 14 . 1639 9 2 18 19 — 52 7 8— 27 15 15 Portu- gal. 1640 10 is — 1 John IV. duke of Brrugcinia. 20 53 8 9— 28 — 16 16 1641 11 2 i 21 54 9 10— 29 17 1? 572 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1633 1634 1635 1637 1638 Birth of prince James, afterwards duke of York, and king. Gaiety of Charles's court. Vandyke patronized ; paints some of his finest portraits. The king- visits Scotland; is crowned at Holyrood House, June 18; holds a parliament, June 20; obtains supplies, and Acts favourable to episcopacy. Death of Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury ; Laud succeeds; Juxon bishop of London. Charles renews his father's permission for all lawful sports on Sunday evenings. The influence of Spain declines ; Richelieu fails in his attempt to unite the Italian States in a confederacy. Christina, ajt. 6, queen of Sweden ; Oxenstiern, regent, pursues the policy of Gustavus Adolphus ; treaty of Heilbron with France. The Pro- testants maintain their ascendancy in Germany, but the Palatinate is not re- stored to the elector. By the death of the archduchess Isabella, the Catholic Netherlands revert to Spain. Galileo compelled by the Inquisition to reject the Copernican system. Birth of Lully. Writ for levying ship-money. Arbitrary proceedings of the star-chamber; Prynne punished for his Histriomastiz. Death of the attorney-general, Noy, and of Sir Edward Coke, set. 84. The archduke Ferdinand defeats the Swedish general,. Horn, at Nordlingen, Sept. 6, n.s., and retrieves the Catholic cause in Germany. Wallenstein assassinated at Egra, set. 50. The Dutch take Curacoa. A wind- mill for sawing timber, prohibited in London. Noblemen and country gentlemen fined by the Star-chamber for not residing on their estates. Proclamation against hackney-coaches standing in the streets. Capture of Treves by the Spaniards ; Louis XIII. declares war against them and the emperor; contracts a new alliance with Holland. The marshals de Chatii- lon and de Bresse defeat prince Thomas of Savoy at Avein, near Luxemburg. A French army occupies the Valteline. Peace of Prague, between the emperor and the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg. Guadeloupe and Martinique ap- propriated by France. Grotius sent to Paris as ambassador from Sweden. Richelieu patron of the Academie Francoise, founded by Balzac, Vaugelas, and other learned men ; and of the Jardin des Plantes, formed by De la Brosse. Death of Lope de Vega, aet. 73, and of Old Parr, Nov. 15, set. 152. Birth of Madame de Maintenon, of Ruysdael, and of Stillingfleet. The lords Salisbury and Westmoreland, and Sir Christopher Hatton, fined for encroachments on the royal forest-lands. Resistance to ship-money ; the judges declare the impost lawful. John Hampden tries the question. The Spaniards invade Picardy, and advance towards Paris. War renewed in Italy. The vic- tory of the Swedish general, Banner, at Wittstock, gives the preponderance in Germany again to Protestants. Failure of an attempt to assassinate Richelieu. The university of Utrecht founded. Corneille produces his " Cid," at the Theatre Francois. Calderon succeeds Lope de Vega as the popular dramatist of Spain. Birth of Boileau. Continued severities of the Star-chamber ; Prynne is again its victim for sedition, together with Burton, Bastwick and Lilburne. Williams, bishop of Lincoln, prosecuted at the instigation of Laud. Judgment given against Hampden ; the levy of ship-money generally unpopular. Restrictions on emigration ; eight ships detained in the Thames, in which Hampden, Pyrn, Oliver Cromwell, and many other opponents of the government, are prevented leaving the country. The introduction of a liturgy into the church of Scotland violently obstructed; some of the bishops escape into England. Death of the emperor Ferdinand II., set. 59. Great efforts of France ; all its invaders repelled. Breda recovered from the Spaniards by the Statholder. The intolerance of the Jesuits causes a revolt in Hungary. Death of the duke of Savoy ; contest for the regency during the minority of his son. The Cossacks of the Don take Asof from the Turks. Des- cartes publishes his philosophical system. Birth of Tillernont. Tavernier travels in Persia. Hampden's case argued in the court of Exchequer, and decided against him. The Covenant signed in Scotland ; Charles obliged to give way ; episcopacy abolished in that country : the liturgy withdrawn ; the articles of Perth, canons, and high commission, repealed. The French invade Spain, and besiege Fontarabia ; are forced to retire. Death of Richelieu's counsellor and agent, father Joseph. 1033 TO 1611 A.D. 573 A.D. 163!) Events and Eminent Men. 1641 The Swedes, under Banner, are driven hack into Pomerania by Gallas. Bernhard of Weimar defeats the imperialists at Rheinfeld, and takes Brisach ; the French establish themselves in Alsace. Birth of the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XIV., Sept. 5, N.S. Death of Ben Jonson, set. 64, of Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, and the duke of Rohan, set. 59. Birth of Malebranche and Vauban. Charles threatens to oppose the French and Dutch in Flanders. Richelieu assists the Covenanters with money; they raise an army, commanded by the earlofLeven; the king advances to Berwick; pacification of Dunse, June 17 ; the Scotch parliament. Aug. 31, excludes the bishops ; want of money obliges Charles to disband his army ; the Scotch claim other immunities, and prepare to renew hostilities. Death of Bernhard of Weimar ; the French take his army into their pay, and occupy his conquests. Banner puts Gallas to the rout, pene- trates into Silesia and Bohemia, and approaches Vienna. Prince Thomas of Savoy, a competitor for the regency, takes Turin. Van Tromp captures or de- stroys two Spanish fleets in the Downs between Nieuport and Dunkirk, Sept. 16 and Oct. 31, n.s. The " Cinna " and "Horace" of Corneille are brought out. Death of Robert Burton, set. 63, and Sir Henry Wotton, xt. 71. Birth of Racine. Parliament assembles, Apr. 13 ; complains of gi'ievances, and votes no supplies; dissolved, May 5. The Scotch enter England, Aug. 20 ; Conway routed by them at Newburn, Aug. 28, and Newcastle occupied. The king goes to York, Aug. 29 ; holds a council of peers there, Sep. 24; negotiations at Ripon transferred to London. The Long parliament meets, Nov. 3 ; impeachment of Strafford. Nov. 11 ; Prynne and other victims of the Star-chamber set at liberty, Nov. 28; enter London in triumph; ship-money voted illegal, and the judgment against Hampden reversed, Dec. 9 ; Laud impeached, Dec. 18; the judges make com pensation for their unjust sentences, Dec. 22; the lord keeper, Finch, escapes to Holland, and secretary Windebank to France. Arras taken by the French ; their general, D'Harcourt, conquers Turin. Revolt of Catalonia. Portugal throws off the yoke of Spain, and calls the duke of Braganza to the throne. Banner de feats the imperial general De Werth, and nearly surprises the emperor and the Diet atRatisbon. Death of George William, elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, set. 45 ; his son, Frederic William, enters into the Protestant al liance with Sweden ; regains his States, and prepares the eminence of Prussia. English factories in Surinam, and Dutch in Malacca. The university of Abo founded. First performance of the " Polyeucte " of Corneille. Death of Rubens set. 63, and of Philip Massinger, set. 55. Birth of the duke of Orleans. The Parliament votes money for the Scotch army, Feb. 3. Sir Robert Berkeley, one of the judges of the King's Bench, impeached and arrested in his court ii Westminster hall, Feb. 14. Charles adopts conciliatory measures ; Pym chan cellor of the exchequer ; Hampden tutor to the prince of Wales ; the act for I Triennial parliaments receives the royal assent, Feb. 16. Subsidies granted. The Star-chamber abolished, and its rolls cancelled. Trial of lord Strafford March 22; bill of attainder passed by the Commons, Apr. 21; by the Lords, May 8 ; the king refuses his assent, but is obliged to comply ; Strafford beheaded, May 12, aet. 48. Visit of Charles to Scotland, Aug. 8. attended by a committee, of whom Hampden is one. Parliament adjourns, Sept. 9, having appointed a committee, with Pym as chairman, to watch public affairs during the recess. Rebellion in Ireland and massacre of the English, Sept. 23. Parliament reassem- bles, Oct. 20. Remonstrance of the Commons, Nov. 22. The king returns from Scotland, Nov. 25. Tumult of the apprentices in Westminster, Dec. 28 ; the name of " Roundheads " given to the popular party. Twelve bishops impeached, for denying the legality of Acts passed In their absence. Dec. 30. Death of the Swedish general, Banner ; Torstenson arrives with reinforcements, and succeeds him. Catalonia and Rousillon invite the French. Portugal concludes treaties of peace and alliance with France and Holland; the Dutch retain their colonial conquests. Dispute between John IV. and the pope, respecting the Portuguese bishoprics. Death of the duke of Sully, set. 81, of Sir Henry Spelman, set. 79, of Vandyke, get. 42, and of Domenichino Zampieri, set. 60. Birth of William, lord, Russell, and of Louvois, afterwards war-minister to Louis XIV. 574 FEOM THE YEAH A.D. Hegi- RA. 1642 1643 1644 1645 1053 1054 1055 1066 Otto- man Em- pire. 3 Ibra- him. Popes. 20 Urban VIII. Aug- 6. Spain. France. d. July 29, 1 Inno- cent X. Sept. 15. Bruns- wick. WlR- TEM- 22Phi- 33 Louis 7 Fre- 15 Eb- lipIV. XIII. derie erhard III 24- 25- 1 Louis XIV, Bran DEN- BURG. 3 Fre- deric Wil- liam, the Great. 10- 17- Saxo- ny. 3-2 John Geo- I. 33- Bava- KIA 47 Maxi- mili- an. Ger- many 6 Fer- dinand III. 35- 1642 TO 1645 A.D. 5/5 Repe- 1 tition 1642 Doges of Ve- nice, Savoy. Portu- gal. Tusca- ny. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Rus- sia. Hol- land. Great Britain, 12 Fran- cesco Erizzo, 5Charles Emanu- el II. 3 John IV. duke ofBra- ganza. 22Ferdi nand II de' Me- dici. 1643 1644 1645 15 55 Chris- tian IV. 10 Chris- tina. 11 La dislas IV. 30 Mi- chael III. Roma- 18 Fre deric Henry. i-JhaaJ, arch #. 56 25 57 58 19 14- 1 A lexis. 20 20 576 FEOM THE TEAB A.D. 1643 Events and Eminent Men. Charles irritates the Parliament and the nation, by attempting to arrest lord Kimbolton and five members of the House of Commons, Pym, Hampden, Hollis, Hazelrig, and Strode, Jan. 4; they are conducted in triumph by the people to take their seats, Jan. 11. The king leaves London the next day; the peers forbid lords Essex and Holland to attend him. Marriage of the princess Mary to the prince of Orange ; the queen embarks with her at Dover for Holland, Feb. 16. The Tower, Portsmouth, and Hull, occupied by parliamentary forces. Charles arrives at York, and attempts to levy tonnage and poundage by pro- clamation, March 19. The gates of Hull closed against him by Sir John Ho- tham, Apr. 23. Parliament calls out the militia ; the king countermands the order, May 5. A new great seal made and intrusted to commissioners, May 22. The queen sends a supply of arms and ammunition from Holland, June 2. Es- sex appointed commander of the forces by the parliament, and the earl of Northumberland admiral, July 12. The gates of Coventry shut against the king, Aug. 20; he sets up the royal standard at Nottingham, Aug. '22 ; takes Lin- coln, Aug. 25. Essex collects his army at Northampton, Sept. 2. Prince Ru- pert, son of the expelled elector Palatine, and nephew to the king, defeats a detachment near Worcester, Sept. 23. Battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23 ; victory claimed on both sides ; the earl of Lindsay, the king's general, and Sir Edmund Verney, his standard-bearer, slain ; and on the other side, lord St. John. The Parliament invites the Scots, Nov. 7. Prince Kupert makes a sudden advance towards London; is repulsed at Brentford, Nov. 15. Charles takes up winter quarters at Oxford, and Essex at Windsor, Dec. 1. Louis XIII. takes Perpig- nan. Death of Mary de' Medici, at Cologne, July 3. Cinqmars and De Thou beheaded for a conspiracy against Richelieu, who dies, Dec. 4, set. 57. The car- dinal Mazarine prime minister. Torstenson defeats the Austrians at Breiten- feld, near Leipsic, penetrates into Moravia, and takes Olmiitz. Tranquillity restored in Savoy under the regency of Christina, the young duke's mother, and the protection of France. Asof recovered by the Turks. Tasman discovers Van Diemen's land, and names it in honour of the governor of Batavia. Hob- bes, a refugee in France, writes his " Leviathan." Death of Galileo, set. 78, and of Guido Reni, set. 67. Birth of Henry Dodwell, of Holt, afterwards chief jus- tice, and of Isaac Newton. The civil war in England protracted by skirmishes or sieges. The queen lands in Yorkshire, with money and ammunition, Feb. 22. Sir William Waller defeats the royalists, under lord Herbert, near Gloucester, March 23. The parliament's general, lord Fairfax, overcome by the earl of Newcastle, at Bramham Moor, March 29 ; Reading surrenders to Essex, April 26. The earl of Stamford de- feated, at Stratton, in Cornwall, by the king's forces, under Sir Ralph Hopton, May 16; the royalist general, Goring, and a detachment made prisoners at Wakefield, May 21. Taunton and Bridgewater surrender to the parliament. June 5. The Scotch League and Covenant adopted by the Commons, June 15. In an encounter with prince Rupert, atChalgrove, near Oxford, Hampden receives a mortal wound, June 18, of which he dies, June 24, sat. 49. Lord Fairfax de- feated by the earl of Newcastle, on Atherton Moor, June 29. Edmund Waller, the poet, fined for a plot to betray London to the king, July 5. Sir William Waller defeated at Lansdown, near Bath, July 5, and again at Roundway Down, near Devizes, July 13. Prince Rupert takes Bristol, July 26. Gloucester, de- fended by colonel Massey, and relieved by Essex, Sept. 5. Oliver Cromwell, and young Sir Thomas Fairfax, distinguish themselves in a victory gained at Horncastle. Judge Berkeley released, on payment of a fine, Sept. 12. First battle of Newbury, Sept. 20. Essex repulses an attack, and continues his march towards London ;"the earls of Sunderland and Caernarvon are slain, and lord Falk- land, set. 3#. The earl (now marquis) of Newcastle besieges Hull, and is driven from his trenches by the garrison, Oct. 12. Death of Pym, Dec. 8, set. 59. The king and Essex in winter quarters at Oxford and Windsor. Death of Louis XIII., May 14, n.s., set. 42 ; his son, Louis XIV., succeeds, set. 5; regency of the queen-mother, Anne of Austria, assisted by cardinal Mazarine. The governor of the Spanish Netherlands, De Mello, invades France, is defeated at Rocroy, May L642 TO 1645 A.D. 57' Events akl Eminent Men. 19, by the duke d'Enghien ; his army of veterans annihilated. Victory of Dutlin- gen, gained over the French by Von Werth. Turenne, created marshal, receives the command in Germany. Torstenson conquers llolstein. Negotiations com- mence at Munster. Disgrace and death of the Spanish minister, Olivarez ; he is succeeded by his nephew, Louis de Haro. George Racoczy, prince of Transylvania, supports the revolted Hungarians. Cayenne colonized by the French. Van Diemen sends De Vries and Schaep to explore the ocean north of Japan. Death of the Remonstrant leader, Uitenbogart. Birth of Gilbert Burnet, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. A royalist army, brought from Ireland, surprised and captured by Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Nantwich, Jan. 15 ; colonel George Monk one of the prisoners. The Scotch, under the earl of Leven, cross the Tweed at Berwick, Jan. 19. The king calls a parliament at Oxford, Jan. 22 ; many heads of houses and fellows expelled from Cambridge; archbishop Laud brought to trial, March 12; gallant defence of Latham house by the countess of Derby ; relieved by prince Rupert, March 25. Lord Hopton defeated by Sir William Waller, at Cheriton Down, near Winchester, March 29. Bellasis, governor of York, taken by lord and Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Selby, April 11. The Oxford parliament dismissed, April 16. Siege of York, April 20 . Sir William Waller recovers Arundel castle from lord Hopton ; William Chillingworth, made prisoner there, dies a few days afterwards, set. 42. The king retreats from Oxford, May 22 ; birth of his youngest daughter, the princess Henrietta, at Exeter, June 16. Prince Rupert raises the siege of York, July 2 ; is totally defeated the next day, at Marston Moor, chiefly through the courage and skill of Cromwell. The marquis of New- castle, witli his family, and his lieutenant-general. Sir William Davenant, retire to Holland. Surrender of York, July 5. The queen embarks at Fal- mouth, for France, July 14. Esses, surrounded by the royalists at Lostwi-' thiel, in Cornwall, escapes by sea; his soldiers, under Skippon, surrender, are! disarmed and released, Sept. 1. Second battle of Newbury. The king retreats! to Wallingford, Oct. 27; recovers his artillery and returns to Oxford, Nov. l.j Laud, acquitted by the Peers, is attainted of high treason by the Common', Nov; 16. Cromwell's self-denying Ordinance, Dec. 9. Sir Roger L'Estrange, j condemned for an attempt on Lynn, is reprieved, and imprisoned in Newgate j Dec. 25. Sir Thomas Fairfax commander-in-chief of the parliamentary forces, Dec. 31. Victories of Turenne and the duke d'Enghien over the imperial ge- neral, Mercy, at Rothweil and Freyburg. Mentz and Philipsburg surrender to them. Gallas follows the Swedes into Jutland ; is totally defeated by Torstenson, who returns and occupies Bohemia again. Naval victory of the Swedes and Dutch over the Danes off Laaland. Sas van Ghent and Hulst taken by the Statholder. A Maltese galley, with a Turkish vessel, which it had captured, having been admitted into the port of Candia, leads to a war between the Vene- tians and Turks. Death of cardinal Bentivoglio, set. 65, and of the Remonstrant Episcopius Sir John Hotham and his son beheaded, Jan. 2 ; unwilling assent of thfl peers to Laud's attainder, Jan. 4: he is beheaded, Jan. 10, set. 72 ; negotiations at Ux bridge, Jan. 30 ; broken off, Feb 24. Charles takes Leicester, and marches to Daventry, May 31. Battle of Naseby, June 14; the king's cause utterly despe- rate; the earl of Montrose takes arms for him in Scotland, Sep. 1. Bristol taken by Fairfax and Cromwell, Sept. 9. Prince Rupert leaves England* Latham house surrendered by the countess of Derby, Dec. 4. Turenne, defeated by Mercy at Marienthal, is joined by the duke d'Enghien ; they retrieve the disaster by a great victory at Nordlingen. Torstenson gains the battle of Janowitz, and besieges Brunn ; from ill-health he resigns the command to Wrangel. The king of Denmark subscribes the treaty of peace at BrOmsebro. The count d'Harcourt defeats the Spaniards, and takes Balaguier. Alexis, set. 15, succeeds his father, Michael Romanow, in Russia; pernicious influence of his tutor, the boyar MorouzoiT. The greater part of Candia conquered by the Turks. Death of Sir Richard Baker, the chronicler, set. 77, of the earl of Arundel, of Grotius, I set. 62, and of Carre, earl of Somerset. Birth of Gronovius. __ __ 57? FROM THE TEAK A.D. Hegi BA. 1646 1057 1647 1058 1648 1649 1650 1060 1061 Otto- man Em- pike. 7 Ibra- him. Popes. 3 Inno- 26Phi- cent X. lip IV, Sept. 15 1 Feance 4 Louis XIV HFre- deric II. WlR- TEM- BEEG. 19 Eb- 7 Fre erhard deric Bean- den- BUEG. III. 1 Maho met IV, 30- 1 Chris- tian Louis Willi am, the Great, 20- Sax- ONY. 36 John George I. Bava KIA. 51 Maxi- mili 37- 10- 40- Gee- MANY. 10 Fer- dinand III. 12- 13- 14. 1646 TO 1650 A.D. 579 Repe- tition Doges op Ve- Savof. Portu- Tusca- Den- Swe- Po- KUfsiA Hol- Great Dates nice. gal. ny. JIAKK den. 14 Chris tina, land -15 La dislas IV. 1 land Britain 1646 1 Fran cesco Molino - 9 Chas Eraanu el II, 7 John IV. duke of Bra- ganza 26 Ferdi nand II. de' Me- dici. -59 Chris- tian IV. 2 Alexis 1 22Fre deric Hen- ry. 22ChasJ. March 27 . 1647 2 - — 10 8 27 60 15 16- S 1 Wil- liam II. 1648 3 11 9 28 1 Fre- deric III. 16 - — Uohn Casi- mir. 4 2 24 1649 4 12 10 29 17 2 5 3 i beheaded Jan. 30. 1 Com- mon- wealth. Jan. 30. j 1660 5- — 13 LI 30 -~- 3 18 1 3— *. . 6 1 The 3tat- nolder- ?hip acant. 2 V William III. 1 1 . 1 2 p 2 580 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. 1646 184? 1648 Events and Eminent Men. Dartmouth taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18. Lord Hop ton disbands his army, March 14 ; Lord Ashley, attempting to join the king at Oxford, is routed at Stow-on-the- Wold, March 21 ; Charles gives himself up to the. Scots at Newark, May 5. The marquis of Worcester surrenders Raglan castle; Aug. 19. The duke of Ormond yields Dt.blin. Montrose, defeated by David Leslie, retires to the continent. Death of the earl of Essex, Sep. 14, set, 50. Fairfax returns to London, Nov. 12. Success of the French in Flanders ; Courtrai, Mardyk, Furnes, and Dunkirk; taken. Turenne and Wrangel compel the elector of Bavaria to a treaty of neu« tralityat Ulm. The Swedes, under Konigsmark, take Prague. The count d'Har- court attempts the siege of Lerida. Death of the prince de Conde ; his son. Louis, the duke d'Enghien, inherits the title. Birth of Leibnitz and Flamstead. Charles is placed by the Scots in the hands of the commissioners sent by the par- liament, Jan. 30; is conducted to Holmby house, in Northamptonshire, Feb. 16. LHssensions between the Presbyterians and Independents i the former, prevailing in the parliament, vote the disbanding of the army, April 17 ; the latter, headed by Cromwell, Fairfax, and Ireton, rule the army, and refuse to lay down their arms. Cornet Joyce conducts the king to the camp, June 4 ; compensation de- manded by the army for their services, June 5 ; and the expulsion of Denzil Hollis, Sir William Waller, and nine other Presbyterians from the House of Com- mons, June 23. Tumults in London. The speakers o'f the Lords and Commons, with many members of both houses, place themselves under the protection of the troops at Hounslow, July 26 ; propositions for the settlement of the nation, framed by Ireton, are submitted to the king, and rejected, Aug. 1 ; the army occupies London ; restores the two speakers to their chairs. Fairfax governor of the Tower. Flight of the eleven impeached members, most of them beyond sea, Aug. 7. Hampton Court assigned for the king's residence, Aug. 16; he escapes to Titchfield, Nov. 11, and to the Isle of Wight, where he is confined in Carisbroke Castle ; four bills sent to him for the royal assent, Dec. 4, which he refuses. The prince of Conde foiled in an attempt on Lerida, Insurrection in Palermo sup- pressed. Masaniello revolts in Naples, July 7 ; is assassinated, July 16. The oppression of don John of Austria provokes another rebellion, Nov. 15 ; the duke of Guise, invited by the people, is defeated, and sent a prisoner to Spain, Death of the statholder, Frederic Henry ; he is succeeded by his son, William II. Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam. Hnyghens invents and applies the pendulum to clocks. Madame de Scudery, French novelist- George Fox founds the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Birth of Peter Bayle. Vote of the Commons, that no addresses be made to the king, Jan. 3. The parlia- ment of Scotland raises an army in his favour, March 10. Rising of the royalists in Wales, under colonel Langhorne, March 13 ; defeated by Cromwell, May 8; a similar attempt in Kent put down by Fairfax, at Maidstone, May 31 ; another at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, quelled by colonel Wade, June 7; a large part of the fleet deserts, and gives itself up to the prince of Wales, in Holland. The Scotch army, commanded by the duke of Hamilton, enters England, July 13 ; Sir Mar- maduke Langdale and Sir Philip Musgrove levy forces, which are dispersed by Cromwell at Preston, Aug. 17 ; he defeats the duke of Hamilton, who surrenders, with a large part of his army, at Uttoxeter. Cromwell marches to Edinburgh, and puts down all resistance in Scotland. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle attempt to make head in Essex ; are besieged in Colchester castle by Fair- fax, taken and shot, Aug. 28. Commissioners, sent by the parliament to New- port, open negotiations with the king, Sept. 18. Cromwell returns into England with his army, Nov. 20. Treaty of Newport broken off, Nov. 27 ; remonstrance of the army, demanding that the. king be brought to justice, N6V. 30; he is removed by colonel Ewen to Hurst castle ; the army enters London, Dec. 2., Re- solution of the Commons, that the concessions offered by the king are a sum oient ground for the settlement of the kingdom, Dec. 5 ; the Presbyterian members of the House excluded by "Pride's purge," Dec 6; Cromwell comes to London and receives the thanks of the Commons, Dec. 7 ; the king brought by colonel Harrison from Hurst castle to Windsor, Dec. 23; a committee of the Com- mons appointed to consider their form of proceeding, Dec. 25 ; a solemn fast, 646 TO 1650 A.D. 581 Events and Eminent Men*. Dec. 27 ; charges against the king drawn up, Dec. 28 ; major Pitcher, a royalist, shot in St. Paul's church-yard, Dec. 29. The elector of Bavaria breaks the treaty of Ulm ; is compelled to renew it by the victory of Wrangel and Turenne at Som- mershausen. Conde defeats the archduke Leopold at Lens in Artois, Aug. 20. Civil war of the " Fronde " in France ; day of the barricades, Aug. 26. The treaty of Minister, or Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 24, m s., puts an end to the Thirty Years' War in Germany. Religious Liberty secured to the Protestants. The greater part of the Palatinate restored to the son of Frederic V. The independence of the Seven United Provinces and of Switzerland recognized. Brandenburg ac- quires a part of Pomerania, Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Minden, &c. ; Sweden, a part of Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, and Ve-rdeu ; France, Alsace, and other terri- tories. Spain continues hostilities against France and Portugal. Pope Innocent governed by his sister-in-law, Olympia Maldachini ; he issues a Bull, declaring the treaty of Munster null and void ; no attention is paid to it. Death of Chris- tian IV., March 9, set. 71 ; the prerogatives of his son, Frederic III., are much restricted by the nobility. Death of Ladislas, king of Poland, set 53; his bro- ther, John Casimir. is elected. Sultan Ibrahim punished by deposition and death ; the accession of his son, Mahomet 111., only four years old, is followed by anarchy. Leo Allatius proposes his plan for re-uniting the Eastern and Western churches. Death of lord Herbert of Cherbury, eet. 67. Birth of Humphrey Prideaux. The Lords refuse to concur in the proceedings against the king, Jan. 2 ; the Commons vote themselves competent to act alone, Jan. 4 ; commissioners ap- pointed, Jan. 6; protest of the Scotch; Fairfax withdraws, Jan. 8; Bradshaw, chief justice of Chester, made lord president of the high court of justice, Jan. 10 ; the king removed from Windsor to St. James's, Jan. 15 ; brought before the court, denies its jurisdiction, Jan. 20; is condemned, Jan. 27 ; execution of the sentence before Whitehall, Jan. 30, set. 49. The Commons abolish the House o£ Lords, Feb. 6; a council of State appointed, Bradshaw president, and Milton foreign secretary, Feb. 14 ; the duke of Hamilton, earl Holland, and lord Capel, beheaded, March 2. The prince of Wales takes the title of Charles II., at the Hague, is proclaimed by the parliament in Scotland, and by the earl of Ormond in Ireland, March 19 ; the earl of Pembroke elected knight of the shire for Berks, lord Salisbury a member for Lynn, and lord Howard for Carlisle, April 16; sale of dean and chapter lands, April 30, and of erown lands, July !6 ; Cromwell, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Aug. 16 ; takes Drogheda, and mas- sacres the garrison, Sept. 11. The treaty of Ru>eil restores internal peace in France, but Conde" forms a more powerful " Fronde." The Spaniards recover Ypres and St. Venant ; the count d'Haroourt take-s Maubeuge and Conde. George Fox imprisoned at Nottingham. Death of Fred. Spanhein, and of Gerard John Vos- sius, set. 72. Birth of Somers. ' Scotch commissioners meet prince Charles at Breda, March 15. The marquis of Montrose lands in Scotland, April 20; is defeated, taken prisoner, and hanged, May 21. Cromwell returns from Ireland and resides in St. James's palace, May 31. Charles arrives in Scotland, June 23 ; having taken the covenant, he is proclaimed king, July 15. Cromwell passes the Tweed, July 22. Battle of Dunbar, Sep. 3 ; victory ,'of Cromwell. Death of the princess Elizabeth, at Caris- broke castle, Sep. 8, set. 15. Edinburgh castle surrenders,Dec. 24; the remnant of the Scotch army retires to Stirling. The statholder fails in an attempt to seize Amsterdam, and obtain absolute power ; he dies of the small-pox ; eight days afterwards, his son. William III., is born; the States-General rule without a statholder. The princes of Conde and Conti, and the duke de Longueville, arrested ; Turenne takes refuge in Flanders, and assists Leopold in his war against France ; they are defeated by marshal Duplessis Praslin, at Rothel, Dec 15. Christina causes her cousin, Charles Gustavus, son of the duke of Deux- Ponts, to be recognized as her successor; Descartes, invited by her to Stockholm, dies there, Feb. 11, set. 54. Settlement of North Carolina. The Jesuits accuse the Jansenists of heresy. Birth ot Madame Dacier, and of John Churchill, after- wards duke of Marlborough. The Dutch take possession of the Cape of Good Hope. 562 FEOM THE TEAI A.D. Hegt- RA. 1651 1062 1652 1063 1653 1064 1654 1065 1655 1066 1656 1067 Otto- man Em- pire. 4 Maho- met IV. Popes. 8 Inno- cent X Sept. 15. rf.Jan. 7. 1 Alex- ander VII. April 7- Spain, 3lPki- lipIV France. 9 Louis XIV. Brdns WICK. WlR- TEM- BERG. 33 11 12 1657 10S8 1069 10 37- 4 Chria- 24 Eb- tian erhard Louis, i III. 25— Bran- den BURG 28- 12Fre- derie Willi- am, the Great, Saxc- 41 John George I. 42- Bava- ria. 1 Fer- dinand Maria, Ger- many. ^Fer- dinand III. 16" 44- 45 ! 5- 1 John George II. 19- 1651 TO 1657 A.D 583 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of Ve- nice. Savoy. Portu- gal. Tus- cany. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Kussia. Hol- land. Great Britain, 1651 6 Fran- cesco Molino. 14 Chas. Emanu- el II. 12 John IV. duke of Bra- ganza. 31Fer- dinand II. de' Medici. 4 Fre- deric III. 19 Chris- tina. 4 John Casi- mir. 7 Alexis The Stat- holder- 3hip vacant. 3 Com- mon- wealth. Jan. 30 1652 7 15 ■ 13 32 5 20 5 8 4 1663 8 16 14 33 6 21 6 9 Johnde Witt, Grand Pen- sionary. g 1 Oliver Crom- well, Protector. Dec 16. 1654 9 17 15 34 7 1 Chas. X. Gus- tavus. 7 10 2 1655 1 Carlo Conta- rino. 18 16 35 8 2 8 11 3 1656 1 Fran- cesco Cornaro- 1 Ber- tuccio Valiero. 19 1 Alfon- so VI. 36 9 3 9 12 4 1657 2 20 2 37 10 4 10 13 5 A 584 FROM THE YEAE A.D. 1651 16M and Eminent Men. Charles crowned at Scone, Jan. 1. Cromwell crosses the Forth, takes Perth, and advances to the North, July 31. Charles invades England and enters Carlisle, Aug. 6; Cromwell pursues him, leaving a part of his army, under Monk, to besiege Stirling, which surrenders. Aug 14. Charles reaches Worcester, Aug. 22. Crom- well overtakes him, Aug. 28; battle of Worcester, Sept. 3. Charles a fugitive at Whiteladies. Hampton Court and alarge estate voted to Cromwell, Sept. 12; grants to other officers. Ireton refuses to accept any, till the debts of the State are paid. Limerick surrenders. Quarrel with the Dutch about the right of fishing, the mas- sacre at Amboyna, and colonial encroachments. Charles evades his pursuers ; es- capes on one occasion, concealed in an oak-tree ; lands at Fescamp in Normandy, Oct. 17. Ireton dies of the plague at Limerick, Nov. 26. Navigation Act, Dec. 1. The island of St. Helena occupied by the English. Louis XIV., set. 13, declared to be of age ; the princes released from prison, but continue hostile to the court. Cardinal Mazarine retires to Cologne. Tur.enne returns to his allegiance. Conde, acting in concert with the Spaniards, lays siege to Cognac, which the count d'Harcourt compels him to abandon. Naval victory of the Venetians over th Turks near Scio, June 24. Death of John Ford, get. 65. Birth of Thomas Otway and of Fenelcn. Project of Chief Justice St. John, ambassador at the Hague, for a close coalition between Great Britain and the United Provinces. The Dutch ambassadors leave England, June 30 ; war between the two republics; sea-fight near Ply- mouth, Aug. 16. Blake defeats de Witt and de Ruyter on the coast of Kent, Oct, 22; is surprised in the Downs by Van Tromp, Nov. 29; who takes six English ships, drives the rest up the Thames, and sails through the channel with a broom at his mast-head. Mazarine recalled by Louis ; Conde - defeats Turenne near the Faubourg St. Antoine, and enters Paris, July 2 ; the cardinal retires again to Sedan; the duke de Lorraine abandons the Fronde. Conde quits Paris and goe.: to the Spanish Netherlands, Oct. 18. The cardinal de Retz imprisoned at Vin cennes. Don John of Austria takes Barcelona, Oct. 13, and suppresses the re- volt of Catalonia. The archduke Leopold recovers Gravelines and Dunkirk The Dutch fortify the Cape of Good Hope. Death of Inigo Jones, set. 80, and of Petavius, set. 69. Birth of Tallard, afterwards marshal, A naval engagement of three days, Feb. 18—20, in which Blake gains a great vic- tory over Van Tromp. Cromwell marches a file of musqueteers into the House of Commons, takes the mace from the table, pulls the speaker out of the chair, dismisses the members, and locks the doors. End of the long Parliament, April 20. A naval victory off the North Foreland, June 2, of the English, commanded by Monk, over Van Tromp. The English admiral Deane killed ; twenty Dutch ships captured, and the rest chased into their own harbour. Ambassadors arrive from Holland to treat of peace, June 20. Cromwell, by his own summons, collects the assembly or council called " Barebones Parliament," July 4 Blake and Monk defeat the Dutch on the coast of Holland, July 29; thirty of their men-of- war destroyed. Van Tromp falls in this battle, set. 56. An Act for the so- lemnization of marriages by justices of the peace, Aug. 24. The "Barebones" resign their authority to the council of officers, Dec. 12 ; who draw up " The In- strument," by which they appoint Cromwell " Lord Protector," Dec. 16. Maza- rine, recalled by Louis to Paris, regains his former influence in the government. End of the civil wars of the Fronde. John de Witt, grand pensionary of Hol- land, presides over the administration of the United Provinces. A papal Bull condemns the doctrines of the Jansenists. Birth of Villars, afterwards marshal, and of Fleury, afterwards cardinal. The French ambassador arrives to treat for an alliance with Great Britain, March 27. Peace concluded with the United Provinces, April 5 ; all Cromwell's demands are conceded, and by a separate article, De Witt, on the part of the province of Holland, stipulates that the prince of Orange, shall not be appointed statholder. General Monk commands in Scotland. The brother of the Portuguese ambas- sador executed for murder, July 10. Charles leaves Paris and retires to Cologne, Parliament assembles, Sept. 3 ; refuses to make the protectorship hereditary, Oct. 19. Fleetwood marries Cromwell's daughter, the widow of Ireton, and is made go- 1651 TO 1G57 A.D. 585 Events and Eminent Men. vemor of Ireland. Death of Cromwell's mother, daughter of Sir Richard Stewart, Nov. 17. Pai-liamentary inquiry into the opinions of John Biddle, the father of English Unitarians, Nov. 30. First meeting of Quakers in London. Cond£ com- mands the Spanish forces in Flanders; is defeated at Arras by Turenne, who takes Quesnoy ; Louis XI V. present at the capture of Stenay sur Meuse. Chris- tina, eat. 28, resigns the crown of Sweden to her cousin, June 16 ; her chancellor, Oxenstiern, retires and dies, set. 71. The Cossacks, oppressed in Poland, place themselves under the protection of Russia. The Portuguese, De Vieyra, recovers Brazil from the Dutch. Death of Selden, Oct. 30, set. 70. Parliament dissolved by Cromwell, Jan. 22. Admirals Penn and Venables fail in an attack on St. Domingo, April 13 ; take Jamaica, May 3. Blake commands the Mediterranean ; obtains redress from the grand duke of Tuscany ; compels Al- giers and Tunis to give up their English captives, and desist from piracy Vane, Bradshaw, and,other leading republicans, imprisoned. The press subjected to a licenser. Treaty with France, Oct. 24. Turenne takes Landrecy, Conde, Mau- beuge, and other towns. The Spanish general, Caracena, obliged to raise the siege of Reggio. Prince Thomas of Savoy, and the duke of Modena, with a French army, besiege Pavia ; they abandon the attempt, Sept. 15. The Venetians destroy a Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles, June 21 ; unsuccessful siege of Na- poli di Romania. The governments of England and Holland, and the Hugue- nots of France, interfere effectually to stop the persecution of the Waldenses by the duke of Savoy. Christina embraces the Catholic faith, and is received with great solemnity at Rome, Dec. 19. The Swedes, Russians, and Cossacks. over- run Poland ; flight of John Casimir into Silesia. Death of Usher, archbishop of Armagh, March 31, set. 75, and of Gassendi, xt. 63. Birth of Montfaucon. War declared by Spain against Great Britain, Feb. 16 ; Blake captures or destroys a Spanish fleet near Cadiz ; parliament meets, Sept. 17 ; makes it treason to at- tempt the life of the Protector, Oct. 27 ; debates on offering to him the title of king ; punishes Nay lor, a quaker, for blasphemy, Dec. 17. Campaign of Tu- renne against the prince of Conde. Death of prince Thomas of Savoy ; the duke of Modena conducts the war in Italy. The Venetians destroy a Turkish fleet, June 26, but lose their admiral, Lorenzo Marcello ; take the islands of Lemnos and Tenedos. Truce of Wilna between Russia and Poland ; Smolensko and the other conquests of Ladislas restored to Russia. Death of John IV., king of Portugal, set, 52 ; he is succeeded by his son. While defending themselves at home, against Spain, the Portuguese lose their best colonies ; Colombo in Ceylon, and Calicut in Malabar, taken by the Dutch. Alliance of the elector of Brandenburg with Sweden ; he releases his duchy of Prussia from its feudal allegiance to Po- land. The Jansenists of Port Royal are controverted by the Jesuits ; a papal Bull is issued against them; Antony Arnauld expelled from the Sorbonne. Pascal writes his " Provincial Letters." Death of bishop Hall, set. 82. Birth of Halley . Detection of Syndercombe's plot to assassinate Cromwell, Jan. 19 ; treaty of alli- ance with France, March 23 ; decision of parliament to offer the crown to the Protector, April 13 ; Lambert, Pride, Desborough, Fleetwood, and other officers, petition him not to accept it, April 20; he finally refuses it May 8; Blake destroys a fleet, in the harbour of Santa Cruz ; returning home, he dies within sight of the English coast, Aug. 17, set. 58 ; marriage of Cromwell's youngest daughter to a grandson of the earl of Warwick, Nov. 11 ; and of his daughter Mary, to viscount Faulconbridge, Nov. 17 ; he creates anew house of lords, Dec. 11. Death of the emperor Ferdinand III., Apr. 2, set. 49 ; his son Leopold inherits Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary ; the imperial throne vacant till the follow- ing year. John Casimir, by the treaty of "Welau, recognizes the independence of Prussia, cedes Elbing, and detaches the elector of Brandenburg from Sweden. Denmark declares war against Charles Gustavus, who leaves Poland, and invades Jutland. Christina, during a visit at Paris, causes Monaldeschi, one of her suite, to be assassinated. The Venetians lose Lemnos and Tenedos : their captain- general, Mocenigo, falls in an encounter with the Turks. They purchase aid from the pope and Louis XIV., by readmitting the Jesuits into their city. Death of Dr. William Harvey, set. 79. Birth of Le Clerc and Fontenelle. 586 FIIOM THE YEAR A.D. 1659 1660 1661 1662 Hegiea. 1070—1071 1071—1072 1072—1073 1072-1074 Otto MAN EM PIRE. llMaho- met IV. Popes. Spain, 4Alex-|38Phi- anderiipIV VII. April 7 France 39. 42- Bbons wick. 11 Chris- tian Louis, Wir- TEM- BERG 31 Eb erhai'd III. 19 32 20 33- Bran- DEN- BURG. 19Fre- deric Willi- am, the Great. Saxo 3 John George II Bava- ria, 8 For- dinand Maria 10 Ger- many 1 Leo poldl 1658 TO 1662 A.D. 587 1658 Doges of Ve- nice. 1 Gio- vanni Pesaro. 1 Dome nico Conta- reno II Savoy. 21 Chas Emanu- el II. Portu- gal. 3 Alfon so VI. Tusca- ny. 38 Ferdi- nand II. de' Me- dici. Den- ma kk 11 Fre- deric III. 1661 3 24 1662 Swe- den. 5Chas X. Gus- tavus. 40 Po- land HJohn Casi- mir. IChas. XI HOL- LAND 14 Alexis. John de Witt Grand Pen- sion- ary. Great Britain.] 14 Oliver Crom- er ell, Pro- tector. !. Sep 3. I Richard Caomwell. Sep. - 17 3 18 1 Chas. II. re- stored, May 26. Regnal Year, 12, Jan .30 A.Georgel, 2(13% m. Kath'i rine of Braganza. i-Q- Mary 588 FROM THE YEAR A.D, 1658 Events and Eminent Mi The two houses of parliament assemble, Jan. 20; are dissolved, Feb. 4 ; a plot of the cavaliers discovered, March 17 ; colonel Saxby dies in the Tower, reputed author of a pamphlet " Killing- no Murder ;" an English force under Reynolds co-operates with Turenne in Flanders ; they defeat Conde in the battle of the Dunes, June 14; Dunkirk surrenders, and is given np to the English; capture of Ypres, Oudenarde, and other towns: Cromwell projects the partition of the Spanish Netherlands with France ; death of his favourite daughter, Mrs. Clay- pole, Aug. 6; he is attacked by illness at Hampton Court, Aug. 12; removes to Whitehall, where he dies, Sept. 3, set. 59 ; his son, Richard, declared Protector Leopold elected emperor of Germany, July 18. Charles Gustavus crosses the Belts on the ice, appears before Copenhagen, and compels the king of Denmark to sign the peace of Roskild, Jan. 3 ; breach of this treaty ; the Swedes be- siege Copenhagen. War renewed in Lithuania between the Poles and Rus- sians. Aurungzebe dethrones his father, Shah Jehan, and occupies the Mogul sovereignty of India. Expulsion of the Socinians from Poland ; some join the Unitarians of Transylvania ; others are received among the Arminians in Hol- land. Birth of Purcell and of Charles, earl of Peterborough. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 27 ; cabals of republicans, army, and royalists, create confusion; by desire of Fleetwood and the Wallingford-house party, Richard dissolves the parliament, April 22 ; withdraws to Hampton Court, and ceases to exercise authority ; the government still carried on in his name ; the remain- ing members of the Long oi Rump parliament reassemble, with Lenthal for speaker, May 6. Treaty of the Hague, alliance of England, France, and Hol- land, May 21. Richard submits to the parliament and receives a pension, May 25 ; his brother, Henry, lieutenant of Ireland, submits, June 22. Charles re- moves from Brussels to Calais, Aug. 1. A royalist club, called "the Sealed Knot," prepares an insurrection, which is suppressed by Lambert at Namptwich, Aug. 19 : the officers threaten the parliament, Oct. 5 ; the parliament cashiers them, Oct. 12 ; Lambert deposes the parliament, Oct. 13 ; a military Committee of safety, Oct. 26 ; Monk disapproves their proceedings, and secures Berwick, Oct. 29. Death of Bradshaw, Oct. 31. Monk declares for the parliament against the officers, Nov. 2 ; he summons a convention in Scotland, Nov. 17 ; Lambert marches to Newcastle to oppose him, Nov. 18 The governor of Portsmouth and admiral Lawson declare for the parliament, Nov. 24. Fairfax assembles a meet- ing on Marston Moor, which demands a free parliament, Dec. 24. Lambert's forces desert him, and join Fairfax who takes possession of York, and conv municates with Monk. Peace of the Pyrenees, between France and Spain, Nov. 7. Pope Alexander offended because his ministers were not allowed to take part in this treaty. Trie Dutch, Poles, and Prussians assist the king of Denmark, and compel Charles Gustavus to abandon the siege of Copenhagen. The prince de Conde" is restored to his dignities and possessions, and the duke of Savoy to his States. Performance of Moliere's first play, "Les Preeieuses Ridicules." Birth of Francis Fagel. Monk enters England with his army, Jan. 1; marches into London, Feb. 4; restores the Presbyterians to their seats in the House of Commons, and is appointed general of the forces, Feb. 21. Lambert committed to the Tower, March 6. Parliament dissolved, and a Council of State constituted, March 16. Charles removes to Breda, and, through Sir John Grenville, communicates with Monk, April 4. The New, or Convention Parliament, meets, April 25 ; Charles's letters are laid before the two houses, and they acknowledge him as king, May 1-. Sir Matthew Hale and Prynne recommend limitations to the royal power ; their sug- gestions are over-ruled ; the city of London and the fleet declare for Charles II., May 3 ; he is proclaimed, May 8, and in Ireland, May 14 ; lands at Dover, May 25 ; makes his entry into London, May 29, but in all public acts the year of his reign is dated from the day of his father's death. An act passes to con- stitute the convention a parliament, June 1. Nineteen of the judges of Charles I. are induced to surrender by a promise of pardon, June 6 ; this promise is violated, and they are brought to trial, Aug. 29. The duce of York re-married to Anne. Hyde, daughter of lord chancellor Clarendon, Sept. 3. Cessation of hostilities against Spain, Sep. 29. Death of the duke of Gloucester, t. 83, of the duke de la Rochefoucault, £et. 67, of Samuel Butler, set. 68, of the earl of Rochester, set. 32; of Sir Peter Lely, set. 63; of Gerard Dow, set. 67, of Bernini, ast. 82, and of the imperial general, Montecuccoli, Oct. 17. Birth of the duke of Ripperda. Sir Christopher Wren, president of the Royal Society. 602 FROM THE TEAE A.D. 1681 Hegi 1094 1683 1095 1684 1097 Otto- man Em- I PIRE. 34Maho- met IV. 35 36 37 Popes. 6 Iirno- centXl Sept. 21 Spain i?Chas II. 20- France, Bruns- wick. i9 Louis XIV |43 Wtr- TEM- BERG 17 Geo. 5Eber- Wil- hard liani I. Louis. 20. Bran- den- Saxo-|Bava- urg. ny. ria. 12 Fre deric Willi am, the Great. 2 John 3Max- George III imUian Em an- uel. Ger- many, 24Leo poldl 25- ,27 46 [681 TO 1685 A.D. 603 Repe- tition Dates. BOOTES op Ve- nice. Savot. Portu- gal. Tusca- ny. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. RlTH- S1A. Hol- land. Great Britain, 1681 6 Luigi Conta- rino. 7 Victoi Ama- deus II. 15 Pedro II, 12 Cos- mo III ^Chris- tian V. 22 Chas. XI. 8 John III. Sobi- esky. 6 Feo- dorlll. 10 Wil- liam III Stair holder. 22 Chas. II. re- stored, May '29. Regnal Year, '. 33, Jan.30. 1682 7 • — 8 16 13 13 23 9 1 1 wan V. and Peter I. 11 23 (34). 1683 8 9 17 14 — - 14 24 fc> 2 1 12 24 (35). b. Geo.IJ. 1684 IM.Ant. Giusti- qiani. 10 18 15 15 25 11 - 13 25 (36). 1685 2 — 11 19 16 ~— 16 — 2* 12 14 d. Feb" 6 Uas.II. Feb. 6. Qu. Maria Beatrice ofModeca. 604 FROM THE TEAR lA.D. 1681 Events and Eminent Men. 1682 16S3 The Cornnons resolve to grant no supplies, till an Act be passed to exclude the duke of York, Jan. 7 ; the king prorogues parliament, in anticipation of which the Commons pass strong resolutions, 10. Pitzharris committed to Newgate for a libel, Feb. 28; removed to the Tower, March 11. New parliament meets at Oxford, 21 ; Exclusion Bill again introduced, and parliament dissolved, 28; the king publishes a defence of his proceedings, April 8 ; answered by Somers, Alger- non Sidney, and Jones. Lord Wn, Howard charged with having written Fitzharris's libel, June 12; Shaftesbury imprisoned, July 2. The prince of Orange arrives in England, 23. The duke of York, high commissioner, opens the Scotch parliament, 28. Oates turned out of Whitehall, and deprived of his pen- sion, Aug. 30. An order in council for relieving the French refugees, Sept. 7. The indictment against Shaftesbury thrown out by the grand jury, Nov. 24 ; re- joicing of the citizens. Argyle, convicted of high treason in Scotland, escapes from prison, Dec. 19. Louis, in time of peace, compels the duke of Mantua to sell Casal to him ; seizes Strasburg, Sept. 30, and blockades Luxemburg ; sends an expedition against Algiers. The canal of Languedoc, completed by the engineer Riquet, May 1 ; opened, 19. A national council convoked in France to settle the dispute with the pope. The duke of Medina Celi minister in Spain. Diet of Odenburg ; the emperor's concessions divide the patriots; Tekeli applies to the Turks. Peace between Russia and the sultan. Bcssuet bishop of Meaux. Mabillon publishes " De Re Diplomatica." Death of Ruysdael, set. 46 ; his pupil, Hobbima, fl. Birth of Edward Young and John Law, First museum of natural history in London. Order of council forbids intercourse with the duke of Monmouth, May 8 ; sets aside the sheriffs-elect of London, and obtains two others favourable to the court party, July 15 : corporations remodelled by writs of Quo Warranto, and juries packed, to pervert the course of justice; Shaftesbury withdraws to Holland, Oct. 19. Death of prince Rupert, Nov. 30, set. 62. Penn colonizes Pennsylvania, and founds Phila- delphia. The council of French clergy adopts the four propositions of Bossuet, by which the Gallican church is declared independent, and the papal authority merely spiritual ; the pope resists. Tekeli, assisted by the Turks, maintains his contest ; defence of Munkatz by his countess. Death of the czar Feodor ; his sister, Sophia, regent in the name of her brothers, I wan V., of weak intellect, and Peter I., st. 10. The protests of Spain, England, and Holland, oblige Louis to desist from the blockade of Luxemburg ; admiral Duquesne bombards Algiers. The Turks collect an army for the invasion of Germany ; the emperor enters into alliance with Sobiesky and other princes. Death of Heneage Finch, earl of Nottingham, lord chancellor, Dec. 18, set. 61, of the duke of Lauderdale, set. 66, of Sir Thomas Browne, set. 77, of Murillo, set. 64, and of Claude Lorraine, set. 82. Birth of Wm.Pulteney, afterwards earl of Bath, and of Archibald, duke of Argyle. A penny-post first established in London by a private individual, named Murray. Death of Shaftesbury at Amsterdam, Jan. 22, set. 62 , new charters granted to corporate towns, April 7 ; proceedings against the corporation of London, May 2 ; the charter forfeited, June 12; Rye-house plot, 14; submission of the city of Lon- don ; the king to have a veto on the election of lord mayor, sheriffs, and other officers, 18 ; arrest of lord Wm. Russell, 28 ; trial and condemnation, July 13 ; beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields, set. 42, 20 ; decree of the university of Oxford against the doctrine of resistance, 24; marriage of the princess Anne to prince George of Denmark, 28 ; Jeffreys lord chief justice of the King's Bench, Sept. 28 ; the municipal franchises of London forfeited, and the magistates and officers ap- pointed by royal commissions, Oct. 4 ; Algernon Sidney arraigned, Nov. 7 ; tried, 21 ; condemned, 26 ; beheaded on Tower Hill, set 66, Dec. 7 ; the Duke of Mon- mouth pardoned, but banished to Holland, 25. George Augustus, son of the elector of Hanover, and afterwards George II. of England, born, Nov. 10. Siege of Vienna by the Turks, July 14; they are compelled to retire with great loss, by John So- biesky, and the confederated princes of Germany, Sept. 12 ; defeated again at Bar- kan, and Gran taken from them, Oct. 27 ; the grand vizir, Kara Mustapha, strangled for his failure. Louis renews his hostile courses against Spain and Ger- many ; another league at the Hague to resist him. Death of his queen, Maria 1681 TO 1685 A.D. 605 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1685 ( Theresa, June 30, set. 45 ; Madame de Maintenon his favourite mistress. Death of ; Colbert, Sept. 6, set. 64 ; the office of marine secretary given to his son Seignelay. I First descent of the Mississippi by the French from Canada, and establishment of Louisiana. Algiers again bombarded by Duquesne, June 27. Death of AI- i fonso, the deposed king of Portugal, of De Mezeray, the historian, set. 73, and of 1 Izaak Walton, the Complete Angler, set. 90. Birth of Conyers Middleton, of I Reaumur, and of Belleisle, afterwards marshal. |A severe frost for thirteen weeks, ending Feb. 5 ; a fair held, and an ox roasted on j the ice of the Thames. John Hampden fined £40,000 for a misdemeanour; the earl of Danby admitted to bail, and the catholic lords released, Feb. 12 ; lord | Petr<> died a month before ; Sir Samuel Barnardiston fined £10,000 for a misde- meanour, Feb. 14 ; Tangier abandoned and the fortifications demolished, April 2 ; the castle of Dublin burnt, 7 ; the new charter resisted at Nottingham, May 2 ; John Duttou prosecuted by the duke of York for defamation, and fined £100,000, 3; Plymouth accepts a new charter, July 7; many other corporations do the sanie. More aggressions of Louis XIV. ; Luxemburg. Courtrai, and Dix- mude, forcibly occupied by his troops ; Genoa bombarded by his fleet. Spain too weak to resist, and the emperor occupied by his Turkish war. agree to the treaty of Ratisbon ; Strasburgand Luxemburg ceded to France ; Holland assents. The duke of Lorraine besieges Buda, and defeats the seraskier, July 25. The Venetians join the league ; take the island of Santa Maura, and Prevesa. The king of Siam sends an embassy to France. Bayle begins his journal, " Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres." Death of Corneille, Feb. 17, aet. 78. Birth of Handel, of Berkeley, afterwards bishop of Cloyne, of earl Bathurst, and of Talbot, afterwards lord chancellor. Le Fort tutor of the czar Peter. Death of Charles II., at Whitehall, Feb. 6, set. 55. His illegitimate descendant; are, the dukes, of Grafton, from Henry Grafton, son of Barbara Villiers ; of St. Alban's, from Charles Beauclerc. son of Nell Gwynne ; and of Richmond, from Charles Lennox, son of Louisa Querouaille, duchess of Portsmouth. Acces- sion of James II. ; his secret advisers are a cabal of catholic lords and father j Petre, of whom the earl of Sunderland is the mover. He promises to maintain 1 the existing laws, but breaks them by ordering the continuance of taxes which | had expired with the late king, Feb. 9, and by going publicly to mass, 12. His I imprudence is blamed even by the pope and the Spanish ambassador. Proclama- l ! tion for the discharge of imprisoned recusants, April 16 ; he claims the arrears of his brother's pension from Louis XIV., and solicits its continuance. Con> nation of the king and queen, 23. Titus Oates condemned to another fine, whip- ping and pillory, May 6. Meeting of parliament ; the Commons, a packed, sub servient assembly, chiefly elected under the new charters, 19. Rebellion of Argyle in Scotland. Dangerfield condemned to a fine, pillory and whipping, 30, dies of a wound received during the execution of his sentence, June 1. The duke of Monmouth lands at Lyme, June 11. Argyle defeated and captured, 17 ; beheaded at Edinburgh, 30. Parliament, having voted supplies, is adjourned, July 2. Battle of Sedgemoor, 6. Monmouth beheaded, 15, set. 36. Jeffries arrives at "Win- chester, Aug. 27 ; judicial massacre perpetrated by him and Kirke in the western counties. Alderman Cornish and others condemned for high treason, Oct. 19 ; Mrs Gaunt burnt ; other prosecutions and executions follow. Parliament meets, Nov. ! ! 9 ; the king demands supplies to maintain a larger army ; the Commons offend him by intimating a desire that he will appoint no more recusant officers, 17 The doge of Genoa, and four senators, summoned to Paris, submit to the terms dictated by Louis. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Oct. 22; the decay of France commences by the emigration of industrious and wealthy Protestants, to England (3-ermany, and Holland ; Brandenburg is enriched by their skill in various arts. Tripoli and Tunis bombarded by the French fleet Successful campaign of th _ dnke of Lorraine against -he Turks ; Neuhaussel, Tokay, Eperies, and other fortresses are recovered. The Venetians, under Francesco Moresino. take Coron and other places in the Morea. Sedition of the Strelitz in Russia. Death of Sir John Marsham, set. 83, of Edmund Castel, author of the Lexicon Heptaglot- ton, set. 79, and of Thomas Otway, set. 34. 606 FKOM THE TEAK A.D. Hegi- Otto- man Em- Popes. 1 Spain. France. Bruns- TEM- Bran- den- Saxo- Bava- Ger- RA. pire. wick. BERG. burg. NY. MA. many, 1686 1098 39Maho- met IV,. 11 Iuno- cent XI. Sept. 21. 22Chas. II. 44 Lores XIV. 22 Geo. Wil- liam I. 10 Eb- erhard Louis. 47Fre- deric Wil- liam, the Great. 7 John George in. ? Maxi- milian Ema- nuel. 29Leo- pold I. 1687 1099 1 Soli- man III. 12 23 45 23 11 48 8 1 1688 1100 2 13 24 46 24 12 1 Fre- deric III. 9 10 31 1689 1101 1102 3 _ rf.„Ausr.l2. 1 Alex- ander Tin Oct. 6. 25 47 25 13 2 10 11 32 1690 1102 1103 4 2 26 48 — 14 — 3 11 12 33 1691 1103 1104 1 Ach- med II. d. Feb. 1. 1 Inno- centXII. July 12. 27 49 27 15 4 1 John George IV- 13 34 — - 1692 1104 11Q5. 2 2 2S 50 28 Elect- ors ow Hano- ver. 16 5 2 14 35 1693 1105 1106. 3 3 29 51 1 Er- nest Augus- tus. 17 6 3 15 36 — - i 1686 TO 16S3 A.D. 607 Repe- tition Dates. 16S7 16S8 16S9 1690 J 691 1692 1692 Doges op Ve- nice. 3M.Ant. Giusti niani. Savoy. Portu- gal. 12 Victor A made us II. 1 Fran cesco Moro- sino. 20 Pedro II. Tusca- ny 4 17 I 22 17 Cos- mo III 18 Saye- DEN. tiaa V. Chas. XI. 28 29- Po- LAND 13 John III. Sobi- esky 20 20 22 31- 32- 5IwanV. and Pe- ter I. Hol- land, 15 Willi- amlll. Stat- holdeA 2Jas.lI. Feb. 6- Great Britain. 1 Peter alone, the Great 18- ,20- 18 king of Great Britain 4 — a6.Dec.23. ". Pr. Jas. the Pre. tender. 1 Willi- am III. and Mary II. Feb. 13. A, Prince William, duke of Glouces- ter. 21 4 608 FROM THE TEAB I A.D. 1686 Event? and Eminent Men. 1687 Catharine Sedley, the king's favourite mistress, made maid of honour to the queen, and created countess of Dorchester. Jan. 21. Catholic officers appointed in the Irish army, and exercise such power, that many Protestants withdraw to England, i Feb. 12; several of the judges dismissed, and replaced by others more submis- sive to the royal will, April 21; they give their opinion that the king has the power to dispense with penal laws, June 21. An army collected on Hounslow Heath, and a popish chapel erected in the camp. Many Catholics sworn of the privy council, and installed in various offices, July 17. An ecclesiastical com- mission opened, Aug. 3 ; Compton, bishop of London, objects to its jurisdiction, 31 ; is suspended, Sept. 9. The earl of Castlemaine sent ambassador to Rome. The earl of Rochester refuses to conform to the Catholic church, and is dismissed from his office. The prince of Orange originates the League of Augs- burg, by which the principal continental States unite to resist the encroachments of France. The disputed succession to the Palatinate of the Rhine affords a ground of quarrel. Buda taken by the duke of Lorraine, Sept. 2, and other im- portant fortresses in Hungary recovered from the Turks. Modon, Navarino, and Napoli di Romania, surrender to the Venetians. Russia joins the alliance against the Turks. The duke of Savoy instigated by Louis XIV. to persecute the Wal- denses and proscribe all religions but the Catholic in his States. Madame de Maintenon founds the College of St. Cyr, for the education of the female nobility of France. Death of Louis, prince de Conde, Dec. 1 1, aet. 65, of Sir William Dugdale, the Antiquary, set. 81, of Carlo Dolci, set. SO, and of Otto von Guericke, inventor of the air-pump and electrical machine. Birth of Thomas Carte. The university of Cambridge refuses to admit Francis, a Benedictine monk, recom- mended by the king, Feb. 9. James's natural son, by Mrs. Churchill, the duke of Marlborough's sister, created duke of Berwick, March 11. All penal laws and tests suspended, and liberty of conscience proclaimed, April 4. The vice-chan- cellor and senate of Cambridge summoned by the ecclesiastical commissioners, 9. Mandate to elect Antony Farmer president of Magdalen College, Oxford, 11. Settlement of French refugees in Spital-fields, and establishment of the silk manufacture, 15. The vice-chancellor of Cambridge deprived of his office, May 27. Address of the benchers and barristers of the Middle Temple, in support of the king's dispensing power, June 9. The vice-president of Magdalen College, and one of the fellows, suspended, 22. Dissolution of parliament, July 2. Arrival of the pope's nuncio ; the duke of Somerset dismissed for re- fusing to introduce him to an audience with the king, 3. A second royal mandate resisted by Magdalen College, Aug. 14 ; the fellows expelled, Nov. 16 ; Dr. Gifford, the Catholic bishop, appointed president by the king, Dec. 31. Con- tinued success of the Germans in Hungary; conquest of Transylvania and Scla- vonia ; battle of Mohacz, and total rout of the Turks, Aug. 12 ; surrender of Munkatz and other fortresses ; the Diet of Presburg declares the crown hereditary in the house of Austria, Oct. 11, and acknowledges the emperor's son, Joseph, set. 9, as king, Dec. 3. The Venetians complete the subjugation of the Morea; take Lepanto, Corinth, and Athens; during the siege of the last, the Parthenon is injured by the explosion of a powder-magazine. From these reverses com- mences the decline of the Ottoman power; infuriated by them, the people of Constantinople dethrone the sultan, Mahomet, and raise his brother, Soliman, to his place. The pope annuls the privileges claimed by foreign ambassadors in Rome ; Louis XIV. refuses to give them up, and sends the marquis of Lavardin, as his representative, with an armed retinue of 750 attendants, Nov. 16. The Quietist heresy of Michael Molinos condemned by the Inquisition, and its author imprisoned. First publication of Newton's Principia. The palace of Versailles completed. Death of the poet Waller, get. 82, of Lully, the founder of the French opera music, set. 54, and of Sir William Petty, one of the founders oi the Royal Society, set. 64. Tames orders the English regiments serving in Holland to return home ; the States General refuse to comply, Jan. 17. Pi-otestant charity schools formed in London, March 25. A second declaration of liberty of conscience issued, April 27; or- dered to be read in all churches and chapels, May 4 ; seven bishops petition 1686 TO 1689 A.D. 609 Events and Eminent Men. against this order, 18; are committed to the Tower, June 8. Birth of James, prince of Wales, afterwards the Pretender, 10. Trial and acqui'ttal of the bishops, 29; two judges dismissed for having given opinions unfavourable to the prose- cution ; meeting at the earl of Shrewsbury's', to request the assistance of the prince of Orange, 30. Secret association among the officers of the army to re- sist the proceedings of James. Death of the lord mayor ; the king appoints his successor, Sept. 4 ; he attempts too late to retrace his steps and conciliate his subjects ; reinstates the bishop of London, and many magistrates whom he had displaced, 26. The prince of Orange publishes a memorial, drawn up by Dr. Burnet, Oct. 1. The king restores the charter of London, 2 ; dissolves the ecclesiastical commission, 11 ; gives back the rights of Magdalen College, 12; restores the ancient charters and franchises of corporations, 17. The prince of Orange sails from Helvoetsluys, 19 ; is driven back by adverse gales ; sails again, Nov. 1; lands at Torbay, 5; arrives at Exeter, 8; is joined by many lords and gentlemen, with a large military force ; James comes to Salisbury, 19 ; is de- serted by the duke of Grafton, lord Churchill, and a great part of his army, 22 ; returns to London, 24 ; is abandoned by the princess Anne and her husband, 26. The queen and her infant son are sent to France, Dec. 8. The king embarks at Whitehall, and throws the great seal into the Thames, 10. Meeting at Guildhall, and declaration of confidence in the prince of Orange, 11 ; the common council send a deputation to him, 12 ; he arrives at Windsor, 14. The king detained at Fever- sham and Drought back to London, 16 ; conveyed under an escort of Dutch troops to Rochester, 17 ; William arrives at St James's, 18; is congratulated by all the heads of the nation, 20. James embarks again, 23 ; is landed at Ambleteuse, and proceeds to St. Germain's. Aconventionsummonedtomeetonthe twenty-second of January- and in the meantime the prince is authorized to administer the government, 26. The French ambassador ordered to leave London, 30. The French ambassador con- ducts himself with such arrogance at Rome, that the pope recalls his nuncio from Paris ; Louis places a guard over him, and prevents his departure. Belgrade taken by the elector of Bavaria, Sept. 6. Prince Louis of Baden defeats the pasha of Bosnia, recovers Gradisca, and reduces the Ottoman empire within still narrower limits. The Venetians make further progress in Dalmatia. Fran^ cesco Morosino, elected doge for his eminent services, loses his credit by fail- ing in an attack on ^egropont. Disputed election of the bishop of Cologne- Louis XIV. takes advantage of the German armies being employed against the Turks, to commence war ; Philipsburg, Mentz, and all the most important places on the Rhine, submit to him ; his general, Louvois, lays waste the Palatinate with fire and sword. Death of Frederic William, elector of Brandenburg, founder of the kingdom of Prussia, jet. 68, of the duke of Ormond, July 21, aat. 81, of the duke of Buckingham, ast. 61, of John Bunyan, set. 60, of R. Gudworth, set. 71, of the French opera- writer, Quinault, set. 54, of the French admiral, Duquesne, deprived of his commission by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and dying i a Protestant, his son was obliged to convey his body into Switzerland for in- terment. Birth of Alexander Pope. Meeting of the Scotch nobility and gentry in London ; they concur in all the measures adopted in England, and that a convention shall be held in Scotland, on the 14th March, for the same purpose, Jan. 8 ; the English convention as- sembles, 22; the Commons resolve that James II. having broken the origi- j nal compact between king and people, and abdicated the government, the throne is vacant, 28 ; the Lords adopt the resolution, Feb. 2 ; the princess of Orange arrives, 12 ; both houses agree to confer the sovereignty on William and Mary ; after having given their assent to the Declaration of Rights, they are proclaimed, 13; a new privy council formed; twelve able judges ap- pointed. Sir John Holt being chief justice, 14; nine bishops, many of the in- ferior clergy, and some high-tory lords, object to the limitations on the royal j authority, and refuse to take the new oaths of allegiance and supremacy, March 1. Burnet made bishop of Salisbury, 9. The late king lands at Kinsale, in Ireland, and is joined by Tyrconnei, March 12. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. Reversal of lord William Russell's attainder, 16. Corona- _ 610 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. 1689 conti- nued. Events axd Eminent Mejt. tion of William and Mary, April 11. Death of the late judge and chancellor, Jeffreys, in the Tower, June 18. Toleration Act for the relief of Dissenters passed, June 19. Address of the Commons for war against France, June 25. James holds a parliament at Dublin, June 29. A deputation from the Scotch Convention received by William and Mary at Whitehall, May 11. Great Britain joins the League of Augsburg, now solemnly ratified at Vienna, May 12. Battle of Killycrankie, May 26; the Jacobite Highlanders defeat general Mackay, but their leader, viscount Dundee, being killed, they lay down their arms and are pardoned. 3000 Protestants attainted by the Irish parliament, July 28. Epis- copacy abolished in Scotland, July 22. Birth of William, son of the princess Anne and prince George of Denmark, July 27; created duke of Gloucester. Defence of Londonderry by the Rev. George Walker ; relieved by Kirke, July 30. Parliament pays £600,000 to the States General, for the expenses of their expedi- tion, Aug. 20 Alliance, offensive and defensive, concluded, Aug. 28. The non- juring bishops suspended, Oct 13. The Commons appoint a committee to inquire into the judicial murders of lord William Russell and Algernon Sidney, Oct. 19. The Bill of Rights made an Act of parliament, and papists excluded from the throne, Dec. 16. The duke of Lorraine called from Hungary to defend Germany against Louis. Successes of the allies ; prince Waldeck defeats Humieres, takes Liege, and forces the lines of Courtray. Mentz, Kaiserswerth, and Bonn, reco- vered from the French. Noailles repulsed by Villa-Hermosa, in Catalonia. Prince Louis of Baden defeats the Turks at Patochin, Aug. 30 ; takes Nissa, Sept. 24, and Widdin. Peter I., set. 17, defeats a conspiracy against him, con- fines his sister, Sophia, in a convent, spares his brother, I wan, but takes the government of Russia into his own hands ; Le Fort his adviser and chief mi r nister. Death of Innocent XL, 83t. 68; cardinal Ottoboni, elected pope, takes the name of Alexander VIII. Louis renounces the obnoxious privileges which he bad claimed for his ambassador in Rome, and recalls the marquis of Lavardin. Fenelon, preceptor of the duke of Burgundy, the dauphin's son, set. 7. Keath of Christina, the retired queen of Sweden, at Rome, April 19, set. 63; her large col- lection of MSS, given to the Vatican ; and of Daniel Elzivir, the last of that family of eminent printers. The " Esther" of Racine performed in the college of St. Cyr. Defoe supposed to be the writer of " Weekly Memorials," the earliest specimen of an English Review. Birth of Montesquieu, and of Samuel Richard- son. Casimir Leszinsky accused of atheism, and burnt at Warsaw. Parliament dissolved, Feb. 6. Lauzun disembarks in Ireland with a French armyj March 14. A new parliament assembles, in which the tories prevail, March 20. i William announces his intention of borrowing money on the security of the re- venue; origin of the funding system. Churchill, now earl of Marlborough, sent with an army to join the Dutch. Reversal of the Quo Warranto against tbe city of London, and restoration of its ancient municipal rights, May 20. William lands at Carrickfergus, June 11. James leaves Dublin to join his army, June 16. An English and Dutch fleet, commanded by the earl of Torrington, defeated off Beachy, by the French admiral. Tourville, June 30. Battle of the Boyne, July) 1. The duke of Schomberg, and Walker, the defender of Londonderry, fall in' the field. James embarks at Waterford, and returns to France, July 4. Dublin, , Drogheda, and Waterford, surrender. Siege of Limerick, Aug. 8. The earl of| Torrington deprived of his command and confined in the Tower, Aug. 9. Wil- liam raises the siege of Limerick, Aug. 3 28 19 | 3 2 s 626 FKOM THE TEAS A.D. 1711 Events and Eminent Men. Mrs. Masham appointed to the office about the queen's person, hitherto held by the duchess of Marlborough, Jan. 18. The Duke of Argyle sent as ambassador to Charles III., and commander of the British forces in Spain. Inquiry of the Lords and Commons into the disasters of the Spanish campaign, Feb. 2. Marl- borough returns to his army. Harley wounded in the council-chamber with a }:en-knife by Guichard, while under examination, March 8. Death of the earl of Rochester, May 2. An expedition sails to attack Canada, 4. Harley created earl of Oxford, 24 ; lord- treasurer, 29. Report of the Commons, accusing the late ministers of mismanagement, June 4. Parliament prorogued, 12. A capital of four millions raised for the South-Sea-Company, under a royal commission, 27. By skilful tactics, and without losing a man, Marlborough drives the French from the lines of Arleux, which Villars deemed impregnable, Aug. 5. The bishop of Bristol appointed lord privy-seal, Sept. 3. The siege and surrender of Bouchain, Marlborough's last achievement, 13. The king of France makes new proposals of peace, 27. Prior sent to negotiate privately at Fontainebleau. Marshal Tal- lard, a prisoner since the battle of Blenheim, released on his parole, Oct. 4. Pre- liminaries settled in London, 6. The expedition against Canada, shattered by storms, returns to Portsmouth, 9. Marlborough arrives in London, 18. Secretary St. John notifies to the allies that the queen had agreed to treat for peace, and appointed Utrecht for the place of congress, 20. Meeting of parliament, Dec. 7. Marlborough, Robert Walpole, and Cardonnel accused of having appropriated public monies to their own use, 21; the duke dismissed from all his offices; Walpole and Cardonnel expelled from the House of Commons. Twelve new peers created, 30. Death of the emperor Joseph from the small-pox, April 17, n.s. set. 33 ; his brother, Charles VI. (entitled Charles III. in Spain), elected at Frankfort to succeed him, Oct. 12. Change in the politics of Europe, favourable to a general peace ; but the new emperor and the elector of Hanover oppose the intended congress at Utrecht. Gerona surrenders to the French, Jan. 31 ; they are masters of nearly all Spain before Charles embarks at Barcelona for Germany, Sept. 27. The duke of Argyle returns to England. The Danes seize the duchy of Bremen, and, in I conjunction with the Saxons, invade Swedish Pomerania. The treaties of Nagy- I Haroly and Szathman establish permanent tranquillity in Hungary and Tran- sylvania. Public nuptials of the czar Peter and Katharine ; he concludes a treaty with Demetrius Cantemir, hospodar of Moldavia ; crosses the Pruth ; is surrounded by the Turks and Tartars ; is saved by the negotiations of Katha- rine with the grand vizir. Azof restored to the Turks ; dissatisfaction of the sultan. Continued intrigues of Charles XII. at Pender. The dauphin Louis, only son of Louis XIV., dies of the small-pox, April 14, set. 50 ; his eldest son. Louis, duke of Burgundy, takes the title of Dauphin. Rio Janeiro taken by the French admiral, Duguai Trouin, Jansenism causes violent dissensions in the French church. Le Tellier, a Jesuit, succeeds Pere la Chaise, as royal con- fessor. Death of Boileau, set. 75, and of Henry Dodwell, set. 69. Birth of David Hume, and of Boscawen, afterwards admiral. Addison publishes the first number of the " Spectator," March 1. John William, Prince of Orange Nassau, accidentally drowned, July 14 ; his young son, William Charles Henry, succeeds him as hereditary statholder of Friesland. The duke of Ormond appointed captain-general of the British army, Jan. 1. Prince Eugene arrives in London, and endeavours, without success, to persuade the qne"en not to negotiate for peace, 5. The plenipotentaries assemble at Utrecht, 8. Robert Walpole committed to the Tower, 17. Conferences at Utrecht opened by the bishop of Bristol, chief of the English embassy, 29. The Lords address the queen, disapproving the terms offered by France, Feb. 16 ; the Commons ad- dress her, complaining of the undue burdens imposed on Great Britain by the other allies during the war, March 4. Prince Eugene leaves England, 13. The duke of Ormond takes the command of the army in the Netherlands, April 9; receives an order from the queen to engage in no hostilities, May 10 ; the Dutch complain of this order to the bishop of Bristol, who consents to the siege of Quesnoy, 28. The proposed articles of peace laid before parliament by the queen, June 6. Quesnoy invested by the allies, 8. Marlborough challenges lord Paulet ; 1711 TO 1713 a.d. 627 A.D, Events a^d JIvrrsENT Mr the duel prevented, 16. Parliament prorogued, 21. Surrender of Quesnoy July 4. Secretary St. John created viscount Bolingbroke. Dunkirk given Up to the English, 7. The duke of Ormond separates his troops from the allied array 10 A cessation of arms between England and France proclaimed, 17. The negoti- ation at Utrecht suspended by a quarrel between the servants of the Frenchand Dutch ministers, 27. Bolingbroke, accompanied by Matthew Prior negotiates at Paris, prolongs the truce, and agrees to an allowance of £60,000 y pari y to the widowed queen of James II. Aug. 17. The English troops in Spain leave the allied army Sept. 8. The duke of Hamilton and lord Mohun killed in a duel Nov 15. Marlborough leaves England, 30. A Spanish ambassador arrives in London Dec 5. 1 he truce renewed, 7. The duke of Shrewsbury proceeds as ambassador to France, 27. The States-General adopt the terras of peace agreed to by Great Britain, 29. A French ambassador reaches London, 31. After the duke of Ormond' s departure, prince Eugene besieges Landrecy, July 16 ; a de- tachment of his army, commanded by lord Albemarle, is completely defeated by Villars at Denain, 24 ; he loses Marchiennes, 31 ; raises the siege of Landrecy Aug. 21. Douay surrenders to the French, Sept. 8; Quesnoy, Oct. 4; Bouchain' 19. The small-pox proves fatal to the dauphiness of France, Feb. 12, to her husband, 18, set. 30 ; and to their eldest son, the duke of Brittany, March 8 ■ their youngest son, Louis, born Feb. 15, 1710, becomes dauphin. Philip V. re- nounces for himself and his descendants all claim to the crown of France, Nov 5. Steinbock defeats the Danes, Poles and Saxons at Gadebusch. The 'perse- cution of the Toggenburg protestants by the abbot of St. Gall, causes violent commotions among the cantons of Switzerland. The electors of Bavaria and Cologne are relieved from the ban of the empire. The first stamp-duty on news- papers imposed by the Act 10 Anne c. 19 ; so many of these publications are discontinued, that it is called the " Fall of the Leaf." Whiston, professor of mathematics at Cambridge, expelled for avowing Arian opinions. Controversy of Samuel Clarke and Waterland on the same subject. Death of Richard Cronv well, set. 90 ; of Sidney, earl Godolphin, of the duke de Vendome, of the duke of Leeds, 83 1. 81, and of Cassini, 33t. 87. Birth of Rousseau, and of the prince of Prussia, Jan. 24, afterwards Frederic the Great. First edition of Pope's "Raoeof the Lock " published. Parliament meets and adjourns, Jan. 8; second adjournment, Feb. 17. Treaty of Utrecht signed, March 30. Parliament assembles, and both houses approve the articles of the treaty laid before them by the queen, April 9. Proclamation ofl peace in London, May 5. Sacheverel preaches before the Commons, 29. Th^ living of St. Andrew's, Holborn, is given him by the queen, and he is then for- gotten. The Commons address the queen to have the Pretender removed from Nancy, where he had been received by Stanislas, June 25. The duke of Ormond appointed governor of Dover Castle and lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 26 Atterbury made bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster, July 3 Parlia- ment prorogued, 16 ; dissolved, Aug. 8. Rivalry of Oxford and Bolingbroke ; the latter encourages the queen's displeasure at the elector of Hanover not agreeing to the treaty ot Utrecht. Dr. Robinson, bishop of Bristol, translated to the see ot London The new parliament assembles, but the opening is deferred in con- sequence of the queen's illness, Dec. 11. The emperor persists in the war, but agrees to evacuate Spam, and the empress, whom he had left at Barcelona is conveyed by the English fleet, under admiral Jennings, to Genoa, April 2. Phi- lip, in the event of his line failing, acknowledges the duke of Savoy as heir to the crown of Spain. The citizens of Barcelona hold out against Philip, and sustain a siege. Sicily is given to the duke of Savoy by the treaty of Utrecht, with the title of king ; he is conducted to Palermo by admiral Jennings, Oct. 10 and crowned there, Dec. 24. The French take Landau, Aug. 20, and Freyburg, Nov. 26 ; the emperor inclines to peace; prince Eugene and marshal Villars be- gin to negotiate at Rastadt, 28. Altona burnt by the Swedish general, Steinbock ■ he surrenders, with his army, to the Danes, at Tonningen. The Russian diplo-' matist, Tolstoy, under the mediation of England and Holland, concludes a defi-[ 2 s 2 628 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. 1713 conti- nued. 1714 1715 Events and Eminent Men. nitive treaty of peace with Turkey. Charles XII. resists the desire of the sultan for his return to Sweden, is besieged in his house at Bender, and conveyed a prisoner to Adrianople. Intrigues of baron Gortz. The Russians take Stettin, and deliver it to the Prussians. Death of Frederic, the first king of Prussia, set. 56 ; the royal title of his son, Frederic William, is recognized by the con- gress of Utrecht, and part of Guelderland given to him. The papal Bull Unige- nitus, against Jansenism, Sept, 10, is resisted by the cardinal de Noailles, arch bishop of Paris, and increases the confusion in the church of France. Discovery of the remains of Herculaneum, buried under the ashes of Vesuvius in the year 79. Death of cardinal Maratti, set. 88, of Compton, bishop of London, set. 81, of Antony Ashley Cooper, earl of Shaftesbury, at Naples, Feb. 14, set. 42, and of Thomas Rymer, Dec. 14, Birth of Diderot, of Sterne, of Edward, afterwards admiral and lord Hawke, and of John, earl of Bute. First performance of Addison's " Cato," April 14. The Clarendon Press at Oxford, established with the profits of Claren don's " History of the Rebellion," completed and opened in Oct. Pope's " Wind sor Forest" and " Ode on St. Csecilia's Day" published. Opening of parliament by the queen, Mai'ch 2 ; Steele expelled from the House of Commons for passages in the " Englishman" and " Crisis," 11 ; the Lords address the queen to interpose with the king of Spain in favour of the Catalans, April. 6, The electoral prince of Hanover summoned to parliament as duke of Cambridge. 12. The ambassador Schutz, who had applied for the writ, is forbidden to ap- pear at court. The death of the princess Sophia, June 8, a3t. 84, leaves her son, George Louis, under the Act of Settlement, heir to the British throne. Dr. Sa- muel Clarke, accused of heresy by the lower house of convocation, is dismissed from his post of chaplain to the queen, 23. Parliament prorogued, July 9 ; the altercations of Oxford and Bolingbroke lead to the dismissal of the former from all his offices, 27. Illness of the queen, 29; she makes the duke of Shrewsbury lord treasurer, 30 ; dies at Kensington, Aug. 1, set. 49 ; council of regency in- stalled ; Addison secretary ; George I. proclaimed; parliament assembles; the members take the oaths of allegiance. The duke of Marlborough returns to London, 4. The Pretender gees to Paris, but Louis refuses to see him, 14. Par- liament prorogued, 25 ; Bolingbroke removed from office, 31. The king arrives at Greenwich, Sept. 18; makes his public entry into London, 20; the duke of Ormond refused an audience, and deprived of all his appointments, 19. A new privy council assembled, Oct. 1 ; the duke of Marlborough and the whig ministers restored to their places, 5 ; coronation, 20; the ambassadors of all foreign States recognize king George. An order issued to the clergy to abstain from politics in their sermons, Dec. 11. Treaty of Rastadt signed, March 6 ; of Baden, Sept. 5 ; Philip V. acknowledged king of Spain and the Indies ; Charles VI. adds to his dominions the Netherlands, Naples, Sardinia, and Milan. Surrender of Barcelona to the duke of Berwick, Sept. 12 ; Majorca refuses to submit ; the remaining privi- leges of the Catalans are taken from them. Death of the queen of Spain ; Philip marries Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, who refuses to enter Madrid, till his favourite, the duchess Orsini, is dismissed. Alberoni prime minister in Spain, Death of the duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV., who legitimizes his own two natural sons, the duke of Maine and the count of Toulouse, and by his will de clares them capable of inheriting the crown. Victor Amadeus resists the papal claim in Sicily, and defies the Bull issued against him. Charles XII. removed by the Turks to Demotica ; escapes, Nov. 1 ; reaches Stralsund, 22. Sweden is unable to oppose Peter, who conquers Finland and the isles of Aland ; his admiral Apraxin, defeats the Swedish admiral, Erenschild, and takes him prisoner. Triumph at Petersburg. Birth of Charles Pratt, afterwards earl Camden, and of George Whitfield. Worcester College, Oxford, founded. Pope publishes the first volume of his " Homer." Parliament dissolved, Jan. 5. 150 houses burnt down, and fifty lives lost, in Bil- lingsgate, 13. The new parliament opened by the king, March 21. Bolingbroke withdraws to France, 25. Prior examined before the privy council, April 1. Death of the lord treasurer, the earl of Halifax, May 15 ; the earl of Carlisle succeeds him, IS. A fleet, under Sir John Norris, sent to the Baltic. Inquiry 1713 TO 1716 A.D. 629 A.D. INVENTS AND EMINENT MEN. into the late negotiations, July 9. Prior taken into custody. Ormond retires to France, 21 ; he is impeached hy the Commons, together with Oxford, Boling- broke, and Strafford, July 9; Oxford committed to the Tower, 16. Threatened invasion of the Pretender. Riot Act passed, and Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 20. A fleet fitted out, under Sir George Byng, and troops encamped in Hyde Park, 31. The earl of Mar collects the Jacobites in Scotland, Aug. 1. Acts of attainder against Ormond and Bolingbroke, 20. The earl of Mar proclaims the Pretender at Aboyne, Sept. 3. The earl of Arran, brother to the duke of Ormond, elected chancellor of Oxford, against the prince of Wales, 9. Lord Lansdowne, six members of the House of Commons and others, arrested. Parliament prorogued, 21 ; Robert Walpole, chancellor of the exchequer, in conjunction with lord Towns- hend, leads the administration, Oct. 12. Tumults and insurrections in various parts of the kingdom ; a body of rebels, collected in the northern counties, de- feated at Preston by generals Carpenter and Willis: their commander, Forster, with the earl of Derwentwater, viscount Kenmure, lord Widdrington, and 200 oiher noblemen and gentlemen, made prisoners, Nov. 13 ; on the same day, the indecisive battle of Dumblaine, or Sheriffmuir, between the duke of Ar- gyle and the earl of Mar; the duke recovers Perth and Dundee, 30 ; Dutch auxi- liaries arrive at Leith, Dec. 4; general Cadogan at Stirling, 10 ; the Pretender lands at Peterhead, near Aberdeen, 25. A severe winter; the Thames frozen. Death of Louis XIV., Sept. 1, set. 77 ; his great grandson, Louis XV., succeeds him, 83t. 5 ; the duke of Orleans regent. Majorca submits to Philip, July 14. The Barrier-Treaty between the United Provinces and Austria, under the medi- ation of Great Britain, signed at Antwerp, 5 (16) Nov. Decline of the commerce and power of the Venetians ; the Turks commence war against them, and con- quer the Morea. Siege of Stralsund by the Russians and Saxons ; Charles XII. escapes to Sweden ; he loses the isle of Rugen, Nov, 17 ; Stralsund surrenders, i Dec. 22. The elector of Hanover purchases the duchies of Bremen and Verden j of the Danes. The Poles resist the taxes imposed on them to pay for the war of Augustus against Sweden. The prince of Wales governor of the South-Sea Company, Feb. 18 ; an Act passed for increasing their capital, Sept. 21. Dr. Gibson made bishop of Lincoln, Dec. 17, and Benjamin Hoadley, of Bangor, 21. Richard Steele knighted. Rowe appointed poet laureate. Close of the Spectator, Aug. 2. Le Sage publishes Gil Bias. Death of bishop Burnet, Ma:-ch 27, set. 72, of Tennyson, archbishop of Canterbury, of Fenelon, »3t. 64, of Malebranche, ast. 77, of Partridge (or Hewson), the astrologer, to whom Swift gave a ridiculous noto- riety. Birth of Gellert. Total eclipse of the sun, April 22, o.s. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 9 ; Forster expelled from the House of Commons, 10. The Pretender, the earl of Mar, and others, embark for France ; their troops dis- perse, and the rebellion is suppressed, Feb. 4. The lords who wei'e taken at Preston, having pleaded guilty, are condemned to death, 9. The prince of Wales elected chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, 17. The earl of Nithisdale es- capes from the Tower, 23. Derwentwater and Kenmure beheaded, 24 ; many of their associates are executed at Liverpool. Bolingbroke, secretary of State to the Pretender, is displaced by him, 25. The earl of Arran chosen high-steward of Westminster by the dean and chapter, 28. Forster escapes from Newgate to France, April 10. Serious illness of the duke of Marlborough, May 4. The Septennial Act passed, 7 ; the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act expires. Lord Powis and others admitted to bail, 26; forfeited estates valued at £1,652,450. Parliament prorogued, June 26. The Dutch auxiliaries return home, 29. The king embarks for Germany, leaving the prince of Wales guardian of the king- dom, July 7 ; the duke of Argyle deprived of his places ; his pension, and that of the earl of Nottingham, taken from them, 29. Lord Wintoun escapes from the Tower, Aug. 2. Five rebels executed at Lancaster and Preston, others are trans- ported to the colonies, and the rest discharged, Oct. 2 ; the marquis of Huntly pardoned, Nov. 4. A destructive fire near Limehouse Bridge, Dec. 4. Discord and intrigues in the ministry; Stanhope obtains lord Townshend's post of secre- tary of State, 12. Alliance of the emperor and the Southern States to assist Venice against the Turks ; prince Eugene defeats them at Peterwaradin, Aug. 5, 630 FEOM THE YEAIi A.D. Hegi- j Otto- man Em- Popes. Spain France. Portu- WlR- TEM- Prus- Saxo- ' r Bava- Ger- EA. pire. gal. BERG. sia. ny. ria. many. 1717 1130 15 Ach- med III. 18 Cle- ment XI Nov. 13. 18PM- lipV. 3 Louis XV. 12 John V. 41 Eb- erhard Louis. 5 Fre- deric Willi- am I. 24Fre- deric Augus- tus I., king of Poland 39Max- iuiilian bmau- uel- 7Chas. VI. 1718 1131 ■6 19 19 j 4 13 42— 6 25 40 — - 8- — 1719 1132 17 — 20 20 14 43 7 26 — : 41 9 1720 1133 IS 21 21 6 15 44 8 27 42 10 1721 1134 1135 19 rf.Mar.19- 1 Inno- cent XIII. MayS. 22 7 — 16 45 9 28 43 11 1722 1135 1136 20 2 23 8 _ 17 i 46 10 29 44 12 1723 1136 1137 9 IS 47 11 30 . 45 13 91 1724 1137 113S 22 d.Mar. 7. i Bene- dict XIII. May -29. 25 ( Ijouis 7Mos.) 10 19 48 12 31 14 1725 1138 1139 23 2 26 11 20 49 13 32 47 15- 1726 1139 1140 24 3 27 12 |-21 1 50— 14 33 1 Chas. Albert. 16 1717 TO 1726 A.D. 631 1718 1720 1724 1726 9 Gio- 43Victov A made- Coma- us II. oil. ■ khieof Sicily. Tus- • CANY. 48Cosmo III. Den- mark 19Fre- cleric IV. Swe- Po- den. land. 21 Chas. 9 Fre- XII. deric Augus- tus I. elector of Sax- ony. 29 Peter the Great Hod- land Willi- am V. in Pries- land. 1 Sebas- tian o Moce- nigo. 1 Carlo Razzini. king of Sardittia 52 Han- over, 20Geo, Louis, king of (i-rst Bri- tain Great Britain 4 Geo. I Aug. l. 53 24 1 Gio- vanni Gastone 1 Ulrica Elea- 1 Fre- deric. 30 ■ lin Gro- 21 ' 5 . ningen. 22- 32 35 17 1 Katha- rine I. in Guel- derland, 23- 25- i.Pr.Wm Augustus duke of Cumber land. 9 26 10 27 11 28 12 • 29 13 632 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1716 conti- nued. 1717 1718 Events and Eminent Men. and takes Temeswar, Oct. 13 ; they are finally expelled from Hungary, and raise the siege of Corfu ; Santa Maura is recovered hy the comhined Christian fleet. Law originates his banking and Mississippi scheme ; the. arrival of two richly- laden ships, Nov. 30. inspires confidence in his project. Charles XII. invades Norway, and is repulsed ; he enters into the intrigues of baron Gortz and Alheroni against Great Britain. Second visit of Peter to Holland, accompanied by Katha- rine. Lady Mary Wortley Montague accompanies her husband on his embassy to Constantinople. Hans Sloane created a baronet. Christopher Wren displaced from his office of clerk of the works. Death of lord Somers, set. 67, of Dr. South, set. 83, of Dr. Williams, founder of the Red Cross Street Library, set. 72, of Leibnitz, set. 70, of Gronovius, set. 71, and of William Wycherly, set. 76. Birth of Thomas Gray, and of Barthelemy. The king returns from Germany, Jan. 18. Townshend lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 24. Gyllenburg, the Swedish ambassador, implicated in Gortz's plot, is arrested, and his papers seized, 29 ; Gortz himself is imprisoned at the Hague. The Pre- tender ordered to leave Avignon, Feb. 6, retires to Modena, and thence to Urbino. Parliament meets, 20. The king announces his Triple Alliance with the regent of France and the States of Holland, and lays before the two houses the docu- mentary evidence of the intrigues of Gortz. Gyllenburg sent in custody to Sweden, March 25 ; Townshend dismissed ; Walpole, Methuen, and Pulteney, resign, April 10 ; Stanhope and Sunderland, heads of the government ; Addison secretary of State ; parliament adjourns, 16. Sir George Byng, with his fleet, arrives in the Baltic, where he finds no preparations made in Sweden for em- barking an army, 30. Objections raised in the lower house of convocation to some doctrines of the bishop of Bangor, May 3. Parliament meets, 6 ; first project of a sinking fund for the liquidation of the national debt, June 22. Trial of the earl of Oxford, 24 ; acquittal, July 1 ; he takes his seat again in the House of Lords, 3 ; parliament prorogued, 15. Gyllenburg exchanged for Mr. Jackson, the British resident in Sweden, Aug. 15. The eai'l of Peterborough seized at Bologna by two emissaries of the Pretender, and carried to Urbino, where he is liberated, Sept. 11. Parliament assembles, Nov. 21. Quarrel between the king and his son ; the prince ordered to quit St. James's palace, 29. Prince Eugene de- feats the Turks, Aug. 16, and takes Belgrade, 22 ; the Venetians recover Prevesa. Philip V., amidst the security of profound peace, surprises and conquers the island of Sardinia. Law obtains extended privileges for his bank. Peter visits Paris; he is suspected of taking part in the plot of Gortz, and coolness ensues between him and George I. Destructive inundations in Holland, East Friesland, and Holstein. Death of the duke of Shrewsbury, set. 50, of Thomas Parnell, set. 3S, and of Lloyd, bishop of Winchester, set. 91, one of the prelates sent to the Tower by James II. Birth of Amherst and Rodney, and of D'Alembert. George Bubb authorized by A.ct of parliament to take the name of Doddington. Frederic, son of the prince of Wales, set. 11, created duke of Gloucester, Jan. 10. The king elected governor of the South Sea Company, Feb. 3. Parliament pro- rogued, March 21. Death of Mary Beatrice, widow of James II., May 7, set. 60. Sir George Byng, with his fleet, sails for the Mediterranean, June 3. The con- vention between Great Britain and France, afterwards the Quadruple Alliance, signed at Paris, July 7 ; is joined by the emperor and Victor Amadeus, king of Sicily, 22. The Spanish admiral, Castagnedo, attacks Sir George Byng near Syracuse, who captures or destroys the greater part of his fleet, 31. Bentley, master of Trinity College, Cambridge, ejected by the senate, Oct. 17; appeals to the privy council, 30. Parliament meets, Nov. 11. War declared against Spain, Dec. 16. The war of the emperor and Venetians against the Turks terminated by the.peace of Passarowitz, June 24 ; intrigue of Alberoni to prolong the contest, fails ; he is foiled in a pl*ot against the regent of France ; the Spanish ambassador, Cellamare, ordered to leave Paris. Law's Company declared the Royal Bank. The Spaniards invade Sicily. Charles XII. renews his attack on Norway; is killed while besieging Fredericshal, Nov. 30, set. 36. Peter persecutes his eldest son, Alexis ; compels him to renounce the succession to the throne, and puts him to daath, July 7, sat. 28. William Charles Henry, prince of Orange, elected he- 1716 TO 1720 A.D. 633 A.D. 1719 Events and Eminent Men. reditary statholdef of the province of Groningen. The abbot of St. Gall submits to the protestant cantons. Foundation of New Orleans, capital of Louisiana. Death of William Penn, set. 74, and of Nicholas Howe, poet laureate, eat. 45. Birth of Horace Walpole, and of Johann J. Winckelmann. Addison, from ill- health, resigns his office, March 14. Accession of the United Provinces to the Quadruple Alliance, Feb. 8. Motion of the duke of Somerset for limiting the Peerage, 28. The pretender invited to Madrid, and acknowledged king of Great Britain, March 25. An expedition, under com- mand of the duke of Ormond, sails from Cadiz, and is dispersed by storms. Two frigates arrive on the coast of Scotland and land 400 men, with some of the banished lords, April 4. Parliament prorogued, 18. The king goes to Hanover, May 11. The earl of Mar arrested at Geneva, 21. Negotiations with Sweden. Sir John Norris sails for the Baltic, with a fleet, June 7. The Spaniards in Scotland, joined by seme Highlanders, are defeated at Glenshiels, and surrender, 10. An English squadron assists the French in taking St. Sebastian's, Aug. 1 ; capture of Vigo by lord Cobham, Oct. 1. Sir George Byng co-operates with the Austrians in recovering Messina, and destroys the remaining naval force of the Spaniards in Sicily, 19 ; treaty of Stockholm ; Bremen and Verden ceded to Hanover, Nov. 9. The king returns to London, 14. Meeting of parliament, 23 ; peerage Bill brought into the House of Lords, 25; rejected by the Commons, Dec. 7. War between France and Spain ; the duke of Berwick takes Fontarabia and St. Sebastian's ; the province of Guipuscoa submits to him. The Austrians in Sicily defeated at Francavilla, June 20 ; they are reinforced and take Mes- sina ; the Spaniards prepare to evacuate the island. Philip V. dismisses Albe- roni, and negotiates with the allies, Dec. 5. The States of Sweden restore the ancient constitution, and elect for queen Ulrica Eleanora, youngest sister of Charles. GSrtz is beheaded. The coast of Sweden is ravaged by the Russian fleet ; many towns are pillaged or burnt. France convulsed by the Mississippi delusion. Opposition of the Dutch to an East India Company, founded by the emperor at Ostend. Death of Madame de Maintenon, set. 84, of widow Bowles, set. 124, of Addison, June 17, set. 47, of Sir Samuel Garth, of Flamsteed, set. 73, of Dupin, of Qnesnel ; Halley succeeds Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal. Defoe publishes his Robinson Crusoe. Toland defends the doctrines of Spinoza. Mar- riage of the Pretender to Clementina Sobieski, daughter of the late king of Poland ; the pope gives them a palace at Rome. Sir Thomas Lombe establishes his silk-throwing machine at Derby. The terms of the Quadruple Alliance accepted by the king of Spain, Jan. 26 ; cessation of hostilities, Feb. 28. The South Sea Company Act passed, April 7. The king and the prince of Wales reconciled by the duke of Devonshire and Robert Walpole, 23. By Sir John Blount's arts, South Sea Stock rises to 890, June 2. The earl of Mar liberated at Geneva. Parliament prorogued, 11 ; pro- clamation against bubble-projects ; Townshend president of the council ; Walpole paymaster of the forces. The king embarks for Germany, 15. Rage for specu- lative schemes; seventeen petitions for joint-stock patents rejected by the council, July 12 ; proceedings ordered against old companies, which had exceeded the powers granted to them, Aug. 15 ; South Sea Stock raised by the directors to 1000, 24 ; declines to 800, 26 ; the bubble bursts, stock down to 150, Sept. 30. The king returns to England, Nov. 10. Parliament meets, Dec. 8 ; inquiry into the proceedings of the South Sea Company, 12 ; proposition of Walpole for re- storing public credit, 21. Birth of the Pretender's son, Charles Edward. Law's Mississippi scheme explodes ; he quits France. The king of Spain gives up Sicily, which the emperor re-unites to Naples ; the duke of Savoy receives Sar- dinia in exchange ; from this time, he and his successors are styled king of Sar- dinia. The plague at Marseilles ; benevolent exertions of the bishop, Belzunce. Ulrica Eleanora, with the consent of the States, transfers the crown of Sweden to h'ffr husband, Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel. Peace concluded with Denmark, Prussia, and Poland; alliance with Great Britain ; truce with Russia. Birth of Tobias Smollett. 634 FROM THE TEAR 1723 X724 The directors of the South Sea Company taken into custody, Jan. 24. The chan- cellor of the exchequer, Aislabie, resigns ; earl Stanhope, while defending himself in the House of Lords, bursts a blood-vessel, and dies, Feb. 5 ; his office of secre- tary of State given to lord Townshend, 8 ; report of the committee of inquiry, 16 ; Aislabie, and other members implicated, expelled the House of Commons, March 8 ; Walpole lord treasurer and chancellor of the exchequer, April 2. Birth of the prince of Wales's son, William Augustus, afterwards duke of Cumberland, 15. The estates of the South Sea directors and others, to the amount of more than two millions, forfeited for the relief of the sufferers, 17. Treaty of peace and commerce with Spain, June 16. Parliament prorogued, Aug. 10. In- oculation for the small- pox introduced by Lady Mary Wortley Montague. Par- liament assembles, Oct. 19. Law arrives in England, 20. Peace between Sweden and Russia. Death of Clement XL, set. 72 ; cardinal Conti elected pqpe, takes the name of Innocent XIII. Death of Matthew Prior, sot. 57, and of Huet, bishop of Avranches, set. 91. Birth of Robertson, the historian, of Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, and of Mark Akenside. Parliament prorogued, March 7 ; dissolved, 10. Death of the earl of Sunderland, April 19. A conspiracy in favour of the Pretender, detected by the regent of France, and disclosed by him to the king, May 8; loyal address of the city of London, 9. Death of the duke of Marlborough, June 16, set. 72 ; having no son his title descends to his eldest daughter, Harriet, countess of Godolphin. At- terbury, bishop of Rochester, committed to the Tower, Aug. 24; Christopher Layer, the earl of Orrery, and lords Grey and North, accused of treason and committed, Sept. 29. The new parliament assembles, Oct. 9 ; the Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 11. The duke of Norfolk apprehended, 24 ; conviction of Layer, Nov. 21. A congress proposed to be held at Cambray, for a final settlement of the affairs of Europe. Contracts of marriage between Louis XT. and Maria Victoria, daughter of Philip V., and between Louis, prince of Asturias, and Ma- demoiselle de Montpensier, daughter of the duke of Orleans. Coronation of Louis XV., at Rheims, Oct. 23 ; cardinal Dubois, archbishop of Cambray, is prime minister to the regent. The czar Peter takes advantage of the disturbed state of Persia, to extend his conquests on the shores of the Caspian Sea ; he visits Astracan, and occupies the pass of Derbend. The prince of Orange elected hereditary statholder of Dutch Guelderland. Count Zinzendorf takes the Mo- ravian Brethren under his protection. Death of John Toland, set. 52. An act passed to prohibit the subscription of English subjects to the Ostend com- pany; Layer executed, May 17; the duke of Norfolk admitted to bail, 26 ; the bishop of Rochester banished, 27 ; Bolingbroke restored to his honours and es- tate, but not to his seat in the House of Lords ; parliament prorogued ; the king goes to Hanover; is involved in intricate negotiations with all the continental States ; agitation in Ireland respecting a copper coinage issued under a patent granted to William Wood, Sept. 21 ; return of the king, Dec. 28; the State allow- ance, called Regium Donum, granted to dissenters. Louis XV., declared of age, takes the government into his own hands, Feb. 22 ; on the death of cardinal Dubois, Aug. 10, the late regent, the duke of Orleans, takes the post of prime minister, but dies, Dec. 2, set. 50 ; the duke of Bourbon succeeds him, and con- tinues the same friendly policy towards Great Britain. Charles VI. obtains from his hereditary States their acknowledgment of his Pragmatic Sanction, which secures the succession to his daughter Maria Theresa. Dr. Mead's new edition of the " Christianismi Restitutio " of Servetus, burnt by order of Gibson, bishop of London, May 29 ; the " Fable of the Bees," by Dr. Bernard Mande- ville, presented as immoral by the Middlesex grand jury. Voltaire's " Henriade " published, and the first part of Muratori's " Rerum Italicarum Scriptores." Death of Sir Christopher Wren, set. 91, of Susan Centlivre, set. 56, of Leuwenhoek, the inventor of the microscope, of earl Cowper, set. 53, and of Sir Godfrey Kneller, set. 75. Birth of Wm. Blackstone, Joshua Reynolds, Adam Smith, and Richard Price. Parliament meets, Jan. 9 ; tranquillity and prosperity of Great Britain. The court of King's Bench, by & Mandamus, restores Bentley to his former position at Cam- 1721 TO 172G A.D. 635 Events and Eminent Men. bridge, Feb. 7 ; lord Carteret appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, April 1 ; par- liament prorogued, 24. Wood's coinage assayed by Sir Isaac Newton, master of the Mint, and the outcry against it declared to be groundless, -July 24 ; the king founds a professorship of modern history, with a salary, in Oxford and in Cam- bridge, Aug. 18; meeting of parliament, Nov. 12. After two years spent in adjusting preliminaries, the Congress of Cambray meets. Philip V. retires to the monastery of St. Ildefonso, and resigns the crown to his eldest son, Louis, Jan. 16, who dies of the small-pox, Aug. 31; Philip resumes the crown, but leaves the government to his queen. Massacre of Protestants at Thorn, insti- gated by the Jesuits ; their intrigues provoke d general desire for the suppression of their order, in which even pope Innocent concurs; his death interrupts the measure in contemplation for that purpose. Cardinal Orsino elected, as Benedict XIII., to succeed pope Innocent XIII. The king of Prussia founds his establish- ments at Potsdam. Katharine crowned empress of Russia, May 18; she afterwards narrowly escapes being punished with death for infidelity ; her chamberlain. Moens, is beheaded. The twenty-four monthly preachers of Whitehall chapel appointed. Harding, the printer of Swift's "Drapier's Letters," prosecuted. Thomas Payne fined for a libel. Death of Harley, earl of Oxford, jet. 63; of dean Prideaux, ast. 76; of Sacheverel ; and of Thomas Guy, founder of Guy's hospital, set. 80. Birth of Klopstock, of Smeaton, of Emanuel Kant, of viscount Townshend, and Guy Carleton. Execution of the notorious Jack Sheppard. Impeachment of lord chancellor Macclesfield, for embezzlement and corruption, Feb. 13 ; fined £30,000, May 6 ; the order of the Path revived, 27 ; parliament prorogued, 31 ; tumults at Glasgow on account of the malt tax, June 25 ; the king embarks for Hanover, July 3; the Highlanders disarmed, Oct. 15. Louis XV. annuls his marriage contract to Maria Victoria of Spain, now only set. 7, and marries Maria Leczinski, daughter of Stanislas, late king of Poland : the queer, of Spain, offended, sends back to France the daughter of the late duke of Orleans, destined bride of her son Carlos ; the congress of Cambray breaks up ; the duke of Ripperda negotiates an alliance between Austria and Spain. July 17, in which Spain acknowledges the Pragmatic Sanction. Unsuccessful efforts of the Arago- nese to regain their ancient privileges. Treaty of Herrnhausen, or Hanover, between Great Britain, France, and Prussia, Sept. 3. Jubilee at Rome ; Ber- nardino Perfetti receives the laurel-crown in the Capitol ; council held in the Lateran. Death of Peter the Great, Jan. 28, set. 52; Katharine, assisted by Mentchikof, is proclaimed empress. Death of Rapin de Thoyras. set. 64. Birth of Richard, afterwards admiral and earl Howe ; of Charles Townshend; of Au- gustus, afterwards admiral and lord Keppel ; and of Clive, the future general in India. Orator Henley begins to distinguish himself. Execution of Jonathan Wild. The king returns to England. Jan. 3 ; opens parliament, 20; the vote of the House of Commons, to increase the number of seamen, shows that Walpole has secured a large majority in favour of his measures, March 24 ; the arrest of the duke of Ripperda, in the house of Mr. Stanhope, English ambassador at Madrid, causes a misunderstanding between the two governments, May 17 ; parliament pro- rogued, 24; admiral Hosier prevents the sailing of the Spanish treasure-galleons from Porto Bello, J une 3 ; fruitless attempt of Spain to blockade Gibraltar. Philip, duke of Wharton, at Madrid, in the service of the Pretendei-, June 10. Sir Charles Wager with a fleet in the Baltic, 15 ; death of Sophia Dorothea, of Zell, consort of George I., and mother of George II., Nov. 2, get. 60; repudiated by her husband, and confined in the castle of Ahlen, in 1694, she was never ac- knowledged as queen. Holland accedes to tile League of Hanover. Prussia secedes, and, with Russia, joins the alliance of Austria and Spain Louis XV. dismisses the duke de Bourbon, and employs cardinal Fleury, who relieves the financial embarrassments of France, by a prudent economy and pacific foreign policy. Earth- quake at Palermo, Sep. 1. Voltaire banisned, repairs to England. Death of Sir John Vanbrugh, oat. 56. Birth of James Wolfe, afterwards general. Publica- tion of "Gulliver's Travels," by Swift, and of Thomson's "Winter," the first of his " Seasons." 636 EEOM THE TEAE A.D. Hegi- EA. Otto- man Em- fire. Popes. Spain. France. Portu- gal. Prus- sia. WlR- TEM- BERG. Saxo- ny. Ba- varia. Ger- many 1727 1140 1141 25 Ach- oiedlll. 4 Bene- lictXIll. May 29- 28PM- lipV. 13 Louis XV. 22 John V. 15 Fre- deric Wil- liam I. 51 Eb- erhard Louis. 34Fre- deric Augus- tus I. king- of Po- land 2Chas. Albert 17Chas. VI. 1728 1141 1142 26 5 29 14 — - 23 — - 16 52 35 3 ) 18-J 1729 1142 1143 27 6 30 15 24 17 — 53 36 19 1730 1143 1144 1 Mah- mud I. d. Feb 21 1 Cle- ment XII. July 12- 31 16 25 • 18 54 37 6 20 1731 1144 J 1145 2 2 32 17 26 19 — 55 38 6 21 1732 1145 1146 3 3 33 18 27 20 56 39 ■ 7 22 1733 1 1146 1147 4 i 4 34 19 28 21 IChas. Alex- ander. 1 Fre- deric Augus- tus 11. king of Poland- 8 23 1727 TO 173S A.D. 637 Repe- tition Dates. Doges of "Ve- nice. Sar- dinia.. Tusca- ny. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Russia. Hol- land. Hano- ver. Great BRITAIN. 1727 5 Carlo Ruzzini. 53Victor Amade- us II. 5 Gio- vanni Gastone. 29 Fre- deric IV- 8 Fre- deric. 19 Fre- deric Augus- tus I. elector of Sax- ony. 1 Peter II. Hein- sius, Grand Pensi- onary. 1 Geo. Au- gus- tus I. king oj Great Britain The George I. d. June 1L lGeo. II. June 11 . Qu.Wilhel- mina Caro- line of Anspach. 1728 6 54 6 30 9 20 2 sove- reigns of Great Bri- tain are hence- forth 2 1729 7 55 SI 10- 21 3 elec- tors of Hano- ver till 1837. 3 1730 8 | 1 Chas. Eman- uel. 8 1 Chris- tian VI. 11 land- grave of Hesse Cassel. 22 — 1 Anne. 4 1731 9 2 9 2 12 23 2 5 1732 10 3 10 3 13 24 3 6 1783 11 — - 4 11 4 14 1 Fre- deric Acgus- tus II. elector of Sax- ony. 4 7 638 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1727 1728 1729 1730 Events and Eminent Mi Opening of parliament, Jan. 17 -, the hostile designs of Spain and Austria an- nounced by the king; Hessian troops taken into pay, and a subsidy voted to the landgrave, Feb. 13 ; the Spaniards prepare to besiege Gibraltar, 22 ; the emperor^ complains of the imputations against him, March 4 ; explanations at the diet of Ratisbon, April 7; Sweden and Denmark join the alliance of Great Britain and France, April 16. Sir John Norris sails with a fleet to the Baltic, 2S; parliament prorogued, May 15 ; the pacific policy of Walpole and Fleury effects the signature of preliminaries between all the discordant States, except Spain, at Paris, 20 ; the king sets out for Hanover, June 1 ; he is attacked by illness on his journey, and dies at Osnabriick, 11, set. 68 ; George II. pro- claimed, 15 ; parliament assembles, 27 ; is prorogued, July 17 ; dissolved, Aug. 7 ; the king and queen crowned, Oct. 11. Spain persists in hostilities, and attempts ineffectually to besiege Gibraltar. Death of Katharine of Russia, May 17, ait. 39 ; she is succeeded by Peter, son of the murdered Alexis (see 1718). Mentchikof, through the influence of the Dolgoruki, is sent to Siberia. Edward Cave taken into custody of the serjeant-at-arms, for having published an account of the proceedings in the House of Commons. The " Beggar's Opera " produced by Gay. Death of Sir Isaac Newton, March 20, aet. 85; of the ex-chancellor, lord Harcourt, aet. 67, and of admiral Hosier, while serving in the West Indies. Birth of John Howard, of Turgot, of Thomas Gainsborough, of John Wilkes, and of Charles Jenkinson, afterwards lord Hawkesbury and earl of Liverpool. Sir Hans Sloane President of the Royal Society. Violent eruption of mount Vesuvius, Nov. 7. Meeting of the new parliament, Arthur Onslow speaker, Jan. 23 ; preliminaries of peace with Spain; siege of Gibraltar raised, April 23; parliament prorogued, May 28 ; the duke de Ripperda escapes from Spain and arrives in London, Oct. 11. The congress of Soissons meets, June 1 ; is transferred to Fontainebleau, Dec 18. Berkeley, dean of Deny, fails in an attempt to found a college in the Bermudas. A great part of Copenhagen is destroyed by fire, Oct. 20. Behring discovers the Straits to which his name is given. Prosecution of the Rev. Thomas Woolston for his "Discourse on Miracles." Death of marshal Tallard, aet. 76 ; of admiral Hopson, from the effects of the West Indian climate ; and of Dr. John Wood- ward, founder of the Wood wardian professorship of natural philosophy at Cam- bridge. Birth of Oliver Goldsmith, Robert Orme, and James Cook, the navi- gator. Ephraim Chambers publishes his Cyclopaedia. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 21 ; inquiry into the state of the prisons, Feb. 18; publication of debates prohibited, 28 ; complaints of Spanish depredations, March 14; parliament prorogued, May 14; departure of the king for Hanover, leaving the queen regent, 17 ; proceedings against Dr. Bentley revived at Cam- bridge, June 2 ; the king returns, Sep. 12 ; treaty with Spain signed at Seville, 28 ; sentence against the Rev. Thomas Woolston, chief-justice Raymond having declared Christianity to be "part of the law of the land," Nov. 28. The con- gress at Soissons terminated by the treaty of Seville. Fire at Constantinople : 12,000 houses and 7000 people perish, Sep. 27. Death of Congreve, set. 59, of Sir Richard Steele, set. 58, of Dr. Samuel Clarke, set. 54, of Antony Collins, set. 53, of J. F. Buddseus, set. 62, and of the Jesuit Hardouin, set. 82. Birth of Gott- hold Ephraim Lessing. Pope's " Dunciad " published. Parliament meets, Jan. 13 ; is prorogued, May 15 ; the charter of the East India Company renewed ; lord Townshend retires from public life, leaving Walpole undisputed head of the ministry. Plot of the negroes in South Carolina to murder their masters. The emperor, offended by some of the articles of the treaty of Seville, collects an army in Milan. The queen of Spain hires English ships to convey her troops into Italy. Revolt of Corsica against the Genoese. Death of pope Benedict XIII., sat. 81 ; his successor, cardinal Corsini, takes the name of Clement XII. The king of Sweden, by the death of his father, inherits the landgraviate of Hesse Cassel. Six German princes at this time occupy foreign thrones. Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, set. 64, resigns the crown to his son, Charles Emanuel, Sept. 3. Death of Frederic IV., king of Denmark, Oct. 12, aet. 54 ; accession of his son Christian VI. The czar Peter II., the last male of the Romauoff dynasty, dies of the small-pox, Feb. 9, set. 15; he is I 1727 TO 1733 A.D. 639 1.733 Events and Eminent Men. succeeded by Anne, second datlgflter of Iwan V. Frederic, prince royal of Prussia, set. 18, is imprisoned by bis father, and bis friend Katte beheaded. Sultan Achmed III. deposed by the janizaries, and his nephew raised to the throne, Sept. 17. Bonneval introduces European discipline into the Turkish army. Colley Cibber made poet laureate. Reaumur introduces his thermo- meter. The printing of Voltaire's Charles XII. prohibited in France. Death of Laurence Ensden, poet laureate, of Laurence Echard, set. 59. Birth of the marquis of Rockingham, of Sol. Gesner, and of Edmund Burke. Commencement of the publication of Zedler's Lexicon, the first complete Encyclopsedia. The king opens parliament, Jan. 21 ; treaty with the emperor ; he dissolves his Ostend company, and Great Britain guarantees his " Pragmatic Sanction," March 5 ; the use of Latin in law proceedings abrogated by the Act of 4 Geo. II. c. 26; parliament prorogued, May 7 ; the first execution for forgery, June 4 ; Blandford in Dorsetshire, and Tiverton in Devonshire, nearly destroyed by fire, 5 ; Wm. Pulteney struck out of the list of privy councillors and justices of the peace, July 1. Death of the duke of Parma ; Carlos of Spain succeeds him, and is also acknowledged as heir to the duchy of Tuscany. The pope's claim to Parma and Placentia is set aside. Victor Amadeus makes a vain effort to regain his crown. Charles Emanuel liberates his States from the tem- poral authority asserted in them by the pope. Formation of the Swedish East India company, at Gothenburg. Chili convulsed during 27 days, by an earthquake: Santiago nearly ingulphed. First publication of the " Gentleman's Magazine," by Edward Cave. Origin of Methodism, by the preaching of Wesley and Whit- field. Death of Daniel Defoe, set. 68 ; of Elizabeth Cromwell, daughter of Richard and grand-daughter of Oliver, set. 82 ; of John Horsley, author of " Britannia Romana;" and of Charles Boyle, earl of Orrery, editor of the controverted " Epistle of Phalaris," and after whom George Graham named his astronomical machine. Birth of Wm. Cowper. of Henry Cavendish, of Adam, afterwards ad- miral and viscount Duncan, and of George Washington, Feb. 11. Pacific speech of the king on opening parliament, Jan. 13; grant to Sir Thomas Loin be for having introduced the silk-engine, April 3 ; parliament prorogued, June 1 ; the king sets out for Hanover ; queen Caroline regent, 3 ; he returns, Sept. 26; James Oglethorpe embarks with a colony for Georgia, in America, Nov. 6. Successful expedition of the Spaniards, under the count de Montemar, against Oran. Carlos arrives at Parma. Death of Victor Amadeus, Oct. 31, set. 66. Biren, the favoured lover of the czarina, rules Russia. Ripperda, prime minister in Mo- rocco. Benjamin Franklin publishes "Poor Richard's Almanac." Voltaire's " Zaire " first performed. A new theatre opened in Goodman's fields, Oct.2. Foundation laid of a new edifice for the Bank of England, Aug. 3. Death of bishop Atterbury, set. 70 ; of the earl of Macclesfield, set. 65 ; and of John Gay, set. 40. Birth of Lalande, of Haydn, of Warren Hastings, and of Edward Thurlow, afterwards lord chancellor. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 16 ; the English government refuses to join the Dutch in stopping the East India commerce of the Danes and Swedes ; the Excise law proposed to the Commons, March 14 ; violent opposition to the measure ; petition of the city of London against it, April 11 ; Walpole abandons the project, par- liament prorogued, June 11 ; arrival of the prince of Orange, Nov. 7; his mar- riage to the princess royal deferred by his illness. Death of Frederic Augus- tus, king of Poland, Feb. 1, set. 63; through the influence of France, Stanislas Leczinsky is elected to succeed him, Sept. 12 ; Austria and Russia support an opposite faction in the choice of Frederic Augustus II., son of the deceased king, Oct. 3 ; Stanislas retires to Dantzic The war of the Polish succession follows ; Spain and Sai'dinia assist France ; Great Britain and Holland neutral. Charles Emanuel and marshal Villars conquer Milan ; the French, under the duke of Berwick, cross the Rhine, and take Kehl. Berkeley, on his return from the Ber- mudas, made bishop of Cloyne. Publication of Pope's " Essay on Man." Death of Lord Torrington, aet. 70 ; of Mandeville, aet. 63 ; of Matthew Tindal, set. 76, and of Thomas Woolston, set. 64. Birth of Frederic, lord North ; of Wieiand, of Samuel Horsley, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph; and of Joseph Priestley. 640 EEOM THE TEAR A.D. 1 Hegi- Otto- Man Em- POPE&. i Spain. France. PORTU- PRUS- WlR- TEM- SaxoJBava* 1 Ger- BA. pire. I GAL. SIA. BERG. NY. RIA. many. 1734 1147 1148 5 Mah- mud I. 5 Cle- ment XI I. July 12. 35PM- lipV. 20 Louis XV. 29 John V l22Fred- eric Wil- liam 1 2 Chas. Alex- ander. 2Fred Augus tus 11 khig of Po- land. 9Chas Al- bert. 24Chas. VJ. i 1735 [ 1148 1149 6 6 36 21 30 23 3 3 10 25 f 1736 1149 1150 7 7 87 ■ 22 31 i4 4 4 11 26— i 1737 1150 1151 8 8 38 23 32 25 1 Chas. Eugene. 5 12 1 27 1738 1151 1152 9 9 39 24 33 26 2 6 13 28— 1739 1152 1153 10 10 40 25 j 34 27-- 3 14- — - 29 i 1734 TO 1739 A.D. 6*1 Repe- tition Dates.' Doges of Ve- nice. Sar- dinia. Tusca- ny. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Rus- sia. Hol- land. Na- 1 Great ples. .Britain. 1734 12 Carlo Ruzzini. 5 Chas Eman- uel. 12 Gio- vanni Gastone. 5 Chris- tian VI. 15 Fre- deric, land- grave of Hesse Cassel. 2 Fre- deric Augus- tus II. elector of Sax- ony. 5 Anne. Hein- sius, grand pen- sion- ary. 8Geo.II. June 11. j m. Prin- cess Anne. 1735 1 Luigi Pisani. 6 13 6 16 3 6 1 Carle 9 1736 2 7 14 7 17 4 7 2 10 ni, Pri.nce of Wales. 1737 3 8 1 Fran- cis II. 8 18 5 S 3 11 d. Queen j Caroline t>. Pr. Au- Kusta. 1738 4 9 2 9 — 19 6 9 4 ,-.-3 l«.Geo.lIIi i 1 1739 5 1 10 3 10 '20- ? 10 5 13 — - l> Pr.Udw,! Au^ustusll i 642 FROM THE TEAK A.D. 1734 Events and Eminent Men. Parliament meets, Jan. 17 ; motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act negatived, March 13; marriage of the Princess Royal to the prince of Orange, 15: the prince naturalized, 21 ; an act against stock-jobbing, 28 ; parliament prorogued, April 11 .; dissolved, 18 ; departure of the prince and princess for Holland, 22 ; Dr. Bentley deprived of his mastership by the bishop of Ely, visitor of Trinity college, 27 ; charge of undue influence in the election of the sixteen Scottish peers, June 4 ; the new bank of England opened in Threadneedle street, 5. The imperialists under count Mercy arrive in Italy and cross the Po, May 2 ; marshal Villars resigns his command, 27, and dies at Turin, June 27, set. 81 ; indecisive battle at Parma ; Mercy killed, 29 ; the French under marshal Broglio surprised and defeated at Quistello on the Secchia, Sept. 15 ; Charles Emanuel gains the victory of Guastalla, 19 ; Carlos enters Naples, and is proclaimed king, May 10 ; Montemar brings an army from Spain to support him, and defaats the Austrians at Bitonto, 27 ; takes Gaeta, Aug. 7 ; Charles Edward, son of James' Stuart, the Px'etender, serves in this Spanish army , prince Eugene takes the command to oppose the French on the Rhine, but cannot save Philippsburg, which surrenders, July 21 ; the duke of Berwick killed by a cannon-ball during the siege, June 12, set. 64; prince Eugene, «t. 71, retires from active service. Dantzic surrenders to the Russians and Saxons, June 29; Stanislas escapes into Prussia and resigns his pretensions to the crown of Poland. Dr. John Sterne, bishop of Clogher, builds and furnishes the printing office of the Dublin university. Montesquieu publishes his " Considerations sur la Grandeur et la Decadence des Romains," and the Abbe Dubos, his History of the French Monarchy. Death of lady Masham, and of Sir James Thornhill, get. 57. Birth of John Jervis, afterwards earl St. Vincent, and of Granville Sharpe. University of Gottingen founded. The new parliament assembles; Arthur Onslow speaker, and treasurer of the Navy, Jan. 14; a petition against the return of the Scotch peers dismissed, Feb 10 ; the king embarks for the continent, May 9. Sir John Norris sent with a fleet to Lisbon, to compose a dispute between Spain and Portugal, 27 ; the vice master of Trinity refuses to read the sentence against Dr. Bentley, which was therefore never enforced, June 14; parliament prorogued, Aug. 1 ; the king re- turns, Oct. 16. Carlos lands in Sicily, May 18 ; the island submits to him, and " is crowned, July 3. Preliminaries of peace signed at Vienna, Oct. 3; Lorraine and Bar given to Stanislas, during his life, and to France at his death ; the duke of Lorraine compensated by Tuscany ; Carlos acknowledged king of the Two Sicilies Paoli takes the lead in erecting an independent republic in Cor- sica. The king of Spain's youngest son, Louis Antonio, set. 9, is made a cardinal and archbishop of Toledo. Maria Clementina, wife of James Stuart, the Pre- tender (see 1719), dies at Rome, Jan. 18. The forfeited estates of the earl of Der- wentwater given to Greenwich hospital, May 15; a marble statue of the king, by Rysbrach, placed on the parade there. Bancroft's Hospital founded by the Drapers' Company. Linnaeus publishes his " Systema Naturas." Voltaire's " Let- tres Philosophiques " burnt by the hangman. Death of Thomas Hearne, the an- tiquary, set. 57 ; of the earl of Peterborough, set. 77, and of Dr. Arbuthnot. Birth of Augustus, duke of Grafton, of the marquis Beccaria, of Wm. Woollett, and of James Beattie. Parliament opened by the king Jan. 15 ; the tide rises so high in the Thames, that Westminster hall is flooded and the counsel conveyed from the courts in boats, Feb. 16 ; count Kinski, the imperial ambassador, celebrates the marriage of the archduchess Maria Theresa, by a splendid fete at Somerset House, 18 ; the sta- tutes against witchcraft repealed, March 5 ; captain Porteous fires on the mob at Edinburgh, April 14; William Pitt and George Lyttleton distinguish them- selves as parliamentary orators by panegyrics on the prince of Wales, 16 ; mar- riage of the prince to Augusta of Saxe Gotha, 27 ; anew Mortmain Act passed, and parliament prorogued, May 19 ; the king goes to Hanover, 22 ; Porteous con- demned for murder, June 22 ; reprieved by the queen-regent; dragged from his prison by the people, and hanged on a sign-post, Sept. 7 ; treaty for keeping a body of Hessian troops in British pay, Oct. 23. Marriage of Maria Theresa to Francis, duke of Lorraine, afterwards grand-duke of Tuscany, Feb. 12. Austria 1734 TO 1739 A.D. 643 A.D, 1738 1739 Events and Eminent Men. and Russia coalesce in a war against the Turks and Tartars; the Russian general Lascy takes Asof, and ravages the Crimea. Dissensions between the Spaniards and Portuguese in America. Baron Neuhof, a Prussian, arrives in Corsica, and is elected king, by the title of Theodore I. A papal Bull issued against Freemasons. Maupertuis, Clairaut, and other French Academicians pro- ceed into the North, to examine the figure of the earth. Parliamentary debates published in the " Gentleman's Magazine," arranged by William Guthrie from the reporters' notes. Death of prince Eugene of Savoy, set. 72 ; of Bernard Lintot, the publisher of the principal part of Pope's works, set. 61 : and of Jacob Tonson the elder, the noted bookseller. Birth of James Watt, and of John Home, afterwards Home Tooke. The Roman antiquities found in the excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii, collected in the museum of Portici. Glass lamps used in the streets of London. The king compelled by stress of weather to land at Lowestoff, Jan. 14 ; parliament meets, Feb. 1 ; dispute between the king and the prince of Wales, 22 ; the Por- teous Bill, for punishing the city of Edinburgh, June 1 ; theatres placed under the control of the lord chamberlain ; parliament prorogued, 2. Birth of Augusta, daughter of the prince of Wales, and afterwards duchess of Brunswick, Aug. 11 ; the prince of Wales, desired to leave St. James's palace,withdraws to Kew, Sept. 10 ; ] death of queen Caroline, Nov. 20, set. 55. Death of John Gaston, the last of the Me- dici, July 9, set. 67 ; Francis Stephen resigns Lorraine to Stanislas, and beccmes grand-duke of Tuscany. Munich, the Russian general, takes Oczakow. Biren the favourite of the empress Anne, is made duke of Courland. Death of John Hutchinson, set. 53 ; of the duke of Ripperda, set. 57 ; of Wm. Bowyer the elder, set. 74 ; and of lord chancellor Talbot, set. 53, who is succeeded by lord Hard- wicke. Potter appointed archbishop of Canterbury. Foundation of Ratcliffe's library, Oxford, by his trustees, May 12. Sir John Bernard, lord mayor. Birth of Edward Gibbon, of Charles Hutton, and of Joseph Nollekens. The palace of Ildefonso founded by Philip, king of Spain. Fleet market opened. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 24 ; William Pitt appointed one of the prince of Wales's gentlemen of the bedchamber, Feb. 21. Debate on the Spanish depre- dations, and address to the king, March 28 ; parliament prorogued, May 20 ; birth of George Augustus, son of the prince of Wales, and afterwards George HI.j May 24, o.s. June 4, n.s. ; collision between the Hanoverians and Danes at Stein- horst, Oct. 4 ; compromised by the king. The Definitive treaty, confirming the pre- liminaries of 1735, signed at Vienna, Nov. 18. French auxiliaries, invited by the Genoese, arrive in Corsica ; flight of Theodore ; Hiacinto, father of Pascal Paoli, still maintains the contest. Orsova taken by the Turks. The Russians demo- lish the fortifications of Oczakow, and abandon the place. Sweden divided by the French party of the " Hats," and the Russian of the '■ Caps ;" the former prevail. | Publication of Muratori's " Antiquitates Italise medii iEvi," and Warburton's'l " Divine Legation of Moses." Death of Boerhaave, set. 70, of viscount Towns- hend, set. 64, and of Beaursobre, tat. 79. Birth of Wm. Herschel, of Charles,! afterwards marquis Cornwallis, and of James Macpherson. Wesley forms his fir. t society in London . Meeting of parliament, Feb. 1 ; the Spanish convention approved by a small ma- jority in the House of Commons, March 4 ; secession of the leaders of the oppo-l sition ; resolved by the Commons, that the publication of their debates is a breach of privilege, April 20 ; parliament prorogued, June 14 ; the king of Spain refuses! to perform his part of the agreement; an order of council authorizes reprisals to I be made, July 10; the Spanish ambassador leaves London, Sept. 5; war proclaimed against Spain, Oct. 23. Parliament called together, Nov. 15; admiral Vernon takes | Portobello, 20. The Austrian general Wallis defeated by the Turks at Krotzka, ! July 22; the Russians take Choczim and Jassy : a treaty of peace, highly ad- vantageous to Turkey, is concluded at Belgrade, Sept. 22. A large French army under Maillebois reduces nearly the whole island of Corsica. Nadir Shah invades India and takes Delhi. Death of Sir Thomas Lombe, of Pergolesi, and of R. Keiser, the founder of the German Opera. Birth of Wm. Vincent, and of Charles Francis Dumourier, the French general. ^ _ _ , 644 FROM THE TEA.B A.D. Hegi- RA. 1740 1154 1741 1155 1742 1156 1743 1157 1714 1158 1745 1159 1746 1160 1747 1161 1748 1162 Otto man Em- Pofes pike 11 Mah- mud I. Cle- ment XII. d.Feb6 1 Be- nedict XIV Aug!/ 41PM- lipV 14 |4. Spain 42- 16 6 146- France. 26 Louis XV. '28 Portu- gal. Prus- sia. 1 Fre- deric II. the Great. 7 j 1 Fer-32 tiinaud VI 4.2- 4(3- Wir- T EM- BERG 4Chas Eu- gene. Saxo NY. 8 Fre- deric Augus- tus II king of Po- land. 10 14 11 15 Bava RIA. 15 Chas. Albert. 17 empe- ror of Ger- many, 1 Maxi- milian Jo- seph I. Ger- many. 50 Chas VI. i. Oct. 20 vacant 1 Chas, VII. of 1 Fran cis I. grand duke of Tuscany 1740 TO 1748 A.D. 645 "Repe- tition Dates. 1741 1743 1746 Doges of Ve- nice. 6 Luigi Pisani 1 Pietro Grima- Sardi- NIA. HChas Eman- uel. 7 Tusca- ny. 4 Fran cis II. DEN- MARK. llChris- tian VI, Swe- den. 21Fre- deric, land- grave of Hesse Cassel. evijit'roi of Germany, Po- land 8 Fre- deric Augus- tus II. elector of Sax- 10- si; Hol- land. 1 I wan Hein- VI. I sius, Grand Pension- ary. 1 Eliz abeth. 26 13 1 Frede ric V. L2 j 3 29 16 Na- ples. S- 1 Wil- liam IV. Stat- holder. Great Britain] 14 Geo. I II. I June ll.| b. Princess Eliza Ca- roline- »«■ Prin- cessMary 17 . Prince William Henry. IS 11 19 b. Prince Henry Frederic 20 m. Prin- cess Louisa. 22 | •Princes* Louisa j Anne- 646 FROM THE TEAR i 1740 1741 Birth of Eliza Caroline, daughter of the prince of Wales, Jan. 10; a severe winter ; Thames frozen; navigation re- opened, Feb. 20; parliament prorogued, April 29 ; the king sets out for Hanover, May 6 ; marriage of his second daughter, Mary, to Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, 8 ; admiral Anson sails for the South sea, Sept. 18. Sir Chaloner Ogle and lord Cathcart proceed with an expedition against Spanish America, Oct. ; the king returns and opens the last session of this parliament, Nov. 18. Death of pope Clement XII., set. 88; he is succeeded by cardinal Prospero Lambertini, as Benedict XIV. The emperor Charles VI., the last male of the house of Habsburg, dies of the cholera, Oct. 20, set. 55, having just entered the thirtieth year of his reign; he is succeeded in his hereditary States, in virtue of the Pragmatic Sanction, by his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, who takes the title of queen of Hungary, and proclaims her husband, Francis, co-regent. The imperial throne remains for a time vacant. Death, of Frederic William, king of Prussia, May 31, set. 51 ; his son, Frederic II., to whom the surname of the Great has since been given, claims and takes possession of some lordships in Silesia. The czarina Anne compels prince Galitzin to marry a girl of low birth, builds them a palace of ice, and celebrates the wedding with many strange ceremonies; she dies, Oct. 28, set. 47, bequeathing the empire to her great nephew, Iwan VI., an infant two months old, and appoints Biren regent and guardian. The general Munich conspires against Biren, sends him to Siberia, and gives the regency to Anne, mother of the young czar, Nov. 28. A treaty concluded between Russia and Prussia ; and annulled in three weeks by Oster- mann, who supplants Munich, and induces the regent Anne to form an alliance with the queen of Hungary. The elector of Bavaria lays claim to the hereditary States of Austria. The French retain Corsica. Death of Thomas Tickell, set. 54, of Daniel Waterland, set. 57, of Philip Baratier, set. 20, of count Zinzendorf, set. 70, of Sir William Wyndham, set. 53, and of Ephraim Chambers. Birthj of John Rennel, and of Henry Dundas, afterwards viscount Melville. The first cir- culating library in London, established by Wright, 132 Strand. Samuel (Dr.) Johnson prepares the parliamentary debates for the " Gentleman's Magazine." Motions for the removal of Sir Robert Walpole, defeated in both houses of parlia- ment by large majorities, Feb. 13 ; Great Britain, as guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction, is called upon by Maria Theresa to furnish the troops stipulated by treaty for her defence, April 8 ; the Danish and Hessian mercenaries are placed at her disposal ; the king secures the neutrality of Hanover, by agreeing to vote for the elector of Bavaria as emperor. Parliament prorogued, 25; dissolved, 28 the king goes to Hanover, May 6; misconduct and failure of admiral Vernon and general Wentworth in their attack on Carthagena ; letters to important com- mercial cities dispatched daily (Sundays excepted), instead of three times per week, June 24; Woolwich military academy instituted, 25; arrival of the king from Hanover, Oct, 20; royal speech on the opening of the new parliament, Dec. 4 ; Sir Robert Walpole defeated on the question of the Westminster election. Maria Theresa gives birth to a son, the future emperor Joseph II., March 13. The king of Prussia takes Breslan, Jan. 3; defeats the Aus- trians at Molwitz, April 10, and is master of all Silesia. A French army enters Germany, is joined by the Bavarians and Saxons, and invades Bohemia. Prague is taken by assault, Nov. 26, and Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, is crowned there, king of Bohemia, Dec. 9. Maria Theresa is crowned at Presburg, June 14, and appeals to the loyalty of the Hungarians ; great enthusiasm is excited among them, and in Austria, for her defence. The king of Sardinia embraces her cause; he and George II. are the only two sovereigns who respect their obligations, as guarantees of the Pragmatic Sanction. Holland remains neutral. The kings of Spain and Naples collect an army at Orbitello, and prepare to in- vade Milan. Another revolution places Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, on the throne of Russia ; the child Iwan and his parents are imprisoned ; Munich and Ostermann sent to Siberia ; war with Sweden. Death of J. G. Heineccius, set. 60 ; of Thomas Emlyn ; of Charles Rollin, set. 80 ; of Montfaucon, set. 86 ; oi D. E. Jablonski ; and of Thomas Morgan. Two distinct sections of Methodists formed under Wesley and Whitfield. Garrick's first appearance on the stage at Ipswich. J740 TO 1744 A.D. 647 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1743 Mr. Pulteney's motion for a committee on the management of the war, defeated by a majority of only three, Jan. 21 ; on the question of the Chippenham election Sir Robert Walpole is left in a minority of sixteen, Feb. 2 ; parliament adjourns for fifteen days., 3 ; Walpole created earl of Orford, 'with a pension of £4,000 i year, 8 ; resigns all his offices, 11 ; partial change of ministers ; the earl of Wil mington, lord treasurer, and Mr. Sandys, chancellor of the exchequer, 17 ; Mr. Pul teney takes no office, but a seat in the cabinet ; vote of the Commons for a com mittee to inquire into the conduct of the late government, March 23 ; motion for the repeal of the Septennial Act negatived, April 15 ; the committee of inquiry de- feated by the Lords, May 25 ; the earl of Orford withdraws from public life, and spends his remaining years in retirement ; Pulteney, created earl of Bath, loses his influence ; parliament prorogued, July 15; Dr. Hoadley made archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland, Oct. 29; parliament re-assembles, Nov. 16; treaty between Great Britain and Prussia, 18. Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, chosen emperor, at Frankfort, Jan. 24 ; protest of the queen of Hungary ; her army invades his electorate and takes Munich, Feb 13; through the mediation of George II., she concludes a treaty of peace with the king of Prussia at Breslau, ceding to him the greater part of Silesia, June 11 ; and with the elector of Sax- ony. The French and Bavarians are expelled from Bohemia. Campaign of the king of Sardinia against Reggio and Modena ; a Spanish army occupies Savoy, but is driven back by him into France. The Swedish army surrenders to the Russian general Lascy at Helsingfors ; Finland submits to him. Charles Peter Ulrich, duke of Holstein, refuses the offer of succeeding to the crown of Sweden, and is nominated by Elizabeth heir to that of Russia. Death of queen Ulrica Eleanora. Death of Halley, set. 86, of Bentley, sat. 80 ; of William Somerville, Bet. 50 ; of Massillon, set. 79. Garrick performs at the theatre in Goodman's Fields. Parliament prorogued, April 21; the king departs for Germany, 27; takes the command of the combined anny at Aschaffenburg, June 9 ; defeats the duke de Noailles at Dettingen, 16. Treaty between Great Britain and Russia, 23 ; the earl of Orford still the private adviser of the king ; on his recommendation Mr. Pelham is appointed first lord of the treasury, in the room of the earl of Wil- mington, deceased, aet. 71, July 26. The chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey closed for the day, to prevent Catholic devotions at the shrine of Edward the Confessor, Oct. 12; public rejoicing on the return of the king, Nov. 15; par- liament opened, Dec. 1 ; Henry Fox appointed a lord of the treasury, 22. Charles Edward Stuart joins the expedition preparing in France against Great Bri- tain, Dec. Death of cardinal Fleury, Jan. 29, aet. 90. The policy of France becomes more warlike, and the profligacy of the court unrestrained. After the battle of Dettingen, the French withdraw from Germany; the Austrians cross the Rhine, enter Alsace and Lorraine ; another army under count Traun supports the king of Sardinia against the Spanish general count de Gages. Admiral Matthews with a British fleet compels the king of Naples to neutrality, and by blockading Genoa, intercepts a Spanish convoy of artillery and ammunition. Peace of Abo. Russia restores the greater part of Finland to the Swedes, on condition of their electing Adolphus Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp and bishop of Eutin, as successor to their throne. Death of the duke of Argyle, set. 65, and of Richard Savage, set. 43. Birth of Joseph Banks, of Antony Laurence Lavoisier, and of Wm. Paley. Muratori completes his " Antiquitates Italise." Johnson ceases to report the Debates in parliament, writes his Life of Savage. The British fleet under admiral Matthews encounters the French and Spanish off Toulon ; but, through the misconduct of some of his officers, the combined squad- rons escape, Feb. 9 ; the king informs parliament of the preparations in France to support the Pretender, 15; the French expedition arrives off Dungeness, 24 ; on the approach of Sir John Norris, sails away ; is destroyed or damaged by a storm ; the enterprise is abandoned, and Charles Edward returns to Paris. War declared by France against Great Britain, March 20, and in London against France, 31. Court martial on the officers of the Mediterranean fleet; some are cashiered; parliament prorogued. May 12; commodore Anson returns, having sailed round the globe and made many rich prizes, June 14 ; the treasure brought home by him, amounting to £1,250,000, is conveyed to the Tower in thirty-two 648 FROM THE TEAR A.D. ! 1744 I conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. wagons, July 4. Lord Carteret, created earl Granville, resigns his office of secretary of State, Nov. 22 ; session of parliament begins, 27 ; the " Broad Bottom Ministry," formed by a coalition of parties ; Pelham retains the lead , Pitt ex- cluded by the king's personal dislike, supports the government ; Bubb Dodding- ton treasurer of the navy. The emperor solicits peace, the preliminaries settled at Hanau, under the mediation of Great Britain, are rejected by Maria Theresa; a new league formed against her. Louis XV. declares war against her and the United Provinces ; takes the field in person, and invades the Netherlands ; at- tacked by serious illness at Metz, he receives from his subjects the surname of Le Men aime. The king of Prussia renews hostilities, invades Bohemia, and takes Prague; on the approach of an Austrian army under prince Charles of Lorraine, he withdraws into Silesia. The emperor recovers Bavaria. The king of Sweden, as landgrave of Hesse Cassel, joins the confederacy. 'Prince Lob- kowitz drives the Spaniards out of Lombardy into Naples ; the forces of that kingdom arrest his progress at Velletri. Under the dominion of Prussia the Protestants of Silesia are freed from the restraints imposed by Austria, and in- crease in numbers. Incorporation of Worcester College, Oxford. Death of Alex- ander Pope, set. 56, and of Sarah, widow of the great duke of Marlborough, set. 85. Birth of Johann Gottfried Herder. motion for annual parliaments negatived in the Ilonse of Commons by 145 to 113, Jan. 24. Conspiracy of the negroes in Jamaica discovered and punished, Feb. 2. Marshal Belleisle brought a prisoner to Windsor castle, 19. Death of Robert Walpole, earl of Orford, March 18, jet. 71. The duke of Cumberland takes the command of the allied army in Flanders, April 9 ; is defeated by marshal de Saxe at Fontenoy, 30. Parliament prorogued May 2 ; the king goes to Hanover, 10. Louisbourg and the isle of Cape Breton taken from the French, July 17. Two Spanish ships, with three millions of dollars, captured, July 30. Charles Edward Stuart, with some Scotch partisans, sails from Port St. Nazaire, 14, and lands in the Hebrides. Marshal Belleisle exchanged, Aug. 12. The king returns from Hanover, 31. Rebellion in Scotland, the Pretender proclaimed at Perth, Sept. 4 ; at Edinburgh, 16. Sir John Cope defeated by the Highlanders at Pres- ton Pans or Glaidsmuir, 21. Admiral Rowley commands the Mediterranean fleet, bombards Genoa, 26; Finale and St, Remo. Meeting of parliament, Oct. 18. Habeas Corpus act suspended, 21. Unanimity and enthusiasm of England to oppose the rebellion; 60,000 volunteer to take arms. The duke of Cumberland returns from the Netherlands with part of his army. Charles Edward enters England, Nov. 6 ; takes Carlisle, 15. Admiral Rowley attacks Bastia, and com- pels the Genoese governor to give it up to the revolted Corsicans, 17. Charles Edward reaches Lancaster, 24 ; the earl of Derwentwater and other Jacobites, on their way from France to Scotland, are captured and brought to Deal, 25; the rebels occupy Manchester-, 28. The duke of Cumberland arrives at Litchfield. The rebels at Macclesfield, Dec. 1 ; at Derby, 4 ; general Wade arrives at Weth- erby, and threatens their rear, 5 ; they commence their retreat, 6 ; return to Manchester, 9 ; to Preston, 12 ; leave their English adherents to garrison Carlisle, 19 ; arrive at Glasgow, 25 ; surrender of Carlisle to the duke of Cumberland, 30. Death of the emperor Charles Albert, Jan. 20, set. 48; his son secures Bavaria, and obtains peace from Maria Theresa, by giving his vote to her consort Francis, who is elected emperor at Frankfort, Sept. 13 n. s., and crowned, Oct. 4. The king of Prussia defeats the Austrians and Saxons atFriedberg, Sohr, andPirna; conquers the electorate of Saxony ; under the mediation of Great Britain, concludes a treaty of peace at Dresden, Dec. 25; restores Saxony, is confirmed in possession of Silesia, and acknowledges the new emperor. After their victory at Fontenoy, the French subdue the greater part of the Austrian Netherlands ; in conjunction with the Spaniards, they conquer Savoy, Parma, and Milan. Charles Peter Ul- rich the destined heir of the Russian empire, marries Sophia Augusta, princes-s of Anhalt Zerbst, who, on her being adopted into the Greek church, takes the name of Katharine, by which she afterwards becomes so celebrated. Death of Swift, set. 78, and of Wm. Broome, set. 56. Birth of William Scott, afterwards lord s'towel. The " Biographia Britannica " undertaken by John Campbell. 1744 TO 1748 A.D. 649 A.D, 1747 Events and Eminent Men. The king calls upon the parliament to assist t'he Dutch, who are threatened by France, Jan. 14. General Hawley defeated by the rebels at Falkirk, 17; the duke of Cumberland arrives at Edinburgh. Changes in the ministry, Feb. 10 ; the duke of Newcastle and his friends recalled, 14. Mr. Pitt appointed to office, 22. Battle of Culloden, April 16 ; the rebellion crushed ; Charles Edward conceals himself among the mountains, and eventually escapes to France; many of his adherents are made prisoners. The Commons vote £40,000 a year to the duke of Cumberland, May 14. Mr. Pitt made a privy councillor, 31. The admi- rals of the Mediterranean fleet tried for their conduct in the engagement of Feb. 1744 ; Lestock acquitted, June 3. The Highlanders forbidden by Act of par- liament to wear their national dress, Aug. 12. Lords Kilmarnock and Balmerino beheaded , 18 ; many inferior officers are executed at York, Carlisle, and other places, and the privates transported. Madras surrenders to the French, Sept. 14. Admiral Matthews dismissed the service, Oct. 22. Parliament re-assembles, Nov. 18. Charles Ratcliffe, who had assumed the forfeited title of earl of Derwent- water, beheaded, Dec. 8. An expedition against L'Orient obtains no signal success, and returns to England, Oct. 17. The French take Brussels, Antwerp, Namur, and all the Austrian Netherlands ; marshal Saxe defeats the allied army at Rau- coux, Oct. 1. The king of Sardinia and the Austrians drive the French out of Italy; victory of S. Lazzaro, June 4; of Potto Freddo, Aug. 9; surrender of Genoa, Nov. 9 ; invasion of Provence, 22 ; the Genoese recover their city, Dec. 10. Deatli of Philip V., July 9, set. 63 ; his son, Ferdinand VI., succeeds. Mar- riage of Louisa, youngest daughter of George II., to Frederic, prince of Denmark ; his accession to the throne follows soon after, on the death of his father, Chris- tian VI., Aug. 6, set. 47. The marchioness de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV. Lima destroyed by an earthquake, and Callao by a sudden elevation of the sea. Death of Colin Maclaurin, set. 50; of Thomas Southern, set. 86, of Francis Fagel, set. 87, and of count Ostermann, ret. 70. Birth of William Jones. Fielding's novel of " Tom Jones" produced. Lord Lovat beheaded, set. 80, April 9. Edward Cave brought before the House of Commons for publishing their debates, 30. Admirals Anson and Warren defeat the Freneh fleet off Cape Finisterre, May 3 ; Anson made a peer. Forty French ships captured by commodore Fox, off Cape Ortegal, June 16. Parliament pro- rogued, 17 ; dissolved, 18. Charles Edward Stuart received by the pope, and his brother, Henry Benedict, created cardinal of York, July 3. Admiral Hawke defeats the French fleet off Belleisle, Oct. 14. Meeting of the new parliament, Nov. 10 ; the ministry popular. The French invade Dutch Brabant and threaten Zealand. The prince of Orange appointed hereditary statholder of the United Provinces, May 2. Marshal Saxe defeats the duke of Cumberland at Laffeld, June 20. Bergen op Zoom surrenders, Sept. 16. Siege of Genoa by the Austrians, March 31 ; raised, June 10. The chevalier de Belleisle defeated and slain at Exilles, July 8. Louis XV. makes overtures of peace ; negotiations commence at Aix- la Chapelle. Death of Archbishop Potter, A-t. 73, of Thomas Hutcheson, aet. 53, «,nd of Michael Mattaire, set. 79. Birth of Samuel Parr. Territorial im- munities and hereditary jurisdiction abolished in Scotland. Prorogation of Parliament, and departure of the king for Hanover, May 13 ; birth of Louisa Anne, daughter of the prince of Wales, 29. A cessation of hostilities proclaimed, Aug. 10; admiral Knowles defeats a Spanish squadron off the Havanna, Oct. 1 ; admiral Boscawen fails in an attack on Pondicherry, 6 ; peace of Aix la Chapelle, 7 ; return of the king, Nov. 23 ; parliament opened, 29. The prince of Wales and lord Bolingbroke direct the opposition, who condemn the articles of the treaty. Charles Edward Stuart, resisting the stipulation for his removal from Paris, is imprisoned at Vincennes, Dec. 10 ; he submits, and is re- ceived by the papal legate at Avignon. Maestrecht besieged by the French, April 16 ; surrendered on the signature of the preliminaries, 30, in pledge for the ratification of the treaty. Deatli of James Thomson, set. 48; of Christopher Pitt, aet. 29, and of Dr. Isaac Watts, set. 74. Birth of Charles James Fox, of Goethe, of Cuthbert Collingwood, afterwards admiral and lord, and of John Mit- ford, afterwards lord Eedesdale. Richardson publishes his " Clarissa Harlowe." 650 EROM THE TEAR A,D. Hegi- Otto- man Em- Popes. Spain. France. Portu- Prus- Wir- TEM- Sax- Bava- Ger- RA. pire. gal. sia. BERG. ony. ria. many. 1749 1163 20 Mah- mud I. 10 Be- nedict XIV. iu-. 17- 4 Fer- dinand VI. 35 Louis XV. 44 John V lOFre- deric II. the Great. 13 Chas. Eu- gene. ^Fre- deric Augus- tusll. kivg of Po- land. 5 Maxi- milian Jo- seph I. 5 Fran- cis I. grand- duke of Tus- cany. 1750 1164 21 11 5 36 1 Joseph Eman- uel. 11 14 18 6 1751 1165 22 12 6 37 2 12 15 19 7 7 1752 1166 23 13 7 38 3 13 16 20 8 8 1753 1167 1168 24 14 — 8 39 4 14 17 21 9 9 1754 1168 1169 1 Os- man III. 15 9 40 5 15 18 22 10 10 1755 1169 1170 2 16 10— 41 — 6 — 16 19 23 11 1 11 1 1749 TO 1755 A.D. 651 Repe- tition Dates. 1750 1752 Doges of Ve- nice. 9 Pietro Grimani 11 Venice ceases to have any influence on the course of events in Europe. The suc- cession of Doges has no longer any inte- rest. The republic is finally absorbed in the conquests of France in 1797. Sar- dinia, 20 Chas. Ema- nuel. Tus- cany. 13 Fran- cis II. emperor of Ger- many. Den- mark. 4F« Swe- den. 23- lAdol- plms Fre- deric 30Fre- deric, land- grave of Hesse Cassel. Po- land. 17Fre deric Au-.II elector of Sax ony. 20- RUSSIA, 9 Eliza- beth. Hol- land. 3 Willi am IV. stat- 1 Willi am V. Naples 15 Carlo Gbeat Britain, 23 Geo. II. June 11 24 — b. Prince Frederic William. > Princess Caroline Matilda. 28 652 FROM THE YEAB L..D. 1749 Events and Eminent 1750 1751 1752 Parliament prorogued, June 13 ; meets again, Nov. 16. Hotly contested election in Westminster, Dec. 8. England and other parts of Europe infested by flights of locusts, and a distemper among cattle. Death of lord Cobham, | holder, William IV., Oct. 22, set. 40 ; his widow, the princess Anne, administers] the authority inherited by their son, William V., set. 3. Parliament assembles, Nov. 14. Debate on the Westminster election resumed, and Mr. Murray again committed to Newgate, 20. Death of the king's youngest daughter, Louisa, queen of Denmark. Dec. 8, aet. 27. Death of Henry St. John, viscount Boling- broke, Nov. 15, set. 73. Mr. Clive distinguishes himself in India ; takes Arcot, repulses the assault of Rajah Saib, Oct. 14 ; defeats the French and their Indian allies at Aranie, Dec 3. The " Ecole Militaire" established at Paris. Death of Frederic, king of Sweden and landgrave of Hesse Cassel, April 5, aet. 75 ; lie is succeeded in Sweden by Adolphns Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp (see 1743). Death of D'Aguesseau, chancellor of France, set. 83, of Captain Coram, originator of the Foundling Hospital, of Dr. Doddridge, set. 50, and of cardinal Alberoni, set. 88. Birth of R. B. Sheridan, and of John Scott, afterwards lord Eldon. Diderot and D'Alembert commence the publication of the " Encyclo- pedic" Theodore, nominal king of Corsica, imprisoned in London for debt. Commencement of the legal year, Jan. 1, instead of March 25. Parliament pro- rogued, March 26. The king goes to Hanover, 31. Introduction of the New- Style throughout the British dominions, by omitting eleven nominal days after Sept. 2, and dating the next day Sept. 14, instead of the third. Richmond park opened to the public, Dec. 20. M. D'Anteuil and the French forces under his command srirrender to major Lawrence and Mr. Clive. Chunda Saib, nabob of Arcot, slain. Death of Jospph Butler, bishop of Dnrham, aat, 60, of Thomas, 1749 TO 1755 A.D. 65; A.D. 1754 Events and Eminent Men. Stackhouse, set. 72, and of William Whiston, set. 85. Birth of Gaetano Filan- gieri, and of Thomas Chatterton. Franklin, by his electrical kite, ascertains the nature of lightning, and invents the conductor. Execution of Elizabeth Jef- freys for the murder of her uncle. March 11, and of Miss Blandy, for poisoning her father, April 6. Sir Hans Sloane dies, Jan. 11. 8Bt. 93; his library, antiquities, and collection of natural curiosities form the commencement of the British Museum. Parliament meets, Jan. 11. Act passed for naturalizing Jews, May. Dr. Cameron executed for his participation in the Scotch rebellion, June 7. Act for the prevention of clandestine marriages, 25 Geo. II. c. 33. Registration bill thrown out by the Lords, Parliament prorogued, June. Riots against turnpikes and the high price of bread. Parliament opened by the king, Nov. 15. First meeting of the trustees of the British Museum, Dec. 4. The king of Prussia regarded with jealousy by other potentates. Amicable termination of the discussions between him and George II. respecting East Friesland and the Silesian loan. Secret alliance between Austria and Russia. Continued disagreement between Gr,eat Britain and France, respecting the limits of Nova Scotia. The New Style adopted in Sweden, March 1. Handel's "Messiah" performed in the chapel of the Foundling Hospital, May 1. Death of Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, set. 69. Birth of Dugald Stewart and William Roscoe. Richardson's " Sir Cbarles Grandison" printed in Ireland before publication. Imposture of Elizabeth Can- ning. A squadron dispatched to the East Indies under admiral Watson, Jan. 22. Death of Mr. Pelhain, March 6, set. 58. The duke of Newcastle lord treasurer, and Mr. Legge chancellor of the exchequer. Parliament prorogued, April 6 ; dissolved, 8. Murray attorney-general, 20 Encroachments of the French in North America. Washington, colonel of a provincial regiment, sent from Virginia to drive them from the Ohio, is defeated and made prisoner, July 3 ; the remon- strances of the English ambassador disregarded by the French government. The new parliament opened, Nov. 14. Wm. Pitt and Henry Fox unite in oppo- sition to the minister. Dupleix recalled from India and replaced by Godehen, who concludes a provisional treaty with the English governor at Pondicherry, Dec. 26. Birth of the dauphin's son, afterwards Louis XVI., Aug. 23. Pascal Paoli heads a revolt in Corsica against the Genoese. Death of Thomas Carte, set. 68, of Henry Fielding, set. 47, of Johan Jacob Wetstein, set. 61, of Edward Cave, set. 63, and of Dr. Richard Mead, set. 81. Birth of Talleyrand, of Francis, lord Rawdon, afterwards earl of Moira, and marquis of Hastings ; of Charles, lord Whitworth, and of George Crabbe. Hume commences the publication of his History of England. Great preparations for war made in England ; general Braddock takes troops to Virginia, Jan. 14. Parliament prorogued, April 25. Admiral Boscawen s'ails with his fleet for Newfoundland, 27. The king goes to Hanover, 28. Capture of the Alcide and Lys by Boscawen. The French ambassador recalled. Braddock defeated and slain near fort Du Quesne, July 9. Expedition of general Johnson against Crown Point, Aug. 8 ; he defeats the French under baron Dieskau, and takes him prisoner. Return of the king from Hanover, Sept. 15. Treaty with the empress of Russia, 30. Earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1. Mr. Fox appointed secretary of State, 10. Parliament assembles, 13 ; sanctions the treaties entered into by the king ; votes £100,000 for the relief of the sufferers at Lisbon, 28. Eddystone Lighthouse burnt, Dec. 4. The king of France prepares to attack Hanover, which Russia is to defend. The king of Prussia declares that lie will resist the entrance of any foreign troops whatever into Germany. Birth of the dauphin's son, afteinvards Louis XVIII., Nov. 17. Ministry of count Kaunitz at Vienna, and of Don Ricardo Wall at Madrid. The Jesuits banished from court, in Spain and Portugal. Death o* Mosheim, set. 60, and of Montesquieu, set. 66. Birth of George Ponsonby, and of Lefevre, afterwards French marshal. Publi- cation of Johnson's Dictionary. Mr. Beckford's mansion at Fonthill destroyed by fire, Feb. 12. Quito in Peru overthrown by an earthquake, April 21. The marble 3tatue of Sir Isaac Newton, byRoubilliac, placed in the chapel of Trinity Collego. Cambridge, July 4. 654 FliOM THE YEAF A.D. Hegi- Otto- 1 man Em- Popes. Spain France PORTU Prus- Wtr- TEM. Saxo- Bava - Ger- RA, pjre. GAL. sia. BERG. NY. RIA. many. 1756 1170 1171 3 Osman III. 17 Bene- dictXIV' Aug. 17- llFer- dinand VI. 42 Louis XV. 7 Josepl Eman uel. 17 Fre- deric II. the Great. 20Chas Eugene 24Fre deric AugU8 tus II king of Po. land. - 1-Max imiliar Joseph ^Fran- cis I. Grand dukeof Tus- cany. 1757 1171 1172 1 Musta- fa III. 18 12 43 8 18 21 25 13 13 1758 1172 1173 2 rf.May3. 1 Cle- ment XIII. July 6. 13 44 9 19 22 26 14 1759 1173 1174 3 2 1 Chas HI. 45 10- 20 23 11 15 1760 1174 1175 4 3 2 46 11 21 24 28 16 16 1761 1175 1176 5 4 3 47 12 22 25 29 17 17 1762 1176 1177 6 5 48 13 23 26 30 1 18 18 1763 1177 1178 7 6 5 49 14-J 24 27 1 Fre- deric Augu3- usIII. 19 19 j 1756 TO 1763 A.D. 655 Repe- tition Dates. Sardi- nia. Tusca- ny. Den- mark. Swe- den. Po- land. Russia. Hol- land. Naples. Great Britain. 1756 27 Chas. Eman- uel. 20 Fran- cis II. emperor of Ger- many. llFrede- ric V. 6 Adol- phus Frederic 24 Fre- deric Augus- tus II. elector of Saxony. 16 Eliza- beth. 6 Wil- liam V. 22 Carlo 30 Geo. II. June 11. 1757 28 21 12 7 25 17 7 23 31 1758 29 22 — - 13 8 26 18 — - 8 24 32 1759 30 23 — - 14 — 9 27 19 — - 9 1 Ferdi- nand IV. 33 d. Princess of Orange. d. PrincesB Elizabeth Caroline. 1760 31 24 15 10 — 28 20 10 — 2 — 34- d. Oct. 25. 1 Geo. Ill, Oct 25. 1761 32 25 16 11 29 21 11 3 2 m. Queen Charlotte. 1762 33 l 26 ■ 17 12 30 1 Peter III. 1 Katha- rine II. 12 4 h. Geo. IV. 1763 34 27 IS 13 Anar- chy. 2 - — 13 5 4 b, Frederic, duke of York. 656 FKOM THE YEAB A.D. 1756 1757 Events and Eminent Men. The hostile acts of the last two years lead to the Seven Years' War. Treaty be- tween Great Britain and Prussia, Jan. 16. British vessels seized in the French- ports, and their crews imprisoned, Feb. 17. General embargo on all shipping in British ports, March 3, Admiral Byng sails for the Mediterranean, April 7. The French land in Minorca, IS. War declared against France, M-ay 18. Byng makes a feeble attack on the French fleet, 20 ; fails to relieve Minorca, and' re- turns to Gibraltar ; is superseded by Sir Edward Hawke, June 16. Calcutta taken by Rajah al Dowlah ; sufferings of the prisoners in the Black Hole, June 18. Colonel Bradstreet defeats the French on the Onondaga, July 3. General Blakeney surrenders Minorca, 7. Parliament, prorogued, 18. Lord Loudoun takes the command of the forces in North America, 29. Admiral Byng confined in Greenwich Hospital, Aug. 9. Fort Oswego taken by the French under Mont- calm, 16. The attorney-general Murray appointed lord Chief-Justice and baron Mansfield, Nov. 6. The duke of Newcastle resigns ; Mr. Pitt and his friends are called into office, 11. Parliament meets, Dec. 2. Mr. Fox resigns; Mr. Pitt takes his place as secretary of State, 4. Admiral Byng brought to trial at Portsmouth, 27, Colonel Clive and admiral Watson proceed up the Ganges, and prepare to recover Calcutta. Alliance of Austria, France, and Russia. The king of Prussia takes possession of Saxony ; the elector retires to Warsaw ; his army surrenders; the Prussians enter Bohemia; battle of Lowositz ; both armies claim the victory, and both retreat. Conspiracy in Sweden to render the king absolute. Brahe, Horn, and other nobles beheaded. Death of Theodore, nomi- nal king of Corsica. Birth of Kosciusko, of Sarah Kemble, afterwards Mrs. Siddons, of Aug. Wm. Iffland, of Mozart, and of Gambier, admiral and lord. The Foundling Hospital, London, opened for the reception of children, June 2. Scarcity of corn in England ; Acts passed to relieve it. Calcutta re-taken by ad- miral Watson and colonel Clive, Jan. 1. Byng condemued, 28 ; warrant for his execution, Feb. 6. Rajah al Dowlat compelled to sign a treaty of peace. Byng executed, March 14. The French fort of Chandernagore on the Ganges taken, 28. P-itt and Legge dismissed from office, April 9. Battle of Plassy, June 23. Rajah al Dowlab defeated and deposed; he is put to death by Meer Jaffier. Pitt restored to office and placed at the head of the ministry, 28. Parliament prorogued, July 4. The duke of Cumberland commands the allied army in Han- over ; allows the French under marshal D'Estrees to pass the Weser, 10 ; is de- feated by him at Hartenbeck. 25. Inactivity of Loudoun, and progress of the Freneh in North America. Montcalm takes Fort William Henry, Aug. 9. Han- over, Gottingen, and Cassel oceupied by the French, 10. Death of admiral Wat- son, 16. The duke of Cumberland capitulates at Closter Seven, Sept. 8. Expe- dition against the coast of France ; the isle of Aix taken, Sept. 23; attack on Rochfort abandoned ; return of the expedition ; the duke of Cumberland resigns his commissions, Oct. 11. Sir John Ligonier commander-in-chief, 29. Parliament opened, Dec. 1. The king of Prussia, conqueror at Prague, May 6, beaten at Kolin, 18. Prussia invaded by the Austrians, French, Russians, and Swedes. Frederic, by his victory, at Rosbach, Nov. 5, drives out the French. Marshal Lehwald defeats the Russians at Norkitten, Aug. 13, on which they retreat pre- cipitately ; repels the Swedes, and invades Pomerania. The Austrians advance to Berlin, Oct. 17 ; retire before the prince of Anhalt Dessau ; take Schweidnitz, Nov. 12; defeat the prince of Bevern, 22 ; take Breslau, 25; are defeated by Frederic at Lissa, Dec. 5 ; Breslau surrenders to him, 21 ; he recovers Silesia. The convention of Closter Seven renounced. The Hanoverian army re-assembles under prince Ferdinand of Brunsvyick, who drives the French back to Zell. At- tempt of Damiens to assassinate Louis XV., Jan. 5. Death of David Hartley, ast. 53, of Fontenelle, set. 100, of Reaumur, set. 74, of Paul Ernest Jablonski, set. 64, of Calmet, aet. 85, of Colley Gibber, poet laureate, set. 86, of Thomas Ru&- diman, set. 83, of archbishop Herring, ait. 66, of Allan Ramsay, aet. 71, and of the Prussian marshal Schwerin at the battle of Prague. Birth of the duke of Ar- tois, afterwards Charles X. of France, Oct. 9, of Samuel Romilly, of George Tiernev, of Canova, of Lafayette, of Charles Abbott, afterwards Speaker and lord Colchester, of Henry Aldington, afterwards Speaker and lord Sidmouth, 1756 TO 1759 A.D. 657 A.D Events and Eminent Men. of John P. Remble, and of Edward Pellew, afterwards lord Exmouth. The Royal Library, founded by Henry, son of James I., presented by the king to the British Museum. Strawberry Hill press established by Horace Walpole. The Jesuits excluded from the court of Lisbon. Admiral Boscawen sails for America, Feb. 19 ; Sir Edward Hawke for the bay of Biscay ; commodore Holmes, by his operations in the Dollart, causes the French to evacuate Embden ; they surrender Minden to the prince of Brunswick, March 14. First forgery of Bank of England notes by Richard Vaughan, 27. Admiral Osborne takes or destroys the squadron of the marquis Du Quesne off Carthagena, 28. A French armament, destined for America, driven on shore in Basque Roads by Sir Edward Hawke, April. Fort Louis and Senegal taken by captain Marsh, 23. The French general Lally arrives in India, and makes himself master of Fort St. David's, May. Landing of an English expedition in Cancalle bay, under the duke of Marlborough, and destruction of the French ships and stores, June 6. Close of the parliamentary session, 20. Prince Ferdinand having driven the French out of Hanover and Hesse, defeats them at Creveld, 23, and takes Dus- seldorf. The duke of Marlborough sent with reinforcements to the allied army in Germany. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish with the French in America, July 5 ; general Abercrombie repulsed by them at Ticonderoga, 8. Louisbourg and cape Breton taken by Boscawen and Amherst, 27. Brigadier-general Wolfe first distinguished in this siege. Admiral Pococke attacks the French fleet and drives it out of the Indian seas, Aug. 3. Cherbourg taken, and its works de- stroyed, by the English, 8. The nabob of Arcot submits to Lally, Oct. 4. Death of the duke of Marlborough at Munster, 10. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 23. Brigadier Forbes takes fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburgh, 25. New treaty with Prussia, Dec. 7. Lally besieges Madras, 14. The isle of Goree surrenders to commodore Keppel, 22. The king of Prussia recovers Schweidnitz ; besieges Olmutz ; retires into Bohemia ; takes Konigingratz ; defeats the Russians at Zorndorf, Aug. 25 ; is defeated by the Austrian marshal Daun, at Hochkirchen, and his general Keith slain, Oct. 14. Death of pope Benedict XIV, a-t. 84; his successor, cardinal Rezzonico, takes the name of Clement XIII. Attempt to assassinate the king of Portugal, attributed to the Jesuits. Death of John Dyer, set. 58, and of Joseph Ames, secretary of the Antiquarian Society, ast. 70. Birth of Horatio Nelson, of Samuel Whitbread, of John Joseph Gall, and of Noah Webster. Magdalen Hospital, London, opened, Aug. 10. The duke of Bridge- water's canal commenced by James Brindley. Death of the king's eldest daughter, Anne, princess of Orange, Jan. 12, set. 50. Surat taken by captains Maitland and Watson, Feb. 19. The siege of Madras abandoned by Lally, 16. The Bank of England issues £15 and £10 notes, March 31. The English take Masulipatam, April 7; Guadaloupe, 20. Prince Ferdi- nand repulsed by the French at Bergen, 17. Frederic North appointed a lord of the treasury. Parliament prorogued, June 2. The French take Marburg, June 3, recover Hesse, and advance into Hanover. Majority of George, prince of Wales, 4. Havre de Grace bombarded by admiral Rodney, July. Prince Ferdi- nand retires with the allied army to the Weser, 15 ; discord between him and lord George Sackville, successor of the duke of Marlborough in command of the British troops ; the English take fort Niagara, 24 ; Ticonderoga, 27 ; Crown Point, Aug. 1. Battle of Minden, Aug. 1 ; the French evacuate Hanover and Hesse, and retire to Giessen and Friedberg. The allies re-occupy Marburg. Boscawen defeats the French fleet in Lagos Bay, 17. Death of the princess Eli- zabeth Caroline, daughter of the late Frederic, prince of Wales, Sept. set. 19. General Wolfe defeats the French on the heights of Abraham, and falls in the hour of victory, sat. 33, Sept. 13; the French general Montcalm is slain. Quebec surrenders, 18. The French fleet, defeated by admiral Pococke, retires to Mauritius, 27. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 13. Sir Edward Hawke's victory over Conflans, near Belleisle, 20. The Russians defeat the Prussians at Zu- lichau, July 23 ; at Cunersdorf, Aug. 12. The Austrians take Leipsic and Dresden. The Prussian general Finck surrenders with his army to count Daun. Death of Ferdinand VI., king of Spain, Aug. 10, set. 46 ; his throne is inherited by __ 658 FEOM THE YEAB 1759 conti- nued. his brother Charles, king of the Two Sicilies, who resigns that sovereignty to his third son, Ferdinand, set. 8. Punishment of the nobles who attempted to assassi- nate the king of Portugal. The pope forbids the civil power to proceed against the Jesuits, who were accomplices ; the whole Order is expelled from Portugal, and its property forfeited. Death of Handel, set. 75, and of Wm. Collins, set. 39. Birth of Richard Porson, of Robert Burns, of Schiller, of Wm. Pitt, of lord Gren- ville, of Wm. Wilberforce, of lord Lauderdale, of John Pratt, afterwards marquis Camden, and Mary Wolstonecraft. Edmund Burke recommends to Dodsley the publication of the " Annual Register," and for several years writes the historical portion of it. Voltaire retires to Ferney, and Rousseau to his hermitage of Montmorency. Eugene Aram convicted of murder, Aug. 3. Death of George II., set. 77 ; accession of his grandson, Geo. III. Coh Coote defeats Lally, and takes Arcot, Feb. 9. Thurot lands at Carrickfergus, 21 ; re-embarks, is intercepted by captain Elliott, slain in the battle, and his ships taken, 28. Court-martial on lord George Sackville ; he is dismissed the service, April 22. The French besiege Quebec, May 11. Commodore Swanton destroys their ships in the river St. Lawrence, 16 ; they raise the siege, 17. Parliament prorogued, 22. The duke de Broglio brings large reinforcements, and takes the command of the French army in Germany. Prince Ferdinand retires to Fritzlar; ad- vances to Ziegenhain, June 24 ; the French regain the castle of Marburg, and penetrate into Hesse; are defeated by prince Ferdinand at Warburg, July 31. Montreal surrenders to general Amherst, and the conquest of Canada is com- pleted, Sept. 7. The hereditary prince of Brunswick lays siege to Wesel, is de- feated at Campen, Oct. 15. Prince Ferdinand posts his army to the north of the Weser; the French occupy Cassel, enter the electorate, and take Gbttingen and Limbeck. Parliament opened ; memorable speech of George III., Nov. 18. Siege of Pondicherry commenced by colonel Coote, Dec. 8. Laudohn defeats the Prussians at Landshut, June 23 ; takes Glatz and lays siege to Breslau ; is re- pulsed by prince Henry. Frederic fails in an attempt on Dresden, July 19 ; defeats Laudohn at Psaffendorf, Aug. 14. The Austrians and Russians take Berlin, Oct. 9. Frederic defeats Daun at Torgau, Nov. 3. Carvalho, marquis de Pombal, prime minister in Portugal, resists the interference of the pope in favour of the Jesuits. The first stone laid of Blackfriars bridge, London, Oct. 31. Death of count Zinzendorf, the patron and bishop of the Moravians, at Herrnhut, set. 601 Birth of John Rennie, Thomas Clarkson, and Richard, afterwards marquis Wel- lesley. Destructive eruption of Vesuvius, Feb. 21. Earl Ferrers hangod at Ty- burn for murder, May 5. Fire in Portsmouth dockyard, July 3. Marriage of George III. to Charlotte Sophia, princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Sept. 8 Coronation, 22. Pondicherry surrenders to colonel Coote, Jan. 16; Mahe taken, Feb. ; at the close of the session, Mr. Onslow, speaker of the Com- mons 30 years, retires on a pension, March 18. Parliament dissolved, 21. Legge, chancellor of the exchequer, dismissed, 22. Lord Bute secretary of State, 25. Belleisle taken by commodore Keppel, June 7. Hyder Ali founds the Mysore kingdom. Ferdinand maintains his ground in Hanover. Wm. Pitt resigns; a pension is given to him, and the title of baroness Chatham to his wife, Oct. 5. The new parliament assembles, Sir John Cust, speaker, Nov. 3. The Austrians reduce Schweidnitz, and the Russians Colberg. Frederic, almost at the last ex- tremity, is saved by the death of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, Dec. 25, o.s. The " Family Compact" concluded by the Bourbons of Spain, France, Naples, and Parma, Aug. 15. Chauvelin denounces the Jesuits ; Louis XV. demands the suppression of their Order, which the pope refuses. Auto da Fe at Lisbon, in which Malagrida and fifty others are burnt, Sept. 29. Death of Thomas Sher- lock, bishop of London, set. 82, of Benjamin Hoadley. bishop of Winchester, set. 83, of Charlevoix, set 77, of Stephen Hales, a?t. 84, of Dr. John Taylor of War- rington, set. 67, of Thomas Simpson, set. 51, of Samuel Richardson, set. 72, of ad- miral Boscawen, set. 50, of the duke of Argyle, set. 79, of marshal Belleisle, set. 78, and of Beau Nash, set. 87. Birth of John Opie, of Kotzebue, and of John (afterwards Sir John) Moore. Transit of Venus over the sun, observed by xMas- kclyne at St. Helena, June 6. Opening of the duke of Bridgewater's canal. 1759 TO 1763 a.d. 659 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1762 1763 Birth of the prince of "Wales, afterwards George IV., Aug. 12. War declared by Great Britain against Spain, Jan. 4 ; by Spain, 18. Martinico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and other West Indian islands taken from the French, Feb. A violent hurricane, by which several whales are driven on the coast of Essex and Kent, 24. The island of Granada taken from the French, April 5. The duke of New- castle resigns, and lord Bute succeeds him, May 29. The Havanna surrenders to lord Albemarle and admiral Pococke, Aug. 14; they conquer the island of Cuba. The hereditary prince of Brunswick defeated by the French at Johannisberg, 30. The duke de Nivernois arrives in London to treat for peace, Gept. 10. Manilla and the Philippine Islands surrender to the British, Oct. Prince Ferdinand of Bruns- wick takes Cassel, Nov. 1; recovers a great part of thelandgra-viate, and concludes a suspension of hostilities with the marshals D'Estrees and De Soubise, at Kir- cheim on the Ohm. The duke of Bedford signs the preliminaries of peace at Fontainebleau, Nov. 3. Parliament meets, 25. The articles of the treaty, vehe- mently condemned by Pitt and defended by Fox, are approved by a large majority of the Commons. Death of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, Jan. 5, n.s., set. 51 : her successor, Peter III. (see 1742), withdraws the Russian forces from Germany, and concludes peace with the king of Prussia, April 7, which is immediately followed by a treaty between Prussia and Sweden. Frederic unites his armies against Austria, recovers Schweidnitz, and becomes master again of Silesia. Spain declares war against Portugal, June 15; the count of Lippe and other officers, sent by the British government, reform the Portuguese army and defend the country. Peter III. deposed by his wife (see 1745) and the Orlofs, July 9, o s., and murdered, 19, set. 33 ; she ascends the throne of Russia, as Katharine II. The Jesuits suppressed by several parliaments in France. Persecution and judicial murder of Calas at Toulouse ; Voltaire ably exposes the iniquity of the process. Death ef Bradley, aat. 69, of lady Mary Wortley Montague, set. 72, of Crebillon, set. S8, and of lord Anson, set. 65. Birth of Spencer Perceval, of William Cob- bett, of John Theophilus Fichte, and of Charles Abbott, afterwards lord Tenter- den. The "North Briton" commenced by John Wilkes, in opposition to the ministry of lord Bute. The " Emile" of Rousseau condemned by the Sorbonne. William Beckford elected lord-mayor of London. The Professorship of Belles Lettres instituted at Edinburgh, and given to Dr. Hugh Blair. Great excitement created by the imposture of the "Cock-lane ghost." Birth of Frederic, duke of York, Aug. 16. A British and Portuguese expedition against Buenos Ayi-es fails, June 1. Definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, signed at Paris, Feb. 10. The naval and colonial supremacy of Great Britain established. Lord Bute resigns, and is suc- ceeded by George Grenville, April 8. Mr. Fox created lord Holland, 16. Pro- ceedings commenced against the printers and publishers of the " North Briton," No. 45, 20 ; arrest of Wilkes, 30. The colonelcy of the Buckinghamshire militia taken from him, May 4; he is released, under the Habeas Corpus Act, by order of chief-justice Pratt, 6 ; actions tried before the same judge, in which fourteen jour- neymen printers of the "North Briton" obtain verdicts for £2000 damages against the king's messengers, for false imprisonment, July 6. Unsuccessful interviews of Mr. Pitt with the king, to form a government, Aug. 29. The duke of Bedford head of the ministry, Sept. 9. Parliament opened, Nov. 15. Popular tumult to prevent the burning of the " North Briton" by the hangman ; Wilkes obtains £1000 damages for the seizure of his papers under a general warrant, which chief justice Pratt declares to be illegal, Dec. 6.. Wilkes withdraws to France, 24. Progress of the British in India against the native chiefs ; Patna taken, Nov. 6. The treaty of Hubertsburg closes the Seven Years' War, Feb. 15. Prussia retains Silesia. Death of Frederic Augustus II., king of Poland, Oct. 5, 33t. 67 ; a year of anarchy follows : his third son, Charles, whom he had appointed duke of Courland, is displaced by Katharine, to make room for Biren, whom Peter III. had recalled from banishment Death of the earl of Granville, set. 73, of Charles Wyndham, earl of Egremont, and of William Shenstone, set. 49. Birth of Jean Paul Richter, of the empress Josephine, of prince Poniatowski, of Joanna Baillie, of Talma, of lord Edward Fitzgerald, and of Moreau. ■ 2u~2 ~~ 660 FBOM THE YEAB A.D. Hegi- Otto- man EM- Popes. Spain. France. POBTU- PitUS- WlB- TEM- Saxo- Ba- Geb- BA. Fl BE. GAL. BERG. ny. varia MANY. 1764 1178 1179 8 Mus- tafa III. 7 Cle- ment XIII. July 6. 6 Chas. III. 50 Louis XV. 15 Jos. Eman- uel. 25 Fre- deric II. the Great. 28 Chas. Eu- gene. 2Fre deric Aukus tuslll 20Maxi milian Jos. I 30Fran- cis I. Grand duke of Tus- cany. 1765 1179 1180 9 8 7— - 51 16 26 21 1 Jo- seph II 1766 1180 1181 10 9 8 52 17 °7 30 1 22 2- — 1767 i 1 1181 1182 11 — 10 9 S3 — 18 28 31 5 23 3 1 1768 1182 1183 12 11 10 54 19 29 32 6 24 4 1769 1184 13 i. Feb 2 1 Cle- ment XIV. May 19 11 m — 20 — 30 33 5 1770 1185 14 2 12 56 21 31 34 8 26 6 1771 1186 15 3 13 57 22 -— 32 35 9 27 7 17F4 TO 1771 A.D. 661 Repe- tition Dates 1764 1766 1767 1768 Sar- dinia. 35 Chas Eman- uel. 36 Tusca- ny. 28 Fran- cis IX 1 Leo- pold. 1770 1771 42 Na- ples. 6 Fer- dinand IV Den- mark 19Fre deric V Swe- den. Po- land, 14 1 Star Adol- nislas phus Fre- deric. 1 Chris tian VII. 10- 13- Russia. 3 Katha rine II. 18- 19 20- 1 Gus- tavus III. Hol- land. 14 Willi- am V. stall- holder 16 — - 17- India. British Go Vernors. lLord Clive. 18- 20- 10 Great Britain 5Geo.HI Oct. 2i>. William IV. d. the duke of Cumber- land and prince Fre- deric Wil- 7 — b. Princess Royal m- Princess Caroline Matilda. 8 ft. Prince Edward d. Prince Edward Augustus, duke of York ft- Princess Augusta Sophia- See Events. 10 11 — 6- Princess Elizabeth 12 ft Prince Ernest Augustus. m- Duke ol Cumber- land. 662 FEOM THE TEAB A.D. 1764 Events and Eminent Men. Wilkes expelled the House of Commons, Jan. 2(X Debate on " general warrants," Feb. 15. The royal assent given to the Grenville Act for taxing the American colonies, April 5. Battle of Buxar ; the nabob of Oude and the Mogul army defeated by colonel Munro, Oct. 22. Commodore Byron sails on his voyage of discovery, June 21. A royal edict totally suppresses the Jesuits in France ; protest of the pope, in defence of the Order. Joseph, son of the emperor Francis, elected king of the Romans. Under the influence of Prussia and Russia, Stan- islas Augustus, count Pouiatowski, is chosen king of Poland by the Diet. Death of Madame de Pompadour, set. 42, of Robert Dodsley, set 61, of count Algarotti, set. 52, of Sir John Barnard, set. 79, of Pulteney, earl of Bath, set. 82, and of Wm. Hogarth, set. 67. Birth of Charles, afterwards earl Grey, of Bernadotte, after- wards king of Sweden, of Wm. Conyngham, afterwards lord Plunkett, and of Sidney, afterwards Sir Sidney Smith. Winckelmann publishes his History of Ancient Art, and marquis Beccaria his Treatise on Crimes and Punishments. First improvement of the steam-engine, by James Watt Birth of the king's third son, William Heniy, afterwards duke of Clarence and William IV., Aug. 21. The opposition of the American colonies to the Gren- ville Act, referred to by the king in his speech on the opening of parliament, Jan. 10. The royal assent given to the American Stamp Act, March 22 ; discus- sions on the Regency Bill, brought in on the first manifestation of the king's malady, April Lord Clive commander-in-chief and governor of Bengal, May 3. The marquis of Rockingham's ministry commences, July 10 ; Edmund Burke, his private secretary, brought into parliament for Wendover. Chief-justice Pratt created lord Camden. Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ceded to the E. I. Com- pany by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12. Death of William Augustus, duke of Cumberland, Oct. 31, set. 44. The American Stamp Act comes into operation, Nov. 1 ; the West Indian islands submit to it, but the Northern Colonies resist, and stop all trade with their mother-country. Parliament meets, Dec. 17. Death of prince Frederic William, the king's youngest brother, 29, set. 15, and of James, the Pretender, son of James II., at Rome, 30, set. 77. The sovereign rights of the duke of Athol in the Isle of Man purchased by parliament. Death of the emperor Francis, Aug. 18, set. 56. Maria Theresa continues to govern her hereditary States, and her son, Joseph II., succeeds as emperor ; Tuscany is given to her second son, Leopold. The innocence of Calas, and injustice of the sen- tence against him, publicly declared in France ; death of the dauphin, Dec. 20, set. 36 ; his son (afterwards Louis XVI.) takes the title. Death of Dr. Richard Pococke, bishop of Meath, set. 64, of David Mant, set 67, and of Dr. Edward Young, set 64. Birth of James, afterwards Sir James Mackintosh, and of Etienne Macdonald, afterwards French marshal and duke of Tarentum. Les- sing publishes his Laocoon, and Mably his Observations on French History. The old mulberry-tree before Shakspear's house at Stratford-on-Avon cut down. Marriage of the king's youngest sister, Caroline Matilda, to Christian VII., king of Denmark, Oct. 1. Birth of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, princess royal, after- wards queen of Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. Parliament meets, Jan. 14 ; repeals the American Stamp Act, Mareh 8. Byron returns from his voyage, May 9. Pro- rogation of parliament, June 6. Pitt empowered by the king to form a new ad- ministration, July 12. Wallis and Carteret sail to explore the Southern Ocean, 26. The new ministers enter upon office, and their chief takes the title of earl of Chatham, Aug. 2. The government of the country much disordered and weak- ened by the numerous changes in the last six years. The dividend on East India stock advanced to ten per cent, Sept". 26. Distress and riots caused by the high price of bread ; embargo on the exportation of corn, by order of council. Parliament meets, Nov. 11. Act of indemnity for the advisers of the em- bargo, Dec. 16. The winter unusually severe. Death of Frederic V., king of Denmark, Jan. 14 ; he is succeeded' by his son, Christian VII. Death of Stan- islas Leczinsky, former king of Poland, Feb. 23, set 89; his duchy of Lorraine is annexed to the crown of France. Bougainville sent out by the French govern^ ment on a voyage of discovery. Count Lally, late governor of the French pos- sessions in the East Indies, beheaded at Paris, May 8. Tumults in Spain, occa- 1764 TO 1768 A.D. 663 A.D. 1767 1768 Events and Eminent Mev. eioned by a royal edict For changing the national costume ; the minister Squi- laci dismissed, and Aranda appointed in his place ; death of the queen-dow- ager, Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, set. 74. The Diet of Poland, influenced by the papal nuncio and the French ambassador, refuses all concessions to the Dis- sidents, or Protestants, on whose behalf Russia and Prussia interfere ; the first step towards the partition of Poland. William V., declared of age, takes upon himself the government of Holland. Death of John Leland, set. 75, of Quin, the actor, set. 73, of Samuel Chandler, set. 73, of the Austrian field-marshal, count Daun, set. 61, and of Wm. Caslon, the type-founder, set. 74. Birth of Anne Louisa Germaine Necker, afterwards baroness De Stael, of T. R. Malthus, of Nicholas Vansittart, afterwards lord Bexley, and of Grouchy, afterwards French marshal. Birth of the king's fourth son, Edward Augustus, afterwards duke of Kent, Nov. 2. Death of the king' 3 eldest brother, Edward Augustus, duke of York, at Monaco, Sept. 17, eet. 28. The reduction of the land-tax voted by the Commons, in oppo- sition to the ministers, March 2. A dividend of 12£ percent, on East India stock declared, May 6 ; rescinded by Act of parliament, June 24. The Commons re- solve to impose duties on various articles imported into British America, June 2. Parliament prorogued, July 2. Lord Chatham's popularity and health decline. Lord Clive returns from India, July 15 ; unsettled state of the Company's affairs in that country, after his departure ; alliance with the Mahrattas and the Nizam ; war with Hyder Ali. Death of Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer, Sept. 2, set. 42. Riots of the Spitalfields weavers, Oct. 14 ; of the colliers at Stourbridge, Nov. 14 ; and in other parts of the country, distressed by the high prices of provisions. Parliament opened, Nov. 24. Lord North, chancellor of the exchequer, Dec. 1. Public prayers for the king and royal family in Roman Catholic chapels, for the first time since 1688, 20. Marriage of the statholder to Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Augustus William, brother to the king of Prussia. The Jesuits in Spain and Naples forcibly removed to the Papal States. Increased confusion in Poland ; the Russian general Repnin, absolute in Warsaw, imprisons Zaluski, bishop of Kiof, with other leaders of the Catholic party, and compels the Diet to pass an Act of Toleration, Nov. 19. Kath- arine, in the name of her son Paul, resigns Holstein Gottorp and Schleswig to Denmark, Otaheite discovered (or revisited) by Wallis. Death of Dr. James Grainger, set. 44 Birth of Maria Edgeworth, of Andrew Jackson, afterwards American president, of Augustus Wm. Von Schlegel, of Joseph Bonaparte, of Joachim Mnrat, afterwards king of Naples, and of Oudinot, afterwards marshal and duke of Reggio. About this time was born Saoud, grandson of Abdel Wahab, and chief propagator of the Wahaby sect. The House of Lords order the printing of their journals, parliamentary records, and of the Domesday Book. An im- proved telegraph invented by Richard Lovell Edgeworth, The spinning engine invented by James Hargra.ve. Birth of the king's second daughter, Augusta Sophia, Nov. 8. The duke of Grafton at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20 ; Lord Chatham retains the privy seal, but without influence ; the duration of the Irish parliament limited to eight years, Feb. 2. Parliament prorogued, March 10 ; dissolved, 12. Six students expelled from Oxford, for Methodism. Wilkes elected for Middlesex, 28 ; committed to the King's Bench prison. The new parliament assembles, May 10 ; strangers excluded. Riot in St. George's Fields of a mob collected to conduct Wilkes to the House of Commons. Parliament prorogued, 21. Wallis returns from his voyage, 26. The outlawry of Wilkes reversed by the Judges, June 8 ; he is fined and imprisoned again for republishing his libels, 18. London disturbed by continued riots and processions in his favour. Lieutenant Cook sails from Deal in the Endeavour, accompanied by Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, Aug 6. The king of Denmark visits England and dines with the lord mayor, Sept. 23. Lord Chatham resigns office, Oct. 15, and the earl of Shelburne, 21. Resistance of the Americans to the taxes imposed on them ; tumults in Boston; Gen. Gage sent to coerce them. Parliament meets, Nov. 8. The Royal Academy founded ; Sir Joshua Reynolds, first president, knighted, Dec. 18. Death of Maria Lec- zinsky, queen of France, June 24. Corsica ceded to France by Genoa. A great scasc'ity in France. Free trade in corn is permitted. The Jesuits expel U-.d from 662 FEOM THE YEAB A.D. 1764 1765 1766 Events and Eminent Men. Wilkes expelled the House of Commons, Jan. 2(X Debate on " general warrants," Feb. 15. The royal assent given to the Grenville Act for taxing the American colonies, April 5. Battle of Buxar ; the nabob of Oude and the Mogul army defeated by colonel Munro, Oct. 22. Commodore Byron sails on his voyage of discovery, June 21. A royal edict totally suppresses the Jesuits in France; protest of the pope, in defence of the Order. Joseph, son of the emperor Francis, elected king of the Romans. Under the influence of Prussia and Russia, Stan- islas Augustus, count Pouiatowski, is chosen king of Poland by the Diet. Death of Madame de Pompadour, ajt. 42, of Robert Dodsley, set. 61, of count Algarotti, set. 52, of Sir John Barnard, set. 79, of Pulteney, earl of Bath, set. 82, and of Wm. Hogarth, ret. 67. Birth of Charles, afterwards earl Grey, of Bernadotte, after- wards king of Sweden, of Wm. Conyngham, afterwards lord Plunkett, and of Sidney, afterwards Sir Sidney Smith. Winckelmann publishes his History of Ancient Art, and marquis Beccaria his Treatise on Crimes and Punishments. First improvement of the steam-engine, by James Watt. Birth of the king's third son, William Henry, afterwards duke of Clarence and William IV., Aug. 21. The opposition of the American colonies to the Gren- ville Act, referred to by the king in his speech on the opening of parliament, Jan. 10. The royal assent given to the American Stamp Act, March 22 ; discus- sions on the Regency Bill, brought in on the first manifestation of the king's malady, April. Lord Clive commander-in-chief and governor of Bengal, May 3. The marquis of Rockingham's ministry commences, July 10 ; Edmund Burke, his private secretary, brought into parliament for Wendover. Chief-justice Pratt created lord Camden. Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, ceded to the E. I. Com- pany by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12. Death of William Augustus, duke of Cumberland, Oct. 31, set. 44. The American Stamp Act comes into operation, Nov. 1 ; the West Indian islands submit to it, but the Northern Colonies resist, and stop all trade with their mother-country. Parliament meets, Dec. 17. Death of prince Frederic William, the king's youngest brother, 29, set. 15, and of James, the Pretender, son of James II., at Rome, 30, set. 77. The sovereign rights of the duke of Athol in the Isle of Man purchased by parliament. Death of the emperor Francis, Aug. 18, set. 56. Maria Theresa continues to govern her hereditary States, and her son, Joseph II., succeeds as emperor ; Tuscany is given to her second son, Leopold. The innocence of Calas, and injustice of the sen- tence against him, publicly declared in France; death of the dauphin, Dec. 20, set. 36 ; his sou (afterwards Louis XVI.) takes the title. Death of Dr. Richard Pococke, bishop of Meath, set. 64, of David Mant, set. 67, and of Dr. Edward Young, set. 64. Birth of James, afterwards Sir James Mackintosh, and of Etienne Macdonald, afterwards French marshal and duke of Tarentum. Les- slng publishes his Laocoon, and Mably his Observations on French History. The old mulberry-tree before Shakspear's house at Stratford-on-Avon cut down. Marriage of the king's youngest sister, Caroline Matilda, to Christian VII., king of Denmark, Oct. 1. Birth of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, princess royal, after- wards queen of Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. Parliament meets, Jan. 14 ; repeals the American Stamp Act, Mareh 8. Byron returns from his voyage, May 9. Pro- rogation of parliament, June 6. Pitt empowered by the king to form a new ad- ministration, July 12. Wallis and Carteret sail to explore the Southern Ocean, 26. The new ministers enter upon office, and their chief takes the title of earl of Chatham, Aug. 2. The government of the country much disordered and weak- ened by the numerous changes in the last six years. The dividend on East India stock advanced to ten per cent., Sept*. 26. Distress and riots caused by the high price of bread ; embargo on the exportation of corn, by order of council. Parliament meets, Nov. 11. Act of indemnity for the advisers of the em- bargo, Dec. 16. The winter unusually severe. Death of Frederic V., king of Denmark, Jan. 14 ; he is succeeded'by his son, Christian VII. Death of Stan- islas Leczinsky, former king of Poland, Feb. 23, set. 89; his duchy of Lorraine is annexed to the crown of France. Bougainville sent out by the French govern; ment on a voyage of discovery. Count Lally, late governor of the French pos- sessions in the East Indies, beheaded at Paris, May 8. Tumults in Spain, occa- 1764 TO 1768 A.D. 663 A.D. 1767 1768 Events and Eminent Men. eioned by a royal edict for changing the national costume ; the minister Squi- laci dismissed, and Aranda appointed in his place ; death of the queen-dow- ager, Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Parma, set. 74. The Diet of Poland, influenced by the papal nuncio and the French ambassador, refuses all concessions to the Dis- sidents, or Protestants, on whose behalf Russia and Prussia interfere; the first step towards the partition of Poland. "William V., declared of age, takes upon himself the government of Holland. Death of John Leland, set. 75, of Quin, the actor, set. 73, of Samuel Chandler, set. 73, of the Austrian field-marshal, count Daun, set. 61, and of Wm. Caslon, the type-founder, set. 74. Birth of Anne Louisa Germaine Necker, afterwards baroness De Stael, of T. R. Malthus, of Nicholas Vansittart, afterwards lord Bexley, and of Grouchy, afterwards French marshal. Birth of the king's fourth son, Edward Augustus, afterwards duke of Kent, Nov. 2. Death of the king'3 eldest brother, Edward Augustus, duke of York, at Monaco, Sept. 17, set. 28. The reduction of the land-tax voted by the Commons, in oppo- sition to the ministers, March 2. A dividend of 12£ per cent, on East India stock declared, May 6 ; rescinded by Act of parliament, June 24. The Commons re- solve to impose duties on various articles imported into British America, June 2. Parliament pi'orogued, July 2. Lord Chatham's popularity and health decline. Lord Clive returns from India, July 15 ; unsettled state of the Company's affairs in that country, after his departure ; alliance with the Mahrattas and the Nizam ; war with Hyder Ali. Death of Charles Townshend, chancellor of the exchequer. Sept. 2, set. 42. Riots of the Spitalfields weavers, Oct. 14 ; of the colliers at Stourbridge, Nov. 14 ; and in other parts of the country, distressed by the high prices of provisions. Parliament opened, Nov. 24. Lord North, chancellor of the exchequer, Dec. 1. Public prayers for the king and royal family in Roman Catholic chapels, for the first time since 1688, 20. Marriage of the statholder to Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter of Augustus William, brother to the king of Prussia. The Jesuits in Spain and Naples forcibly removed to the Papal States. Increased confusion in Poland ; the Russian general Repnin, absolute in Warsaw, imprisons Zaluski, bishop of Kiof, with other leaders of the Catholic party, and compels the Diet to pass an Act of Toleration, Nov. 19. Kath arine, in the name of her son Paul, resigns Holstein Gottorp and Schleswig to Denmark. Otaheite discovered (or revisited) by Wallis. Death of Dr. James Grainger, set. 44 Birth of Maria Edgeworth, of Andrew Jackson, afterwards American president, of Augustus Wm. Von Schlegel, of Joseph Bonaparte, of Joachim Murat, afterwards king of Naples, and of Oudinot, afterwards marshal and duke of Reggio. About this time was born Saoud, grandson of Abdel Wahab, and chief propagator of the Wahaby sect. The House of Lords order the printing of their journals, parliamentary records, and of the Domesday Book. An im- proved telegraph invented by Richard Lovell Edgeworth, The spinning engine invented by James Hargrave. Birth of the king's second daughter, Augusta Sophia, Nov. 8. The duke of Grafton at the head of the ministry, Jan. 20 ; Lord Chatham retains the privy seal, but without influence ; the duration of the Irish parliament limited to eight years, Feb. 2. Parliament prorogued, March 10 ; dissolved, 12. Six students expelled from Oxford, for Methodism. Wilkes elected for Middlesex, 28 ; committed to the King's Bench prison. The new parliament assembles, May 10; strangers excluded. Riot in St. George's Fields of a mob collected to conduct Wilkes to the House of Commons. Parliament prorogued, 21. Wallis returns from his voyage, 26. The outlawry of Wilkes reversed by the Judges, June 8 ; he is fined and imprisoned again for republishing his libels, 18. London disturbed by continued riots and processions in his favour. Lieutenant Cook sails from Deal in the Endeavour, accompanied by Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, Aug 6. The king of Denmark visits England and dines with the lord mayor, Sept. 23. Lord Chatham resigns office, Oct. 15, and the earl of Shelburne, 21. Resistance of the Americans to the taxes imposed on them ; tumults in Boston; Gen. Gage sent to coerce them. Parliament meets, Nov. 8. The Royal Academy founded ; Sir Joshua Reynolds, first president, knighted, Dec. 18. Death of Maria Lec- zinsky, queen of France, June 24. Corsica ceded to France by Genoa. A great scaEfiity in, France. Free trade in corn is permitted. The. Jesuits expelled from 666 FEOM THE TEAB A.D. I Hegi- 1772 1187 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 Otto- man Em fjre. 16 Mas tafa III 1 Abdul Ahmed. 4 Cle- ment XIV. May 19. I Spain. France d.Sept.2? Pius VI. Feb. 15. 14 Chas. III. 15- 58 Louis XV. 16- 1 Louis XVI, Portu- gal. 23 Jos. Eman- uel. Prus- sia. 33Fred eric II. ,26 3 27 1 Maria Frances- ca and Pedro III. WlR- TEM- berg. SAXO- NY. Chas. Eu- 37- 1SUS 5 111, Bava- 23 Max- imil- ian Jo seph I 11 129- 13 31 Ger- many 8 Jo- seph II 40- 41- 33- 1772 TO 1777 A.D. 667 Repe- tition Sar- 1 Tusca- Na- Den- Swe- Po- Russia. India. Hol- JBritiskGo- Great 1 Dates. dinia. ny. ples. mark. den. land. land VERNORS. Britain 1772 43 Chas | Eman- 1 uel. 8 Leo- pold. 14Fer- dinanc IV. 7 Chris- tian VII. 2Gus tavus III. 9 Sta- nislas Augus- tus. 11 Ka- tharine II. 22 Wil liamV stat- holder 1 Warren Hastings 13 Geo .III. Oct. 25. ' d- Princess of Wales. m. Duke of Glouces- ter. 1773 1 Victor Amade- us HI. 9 — 15 8 — 3 10 12 23 2 14 b. Prince Augustus Frederic. 1774 2 10 16 9— 4 11 — 13 24 3 15 b. Prince Adolphus Frederic 1775 3 U 17 10 5 »_ 14 25 4 16 d. Matilda, git e en of Denmark. 1776 4 12 18 11 6 13 15 26 5 — 17 b Princess Mary. *. Prince William Frederic of Glouces- ter. 1777 5 13 19 12 7 1 16 1 27 6 1 18 b. Princess Sophia, 668 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 1773 Events and Eminent Men. Death of Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, widow of the late Frederic, prince of Wales, and mother of George III., Feb. 8, sat. 53. Marriage of the duke of Gloucester to lady Waldegrave publicly declared, Sept. 17. Opening of parliament, Jan. 21. Silver cups presented by the Common Council of London to aldermen Crosby, Wilkes, and Oliver, 22. A petition from some of the clergy and other professional men for relief from subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles, rejected by the Commons, Feb. 6. The king's message to parliament, 20 : produces the Royal Marriage Act, 12 George III. c. 11. Second voyage of capt. Cook, with the "Resolution" and "Adventure ."April 9. Increasing disorders in the administration of Indian affairs ; Parliamentary investigation commences. Warren Hastings appointed Governor of Bengal, 13. A Bill for the Relief of Dissenters introduced, May 8 ; passed by the Commons, rejected by the Lords. Parliament prorogued, June 9. Beck- ford's statue placed in Guildhall, 11. Commercial panic in London, caused by the bank of Neal, Fordyce and Co. stopping payment, 16. Judgment of lord Mans- field in favour of the negro Somerset, 22. Granville Sharpe commences his efforts for the abolition of the slave trade. Bachelors of Arts relieved from signing the Thirty-nine Articles at Cambridge, 23. Commotions in North America ; exten- sive smuggling ; the populace of Rhode Island burn a revenue cutter attempting to interfere. Five supervisors appointed by the directors to investigate the state of the Company's affairs in India ; are ordered not to proceed there, Dec. 1 Arrest of Struensee and Brandt in Denmark. Charges made against the queen „ her brother, George III., sends a fleet to protect her, by which she is conveyed to Germany, and retires to Zell. Struensee and Brandt beheaded. Count Bernstorf recalled ; dies of an apoplectic fit, set. 60 ; his nephew, count Andrew Peter Bernstorff, is appointed minister in his place. Revolution in Sweden ; Gustavus obtains absolute power. First partition of Poland by Russia, Austria, and Prussia ; dispersion of the confederates ; confiscation of their estates. Ne- gotiations between the Russians and Turks at Fokshani ; transferred to Bucha- rest. Gregory Orlof, supplanted in the favour of the empress, returns suddenly te Petersburg and regains his influence. Death of Ernest John Biren, former duke of Courland, set. 85, of James Brindley, projector of the duke of Bridge- water's and other canals, set. 56, of Wm. Borlase, the antiquary, set. 77, and of Emanuel Swedenborg, in London, eet. 83. Birth of Louis Antoine Henri, duke d'Enghien, of Richard, afterwards general lord Hill, of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, of David Ricardo, of John Singleton Copley, afterwards lord Lyndhurst, of Fre- deric Von Schlegel, of J. M. W. Turner, and of Suchet, afterwards general in the French army. Sir John Pringle succeeds James West, in the chair of Pre- sident of the Royal Society. Junction of the Birmingham, Staffordshire, and Worcestershire canals, Sept. 7. Dr. Priestley communicates to the Royal So- ciety his Observations on different kinds of air. Birth of the king's sixth son, Augustus Frederic, afterwards duke of Sussex, Jan. 27. Meeting of parliament, 19 , a motion to shorten the duration of parliaments negatived, 26. The lord mayor discontinues the official commemoration of the death of Charles I., 30. The university of Oxford rejects the modification of the Thirty-nine Articles adopted by Cambridge, Feb. 4. A motion to the same effect lost in the House of Commons, 23. War with the Caribs of St. Vincent's closed by acts of great cruelty. Charges brought against lord Clive in the House of Comnaons, May 7. Aet for regulating the government of India. The governor of Bengal made governor-general of all the settlements ; this extensive power vested in Warren Hastings, June 16. Visit of the king to Portsmouth, 22 ; voyage of capt. Phipps in search of a North-west passage, 2. Parliament prorogued, July 1. Return of capt. Phipps, Sept. 20. Cargoes of tea destroyed by the people of Boston in Ameriea, Dec. 18. The Society of Jesuits totally abolished by a papal Bull, July 21. Death of Charles Emanuel III., king of Sardinia, Jan. 20, set. 72 ; he is succeeded by his son, Victor Amadeus III. Denmark obtains Holstein in exchange for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. Ne- gotiations at Bucharest broken off. The Russians advance over the Danube, fail in an attack on Varna, and recross the river. Rebellion of Pugatchef, who personates Peter III., and finds many supporters. Death of Philip Dormer 1772 TO 1774 A.D. 669 AD. 1774 Events and Eminent Men. Stanhope earl of Chesterfield, set. 79, of Dr. Hawkesworth, «t. 58, of Andrew trice of Exeter, set. 83, and of George, lord Lyttleton, est. 64. Birth of Louis £tohppe, duke of Orleans, afterwards king of the French, Oct. 6 ; of Wm Henry Harrison, afterwards president U.S., of prince Metternich, of Frederic Cuvie*, of Sismonde de Sismondi, of Francis Jeffrey, of Henry, Lord Holland of Lord Cloncurry, and of Henry Hunt. Bruce returns from Abyssinia. Dr. Pnestley receives the Copley medal from the Royal Society. The Runcorn locks on the duke of Bridgewater's canal opened, June 10. A slight eruption of Moeltammo, a volcanic mountain near Holywell in Flintshire, Feb. 4 Guatemala destroyed by an earthquake, J;ec. 15; it is deserted by its surviving inhabitants who build a new city ot the same name at the distance of eight leagues Tne empress Katharine orders the universal practice of inoculation for &the emall-nox at Petersburg. ' F Birth of prince Adolphus Frederic, seventh son of George III., and afterwards duke of Cambridge, Feb. 24. Parliament opened, Jan. 13 ; the petition of the Massachusetts assembly presented by Dr. Franklin, dismissed by the privy- council ; he is removed from his office of deputy post-master-general for the colonies, 29. The Rev. John Home (Home Tooke) summoned before the Com- mons for his Letter to the Speaker, Feb. 1 1 ; the House of Lords, on an appeal, decides that the common law of Copyright was abrogated by the statute of 1709 (8 Anne c. 19), 22. Charles James Fox dismissed from his office, 28. The thanks of the Commons given to John Howard, high sheriff of Bedfordshire, for his attention to the general state of prisons, March 4; Act passed for their im- provement (14 Geo. III. c. 59) ; Bill for closing the port of Boston, brought into the House of Commons, March 14 ; this and two other coercion Acts are passed, and general Gage sent as governor of Massachusetts, with four regiments to reinforce the army in America. Elijah Impey appointed chief-justice of the new court of judicature in Bengal, March 22. A motion for taking into consideration the tea- duty calls forth Burke's celebrated speech on American taxation, April 19. General Gage dissolves the Massachusetts assembly, May 17. The London booksellers petition for an amendment of the Copyright Act ; a Bill passes the Commons, but is thrown out by the Lords, June 2. An Act for the government of Canada gives force to the French laws there and religious liberty to the Catholic population. Parliament prorogued, 22. Captain Furneaux, of the " Ad- venture," the companion of captain Cook, returns to England, July 14. The Falkland islands abandoned by the English, Sept. 1. The first congress of the American States meets at Philadelphia, and issues its Declaration of Rights, 5 ; George Washington delegate from Virginia. Parliament dissolved, 30. Wilkes elected lord mayor, Oct. 8. Lord Clive, mortified by the charges brought against him last year, terminates his own life, Nov. 22, set. 49. A violent storm causes great damage on the eastern coast, 25. The new parliament opened, 29. Wilkes allowed to take his seat for Middlesex. Death of Ganganelli, pope Clement XIV., supposed to have been poisoned by the ex-Jesuits, Sept. 22, set, 69 ; a splendid copy of the works of Piranesi had been presented by him to George III. The papal chair remains vacant for five months. Death of Louis XV., May 10, set. 64, caused by the small-pox ; his grandson, Louis XVI*., com- mences his reign by popular measures ; his new minister of finance, Turgot, in- troduces many beneficial reforms ; his measures fail, from the exhausted state of the treasury, the impoverished condition of the people, the opposition of the queen, and the intrigues of the duke de Choiseul. Pombal provides for Portugal a better system both of colonial and internal government. Death of the sultan Mustafa III., set. 59 ; his brother, Abdul Ahmed, perseveres in the war, contrary to the advice of his ministers and generals. The Russians cross the Danube in June, take Silistria, and surround the grand vizir in his camp at Shumla. Treaty of peace signed at Kutchuk Kainardji, July 21. Katharine and her general Romantzof profess magnanimity, and restore many conquests ; but Russia gains immense advantages. Pugatchef's rebellion suppressed. Death of Oliver Gold- smith, set. 43, of Henry, first lord Holland, father of Charles James Fox, set. 69, j of Condamine, the French traveller, set. 73, of Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, mur-i 670 FHOM THE TEAR A.D. 1774 con- tinued. 1775 Events and Eminent Men. dered in Tartary, ret. 31, of Faul Whitehead, set. 64. Birth of Robert Southey, and of Wm. Mitford. Goethe, by his " Sorrows of Werther," obtains the pa tronage of the duke of Saxe Weimar. Lavoisier publishes his first experiments and discoveries. Theophilus Lindsey, having resigned the valuable living of Cat terick, forms the Unitarian congregation of Essex Street chapel, London. The tomb of Edward I., in Westminster Abbey, opened by the Antiquarian Society Macklinthe actor fails in an attempt to prosecute some who had hissed him off the stage. Watt, in partnership with Boulton, founds his establishment at Soho, and makes farther improvement in his Steam- Engine. Death of Caroline Matilda, the king's sister and queen of Denmark, at Zell, May 10, set. 24. Buckingham house purchased for the queen, Jan. 17. Lord Chatham urges unsuccessfully conciliatory measures towards the Americans, 20. A pe- tition from the London merchants presented to the Commons, 23. A powerful fleet fitted out, 25. Lord Chatham renews his proposition without effect, Feb. 1. Warm debates in the Commons, 9. Burke's resolutions negatived, March 22. Act to exclude the colonists from fishing in Newfoundland, 30. Wilkes, as lord- mayor, presents the city of London address to the king, for the removal of his ministers and a change of policy towards America, April 10. Lord Effingham resigns his commission, refusing to act in a military capacity against the colo- nists, 12 ; first hostilities at Lexington ; general Gage, with a great loss of men, destroys the magazines collected there, 19. Second American congress assem- bles ; orders an army to be raised, and issues a paper currency, May 10 ; the forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point surprised by the Americans, 17. Parlia- ment prorogued, 26. Act of Congress for the perpetual Union of the States, 29 ; George Washington appointed general-in-chief of their forces, June 16; battle of Bunker's Hill, near Boston ; the Americans repulsed, and the suburb of Charles-Town burnt by general Gage, 17; appeal of the American congress to the people of England, July 7. Captain Cook in the " Endeavour" arrives at Ports- mouth, 31. Outrages of the White Boys in Ireland, Aug. Manchester, Lancaster, Liverpool, and Leicester address the king in support of his measures, Sept. 13. The merchants of London and Bristol petition for the termination of the contest, Oct. 11; Counter-petition from London, 14. Meeting of parliament, 26 ; the duke of Grafton, lord privy-seal, declares his dissent from the coercive policy of hi colleagues ; resigns his office, Nov. 9; lord George Sackville made secretary of State/lO. The American general Montgomery surprises Montreal, 12; general Gage returns, and arrives in London, 13. Burke's conciliatory measures again re- jected by the Commons, 16 ; lord North brings in a bill prohibiting all trade what- ever with the revolted colonies, 20 ; Montgomery killed in an unsuccessful attack on Quebec, Dec. 31. Benares ceded to the English, by the nabob of Oude. Cardinal John Augelo Braschi elected pope Pius VI. The emperor Joseph II. is resisted by the nobles of Moravia and Bohemia, in his attempt to relieve the peasantry from the burdens of road-labour. The king of Denmark stops all intercourse between his subjects and the American proviuces. Potemkin, Katharine's new favourite, violates the treaty with the Turks. Death of Allen, lord Bathurst, set. 91, and of John Baskerville of Birmingham, set. 69. Birth of Dan. O'Con- n?ll, T. F. Dibdin, Charles Lamb, J, J. Audubon, C. Malte-Brun, and Harriet Mellon, afterwards Mrs. Coutts and duchess of St. Alban's. Stereotype-printing first attempted at Philadelphia, by Dr. Franklin's nephew, Benjamin Mecon. Pestalozzi introduces the Fellenberg system of education. The tunnel of Nor- wood, nearly two miles long, on the Chesterfield canal, opened, May 8. Sher- idan's " Rivals" performed for the first time, Jan. 17. Drury Lane Theatre, re- built under the direction of Garrick, re-opened, Sept. 22. Lavater's first "Frag- ments in Physiognomy " published. D' Anville appointed geographer to the king of France Invention of the mule for spinning cotton, by Samuel Crompton. Birth of the king's fourth daughter, Mary, April 25 ; and of prince Wm. Frederic, Jan. 15, son of the duke of Gloucester, and her future consort. Hessian troops hired to serve in America, Feb. 16. Viscount Pitt, earl Chatham's son, resigns his commission, to avoid fighting in an unjust cause, 20. Wilkes loses his elec- tion for chamberlain of London. General Carleton obliges the Americans to 1774 tc 1777 A.D. 671 A.D. 1777 Events and Eminent Men. withdraw from Canada, March 6. Washington obliges general Howe to evacuate Boston, 17. Motion of Wilkes for a reform in parliament negatived, 20. Trial of the duchess of Kingston for bigamy, April 15. The English fleet repulsed at Charleston in Carolina, June 28. Declaration of Independence by Congress, July 4; population of these colonies 2,614,300 ; landing of the British troops on Staten Island, 9. Riots of weavers at Shepton Mallet, to destroy machinery, 10. Captain Cook sails on his third voyage. General Howe drives the Americans from Long Island, Aug. 27 ; takes New York, Sept. 15 ; American squadron defeated on lake Champlain, Oct. 11 ; victory of general Howe on White Plains, 29. Opening of parliament, 31 ; the king's troops take Rhode Island, Dec. 8 ; Washington cap- tures a body of Hessians in New Jersey, 25. The transactions of this year in the East Indies furnish the charges subsequently brought against Warren Hastings. Col. Upton concludes the treaty of Poorunda with the Mahrattas. Lord Pigot, governor of Madras, imprisoned by the members of his council. Many peers created or promoted ; Sir Edward Hawkemade lord Hawke, and Sir Jeffrey Amherst, lord Amherst. Franklin ambassador from America to France ; a fleet equipped at Brest ; Malesherbes retires from office ; Turgot is dis- missed ; Necker appointed comptroller-general of finance. The emperor Jo- seph establishes religious liberty in his dominions. Portugal breaks off all in- tercourse with the States of America. Potemkin ceases to be the personal favourite of the empress Katharine; recommends Zavadofsky as his succes-; sor, and retains all his political power. The anti-monastic spirit spreads in Italy ; many monasteries are suppressed by the king of Naples. Martini com- pletes his Italian version of the Scriptures, sanctioned by, and dedicated t®, Pius VI. The Society of Illuminati founded at Ingolstadt by Weishaupt. Death of David Hume, set. 65, of James Ferguson, set 66, and of John Harrison, inventor of the time-piece. Birth of B. G. Niebuhr, of Sir H. Parnell, afterwards lord Congleton, and of Geo. Birkbeck. Edward Jenner first notices the anti-varid- lous influence of the cow-pox. Bougainville returns from his voyage. Gibbon publishes the first vol. in 4to. of his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," and Adam Smith his " Wealth of Nations." Garrick retires from the stage, June 10 and disposes of his interest in Drury Lane Theatre to R. B. Sheridan and others. Henry Dundas appointed lord-advocate of Scotland, March 4. Dr. Beilby Por- teou's made bishop of Chester. Freemasons' Hall opened, May 20. The Ob- servatory on Calton Hill, Edinburgh, founded, July 22. Birth of the king's fifth daughter, Sophia, Nov. 3. The arrears of the civil list paid by a vote of the Commons, April 9. Lord Pigot dies in confinement at Ma- dras, 17. Sir Fletcher Norton's address to the king on the subject of the civil list grant, May 7. Lord Chatham, brought down to the House of Lords, wrapped in flannel, makes another ineffectual motion to stop hostilities in America, 30. Parliament prorogued, June 6. The Rev. John Home (Tooke) convicted of a libel and imprisoned, July. 4. Defeat of the Hessians by general Starke, at Benington, 16 ; of Washington, by general Howe, at Brandywine, Sept. 11 ; lord Cornwallis takes Philadelphia ; the Congress removes to Lancaster, 26 ; victory of general Burgoyne at German Town, Oct. 3 ; he is surrounded by the Ameri- cans under general Gates at Saratoga, and compelled to surrender with his army, 17. Parliament meets, Nov. 20. Habeas Corpus Act suspended, Dec. 11. The French government secretly supports the Americans ; the marquis La Fayette and many officiers proceed to join them, April 4. Death of Joseph Emanuel, king of Portugal. Feb. 24, set. 63 ; his daughter, Maria Francesca, shares her regal power with Pedro, her uncle and husband ; they dismiss Pombal, revoke his reforms, and restore the influence of the priesthood. The emperor Joseph visits Paris, and the king of Sweden Petersburg. Division of the Crim Tartars into two parties, the Russian and the Turkish ; each has its own khan. Death of Albert von Haller, set. 79, of Wm. Bowyer, set. 78, and of Samuel Foote, the actor, set. 56. Birth of Thomas Campbell, of Joseph Hume, of Lucien Bonaparte, of Henry Clay, uiid oi .N icholas C. Tinuall. Execution of Dr. Dodd for lorgery, June 27. In a cause tried belore lord Mansfield, the chevalier d'Eon is alleged to be a female, July 1. 672 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 Hecu- ba. 1194 1195 1197 1198 Otto- man Em- pike. 5 Abdul Ahmed. 10 Popes. Spain 4 Pius VI. Feb. 15 20Chas. III. France. 5 Louis XVI. 22- 25- Portu- Prus GAL. SIA. 2 Maria Frauces- ca aud Pedro III. 39Fre- deric II. the Great 40- 43- WiR- tem- BERG. liChas. Eu- 43- Saxo- ny. 16Fre- deric Augus- tus 111. 44 18- Bava- RIA. IChas Theo- dore. Ger- many, 14 Jo- seph II. 16- 1778 TO 1783 A.D. 673 ' Repe- ; tition 177-9 1781 Sar- dinia. 6Victoi Ama- deus III. Tvs- Na- CANY. PLES. 14 Leo- pold. 1782 10 — 1783 20Fer- dinand IV Den- mark. 13 Chris- tian VII. Swe- den. 8Gus- tavus III. Po- land. 15 Sta- nislas Augus- tus. 23- 10- RlTSSIA. 17 Ka- tharine II. 18 Hol- land. 28 Wil- liam V. stat- holder. 29- India. BritishGo- VERNORS. 7 Warren Hastings 19 |so 9 12 19 21 20 22 33- Great Britain. 19 Geo. III. Oct 25. 20 . Prince Octavius. 21 b Prince Alfred. 22 23 d. Prince Alfred. 24 b. Princess Amelia. d. Prince Octavius. 2 x 674 FROM THE TEAli Nootka Sound discovered by captain Cook, Jan. 15. Manchester, Liverpool, Edin- burgh, Glasgow, and other cities raise regiments by private subscriptions ; the Common council of London refuses to do the same, 16 ; lord Abingdon moves that this mode of raising troops is unconstitutional and illegal ; the Lords reject his motion, Feb. 5. The king of France recognizes the independence of the Ame- rican States, and enters into alliance with them, 6. The earl of Carlisle and others appointed commissioners to treat for a reconciliation with the colonies, March 9. The French ambassador leaves London, 10, and lord Stormont returns from Paris ; embargo on French ships, and the militia embodied, 27. The duke of Richmond recommends the recognition of the independence of the colo- nies ; lord Chatham opposes this in his last speech; falls down in a fit, and is carried out of the House, April 7. Paul Jones with an American privateer in fests the coasts of Cumberland and Scotland; attacks Whitehaven ; general Howe resigns his command in America, and is succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton 14. The king visits Chatham, and reviews the First regiment of Royals, 25. The treaty with France is received in America, May 2. Lord Mansfield decides that the Postmaster-General is not answerable for the loss of money enclosed letters, S. Death of the earl of Chatham, 11, set. 70. The royal assent given to the Act, IS Geo. III. c. 60, introduced by Sir George Saville for mitigating the laws against Roman Catholics, 28. Thurlow lord chancellor, June 1. Parlia- ment prorogued, after having passed some Acts introduced by Burke, for the relief of Irish trade, 3. Publicfuneral of the earl of Chatham, 9. Alexander Wed- derburne Attorney-general, 18. Refusal of the American congress to treat with the English commissioners. !7 ; the king's troops evacuate Philadelphia, 18; are conveyed by lord Howe's fleet to New York, 30 ; arrival of the French admiral D'Estaing in the Delaware, J uly 1 1 ; indecisive naval engagement off Ushant, be- tween Keppel and D'Orvilliers, 27 . partisan warfare, in which the American loyal- ists destroy Wyoming, and the Virginians lay waste the Canadian settlements on the Mississippi ; surrender of Pondicherry to the British, Oct. 11. La Fayette challenges the earl of Carlisle, who declines to be answerable, as a private indi- vidual, for expressions used by the Commissioners collectively in a public docu- ment ; the Commissioners leave America, Oct. ; the Sandwich Islands discovered by capt. Cook, Nov. 26. Parliament meets, 26. General Burgoyne demands a court-martial and parliamentary inquiry into his conduct ; both are refused ; he is deprived of his military commands. Charles Jenkinson secretary at war, Dec. 10. On the death of Maximilian Joseph, Bavaria descends by inheritance to the elector Palatine, Charles Theodore ; Austria claims some portions of Ba- varia ; the emperor Joseph takes forcible possession of them ; the king of Prussia advances with a large army to oppose him, but retires into Silesia. Spain and Holland negotiate secretly with the American States. The Dutch ambassador in London complains of seizures made by English cruizers. Russia marches an army into the Crimea ; Turkey threatens war ; peace preserved through the me- diation of France and Prussia. Death of Linnseus, aet. 71, of Dr. Arne, aet. 68, of Voltaire, May 30, get. 85, of Rousseau, July 2, aet. 66, and'of Piranesi, set. 67. Birth of Henry Brougham. The Theatre at Saragossa burnt down ; 600 lives lost, Dec. 17. Sir Joseph Banks, knight of the Bath, a baronet, and president of the Royal Society. Birth of prince Octavius, the king's eighth son, Feb. 23. The New Year's Storm, followed by along and severe frost, Jan. 1. The chapel of Greenwich Hospital burnt, 2. The principal cities in Scotland pass resolutions against the concessions made to Roman Catholics, 8. No-popery riots at Edinburgh and Glasgow, Feb. 2. Admiral Keppel, accused of misconduct in the battle off Ushant, is acquitted by a court-martial, 11. Capt. Cook killed by the natives of Owyhee, 14. Sir Hugh Palliser, the accuser of admiral Keppel, resigns all his employ- ments, 17. Act 19 Geo. III. c. 44, passed for the relief of Protestant Dissenters. Petition of the university of Oxford against it, March 30. French attack on the island of Jersey repulsed, May 1 ; the British troops occupy Stoney Point and Verplank; Washington retreats, 30 ; hostile manifesto of Spain, June 16; the island of St. Vincent taken by the Freneh, 17. Parliament prorogued-, July 3. 1778 TO 1780 A.D. 675 1780 Naval action in the West Indies between Byron and D'Estaing, 6 ; Stoney Point recovered by the American general Wayne, 15 The Victualling office, Plymouth, burnt, 22. The admission of foreigners to the dockyards pro- hibited, 30. Senegal and Goree taken from the French, Aug. 8; the combined French and Spanish fleets masters of the Channel ; invasion of England threat- ened; siege of Gibraltar commenced. Riots in Manchester, to destroy the ma- chinery used in spinning cotton, Oct. 9 ; the Irish volunteers support the parlia- ment to obtain freedom of trade, 12. The Spanish port of Omoa, in the bay of Honduras, plundered by the English, 16. The Americans and French repulsed at Savannah. The Dutch allow Paul Jones to take his prizes into their harbours, 29. Resolutions of the Lancashire magistrates on the benefit derived from the use of machinery, Nov. 11. Great agitation in Dublin, 15. Wilkes elected chamberlain of London, 22. Meeting of parliament, 25 ; lord North introduces his measures of concession to Ireland, Dec. 13. The members of the Madras council, who imprisoned lord Pigot, brought to trial and convicted of a misde- meanour, 20. Great county meeting at York, to petition for economy in tbe national expenditure, 30. Through the mediation of France and Russia, the im- pending war in Germany is averted by the peace of Teschen, May 13. The marquis de Pombal tried at Lisbon and imprisoned for life. Death of Thomas, lord Lyttleton, set. 36, of Richard Grenville, earl Temple, the friend of Wilkes ; of David Garrick, set. 62, of Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, set 81, and of Dr. Armstrong. Prince Wm. Henry (duke of Clarence), set. 14, a post-captain in the royal navy. Sir Robert Walpole's Houghton collection of pictures sold to the empress of Russia. Birth of Humphrey Davy, of Jacob Berzelius, of Thomas, afterwards lord Denman, of Wm. Lamb, afterwards lord Melbourne, and of the present lord Gough. Publication of Johnson's " Lives of the Poets," and Lessing's " Nathan the Wise." Mesmer introduces " Animal Magnetism." Eruption of Vesuvius, Aug. 10. Execution of the Rev. Hen. Hackman, for the assassination of Miss Reay, April 18. Birth of the king's ninth son, Alfred, Sept. 22. Lord North refuses to present tbe petition of the " Protestant Association," tendered to him by lord George Gordon, Jan. 4. Meeting of the Middlesex freeholders, for retrenchment, 7. Rodney defeats the Spanish admiral Langara, and relieves Gibraltar, 16. Westminster meeting, to reduce the public expenditure, Feb. 2. The Madras councillors who imprisoned lord Pigot are fined £1,000 each, and discharged, 11. The popular cry obliges the ministers to originate the Act for instituting a Commission of Accounts ; Mr. Dunning carries his celebrated resolution on the " Influence of the Crown," April 6. Rodney's victoiy over the count de Guichen, near Mar- tinique, 17. Meeting of the " Protestant Association," in Coachmakers' Hall, May 28 ; rejection of their petition by the House of Commons, June 2. "No Popery" riots finally quelled, 9. Lord George Gordon committed to the Tower. The dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland received at court for the first time since their marriages, 15. The count de Rochambeau arrives with a French army at Rhode Island, 10. Parliament prorogued, July 8. Alexander Wedder- burne, created lord Loughborough and chief-justice of the Common Pleas, presides in the special commission for the trial of the rioters, 15. Lord Cornwallis de- feats the American general Gates at Camden, Aug. 16. Parliament dissolved, Sept. 1. Hyder Ali defeats the Company's troops and conquers the Carnatic, 10. Major Andre hanged by the Americans as a spy, (Jet. 2. Laurens captured on his passage to Holland and committed to the Tower; his papers disclose the negotiations between the Dutch and Americans, 6. Hyder Ali takes Arcot, 30. Meeting of the new parliament, 31 ; Sir Fletcher Norton deprived of the Speak- ership by ministerial influence; Mr. Cornwall appointed. Lord George Gordon indicted for high treason, Nov. 10. War declared against Holland, 20. Captain King, the successor of captain Cook, returns to England, with the "Resolution," and "Discovery," Dec. 13. Frederic, duke of York, bishop of Osnaburg, and a colonel in the army. Louis XVI. abolishes the torture. Meeting of Joseph 11. and the empress Katharine at Mohilow. Death of Maria Theresa, Nov. 29, set. 63 ; her son, Maximilian appointed coadjutor to the elector of Mentz. The _ . 2x2 6/6 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1780 con- tinued. J 1781 1782 Events and Eminent Men. Jesuits obtain settlements in Prussia and Russia, Katharine instigated by France to form the coalition called the " Armed Neutrality." Death of Sir William Blackstone, set. 57, of Sir John Fielding, and of the marquis de Pombal, set. 81. Birth of Thomas Moore, of the French lyrist Berenger, of lord Henry Petty, the present marquis of Lansdowne, of Wm. Ellery Channing, of J. B. Sumner, the present archbishop of Canterbury, of Thomas Chalmers, of Chas. Manners Sutton, afterwards Speaker and viscount Canterbury, of Palafox, and count Mole\ The manufacture of muslins introduced at Manchester. The French land in Jersey ; captured or destroyed by the militia under major Pier- son, who falls in the battle, Jan. 6. The Dutch Island of St. Eustatia taken by admiral Rodney ; prizes estimated at three millions sterling, Feb. 2. De- merara and Essequibo surrender. Trial of lord George Gordon ; defended by Erskine, and his offence not being high treason, he escapes punishment, 5. Burke's reforms introduced, 15 ; supported by the first parliamentary efforts of Wm. Pitt. viscount Maitland (afterwards earl of Lauderdale), and Sheridan; lost on the second reading, 27. Warm debates on lord North's budget, March 7. Un- profitable victory of lord Cornwallis over the American general Green at Guild- ford, 16. Pensacola taken by the Spaniards, May 10 ; and Tobago by the French. The charter of the Bank of England renewed, June 1. Motion of Fox, seconded by Pitt, for terminating the war, 12; lord Macartney, governor of Madras, 22. Sir Eyre Coote defeats Hyder Ali, July 1. Parliament prorogued, 18. Execu- tion ot De la Motte, a French spy, 27. Battle off the Dogger-bank, between admiral Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5. Hyder Ali defeated, 27. The Dutch settlement of Negapatam taken. Battle of Eutaw Springs. General Arnold burns New London in Connecticut, Sept. 8. Warren Hastings concludes the treaty of Chunar with the nabob of Oude, 19. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis to Washington, at Yorktown, Oct. 29. Sir Guy Carleton, commander-in-chief. The French recover St. Eustatia, Nov. 20. Parliament meets, 27. A Common Hall in London, Dec. 6; followed by meetings in Westminster, Middlesex, Southwark, and Surrey, against the government policy. The ministerial ma- jority, in the House of Commons, reduced to 41, on Sir James Lowther's motion, 12. Lord George Germaine intimates that the Cabinet had abandoned the idea of subduing the Americans, 14. The Charter of the E. I. Co. renewed till 1794. The emperor abolishes serfdom ; gives religious liberty to his subjects; reforms monasteries ; restricts the papal power, and forbids the publication of Bulls in his dominions without his sanction. He and the king of Prussia join the Armed Neutrality. Necker publishes his financial statement ; retires from office. France and Spain continue the siege of Gibraltar ; admiral Darby supplies the garrison with stores and reinforcements. Death of lord Hawke, set. 68, of Turgot, set. 54, of Lessing, set. 52, of J. Ernesti, set. 74, of Edward Capell, set. 68, and of Dr. Robert Watson, get. 51. Birth of Francis Chantrey, of John, the present lord Campbell, of Henry Hallam, of Stamford Raffles, of lord Mahon, and of David Brewster. The planet Georgium Sidus, or Uranus, discovered by Herschel at Bath, March 13. The first Sunday School instituted at Gloucester by Robert Raikes. Kant publishes his new system of Metaphysics. Conven- tion of the Irish Volunteers at Dungarvan. Death of prince Alfred, Aug. 20, set. 2. The king refuses to receive the London remonstrance on the throne ; indignantresolutionsof the Livery, Jan. 31. Minorca taken by the Spaniards, Feb. 5. General Conway's motion against the war negatived by a majority of only one, 22. Resignation of lord North, March 19 ; marquis of Rockingham, prime minister ; Charles Fox, foreign secretary ; Burke, paymaster-general of the forces; Sheridan, under secretary, 30; Lloyd Kenyon, attorney-general. Acts passed to exclude contractors from the House of Commons, to disqualify government officers for voting at elections, to reform the Civil List, and make other retrenchments. The Dutch refuse overtures for peace ; the Rus- sians offer to mediate, April 3. The French fleet, under De Grasse, defeated by Rodney, 12. Grattan's "Declaration of Rights" adopted by the Irish parlia- ment. 16. Adams, American ambassador at the Hague, 19. The Middlesex election resolutions erased from the Journals of the Commons, May 6. Wilkes 1780 TO 1783 A.D. 67? Events and Eminent Men. now of little importance. Pitt's motion for Reform, supported by Fox, lost by a majority of twenty. 7. Concessions to Ireland introduced by Fox. 18. Death of Charles Weutworth, marquis of Rockingham, July 1, «3t. 52. Lord Shelburne, prime minister. Fox and his friends resign. Pitt, chancellor of the exchequer ; Dundas, treasurer of the navy ; Pepper Arden, solicitor-general, 10. The Ba- hama Islands taken by the Spaniards. Parliament prorogued, 11. Defence of Gibraltar by General Eliott and Sir Roger Curtis, against the grand attack of the French and Spaniards, Sept. 13; the siege raised ; the Ville de Paris, with others of Rodney's prizes and some of his own fleet, lost in a violent gale, Oct. 5. Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States. Provisional treaty of peace arranged with Dr. Franklin at Paris, Nov. 30. Parliament meets, Dec. 5. Hyder Ali defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, June 2 ; dies, and is succeeded by his son, Tippoo Saib, Dec. 11. The Irish parliament purchase an estate for Mr. Grattan. National Bank established at Dublin. Gilbert's Act, for the management of workhouses in England. The pope visits Vienna and endea- voursto divert the emperor from his course of reform ; Joseph perseveres ; founds new schools ; and encourages industry. Ostend and Trieste free ports. The Inquisition abolished in Tuscany and Naples. French troops enter Geneva to settle the differences between parties; many families emigrate to England and Ireland. Death of Henry Home, lord Karnes, get. 86, of Daniel Bernouilli, get. 82, of Dr. Solander, set. 46, and of Sir John Bringle, late President of the Royal Society, sat. 75. Birth of lord Althorpe, of Frederic Robinson, afterwards earl of Ripon, of Thomas Wilde, afterwards lord Truro, and of Daniel Webster. The Royal George sinks at Spithead, with admiral Kempenfeld and the crew. Monument to the late earl of Chatham erected in Guildhall. London. Dr. Thomas Percy, bishop of Dromore, April 20; and Dr. Richard Watson, of Llandaff, June 11. Birth of the king's sixth daughter and last child, Amelia, Aug. 8. Death of prince Octavius, May 3, set. 4. Preliminaries of peace with France and Spain signed at Versailles. Jan. 20; militia disbanded, Feb. 1. Order of St. Patrick insti- tuted, 5. Coalition of Fox and North ; the address to the king seconded by Mr. Wilberforce ; amendment carried by a majority of four, 17. Resignation of lord Shelburne, 21. Coalition ministry, April 2. Majority of 144 against Pitt's motion for Reform, May 7. Parliament prorogued, July 6. Trade with America regulated by an order of Council, Sept. 5. Peace proclaimed, 15. Convention of the Volunteers at Dublin, Nov. 10. Meeting of parliament, 11. The prince of Wales takes his seat. Fox introduces his India Bills, 18. New York evacu- ated by the British, 26 ; Washington disbands his army, appeases their dis- content, resigns his command, and retires to Vermont. Debate on the India Bills, 29. First parliamentary efforts of Erskine and John Scott, the first de- fending and the last opposing the measure ; the Bills pass the Commons, and are read a first time by the Lords, Dec. 9 Interview of lord Temple with the king, 11. The Bills thrown out by the Lords, 17. Coalition ministry dis- missed, 18. Wm. Pitt, set. 24, prime minister, 23. General Matthews defeated and slain by Tippoo Saib, assisted by the French under Bussy ; on the con- clusion of peace, they withdraw their forces, and the English raise the siege of Cuddalore. The Anti-Orange party of Holland, supported by France, attempt to curtail the Statholder's power; the king of Prussia interferes. Joseph II. and Gustavus III. visit the pope. Treaty of commerce between Sweden and the American republic. The Russians take possession of the Crimea and the Kuban. Perfidious massacre of the Tartars by Potemkin. Death of Dr. Wm. Hunter, set 65, of John Dunning, lord Ashburton, set. 52, of Leonard Euler, set. 76, and of D'AIembert, aat. 66 Birth of Simon Bolivar, of Reginald Heber, afterwards bishop of Calcutta, of Louis Spohr, and of Andre Dupin. Pilatre du Rosier and D'Arlande ascend at Paris, in Mongolfier's first fire-balloon, Nov. 2. Mr. Spalding and his assistant perish in a diving-bell in Ireland, June 1. Hoff- mann, a native of Alsace, avails himself of Ged's polytype invention A patent granted to Henry Johnson and Mr. Walter of the "Times.," for stereotype or logographic printing. The first volume of " L'Art de verifier les Dates apres Jesus Christ," published by the Benedictine Francis Clement. 673 FROM THE YEAE A.D. I-Iegj- ra. i Otto- Imast Em- pire. Popes. Spain, France Portu- gal. Prus- sia. 45Fre- deric II. the Great. WlR- TEM- BERG. 48 Chas. Eu- gene. 1 Sax- ony. 1 Bava UIA. Ger- many. 1784 1199 11 Abdul Ahmed. 1 10 Pi us VI. Feb 15. 26Chas. III. 11 Louis XVI. 8 Maria Frances- ca and Pedro III. 22 Fre- deric Augus- tus III. 7Chas Theo dore. 20 Jo- seph 11. 1785 1200 1201 12 11 27 12 — 9 46 49 23 '8 21 1786 1201 1202 13 12 28 13 10 d. Pedio. lFred. Wm. 11. 50 24 9 22 1T87 1202 1203 14 13 29 14 11 2 51 25 10 23 1788 1203 1204 15 14 lChas. IV. 15 12 3 52 26 11 24 1789 1204 1205 1 Selim III. 15 2 16 13 4 53 27 12 25 1784 TO 1789 A.D. 679 I Repe- tition Dates. 1784 1786 1787 1788 Sar- dinia, ^Vic- tor Ama- deus III. Tus- cany. 20 Le opold Naples 26 Fer- dinand IV. Den- ma kk 19 Chris- tian VII. Swe- den. 14 Gusta vus III. Po- land. 21 Stanis- las Au- gustus. 23 Kath arine II, Hol- land. 1789 25- 30 Stanis las, the shadow of a king till the final par tition of Poland, in 1795. Ameri- ca nPre- DENTS. 1 George Wash- ngton. 34 Wil liara V stat- holder. 35 28 India BritishGo- VERNORS. 13 Warren Hastings, 36 lEarlCorn- wallis Great Britain. 25 Geo. III. Oct 25 28 680 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1784 Events and Eminent Men. Struggle of the new ministry against a majority of the Commons. Pitt introduces his India Bill, Jan. 14 ; rejected, on going into committee, by a majority of eight ; a meeting of independent members attempts in vain to reconcile political parties, Feb. 2. Vote of the House of Lords to support the ministry, 4. Popu- larity of Pitt ; the thanks of the Common Council of London voted to him, 10. Address of the House of Commons to the king for the removal of ministers, '20 ; a repi'esentation to the throne, for the same purpose, carried by a majority of one, March 8. Mutiny Bill passed, 9. Parliament prorogued, 24; dissolved, 25. Many of the leading coalitionists lose their seats. Meeting of the new parlia- ment, May 18 ; large majority for ministers. Agitation in Dublin, June 7. The attorney-general, Fitz-G-ibbon, prevents the assembly of a national congress. Riots at Edinburgh caused by high price of corn, 10. Pitt's Commutation Act introduced, 21 ; his budget, 30. Restoration of the estates forfeited in 1745. India Bill again brought forward, July 9 ; passed by large majorities. Board of Control established. Parliament prorogued, 18. Treaty of Mangalore with Tippoo Saib. Great increase of trade with the American States. The convey- ance of letters by mail-coaches, devised by major Palmer. Birth of the prince of Asturias, afterwards Ferdinand VII. of Spain, Oct. 14, The emperor Joseph's design of re-opening the Scheldt is opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Hol- land. Turkey is overawed by his alliance with Russia, gives up the Crimea, and yields to all Katharine's demands. Potemkin builds Kherson (now Odessa) ; death of her minister, count Panin, and of her favourite. Lanskoy. Gustavus III. visits Paris, and concludes a treaty of commerce. Prince Louis of Brunswick, the statholder's minister, yields to the democratic party, and withdraws from Hol- land. The crown prince Frederic, from the imbecility of his father, Christian VII., becomes regent of Denmark. De Grasse, on his return to France, is brought to trial and banished from Paris. Death of Dr. Samuel Johnson, set. 75, of Sir Geo. Savile, set. 58, and of Diderot, set. 71. Birth of John, viscount Palmerston, of John Louis Burckhardt, of Bugeaud, the French marshal, and of John, the present earl of Westmoreland. Commemoration of Handel in Westminster Abbey, May 26. Ascent of Lunardi from Moorfields, Sept. 15, and of Blanchard and Jeffries, Nov. 30. Iceland desolated by an eruption of Hecla for nearly 12 months, The first school for the blind established at Paris, by Valentine Hatty. David founds a new school of painting in France. The " Diary " of Bubb Dod- dington published. English newspapers prohibited in France, Jan. 1. Parliament meets, 25. Pitt's motion for reform negatived by a majority of 74, April 18. John Adams first ambassador from America, presented to the king, June 1. Warren Has- tings having resigned his governorship of India, Feb. 8, arrives in London, June 16 ; Sir John Macpherson and Sir Archibald Campbell are left to act as his deputies. Trial of Dr. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph's, for the publication of Sir Wm. Jones's " Dialogue on Government." Erskine's powerful pleading in his defence, Aug. 6. Parliament prorogued. Critical state of the French finances ; affair of the queen's diamond necklace ; arrest of the cardinal de Rohan. Treaty of the emperor Joseph II. to obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium; his plan defeated by Prussia and other States ; he deprives the papal nuncios of all au- thority in Germany. The Philippine Company established in Spain. Opening of the canal of Kiel or Knopp, to unite the river Eyder and the Baltic. Kath- arine's new favourite, Yermolof, endeavours to alienate her from Potemkin. Death of col. Oglethorpe, set. 102, of Moses Mendelsohn, set. 56, of Wm. White- head, poet laureate, set. 70, of lord George Sackville, set. 69, of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, set. 60, and of the Abbe de Mably, set. 76. Birth of David Wilkie, of Hannah Gurney, afterwards Mrs. Fry, and of Henry, the present lord Hardinge. Howard sets out on his travels to visit the Plague hospitals, Dec. 18. The rev. Thos. Warton appointed poet-laureate. La Perouse proceeds on his voyage to explore the Northern Pacific. Beaumarchais's edition of Voltaire's works suppressed in France. Paley's " Moral and Political Philosophy " pub- lished, Weishaupt, chief of the 111 uminati, expelled from his professor's chair 1784 TO 1787 A.D. 681 Events and Eminent Men. at Ingolstadt. Balloon expeditions ; Blanchard and Jeffries cross the Straits of Dover, Jan. 7; disastrous fate of Pilatre du Rosier, June 15; Mr" Arnold precipitated into the Thames ; major Money ascends at Norwich, falls into the German Ocean, is saved by a revenue cutter. Opening of parliament, Jan. 24. Earl Cornwallis appointed governor-general of India, Feb. 24. Ministerial plan for fortresses, opposed by Sheridan in an eloquent speech, and lost by the Speaker's casting vote, 27. Pitt's Sinking Fund unani- mously adopted, March 29. Impeachment of Warren Hastings moved by Burke, April 4; he defends himself at the bar of the House, May 1. Lord George Gordon a convert to Judaism, 4. The Commons decide not to proceed on the first article against Hastings, respecting the Rohilla war, June 1 ; the second, or Benares article, moved by Fox and supported by Pitt, is adopted by the House, 13. The prince of Wales reduces his expenditure to pay his debts, July 11. Margaret Nicholson attempts to stab the king, Aug. 2. Royal visit to Oxford, 16. Board of trade appointed ; first president, Charles Jenkinson, created lord Hawkesbury, Sept. 2. Treaty of commerce with France, 26. Death of the king's aunt, Amelia Sophia Eleanora, second daughter of George II., set. 76, Nov. A black colony sent from London to found the settlement of Sierra Leone, Dec. 9. Death of Frederic II., king of Prussia, Aug. 17, set. 75 ; he is succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Wm. II. The emperor Joseph gives a new code of laws to his subjects, in which the punishment of death is almost abrogated, and orders the German language to be used instead of Latin, in the services of the church. The king of Sweden abolishes the torture. Potemkin compels Katharine to send Yermolof on his travels, and to take Momonof in his place. Revolt of the Mamelukes in Egypt suppressed by the grand vizir. Congress of German archbishops, at Ems, and council of Italian prelates at Pistoja ; both restrictive of papal supremacy. The university of Bonn founded. Death of Dr. John ; Jebb, set. 50, of cardinal de Solis, 83t. 110, of Gilbert Stuart, set, 44, of Jonas i Hanway, set, 74, and of admiral lord Keppel, set. 61. Birth of Victoria Maria Louisa, daughter of the prince of Saxe Coburg, and now duchess of Kent, Aug. 17. Birth of Karl M. von Weber, of D. F. Arago, of C. J. Blomfield, the present bishop of London, of Sir Robert H. Inglis, of B. R. Haydon, and of the present admiral Sir Charles Napier. Loss of the Halsewell, East India ship, June 6. Meeting of Dissenters to petition for a repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, Jan. 5. Parliament assembles, 23. Sheridan moves the charge against W r arren Hastings for his treatment of the Begums of Oude, Feb. 7. The treaty of com- merce with France discussed by the Commons, and approved by a majority of 76, 12.- Consolidation of Customs, 26. Beaufoy's motion for the relief of Dissenters negatived by a majority of 78, March 2S ; the debts of the prince of Wales brought before parliament by alderman Newman The prince's marriage to Mrs. Fitzherbert denied by Fox, April 20. The articles of impeachment against Warren Hastings presented by Burke at the bar of the Lords, May 10. The Commons agree to pay the debts of the prince, 21. Commodore Philipps sails with convicts to New South Wales, 23. Parliament prorogued, 30. Lord George Gordon convicted of two libels, June 6. Bishopric of Nova Scotia erected, Aug. 11. A fleet equipped to support the statholder, and other preparations for war terminated by a convention with France, Oct. 30. Parliament opened, Nov. 27. Riot at Worcester, to prevent the spinning of wool by machinery, Dec. 1. The ideas of civil liberty imbibed by La Fayette and his companions in America, dis- seminated in France, prepare the Revolution. Louis, in wa.nt of money, calls the first assembly of the Notables, Feb. 22. M-. de Calonne's plan of finance re- jected ; he resigns, and withdraws to England, April 20. De Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, prime minister. The Notables close their sittings, May 25. The Parliament of Paris refuses to register the royal edicts, and demands an as- sembly of the States General, July 6 ; is banished to Troyes, Aug. 15 ; recalled, Sept. 20 p ; civil and political rights conceded to Protestants, Nov. 19. The stat- holder expelled from Holland ; returns to the Hague, brought back by a Prussian army, with the concurrence of Great Britain. France unable to interfere. The innovations of Joseph II. in Belgium are opposed by the States of Brabant, and 682 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 1787 con- tiuuid. 1788 Events and Eminent Men. he is obliged to revoke them. Journey of the empress Katharine to the Crimea. Joseph II. meets her at Kherson; alliance against Turkey. Romantzof declines to share the command with Potemkin. The Turks declare war, and attempt to land at Kinburn ; Suwarof defeats them. The pope annuls the resolutions adopted at Ems and Pistoja. The constitution of the American States framed by a commission, at the head of which are Washington, Franklin, and James Madison ; accepted at first by only three States. The duke of Rutland, viceroy of Ireland, dies at Dublin. Death of Sir Wm. Draper, of Father Boscovich, set. 76, of Soame Jenyns, set. 83, of Robert Lowth, bishop of London, set. 77, of Ed- mund Law, bishop of Carlisle, set. 84, of the count de Vergennes, aet. 68, of Dr. Richard Jebb, set. 67, of the Rev. Paul Maty, set. 42, and of Anna Maria Yates, the actress, set. 59. Birth of De Lacy Evans, of Wm. Etty, and of M. Guizot. Herschel discovers two satellites of the Georgium Sidus. Home Tooke publishes his " Diversions of Purley." Wedgwood manufactures his imitations of Etrus- can vases. Beilby Porteous, bishop of London, Thurlow of Durham, and Pre tyman of Lincoln. The Swedenborgian " New Jerusalem Church " formed. A shark caught in the Thames, Dec. 1. John Christopher Adelung professor at Leipzig and librarian to the elector of Saxony. Lord George Gordon (set. 38) sentenced to five years' imprisonment, Jan. 28. Death of Charles Edward Stuart, grandson of James II., at Rome, Jan. 31, set. 68 Petition of the London Common Council for the abolition of the slave trade. Feb. 1. The trial of Warren Hastings commences in Westminster Hall, Feb. 13. Burke's opening speech occupies four successive days. The Begum charge introduced by Mi-. Adam, April 15 ; summed up by Sheridan in a speech of five days. The Benares charge opened by Fox, 22 ; concluded by Mr. Grey, 25. Resolution of the Commons, moved by Pitt, to take the African slave trade into consideration during the next session, May 9. Lord Mansfield, thirty-two years chief justice, resigns, and is succeeded by lord Kenyon, June 3. Compensation awarded to American loyalists, 8. Royal visit to Cheltenham, 12. Sir John Scott solicitor-general, 18. Pepper Arden, master of the rolls. Close of the parlia- mentary session, July 12. Sir Wm. Scott advocate-general, Sept. 3. Symptoms of the king's mental malady, Oct. Celebration of the centenary of the Revo- lution, Nov. 5. The king's illness publicly known, 12. Parliament assembles; report made by the physicians and privy council, Dec. 4. Debate on the Re- gency, 10. Pitt's resolutions carried, 16; his letter to the prince of Wales, 30. Attempt of the French government to establish the cour pWniere. Protest of the parliament of Paris, and arrest of some of its members, May 3. National dis- content, aggravated by a general scarcity, arising from a hail-storm, which destroys vineyards, orchards, and harvest, July 13. De Brienne resigns, Aug. 25. Necker recalled to office, 27. Edict for convoking the States-General, Sept. 27. Second assembly of the Notables, Nov. 6. Decree that the Tiers Mat shall compose one half of the States Genei-al. Alliance of Great Britain, Prussia, and Hol- land ; they cause the Danes to retire, who, at the instigation of Katharine, had invaded Sweden and laid siege to Gothenburg. Gustavus III. makes war on Russia and threatens Petersburg ; his fleet is repulsed and blocked up in Swea- borg, and the progress of his army stopped by the fortress of Fredericshamm. The emperor Joseph interferes with the university of Louvain, and is again em-' broiled with his Belgian subjects ; unsuccessful in his operations against Turkey, he gives the command of one of his armies to marshal Laudon, who conquers Bosnia. The Russians, under Potemkin and Suwarof, take Otchakof ; massacre and pillage of its inhabitants, Dec. 16. Death of Charles III., king of Spain, Dec. 13, set. 72; accession of his son, Charles IV. Florida Blanca, minister. The American constitution accepted by eight more of the States ; the quakers of Philadelphia emancipate their slaves, Jan. 1. Death of Shipley, bishop of St. Asaph, K»t. 74, of Sir Ashton Lever, of James Stuart, " the Athenian." set. 75, of Sol. Gesner, set. 58. of Le Clerc, count de Buffon, set. 81, of Thomas Gains- borough, sat. 61, of George Joachim Zollikoffer, set. 58, of count De Grasse, and of admiral Greig, commanding a Russian fleet. Birth of lord Byron, Jan. £2, of lord Fitzroy Somerset, afterwards lord Raglan, of Robert Peel, of Basil Hall, and of Theodore Hook. M. de Lesseps. landed on the coMst of Kamtschatka, 1787 TO 1789 A.D. 683 Events and Eminent Men. brings to Paris the last intelligence ever received of La Perouse or of his ships "LaBoussole" and " L' Astrolabe." Pugilism patronized by the royal princes and many men of eminence ; the death of a prize-fighter in a match at Brighton, Aug. 6, causes the prince of Wales to withdraw. »amuel Horsley bishop of St. David's. The Abbe Barthelemy publishes his Anacharsis. Mdlle. Necker, afterwards baroness de Stael, writes in defence of Rousseau. Charles Macklin, set. 89, fails in an attempt to repeat his performance of " Shylock." Mr. Cornwall, speaker of the Commons, dies, Jan. 2, and is succeeded by Mr. Wm. Grenville, 5. The Regency Bill introduced, Feb. 3. The king recovers, 19; national rejoicing, March 10 ; public thanksgivings, April 23. Mutiny of the " Bounty," 28. Beaufoy's second motion negatived by a majority of twenty, May 8. Prince William Henry created duke of Clarence, 9. Duel between the duke of York and col Lenox, 26. Mr Grenville secretary of state, June 5. Hen. Addington, speaker, 8. Dr. Withers convicted of a libel on Mrs. Fitzherbert, July 14. Royal visit to Weymouth, 16. The duty on newspapers increased, Aug. 21. Royal visit to Plymouth, 27. Address of the London "Revolution Society " to the French National Assembly ; sermon of Dr. Price at the Old Jewry chapel, Nov. 5. A printer convicted of a libel on the duke of York, 23. Perryman, printer of the " Morning Herald," convicted of a libel on the Commons, Dec. 8. Stockdale tried for the same offence; Erskine's eloquence works upon the jury to acquit him, 9. Election of the States-General in France ; clubs formed ; that of Brittany constitutes eventually the association of Jacobins ; commotions in the Faubourg Saint Antoine, Apr. 29 ; at Marseilles, 30 ; meeting of the States-General, clergy 291, nobles 270, Third Estate 584, May 4 ; the three Orders united into one body, are declared, on the motion of the Abbe Sieyes, to be the National Assembly, June 17 ; meeting in the tennis-court, and oath to provide a new constitution, 20 ; royal sitting ; the king commands the assembly to sepa- rate ; encouraged by their president Bailly and by Mirabeau, the members refuse to obey, 23 ; the king yields, 27 ; dismisses Necker, July 11 ; popular agitation, and destruction of the Bastille, 14; flight of the count d'Artois, of the prince de Conde, of the duke de Broglio, and other nobles, to Coblentz : emigration com- mences ; La Fayette commander of the national guard, and Bailly mayor of Paris-, 16; violent excesses of the populace, 22; Necker recalled, 28; abolition of privi- leged orders, Aug. 4; declaration of rights presented to the king, 13 ; freedom of conscience and liberty of the press decreed, 24; festival of the military officers at Versailles, Oct. 1 ; scarcity of provisions at Paris ; the mob proceeds to Versailles, attacks the palace and massacres the guards, 6 ; the king and the royal family brought to Paris ; are followed by the National Assembly, who com- mence their sitting in the Riding School of the Tuileries, 12 ; church property taken for the service of the State, Nov. 2 ; the parliament suspended, 3 ; issue of assignats, Dec. 17; the domains of the crown and estates of emigrants taken for the public use, 22. Revolt of the Belgians. Commotions in Hungary. The prince of Coburg and Suwarof defeat the Turks at Fokshani, July 31 ; at Mar- tinesti, Sept. 18 ; Laudou takes Belgrade, Oct. 6 ; blockades Orsova ; Potemkin defeats Hassan pacha at Tobac, takes Bender and Akerman, and invests Ismail. Death of sultan Abdul Ahmed, April 7, set. 64; his nephew, Selim III., takes the throne. Gustavus ITI. abrogates the privileges of the Swedish nobility, estab- lishes the absolute power of the crown, and renews the war in Finland. Poland, encouraged by Prussia, makes an effort to shake off the yoke of Russia. The constitution accepted by all the States of America; Washington elected presi- dent, and Adams, vice-president, April 14. Death of Fletcher Norton, lord Grantley, of Joseph Vernet, set. 75, of the Abb£ de l'Epee, pet 77, of Thos. Day, the author of " Sandford and Merton," set. 41, of John Elwes the miser, and of the Pretender's natural daughter, duchess of Albany. Birth of lord Nugent, of Horace Vernet, of Silvio Pellico, of the present archbishop Whately, of Neander, i and of Mary Russell Mitford. Herschel discovers two satellites of Saturnl Opening of the Stroud canal, Nov. 19. Bacon's groupe, representing the Thames and its attributes, placed in the quadrangle of Somerset House, April 13. Howard's Account of the Lazarettos of Europe published. The Opera House in the Haymarket burnt, June 18, and the. Manchester theatre, 19. 684 FBOM THE TEAR A.D. Hegi 1205 1206 1206 1207 1792 1207 1208 1793 1208 1209 Otto- I man Em- Popes. PIKE. 2 Selim III L6 Pius 3Chas. 17 Louis VI. IV. XVI, Feb. 15. France. Portu gal. public, Sept- 22.' 2 Fran cesca Prus- sia. 5 Fre- deric Wm.II WlR- TEM- BERG. 54Chas ugene 56- 1 Lou- is Eu- eue. Saxo-Bava NY. RIA. 28Fre-|13Chas. deric I Theo- dore. S0- Ger- MANY, 1 Leo- pold II. 15 lFran ! cis II, 1790 TO 1793 A.D. 685 R epe- tltioti Sardi Tus- Naples. Den- Swe- Ameri- can Pre Russia. 1 India. Hol-IBritishGo- Great Dates. NIA. cany mark den. sidents LAND. VERNORS. Britain. 1790 lSVic- tor Arna- deus III. 1 Fer- dinanc III. 32 Fer- dinand IV. 25 Chris- tian VII. 20Gus tavus III. - 2 George Wash- ington. 29 Kath arine II ■40 Wil liam V stat- holder 5 EarlCorn- wallis. 31Geo.III. Oct- 2.5, d duke of Camberland. l> Leopold, prince of SaxeCoburg. 17 91 19 2 33 26 21 3 — 30 41 6 _ 32 m, duke of York. 1792 20 3— - 34 27 1 Gus- tavus IV. 4 31 42 7 33 1793 21— 4 35 H 2 5 Re- elected. 32 43 1 Sir John* Shore. 34 * i i 1 i I 1 • i i 686 FROM THE TEAR Events and Eminent Men. Parliament opened, Jan. 21. J. Walter, publisher of the " Times," fined for libels on the dukes of York and Clarence, Feb. 3. First dissension in the House of Commons between the Foxites and Burkites, respecting the French Revolution, 9. The trial of Warren Hastings proceeds languidly, 16. Resolutions of the London Common Council to support the Corporation and Test Acts, 25. Majority ISO against Fox's motion for their repeal, March 2 ; Flood's, for parliamentary reform, withdrawn, 4 ; the improved revenues of India stated to the Commons by Mr. Dundas, 31 ; Pitt's Budget, April 25. Misunderstanding with Spain respecting Nootka Sound, May 6. Parliament dissolved, June 12. Home Tooke unsuccessful candidate for Westminster, July 2. Retirement of Wilkes from Middlesex. The fall of the Bastille commemorated by a large assemblage at the Crown and * nch-rv, lord Stanhope presiding, 14. Burke publishes his "Reflec- tions on the French Revolution " and Thomas Paine his " Rights of Man; Death of the king's brother, Henry Frederic, duke of Cumberland, 'set. 45, leaving no issue, Sept. 18. The new parliament assembles; Addington speaker, Nov. 26; decides to proceed with the trial of Warren Hastings. Dec. 17. War com- menced in the Mysore against Tippoo Saib. Execution of the marquis de Favras, the first judicially-condemned victim of the Revolution in France, Jan. 18 ; tumults in the southern provinces ; France divided into eighty-three de- partments ; the National Assembly completes the new constitution, to which the king and all the deputies swear fidelity, Feb. 4; monastic vows interdicted, 13; rights of primogeniture abolished, 24 ; municipality of Paris created, May 1 ; on the motion of M. de Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, uniformity of weights and mea- sures established, 8 ; the assembly, though apposed by Mirabeau, asserts its right to make peace or war, 22 ; titles, armorial bearings and seignorial distinctions abolished, June 19 ; the church organized as a civil institution, July 12; grand federation of the Champ de Mars, 14 ; Talleyrand celebrates high mass ; justices of peace appointed, Aug. 5; trial by jury, 16; resignation of Necker, Sept. 4; all ecclesiastics and public functionaries required to swear fidelity to the nation, the law, and the king, Nov. 27 ; Louis, after long hesitation, assents to the civil constitution of the church, Dec. 26. Declaration of independence by the Belgian provinces ; congress of Brussels convened, June 4. The discontents of the Hun- garians appeased by the restoration of their ancient privileges. Joseph main- tains his edicts for religious toleration and the abolition of vassalage ; he dies, Feb. 20, aet. 49 ; his brother, Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds him in the hereditary States, and is elected emperor of Germany, Sept. 30 ; lie resigns Tuscany to his second son, Ferdinand ; his troops occupy Orsova, April 16, and advance against Widdin and Griurgevo ; congress of Reichenbach, June 27. Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland agree to assist in suppressing the Belgian rebellion; the privileges of the States are restored ; Brussels submits, Dec. 3. Negotiations for peace between Austria and Turkey commence at Szistova. Russia persists in the war; Suwarof storms Ismail, Dec. 22 ; horrid slaughter of the inhabitants, 26. Repnin crosses the Danube into Bulgaria. After several indecisive conflicts between the Swedish and Russian fleets, the former obtains a complete victory in Swenka Sound, July 10. The peace of Warela follows. The States of Ohio and Tenessee founded in North America, Aug. 14. Death of Benjamin Franklin, April 17, set. 85, of John Howard, set. 63, of Adam Smith, ait. 67, of Dr. Robert Henry, sat. 72, of Dr. Wm. Cullen, jet. 78, of lord Heathfield, set 72, of Dr. Thos. Warton, poet-laureate, aet. 62, of general Roy, the ordnance surveyor, of the Austrian field-marshal, Gideon Ernest Laudon, set. 74, of Dr. Antony Addington, the speakers father, set. 77, of Philip Yorke, second earl of Hardwicke, set. 70, and of the Scotch heroine, Flora Macdonald. Birth of prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, now king of Belgium, Dec. 16, of the present Sir John Hersehel, of Odillon Barrot, of Spring Rice now lord Mounteagle, of Father Mat- thew, of Edmund, now admiral Lyons, and of J. R M'Culloch. Sir Joshua Rey- nolds resigns the presidency of the Royal Academy, Feb. 8. Galvanism dis- covered by Louis Galvani of Bologna. Wm. Pulteney institutes a professorship! of Agriculture at Edinburgh, April 14. The Forth and Clyde canal opened, July 28. The trigonometrical survey of Kent made by general Roy. Mr. Pitt 1790 TO 1791 A.D. 687 Events and Eminent Men. 1791 High Steward of the University of Cambridge. William Wyndham Grenville created lord Grenville. Henry James Pye, poet-laureate ; the omission of the New Year's Ode by his predecessor, facetiously celebrated by Peter Pindar (Dr. Wolcot). Scipio Eicci, bishop of Pistoja and Prato, deposed by the pope. Bos- well's Life of Johnson published. Marriage of Frederic, duke of York, to Frederica, crown-princess of Prussia, Sept. 29. General Abercrombie defeats Tippoo Saib's army, and takes Cananore, Jan. 9. A Bill introduced in the House of Commons to relieve some of the Catholic disabilities ; Fox, Pitt, and Burke agree in condemning all laws which attach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21. The government of Canada regulated by a new act, March 4; Mr. Walter of the "Times" pardoned and liberated, 9; naval armament in anticipation of a war to check the ambition of Russia ; motion of Wilberforce for the abolition of the slave trade, 18. Burke quarrels with Fox, and joins the ministerial party, May 6. The colony of Sierra Leone protected by act of parliament, 12. Victory of Lord Cornwallis over Tippoo Saib, 15. Fox's Libel Bill postponed till next session, 20. The claims for private property seized at the capture of St. Eustatia in 1782, nllowed by the privy council, 26. The charges against Warren Hastings concluded by the managers, 30; he enters upon his defence, June 2 Dundas, secretary of state, 8. Par- liament prorogued, 10. Meetings to celebrate the French revolution interrupted by popular violence ; riots at Birmingham, July 14. Application of the nabob of Arcot to the Court of Chancery against the East India Company, 27 ; some of the Birmingham rioters capitally convicted, Aug. 25. The buckle-makers of Birmingham petition against the use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21. The emperor of Germany calls upon France to restore the feudal rights of which some princes of the empire had been deprived in Alsace; the National Assembly orders additional troops to be raised, Jan. 28. The emigrant princes collect forces at Coblentz and Worms; first ordination of constitutional bishops at Paris by Talleyrand, Feb. 25 : threats of the pope, March 10. Death of Mirabeau, April 2, set. 42, the first of the great men interred in the new church of St. Genevieve, called by the Assembly the Pantheon. M. Guillotin introduces the machine for decapitation, which bears his name, May 31. Flight of the king and royal family, June 20 ; they are stopped at Varennes and brought back to Paris, 25 ; his eldest brother escapes to Mons ; order for all emigrants to return within two months, July 9. The remains of Voltaire conveyed to the Pantheon, 11. Second federation, 14 ; Bailly and La Fayette disperse a tumultuous assemblage, calling for the deposition of the king, 17. Treaty of Pilnitz between the emperor and the king of Prussia for the restoration of the royal authority in France, Aug. 27. The constitution remodelled, Sept. 3 ; accepted by the king, 13 ; Avignon and the Venaissin annexed to France ; and the claims of the German princes in Al- sace disallowed, 23. Last sitting of the National or Constituent Assembly, 30 ; the new constitution comes into operation ; meeting of the Legislative Assem- bly, elected under the influence of the clubs, Oct. 1. Insurrections in La Ven- dee and Brittany ; massacres at Avignon, Marseilles, and Aix ; Petion mayor of Paris, Nov. 17. The emperor of Germany protests against the rejection of his demands, Dec. 3, Gustavus III. offers to lead a crusade against France. Roch- ambeau and Luckner appointed to command the armies of the north and of the Rhine, Dec. 16. Treaty of Szistova between Austria and Turkey concluded, Aug. 4. A new constitution adopted by the king and Diet of Poland, which gives offence to Katharine. Victory of Repnin over the Turks at Matschm. Death of Potemkin. Oct. 15, sat. 55. Plato Zubof, a new favourite, succeeds to his position. The States of Vermont and Kentucky founded by the American Union. Death of John Wesley, 83t. 88, of Mozart, set. 35, of Francis Grose, set. 60, of Dr. Richard Price, sat. 68, of Thomas Thurlow, bishop of Durham, of George, third earl of Orford, of J. D. Michaelis, set 74, of Selina, countess of Huntingdon, ast. 84, and of Catharine Macaulay Graham, set. 58. Birth of lord John Russel, of Theodore Kfirner, of Richard Lalor Sheil, and of H. H. Milman. Vancouver's voyage of discovery. Cowper's translation of Homer published. The Albion Milis, near Blackfriars Bridge, destroyed by fire, Mar. 3. 688 FROM THE TEAK Events and Eminent Men. 1792 Meeting af parliament, Jan. 31. Pitt's budget oration on the flourishing state of the country and the prospect of a durable peace, Feb. 17. The parliament house at Dublin destroyed by fire, 28. Tippoo Saib, totally defeated by lord Comwallis and geueral Abercrombie, concludes a treaty of peace and gives his sons as hostages, March 19. The owners of property destroyed by the Birmingham rioters recover heavy damages from the county, April 5. Vote of the Commons for a gradual abolition of the slave trade, 26. Fox's act decides the power of juries in trials for libel, 30. The " Friends of the People " associate to obtain parliamentary reform. M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, requests the mediation of Great Britain, to avert from his country the hostilities of other States, May 2. Royal proclamation against the publications of various societies, and their correspondence with the French Assembly, 21. Mr. Whitbread's motion for inquiry into the conduct of the Birmingham magistrates negatived ; lord Thurlow resigns the great seal, which is put in commission ; act for es- tablishing police offices in the metropolis ; parliament prorogued, June 15. Public meeting in London of the friends of Poland, Wm. Smith, M.P., in the chair, Aug. 2. Earl Gower, the British ambassador, recalled from Paris, 17. Ruinous speculations in canal-shares, which are suddenly depressed by the pros- pect of war. Lord Macartney departs on his embassy to China, Sept 26. Nearly 4000 emigrants, chiefly ecclesiastics, arrive in London from France, during this month. Three of the mutineers of the " Bounty " executed at Portsmouth, Oct. 29. Loyal association formed by John Reeves, Nov. 29; lord Edward Fitz- gerald dismissed from the army; royal proclamation calling out the militia; meeting in Merchant- tailors' hall expressive of attachment to the British con-, stitution ; the original declaration deposited in the records of the Tower, Dec. 1; public alarm ; the guards doubled, 6. Meeting of parliament three weeks before the appointed time, 13 ; secession of the alarmists from the whig party ; the preparations for war approved by overwhelming majorities. Thomas Paine, now a member of the French National Convention, prosecuted before lord Kenyon, and found guilty of a libel in his "Rights of Man," 18. Lord Grenville intro- duces the Alien act, 19 ; during the debate, Burke, to heighten the effect of his oratory, produces a dagger, and throws it on the floor. Ministry of Roland and the Girondists in France ; war declared against Austria, April 20. The French, repulsed in their first invasion of Flanders, put to death their general Dillon ; success of La Fayette at Maubeuge and of Luckuer at Menin, June 20. Louis dismisses the Girondists ; the Jacobins and republican party, under Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, become bolder. La Fayette, at the bar of the Legislative Assembly, denounces the proceedings of the clubs and demands their dissolution, 28. The Prussians invade France, the Assembly proclaims " the country in danger," July 11. Third federation in the Champ de Mars, 14. The volun- teers of Marseilles arrive in Paris and introduce their patriotic hymn, composed by Rouget de ITsle. The emperor and king of Prussia meet at Mentz, 23. Manifesto of the duke of Brunswick, 25. Declaration issued by the French princes at Bingen, Aug. 2. The Prussians at Thionville, 5. Frightful massacres commence in Paris, instigated by Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Varennes, Collot d'Herbois, and Santerre, 10. The palace of the Tuileries stormed ; Louis and his family conducted to the Temple. Decree of the Assembly for a National Convention, 13. Roland and some of the Girondists recalled to office, 14. La Fayette withdraws from France with some of his staff, 20 ; they are seized by the German outposts and imprisoned, first at Weael, then at Magdeburg, and lastly at Olmutz. Longwy and Verdun taken by the Prussians, 23. Atrocious outrages in Paris, Sept. 2, and succeeding days; murder of the princess Lam- balle. The Prussians in Champagne, 14 ; Kellermann defeats them at Valmy, 20. Dumourier defeats Clairfait in Flanders. Opening of the National Con- vention, 21 ; the Jacobin majority occupy the highest benches and are styled " the Mountain ;' : vain efforts of the Girondists to restrain their violence. The king deposed and France declared a republic, 22 ; the executive power lodged in the committee of the constitution, of which Sieyes, Condorcet, Thomas Paine, Brissot, Barrere and Danton are members. 29. The king of Sardinia, 1792 TO 1793 A.D. 689 L.D. 1793 Events and Eminent Men. joined the league against France, loses Savoy and Nice. The Prussians com- mence their retreat, 30. The French general Custine takes Spires, Worms, and, Mentz. Victory of Dumourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6. He conquers Belgium and' enters Brussels, 13. Savoy incorporated with France, as the 84th departmental. Decree of the Convention for the trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 3. Death of the emperor Leopold II., March 1, set. 45 ; his son, Francis II., inherits Austria and is elected emperor of Germany, July 14. John, prince of Brazil, Regent of Por- tugal. Assassination of Gustavus III., March 6, aet. 46 ; his son, Gustavus IV., succeeds, set. 13; his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, regent. Katharine con- cludes the treaty of Jassy with the Turks, Jan. 9. Turns her armies against •the Poles ; the king of Prussia deserts them and joins her, to share the spoil Washington founded, to he the seat of American government. Death of Sir Joshua Reynolds, set. 69, of Sir Richard Arkwright, set. 59, of lord Rodney, set. 75, of John earl of Bute, set. 79, of Frederic earl of Guildford (lord North), set. 59, of John Smeaton, set. 69, of general Burgoyne, and of Paul Jones, set. 50. Birth of Amelia Adelaide, daughter of the duke of Saxe-Meiningen and after- wards queen of Great Britain, Aug. 13 ; of John Lambton, afterwards earl of Dur- ham, of Mastai Ferretti, afterwards pope Pius IX., of Percy Bysshe Shelley, and of Sir James Graham. Benjamin West president of the Royal Academy. Dugald Stewart's "Philosophy of the Human Mind" published, and Bruce's Travels. The factory at Lanark on the Clyde, established by David Dale. Wil- liam Cobbett commences his career by publishing " Peter Porcupine," at Phila- delphia. M. Chauvelin, the French ambassador, ordered to leave London, Jan. 24. The king's message causes a warm debate in the Commons, 28. The English govern- ment refuses to negotiate, 30. War declared by the Convention, Feb. 1 ; by Great Britain, 11. Alexander Wedderburn, lord Loughborough and chancellor, Sir John Scott, attorney-general, Sir John Mitford, solicitor-general. Pacific propositions of Fox negatived, 18. First embarkation of troops for Holland, 26. Treaty of commerce with Russia, March 25. The duke of York-, commander of the-British forces, attends a, military council at Antwerp to settle the plan of the campaign, April 8. The bank of England begins to issue £5 notes, 12. Tobago taken by the English, 14. Mercantile embarrassments relieved by an issue of exchequer bills, 25. Mr. Grey's motion for parliamentary reform sup- ported by only 41 in a full house, May 6. Expulsion of Wm. Frend, fellow and tutor of Jesus College, Cambridge. The British army assists in defeating the French at St. Amand, 8, and in the siege of Valenciennes, 23. Board of Agri culture appointed on the motion of Sir John Sinclair, 31. Dumourier arrives in London and is ordered to leave the kingdom, June 14. Surrender of Valen- ciennes, July 26. A " British Convention " meets at Edinburgh, Aug. 4. General Lake defeats the French at Lincelles, 18. Severe sentence of ti-ansportation for fourteen years passed on Mi\ Muir, a young advocate of the Scotch bar, for lending a copy of Paine's " Rights of Man," 30. Sir John Shore succeeds mar- quis Cornwallis as governor-general of India, 6. Pondicherry taken from the French, 28. Toulon surrendered to lord Hood, 28. Defeat of the Duke of York —at Dunkirk, Sept. 7. Lord Macartney arrives at -Pekin, 14. Numerous , pro- secutions for political opinions ; Mr. Palmer, Unitarian minister,, sentenced at Perth to seven -years' transportation, 17. English embassy dismissed from China, Oct. 7. St. Domingo occupied by the English, Oct. 12. Messrs. Robin- son fined for selling Paine's "Rights of Man," Nov. 26. Mr. Winterbotham, a dissenting minister, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and fined, for two sermons, 27. Marriage of the duke of Sussex to lady Augusta Murray, Dec. 5. Toulon evacuated by lord Hood, 19. The first ambassador from Turkey arrives in London, 20. Trial of Louis XVI. before the convention, Jan. 7 ; sentence of death, 20, executed, 21. Coalition of the principal European States against France. Civil war in La Vendee. Dumourier defeated at Neerwinden, abandons the Netherlands, March 18; declares against the Convention, 25; takes refuge in the Austrian camp, accompanied by Louis Philip, duke of Chartres, son of the duke of Orleans, April 4. Committee of Public Safety installed at Paris, 690 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Hegi- Otto- man Em- Popes. Spain. France. Portu- Prus- WlR- TEM- Saxo- Bava- Ger- RA. pire. gal. sia. BERG. ny. ria. many. 1794 1209 6 Selim III. .'0 Pius VI. Feb. la. 7Chas. IV. 3 Re- public. Sept 22. 18 Ma- ria Fran- ceses, her son John Regents 9 Fre- deric Wil- liam II. 2Louis Eu- gene. 32Fre- deric Augus- tus III. 17 Chas. Theo- dore. 3 Fran-! cis II. i I 1795 1210 7 21 8 4 19 4 10 1 Fre- deric Eu- gene. 33 — - IS 4 1796 1211 8 22 9 5 20 5 11 2 34 19 ft 1 1797 1212 9 — 23 10 6- 21 6 1 Fre- deric Wil- liam III. 1 Fre- deric II. e — ; 1 1 1 1 1794 TO 1797 A.D. 691 Repe- tition Dates. 1794 1795 1796 1707 Sar- dinia 22Vic- tor Ama- deus III. 23 IChaa Eman- uellV. 2 — Tus- cany. 5Fer dinand III Na- ples. 36Fer- dinand IV Den- MAKK. Swe- den. 29 Chris- 3 Gus- tlaaVII. tavus IV. Ameri- canPrE' SIDENTS 37- 6 George Wash- ington. Rus- sia. 33 Ka tharint II. - 7 34- Hol- LAND. 44 Wil- liam V, stat- holder. India | BritishGo- Great vernors. Britain, Sir John Shore. lPanL 1 John Adams. Bata vianRe- PUBLIO, 35 Geo. III. Oct. 25- SG Princ« of Wales. 37 * Princess Charlotte of Walee. n- Prin- cess Royai- 2 y2 692 FEOM THE TEAR A.D. 1793 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. with absolute power, 6. Struggle of factions ; the Girondists finally overpowered by the Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror commences, June 2. Revolt of the departments of the Gifonde and Calvados, of Lyons and Marseilles ; the Ven deans take Saunrur and Augers ; fail in their attack on Nantes, and retreat to the coast, 20. Another new constitution submitted by the Convention to the vote of the people, 24. Marat assassinated by Charlotte Corday, July 14 ; she is guillotined, 17. Mentz retaken by the Prussians, 22. The new constitution adopted by the nation, Aug. 10 ; but never carried into effect. The levy en masse ordered ; military enthusiasm of the people. Carnot appointed conductor of the war, 16. General Custine executed for the loss of Mentz, 28. Clairfait takes le Quesnoy and Cambray, Sept. 10. Victory of the' duke of Brunswick at Pirmasens, 14. Lyons taken by the republicans; vindictive barbarity of the conquerors; thousands butchered by the guillotine, drowning, and grape-shot, Oct. 8. Wurmser forces the lines of Weissemburg, 13. The prince of Coburg defeated by Jourdan at Wattignies, 15. Mock trial and execution of Marie Antoinette, 16, of Brissot and the Girondists, 31, of the duke of Orleans, Nov. 6, of Madame Roland., 8, of Bailly, 11 ; suicide of M. Roland. The Convention decrees the worship of the goddess of Reason, Nov. 10 ; introduces the new calendar, 24. The duke of Brunswick gains the battle of Kaiserslautern, 30. The churches of Paris shut up, Dec. 1, are soon reopened. Napoleon Bonaparte distinguishes himself at Toulon (set. 24), and is appointed general of brigade, 19. The French recover the lines of Weissemburg, 27. Second partition of Poland. Washington re-elected president. Death of the earl of Mansfield, *et. 89, of Dr. Robertson, set. 73, of John Hunter, set. 65, of A. F. Busching, set. 69, of Henry Laurens, president of the first American congress, and of lord George Gordon, in Newgate, set. 43. Birth of C. L. Eastlake and of J. F. La Harpe. Volta makes known his galvanic battery. Political prosecutions continue ; Wm. Skirving sentenced in Scotland to 14 years' transportation, Jan. 6. Maurice Margarot to the same, 13. Parliament meets, 21. Increased armaments and new taxes voted, Feb. 2. Motion for a mitiga- tion of the sentences on political offenders, negatived, 4. Hamilton Rowan con- demned to two years' imprisonment and fined, 10. Volunteer corps raised, March. Joseph Gerald sentenced to 14 years' transportation, 13. Martinique taken by Sir Charles Grey, 1.6. The marriage of the duke of Sussex to lady Augusta Murray, declared void. The freedom of London voted to marquis Cornwallis on his return from India, and a pension of £5,000 a year settled on him by the Company. The sons of Tippoo Saib restored to him, 29. Thos. Walker of Manchester tried for high treason and acquitted, April 2. Guadaloupe taken, 22. Subsidies voted to Prussia, Holland, and other States, 28. Home Tooke and others arrested ;on charges of constructive treason, May 20. A royal mes- sage denounces seditious societies, and parliament suspends the Habeas Corpus Act, 23. The British troops in Flanders harassed by repeated attacks ; repulse the French at Espierres, 22 ; victory of lord Howe over the French fleet, June 1 ; Pascal Paoli, assisted by lord Hood, establishes the dominion of Great Britain in Corsica, 18. Royal visit to. Portsmouth, 30. Lord Moira joins the duke of York in Flanders with a strong reinforcement, July 8. The seceding Whigs join the administration, 11. Burke retires from parliament and receives a pen- sion. Destructive fire in Ratcliffe Highway, 21; and at Tiverton, Aug 3 ; Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 17. The duke of York defeated at Bois le Due, 14, and at Boxtel, 17, retreats over the Meuse, 21, and takes post atRhenen, behind the Waal, where he loses many men from fatigue and disease. The State trials for constructive treason commence ; the attorney-general, Sir John Scott, opens his charge in a speech of nine hours ; Erskine puts forth all his powers in defence of the accused, Oct. 22 ; acquittal of Hardy, Nov. 5 ; Home Tooke arraigned, 16; Pitt and Sheridan examined for the defence; prisoner acquitted, 20, Treaty of commerce with the United States, 29. Thelwall ac- quitted, and the remaining prisoners dischai'ged, Dec. 5. Lord Fitzwilliam appointed viceroy of Ireland, 10; earl Spencer first lord of the Admiralty, 17. Parliament opened, 30. A pacific amendment to the address, moved by Wilber- 1793 TO 1795 A.B 693 force, and supported by Mr. Bankes, negatived by a majority of 171. Negro slavery abolished by the National Convention, Feb. 4 ; revolt of the Blacks in St. Domingo under Toussaint L'O overture ; ferocious hostilities in La Vendee ; the royalist leader, La Roche Jaquelein, slain. The Spaniards are driven back from Koussilon; reign of Robespierre ; atrocities of the Revolutionary tribunal ; mission of Carrier, Tallien, and other Jacobins into the provinces ; slaughter everywhere ; Hebert, Anacharsis Cloots and others of the Cordeliers party, ex- ecuted, March 24; Guillotin, who introduced the engine of death, suffers by it at Lyons, 28 ; Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Fabre d' Eglantine and others, April 5 ; victory of Massena in Piedmont, 7 ; Hoche expels the allies from Alsace. The emperor Francis takes Landrecy. 24. Pichegru invades Belgium, 26 ; Condorcet escapes, is captured, and ends his life by poison, set. 51. Lavoisier sacrificed, set. 51, May 8 ; Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., 10 ; Jourdan defeats the allies at Fleurus, June 26 ; the balloon-telegraph used in this battle; ascendancy of the French in Geneva, July 19 ; Robespierre denounced by Tallien, 27 ; beheaded, with 71 of his party, 28; end of the Reign of Terror; the Committee of Public Safety re-established, Aug. 24; the Jacobin Club suppressed, Nov. 11 ; the French cross the Pyrenees and invade Spain. Pichegru takes Conde and com- pletes the conquest of Belgium, 30 ; Daendels crosses the Waal and invades Holland, Dec. 25. The king of Prussia having secured his subsidy from England. negotiates with France for peace, 27. Kosciusko animates the Poles to resist their oppressors ; after a noble struggle, he is defeated, wounded, and made pri- soner, Oct. 4. Suwarof takes Praga, and butchers the inhabitants, Nov. 5 ; fall of Poland. Death of Gibbon, set 57, of Sir Win. Jones, set. 48, of the marquis Camden, set. 81, of James Bruce, set. 64, of Geo. Colman, set. 61, and of count Kaunitz, former chancellor of Austria. Birth of George Fitzclarence, afterwards earl of Munster, of Michael Faraday, of Edward Everett, the American, of Geo. Grote, ofC. S, Lefevre, and of George Cruikshank. Robert Southey's "Joan of Arc " published. • Opening of the new Drury Lane theatre, April 12. Marriage of the prince of Wales to his cousin, Caroline Amelia Augusta, second daughter of the duke of Brunswick, April 8. Embargo on all Dutch ships in English ports, Jan. 19. The statholder and his family arrive in London, 26. Lon- don petition presented to the Commons against interference in the internal go- vernment of France. A parliament assembles in Corsica, Feb. 9. A severe winter closed by a rapid thaw and extensive floods, 10. Alliance with Russia, 18. Earl Fitzwilliam, thwarted in his measures for the relief of the Irish Catholics, resigns the viceroyship, 21 ; his successor, marquis Camden, arrives in Dublin, March 31. Liberal settlement made by the Commons on the prince and princess of Wales, to enable him to pay his debts. Victory of admiral Hotham in the Mediterranean, March 14. The wreck of the British army reaches Bremen, and embarks there to return home, April 14. Warren Hastings acquitted, 23; the E. I. Company pay the expenses of his trial, more than £70,000, and settle, on hinva pension of £5,000 a year. Formation of Orange Clubs in Ireland, and the Society of United Irishmen, June. Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet off L'Orient, 22. Unfortunate expedition of emigrants to Quiberon bay, July 21. The Dutch settlement of Trincomalee in Ceylon surreuders to colonel Stewart, Aug. 26. An abundant harvest relieves the long-prevailing scarcity, 31. The Cape of Good Hope taken by admiral Elphinstone and general Craig, Sept. 23. Openiug of parliament, Oct. 29. The king insulted by the populace clamouring for peace ; Acts passed to prevent seditious meetings, Nov. Amsterdam taken and Holland conquered by Pichegru, Jan. 19. Peace between France and Tus- cany, Feb. 9. Submission of Charette and part of La Vendee, 17 ; fruitless efforts of the Jacobins to regain the ascendancy, April 1. The king of Prussia abandons the coalition and concludes the treaty of Basle with the French republic, 5, The United Provinces remodel their government as the Batavian republic ; alliance, offensive and defensive, with France, May 16 ; a second effort of the Jacobins repressed by the national guards, 20; the revolutionary tribunal abolished, 31 ; Louis Charles, son of Louis XVI., still confined in the Temple, dies, June 8, set. 10; his eldest uncle takes the title of Louis XVIII. ; liberation of his sister, 694 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 1795 conti- nued. 1796 Events and Eminent Men. Maria Theresa, set. 17, in exchange for the deputies whom Dumourier had betrayed into the hands of the Austrians, 30. Luxemburg surrenders to the French, 12; in Spain they take Bilbao and advance to Vittoria, July 17 ; their progress is stopped by a treaty of peace concluded at Basle, 22 ; the new constitution of the year 111. approved by the Convention and submitted to the nation, Aug. 22; peace with the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, 28. Dusseldorf taken, Sept. 6 ; Man- heim, 20. The elector of Hanover concludes peace with the French republic ; the constitution accepted by the people, 23 ; suppression of all Clubs, 30. The Aus- trian Netherlands united to France and divided into nine departments, Oct 1 ; rising of some of the sections of Paris put down by Bonaparte with his artillery, 4 and 5. Wurmser recovers Manheim ; Clairfait defeats Jburdan at Hochst, 11 ; at Mentz, 29. Victory of Scherer over the Austrians at Loano, Nov. 23 ; armistice for three months. Inauguration of the new constitution, Oct. 28 ; a legislative chamber of 500 ; a council of Ancients of 250 ; and an Executive Directory of five, of whom Barras and Carnot are the most influential. Power of Godoy in Spain; he assumes the title of Prince of Peace. Final partition and extinction of Poland. Courland annexed to Russia. Death of Josiah Wedgwood, aet. 64, of Barthelemy, set. 80, of Jas. Boswell, set. 55, of Rob. Bakewell, set. 69, of Dr. Kippis, set. 72, of J. G. Zimmermann, set. 72, of Wm. Smellie, a?t. 55, and of Aid. Sawbridge. Birth of Thos. Arnold, afterwards master of Rugby school, of T. N. Talfourd, afterwards judge, and of Jas. Polk, afterwards American president. Return of Vancouver from his voyage, Sept. 13. Mungo Park sets out to explore Africa, May 22. Brothers, the pretended prophet, sent to a lunatic asylum. Birth of the princess Charlotte of Wales, Jan. 7. Wm. Stone tried for high treason and acquitted, 28. The king insulted by the populace on his return from Drury Lane theatre, Feb. 1. Amboyna taken, 16. Irish Insurrection Act passed, March 10. Demerara taken by gen. White, April 22. Separation of the prince and prin- cess of Wales, 30. Parliament prorogued, May 19 ; dissolved, 21. Insurrection in Corsica, June 8. The isle of Elba taken by commodore Nelson, Aug. 9. Capture of a Dutch fleet in Saldanha bay, by admiral Elphinstone, 17; the king, on opening the new parliament, announces his intention to treat for peace, Oct. 6. War with Spain, 11. Lord Malmesbury sent to Paris, 13. The British abandon Corsica, 22. The duke of Portland's circular excites apprehensions of an invasion, Nov. 5. Loyalty Loan subscribed, Dec. 1. Debate of the Commons on advances of money made to the emperor without the sanction of parliament, 7. A French ex- pedition sails for Ireland, 18 ; dispersed by a storm. Lord Malmesbury's pro- posed basis of a peace rejected, 19 ; seven French ships arrive in Bantry bay and make their way back to Brest, 26 ; lord Malmesbury returns to London, 29. Bonaparte, set. 27, appointed general-in-chief of the army of Italy, Feb. 23; mar- ries Josephine Tascher, widow of viscount Beauharnais, March 8 ; assignats superseded by " mandats territoriaux," 18. Hoche terminates the war in Vendue ; death of Charette, 29 ; Bonaparte's first victory at Montenotte, April 11, at Mil- lessimo, 14, Mondovi, 22 ; conspiracy of Babeuf, May 10; battle of Lodi, 11 ; peace with Sardinia, June 3 ; Kleber defeats the Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4; Massena occupies Verona, Ferrara, and Bologna, 19 ; treaty with the pope ; Moreau crosses the Rhine, 24 ; takes Kehl, July 1. The archduke Charles falls back on the Danube ; Wirtemberg and Baden make peace ; victory of Bonaparte at Castig- lione, Aug. 5: the archduke Charles defeated by Moreau at Neresheim, 10 ; de- feats Bernadotte at Neumarck, 23 ; and Jourdan at Wurzburg, Sept. 3 ; the young French general Marceau slain ; Jourdan falls back to the Lahn ; victory of Bona- parte at Roveredo, 4; Wurmser shuts himself up in Mantua, 19 ; peace with Naples, Oct. 10; the Cispadane republic constituted, 16; skilful retreat of Mo- reau to Hiiningen, 26 ; the archduke Charles lays siege to Kehl ; victory of Bona- parte over Alvinzi at Areola, Nov. 15, 16, 17. Alliance of France with Tippoo Saib and with Spain, Aug. 19. Death of Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia, Oct. 16, set. 49; his son, Charles Emanuel, succeeds. Visit of Gustavus IV. to Petersburg ; he refuses the matrimonial alliance offered to him. Death of the empress Katharine, Nov. 17, set. 67 ; her son and successor, Paul, recalls to court the still surviving friends of his father : birth of his son Nicholas, July 2 ; giveb 1795 TO 1797 A.D. 695 Events and Eminent Men. liberty to Kosciusko and the imprisoned Poles. Washington announces to the American States his intention of retiring into private life. Death of Robert Burns, set. 37, of Raynal, set. 84, of Jas. Macpherson, set. 59, of Samuel Whitbread, set. 76, of Dr. Thomas Reid, set. 87, of Sir Hugh Palliser, governor of Greenwich Hospital, set. 75, and of Gerald and Skirving, two of the exiled reformers. The telegraph erected on the Admiralty, London. Pretended discovery of Shakspear papers by Ireland ; his play of " Vortigern " produced at Drury Lane theatre. Halhed's MSS. purchased by the British Museum. German literature excites attention in England ; translations of Burger's " Leonora " appear by Wm. Taylor, Walter Scott, and others. Popularity of Kotzebue's plays and Schiller's tragedies. Marriage of the princess royal to Frederic, duke, afterwards king, of Wirtemberg, May IS. Victory of Sir John Jervis and Nelson over the Spanish fleet off Cape St Vincent, Feb. 14. Trinidad taken by Sir R. Abercrombie, 21. Scarcity of specie ; many country banks stop payment. A body of French landed in Pem- brokeshire, made prisoners by the country people, 22. The Bank of England restricted from cash payments by an order in council, 26; parliamentary in- quiry, 28; report, March 2, followed by Restriction Act; issue of one pound notes, 4 ; of Spanish dollars, 10. Mutiny in the fleet at Spithead, April 6 ; appeased by lord Howe, 26; mutiny at the Nore, May 22. 3 per cent, consols, 46. Kosciusko arrives in London, 30. The mutineers return to their duty, giving up Richard Parker and other ringleaders, June 12; execution of Parker, 30. Lord Malmesbury negotiates at Lisle, July 1. Close of the parliamentary session, 20, Nelson's unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz, 24. Return of lord Malmesbury, Sept. 20. Lord Mornington created baron (afterwards marquis) Wellesley, and governor-general of India, Oct. 10. Victory of admiral Duncan over the Dutch fleet off Camperdown, 11. Parliament assembles, Nov. 2 ; seces- sion of Fox and his friends. Coinage of seven-shilling pieces, Dec. 2. Lebeau, one of the French Directory, places himself at the head of the Theophilanthro- pists. Kehl surrendered, Jan. 9 ; victory of Bonaparte at Rivoli, 14 ; capitula- tion of Mantua, Feb. 2 ; of Ancona, 9 ; the States of the church conquered, 17 ; treaty of peace concluded with the pope at Tolentino ; Avignon and the Venaissin ceded to France, 19 ; the archduke Charles takes the command in Italy ; is de- feated by Bonaparte on the Tagliamento, March 16 ; Trieste occupied by the French, 24 ; Klagenfurt, 29 ; Hoche crosses the Rhine at Neuwied, April 17, and Moreau near Strasburg, 20 ; their progress is stopped by the preliminaries of peace, at Leoben, 18 ; Venice conquered, May 12 ; Genoa, 22 ; the Cisalpine and Ligurian republics formed ; Barthelemy takes the place of Letourneur as Direc- tor ; execution of Babeuf, 25 ; commotions at Paris, Sept. 4 ; Augereau establishes the ascendancy of the moderate party ; deportation of the violent to Cayenne ;. death of Hoche at Wetzlar, IS, set. 29 ; definitive treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 17. Venice given up to Austria ; the Ionian isles to France ; La Fayette and his companions released from Olmutz ; return of Bonaparte to Paris, Dec. 5. Congress of Rastadt meets to arrange a treaty with the German empire, 9. Commotions at Rome ; the French general Duphot killed ; Joseph Bonaparte, ambassador there, restores order, 26. Death of Fred. Wm. II., king of Prussia, Nov. 16, set 53 ; he is succeeded by his son. First hostilities between the pasha of Bagdad and the Wahabys. Death of Burke, set. 67, of Wilkes, set. 70, of Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, set. 79, of Wm. Mason, set. 72, of Dr. Wm. En- field, set. 57, of lord Amherst, set. 81, of prince Ferd. of Brunswick, set, 76, of capt. Stedman, historian of Surinam, set. 52, of Chas. Macklin, the actor, set. 98, of Mary Godwin (Wolstonecraft), set. 38, and of Peter Thelluson, whose will causes- the legislature to limit accumulation of property after the testator's death. Birth ' of Mary Godwin (afterwards Shelley), of Charles Lyell, and of Connop Thirl- wall, now bishop of St. David's. Sir John Shore created lord Teignmouth. Count Rumford institutes his prize for discoveries in the nature of heat and light. Fall of a part of Stonehenge. Francis and Firmin Didot obtain patents in France for stereotype printing. The first newspaper printed at Constantinople. The "Anti- Jacobin" commenced by George Canning and his friends. Retirement of Miss Farren from the stage, April 1. 696 FROM THE TEAB A.D. Otto Hegt- man Em- Popes. fire, 1213 1214 1SO0 1801 1215 10 Selhn III. 24 Pius VI. Feb- 15- Spain. France 11 Chas. IV. 7 Repub- lic. Sept. 22. Portu- gal. 22 Maria Fran- cesca, her son Johu Regent. ; 25 Aag-29 1 Pius VII. Mar- 13. 1216 1217 Napo- leon Bo naparte First Consul. | 13- Prtjs- SIA. 2 Fre- dei-ic Wm. III. 2 Fre- J36Fr deric II. WlR- TEM- BERG. Saxo- Ba- varia. _-21 deric! Chas. Aurus- Theo- tuslll. dor6i 25 10 1 Maxi- milian Joseph II 7Fran- cis II Ger- many 10- 1798 TO 1801 A.D. 697 Repe- tition Dutt-s. 1798 1801 Sar- dinia. 3Chas. Enian uellV Tusca- ' Na- NY. PLES. 9 Ferdi nand III. 10 Etru- RIA. 1 Louis Den- mark. 40Fer- 33 dinand Chris- ! tian i VII. IV. 7 Gus- 2 John tavus Adami IV. 34^ 42 ,35- Ameri Swe- canPre- i>en. sidents. Rus- sia. 3 Paul Batavi- an Re. PUELIC. India. British Go- vernors 10 1 Thos. Jeffer- son. lAlex ander 1 Lord Wellesley, 39 George III. Oct. 21 Great Britain. 698 FROM THE TEAS A.D. Events and Eminent Men. Silver tokens issued by the Bank, Jan. 1. The Assessed Taxes trebled, 4. " The Majesty of the People," a toast given by the duke of Norfolk, for which he is dismissed from his posts in Yorkshire. A voluntary subscription of more than £1,500,000 raised for the defence of the country, supposed to be in danger of in- vasion, Feb. 6. Earl Moira, in the Irish House of Lords, recommends a concili- atory policy, 19 ; his advice disregarded ; cruel proceedings of the government ; numerous arrests ; the people prepare for rebellion ; O'Connor, O'Coigley, and others apprehended at Margate, March 1. Redemption of the land-tax, April 2. Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave-trade negatived by a majority of four, 3. The duke of York commander-in-chief, 5. The committee of the London Corresponding Society arrested, 20. Lord Wellesley assumes the go- vernment of India, May 17. Expedition to Ostend under general Coote and capt. Home Popham ; the sluices and canal destroyed, 19. O'Coigley executed on Penenden heath ; his fellow-prisoners acquitted, 21. Arrest of lord Edward Fitzgerald and the brothers Sheares. Dublin declared in a state of insurrection. Lady Edward Fitzgerald ordered to quit the kingdom ; the rebels repulsed at Carlow and Naas, 24 ; take Wexford and Enniscorthy. Fox struck out from the list of privy-councillors, for repeating the duke of Norfolk's toast, 25. Havre de Grace bombarded by Sir R. Strahan. Duel between Pitt and Tierney, 27. The British quit St. Domingo, 28. Lord Edward Fitzgerald dies of his wounds, June 3; execution of Sir Edward Crosbie and others, 4; general Nugent de- feats the rebels at Ballynahinch, and puts down the insurrection in Ulster, 12 ; marquis Cornwallis appointed viceroy of Ireland, 20; battle of Vinegar hill ; ge- neral Lake recovers Wexford, 21. Parliament prorogued, 29. Prosecution of Johnson, Flower, and others for selling Gilbert Wakefield's answer to the bishop of Llandaff, July 17. Execution of the Sheares and others, 19 ; the lord-lieutenant publishes an amnesty, and discourages the violence of the Orangemen. Battle of the Nile, Aug. 1 ; Nelson created a peer, Oct. 6. Landing of general Humbert with a French force at Killala in Ireland, Aug. 22 ; they surrender to general Lake, Sept. 8. Sir J. B. Warren captures a French fleet conveying more troops to . Ireland, Oct. 1'2 ; Theobald Wolfe Toone, taken in one of these ships, is tried by a court-martial, and kills himself. Minorca surrenders to general Stuart, Nov. 15. Malta blockaded, and Gozo taken by a part of Nelson's fleet. Opening of par- liament, 20. Napper Tandy arrested at Hamburg, 24. Income-tax introduced, Dec. 4. Treaty with Russia. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act renewed 19. Dissensions in Switzerland furnish a pretext for the entrance of a French army, Jan. 17. General Berthier takes possession of Rome, Feb. 15 ; the pope is expelled and a republic established ; Berne capitulates to Brune, April 12 ; the ancient Swiss confederacy abolished, and the Helvetian republic proclaimed ; Geneva incorporated with France, 26 ; mission of Talleyrand to Constantinople ; Bonaparte sails from Toulon on his Egyptian expedition, May 19 ; takes Malta, June 12 ; Alexandria, July 2 ; battle of the Pyramids, 21 ; Cairo taken, 22. The works of art brought from conquered States, collected in the Louvre. Com- mencement of a new eoalition. Turkey declares war against France, Sept. 11 ; a Neapolitan army drives the French from Rome, Nov. 26 ; is defeated by Mac- donald at Civita Castellana, Dec. 4 ; the French occupy Piedmont, and Charles Emanuel retires into Sardinia, 9; Championnet recovers Rome, 15 ; invasion of Naples ; the emperor Paul is elected grand-master of the knights of Malta, joins the coalition, and enters into a treaty with Turkey, 23. The American States resist the right claimed by France of seizing British subjects and manufactures in neutral ships ; Washington is called from his retirement to organize their means of defence. Death of Stanislas, late king of Poland, at Petersburg, Feb. 12, set. 66, of Thos. Pennant, set. 72, of capt. Gecrge Vancouver, of Galvani, set. 61, of J. H. Eckhel, Director of the Vienna Cabinet of Medals, set. 61, of Christian Frederic Schwartz, the missionary, set. 72, of J. Z. Holwell, one of the survivors of the Calcutta massacre, set. 87, of John Palmer, the actor, eet. 53, while performing at Liverpool, and of Thomas Muir, set. 33, having escaped from Sydney and found an asylum at Chantilly, near Paris. Birth of Don Pedro of Portugal, afterwards emperor of Brazil, of Adolphe Thiers, of J. Fennimore 1798 TO 1799 A.D. 699 Events and Eminent Men. Cooper, of Henry Labouchere, and Thomas Hood. Herschel discovers foui more satellites of the new planet. Gas-lights introduced by Watt and Boulton. The life-boat invented by Greathead. Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster in- troduce their systems of education. The disputed will of Sir Geo. Downing decided in favour of the university of Cambridge, June 9. Sir Win. Scott appointed judge of the Admiralty court, Dec. 27. Sotheby's translation of Wie- land's " Oberon " published. Mission of Sir Sidney Smith to Constantinople, Jan. 2. Assassination of the British envoys at Benares by Vizir Ali, 14. A royal message to parliament recommends the union between Great Britain and Ireland, 22; resolutions adopted by both Houses, form the basis of the measure, 31. Gilbert Wakefield sentenced to two years' confinement in Dorchester jail for his pamphlet, Feb. 21. Severe frost for many weeks ; travelling impeded by deep snow. Sir Sidney Smith captures the French flotilla at Acre, and conducts the defence of the fortress, March 18. Lord Thanet and R. Ferguson fined and imprisoned for attempting to rescue O'Connor, April 15. Prince Edward created duke of Kent, and prince Ernest duke of Cumberland, 23. Seringapatam taken ; death of Tippoo Saib ; conquest of Mysore, May 4. The editor and others connected with the " Courier," fined and imprisoned for animadversions on the emperor Paul, 30. Parliament prorogued, July 12. Sir R. Abercrombie lands with a British army at the Helder, Aug. 27 ; surrender of the Dutch fleet in the Texel, 30 ; defeat of general Brune, Sept 10 ; the duke of York arrives with a reinforcement of Russians and takes the command, 13 ; he is defeated by Brune at Bergen near Alkmaar, 19 ; again, Oct. 6 ; evacuates Holland, 20. Parliament assembles, Sept. 24. Commodore Trowbridge blockades Civita Vecchia ; the city of Rome is surrendered to him by the French garrison, 27 ; capture of Spanish galleons richly laden, Oct. 16. Lord Wellesley created a marquis, Dec. 2. Offer of peace made from France, rejected by lord Grenville, 25. Marriage of Louis Antony, duke d'Angouleme, eldest son of the count d'Artois (Charles X.), to his cousin, Maria Theresa, daughter of Louis XVI., at Mittau in Courland, the residence assigned to their uncle (Louis XVIII.) by the emperor Paul, June 10 ; the city of Naples taken by Championnet, Jan. 26. The Parthenopean republic established. Bonaparte commences his march towards Syria, Feb. 4; gains the battle of El Arisch, 8 ; the Turks, assisted by a Russian fleet, take the Ionian Isles, March 1. The French under Jourdan and Bernadotte cross the Rhine, and the archduke Charles the Lech, 4 ; declaration of war by the Directory against Austria and Tuscany, 22 ; Bonaparte having taken Gaza and Jaffa, lays siege to Acre, 18; the archduke defeats Jourdan at Stockach, 22, and drives him back to the Rhine ; the French under Scherer defeated by general Kray in a series of battles, near Verona, 28— 30 ; at Magnano, April 5. The congress of Rastadt breaks up, 8; assassination of the French ministers, 28; Suwarof arrives in Italy, 14; defeats Moreau at Cassano, 27 ; Milan taken by the allies, 28; Bo- naparte repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, raises the siege of Acre, and returns into Egypt, May 20. Victory of Suwarof on the Adda, 27 ; Macdonald abandons Naples, June 5 ; is defeated by Suwarof on the Trebbia, 17 ; discord in the Di- rectory, 18 ; Talleyrand retires from the office of foreign affairs ; the govern- ment disorganized and distracted ; cardinal Ruffo enters Naples and inflicts a barbarous vengeance on the French party, 20. A Turkish army lands at Aboukir, and is routed by Bonaparte, July 24 ; battle of Novi ; the French general Joubert defeated and slain, Aug. 15; another Russian army, under Korsakof, arrives in Switzerland, 17 ; Bonaparte gives up the command in Egypt to Kleber and embarks for France, 24. Death of Pius VI., a prisoner at Valence in France, 29, set. 82. Suwarof marches into Switzerland, Sept. 8. The archduke Charles compels the French to abandon the siege of Philipsburg, 12. Massena defeats Korsakof at Zurich, 25. The emperor Paul recalls his forces ; Suwarof leaves Switzerland, Oct. 5. Landing of Bonaparte at Frejus, 8 ; enthu- siastically welcomed at Paris ; Sieyes and Fouche" concert with him a change of government ; effected by military force, Nov. 9. Ancona taken by the Aus- trians, 13, Coni, Dec. 4; new constitution, 13; Bonaparte first consul, Camba- '00 FROM THE YEAR 1799 C07i(i nuf.d, 1800 ceres second, and Le Brim third ; Talleyrand minister for foreign affairs, Carnot for war, and Pouche" for police ; Sieves rewarded by an estate. Mental derange- ment of the queen of Portugal ; her son John, Regent since 1792, assumes sove- reign power. Death of Washington, at Mount Vernon, Dec. 14, set. 67, of Kien Long, emperor of China, set. 90, having reigned 64 years, of James Burnet, lord Monboddo, set. 85, of Spallanzani, set. 70, of Marmontel, set. 79, of Etienne Mongol- fier, of John Tweddell, at Athens, set. 30, of Richard, earl Howe, set. 74, of Wm. Melmoth. set. 89, of John Bacon, the sculptor, set. 59, of Cornelius de Pauw, set. 60, of Beaumarchais, aet. 67, of Wm. Curtis, the botanist, set. 53, of Dr. Towers, set. 62, and of Wm. Seward, set. 52. Birth of Joseph Francis Oscar, now king of Sweden, July 4, and of E. G. S. Stanley, the present earl of Derby. The Royal Institution founded. Vaccination (see 1776) publicly introduced by Dr. Jenner. The entire skeleton of a mammoth found on the bank of the , Oby, near the Frozen Ocean, Aug. 2. A subterranean forest discovered on the coast of Lincoln- shire. Transit of Mercury, May 7. Sugar extracted from the beet-root by the Prussian chemist, Achard. La Place commences the publication of his " Mecanique Celeste," and George Cuvier his " Comparative Anatomy." The Union, opposed in the Irish House of Commons by Grattan, Curran, and Plunket, is approved by a majority of 42, Jan. 15 ; lord Castlereagh, secretary, active in promoting the measure. The Lords, by 79 to 6, and the Commons, by 260 to 64, approve the rejection of the French overtures, 22. Sir Sidney Smith, in concert with the grand vizir, concludes a treaty with general Kleber for the evacuation of Egypt by the French, 24. General distress and riots in many places, caused by the high price of bread. A common hall in London, on the motion of Mr. Waithman, petitions for peace, Feb. 19. The British government refuses to ratify the Egyptian treaty, March 20 ; final agreement of the Irish parliament to the Union, 27. Lord Keith blockades Genoa, Apr. 5. Hatfield fires at the king in Drury-lane theatre, May 11. The Act of Union receives the royal assent, July 2. Capture of a Danish frigate and convoy by a British squadron, 25. Parliament prorogued, 29. Close of the last Irish parliament, Aug. 2. Failure of an attack on Ferrol, by Sir Edw. Pellew and Sir Jas. Pul- teney, 25. Manifesto of the emperor Paul against the seizure of neutral ships by British cruisers, 29. Surrender of Malta to the British, Sept. 5 ; the em- peror Paul claims the island as grand master, and seizes all British property in Russia, Nov. 7. Opening of parliament, 9. Revival of the Armed Neutrality by the Northern powers, Dec. 15. Close of the session, preparatory to the meeting of the first United parliament, 31. Pursuant to the Act of 1751, this not being leap-year, the difference between the Old and New Styles becomes twelve days, from March 1. Dispute respecting the close of the century; Lalande decides that Dec. 31, 1800, is the last day of the 18th century. Final pacification of La Vendue by the treaty of Lucon, Jan. 17. Marriage of Joachim Murat to Bona- parte's sister, Caroline, 20. Kleber defeats the grand vizir at Heliopolis, March 20, drives him into Syria, and restores the French dominion in Egypt. Massena, defeated by Melas, at Voltri, Apr. 18, retires into Genoa. The arch duke Charles resigns the command of the Austrian army; marshal Kray succeeds him ; Moreau crosses the Rhine, 25; conquers at Engen. May 3 ; at Mos- kirch, 5 ; at Biberach, 9. Melas takes Nice, and threatens to cross the Var, 11 ; Bonaparte having collected his army of reserve at Dijon, leaves Paris to take the command ; passage over the G reat St. Bernard, 23 ; entry into Milan, June 2 ; the Cisalpine Republic restored, 4 ; Massena surrenders Genoa, 5 ; Melas falls back ; is checked by Lasnes at Montebello, 9 ; battle of Marengo, 14 ; Desaix slain, set. 32; armistice, 16; Genoa and all the fortresses of Piedmont and Lombardy given up to Bonaparte ; assassination of Kleber ; Menou takes the command in Egypt, 14; Moreau enters Munich, July 2; armistice of Parsdorf, 15; prolonged by the convention of Hohenlinden, Sept. 20. The differences between France and the American States adjusted by treaty, 30. The French take possession of Tuscany, Oct. 15. Hostilities renewed in Germany and Italy, Nov. 28; battler of Hohenlinden, Dec. 3 ; Moreau crosses the Inn, 14 ; takes Salzburg, 15 ; defeats | the archduke John on the Trann, 18 ; a new armistice concluded at Steyer, 25 ; 1799 TO 1801 A.D. 701; Events and Eminent Men. conspiracy against Bonaparte detected, Oct. 10 ; attempt to kill him by an in- fernal machine, Dec. 24. Conclave at Venice ; cardinal Gregory Barnabas Chi- aramonte elected pope Pius VII., March 13. The republic of the Ionian Isles formed ; their constitution drawn up by Capo a'Istria, First meeting of the American congress at Washington. Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Montague, the chimney-sweeper's friend, set. 80, of Dr. Jos. Warton, set. 78, of Wm. Cowper, set. 69, of Mallet du Pan, set. 52, of Sir George Staunton, of Dr. Hugh Blair, set. 83, and of the Russian Suwarof, set. 70. Birth of Thomas Babington Macau- lay, of Franklin Pierce, now president of the United States, of his predecessor, Millard Fillmore, ana of George Bancroft. First meeting of the Royal Insti- tution, March 11 ; Humphrey Davy professor of chemistry. Downing College, Cambridge, founded and chartered. Russell and Tavistock Squares, London, commenced. St. George's Chapel, Windsor, completed. Earl Stanhope intro- duces his impi'oved printing-press. Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Jan. 1. George III. renounces the title of "king of France," and removes the quartering of the lilies from the royal arms, 3. An embargo laid on all Russian, Danish, and Swedish vessels, 14. The E.I. Company grant a pension of £5000 a year to marquis Wellesley, 15. The first imperial parliament of the United Kingdom assembles, 22. The French go- vernment refuses to clothe or maintain the French prisoners in England, 31. Lord Grenville announces' that ministers had tendered their resignation, Feb. 10; a return of the king's malady delays the intended change, 16. Liberation of the prisoners confined by the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, March 2 ; mar- tial law continued in Ireland, 12 ; recovery of the king, and appointment of the Addington ministry, 17. Sir Ralph Abercrombie lands with his army in Egypt, 8; battle of Alexandria, 21; death of Abercrombie, set. 63; general Hutchinson takes the command, and completes the victory. The shareholders of the Bank of England receive a bonus of Five, in addition to the annual dividend of Seven, per cent., 19. Prussia joins the Northern Confederacy. The Danes occupy Ham- burg and Lubeck, and exclude English vessels from the Elbe ; pacific con- ferences begin between lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto. The emperor Paul mur- dered, March 23, set. 47 ; his son, Alexander, liberates the English ships and their crews, and writes to the king, proposing a reconciliation. Sir Thos. Duckworth captures the Danish and Swedish West India islands, 30. Attack on Copen- hagen by Nelson, Apr. 2 ; truce concluded ; the Prussians occupy Hanover and Bremen, 3. The Habeas Corpus Act again suspended; Acts against seditious meetings and of indemnity for ministers, passed, 14 ; capture of St. Eustatia, 21 ; Home Tooke returned to parliament for Old Sarum, May 1 ; is allowed to sit, but an Act is passed to exclude in future from the House of Commons all persons in holy orders, 17. The Danes evacuate Hamburg and Lubeck, 23 ; the em- bargo taken off Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships in Great Britain, June 1 ; treaty, concluded by lord St. Helen's at Petersburg, dissolves the Armed Neu- trality, 17. Cairo surrendered to the English, and treaty signed for the evacuation of Egypt by the French, 27. " Close of the parliamentary session, July 2. Sir Jas. Saumarez defeats the French and Spaniards in successive engagements, 6 — 13; Madeira taken by col. Clinton, 24; Nelson attacks the Boulogne flotilla, Aug. 4, 15, 16; preliminaries of peace signed by lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto, Oct. 1; general Lauriston brings the ratification, 10. Meeting of parliament, 29 ; discus- sion of the treaty of peace; Grenville and Windham opposition, Nov. 3. Deport- ation of 130 republicans, accused of being concerned in the infernal machine plot, Jan. 4 ; armistice of Treviso, 16. Peace of Luneville, between Austria and France, Feb. 9. Spain declares war against Portugal, 22 ; the king of Naples, by the treaty of Florence, consents to exclude the English from all his ports, March 18 ; treaty between France and Spain ; Tuscany taken from Ferdinand III. and given to Louis, son of the duke of Parma, with the title of king of Etruria, 21. Concordat between France and thepope; the Catholic church restored, but under the control of the State, July 15. The regent of Portugal submits to France and Spain, and by the treaty of Badajos agrees to shut his ports against the English, Sept. 29. French treaty with Russia, Oct. 4 ; with Turkey, 9. New constitutions adopted by the Ba- 702 FBOM THE TEAR A.D. 1803 1804 1805 1806 Hegi- BA. 1217 1218 1218 1219 1219 1220 1220 1221 1222 Otto- man Em- pire. 14 Selim III 15 16 18 Popes 3 Pius VII. Mar.13. Spain 15 Chas. IV, 17- 18- Fbance 11 Re- public. Sept. 22. Napole- on Bona- parte First Consul. 12 1 Napo- leon Em- peror. king of Italy. Portu- gal. 26Maria Fran- cesca, her son John, Regent 11 6 Fre- deric Willi- amlll. 27 12 28 13 29 14 30 15 Prus- sia. WlR- TEM- BERG, Fre dericll 10- Saxo- NY. 40Fre- deric ugus- SlII 41- 43- Bava RIA. 4Max imili an Jo seph II. Ger- many. 11 Fran cis II. 12 13 - Emperor of Aus- tria. lFrancial. 1802 TO 1806 A.D. 703 tition Dates 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 Sar- dinia 1 Vic- tor Eman- uel Etru- 2Louis Na- ples. 44 Fer- dinand IV. iChas. Louis. 36- 46 47- Uo- seph Napo- leon. Den- mark 37 Chris tian VII. 41- Swfi- DEN. Ameri- canPre sidents 11 Gua- 2 Thos. tavus Jeffer- IV. S on. 5 Re- Rus- sia. 2Alex- ander. Batavi- an Re- public. India. BritishGo- VERNOBS. 5 Lord Wei lesley. 11 Schim- melpen- ninck Pension- ary. Hol- land. 1 Louis Napoleon king. 1 Marquis Cornwallis 1 Sir Geo. Barlow. Great Britain, 43 Geo. III. Oot.25. 44 45 d duke of Glouces- ter. 47 '04 FROM THE YEAR 1801 con- 1802 tavian and Helvetian republics. Thomas Jefferson elected president of the U. S., after a warm contest with Burr. The planet, or asteroid, Ceres, discovered by Piazzi, Jan. 1. Capt. Flinders explores the southern coast of New Holland. First attempt to navigate a steam-boat on the Thames, and to construct a tunnel beneath the bed of the river. Death of Gilbert Wakefield, soon after his liberation from Dorchester jail, set. 46, of John Caspar Lavater, set. 60, and of Robert Orme, set. 73. 'Birth of lord Ashley, now earl of Shaftesbury, of Vil- liers, now earl of Clarendon, of Fox Maule, now lord Panmure, of Rich. Cobden, of J . A. Roebuck, and of the late marshal St. Arnaud. Lord Loughborough, created earl of Rosslyn, resigns the chancellorship ; is succeeded by Sir John Scott as lord Eldon, and Sir Edward Law attorney-general. Sir William Grant master of the Rolls. Nelson allowed to take the title of ,duke of Broate. Cobbett leaves America ; publishes in London his " Porcupine," and soon after- wards his " Weekly Register." Mutiny in Bahtry bay : six of the ringleaders executed, Jan. 15. Execution of governor Wall for murder, 28. Sir John Mitford, created baron Redesdale and chancellor of Ireland ; he is succeeded as speaker of the Commons by Charles Abbott, Feb. 10. Death of Francis, duke of Bedford, March 2, set. 37; Fox's oration in praise of him, 16. The duke of Kent appointed governor of Gibraltar, 24. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Amiens, 27. The Commons vote £900,000 to pay the debts of the civil list, 29 ; reject the claim of the prince of Wales to the arrears of his revenue from the duchy of Cornwall, 31. Death of lord lveynon, Apr. 2, set. 69. Income tax repealed, 5; Bank Restriction Act re- newed, 9 ; Sir F. Burdett's motion for inquiry into the conduct of the late minis- try negativpd by 207 to 39, 12. Sir Edw. Law, created lord Ellenborough, succeeds lord Kenyon as chief justice, 13; Spencer Perceval attorney-general. Peace proclaimed in London, 29 ; the treaty approved by the Lords, 122 to 16, lord Grenville dissentient, and by the Commons, 276 to 20, Mr. Windham opposing, . May 13. Fire at Woolwich, 20-. - BUI for the abolition of bull-baiting thrown out by the Commons, 24 ; Canning's motion against the importation of slaves .into Trinidad negatived, 27; vote of £10,000 ;to Dr. Jenner, and £1200 to Great- head, June 3 ; parliament prorogued, 28 ; dissolved, 29; the opponents of the peace unpopular ; Windham and others unseated, July. Newspaper war ; those of England .prohibited in France, Aug. 25. Reception of Mr. Fox at the Tui-j leries, Sept. 1 3. Audreossy, the French ambassador, arrives in London, Nov. 6. The new parliament assembles, 16. Despard's plot, 19 ; he and the other con- spirators are committed, 29. Treaty of Bassein, in India, with the Peishwa, Dec. 31. Marriage of Louis Bonaparte to Hortense de Beatiharnais, daughter of Josephine, Jan. 9. The Italian republic succeeds the Cisalpine, and elects Bonaparte president, 26 ; the Concordat adopted by the legislative body, Apr. 8 ; inaugurated in the church of Notre Dame, 18. System of public instruction in France organized, May 1 ; the Legiou of Honour created, 19. Toussaint l'Ou- verture is' made prisoner in Haiti by general L.eclerc, and sent to France ; Bo- naparte elected consul for ten. years, May 8, for life, Aug. 2; other changes in the constitution tending to monarchy, 4. Piedmont annexed to France, Sept. 11. A. French army occupies Switzerland, Oct. 21 ; after the submission of Des- salines, Leclerc and many of his army die of the yellow fever ; the insurrection is renewed in Haiti, Nov. 2. Charles Emanuel IV. resigns the crown of Sar- dinia to his brother, Victor Emanuel, June 4. Commotions in the Ionian Islands. The planet, or asteriod, Pallas, discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 28. Death of Dr. Geddes, sat. 65, of Joseph Strutt, set. 53, of col. Barre, of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, set. 81, of the earl of Clare, aet 53, of Dr. Moore, set. 72, of Samuel Arnold, Mus. D., aet. 63, and of M. De Calonne, set. 68. Birth of Miguel, son of the regent of Portugal, of lord George Bentinck, .of .the present earl Grey, of Victor Hugo, of Cavaignac, afterwards French general, and of the present cardinal Wiseman. The first No. of the " Edinburgh Review " published, Oct, 1 ; Chateaubriand's " Genie du Christianisme," and Madame De StaeTs "Delphine." M. Garnerin descends in a parachute, Sept. 21. 1802 TO 1803 A.D. 705 Events and Eminent Men. The Royal Jennerian Institution founded, Jan. 29. Bank Eestriction continued, Feb. 7. Conviction of col. Despard and his associates, 9; execution, 21. Provi- sion made for paying the debts of the prince of Wales, 16. Peltier eloquently defended by Mr. Mackintosh, but convicted of a libel on Bonaparte, 21. Royal message to parliament announcing preparations for renewing the war with France, March 7 ; scene at the Tuileries ; Bonaparte tells lord Whitworth that Great Britain cannot, single-handed, resist him, 13 ; lord Whitworth leaves Paris, May 12, and general Andreossi, London, 16 ; embargo on French and Ba- tavian ships, 17. English declaration of war, 18 ; British residents and travellers in France detained by Bonaparte, 22. The war approved by the Lords and Commons, 23 ; Hanover declared neutral by the king, 28 ; is surrendered to the French general Mortier, June 3 ; the Elbe and Weser are closed against the En- glish and blockaded by them ; great distress ensues at Hamburg ; war with the Batavian republic, 7 ; property-tax renewed, 13 ; Bonaparte threatens invasion ; plan for an army of reserve submitted to parliament, 18 ; national enthusiasm for self-defence ; universal arming of volunteers ; St. Lucia taken by the En- glish, 22 ; Tobago, 30. Mr. Tierney and Mr. Hobhouse join the Addington ministry. Application of the prince of Wales for military employment refused, July 21. Tumultuary insurrection at Dublin ; lord Kilwarden and his nephew killed ; apprehension of Emmet and other leaders, 23. Patriotic meetings at the Royal Exchange, 26 ; at Hackney, Aug. 2. St. Pierre and Miquelon taken by the English, 3. Parliament prorogued, 12. Mahratta war : commencement of Wellington's military career : as Sir Arthur Wellesley, he takes Poonah and Ahmednuggur, Aug. 12 ; gains the victory of Assaye, Sept. 23. Robert Emmet executed, 19. Demerara and Berbice surrender to general Grinfield and com- modore Hood, 25. Agra taken by general Lake, Oct. 17. Delhi conquered, and the Great Mogul is pensioned by the E. I. Company. Volunteers reviewed by the king in Hyde Park, 26, 28. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 22. General Rocham- beau, driven out of Haiti by Dessalines, Christophe, and Petion^ is taken, with the remains of his army, by admiral Duckworth, 30. Victories of Sir A. Wei- 1 lesley over Scindiah and the rajah of Berar at Argaum, Nov., and at Gawulgurh, Dec. 14, followed by a treaty of peace, 30. The volunteers of Great Britain amount to 379,945 men, A new constitution given to Switzerland by Bonaparte's Act of Mediation : nineteen cantons, a federal Diet, and a Landammann for chief j magistrate, Feb. 19. Censorship of the press in France, Sept. 27. Secularization of the ecclesiastical States in Germany ; Salzburg given, with the electoral dignity, to Ferdinand, the dispossessed duke of Tuscany. The dukes of Baden and Wirtemberg, and the landgrave of Hesse Cassel, created electors : only eight of the ancient imperial cities retain their independence. Louisiana sold by France to the United States. Death of Louis, the new king of Etruria, Oct. 9, set. 29 ; his widow, Maria Louisa, governs as regent for their son, Charles Louis, set 4. The troubles of the Ionian Islands settled by a new constitution. The emperor Alexander appoints the duke de Richelieu governor of Odessa. The Wahabys take Mecca and attack Djidda. Death of Francis, duke of Bridge- water, set. 77, of La Harpe, ret. 85, of Klopstock, get. 76, of Herder, set. 62, of Al- fieri, set. 54, of Sir William Hamilton, »t, 73, of Wra. Woodfall, a»t. 58, of John Hoole, the translator of Tasso, set. 76, of Jas. Beattie, set. 68, of Dr. Ralph Grif- fiths, editor of the " Monthly Review," set. 83, of Joseph Ritson, set. 51, and of Henry Swinburne. Birth of Edwin Landseer,. of R. W. Emerson, of Wm. Smith O'Brien, of Robert Stephenson, civil engineer, and of Etienne Arago. Sir James Mackintosh recorder of Bombay. Craniology promulgated by Dr. Gall. Malthus publishes his Essay on Population, and Brougham his " Colonial Policy." The British and Foreign Bible Society founded by lord Teignmouth. The skeleton of a mammoth discovered at Harwich. The Caledonian canal commenced, May 1. Fulton tries his steam-boat on the Seine, Aug. 9. The first printing press in New South Wales established at Sydney by George Howe. Col. Montgomery killed in a duel, by capt. Macnamara, April 6. Embezzlement of Exchequer bills by the Bank-clerk, Aslett, April 28. Execution of the notorious swindler John Hatfield, Sept. 3. Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 2. The Lyceum, London, lighted by Winsor. with coal-gas. 2 z 706 FROM THE YEAB A.D. Events and Eminent Men. The king's malady returns, Feb. 14. Capt Dance repulses the French admiral Linois's attack on the homeward-bound East India fleet, 15. Progressive recovery of the king, March 14. Pitt and Fox unite in opposing the Adding- ton ministry, April 16 ; Pitt authorized by the king to form a new administra- tion, May 7 ; sacrifices the cause of Catholic emancipation, and resumes his former offices, 12 ; Fox excluded by the king. George Canning treasurer of the navy ; Wm. Huskisson a secretary of the treasury ; Wm. Cobbett convicted of a libel on the Irish government, 26. Alteration of the corn-laws introduced by Mr. Western, June 20. Wilber force's Slave-trade Bill read a third time in the Commons, 28 ; thrown out by the Lords. Parliament prorogued, July 31. Bonus of five per cent, on Bank shares, Sept. 20. Naval fete to the king at Weymouth, 29. Failure of the catamaran attack on the Boulogne flotilla. Oct. 2 ; capture of Spanish frigates with their cargoes of treasure, 5; Sir George Rumbold seized by a French detachment at Hamburg, 25. Conciliatory interview between the king and prince of Wales, Nov. 12. Holkar defeated by general Fraser, near Deeg, 15 ; by general Lake at Furruckabad, 17 ; the armed force of the United Kingdom, nearly 700,000 men. Spanish declaration of war, Dec. 12. Pichegru, Moreau, and others accused of a conspiracy and arrested at Paris, Feb. 15. The duke d'Enghien seized by French soldiers at Ettenheim in the duchy of Baden, March 15 ; murdered by a mock-trial at Vincennes, 20, set. 32 ; Pichegru found strangled in his prison, April 5. The emperor Alexander and the king of Sweden urge the German States to demand satisfaction for the violation of the territory of Baden, May 7. The Code Napoleon adopted: Bonaparte proclaimed emperor by the title of Napoleon I., 18. The emperor Alexander demands the evacuation of Hanover and Naples, and compensation for the king of Sardinia, July 21 ; his ambassador, M. d'Oubril, leaves Paris, Aug. 28. The empire of France made hereditary in the family of Napoleon, Nov. 6 ; he and Josephine are crowned by the pope, Dec. 2. Francis II. annuls the elective title of emperor of Germany, and as Francis I. decrees that of emperor of Austria to be hereditary in his family, Aug. 11. The American vice-president Burr kills general Hamilton in a duel. Dessalines assumes the title of James I., emperor of Haiti. Medina taken by the Wahabys ; Saoud despoils the tomb of Mahomet ; Abou Nokta plunders the towns of Yemen. Professor Harding, Gottingen, discovers the planet, or asteroid, Juno, Sept. 6. Granville Sharpe founds the " Bible Society." The " Frugality Bank" of Tottenham, instituted by Priscilla Wakefield, gives rise to Savings' Banks. Death of Dr. Priestley, at Northumberland in Pennsylvania, set. 71 ; of lord Camelford, killed in a duel by capt. Best, aet. 29, of Necker, 33t. 72, of lord Duncan, set. 73, of R. Potter, translator of ^Eschylus, aet. 83, of Jacob Bryant, aat. 89, of Emanuel Kant, set, 80, of Pepper Arden, lord Alvanley, ait. 59, of Dr. Percival, aat. 64, of Geo. Morland, aet 40, of aid. Boydell, set. 85, and of C Bannister the actor, aet. 63. Massey v. the marquis of Headfort, damages, £10,000. Trial of the Gordons for the abduction of Mrs. Lee. Aslett, the Bank-clerk, condemned and reprieved. First appearance of the young Roscius, Betty. The emperor Napoleon addresses a letter to the king with proposals of peace, which are declined, Jan. 2. Mr. Addington, created viscount Sidmouth, with some of his friends, joins the administration, 11. Parliament meets, 15. Opening of the London Docks. 30. The combined French and Spanish fleets fail in an attack on Dominica, Feb. 2. Dr. Chas. Manners Sutton archbishop of Canter- bury, 23; Dr. Henry Bathurst Bishop of Norwich, Mar. 9. The fheriffs of London, Scholey and Domville, committed to Newgate by the House of Commons, for partiality to Sir Francis Burdett in the Middlesex election, 11. Defeat of Holkar, by lord Lake, at Bhurtpore, Apr. 2. Trotter's peculations dis covered. Charges against lord Melville brought forward by Mr. Whitbread ; carried by the Speaker's casting vote, 6. Treaty of Petersburg prepares the third coalition against France, 11. Death of William, marquis of Lansdowne, May 7, aet. 69. Catholic petition presented to the Lords by lord Grenville, re- jected by 178 to 49, 10: by.Fox to the Commons, supported by Grattan, rejected by 336 to 124, 13. Lord Melville defends himself at the bar of the Commons, 1804 TO 1806 A.D. 70? Events and Eminent Men. June 11 ; is impeached, 25. Hamilton Rowan arraigned for treason, pleads the king's pardon, July 1. Lords Sidmouth and Buckingham resign, 10 ; parliament prorogued, 12. Sir Robert Calder intercepts the French and Spanish fleets, and takes two of their ships, 22. Marquis Cornwallis succeeds marquis Wellesley in India, and begins a more pacific policy, 29. Death of the king's brother, Wm. Henry, duke of Gloucester, Aug. 25, set. 62. Marquis Cornwallis dies at Ghazipore, Oct. 5, set. 67 ; Sir Geo. Barlow administers the Indian government. Battle of Trafalgar, 21 ; death of Nelson, set. 47 ; destruction of the French and Spanish fleets ; admiral Gravina killed ; Villeneuve puts an end to his own life ; Collingwood succeeds Nelson ; four ships that escape are taken off Ferrol by Sir Richard Strachan, Nov. 4; Sir R. Calder reprimanded for not having made his victory of July 22 more complete, Dec. 23. Treaties of peace with Scindiah and Holkar, 24. New constitution of the Batavian Republic : Schim- melpenninck pensionary, March 15. The Italian Republic made kingdom of Italy, Napoleon king, 18; crowned at Milan, May 26 ; Eugene Beauharnais, viceroy. The Ligurian Republic annexed to France, June 4. Lucca erected into a prin- cipality, and given, with Tuscany and Piombino, to Napoleon's sister, Elise, and her husband, Bacciocchi, 23. The emperor at Boulogne repeats his boastful threats of invading and crushing England, Aug. 4 ; breaks up his camp, 27 ; Austria joins the coalition. General Mack crosses the Inn and invades Bavaria, Sept. 8. Treaty of neutrality with Naples, 21. Napoleon leaves Paris, Sept. 24 ■ advances into "Germany ; violates the neutral territory of Anspach, Oct. 3 ; crosses the Danube, 6. Mack at Ulm ; a division of his army is beaten at Wer- tingen ; another at Gunzburg, 9 ; Augsburg taken by the French, 10 ; Munich, 12 ; victory of Ney at Elchingen, 14 ; Mack surrenders his army and fortresses, 20 ; Napoleon enters Vienna, Nov. 12. The Russians join the Austrian army of reserve in Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2. Armistice, 6. Negociations at Presburg. Hanover given up to Prussia, 15. Treaty of Presburg, 26. The em- peror of Austria deprived of all his Italian dominions, of the Tyrol, and other provinces in Germany. The electors of Bavaria and Wirtemberg take the titles of kings ; an English and Russian army having landed in Naples, Napoleon declares that Ferdinand IV. " has ceased to reign," By a decree of Sept. 9, the Gregorian calendar is to be used again in France, from Jan. 1,1806. Jefferson re-elected president of the American States. The Wahabys possess the greater part of Arabia, and make incursions into Mesopotamia. Salisbury plain, and many other waste lands in England, brought into cultivation. Martello towers erected for the defence of the coast. The aqueduct of the Ellesmere canal, in the vale of Llangollen, completed by Mr. Telford. The British and London In- stitutions founded. A machine for sweeping chimneys invented by Smart. Death of Paley, set. 62, of Schiller, set. 46, of professor John Frederic Gmelin, set. 57, of Anquetil du Perron, set. 74, of lord Rosslyn, set. 72, of Dr. Bisset, set. 46, of Chappe, inventor of the telegraph, set. 42, of Mungo Park, set. 34, of Henry Samson Woodfall, set. 66, and of John Almon, set. 6S. Birth of Edw. Lytton Bulwer, now Sir E. B. Lytton, of lord Mahon, of B. D'Israeli, of Samuel Wil- berforce, now bishop of Oxford, of Wm. H. Ainsworth, and of G. Sand. Jerome Bonaparte, having married Miss Paterson, an American lady, she is not allowed by Napoleon to enter France. Mde. De Stael visits Italy, and writes " Corinne." The Circus (now the Surrey theatre) burnt, Aug. 12. Philips and Lee, of Man- chester, light their factory with gas. The Cape of Good Hope surrenders to Sir David Baird and Sir Home Popham, Jan. 8. Public funeral of lord Nelson, 9. Meeting of parliament, 12. Capture of a French squadron by Sir J. Duckworth, 20. Death of William Pitt, 23, set. 47 ; vote of the Commons for his interment in Westminster Abbey at the national expense, 27 ; grant for the payment of his debts, Feb. 3. New administration formed, of " All the Talents," 5. Fox foreign secretary ; lord Grenville first lore of the treasury ; lord Henry Petty (the present marquis of Lansdowne) chancellor of the exchequer, and Erskine lord chancellor. Monument to Wm. Pitt voted by the common council of London, 6. Note from Fox to Talleyrand, on an offer made to assassinate Napoleon, 20. Funeral of Pitt. 22. Trial of general Picton, : : : 2 z 2 708 FEOM THE YEAJi A.D. 1222 1223 1808 1223 1224 1224 1225 1810 1225 1226 Otto- Van Em- pire. 1 Musta fa IV. IMah. mud II Popes. Spain 8 Pius VII. Mar- 13 20Chas. IV. Uo- seph Napo- Fkance, 4 Napo- leon, em- peror, and king of Italy. Portu- gal. 31 Maria Fran- cesca, Pr. John Regent 16. Prus- sia llFre deric Wm. III. 33 18 34 19 WlR- TEM- BERG. 11 Fre- deric II, king. Saxo- Bava- NY. RIA. 45Fre- deric Aug. III., king. 9 Max- imilian Joseph II., king. Aus- tria. 4 Fran cis 1. 13- 14- 1807 TO 1810 A.D. 709 Repe- tition Dates, 1807 Sar- din 6 Vic- tor Ema- luell 1809 1810 Etru- Na- RIA. PLES. Uni- ted to the king- dom of Italy. Den- mark 2 Jo- 42 seph Chris- Napo-j tian leon. I VII. 1 Jo- achim Miirat. Swe- den. RUS- SIA. Ifi Gus- 7 Alex tavus IV, lFre deric VI. Hol- land. 2 Louis Napo- leon, Ameri- canPre SIDENTS IChas. XIII 7Thos Jeffer- India. British Go- vernors, lLordMinto. Great Britain. 48 George III. Oct- 25. 1 James Madison. 51 d. princess Amelia. 710 FROM THE TEAB A.D. 1806 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. 1807 for having allowed torture in Trinidad, 24. Debates in parliament on the intro- duction of chief justice Ellenborough to a seat in the cabinet, Mar. 3. Admiral Linois and his ships taken by Sir J. B. Warren, 13. Pacific overture from Tal- leyrand to Fox, 26. The king of Prussia occupies Hanover, Apr. 1. Mr. Windham proposes a new system for the army, 3. War declared against Prussia. Charges against marquis Wellesley by Mr. Paul, 24. Trial of lord Melville, 29. The late lord Nelson's brother created an earl, with a parliamentary grant, May 12. " Delicate investigation" of charges made against the princess of Wales, 22. Abolition of the slave-trade voted by the Lords, on the motion of lord Grenville, and by the Commons, on the motion of Charles James Fox, June 10. Lord Mel- ville acquitted, 12. Buenos Ayres taken by Sir Home Popham, 27 ; mutiny of the sepoys at Vellore, July 10. Victory of Maida over the Erench general, Regnier, gained by British troops, under general Stuart, landed in Calabria, 4. Buenos Ayres retaken by the Spaniards, Aug. 12. Death of Fox, Sept. 13, jet. 58. The negotiations with France, conducted, bylord Lauderdale, are brought to aclose; Stock Exchange exultation, Oct. 6. Boulogne attacked with Congreve rockets. Lord Howick foreign secretary, 8. The remains of Fox deposited in Westminster Abbey, 10. Dissolution of parliament, 24. The new parliament meets, Dec. 15. Treaty of commerce with the United States, 31. Eugene Beauharnais marries the princess Augusta of Bavaria, Jan. 14. The king of Naples retires into Sicily, protected by a British fleet and army, 15. Napoleon returns to Paris, 20. The column on the Place Vendome, the Arc de l'Etoile, and many other public works, constructed. Mollier minister of Finance. Joseph Bonaparte seated on the throne of Naples, Feb. 15. Venice annexed to the kingdom of Italy, Mar. 4. Guastalla given to Napoleon's sister, Pauline, and her husband, prince Bor- ghese, who sells it to the kingdom of Italy. Talleyi-and, prince of Benevento, Bernadotte, of Ponte Corvo, and Berthier, of Neufchatel. Murat, grand duke of Berg, 15. Louis Napoleon king of Holland, June 5. Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon protector, July 12. Jewish Sanhedrim at Paris, Aug. 12. Palm, the bookseller of Nuremberg, shot by order of Napoleon, 26. Fourth coalition against France. The king of Prussia demands that the French troops should retire within the Rhine ; sets out to join his army, Sept. 21. Napoleon leaves Paris, 26 ; first hostile encounter at Schleitz, Oct. 9. Battles of Anerstadt and Jena, 14. Napoleon enters Potsdam, 25; Berlin, 28; prince Hohenlohe lays down his arms. Nov. 6; Blticher surrenders at Liibeck, 7 ; Magdeburg taken, 8. The duke of Brunswick dies, at Altona, of the wounds which he received at Jena, 10 ; Na- poleon refuses to let him be interred in the ancestral vault of his famity. The French occupy Hanover, 14. Mortier takes possession of Hamburg, and con- fiscates all British property, 19. Napoleon issues his Berlin decree for the Blockade of England, 21 ; enters Poland, 28 ; concludes a treaty with the elector of Saxony, to whom he gives additional territories and the title of king, Dec. 11 ; received with enthusiasm at Warsaw, 15. Arrival of the Russian army. Battle of Pultusk, 26. War between Russia and Turkey. Mehemet Ali aspires to in- dependence in Egypt. Dessalines assassinated by Christophe and Petion ; they dispute between themselves the empire of Haiti, and establish separate go- vernments. Death of William V., prince of Orange, the expelled statholder of Holland, set. 58, of John Christopher Adelung, set. 72, of lord Thurlow, set. 74, of bishop Horsley, sat. 73, of lord Macartney, set. 69, and of Henry Kirke White, get. 21. Birth of Louis Kossuth. The sarcophagus of Alexander the Great brought from Egypt by Dr. Edw. Clarke. The fossil remains of a crocodile dis- covered at Doddridge, in Gloucestershire. The loom invented by Jacquard, a mechanic of Lyons, purchased of him by an imperial decree, for the public use. Fulton's steam-boats ply on the river Hudson, at New York. The East India Docks opened, Aug. 4. Execution of Richard Patch for the murder of his part- ner, Apr. 8. An order of council prohibits all trade between ports occupied by the French, Jan. 7. Lord Minto appointed governor-general of India. The island of Cura^a taken from the Dutch. Sir Samuel Romilly introduces his Freehold Estates Bill, 28. Montevideo taken by Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Feb. 2. Bill for the 1806 TO 1808 A.U. 711 Events and Eminent Men. 1808 Abolition of the Slave-trade read a second time in the House of Lords, 5. Sir J. Duckworth passes the Dardanelles with his fleet, 19. Mr. Whitbread proposes measures for popular education and the amendment of the Poor Laws. The British fleet returns through the Dardanelles, March 1. Lord Howick brings in a Bill, enabling Catholics to hold commissions in the army and navy, 5. Sir Home Popham reprimanded for having withdrawn forces, without orders, from the Cape of Good Hope, to attack Buenos Ayres, 6. The king objects to lord Howick's Bill ; it is postponed, 18. British troops under general Eraser land in Egypt, and take Alexandria, 20. The royal assent given to the Act for the Abolition of the Slave-trade, 25. Dismissal of ministers ; the duke of Portland, first lord of the Treasuiy ; Spencer Perceval, chancellor of the Exchequer ; Eldon, lord-chancellor; Canning, Foreign secretary; and Castlereagh for the Colonies ; Sir Arthur Wellesley, Irish secretary. Pai'liamentary explanations of lords Grenville and Howick, 26. Address of the London corporation, thanking the king for his care of the Protestant religion, April 22. Parliament dissolved, 29. Repulse of the British by the Turks at Rosetta, May 21. Encounter between the Leopard and Chesapeake, June 21. Opening of the new parliament, 26 ; ministerial majority in the Lords, 160 to 67, in the Commons, 350 to 155. Pro- clamation of president Jefferson closing American harbours against British ships of Avar, July 2. Defeat of general Whitelocke at Buenos Ayres, 5. Parlia- ment prorogued, Aug. 14. Expedition against Copenhagen; bombardment com- mences, Sept, 2 ; surrender of the city and fleet, 5. The British evacuate Egypt. 23. Heligoland taken from the Danes. The empei-or Alexander breaks off all intercourse with Great Britain, and lays an embargo on British ships, 28. Louis XVIII. leaves Russia and takes up his residence at Gosfield hall in Essex, Oct. 30. Milan decree against English commerce, Nov, 11 ; retorted by another Order of Council, 21. The Danish West India islands taken by Sir Alex. Cochrane, Dec. 22. Madeira given up to commodore Hood and general Beres- ford, 24. Breslau submits to the French, Jan. 7. Silesia conquered ; battle of Mohrungen, 25 ; of Eylau, Feb. 8 ; surrender of Dantzic, May 26 ; battle of Fried- land, June 14 ; Konigsberg occupied, 16. Napoleon at Tilsit, 22 ; interview with j Alexander ; treaty of Tilsit, July 8. Alexander joins the " Continental System." Hanover, Hesse Cassel and the adjacent countries, constituted the kingdom of Westphalia, for Jerome Bonaparte. The grand duchy of Warsaw given to the king of Saxony. Secret agreement that Finland, Moldavia, and Wallachia are to be annexed to Russia. The French occupy Swedish Pomerania, July 13 ; Ragusa, Aug. 14. A large French army admitted into Spain to act against Portugal, Oct. 17. The prince regent of Portugal and the royal family embark for Brazil, 27 ; Junot enters Lisbon, 30 ; the best troops of Spain, under the marquis Romana, are sent into the north of Europe. Napoleon goes to Italy, after a short stay at Paris, Nov. 16. Cession of Etruria to the kingdom of Italy, Dec. 12* Revolt of the Janizaries ; sultan Selim deposed, and his nephew, Mustafa IV., placed on the throne. Death of Anne Amelia, duchess of Saxe Weimar, the patroness of German literature, set. 68, of Henry Benedict, cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts, set. 82, of Markham, archbishop of York, set. 90, of Pascal Paoli, set 82, of Abraham Newland, Bank cashier, set. 77, of the duke of Rich- mond, set. 73, of Lalande, set. 75, of John Bernouilli, set. 63, of John Opie, set. 45, of De Lolme, set. 62, of the Abbe" Edgeworth, set. 62, of Dr. Willis, and of marquis Townshend, set. 83. The planet or asteroid, Vesta, discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 29. Winsor's experiment with gas-lights on the wall of Carlton gardens, June. 4; in Golden Lane, Aug. 16. Byron publishes his "Hours of Idleness," and Sismonde de Sismondi his Italian History. Mde. De Stael ordered to leave France; The chapel of Henry VII. repaired. Execution of Holloway and Meeting of parliament, Jan. 21. Inquiry into the attack on Copenhagen refused | by the Commons, 253 against 108, Feb. 3 ; by the Lords, 127 to 73, Feb. 8. De- [ bate of the Commons on the marquis Wellesley's Indian administration ; lord I Folkstone's vote of censure rejected", and thanks given, by 180 to 20, March 9. I General Whitelocke dismissed the service, 20. Lord Castlereagh's plan for re- 712 FROM THE YEAB 1S08 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. 1809 cruiting the array and raising a local militia, adopted, April 23. Sir John Moore sent with an army to assist the king of Sweden ; returns without having landed his troops. Manufacturing districts petition for peace. Riot of distressed weavers at Manchester, May 24 A Spanish deputation arrives from Gijon, to request the assistance of Great Britain against the aggressions of France, 30; lord Collingwood co-operates with the Spanish patriots and captures the French fleet at Cadiz, June 4. Treaty with Spain and release of the prisoners, July 4 Public dinner to the Spanish deputies at the London tavern, Aug. 4 ; great en- thusiasm in England. Sir Arthur Wellesley sent with an army, lands in Por- tugal, defeats Junotat Vimiera, 21. Admiral Keats brings the marquis de Ro- mana and his troops from the Baltic to be conveyed to Spain, 24. Sir Hugh Dalrymple, having arrived in Portugal, takes the command, and concludes the convention of Cintra. The French evacuate the country, 30. A Russian fleet in the Tagus surrenders to Sir Chas. Cotton, Sept. 3. The emperors Alexander and Napoleon offer to treat for peace, which England refuses, unless the king of Sweden and the Spanish patriots be admitted as parties to the negotiation, Oct. 12. Popular dissatisfaction with the Convention of Cintra ; meeting in West- minster, 20. British troops land at Corunna, 25. Court of Inquiry respecting the Convention meets at Chelsea, Nov. 17. Alexander Davison convicted of peculation and imprisoned, Dec. 8. Flushing, Wesel, and other frontier for- tresses annexed to France, Jan. 23. The Russians invade Finland, Feb. 21. A new French nobility organized, March 1 ; intrigues of Napoleon in Spain ; Murat enters with an array, 10; insurrection at Aranjuez, 17; Manuel Godoy dis- missed. Charles IV. abdicates in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII., 19. Murat occupies Madrid, 23. Rome and the States of the Church seized by the French, April 2. The royal family of Spain persuaded to meet Napoleon at Bayonne, 30 ; they resign their rights ; Charles and the queen are sent to Fontainebleau, and Ferdinand to Valencay. Joseph Bonaparte gives up the crown of Naples to Joachim Murat, and is created king of Spain. Th'e Russians take Abo, Swea borg, and all the strong places in Finland. Insurrection at Madrid ; suppressed | by Murat with great slaughter, May 2 ; general rising in Spain against the French ; the Junta of Seville assumes the government in the name of Ferdinand VII. Joseph Bonaparte enters Spain with another army, July 9. Bessieres de- feats the patriots at Medina del Rio Seco, 14 ; surrender of general Dupont and his army to Castanos at Baylen, 20 ; Joseph abandons Madrid and takes the crown jewels with him to Burgos, Aug. 1 ; heroic defence of Saragossa by Pala- fox, 15. Meeting of Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurt, Sept. 27. Napoleon proceeds to Spain with a numerous veteran army, Nov. 7; at Burgos, 10; at i Espinosa, 12 ; at Tudela, 23 ; enters Madrid, Dec. 4 ; abolishes the Inquisition and suppresses two-thirds of the monasteries ; leaves Madrid, 22. Truce in Finland, Nov. 20. Death of Christian VII., king of Denmark, March 12, set. 59 ; succeeded by his son, Frederic VI. Another revolution at Constantinople ; Selim III. put to death ; Mustafa IV. dethroned, and his brother, Mahmud II., made sultan. Death of Charles, first earl of Liverpool, set 81, of Richard Poi- son, set. 49, of Hurd, bishop of Worcester, set. 88, of Dr. Beddoes, set: 48, of Dr. Hawes, founder of the Humane Society, set. 72, of Angelica Kaufmann, set. 68, of Clara Reeve, set. 70, of Mde. Cottin, of lord Lake, of Dr. John Whitaker, set. 73, of Theophilus Liudsey, set. 85, of Guy Carleton, lord Dorchester, set. 84, of Sir Henry Grey, and of John Home, set. 86. Birth of Louis Napoleon, son of the king of Holland, and now emperor of France. Humphrey Davy decomposes fixed alkalies by means of galvanism. Napoleon visits Wieland and Goethe at Wei- mar ; the latter accepts from him the decoration of the Legion of Honour. Covent Garden theatre burnt, Sept. 20 ; first stone of a new edifice laid by the prince of Wales, Dec. 31. Major Campbell hanged at Armagh, for having killed capt. Boyd in a duel, Oct. 2. Retreat of the British army from Salamanca ; battle of Corunna, Jan. 14 ; the French repulsed ; death of Sir John Moore, set. 43 ; his troops embark. Parlia- ment meets, 19. Col. Wardle brings forward his charges against the duke of York, 27. Examination of Mary Ann Clarke. Martinique taken from the I ll 1808 TO 1810 A.D. 713 Events and Eminent Men. French. Feb. 23. The duke of York resigns his office of Commander-in-Chief, which is given to Sir David Dundas, March 25. Destruction of a French fleet in Basque Roads by lords Gambier and Cochrane, April 12. Sir Arthur Wei- lesley takes the command of the British army, at Lisbon and general Beresford of the Portuguese, 22. Charges against lord Castlereagh and Mr. Perceval, of having trafficked in parliamentary seats, dismissed by the Commons, 25. Val- entine Jones convicted of frauds in his public office, May 26. Parliament pro- rogued, June 21. Battle of Talavera, July 28 ; Sir A. Wellesley defeats Victor ; three fresh armies coming on his rear, compel him to fall back on Portugal" ; ex pedition to Walcheren ; landing, Aug. 10 ; surrender of Flushing, 15 ; Sir Arthur Wellesley created viscount Wellington, 26. Duel between lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, Sept. 21. The Ionian islands taken by lord Collingwood, Oct. 1. The commencement of the 50th year of the king's reign celebrated by a ju- bilee, 25. Death of the duke of Portland, 30, set. 71. Perceval, prime minister ; marquis Wellesley, foreign secretary ; viscount Palmerston, war secretary, Robert Peel an under secretary ; lord Grenville elected chancellor of Oxford^ Dec. 11 Half the army in Walcheren having been carried off by disease, the works of Flushing are destroyed, and the island abandoned, 25. Joseph Bonaparte returns to Madrid, Jan. 22. Napoleon arrives at Paris, 23 ; Soult takes Ferrol, 27 ; Pa- lafox surrenders Saragossa, Feb. 21. Ciudad Real submits to Sebastiani, March 27 ; Oporto to Soult, 29. War renewed by Austria. Revolt of Hofer in the Tyrol, April 8. The archduke Charles passes the Inn, 9. Napoleon at Iugol- stadt, 18, takes Landshut, 21 ; battle of Eckmiihl by Davoust, 22 ; Ratisbon taken, 23. Vienna bombarded, May 10 ; capitulates, 13 ; decree for annexing Rome to France, 17. The viceroy Eugene enters Triest, 18, and Lefebvre, In- spruck, 19. Battles of Aspern and Essling, 21, 22 ; marshal Lasnes killed. Eu- gene defeats Jellachich, 25 ; joins the main army, 27 ; Marmont arrives from Dalmatia, June 3. The pope excommunicates Napoleon, 10, and is carried off a prisoner to Savona, July 6. Battle of Wagram, 6; armistice, 11. Napoleon dispenses titles and domains to his generals, and pensions to the wounded and widows of the slain, Aug. 15. Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 1 1. Mortier defeats the Spaniards at Ocana, Nov. 19. Cordova and Seville fall. Divorce of Napoleon and Josephine, Dec. 16. Gustavus IV., deposed by the Swedes, retires into Switzerland, March 13 ; his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, appointed king, Charles XIII., June 5. West Bothnia and the isles of Aland conquered by the Russians • peace of Fredericshamm, Sept. 17. The nobles of Russia, impoverished by the stoppage of their trade with England, and the empress-mother influence Alexander against Napoleon ; his contingent arrives too late to assist in the Austrian war ; his army is defeated by the Turks near Silistria, and compelled to evacuate Bulgaria, Sept. 26. James Madison elected president of the U. S. ; his negotiations with Great Britain come to no satisfactory conclusion. R&s el Kheyme, a piratical station of the Wahabys on the Persian Gulf, is destroyed by an English expedition from Bombay ; Abou Nokta, one of their chiefs, is surprised and slain by the Turk Sherif Hamoud. Death of John, marquis of Lansdowne, set. 44 ; his brother, the present marquis, inherits the title. Death of Thomas Paine, set. 72, of Matthew Boulton, set. 81, of Haydn, set. 76, of Sir Fred. Morton Eden, and of Miss Anna Seward, set, 62. Birth of Mendelsohn, the com- poser, of Mazzini, of Wm. Gladstone, and of Canrobert, the French general. Statue of the duke of Bedford erected in Russell Square. Tunnel of the Hud- dersfield canal completed. Capt. Manby invents his apparatus for saving wrecked mariners. Merino sheep brought into England by the king. The first No. of the Quarterly Review published, April* Prof. Herbert Marsh revives the Divinity Lectures at Cambridge. Fire at Christ Church Col- lege, Oxford, March 3. Drury Lane theatre burnt, Feb. 24. The new Covent Garden Theatre opened, Sept. 17 ; O. P. resistance to the advanced prices of admission. Guineas told at 22s. 6d., Jan. 3. Parliament opened, 23. Lord Porchester's motion for inquiry into the Walcheren expedition, carried by 195 to 186, 26. Gua- daloupe taken by gen. Beckwith and admiral Cochrane, Feb. 5. Capt. Lake dis- 714 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1811 1812 || Otto- I Hegi- man Em- Popes. ka. PIKE. 1226 1227 1227 1228 1813 1228 1229 Spain 4 Mah- 12 Pius mud II. VII. Mar. 13 13- 14- 4 Jo- seph Napo- leon. 8 Napo eon, em- peror-, and king Of Italy. .Regent.ZO Fkanoe.IPorto- GAL. 35 Maria Fi-an- cesca. Pr. John 36- Peus- SI A. ^Fre- deric Wm. III. Wtr- tem- bekg. 15Fre- deric II. Saxo-Bava- NY. i BIA. 49Fre-l3Max deric Augus- tus HI imilian Joseph II. 37 22 51- Aus- TBIA, 8 Fran- cis I. 1C- 1811 TO 1813 A.D. 715 Repe- tition Dates. Sardi- nia. lOVic- tor Ema- nuel 1. Na- ples. 4 Joa- chim Murat. Den- mark, 4 Fre deric VI. Swe- den. 3Chas XIII. Rus- sia. HAlex ander, Holland Annexed to France Ameri- j India. can Pre- British Go- sidents. vernors. 3 James Madison. Great Britain. 5LordMinto. 52Geo.III. Oct. 25, Prince of Wales, re- gent. 1 5 re-elected, lLord Moira. 53 54 3 d. Augusta, duchess of Brunswick. 716 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1810 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. missed the service for having left a sailor on the desert island of Sombrero, 7. Amboyna surrenders to an expedition from Madras, 17 ; strangers excluded during the Walcheren inquiry, 21 ; popular excitement John Gale Jones com- mitted to Newgate by the Commons. Mr. Perry, editor of the Morning Chron- icle, pleads his own cause against an indictment for libel, and is acquitted. Lord Chatham, censured by the Commons for his conduct in the Walcheren expedi- tion, resigns the Master-generalship of the Ordnance, March 2. Lord Porches- ter's resolutions negatived, 21. Sir F. Burdett's letter, 24 ; he is committed to the Tower by the Commons. Riots in London, April 6. Meeting and petition of Westminster, 17. Mr. Brand's motion for parliamentary reform negatived by 234 to 115, May 21. The duke of Cumberland attacked and wounded ; death of his Italian valet Sellis, 31. Parliament closes, June 21. Sir F. Burdett libe- rated, avoids the procession prepared for him. Wm. Cobbett fined and impri- soned for a libel on the flogging of soldiers, July 2. The islands of Bourbon and Mauritius taken by col. Keats and adm. Rowley, 3. General Coxe surrenders Almeida to Massena, Aug. 27. O'Connell, at a meeting in Dublin, moves for a repeal of the Union, Sept. 1. Sir John Stuart repels an invasion of Sicily from Naples, Sept. 17. Lord Wellington repulses Massena at Busaco, 27 ; occupies the lines of Torres Vedras, Oct. 9. The London corporation order a statue of Geo. III. to be placed in the council-chamber, 31. The last access of the king's malady officially notified to the lord-mayor, Nov. 1. Parliament meets. Death of Amelia, the king's youngest daughter, 2, aet, 27. The late king of Sweden arrives in London, 12. Massena commences his retreat from Santarem, 14. Lucien Bonaparte and his family land at Plymouth, Dec. 18. The ministerial resolutions adopted by the Lords and Commons, as the basis of an Act to appoint the prince of Wales regent, 20. The church service of plate stolen from St. Paul's cathedral, 24. Napoleon's continental system causes great commercial embarrassment and reverses as well in other countries as in England, during the last months of this year; many eminent merchants commit suicide, among them Abraham Goldsmid and Francis Baring. The once wealthy Paul Benfield dies at Paris, in the deepest indigence. The Spanish Junta retreats to Cadiz and convokes the Cortes, Feb. 1. The papal States incor- porated with France, and Rome called the second city of the empire, 17. The king of Holland is obliged to interdict all communication between his subjects and Great Britain, March 16. Marriage of Napoleon to the arch-duchess Maria Louisa, at St. Cloud, April 1. Victor besieges Cadiz; Suchet takes Lerida, May 14. Dutch Brabant and Zealand united to France, 15. Fouche" dismissed, and Savary, duke of Rovigo, made minister of police, June 3. Abdication of Louis Napoleon, July 2. Holland annexed to France, and Amsterdam declared the third city of the empire, 9. Ciudad Rodrigo taken by Ney, 10. Decree for the burning of all English manufactures, Aug. 18. The Cortes assemble at Cadiz, Sept. 24. The Abbe" Maury appointed archbishop of Paris, in defiance of the pope, Oct. 14; The Valais added to France, Nov. 12. All maritime Ger- many, from Holland to the Elbe, with the free cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and Liibeck, included in the empire, Dec. 13. Death of Louisa Amelia of Mecklen- burg Strelitz, queen of Prussia, July 19, set. 34. Charles Augustus, crown- prince of Sweden, dies suddenly, May 28 ; count Fersen, suspected of having caused his death, is murdered by the populace, June 20. The French marshal Bernadotte, with the consent of Napoleon, is chosen heir to the crown, Aug. 21 ; he takes the name of Charles John, and becomes a Protestant. Sweden is com- pelled to declare war against Great Britain, Nov. 17. The Russians take the Turkish fortresses on the Danube, and advance to the Balkan. Alexander breaks up the continental system ; admits colonial produce and excludes French manu- factures, Dec 31. Revolt of the Spanish colonies in America. Death of lord Collingwood, set. 60, of Sir Francis Baring, set. 74, of Wm. Windham, aet. 60, of Henry Cavendish, aet. 79, of Caleb Whiteford, set. 76, and of the chevalier D'Eon, aet. 82. Birth of Ferdinand, the present king of Naples, Jan. 12, and of Alfred Tennyson, now poet-laureate. Lyon Levy throws himself from the Monument, Jan. 18. 1810 TO 1812 A.D. 717 Events and Eminent Men. Lueien Bonaparte settles at Ludlow, in Shropshire, Jan. 3. The Regency Act passed. The executive power assumed by the prince of Wales. The custody of the king's person committed to the queen, Feb. 5. Exchequer bills advanced to relieve commercial distress, March 1. Proclamation against the Catholic com- mittee in Ireland, 3. Battle of Barossa ; Victor defeated by Sir Thomas Graham, 5. Massena retreats to the Mondego. The duke of Gloucester elected chancellor of Cambridge, 26. The British garrison of Anholt, 150 men, repulse an attempt of 4000 Danes to recover the island, 27. Nelson's monument in Guildhall com- pleted, Apr. 27. Capt. Barrie destroys a French squadron in Lazone Bay, May 1. Wellington pursues Massena, and defeats him at Fuentes d'Onore, 6 ; takes Al- meida, 10. Guineas publicly sold for a pound note and seven shillings; Mr. Horner moves for a resumption of cash payments ; Mr. Vansittart carries, by a large majority, his counter-resolutions, declaring gold and paper money to be of equal value, 13. Lord Sidmouth's Dissenters' Bill opposed by lord Holland, and withdrawn, 9. Battle of Albuera ; Soult defeated by Beresford, 16. Encounter of the British sloop of war, Little Belt, with the American frigate, President. The Speaker's committal of Sir F. Burdett declared by the Judges to be legal, 17. Perceval abandons his proposed duty on raw cotton, 20. J. Drakard, editor of the Stamford News, fined and imprisoned for a libel on military flogging, 25. The duke of York again commander-in-chief; lord Milton's vote of censure negatived by 296 to 47, June 6. Lord Stanhope's Act prohibits the passing of gold coin and bank-notes for more or less than their specified value, July 2 ; lord Ellenborough, by his judgment in the case of De Yonge, decides that the practice had not previously infringed any statute, 4. Decision of the Lords on the Berkeley peerage ; the claim of William Fitzharding Berkeley disallowed ; the title descends to Thomas Morton Fitzharding, the eldest son of the late earl, born in wedlock. A new clause in the Mutiny Act authorizes courts-martial to dispense with flogging. Parliament prorogued, 26. Batavia and all the Dutch settlements in Java surrender to Sir Samuel Auchmuty, Aug. 26. General Hill defeats the French general Gerard, at Arroyo del Molino, near Merida, Oct. 28. Luddite riots in Nottinghamshire and the adjacent counties, Nov. Suchet takes Tortosa, Jan. 2 ; Soult takes Olivenca, 22, and Badajos, March 11. Birth of the king of Rome, 20. The pope refuses to cousecrate the French bishops ; a na- tional council held by cardinal Fesch effects a compromise, Aug. 5. Napoleon visits the Northern Provinces, Sept. 19 ; issues a decree for the censorship of the press, 26. The union of the duchy of Oldenburg to France, Feb. 18, completes the alienation of Alexander from Napoleon ; he relaxes in his opera- tions against Turkey, to collect his forces for wa-rwith France. The continental system causes great discontent in Sweden, and Charles John begins to assume an independent tone. Christophe proclaimed Henry I., king of Haiti. The dis- cussions between the British government and the United States become more serious. Massacre of the Mamelukes by Mehemet AH ; he sends an expedition to Yembo against the Wahabys. Death of the duke of Albuquerque, ambas- sador from the Spanish Junta to Great Britain, of the duke of Grafton, set, 76, of Hemy Dundas, viscount Melville, set. 71, of Dr. Treadway Nash, pet. 87, of Dr. Neville Maskelyne, astronomer-royal, set. 79, of Henry Hoppner, set. 75, of Robert Raikes, the founder of Sunday-schools, est. 75, of Robert Mylne, the architect of Blackfriars Bridge, set. 77, of Dr. Percy, bishop of Dromore, set. 83, of Sir Peter Parker, admiral of the fleet, set. 96, of Richard Cumberland, set. 80, of professor Peter Simon Pallas, set. 70, of John Leyden, set. 36, and of Sir Francis Bourgeois, set. 56, who leaves his collection of paintings and other property to DulwichCollege. Birth of David Maclise, of John Bright, now M.P., and of the present duke of Newcastle. The duke of Clarence admiral of the fleet, and John Pond astro- nomer-royal. The first stone laid of the Strand, now Waterloo Bridge, Oct. 11. Murder of the Marr family, Dec. 7, and of the Williamsons, 19 ; the supposed murderer, Williams, hangs himself in prison. A comet of unusual magnitude appears inSept., and is visible three months. Parliament assembles, Jan. 7 ; settlement of the royal household, and provision made for the princesses, 16. B. Walsh expelled by the Commons for breach of 718 FROM THE TEAK A.D. 1812 conti- EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN. trust, 18. Ciudad Rodrigo stormed by lord "Wellington, 19. The restrictions imposed by the Regency Act terminate, Feb. 1. The regent's letter to the duke of York, inviting a coalition of parties. Lords Grey and Grenville refuse to join the Perceval ministry ; marquis Wellesley resigns ; lord Castlereagh foreign secretary, 13. Dan. Eaton sentenced to imprisonment and pillory for publishing Paine's works, March 1. Wellington created an earl ; takes Badajos by storm, April 6. Much disturbance in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire and Yorkshire ; machinery broken, factories attacked, and murders perpetrated. Bellingham assassinates Mr. Perceval, May 11 ; tried, 15; executed, 18. Alrna- rez taken by gen. Hill, 19. Long negotiations to form a ministry end in the appointment of the earl of Liverpool, first lord of the treasury, -with Mr. Van- sittart, chancellor of the exchequer, Robert Peel, secretary for Ireland, June 9. Lord Moira made governor-general of India. Declaration of war against Great Britain by the American congress, 18. Lord Wm. Bentinck, captain- general of Sicily, promotes the establishment of a free constitution in that island; the king appoints his son regent, and the queen withdraws. On the motion of Canning, seconded by Castlereagh, the Commons resolve, by 225 against 106, to take into consideration, next session, the laws affecting the Ca- tholics, 22 ; the same resolution, opposed by lord Eldon, is negatived by the Peers, 126 to 125. The orders in council of 1807 and 1809, revoked as far as they regard the U. S. of America, 23. Treaty of peace and alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and Sweden, concluded at Orebro, July 18. Battle of Sala- manca, 22 ; Wellington totally defeats Marmont ; enters Madrid, Aug. 12 ; is created a marquis. An American army, under gen. Hull, invades Canada ; is surprised and captured at Fort Detroit by gen. Brock, 16. The American frigate Constitution takes the Guerrtere, an English ship of inferior force, 19. After a siege of two years and a half, the French retire from before Cadiz, 25 ; are ex- pelled from Seville, 27. Parliament dissolved, Sept 29. War declared against the U. S., Oct. 11. The American frigate United States captures the English Macedonian, 25. The new parliament assembles, Nov. 24 ; opened by the prince regent, 30. John and Leigh Hunt fined and imprisoned for a libel in the " Examiner," Dec. 9. Wellington, not having been able to take the castle of Burgos, falls back to Freynada ; the Cortes appoint him generalissimo of the Spanish armies. The French re-occupy Madrid. Suchet takes Valencia, Jan. 9. Treaty of Napoleon with Prussia for an auxiliary force against Russia, Feb. 24; the same with Austria, March 24 ; he takes possession of Swedish Pomerania and Riigen. The Cortes proclaim a free constitution for Spain, 19, Peace of Bu- charest between Russia and Turkey ; the Pruth the boundary of the two empires, May 29. Napoleon declares war against Russia, June 22 ; passes the Niemen, near Kowno, with an army of 570,000 men, and 1180 cannon, 24; the Russians retire ; he occupies Wilua, 28 ; Witepsk, July 28 ; battle of Smolensko, Aug. 17 of the Borodino, Sept. 7. Murat enters Moscow, 14, and Napoleon, 15; the city set on fire by order of the governor, Kostopchin ; the French are unable to ex tinguish the flames ; nine-tenths of Moscow consumed ; the first snow falls, Oct 13 ; Napoleon commences his retreat, 18 : his army perishes by thousands after a disastrous march, he arrives at Smolensko, Nov. 9 ; conspiracy of Mallet at Paris detected and punished ; passage of the Beresina with great loss, 26 — 29. Napoleon dates his 29th bulletin from Malodeozeno, Dec. 3 ; he gives up the com- mand to Murat at Smorgony, and departs, 5 : consternation of France on the re- ceipt of his bulletin, 17 ; he arrives at Pans, 19; only 40,000 men, the wreck of this immense army, reach Wilna, in a state of entire destitution: pursued by their enemy, they retreat to Kowno, and thence to KSnigsberg ; the Prussian ge- neral, York, capitulates, with his division, off deserts to the Russians, 31. Death of John Home Tooke, set. 76, of Christian Gottlob Heyne, set. 83, of E. Malone, set. 71, of Richard Kirwan, of John Jacob Griesbach, set. 67, of John Walter, proprietor of the " Times," set. 74, and of G. F. Cooke, the actor, set. 57. Birth of Charles Dickens, and of Charles Mackay. Mrs. Siddons takes leave of the stage, June 30. The new Drury Lane theatre opened, Oct. 10. Zera Colburn exhibits his extraordinary powers of calculation. The first stone of the Plymouth 1812 TO 1813 A.D. 719 Events and Eminent Men. breakwater placed, Aug. 12. Sale of the Roxburghe library. The Towntey mar- bles purchased for the British Museum. A submarine forest discovered at Mor- laix. Byron's Childe Harold and Niebuhr's History of Rome published. Fourteen rioters executed at York, Jan. 10. The Commons address the prince regent, approving his assertion of maritime rights in the discussions with the U. S., Feb. 18. The office of vice-chancellor created, and given to Sir Thomas Plumer, 22. Resolution to inquire into the claims of the Catholics, moved by Mr. Grattan, and carried by 264 to 224, 25. Part of the sinking fund applied to defray the charges of the year, March 3. Treaty for a subsidy to Sweden sanc- tioned. Renewal of the E. I. C. charter. The trade to India thrown open. The China monopoly continued, 22. Death of Augusta, duchess-dowager of Bruns- wick, the king's sister, and mother of the princess of Wales, 23, set. 76 ; charges against the princess are again brought forward and disproved. The monument to Wm. Pitt in Guildhall completed, 27. Sir John Murray defeats Suchet at Castella, April 13. A vault opened at Windsor, in which the remains of Henry VIII. and Charles I. are found, 28. First sitting of the vice-chancellor, May 5. A Bill to repeal the penal laws against Unitarians, brought in by Mr. Wm. Smith, passes both houses unopposed. A Bill for the relief of the Catholics, founded on Mr. Grattan's resolutions, is opposed by the Speaker in a committee of the whole house, and thrown out, 24. Forts Erie and George abandoned to the Americans, 27. The " Shannon," commanded by capt. Broke, captures the Ame- rican frigate " Chesapeake," June 1. Advance of Wellington ; the French abandon Madrid. Battle of Vittoria, 21 ; Joseph and Jourdan, totally routed, retreat to the Pyrenees. Parliament prorogued, July 22. Pampeluna besieged by Wellington, 24. Soult defeated in the battle of the Pyrenees, 28: driven over the Bidassoa, Aug. 2. St. Sebastian stormed, 31 ; its castle taken, Sept. 8. The British army under Wellington enters France, Oct. 8. Pampeluna surrenders, 31. Meeting of parliament, Nov. 4. Soult driven back to Bayonne. Welling- ton's head quarters at St. Jean de Luz, 10. The prince of Orange embarks for Holland, and the Dutch prisoners in England are released, 28. Parliament ad- journs till March, Dec. 20. Lord Castlereagh proceeds to join the allied sove- reigns, 27. Earl Moira enters on the government of India, Oct. 4. Conscription of 350,000 men in France, Jan. 11. Murat gives up the command of the French troops in Prussia to Eugene Beauharnais, 16 ; they cross the Oder, and reach Berlin, Feb. 21. The king of Prussia retires to Breslau ; meets Alexander, and concludes with him the treaty of Kalisch, 28. All Germany prepares to throw off the yoke of France. Austria negotiates secretly with Great Britain and Russia, March 20. Napoleon endeavours to conciliate the pope, 23 ; sets out to join his army, Apr. 15 ; battle of Lutzen, May 2; of Bautzen, Wurtchen, and Hoch- kirchen, 19—22 ; armistice of Poischwitz, June 3 ; congress of Prague, July 5 ; the news of Wellington's victories raises the demands of the allies ; convention with Austria, 9. Charles John lands with an army of Swedes in Pomerania ; the congress breaks up, Aug. 9. Austria declares war against France, 15. Moreau arrives in the allied camp from America, 16. Oudinot defeated by Charles John at Grossbeereu, 23 ; Ney by Bliicher on the Katzbach, 26. Napoleon repulses the attack of the main army on Dresden; Moreau killed, 27. Ney defeated at Dennewitz, Sept. 6 ; Vandamme and his division made prisoners ; retreat of Mac- donald. Napoleon abandons Dresden, and concentrates his forces at Leipsic ; Bavaria declares against him, Oct. 8; decisive victory of the allies at Leipsic, 16 — 19; the Saxon and Wirtemberg troops quit the French ranks, and join the allies ; capture of the French rear-guard, 20,000 men, on the bank of the Elster. Prince Poniatowski drowned, in attempting to escape. Flight of Jerome from Cassel, 26. The Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved ; the legitimate princes of Germany re-occupy their States. The king of Prussia promises hi's subjects a representative government, 27. Battle of Hanau, 30. Napoleon breaks through the Bavarian army under Wrede ; crosses the Rhine with the wreck of his army, Nov. 2 ; and returns to Paris. Charles John besieges Davoust, in Hamburg, and occupies Holstein. Bulow enters Holland, and pro- claims the prince of Orange at Amsterdam, Dec. 1. Declaration of the allied 720 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1814 Hegi- 1229 1230 1815 1230 1231 1816 1231 1232 ' Otto- { MAN EM-]P0PES.ISPAIN. pire. j 7 Mah- niud II. 15Pius VII. Mar. 13- 1 Fer- dinand VII. Bour- bons re- stored France 1 Louis XVIII Bour- bons re- stored. Portu- gal. i Maria ISFre Pbus- Frances- ca. Pr. John Regent. 23 deric Wm 111. WlR- TEM- •n I, 1 RFre. deric II. 39 24 I John VI. Sax- ONT 52 Fre- deric Augus- tus III. 19- lWil Ham. Bava- ria. ^Max- imilian Joseph II. Aus- tria. 11 Fran cis I. 18- 13. 1814 TO 1817 A.D. 721 Repe- tition Dates. Sar- dinia. Tus- cany* Na- ples. Den- mark. Swe- den. Rus- sia. Nether- lands. Ameri- canPre- S1DENTS. India. BritishGo- VERNORS: Great Britain. 181 13Vic- tor Ema- nuel I. 1 Fer- dinand III. again. Grand Dukes 7 Joa- chim Murat. 7 Fre- deric VI. 6 Chas. XIII. ^Alex- ander. 1 Wil- liam I. 6 James Madison. 2 Lord Moira. 55 Geo. III. Oct- 25. Prince of Wales re. gent. 4 1815 14 re- stored. 2 1 Fer- dinand IV. again. 8 15 2 7 3 56 5 m. Duke oj Cumber- land. 1816 15 3 2 9 — - 8 16 3 8- 4 Created marquis Hastings. 57 6 m- Princess Charlotte of Wales. m Princess Mary. 1817 16 4 3 10 17 4 1 James Monroe. 5 58 7 d. Princess Charlotte of Wales- 3 A 722 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1813 con- tinued. 1814 Events and Eminent Men. sovereigns at Francfort, 4. Treaty of Valencay } Napoleon liberates Ferdinand VII., and sends him to Spain, 11. Another conscription for 300,000 men in France. The legislative body demurs to order the additional taxes demanded by Napoleon, 15. Schwartzenberg and the Austrian army enter France through Switzerland, 21. Joachim Murat abandons Napoleon ; opens the ports of Naples to English vessels, and negotiates with the allies. The Spanish Cortes abolishes the Inquisition. Death of Christopher Martin Wieland, jet 80, of Granville Sharpe, set. 79, of Henry James Pye, poet-laureate, aet. 69, of Jaques Delille, the French poet, ast. 75, of Jas. Wyatt, the architect, set. 70, of J. L. Lagrange, set. 77, of Bodoni, the celebrated printer of Parma, aet. 73, of the Russian field- marshal, Kutusof, June 21, and of the methodist preacher, William Huntington, set. 69. The poet laureateship, declined by Walter Scott, conferred on Robert Southey. Thos. Moore publishes his Irish melodies ; Mde. de 1 Stael her "Ger- many," and Sismonde de Sismondi his History of the Literature of Southern Europe. The patriotic songs of Frederic Schlegel and Charles Theodore Kbrner popular in Germany. Murder of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, May 31. Treaty between Great Britain and Joachim Murat, Jan. 5 Sir Thos. Graham, w-ith a British fouce, and the Prussians, under Billow, defeat the French near Breda, 12 The Custom-house at London burnt, Feb. 12 Berenger's fraud on the Stock-exchange, 22. Battle of Orthes, 27 ; Soult defeated by Wellington ; treaty of Chaumont, between Great Britain and the allies, March 1. Sir Thos. Graham fails in an attack on Bergen-op-Zoom, 8 Marshal Beresford enters Bordeaux ; the mayor and chief inhabitants declare for the Bourbons, 12. Parlia- ment meets after the adjournment, 21. The duchess of Oldenburg, Alexander's sister, visits London. Deputies from Bordeaux arrive to invite Louis XVIII. to France, 25. Capture of the American frigate Essex, 29. Battle of Toulouse, Apr. 10, fought by Wellington and Soult, in ignorance of the events at Paris ; the latter is defeated and retreats ; sally of the French from Bayonne ; Sir John Hope wounded and taken prisoner; close of the Peninsular war, 14. Genoa surrenders to lord Wm, Bentinck, 17. Louis XVIII. enters London in state, 20 ; embarks at Dover and lands at Calais, 24 ; convention for the cessation of hosti- lities between Great Britain and France. Wellington created a duke, with an annuity of £13,000, and a grant of £300,000 to purchase an estate, May 1. Dr. Thos. Fanshaw Middleton consecrated at Lambeth first bishop of Calcutta, 8. Sir John Hope, created lord Niddry 5 Sir Thos. Graham, lord Lynedoch ; Sir Sta- pleton Cotton, lord Combermere; Sir Richard Hill, lord Hill; Sir W. L. Beres- ford, lord Beresford ; and Sir Edward Pellew, viscount Exmouth, 17. Treaty of Paris, 30. Visit of the emperor Alexander and king of Prussia to the prince regent, accompanied by Bliicher, Platoff, Metternich, and other distinguished men, June 7; London illuminated three nights; civic banquet at Guildhall, 18 ; departure of the visitors, 27. Lord Cochrane convicted of participation in the Stock Exchange fraud, and expelled the House of Commons ; the electors of Westminster declare their belief of his innocence, and choose him again for their representative. The princess Charlotte of Wales refuses to marry the hereditary prince of Orange ; her mother, not permitted to appear at court, deter- mines to leave England, and travel. National thanksgiving for the peace, July 9. Act for the better preservation of the peace in Ireland, introduced by Mr. Peel, and passed ; parliament prorogued, 30. Jubilee in the Parks, Aug. 1 ; the princess of Wales embarks at Worthing, 8. Sir A. Cochrane and general Ross take the city of Washington, 24 ; destroy the public buildings and ships of war, and re- embark, 30 ; the British flotilla, on lake Champlain, captured by the Americans, Sept. 11 ; General Ross fails in an attack on Baltimore, and is killed, 13. The title of elector laid aside, and that of king of Hanover assumed, Oct. 11. War in India with the Nepaulese, Nov. 1. Lord Castlereagh attends the congress of Vienna as the representative of Great Britain ; Mr. Canning appointed ambassador to Lisbon. Parliament opened, 8. Peace between Great Britain and the U. S. concluded at Ghent, Dec. 24. Bliicher crosses the Rhine at Manheim, Jan. 1. Murat joins the coalition against France, 11 ; treaty of Kiel , Denmark makes peace, and cedes Norway to Sweden, 14. Napoleon restores the pope to liberty, and allows N3 TO 18L5 A.D. 723 Events and Eminent Men. him to return io Rome, 23. Blucher joins Schwartzenberg at Langres, and the sovereigns of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, repair to the head-quarters of their army, 25. Napoleon arrives at Chalons sur Marne, and maintains an active struggle, in a series of almost daily combats, by which he sometimes retards the progress of the allies, but in the end they always gain ground ; negotiations commence at Chatillon, Feb. 4, terminate without result, March 18. By a false movement to St. Dizier, 20, Napoleon leaves the road open in front of the allies, and they immediately advance ; the empress Maria Louisa retires with her son to Blois, 29 ; defeat of Marmont and Mortier, at Montmartre, 30 ; the allies oc- cupy Paris, 31 ; the senate decrees the deposition of Napoleon, Apr. 1 ; he abdi- cates at Fontainebleau, 6. The prince of Orange installed at Amsterdam sovereign of the Netherlands. Louis XVIII. declared king of France by the senate, 10. The isle of Elba assigned to Napoleon, and the duchy of Parma to Maria Louisa, 11; she quits France, 26; he embarks at Frejus, 28. Louis enters Paris, May 3. Ferdinand VII. dissolves the Cortes, abolishes the constitution, restores the Inquisition, and treats the defenders of their country with the basest ingratitude, 4 — 10 ; death of the former empress, Josephine, at Malmaison, 29, get. 51. By the treaty of Paris, 30, France is reduced to the limits of 1792, Belgium united to Holland, to constitute the kingdom of the Netherlands, Savoy and Piedmont restored to the king of Sardinia, Tuscany to its former grand duke, Ferdinand III., and Lombardy given up to Austria. Constitutional charter of Louis, June 4 ; the pope re-establishes the Jesuits, Aug. 7, and the Inquisition, 15. The Storthing of Christiania votes the union of Norway with Sweden, Nov. 22L The congress of Vienna, opened Nov. 1, sits through the winter. Death of Maria Carolina, queen of Sicily, set. 62, of Dr. Burney, set. 88, of Benj. Thomson, count Rumford, set. 62, of lord Minto, of De Ligne, set. 79; and of Chas. Dibdin, the nautical and patriotic song writer, set. 66. The delusions of Johanna Southcott terminate in her death, Dec. 27, set. 62, but are still upheld by her credulous votaries. London generally lighted with gas. First printing of the " Times" by Konig's steam-engine, Nov. 28. Col. Quintin tried on a charge of cowardice and acquitted. Roseberryv. Mildmay, damages £10,000. The Order of the Bath new-modelled and extended, Jan. 2. Repulse and death of general Pakenham at New Orleans, 8. Capture of the American ship President, by the Endymion, 15. Mr. D'Esterre killed in a duel with O'Connell, 31. Par- liament re-assembles after the recess, Feb. 9. Mr. Robinson's Corn-law brought forward, 17, Candy in Ceylon taken by general Brownrigg, 19. Popular tu- mults in opposition to the proposed Corn-law, 28. The regent and both houses of parliament declare their resolution to oppose, the restoration of Napoleon in. France ; the British army collected in the Netherlands, March 30. Wellington arrives and takes the command, April 5 ; battle of Ligny ; Blucher driven back to Wavre, June 16 ; Ney attacks Wellington at Quatre Bras, and is repulsed ; the duke of Brunswick killed ; Wellington falls back to keep up his communi- cation with Blucher, 17 ; battle of Waterloo, final overthrow of Napoleon, 18 ; Paris invested by Wellington and Blucher, 29, surrendered to them by Davoust, July 3. The Commons, 126 to 125, refuse a grant to the duke of Cumberland on his marriage. Parliament prorogued, 11. Napoleon, at Rochefort, gives himself up to capt. Maitland of the Bellerophon, 15 ; arrives at Torbay, 24 ; is conducted to Plymouth, 26 ; sails for St. Helena, under the care of admiral Cockburn, in the Northumberland, Aug. 8. Marriage of the duke of Cumberland to Frederica Caroline, widow of the prince of Salms Braunfels, 29 ; disapprobation of the queen. The prince regent refuses to join the " Holy Alliance," Sept. 26. Arrival of Napoleon at St. Helena, Oct. 15. Riot of sailors at Sunderland for increase of wages, 21. Fire at the Mint, 31. The Protectorate of the Ionian Islands given by treaty to Great Britain, Nov. 5. Second treaty of Paris, 20, An allied force of 150,000 men, commanded by the duke of Wellington, hold seventeen French fortresses for five years. Peace in India with the Nepaulese, Dec. 12. The king of Saxony restored to his States, on the sacrifice of a third part of them to Prussia, Jan. 23. Napoleon leaves Elba, Feb. 26 ; lands at Cannes, March 1 ; arrives at Lyons, 8, is joined by Ney, 17. The allied sovereigns . _ __, - - - _ 724 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1815 conti- nued. 1816 Events and Eminent Men. declare against him. Louis XVIII. withdraws from Paris to Ghent, 19. Na- poleon enters Paris, 20. The Congress of Vienna recognizes the independence of Switzerland, formed of 22 Cantons, and finalty adjusts the union of Holland and Belgium, 19. The duke and duchess of Angouleme fail in an attempt to raise the departments in their favour, and retire from France. April 11. Ferdinand VII. joins the European alliance, May 2. Napoleon endeavours to fortify his power hy liberal measures, and alters his former constitution by an "Additional Act," which is solemnly inaugurated by a " Champ de Mai." June 1. La Roche Jaquelin perishes in an effort to support the Bourbon cause in La Vendue, 4. A new German Confederation organized, 8 The Act of the Vienna Congress completed and signed, 9. Napoleon leaves Paris to join his army, 12 ; returns after the battle of Waterloo, 20; departs for Rochefort, 29. , Louis XVIII. re- enters Paris, July 8. The allied sovereigns arrive there, 10. Protest of the Belgian prelates against the equality of religious rights established in the Ne- therlands, 28. Marshal Brune, set. 52, massacred by a royalist mob at Avignon, Aug. 2. Marshal Berthier commits suicide by throwing himself from a window at Bamberg. Execution of col. Labedoyere, 10. Dismissal of Fouche. Sept. 19, and of Talleyrand, 24 ; the duke de Richelieu minister. The baroness Valerie de Krudener persuades the emperor Alexander to form the " Holy Alliance," in which he is joined by Austria and Prussia, 28. Marshal Ney shot, Dec. 7, set. 46. Escape of Lavalette, 20. Murat declai-es in favour of Napoleon, and drives the pope from Rome, March 22; is defeated at Modena, April 11 ; again at To- lentino, and escapes to Corsica, May 3. The pope returns to Rome, 10. Ferdi- nand IV. restored at Naples, June 3; Murat attempts to recover his crown, and lands at Pizzo, Sept. 28; is seized by the people, tried by a court-martial, and shot, Oct. 13, set. 44. The duchy of Warsaw erected into a kingdom of Poland and given by the Vienna congress to the emperor Alexander, April 30 ; he frames for it a new constitution, Nov. 27. Continual persecution of the Spanish patriots by Ferdinand. Arguelles condemned to serve as a private soldier. May 23. The regent of Portugal orders the Acts of the Inquisition to be burnt at Goa, May 27; he re-unites Brazil with the mother-country, Dec. 16. The loss of human life, on the French side alone, in the wars consequent on the Revolution, estimated to have been 4,556,000. Suicide of Samuel Whitbread, July 6, set. 55. Death of Fred. Josiah, prince of Coburg, of J. G. Rosenmuller, set. 79, of Karsten Niebuhr, the traveller, of Dr. Wm. Vincent, set. 76, of Dr. Trusler, set. 80, of J. S. Copley, artist, set. 77, of Geo. Ellis, set 70, of Wm. Nicholson, set. 57, of Wm. Hutton, set. 92, of Dr. Lettsom, set. 71, of Claudius Buchanan, set. 49, and of Mrs. Abingdon, actress, set. 84. Birth of Otho of Bavaria, now king of Greece, June 1. First stone of Southwark Bridge laid. May 23, and of the London In- stitution, Nov. 4. Belz&ni commences his travels in Egypt. War renewed with' the Nepaulese, Jan. Parliament opened, Feb. 1. Departure of lord Amherst on an embassy to China, 8 Debate in the Commons on Mr. Brougham's motion for a copy of the " Holy Alliance" Treaty, 9. The prince regent erects a monument at Rome to cardinal York, 12. Defeat of the Nepau- lese, and close of the war, March 15. Repeal of the property tax and the addi- tional duty on malt; ministers in a minority of 201 against 238,19. Captain Tuckey and major Peddie set out to explore the interior of Africa, 20. Act 56 Geo. III. c. 22 and 23, to regulate the detention of Napoleon in St. Helena, Apr. 9. Sir John Newport's 'motion on the state of Ireland opposed by secretary Peel, and negatived, 23. Marriage of the princess Charlotte of Wales to prince Leo- pold of Saxe Coburg, May 2 ; in the event of her demise, £50,000 a year settled on him for life by parliament Riots at Ely and the neighbouring districts ; incen- diary fires, and destruction of agricultural machinery, 19 ; special commission at Ely ; 34 rioters convicted, June 18. The Lords, by 73 to 69, reject a motion, supported by the duke of Sussex, for the relief of the Catholics, 21 ; parliament prorogued, July 2. Marriage of the princess Mary to her cousin, William Fre- deric, duke of Gloucester, 22. Bombardment of Algiers by lord Exmouth, and submission of the Dey, Aug. 27. A new silver coinage issued, Oct. 21. Great distress and discontent throughout the country; Henry Hunt becomes a popular L815 TO 1817 a.d. 25 ,d.i; Events and Eminent Mi leadei : he presides at a meeting for parliamentary reform, Nov. 15. Spa-fields riot, suppressed by the lord mayor, Matthew Wood, and the police, Dec. 2 ; Watson, the ringleader, escapes to America. Petition of the London corporation to the regent for economy and reform, 9. Representative governments in Han- over, Saxe Weimar, and some minor German States. The duke of Cambridge viceroy of Hanover. Death of the king of Wirtemberg ; he is succeeded by his son. Death of the queen of Portugal, at, Rio Janeiro, March 20, set. 81; her son, after a regency of 17 years, becomes king. Marriage of the duke de Berry, second son of the count D'Artois, to Maria Carolina, grand-daughter of the king of Naples, June 17. A new tariff in Russia prohibits almost all British manu- factures. Moscow rebuilt. Bolivar leader of the war of independence in Vene- zuela. Francia president of Paraguay. Petion president of the south-western division of Haiti. Death of Dr. Watson, bishop of Llandaff, set. 79, of R. B. Sheridan, set. 65, of earl Stanhope, set. 64, of viscount Hood, set. 92, of viscount Fitzwilliam, founder, by his will, of the museum at Cambridge, of Sir Herbert Croft, set. 65, of Adam Ferguson, set. 93, and of Mrs. Jordan, at St. Cloud. The statue of Fox placed in Bloomsbury Square. The safety-lamp invented by Hum- phrey Davy. The Elgin marbles purchased for the British Museum. Lord Moira created marquis of Hastings. Herbert Marsh, bishop of Llandaff. Waverley published by Walter Scott. Belvoir castle nearly destroyed by fire. An ancient boat discovered in Lincolnshire, beneath the bed of the river Witham. Trial of the Spa-fields rioters ; Cashman condemned, Jan. 20 ; the country still more agitated by the working classes destitute of employment ; riots at Lei- cester, 27. Opening of parliament ; the prince regent insulted and fired at, 28 ; a reward of £1000 offered to discover the perpetrator of the act, 29. Meeting of the Livery in London to consider the distresses of the people, 81 ; the " Green Bag" sent down to parliament, and referred to a secret committee of each house, Feb. 3 ; petitions, numerously signed, presented to the Commons by lord Cochrane and Sir F. Burdett, praying for economy and reform, 6 ; the prince regent sur- renders £50,000 a year, marquis Camden his sinecure, and Mr. Ponsonby his pension, towards the relief of the public burdens, 7. 50,000 of Cobbett's " Poli- tical Register" sold weekly; the parliamentary committees present alarming " Reports," 10 ; Bill brought in to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, 21 ; the citizens of Westminster petition against it, 24, and the London common-council, 26 ; it receives the royal assent, March 4 ; a great meeting at Manchester ; the " blan- keteers," on their way to London, dispersed ; Ogden and many others arrested, 11. Cashman executed in Skinner street, 12. Cobbett goes to America, 15. Papers respecting the treatment of Napoleon, moved for by lord Holland and refused, 19 ; an Act passed to prevent seditious meetings, 31 ; a debating society of Cam- bridge under-graduates suppressed by the vice-chancellor, Apr. 5 ; Mr. Grattan's motion on the Catholic Question lost by 245 to 241, May 9 ; the new custom-house opened, 12. The " Sidmouth Circular," though defended by ministerial majorities in both houses, excites such general indignation that it is never acted upon ; the Lords, by 142 to 90, negative lord Donoughmore's motion on the Catholic claims, 16 ; the Commons, by 265 to 77, reject that of Sir F. Burdett for reform, 20 ; the members of the Cambridge Debating Society remonstrate against the vice-chan- cellor's arbitrary act, 28 ; Mr. Abbott resigns the Speakership ; is created lord Colchester, with a pension, and succeeded by Mr. C. M. Sutton, 30 ; trial and acquittal of Wooler, June 6 ; Watson arraigned for high-treason, 9 ; defended by Copley and Wetherell, and after a trial of seven days, acquitted. Renewed suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 13. Sir F. Burdett brings the conduct of Oliver, the spy, under the notice of the Commons, and accuses the ministers of employing agents to seduce the ignorant and unwary into seditious practices and then betray them, 16. Issue of " sovereigns," a new gold coin, July 5. Par- liament prorogued, 12. Lord Amherst returns from his unsuccessful mission in China, 30. Treaty with Spain ; compensation given for abolishing the slave- trade, Sept. 23. Brandreth and others convicted of treason at Derby, on the evidence W Oliver, Oct. ; three of them executed. Death of the princess Char- lotte of Wales, Nov. 6, aet. 22 ; want of skill imputed to Sir Richard Croft, who 726 FKOM THE YEAK A.D. 1818 1819 1820 1821 I 1822 Hegi- 1235 1237 1238 Otto- man Em- Popes. PIEE. 11 Mali- mud II 19 Pius VII. March 13 20 Spain. France 5 Fer- 5 Louis dinand XVIII. Portu- gal. WlR Prus- tem- sia. i berg, SJohn22Fre deric Win. III. 25- 3Wil- liam. Saxo-IBava^, NY. El 56Fre-20Max deric Aug. III. imilian Joseph II. -157- 59- Aus- TRIA 23- 24- 18 19- 1818 TO 1822 727 Iiffp&- Neth- Ameri- India. tition Sar- Tusca- Na- Den- Swe- F.us- er- ( ^anPre- British Go- Great Dates. 1818 dinia. ny. ples. mark. den. SIA. LANDS. ,1 DENTS. vernors. Britain. 17Vic- 5 Ferdi- 4 Fer- UFre- IChas. 18 Al- 5 Wil- 2 James 6 Marquis 59 George tor nand dinand deric XTV. exan- liam I. Monroe. Hastings. III. Eman- III. IV or 1. Of the VI. Chas. der. Oct. £5. Prince of Wales uel 1. again. John. Two regent. 8 Sici- d. Queen lies. Charlotte. in. duke of Clarence'. to. duke of Kent m. duke of Cambr. to. princess Elizabeth. 1819 18 6 5 12 2 19 6 3 7 60 S b. Queen Victoria. b. Prince Geo. Fred. of Cum- berland. b. Prince Geo. Wm. of Cam- bridge. b. Prince Albert of Saxe-Co- burg. 1820 19 7 6— 13 3 20 7 4 8 J. duke of Kent. d. Geo. III. Jan 29. 1 George IV. Jan. -9. Qu- Caro- line of Brunswick. d, duchess of York. 1821 IChas. Felix Jos. 8 7 14 4 21 8 5 re-elected 9 2 d. Queen Caroline. 1822 2 1 9 8 15 5 j 22 J 9 6 ■ ■ 10 1 728 FROM THE TEAP. 1817 ccmti- EVENTS ATSD EMINENT MEN. attended her. Strathfieldsaye purchased for the duke of Wellington. British subjects forbidden by proclamation to serve in the contest between Spain and the South American States, 28. Wm. Hone tried on three separate criminal infor- mations for libellous parodies ; he defends himself, and is acquitted on each, Dec. IS— 20; a public subscription raised for him. Pindaree and Mahratta wars ; Holkar defeated by Sir Thos. Hislop at Maheidpore, Dec. 21. Gradual advance of consols, during the year, from 64 to 82. The first division of the army of occu- pation withdrawn from France, Feb. 10. Assembly of the States in Wirtemberg opened by the king, March 23. Meeting of German students on the Wartburg, Oct. IS, The king of Prussia recommends the Lutheran and Calvinist churches to unite Spain retains Olivenca, and Portugal seizes Montevideo. Ferdinand, governed by his priests, neglects the advice of the allied sovereigns to abandon his arbi- trary course ; Porlier and Lascy are executed, July 6. Conspiracy of general Freyre in Portugal. The emperor Alexander establishes schools throughout Russia ; marriage of his second brother, the grand duke Nicholas, to Charlotte, daughter of the king of Prussia, July 1. Struggle of Parga against All Pacha, James Monroe, president of the U. S., visits many parts of the Union. Congress of Chili held at Santiago; O'Higgins president, Feb. 12. Bolivar organizes the independent government of Venezuela, Nov. 10. The Belgian prelates claim the general direction of education ; the archbishop of Ghent is deposed by the king, and retires into France. A papal Bull issued against Bible societies.. Death of Francis Horner, at Pisa, pet. 39, of Geo. Ponsonby, set. 63, of John Louis Burck hardt, the traveller, of Dr. Charles Burney, set. 60, of Mde. De Stael, set. 51, of Curran, set. 67, of Frank Sayers, M D., of Ab. Gottlieb Werner, a?t. 67, of Kos- ciusko, of J. A. De Luc, set. 91, of marshal Massena, set. 59, of Sir John Duck- worth, set. 69, of Chas. Messier, the astronomer, set. 87, of Johann Heinrich Jung, set. 77, of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, sgt. 77, of professor Eberling, set. 76, and of Signora Storace. Birth of William, son of the hereditary prince of the Nether- lands, and now king William III., Feb. 19. Opening of Waterloo bridge, June 18. A steam-packet explodes at Norwich ; many lives lost, April 4 ; another at Philadelphia, eleven persons killed, June 4 ; another burnt on the Thames, crew and passengers saved, July 2. Paris first lighted by gas. Moore's Lalla Rookh published, and the first No. of Blackwood's Magazine. Lithography in- troduced at London by R. Ackermann. John Kemble retires from the stage, June 23, set. 60. M. De Freycinet sets out on his voyage of discovery. The magnetic needle from its western declination turns to the north. Tri-centenary of the Reformation celebrated in London, Jan. 1. Meeting of par- liament, 27. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act repealed, 28. Sir Richard Croft, depressed by the unfortunate result of his attendance on the princess Charlotte, takes away his own life, Feb. 14. Parliamentary provision made for royal marriages of this year ; none is asked for the princess Elizabeth ; the Commons, by 143 to 136, refuse another application made for the duke of Cumber- land, April 13. Thornton, convicted of an atrocious murder, escapes punishment by availing himself of an ancient statute, which allows him to demand the " wager of battle," 16 ; the attorney-general brings in a Bill to correct this defect in the law, 20. Marriage, of the princess Elizabeth to Augustus Frederic, hereditary prince of Hesse Homburg, of the duke of Cambridge to Augusta, princess of Hesse Cassel, May 7. Sir Robert Heron"s motion for a repeal of the Septennial Act, supported by Sir Samuel Romilly and Mr. Brougham, defeated by 117 to 42, 19. Marriage of the duke of Kent to Victoria Maria Louisa, princess of Saxe Coburg, and widow of the prince of Leiningen, 29. Sir F. Burdett's resolution for annual parliaments and universal suffrage, seconded by lord Cochrane, rejected by 100 to 2, June 1. The prince regent closes the session by a speech in which he announces the improved state of the country. Parliament prorogued and dissolved, 10. Messrs. Wood, Waithman, Wilson, and Thorpe elected for London, Sir S. Romilly and Sir F. Burdett for Westminster, Mr. Canning for Liverpool. Marriage of the duke of Clarence to Amelia Adelaide Louisa Theresa, princess of Saxe Meiningen, July 11. Turn-out of the Man- chester cotton-spinners, Aug. 15. Numerous forgeries of bank-notes ; thirty- TO 1819 A.D. 729 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. 1819 | eight prosecutions for this crime at the Old Bailey Sessions, Sept. 11. Resigna- tion of lord Ellenborough, Oct. 21. Sir S. Romilly, overwhelmed by his profes- , sional labours and grief for the death of his wife, commits suicide, Nov. 2. Jus- | tice Abbott, appointed chief of the court of King's Bench, and Justice Dallas of the Common Pleas, in the room of Sir Vicary Gibbs resigned, 4. Capt. Ross and lieut. Parry return from an unsuccessful attempt to discover a North-West passage, 10. Death of queen Charlotte, at Kew, 17, a j t. 75. Commissioners sent to Milan, under the management of Sir John Leach, to inquire into the conduct of the princess of Wales. Two juries refuse to convict for forgery, Dec. 5. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 29. Treaty to withdraw the army of occupa- tion from France, signed, Oct. 9. Visit of the emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia to Louis, 28. The congress breaks up, Nov. 22 ; retirement of che Riche- lieu ministry, Dec. 29 ; De Cazes minister of the Interior, Dessolles for Foreign Affairs, and baron Louis, for Finance. Representative governments in Bavaria and Baden. Death of Charles XIII., king of Sweden, Feb. 5, set. 70 ; Charles John (Bernadotte) succeeds quietly as Charles XIV. Mehemet Ali overcomes the \Va»habys, and commences his system of reform in Egypt. Illinois the twentieth State of the North American Union. Bolivar defeats Morillo at Som- brero. San Martin, the Buenos Ayres general, confirms the independence of Chili by his victory at Maypo. Boyar succeeds Petion in Haiti. Death of lord Ellenborough, set. 68, of the prince de Conde, get. 82, of Wairen Hastings, set. 86, of Sir Philip Francis, set. 78, of Hetmann Platoff, cf Dr. Cogan, set. 82, of John. Palmer, inventor of the mail-coach system, of Ceo. Rose, set. 74, of M G. (Monk) Lewis, set. 45, of John Gifford, editor of the Anti-Jacooin Review (1S06), set. 60, of the Rev. John Hayter, of Harvey Christian Combe, of Monge, French statician, set 72, of Mrs. Billington, the vocalist, and of Miss Pope, the actress, set 75. Birth of Francis Ferdinand of Orleans, now prince de Joinville, Aug. 14. Dr. Burney's Library purchased for the British Museum. The statue of Memnon conveyed by Belzoni from Egypt to London. Publication of the Fourth Canto of Childe Harold, and of Hallam's History of the " Middle Ages." The eccentric planet, now called Encke's comet, discovered by M. Pons. Nov. 26. Birth of the princess Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of the duke of Kent, and now queen of Great Britain, May 24. A public display of the Southcottian delusions causes a breach of the peace in London, Jan. 13. The new parliament meets, 14, is opened, 21. Many petitions against the severity of the criminal law, especi- ally in cases of forgery. A Bill introduced giving the care of the king's person to the duke of York, with an allowance of £10,000 a year, 25. Emigration to the Cape of Good Hope encouraged by government. Committee on capital pun- ishments, Sir Jas. Mackintosh, chairman, March 2. Thanks voted by parlia- ment to the marquis of Hastings and the army in India, 23. Sir Manasseh Lopez fined and imprisoned for bribery at Grampound. Birth of George William, son of the duke of Cambridge, 26. The duchess of Clarence gives birth to a daughter, which soon dies, 27. The allowance to the duke of York vehemently, but ineffectually, opposed, 29. The Catholic question defeated in the Commons, by 243 to 241, in the Lords by 147 to 106, May. Sir Thos. Maitland gives up Parga to Ali Pacha ; the inhabitants abandon the town, and are conveyed to Corfu, 10. An Act passed to legalize the marquis Camden's surrender of his sinecure, 11. Arrival of an ambassador from Persia, 24. Birth of George Fred., son of the duke of Cumberland, and now king of Hanover, 27. Riot of unem- ployed weavers at Carlisle, June 1. Act 59 Geo. III.c. 46, abolishes the wager of battle. Large meetings of the working classes at Leeds, Glasgow, Stockport, and other places to petition for reform. Lord Edw. Fitzgerald's attainder reversed, July 1. Peel's Act, 59 Geo. III. c 49, for the resumption of cash payments. A circular addressed by lord Sidmouth to county magistrates, for the preservation of the public peace, 7. Sir Charles Wolseley elected legislatorial attorney and representative of Birmingham, 12. Parliament pro- rogued, 13. Indictment of Sir C. Wolseley at Chester, 15. Proclamations against seditious meetings, 21. Henry Hunt presides at a meeting in Smith- field, 22. A constable shot at Stockport, 24. Proclamation against military training and election of legislatorial attorneys, 30. Attack of the yeomanry on 730 FROM. THE TEAK Events and Eminent Men. the Manchester Reform meeting in St. Peter's field ; Henry Hunt, the chairman, and others, arrested, Aug 16. Lord Sidinouth's letter of thanks to the magis- trates for their conduct in this affair, 27; general indignation; meetings in cities and counties reprobate the proceeding. Birth of Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emanuel of Saxe Coburg, now prince-consort of queen Victoria, 26. Rill against some of the Manchester yeomanry ignored by the grand jury at LaR- easter, Sept. 5. Hunt enters London, attended by a numerous procession, 13. Richard Carlile fined and imprisoned for republishing Paine's " Age of Reasen," Oct. 12. Earl Fitzwilliam dismissed from the lord-lieutenancy of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 23. Mr. Swan fined and imprisoned for bribery at Penryn, Nov. 16. Criminal information against Sir Francis Burdett for his letter to the electors of Westminster, 20. Parliament meets, 23. Warm debates on the Manchester massacre ; large ministerial majorities ; the " Six Acts " brought in, 30; petitions against them from all parts of the country, and complaining of distress. Cobbett returns from America, Dec. 3. Mr. J. C. Hobhouse committed to Newgate by the Speaker's warrant for a pamphlet disparaging the House of Commons, 15. Labourers petition to be employed in cultivating waste lands, 30. A severe winter. Subscription for the relief of the suffering and exasperated poor, 31. Political excitement in Germany; associations of students in the uni- versities. Discontent in Prussia at not receiving the constitution promised by the king ; jealousy of Russian influence. Kotzebue, set. 58, assassinated at Manheim by Sand, a student of Jena, March 23. Gymnastic and fencing-schools closed at Berlin and other cities. Congress at Carlsbad, Aug. A new constitu- tion given to Wirtemberg, Sept. 29. A congress of ministers assembles at Vienna, Nov. 25. Attempted reaction of the ancient nobility in France, checked by a large creation of peers ; baron Pasquier minister for Foreign Affairs. Death of Charles IV., ex-king of Spain, at Rome, Jan. 19. jet. 71. Insurrection of col. Vidal at Valencia suppressed by gen. Elio. Birth of Maria da Gloria, afterwards queen of Portugal, April 4. Alabama the twenty-first of the N. Ameri- can U. S. Victory of Bolivar at Boyaca ; he forms the Republic of Colombia, by uniting New Granada with Venezuela, and is elected president. The Sa- vannah, the first steam-packet that crosses the Atlantic, arrives at Liverpool from New York, July 15. The Southwark Bridge opened, March 24. Commencement of a Suspension Bridge over the Menai, by Mr. Telford, Aug. 10. Death of James Watt, set. 83, of prof. Playfair, set. 70, of field-marshal Blucher, set. 77, of Dr. Robert Watt, set. 42, of Malcolm Laing, set. 57, of Samuel Lysons, sst. 56, of Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar), set. 81, of Cyril Jackson, master of Christ Church, set. 79, and of Sir Walter Farquhar. Dr. Herbert Marsh translated from Llandaff to Peterborough. Serjeant Copley Solicitor-general. Robert Owen in England, and St. Simon in France, propound their systems of Social reform. Mde. Blanchard's fatal ascent at Paris, in a balloon, which takes fire. Marriage of Miss O'Neil to Mr., now Sir W. W. Beecher. Kaleidoscopes and velocipedes excite a transitory interest. Death of the duke of Kent, at Sidmouth, Jan. 23, aet. 53. Death of George III., at Windsor, Jan. 29, set. 83. After governing nine years as Regent, the prince of Wales ascends the throne as George IV. The living of Rochdale given by the archbishop of Canterbury to the rev. Mr. Hay, chairman of the Manchester magistrates, Jan. 19. The name of the queen omitted in the liturgy, Feb. 11. Cato-Street conspiracy to assassinate the king's ministers ; Thistlewood and others arrested ; police-officer Smithers killed, 23. Parliament dissolved, 29. The Manchester reformers arraigned at York, March 16 ; trial of ten days ; Hunt and others convicted, and afterwards sentenced to imprisonment. Sir. F. Burdett found guilty at Leicester of a libel on government, 23. A radical meeting at Bomrymuir near Glasgow, contrived by spies and dispersed, April 5. Sir Chas. Wolseley tried at Chester, and sentenced to imprisonment, 11. Trial of the Cato-Street conspirators, 16. Messrs. Brougham and Denman appointed the queen's attorney and solicitor-general, 29, Opening of the new parliament, 27. Execution of Thistlewood and four other conspirators, May I. Inquiry into the Droits of Admiralty refused, 5. Bills to mitigate the criminal laws brought 1819 TO 1821 A.E. r 31 Events and Eminent Men, in by Sir Jas. Mackintosh, 9. On the motion of marquis Lansdowne, the Lords appoint a committee to inquire how far the principles of free-trade may be adopted in our foreign commerce, 26. Arrival of the queen from the continent,,' June 6; message from her to the Commons, challenging inquiry, 7 ; congratu- latory address presented to her by the London common-council, 14; the same from other cities ; a secret committee of the Lords examines the documents sent to them, 28 ; Bill of Fains and Penalties against the queen brought in by lord Liverpool, July 5. An account of the expenses of the Milan commission (said to exceed £25,000) moved for by Sir II. Ferguson, and refused, 6. Coronation post- poned, 7. Major Cartwright, Wooler. and others convicted of a conspiracy to elect a " legislatorial-attorney" for Birmingham, Aug. 4. Death of the duchess of York at Oatlands, 6, set. 54. The attorney-geueral, Sir R. Gifford, opens the case against the queen, 19 ; calls the witness Majocchi, 21 ; summing-up of the solicitor-general, Sir Jas. Copley ; the Lords run out to observe the great solar eclipse, and leave him speaking to almost empty benches. Sept. 7: Mr. Brougham commences his defence of the queen, Oct. 3 ; followed by Mr. Williams, 5; exami- nation of witnesses concluded ; Mr. Denman sums up, 21 ; followed by Dr. Lush- ington, 26; the attorney-general replies. 27, and the solicitor-general, 28— 30 ; discussion of the Lords, Nov. 2; second reading, 123 for, 95 against, 6; third reading, 108 for, 99 against, 10 ; the Bill abandoned; great rejoicing through- put the country ; general illumination. Parliament prorogued without a speech from the throne, 28. The queen goes in state to St. Paul's, to return thanks for her happy deliverance, 29. Mr. Canning disapproves the perse- cution of the queen, and resigns his office in an early stage of the proceedings. Assassination of the duke of Berry, Feb. 14, set. 42 ; birth of his son, the duke of Bordeaux, Sept. 29. Richelieu recalled to office. Representative govern- ment in Brunswick and Hesse Darmstadt. Riego and Quiroga, at the head of the troops assembled in the Isle of Leon for embarcation to S. America, demand the restoration of the constitution of 1812, Jan. 5 ; Ferdinand submits, March 3; abolishes the Inquisition, banishes the Jesuits, and convokes the Cortes ; meeting of the Cortes, July 9 ; dissimulation and secret treachery of the tyrant. A similar revolution in Portugal. Insurrection excited by the Car- bonari at Naples ; general Pepe joins them with the army, and establishes a free constitution. Birth of Victor Emanuel, the present king of Sardinia, Mar. 14. The Polish diet convoked by the emperor Alexander, rejects the laws proposed by him ; he closes the session abruptly. Metternich assembles a congress at Troppau., and afterwards at Lay bach, to consult on the means of suppressing the revolutionary spirit in Europe. Revolt of Ali Pacha in Albania ; he urges the Greeks to assert independence. Florida ceded to the U. S. by Spain ; Maine the twenty-second State of the Union. The liberation of Peru commenced by the assistance of St. Martin and Bolivar. Morillo returns to Spain. Christophe kills himself, and the whole of Haiti submits to Boyer. Death of Sir Joseph Banks, set-. 77, of Henry Grattan, set. 70, of Sir Vicary Gibbs, set. 69, of col. Mudge, set. 58, of Benj. West, president of the Royal Academy, set. 82, of Brownlow North, bishop of Winchester, set. 79, of Wm. Hayley, a3t 75, of Patrick Colquhoun, set. 75, of Arthur Young, set. 79, of Wm. Hatsell, clerk of the House of Commons, set. 87, of Sir Home Popham, set. 67, of the count de Volney, set. 63, of marshal Kellermann, set. 86, of marshal Lefebvre, of Tallien, set. 54, of Dollond, the optician, set. 90, and of Henry Andrews, the maker of " Moore's Almanack," set. 76. Birt'h of Jenny Lind. Sir W. Scott the first baronet created by Geo. IV. Sir H. Davy presi- dent of the Royal Society, and Sir T. Lawrence of the Royal Academy. Rees's Encyclopsedia completed. Suspension Bridge over the Tweed, July 18. Total eclipse of the sun, Sept. 7. Francis Jeffrey, editor of the Edinburgh Review, elected rector of the Glasgow unwersity, Dec. 28. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 23. Annuity of £50,000 settled on the queen, 31. The j king visits Drury Lane Theatre, Feb. 6. Sir F. Burdett fined £2000 and impri- soned for his letter, 8 ; his constituents pay the fine. Mr. Hume moves for a re- duction of the army, March 1 ; after sixteen divisions, his motion lost, Mr. Plun- kett's Bills for the removal of Catholic disabilities passed by the Commons, 10, -32 FROM THE TEAB Events aitd Eminent Men. 1821 conti- nued. thrown out by the Lords, April 18 Thirty-five Bills found at the Old Bailey against ntterers of forged notes, 11. The " Fury," capt. Parry, and the " Hecla," capt. Lyon, proceed to the Frozen Ocean, 30. Knighthood surreptitiously ob- tained by two medical men at the levee, May 8. The Bank of England antici- pates the time fixed by parliament, and commences payment in specie. John Hunt of the " Examiner," imprisoned for a libel on the House of Commons, 25. Mr. Hume exposes the extravagance of the public expenditure, June 27. Ju- dicial decision of the privy-council, that queens-consort are not entitled of right to be crowned, July 4. Parliament prorogued, 11. Coronation of Geo. IV. ; the queen refused admittance into Westminster Abbey, 19 ; she is attacked by illness, 30 ; departure of the king to visit Ireland, 31 ; death of the queen, Aug. 7, set. 53; enthusiastic reception of the king on his landing at Howth, near Dublin, 15 ; funeral of the queen, 19 ; streets barricaded by the people, to compel the procession to pass through London on its way to Harwich ; affray with the soldiers at Cumberland gate; interment at Brunswick, attended by lady Hood, lady Anne Hamilton, Dr. Lushington, and Serjeant Wilde; the king embarks at Dunleary, since called Kingstown, on his return from Ireland, Sept. 5. Sir Ro- bert Baker, censured for having allowed the queen's funeral to pass through the city, resigns his office of magistrate, and is succeeded by Sir Richard Birnie, 14. Arrival of the king at Carlton palace, 15. Sir Robert Wilson dismissed from the armjr by the king's command, for his attendance on the queen's funeral, 20 ; he is indemnified for his loss by a public subscription of £10,000. The king embarks at Ramsgate, on his route, via Calais, to Hanover, 24 ; public entrance into Hanover, Oct. 11. Imposture of Olive Wilmott Sevres, pretending to be daughter of the late duke of Cumberland. The king returns from Hanover, Nov. 8. Marquis Wellesley lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 29. Death of Napoleon at St Helena, May 5, set. 52 ; he is interred there, in Rupert's Valley. A con- stitutional government established in Saxe Coburg. Union of the Lutheran aud Calvinistic churches in Baden. An " Army of the Faith " organized by the priests in Spain. John VI. returns to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro regent in Brazil. Ferdinand, king of Naples, goes to the congress of Laybach, annuls the constitution to which he had sworn fidelity ; an Austrian army marches into his States, defeats general Pepe, and crushes the Revolution. Santa Rosa excites a constitutional revolt in Piedmont ; Victor Emanuel resigns the crown to his brother Charles Felix Joseph, March 13 ; the interference of an Austrian force represses the movement. Outbreak of the Greek insurrection under Alexander Ipsilanti ; massacre of the Greeks in Turkey ; the patriarch of Constantinople put to death ; defeat and flight of Ipsilanti into Hungary, where he is imprisoned at Mongatz ; his brother Demetrius, with Mavrocordato and Ulysses, take Na- poli di Romania, Aug. 2 ; defeat the Turks at Thermopylae, Sept. 6 ; storm Tri politza, Oct. 17 ; Missolonghi, Nov. 1 ; establish a provisional government, and convoke the Congress of Epidaurus, Dec. 15. Missouri 23rd member of the U. S. Iturbide enters Mexico, Sept. 27. St. Martin takes Lima, July 12, and is pro- claimed Protector of Peru, Aug. 8. A statue and monument to Luther erected at Wittenberg. Death of lord Sheffield, the friend of Gibbon, set. 86, of the dowager-duchess of Orleans, mother of Louis Philippe, set. 68, of the young poet Keats, set. 25, of Dr. Gregory, set. 68, of Dr. Johnson's friend, Mrs. Piozzi (Thrale), set. 82, of Dr. Carmichael Smith, set. 80, of John Rennie, set. 60, of professor Vince, of Dr. Vicesimus Knox, set. 68, of Oliver Cromwell, a lineal descendant of the Protector, set. 79, of John Ballantyne, Sir W. Scott's printer and publisher, set. 45, of Sir J as. Mansfield, set 88, of Francis Hargrave, set. 81, of Jas. Perry, editor of the Morning Chronicle, set 65, of Dr. T. D. Whitaker, set. 63, of Mrs. Inchbald, set 64, of C. J. Rich, oriental scholar, eet 34, of Richard Twiss, eet. 74, of Dr. Barrett, vice-provost of T. C. Dublin, set. 69, of C. A. Stot- hard, artist, of Geo'. Howe, the first Australian printer, set. 52, and of John Scott, editor of the '' London Magazine," killed in a duel with Mr. Christie. Prosecu- tion of Beranger for some of his Odes. First deciphering of Egyptian hiero- glyphics by Champollion. Malte Brun founds the Geographical Society of Paris. Sismondi publishes his " Histoire des Francais." New Haymarket theatre July 4. Delusions of prince Hohenlohe at Bamberg- 1821 TO 1822 A.i», 733 A.D. 1822 Events and Eminent Men Jeremy Bentham receives an address of thanks from the Cortes of Portugal for his writings; and Mr. Hume pieces of plate from public bodies for his exertions to enforce ministerial economy. Accession of the Grenville party to the Liver- pool government; Mr. Plunkett, attorney- general for Ireland; retirement of lord Sidmouth; Mr. Peel, home secretary. Parliament opened, Feb. 5. Insurrection Act for Ireland to repress outrages of the White Boys, 11. Reduction of interest on the Navy Five per cents., 25. The Commons, by 182 to 128, discontinue the two junior lords of the admiralty, March 1 ; Mr. Canning appointed governor- general of India, 27. Famine in Ireland, from the failure of potatoes, relieved by a large subscription in England, Apr. Capt. Birley, of the Manchester yeo- manry, tried for unlawful wounding at the great reform meeting, and acquitted, 4 ; Mr. Denman common serjeant of London, 25. The Commons, by 269 to 164, negative lord John Russell's motion for reform, 29 ; Canning his most formidable opponent ; committee on agricultural distress; Canning's Bill to admit Catholic peers to sit in the House of Lords, passed by the Commons, rejected by the Lords ; the Commons, by 216 to 201, adopt a resolution moved by lord Normanby, for one postmaster- general instead of two, May 2. Duel between the dukes of Bedford and Buckingham. Mr. Vansittart's plan adopted for relieving the " dead weight" of pensions, 24. Resolution of the Commons not to alter the standard of the currency. June 11. The rate of discount lowered by the Bank of England to four per cent., 20 ; " extents in aid" restricted ; scurrilous publica- tions for political purposes brought under the cognizance of the Commons by Mr. Abercrombie; two of the parties summoned to the bar of the House, 22. Complete editions of the ancient historians of the realm ordered by parliament to be printed, July 24; new Marriage Act. Parliament prorogued, Aug 6. The king embarks at Greenwich for Scotland, 10. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield envoy to the court of Sweden. Suicide of the marquis of Londonderry, 12, set. 53. The king lands at Leith. 15; returns to London, 30. Canning, on the eve of his de- parture for India, relinquishes that appointment, and takes the office of foreign secretary, Sept. 16. The policy of the British government becomes more liberal both at home and abroad. Orange demonstrations discouraged in Ireland, Oct. 31. Sir Jas. Mackintosh lord rector of the University of Glasgow, Nov. 15. Panic in the foreign stock-market ; rapid decline in the value of scrip ; many spe- culators ruined. The marquis Wellesley insulted by an Orange faction at the Dublin theatre, Dec. 14. Subscription in England for the starving Irish, £350.000; in Ireland, £150,000; granted by parliament, £300,000; total, £800,000. Projects of the ultra-royalists to restore absolutism in France; popular discon- tent and conspiracies ; general Berton executed for an attempted revolt, at Sauinur, The Faculty of Medicine at Paris suppressed by a royal ordinance. M. de Villele president of the council. Congress of Verona ; Montmorency and Chateaubriand undertake that France shall overthrow the constitution in Spain; Great Britain, represented by the duke of Wellington, declines to interfere. M. Guizot's Lectures on History, at the Sorbonne, suspended. The Normal school closed. The royal guards at Madrid declare against the constitution ; they are overpowered by the militia and citizens ; a royalist Junta of regency formed at Urgel. The emperor Alexander having no issue, his brother and heir, the grand-duke Constantine, signs a secret renunciation of his claim to the throne, in favour of his next brother, Nicholas. The congress of Epidaurus proclaims the independence of Greece. The vizir Churschid takes Janina and puts All Pacha to death. Massacre of the Greeks in the island of Scio. Successful en- . terprizes of Canaris and Miaulis against the Turkish fleets. Mavrocordato| defeated at Arta. The Turks enter the Morea ; are routed by Colocotroni. Omer j "Vrioni driven from Anatolico by the Suliots and Mavrocordato. The IL S. ac-j knowledge the independence of the Southern States. Iturbide proclaimed i emperor of Mexico. St. Martin in Peru, and O'Higgins in Chili, resign their i power to national councils. Brazil separates from Portugal, and proclaims Don? Pedro emperor. The Spanish half of St. Domingo submits to Boyer, who becomes \ president of the whole island. Opening of the Caledonian canal, Nov. 1. An; iron steam-boat exhibited on the Thames, May 9. The statue of Achilles placed} 734 FROM THE YEAB ,u Hegi- RA. Otto- man Em- pire. Popes. Spain. France. Portu- gal. Prus- sia. Wir- TEM- BERG. Saxo- ny. Bava- ria. Aus- tria. 1823 1239 16 Mah- mud II. 24 Pius VTI. Mar. 13 d. Alls- 20. 1 Leo XII. Sept26. lOFer- dinand VII. 10 Louis XVIII. 8 John VI. 27Fre- deric Wil- liam lit 8 Wil- liam. 61 Fre- deric Augus- tus III. 25Max- imilian Joseph II. 20 Fran- cis I. 1824 1240 17 2 11 — 1 Chas. X. 9 28 9 62 26 21 1825 1826 1241 1242 18 19 3 12 13 2 3 10 1 Pedro IV. empe- ror of Brazil. 1 Maria II. da Gloria. 29 30 63 lLouis Chas. Augus- tus. 2 2? 23 1827 1243 20 5 4 2 31 12 1 Anto- nyCle- ment. 3 24 1828 1244 21 6 15 5 1 Mi- guel. 32 13 2 4 25 1829 1245 22 d- Feb 10. 1 Pius VIII. Mar. 31. 16 6 2 33 14 26 1823 TO 1829 A.D. 735 Repe- tition Dates. 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 Sar- dinia SChas. Felix Joseph, Tus- cany. lOPer- dinand III. 1 Leo- pold II. Na- ples. 9 Fer- dinand IV., or I. of the Two Sici- lies. 10 lFran- I. Den- mark. 16Fred- eric VI. 18 19 Swe- Rus- DEN. BIA. 6Chas. 23Alex XlV.ander. Chas. ' John 24- 1 Ni- cholas Neth- 10 Wil- liam I. Ameri- canPre SIDENTS 7 James Monroe, 1 John Quincy Adams. India BritishGo- VERNORS. 1 Lord Am- herst Great Britain. 4 Geo. IV. Jan. 29- 16 1 An- drew Jack- lLordWm. Bentinck 8 — d. duke of York d. Qu. of Wirtem- berg. 736 FROM THE TEAKS Events and Eminent Mkn. nued. 1823 in Hyde Park, June 18. Death of Sir Wm. "Herschel, set. 84, of Christopher Wyvill, the patriarch of reform, set. 83, of Dr. Middleton, bishop of Calcutta, set. 53, of Canova, 83 1. 65, of Percy Bysshe Shelley, set. 30, of Delambre, set, 73, of prince Hardenberg, set. 72, of Sir Isaac Heard, Garter King at Arms, set. 96- of Haiiy, the mineralogist, of Berthollet, sec. 64, of Dr. Aikin, set. 75, of Sir John Borlase Warren, of Dr. E. D. Clarke, the traveller, set, 54, of Dean Kipling, of Sir N. Conant, the magistrate, set. 77, of Marie Laetitia Bonaparte (nee Ra- molini), mother of Napoleon, of Eva Maria (Violetti), widow of David Garrick, set. 99, and of Emery, the comic actor, set. 45. Sir Alexander Boswell killed in a duel by Jas. Stuart. Sir Humphrey Davy's experiments on the MSS. of Herculaneum. Babbage invents his calculating machine. The lord chancellor refuses injunctions to protect Byron's "Cain." and Lawrence's 1 " Lectures." The Parisians refuse to allow the performance of English plays. The innkeepers on the Dover road petition against steam-navigation. The tide ebbs so low, that the Thames is forded near London Bridge, March 6. Litigation inspecting some millions of francs, placed in the hands of Lamtte by Napoleon. The great wealth of Mr. Coutts devolves by his will to his widowj formerly Miss Mellon the actress. Proceedings commence to p*ove the lunacy of the earl of Ports- mouth. Jocelyn, bishop of Clogher, absconds and is degraded from his see. Purchase of Fonthill by Mr. Farquhar. tevival of employment for the working classes, tranquillity and prosperity ; the agricultural interest still depressed ; at a county meeting in Norfolk, Cobbett carries his petition for an "equitable adjustment of contracts," appropriation of a part of che wealth of the church to relieve public burdens, and the repeal of taxes on the produce of the land, Jan. 3 ; the same petition rejected in Here- fordshire, 17; the Yorkshire freeholders petition for reform, 22. Mr. Vansittart, cieated lord Bexley, takes the duchy ot Lancaster ; Mr. Robinson, chancellor of the exchequer, and Mr. Huskisson, president of the Board of Trade, 31. Par- liament opened, Feb. 4; lord Lansdowue and Mr. Brougham denounce the prin- ciples of the "Holy Alliance." The half-yearly Bank dividend, reduced from five to four per cent. ; stock falls from 2.36 to 210, March 30. Discussion on the affairs of Spam in the Commons, Apr. 24. Peel's Currency Act comes into opera- tion, May 2. Animated meeting to support the Greeks, lord Milton in the chair, 15. Resolution of the Commons to prepare the slave population of the colonies for emancipation, 16. The common council decide to rebuild London Bridge, 30. Meeting and subscription to assist the Spanish patriots, June 18. Parliament prorogued. Julv 18. Return of capt. Parry from the Polar regions, Oct. 29. Con- vention with Austria to accept £2,500,000 as full payment for loans of £30,000,000, Nov. 17. Plymouth Dock receives the name of Devonport, Dec. 27. The king presents the library of Geo. III., 120,000 volumes, to the British Museum. Marquis Hastings having resigned the government of India, departs for England, J une 9 ; his successor, lord Amherst, arrives, Aug. 1 ; in the interval, J. S. Buck- ingham is banished from India, and his Journal, the "Oriental Herald," is sup- pressed. Reginald Heber, appointed to succeed Dr. Middleton, the late bishop of Calcutta, sails, June 16. The Austrian, Prussian and Russian ambassadors recalled from Madrid. Louis XVIII. declares war against Spain. The Cortes, unable to offer effectual resistance, retire to Seville, and take Ferdinand with them. A French army, under the duke D'Angouleme, enters Spain; arrives unopposed at Madrid, May 24 ; the Cortes shut themselves up in Cadiz ; give Ferdinand liberty, Oct. 1 ; surrender of Cadiz ; the constitution abo- lished ; the reign of tyranny restored ; Riego executed at Madrid, Nov. 7. Great Britain threatens to resist all foreign interference in Portugal ; Don Miguel's revolt is put down, and he is sent to Vienna. Death of Pius VII., Aug. 2.0, set. 83 ; cardinal Annibale della Genga elected pope by the name of Leo XII. Lord Byron arrives in Greece. The Greeks obtain many vic- tories by sea and land, but injure their cause by discord among themselves and disorderly management of their affairs. The U. S. declare that they will resist any attempt to interfere with the new republics in the South. Bolivar receives from the Peruvians the title of El Liberador. Iturbide resigns hiB im- TO 1825 A.L>. 737 perial dignity to a Mexican congress. Death of earl St. Vincent, set. 89, of lord Erskine, set. 74, of Dr. Jenner, aet. 74, of Dr. Chas. Hntton, set. 86, of general Dumourier, aet. 85, of David Ricardo, set. 52, of the Rev. C. Wolfe, set. 31, of John Julius Angerstein, set. 91, of Nollekens, set. 86, of Carnot, of John Philip Kemhle, set. 66, of the traveller Belzoni, of Mrs. Ann Radcliffe, set. 62, and of Robert Bloomfield, set. 57. First meeting of the Royal Society of Literature, June 27. The Mechanics' Institute of London founded by Dr. Birkbeck ; imitated at Glasgow and other cities. Union of the Lutheran and Calvinist churches of Hesse at Marburg. Sale of splendid effects at Fonthill, Sept. 9. Lord Ports- mouth pronounced to be of unsound mind, Feb. 28. Cabriolets introduced into London. Dr. Woilaston foreign associate of the French Institute. Iturbide arrives in England, Jan. 1. Parliament opened, Feb. 3 ; the royal speech announces the appointment of consuls to the South American Republics ; retire- ment of Wilberforce from parliament, 5 ; Fowell Buxton takes his place as leader of the anti-slavery question. Advance in the price of agricultural produce. Mr. Robinson's budget-oration on the prosperity of the country, 23. Reduction of the four per cent, stock to 3£ per cent. Mr. Huskisson introduces his measure for improving the silk manufactures, March 8 ; lord Lansdowne moves the re- cognition of the new American States, 15 ; Canning's plan for training the slave- population in Trinidad, 16 ; lord Gifford Master of the Rolls, Apr. 1. Death of lord Byron at Missolonghi, 19, set. 36. The proceedings against missionary Smith at Demerara, brought before the Commons by Mr. Brougham, June 1 ; petitions from London, Leeds and Liverpool, for the recognition of the S. American States, 15. Parliament prorogued, 25 ; general abatement of political asperity in England. The king and queen of the Sandwich Islands arrive in London, July 14 ; they die soon afterwards. War with the Burmese ; Rangoon taken, May 5 ; lord Combermere commands the British army in India. Marquis of Hastings appointed governor of Malta. The Ashantees attack the colonies in Africa ; death of Sir Chas. M'Carthy ; Sierra Leone saved by col. Sutherland. The baron Dumas takes the place of Chateaubriand in the French foreign department, Aug. 4. Death of Louis XVIII., Sept. 16, set. 69; his brother, the count d'Artois, succeeds as Charles X., proposes an indemnity to the emigrants who lost their property. Visit of La Fayette to the U. S. Don Miguel returns to Portugal ; fails in another attempted revolt, and is sent again to Vienna. Death of Ferdi- nand III., grand duke of Tuscany, June 18, set. 55; his son, Leopold II., succeeds him. St. Petersburg devastated by an inundation of the Neva, Nov. 19. Un- settled state of S. America; war between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, and between Bolivar and Francia. Iturbide returns from England to Mexico, endeavours to regain his power, is taken prisoner and shot, July 10. Death of Eugene Beauharnais, set. 43. of Cambaceres, set. 70, of major Cartwright, aet. 84, of the Rev, Sir H. Bate Dudley, aet. 78, of the African traveller, Bowdich, set. 30, of Dr. Lempriere, of Thos. Maurice, set. 70, of R. Payne Knight, eet. 76, of the Cursitor baron Maseres, set. 93, of Capel Loft, «et. 73, of Wm. Sharpe, the en- graver, set. 73, of admiral Russell, set. 85, of R. C. Maturin, of Luke White, M.P., of Mde. Krudener, aet. 59, and of Wm. Oxberry, the comic actor, set. 40. Com- mencement of the National Gallery, by the purchase of the Angerstein Collection and Sir G Beaumont's gift of his pictures. Subscription for a monument of national gratitude to Jas. Watt. The first pile driven for the new London Bridge, March 15. Act passed for the Thames Tunnel, June 24. Skeleton of a mammoth discovered at Ilford. The MS. of a Latin work by Milton found in the State Paper Office. The valuable collection of Sir Stamford Raffles relative to Sumatra, lost in the " Fame," Indiaman. Mr. Harris killed by the fall of his balloon near Croydon, and Mr. Sadler, near Blackburn. Sale of Sir F. Sykes's Library. Robert Owen founds his settlement of New Harmony in Indiana. i First No. of the Westminster Review published. Execution of John Thurtell, i ! Jan. 9, and of Henry Fauntleroy, Nov. 30. ! -Speculation in foreign loans, mining shares, and joint-stock companies ; the Real i 'del Monte shares, from 550, rise to £1350, Jan. 11. The floor of the Long Room !' in the new Custom House gives way, 26. Parliament opened, Feb. 3. Catholic J] ■ — 3 B 738 FROM THE YEAJRf A.D. 1825 eonti- EVENTS AND EMINENT MEN. Association suppressed, 14; State lotteries abolished; resolutions for the relief of the Catholics, moved by Sir F. Hurdett, carried by 247 to 234, March 1. Mr. Brougham lord rector of the University of Glasgow, Apr. 4. Speech of the duke of York in the House of Lords against the Catholic claims, 25 ; Mr. Stu- art- Wortley's Bill for legalizing the sale of game rejected by the Lords, May 9 ; grant of £2000 to M'Adam for his improved system of making roads, 13 ;"the Lords, by 178 to 130, throw out the Catholic Relief Bill, 17; report of the Lords' committee on the abject state of the Irish peasantry ; the Irish currency assi- milated to the British by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 79 ; salaries of the Judges augmented ; fees and sales of offices abolished ; the abuses of the court of Chancery exposed to the Commons by Mr. John Williams, May 31 ; petition of a widow, whose property, devised to her by her husband, had been absorbed 'in Chancery suits, and she reduced to the workhouse, June 27 ; combination laws repealed, Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 129. Parliament prorogued, July 6. The "Comet" steam-packet run down by the " Ayr" in the Clyde, Get. 21. Panic in the money-market, Dec. 8; failure of city and country banks; universal alarm; fall of prices; shares depreciated ; ruin of thousands ; the Bank of England issues one and two-pound notes, 16 ; large coinage of gold at the Mint. General Campbell defeats the Burmese and takes Prome, 25. Revolt of Bhurtpore. Great Britain recognizes and concludes treaties of commerce with Colombia and Mexico. The indepen- dence of Haiti acknowledged by France, and of Brazil by Portugal. Death of Maximilian Joseph, king of Bavaria, Oct. 13 ; his son, Louis Charles Augustus, succeeds him ; of Ferdinand IV., king of Naples, Jan. 4, set. 74 ; he is succeeded by his son, Francis I. ; and of the emperor Alexander, at Taganrog, Dec. 1, est. 47 ; in virtue of Constantine's renunciation (see 1822), Nicholas ascends the throne of Russia. Charles Felix forbids the poor in Piedmont to be instructed in reading and writing. Death of Frederic IV., duke of Saxe Gotha Altenburg, without issue, Feb. 11. Ibrahim, son of Mehemet AH, conducts a powerful ex- pedition from Egypt against Greece ; disasters of the Greeks ; Tripolitza taken ; Missolonghi besieged. John Quincy Adams, son of the veteran of the Revolu- tion, elected president of the U. S. Upper Peru constituted a separate State under the name of Bolivia. Francia suppresses the Monastic Orders in Paraguay. S. Juan de Ulloa, the last fortress held by Spain, taken by the Mexicans, Nov. 18. Death of the marquis of Hastings, set. 71, of Dominique Vincent, baron Denon, set. 84, of the French painter David, in exile, set. 75, of Dr. Samuel Parr, set. 79, of Mrs. Lsetitia Barbauld, set. 82, of Henry Fuseli, set. 84, of Geo. Dance, professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy, and last survivor of the original forty members, set. 84, of lord Whitworth, set. 71, of Dr. Alexander Tilloch, set. 66, of Dr. Abraham Rees, set. 82, of Jean Paul Richter, set. 62, of Geo. Chalmers, chief clerk to the Board of Trade, set. 82, of general Foy, set. 50, of Pauline Borghese, sister of Napoleon, and of col. Stanhope, set. 39. In a letter to Mr. Brougham, Thos. Campbell first suggests the idea of instituting a London Uni- versity. The first brick of the Thames Tunnel laid by Wm. Smith, M.P., March 2 ; excavation commenced, Apr. 1. The first stone of New London Bridge laid by the lord mayor, June 15. The works of Voltaire purchased by metho- dists, to be burnt. Judge Best decides, that a court of law can give no compen- sation for labour employed on the " Memoirs of Harriette Wilson." Balloon ascent of Mr. and Mrs. Graham at Plymouth ; they fall into the sea, but are saved. Capt. Johnson, in the " Enterprise," performs the first voyage by steam to India, leaving Falmouth Aug. 16, and arriving in the Hoogley Dec. 9. Building of the new Post-Office commenced, R. Smirke architect. Lord Combermere storms Bhurtpore and quells the revolt, Jan. 18. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 2. Charter of the London University granted, 11. The Commons decide by 223 to 40, to support Mr. Huskisson's free-trade policy, 24. The British troops, under general Campbell, approach the capital of Ava ; the king submits, and the treaty of Yandabti closes the Burmese war, 26. Commercial distrust and distress continue ; large numbers of the working classes are out of employment. Sir Walter Scott and his publishers, Constable and Co., involved in the general wreck. Real del Monte mining shares fall to 20 per cent, discount, 1825 TO 1827 A.D. 73b Events and Eminent Men. March 1. The Commons receive coldly, and negative, by 249 to 123, a motion of lord John Russell against bribery at elections, 2. Increased consumption in the country since 1816, shewn by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his budget oration, wine 88 per cent., malt 50 per cent., tea 20 per cent,, coffee 43 per cent., and other articles in proportion, 13. Riots of unemployed weavers in Lancashire to destroy power-looms, April 24, May 3 ; subscription raised for their relief. Mr. Hume disputes the asserted increase of consumption, 4. Dis- cretionary power granted for the release of corn in bond, 5. Relaxation of the navigation laws vindicated by Mr. Huskisson, 12. Parliament prorogued, 31 ; dissolved, June 2. Defeat of the Ashantees by col.Purdon, Aug. 7. More than £16,000 recovered from the Hundred, for power-looms destroyed by the rioters in Lancashire. The duke of Devonshire ambassador extraordinary at the coro- nation of the emperor Nicholas, Sept. 3 ; Mr. Canning at Paris, Oct. 16. Meeting of the new parliament, Nov. 14; Manners Sutton, Speaker; the Commons ap- point a Committee, ov the motion of Aid. Waithman, to inquire into the pro- ceedings of the Arigui Company, Dec. 5. Reform of the criminal law by Peel's Acts, 7 Geo. IV. c. 27—31. A British auxiliary force under gen. Clinton sails for Portugal, 17 ; illness of the duke of York, 27. The States of the deceased duke of Saxe Gotha are divided among the three other branches of the family, by treaty, Nov. 15. Death of John VI., king of Portugal, March 10, set. 59 : his son Pedro retains his empire of Brazil, and gives up Portugal to his daughter Maria da Gloria, get. 7 ; before his abdication he gives Portugal a free constitu- tion, and appoints his sister Maria Isabella, Regent. The Absolutists under Chaves take arms, are overpowered and retreat into Spain. The Cortes assem- bles, Oct. 30. Ferdinand of Spain assists the fugitives ; they gather a larger force, enter Portugal again with Silveira at their head, and proclaim Don Miguel absolute king; the Regent and Cortes apply to Great Britain for assistance. Missolonghi taken by the Egyptians and Turks ; Ibrahim devastates the Morea ; his progress is arrested by the Mainotes. Treaty between Great Britain and Russia for the pacification of Greece ; France accedes. The sultan, by the treaty of Akerman, grants to Russia the free navigation of the Black Sea. Suppression and massacre of f he Janizaries at Constantinople. Bolivar elected President of Peru for life; Paez rebels against him. John Adams, set. 91, and Thos. Jefferson, set. 83, both having served the office of President U. S., expire on the same day, the anniversary of American independence, July 4. Death of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, set. 45, of Wm. Shipley, dean of St. Asaph, and brother-in-law of Sir Wm. Jones (see 1785), set. 81, of Reginald Heber, bishop of Calcutta, set. 44, of Dr. Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham, set. 92, of John Milner, Roman Catholic I bishop, set. 74, of Lindley Murray, set. 80, of John Pinkerton, set. 67, of professor- Bode, the German astronomer, set. 79, of Chas. Mills, set. 38, of John Nichols, I editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, set. 81, of Flaxman, the sculptor, set. 72, of I Wm. Gifford, editor of the Quarterly Review, set. 71, of Alexander Volta, set. I 81, of Malte Brun, the geographer, set. 81, of Piazzi, the astronomer, wt, 80, of I Talma, aet. 63, of Boissy d'Anglas, set. 70, of marshal Suchet, aet. 54, of the ' Russian general Rostopchin, of Karl von Weber, set. 40, of A. G. Laing, mur- dered on his return from Timbuctoo, set. 32, of St. Simon, set. 64. of Incledon, the vocalist, and of John Farquhar, the purchaser of Fonthill, set. 75. A MS. translation of Boethius by queen Elizabeth, found in the State Paper Office. The Household Book of James V. of Scotland laid before the Antiquarian Society by the earl of Aberdeen. The Astorga library purchased by the Edinburgh Faculty of Advocates. The " Unknown Tongues," and other illusions of the Irvingites, amuse the public for a time. Commercial confidence is restoi'ed ; the poor employed ; and prosperity revives. Death of the duke of York, Jan. 3, set. 64. The duke of Wellington commander- in-chief. Parliament meets, Feb. 8. Sudden illness of the earl of Liverpool, 17. Mr. Canning's resolutions on the Corn-Laws agreed to by the Commons, March 1. The first stone of the London University laid by the duke of Sussex, April 30. Canning ministry ; resignation of Wellington, Peel, Eldon, and four other members of the late cabinet. The duke of Clarence lord high admiral. 3~b~2 740 FROM THE TEAR A.D. 1827 conti- 1828 Events and Eminent Men. The Whigs support the new government ; parliamentary explanations, May 1 ; the measures consequent on these changes postponed till the next session ; mar- quis of Lansdowne secretary for the Home department ; Sir J. S. Copley created lord Lyndhurst aud chancellor ; Tierney master of the Mint. Parliament pro- rogued, July 2. Treaty of London, between Great Britain, France, and Russia, for the pacification of Greece, 6. Death of Canning, Aug. 8, set. 57 ; viscount Goderich prime minister ; Huskisson colonial secretary, 17. Return of captains Parry and Franklin from their Northern expeditions, Sept. 29. Battle of Nava- rino, Oct. 20; the Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed by the combined British, French, and Russian, under Sir Edward Codrington. Don Miguel arrives in London, Dec. 30. The ministers of Charles X. fail in their attempt to pass a law for restraining the liberty of the press ; dissolution of the Chamber of Depu- ties ; preponderance of liberals in the new chamber ; seventy-six new peers created. France commences hostilities against Algiers. The English at Lisbon abstain from taking part in the internal affairs of Portugal ; resist all foreign interference. Pedro appoints his brother, Miguel, regent, on condition of his maintaining the charter. Sultan Mahmud rejects the propositions of the three allied powers for the settlement of Greece ; they resolve to use force ; he demands satisfaction for the loss sustained at Navarino, and invokes his subjects to a re- ligious war. Capo d'Istrias appointed president of Greece, lord Cochrane high admiral, and Church commander of the army ; they fail to relieve the Acropolis of Athens ; commence the siege of Missolonghi ; many German officers arrive to assist them. The congress of Colombia refuses to accept Bolivar's resigna- tion. Death of Fred. Aug. III., May 5, after a reign of 64 years over Saxony as elector and king ; his brother, Antony Clement, succeeds him. Death of La Place, set. 78, of J. G. Eichhorn, set. 75, of Pestalozzi, set. 82, of Beethoven, set. 57, of John Mason Good, set. 62, of Henry Salt, traveller and consul in Egypt, of card.Ruffo, set. 83, of Hugh Clapperton, the African traveller, set. 40, of Wm. Belsham, set. 75, of Wm. Mitford, set. 83, of George Dodd, the designer of Wa- terloo Bridge, set. 44, of Caulaincourt, duke of Vicenza, set. 54, of Dr. Kitchener, set. 50, of Ugo Foscolo, est. 50, of Helen Maria Williams, set. 69, and of Archibald Constable, set. 51. Society established " for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge." Printing for the blind introduced. First burst of water into the Thames Tunnel, May 18. Lord chancellor Eldon refuses to Mr. Wellesley Pole the custody of his children, Feb. 1. Trial of the Wakefields for the abduction of Miss Turner, March 24. Sir H.Davy resigns the chair of the Royal Society; Mr. Davies Gilbert elected president. Resignation of lord Goderich ; the duke of Wellington minister, Jan. 25 ; Peel Home secretary ; lord Aberdeen Foreign ; Sir C. Wetherell attorney-general, and Sir N, C. Tindal solicitor ; lord Hill commander-in-chief. Meeting of parliament, 29 ; the battle of Navarino termed " an untoward event ;" on the motion of Mr. Brougham, two committees appointed to inquire into the state of the law, Feb. 7 ; finance committe proposed by Peel, and ordered, 15 ; the Commons, by 237 to 193, adopt lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 26 ; the Act for that purpose, 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, passes both Houses with little opposition. Distribution of the Deccan prize-money, March 20. The British auxiliaries withdraw from Portugal, 20. After a debate of three nights, the Commons, by 272 to. 266, agree to Sir F. Burdett's motion for a committee on the Catholic claims, May 8 ; the Lords, by 181 to 137, refuse to concur, June 10 ; the duties on foreign corn regulated by a " sliding-scale," Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 60 ; secession of Huskisson, Palmerston, and their friends, from the ministry. High duties imposed on British manufactures by the American tariff, 13. King's Col- lege, London, originated by a meeting at which the duke of Wellington presides, June 21. Lord Wm. Bentinck governor- general of India, July 4. Daniel O'Con- nell elected for the county of Clare, 5. Financial statement made by the chan- cellor of the exchequer, 10. Parliament prorogued, 28. The duke of Clarence re- signs his office of lord high admiral ; viscount Melville first lord of the admiralty. London University opened, by a lecture of professor Bell, Oct. 1. The queen of Portugal arrives in London, 6. Opening of St. Katharine's Docks, 25. The iS27 TO 1829 A.D. 741 A.D. 1829 Events and Eminent Men, repairs and improvements of Windsor Castle by Sir Jeffrey Wyatville completed, Dec. 9. Great power of the Catholic Association in Ireland ; the duke of Wel- lington intimates to Dr. Curtis his anxiety for a settlement of the question ; the marquis of Anglesey, lord-lieutenant, recalled for encouragement given by him to agitation. Death of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the king's eldest sister and queen dowager of Wirtemberg, set. 62. Feodora, daughter of the duchess of Kent by her first husband, married to the prince of Hohenlohe Langenburg, Feb. 18. Change of ministers in France ; Martignac takes the place of M. de Villele at the head of the cabinet. Don Miguel arrives at Lisbon and takes the constitutional oath, Feb. 22 ; as soon as the British troops are withdrawn, he is proclaimed king, June 29 ; Palmella and Villa Flor are driven out of Portugal ; absolutism triumphant ; the young queen, Donna Maria, is removed from Brazil to England. War be- tween Russia and Turkey, Feb. 22; the Russians take Varna, Oct. 11; are repulsed at Schumla and retire over the Danube. Sir Edw, Codrington concludes a treaty at Alexandria for the evacuation of Greece by the Egyptians, Aug. 6. The Greek government organized; piracy suppressed; order established; Alexander Ipsilanti released by the emperor of Austria, dies soon after his liberation ; the representatives of the three powers meet at Poros to settle the limits of the new State ; the sultan refuses to assent. Contest for the president's chair of the U. S.; John Quincy Adams loses his re-election; Andrew Jackson is chosen to succeed him at the expiration of his term of four years. Bolivar dictator of Colombia. The Banda Oriental forms the republic of Uruguay. Death of Ro- bert Jenkinson, earl of Liverpool, late prime minister, Dec. 4, set. 58, of C. M Sutton, archbishop of Canterbury, set. 73, of Sir James Edw. Smith, president of the Linnaean Society, set. 69, of Sir R. Strachan, sat. 67, of lady Caroline Lamb, a?t. 42, of the Hon. Mrs. Damer, set. 80, of the margravine of Anspach (lady Craven), aet. 77, of Sir Wm. Drummond, of Sir Wm. Congreve, set. 56, of Dugald Stewart, att. 75, of Dr. Gall, the phrenologist, aet. 73, of Dr. Wollaston, set. 62, of archdeacon Coxe, set. 62, of Thos. Bewick, the wood-engraver, set, 75, of J. Cur- wen, long M.P, for Cumberland, set. 72, of Luke Hansard, set. 76, of gen. Sir Alan Cameron, of Henry Neele, set. 30, and of John Scott, the engraver, set. 54. Dr. Howley archbishop of Canterbury, and Dr. Blomfield translated from Chester to London. Second irruption of water in the Thames Tunnel, Jan. 12. New Corn-Exchange opened, June 24. Fall of the Brunswick theatre, Feb. 29. The fate of La Perouse ascertained by capt. Dillon of the "Research," Apr. 7. M. Champollion sets out for Egypt to explore its antiquities, July 31. The tomb of John Hampden opened by lord Nugent and Mr. Denman, July 21. Sport of fal- conry at Redbourne by the duke of St. Alban's, Oct. 8. Detection of Burke's systematic murders at Edinburgh, Dec. 24. Execution of Wm. Corder for murder, Aug. 8, and of Joseph Hunton, a quaker, for forgery, Dec. 8. The ministers decide to grant Catholic Emancipation. Robert Peel resigns his seat for Oxford university, Feb. 4 ; when proposed for re-election, Sir R. H. Inglis defeats him by 705 votes against 559. Parliament opened, 5. Bill to suppress dangerous meetings in Ireland, 10. Voluntary dissolution of the Catholic Asso- ciation, 12. The Relief Bill brought in, March 5 ; second reading carried by 353 to 180, 18. Duel between the duke of Wellington and the earl of Wmchelsea, 21. Third reading of the Bill, 320 to 142, 30 ; introduced in the Lords, 31 ; second reading, 217 to 112, April 5 ; third reading, 10 ; receives the royal assent, 13. Act passed at the same time to disfranchise the forty-shilling freeholders in Ireland and raise the qualification to ten pounds. Distress of the Spital- fields weavers. A farther reduction made in the duties on the importation of raw silk ; increase of the silk manufacture in Congleton, Macclesfield, and Man- chester. The duke of Norfolk, lord Dormer, and lord Clifford take their seats in parliament, April 2a The earl of Surrey elected M.P. for Horsham, May 4 ; O'Connell's election for Clare declared void, and a new writ issued, 18. The ground on the east side of Somerset House, given for the site of King's College, 16. Capt. Ross departs in a steam-vessel to explore the North-west passage, 23. Marquis of Blandford's motion for parliamentary reform rejected by 401 to 118, June 3. Sir N. C. Tindal, chief-justice of the Common Pleas ; Sir C. Wetherell 742 FROM THE TEAK A.D. Hegi- RA. Otto- man Em- pire. Popes. Spain. France. Portu- gal. Prus- sia. WlR- TEM- BERG. Saxo- ny. Bava- ria. Aus- tria. 1830 1246 23 Mali- mud 11. 2 Pius VIII. Mar.31. d. Nov 30. 17Fer- dinand VII. 1 Louis Philip. 3 Mi- guel. 34Fre- deric Wm. III. 15 Wil- liam. 4 An- tony Cle- ment. 6 Louis Chas. Aug. 27 Fran- cis 1. 1831 1247 24 ' 1 Gre- gory XVI. Feb. 2. 18 2 4 — 35 16 5 7 28— 1832 1248 25 2 19 3 5 36 17— 6 8 29 — - 1833 1249 1250 26 3 1 Isa- bella II. 4 1 Maria II. re- stored. 37 18 7 30 1834 1250 1251 27 4 2 5 2 38 10 31 1835 1251 1252 28 5 3 6 3 39 — - 20 9 11 1 1 Fer- j dinand. 1836 1252 1253 29 6 4 7 — 4 40 21 1 Fre- deric Aug. IV. 12 2 1830 TO 1836 A.D. 743 Repe- tition Dates. Sar- dinia. Tus- cany. Two Sici- lies. j Den- mark. Swe- den. Rus- sia. Nether- lands. Ameri- canPre- SIDENTS. India. BritishGo- VERNORS. Great Britain. 1830 ilOChas. | Felix Joseph. 7 Leo- pold II. 1 Fer- dinand II. ^Fre- deric VI. 13Chas. XIV. Chas. John. 6 Ni- cholas 17 Willi- am I. Hoi- Bel- land, gium. 2 An- drew Jackson 3 Lord Wm. Bentinck. 11 Geo. IV. Jan. 29. rf, June 26 1 Willi- am IV. June 26. Qu. Ade- laide. | 1S31 ! IChas. i Albert. 8 2 24 14 18 Leopold. 1 3 4 2 1832 1833 2 3 9 10 3 4 25 26 15 16 19 2 20 3 1 5 6 3 4 9 5 Re- elected. 1834 1 4 11 27— 17 10 21 4 6 7 5 i. duke of Glou- cester. 1835 5 — 12 6 28 18 11 22 5 7 8 6 1836 6 13 7- 29 19 12 23 6 8 1 Lord Auckland. 7 744 EROM THE TEAR conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. dismissed for his opposition to Catholic Emancipation, is succeeded by Sir Jas. Scarlett, in the office of attorney-general ; Sir E. Sugden, solicitor-general, 10. Peel's Metropolitan Police Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 44. Parliament prorogued, 24. The Society of the Inner Temple institutes previous examinations into the at- tainments of candidates for admission to the bar, July 10. O'Connell re-elected for Clare, 30; his expenses paid out of the Catholic rent; and he begins to demand " Repeal of the Union." Combinations of weavers to obtain advance of wages, by destroying work on the looms, Aug. New Post-Office opened, Sept. 23. New Fleet-Market opened, Nov. 20; the old Market called Farringdon Street. Royer Collard, president of the French Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1 ; union of parties against the Martignac ministry; M. de Polignac recalled from his em- bassy in London to form a new cabinet ; his government influenced by the ultra- royalists and priests. Commercial union of the central States of Germany, under the guidance of Prussia. Death of Leo XII., Feb. 10, set. 68; cardinal Francis Xavier Castiglioni, elected pope Pius VIII., protects the Jesuits and Inquisition. Atrocious persecution of the Constitutionalists in Portugal. Miguel refuses to marry his niece Donna Maria; she returns to Brazil. Death of the queen of Spain ; Ferdinand marries Maria Christina, daughter of the king of Naples. The Russians take Silistria, pass the Balkan, and advance to Adrianople ; mediation of Great Britain and Prance ; treaty of Adrianople, Sept. 14 ; the emperor Nicholas relinquishes his conquests ; the sultan acknowledges the independence of Greece. Increased jealousy between Holland and Belgium. Andrew Jackson, president U. S., announces to Congress that the Tariff had failed to accomplish its purpose. Spanish invasion of Mexico defeated by Santa Anna. Death of Sir Humphrey Davy, at Geneva, set. 50, of count Darn, of Fred, von Schlegel, set. 57, of lord Colchester, set. 72, of Barras, sat. 74, of Stephen Dumont, the friend of Jeremy Bentham, set. 79, of Thos. Belsham, set. 80, of Francis Plowden. of Dr. Thos. Young, set. 56, of generals lord Harris, set. 82, Sir David Baird, and Thos. Garth, eet. 85, of Sir Wm. Curtis, set. 77, of the countess of Derby (xMiss Farren), pet. 70, of John Reeves, set 77, and of Francis Egerton, earl of Bridgewater, whose legacy calls forth the Treatises which bear his name. York Minster set on fire by a lunatic ; the damage, £65,000, repaired by a public subscription of the county. Prize given by the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to Mr. Stephenson for the speed of his locomotive engine. Prosperity of Life Insurance Societies, particularly of the London Equitable. The Athenaeum and other clubs of London, erect splendid buildings for the reception of their members. The first double-sheet No. of the " Times" published, Jan. 19. Meeting of London booksellers to regulate the discount allowed on books, Dec. 29. Porcelain paper and card invented by De la Rue, Cornish, and Rock of London. Death of George IV., at Windsor, June 26, set. 68; accession of his brother, Wm. Henry, duke of Clarence, William IV. Meeting of parliament, Feb. 4; difficult position of the ministers; the high church party abandon them; the Whigs support them ; lord Darlington moves the address, which is carried by 158 to 105. The colonists of Sydney petition for a legislative assembly and trial by jury, 9. Remission of the excise duties on fur and leather ; reduction of public expendi- ture, 15 ; the franchise of East Retford extended to the freeholders of the Hun- dred. Death of Sir Robert Peel, set. 80, father of the Home Secretary, who inherits the title and great wealth, May 3. Sir Jas. Graham moves for a return of the salaries and emolument of privy councillors, 14 ; the king being unable to affix the sign manual, an Act is passed legalizing the use of a stamp, 29. Parliament prorogued. July 23 ; dissolved, 24. Brougham elected for Yorkshire, Aug! 5. Arrival of Charles X. in England, 17. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, Sept. 15. Death of Mr. Huskisson, set. 63. Recognition of Louis Philip by the British government. Opening of American ports to British commerce, Oct. 1. The new parliament assembles, 26; opened by the king, Nov. 2 ; weakness of the ministry ; a strong excitement produced by the duke of Wellington's assertion that the House of Commons needed no reform. The intended visit of the king and queen to the City of London, at the lord- 1829 TO 1830 A.D. A.D. Events and Eminent Men. mayor's feast, postponed, 7. Sir Henry Parnell's motion for a committee to examine the Civil list, carried against ministers by 233 to 204, i5 ; the duke of Wellington and his colleagues resign, 16 ; lord Grey's administration formed, 22 ; he announces peace, retrenchment, and reform, as the principles on which it is to be conducted. Incendiary fires, destruction of machinery, and other out- rages, in many counties ; special commissions sent to try the offenders. The French Chamber of Deputies votes an address hostile to the Polignac ministry, March 16 ; prorogued by the king, 19 ; dissolved, May 16 ; expedition under the count de Bourmont against Algiers, 25 ; landing in Africa, June 13 ; Algiers taken, July 5 ; the popular party strengthened by the elections : the ministers determine to dissolve the new Chamber before it meets ; unconstitutional ordi- nances prepared and laid before the king, 21 ; are signed by him and pub- lished, 25 ; journals suppressed, 26 ; popular resistance ; three days' war of the Barricades in Paris, 27—29 ; victory of the people ; the national guard restored under the command of La Fayette, 30 ; Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, appointed lieutenant-general, 31 ; Charles X. abdicates, Aug. 2; is conducted to Cher- bourg by commissaries of the provisional government, 4 ; Louis Philip pro- claimed king of the French, 7 ; Charles and his family embark for England, 16 ; death of Louis Henry de Bourbon, prince de Cond6, 27, set. 75 ; Laffitte minister, Nov. 2 ; G uizot and de Broglie retire ; trial of the ex-ministers of Charles, Dec. 15 ; Polignac, Peyronnet, Chantelauze, and Ranville, condemned to imprisonment for life, 21 ; La Fayette resigns the command of the National Guard, 26. Revolt of Brussels and expulsion of the Dutch troops, Aug. 25 ; prince Frederic repulsed, Sept. 25 ; general revolt of Belgium ; the king restricts his authority to the Northern provinces, Oct. 20 ; conferences of the Guarantee-States at London, Nov. 2 ; Belgium declared independent, 17. Changes in Germany; duke Charles of Brunswick, expelled by his subjects, takes refuge in England; his brother William is called to assume the government, Sept. 6 — 28. Commotions in Leipzig and Dresden. The king of Saxony shares his power with his nephew Frederic, and gives his people a constitution, Sept. 13. The elector of Hesse Cassel embodies a civic guard, and authorizes the States to re-model the go- vernment, Oct. 2 — 16 ; similar movements at Jena, Weimar, Hanau, and Manheim. Birth of Francis Joseph, the present emperor of Austria, Aug. 18. Ferdinand VII. abolishes the Salic law, and declares the throne of Spain heritable by females, March 29 ; birth of his daughter Maria Isabella, the present queen, Oct. 11 ; protest and revolt of his brother Carlos ; Ferdinand acknowledges Louis Philip in France. Death of Carlotta Joachima, queen-dowager of Portugal, Jan. 6, set. 53. Deplorable state of the finances ; disorder and distress throughout the kingdom are the results of Miguel's misgovernment. Pedro establishes a regency at Terceira, under Palmella, in the name of queen Maria, March 15. Copenhagen, Kiel and Flensburg call upon the king of Denmark for reforms. The democratic party in Switzerland agitates in Basle and Freyburg ; an ex- traordinary Diet convoked at Bern, Dec, 25. Death of pope Pius VIII., Nov. 30, sat. 68 ; the papal chair remains vacant two months. Attempted revolts at Rome and at Annecy in Savoy repressed. Death of Francis I., king of Naples, Nov. 8, set. 53 ; his son Ferdinand II. succeeds. The crown of Greece offered to prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg, Feb. 3 ; refused by him, May 21. The cholera spreads from Asia to Moscow, Oct. Insurrection in Poland; the grand duke Constantine driven from Warsaw, Nov. 29 ; a Diet assembles and appoints Khlopicki dictator, Dec. 19 ; proclamation of Nicholas against the Poles, Dec. 24. Portions of the Texas territory claimed by the U. S. Bolivar resigns all his offices, Jan. 20; the president's chair again offered to him, and declined, April 27 ; he withdraws in triumph, May 9 ; dies Dec. 17, set. 48. Death of lady Augusta de Ameland (Murray), married to the duke of Sussex in 1792, of Geo. Tierney, set. 74, of Wm. Hazlitt, set. 52, of Benjamin Constant, set. 63, of marshal Gouvion St. Cyr, aet. 66, of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, set. 79, of the countess de Genlis, set. 84, of Sir Thomas Lawrence, aet. 61, of major James Rennell, set. 88, of Fred. Albert Winsor, set. 68, of Samuel Favell, set. 70, of R. Chenevix, and of Wm. Bulmer, set 74. The English Opera-house (Lyceum) destroyed by fire, | Feb. 16. I 746 FBOM THE TEAR A.D. 1831 Events and Eminent Men. Eight hundred prisoners tried by the special commissions; two executed at Winchester and two at Salisbury, Jan. 25 ; many transported ; outrages sup- pressed ; meeting of the Birmingham Political Union, headed by Thomas Attwood, the banker, Feb. 1. Lords Grey and Althorpe announce that the Re- form Bill will be introduced by lord John Russell, 3. The Budget of lord Althorpe proposes many retrenchments; the abolition of the taxes on coals, candles, and printed calicoes, and reduction of other duties, 11. The Reform Bill brought in, March 1; intense national excitement in favour of it; after a debate of seven days, read the first time ; second reading earned by a majority of one (302 to 301), 22 ; general Gascoyne's motion in opposition to the measure carried in Com- mittee by 299 against 291, April 18 ; the king refuses to accept the resignation of ministers. Parliament prorogued, 22 ; dissolved, 23 ; popular .ferment; anti- reformers ejected by most of the large constituencies ; proclamation for all ships from the Baltic to perform quarantine, to guard against the cholera, June 10 ; the new parliament assembles, 14.; C. M. Sutton, Speaker ; the king's speech recommends Reform, 21. Fatal conflict on a seizure for tithes at Newtown Barry in Ireland, 18. The Reform Bill again introduced, 24 ; second reading carried by 367 against 231, July 7 ; long and strict scrutiny of its clauses in Committee. New London Bridge opened by the king and queen, Aug. 1. Coro- nation, Sept. 8; the banquet in Westminster Hall discontinued; theatres opened gratis, and fire-works in Hyde Park. The Reform Bill read a third time, and passed by the Commons, 345 against 236, 19; lords Althorpe and John Russell, attended by 100 Commoners, take it up to the Lords ; after a debate of five nights on the motion for its second reading, they reject it by 199 against 158; popular indignation, especially against the bishops, all opponents of the measure, except Bathurst of Norwich, and Maltby of Chichester ; the Birmingham Union threaten to march to London; tumults and burnings of anti-reformers in effigy ; Nottingham castle, the property of the duke of Newcastle, destroyed. Parliament prorogued, 20. Riots in Bristol, on the entrance of the recorder, Sir Chas. Wetherell, to hold the sessions, 29. Meet- ing of the London Political Union in Lincoln's Inn Fields, Sir F. Burdett in the chair, 31. First cases of cholera occur at Sunderland, Nov. 4. Proclamation declaring affiliated Political Unions unlawful, 21 ; that of Birmingham abandons its intended organization, 22. Meeting of parliament, Dec. 6 ; the king again recommends reform ; the Bill introduced a third time, 12; the second reading carried by 324 to 162, 17. Parliament adjourned for the Christmas recess. Negro insurrection in Jamaica, 22. Laffitte resigns ; Casimir P^rier heads a new ad- ministration in France, March 15. Leopold, of Saxe Coburg, king of Bel- gium, July 21; he is attacked by the sons of the king of Holland, Aug. 5; a British fleet and a French army arrive to support him ; the Dutch retire. Here- ditary nobility confirmed in France, Oct. 18, Dec. 28. Constitutional government ratified in Hanover by the duke of Cambridge, viceroy, Feb. 23, and in Hesse Cassel by the elector, Jan. 5. The cholera breaks out in Dantzig, May 29, and soon afterwards rages in Northern Germany. Don Joze Maria Torrijos, treach- erously enticed from his asylum in Gibraltar, is shot with his companions at Malaga, Dec. 4. Miguel resumes his persecution of the constitutionalists ; he offends Great Britain and France ; their fleets enter the Tagus and compel him to make reparation. Pedi - o resigns the empire of Brazil to his son ; visits London and Paris to concert measures for restoring his daughter in Portugal. Cardinal Maurus Capellari elected pope Gregory XVL, Feb. 2. Attempt to form a federal republic in Italy, repressed by Austrian troops. Discord in Greece ; arrest of Pietro Mavromichali ; assassination of Capo d'Istrias, Oct. 9 ; his brother, Au- gustin, appointed president. Warsaw taken by the Russians, and the Polish insurrection quelled, Sept. 7 ; their general, Diebitsch, dies of the cholera at Pultusk, June 10, set. 46, and grand duke Constantine at Minsk, 27, set. 52 ; Paskewitz takes the command. Death of the dowager-duchess of Saxe Coburg, mother of Leopold and the duchess of Kent, set. 73, of B. G. Niebuhr, set. 53, of Wm. Roscoe, set. 79, of Mrs. Siddons, ast. 75, of John Abernethy, set. 66, of Pamela, daughter of the countess de Genlis and widow of lord Edw. Fitzgerald, of lord 1831 TO 1832 A.D. : A7 A.D. 1832 Events and Eminent Men. Mulgrave, set. 77, of lord Norbury, set. 85, of lord Dundonald, set. 82, of Augustus La Fontaine, set. 75, of James Monroe, set. 72, of Robert Hall, set. 68, of Sir Benj. Hobhouse, set 74, of John Calcraft, M.P., set. 65, of Henry Mackenzie, set. 86, of G. W. F. Hegel, set. 61, of Jas. Northcote, R.A., set. 85, of John Jackson, R.A., set. 53, of Sir A. Hart, set. 72, of col. JohnMacdonald, set. 72, and of R. W. Ellis- ton, set. 57. Monument to John Locke ordered to be placed in the London Uni- versity. Statue of major Cartwright erected in Burton Crescent, and of W. Pitt, in Hanover Square. The old " Boar's Head" tavern in East Cheap taken down. Paganini's first concert in England, June 3. Trial of the Bristol rioters, Jan. 2 ; four executed ; suicide of col. Brereton, com- mander of the troops in that city during the riot, 13. Parliament resumes its sittings, 17. The cholera at Rotherhithe, Feb. 13. The Commons, by 355 to 239, pass the Reform Bill, March 23 ; first reading by the Lords, 26 ; after a debate of four nights, the second reading carried, at 7 o'clock in the morning, by 184 to 175, Apr. 14. Easter recess, 18. A motion of lord Lyndhurst in committee car- ried by 151 to 116, May 7; resignation of ministers, 9 ; popular ferment; the London and Birmingham Unions increase their members, and resolve to pay no taxes till the Reform Bill be passed. The king decides, if necessary, to create new peers. The Grey ministry returns to office, 18. The hostile lords desist from opposition ; the Bill is passed by 106 to 22, June 4 : receives the royal assent, 7. The duke of Wellington unpopular, and insulted in Fenchurch Street, 18. Lord Durham's embassy to Russia, July 3. The slave-owners in Mauritius resist the appointment of Mr. Jeremie to the office of attorney-general of the island, 8. The royal assent given to the Reform Bills for Scotland, 17, and for Ireland, Aug. 7. Subscription in London to erect alms-houses in commemoration of the Reform, Oct. 1. The mayor of Bristol tried for neglect of duty, and ac- quitted, Nov. 1. The lord mayor and a deputation of subscribers present gold cups to lords Grey, Brougham, Althorpe, and John Russell, 6. Parliament dis- solved, Dec. 3. The French occupy Ancona, Feb 22. Tumult of the republican party in Paris after the funeral of gen. Lamarque, June 5. Death of the duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon and Maria Louisa, at Schonbrunn, July 22, set. 21. Marriage of Leopold, king of Belgium, to Louisa, eldest daughter of the French king, Aug. 8. The presidency of the council, vacant by the death of Casimir Pe- rier, is given to marshal Soult ; De Broglie, Thiers, and Guizot are his colleagues in the ministry, Oct. 11. The duchess de Berri fails in an attempt to excite an insurrection in La Vendue, is arrested at Nantes, and sent prisoner to the castle of Blaye, Nov. 7. An English fleet blockades the Scheldt, and a French army, under marshal Gerard, invests the citadel of Antwerp, 15 ; after a vigorous de- fence, the commandant, gen. Chasse\ surrenders, Dec. 23. Don Pedro gains pos- session of Oporto and proclaims Donna Maria, July 8. Illness of Ferdinand VII. ; he appoints his queen regent ; she takes Zea Bermudez as her minister, Oct. 6. The anniversary of the Bavarian constitution celebrated at Hambach, May 27. Otho, son of the king of Bavaria, appointed king of Greece, and accepted by the Greeks ; the northern boundary of his kingdom determined by a line drawn from the Gulf of Arta to that of Volo. An ukase of Nicholas incorporates Poland with Russia, Feb. 25. Mehemet Ali, having sent his son Ibrahim during the pre- ceding year into Syria with an army, refuses to obey the sultan's orders to with- draw his forces ; Ibrahim takes St. Jean d' Acre, Damascus, and Antioch, defeats the vizir Redschid Pasha at Konieh, and takes him prisoner, Dec. 21 ; threatens Constantinople. President Jackson refuses his assent to the renewal of the U. S. Bank charter; discord respecting the tariff; So. Carolina threatens to withdraw from the Union ; tariff modified. Death of Sir Walter Scott, set. 61, of Sir Jas. Mackintosh, set. 67, of Goethe, set. 82, of Geo. Cuvier, set. 63, of Jeremy Bentham, set. 85, of Chas. Buller, set. 83, of Sir Wm. Grant, set. 77, of J. F. Champollion, set. 42, of Priscilla Wakefield, set. 82, of Anna Maria Porter, of Sir Everard Home, set. 76, of lord Donoughmore, set. 75, of lord Tenterden, set. 71, of Alex. Nimmo, set. 49, of Geo. Crabbe, set 76, of Jean Baptiste Say, set. 65, of Jas. Stephen, set. 73, of Sir John Leslie, set. 66, of Sir John Carr, set. 60, of Dr. Adam Clarke, set. 72, of Dr. Andrew Bell, set. 80, of Casimir Perier, set. 54, of gen. Lamarque, set. 60, '48 FROM THE YEAR A.D. 1832 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Z\Ien. of Sir Alex. Cochrane, set. 73, of Legendre, of C. C. Colton, of Sir Richard Birnie, set. 72, of the architect Pugin, of Thos. Hardy, set. 82, of Muzio Clemeriti, ast. 81, of Ignace Pleyel, set. 75, and of Joseph Munden the actor, get. 73. Statue of Canning, hy Westmacott, placed in Palace Yard, and of James Watt, hy Chan- trey, in Westminster Abhey, in the British Museum, and at Greenock. First Nos. published of Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, and of the Penny Magazine. Kensal Green cemetery opened, Jan. 31 ; consecrated, Nov. 2. Rev. E. Irving expelled from the Scotch church, May 2. Dramatic Copyright Act, 3 William IV. c. 15. The first reformed House of Commons assembles ; C. M. Sutton re-elected Speaker, Jan. 29. Parliament opened by the king, Feb. 5 ; Jos. Pease, a quaker, admitted on his affirmation, 14. Disturbed state of Ireland ; Insurrection Act, 15. Morning sittings adopted by the Commons for private business and petitions, 20. Mr. Stanley colonial secretary, March. Thanksgiving for the departure of the cho- lera, Apr. 14. Cobbett's motion on the currency negatived by 298 to 4, and the proceedings expunged from the minutes of the House, May 16. Reform of the Irish church ; ten bishops reduced by the union of sees ; tithes and tempo- ralities regulated. Abolition of colonial slavery ; compensation of £20,000,000 to the planters. Employment of children in factories regulated by Act 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 103. Renewal of the E. I. C. charter; the company ceases to be commercial, and remains a purely political body. The trade to China thrown open. Charter of the Bank of England renewed. Robert Grant's Bill for remo- ving the civil disabilities of the Jews, rejected by the Lords, Aug. 1. Parliament prorogued, 29. The cholera breaks out again. Municipal corporations visited and investigated by royal commissioners ; the corporation of Leicester sets the example of refusing to produce documents or answer inquiries, Sept. 24. In- structions issued for carrying into effect the abolition of slavery, Nov. 19. Pre- valence of incendiary fires. Debates in the French Chambers on the construction of forts round Paris. The duchess de Berri gives birth to a daughter in her captivity at Blaye, May 10; is liberated and returns to Sicily, June. Extension of the commercial union in Germany ; congress of ministers at Toplitz, and of sovereigns at Miinchengratz, to repress the revolutionary spirit; Polish refugees ordered to withdraw to America. Preliminaries of peace between Holland and Belgium, June 5 ; fresh discussions arise respecting Luxemburg and Maestricht. Death of Ferdinand VII., Nov. 29, set. 49; his daughter, Isabella II, is pro- claimed queen, and her mother, Christina, continues to govern as regent. Don Carlos, set up by his partizans as Charles V., seeks refuge in Portugal. Don Pe- dro, supported by Great Britain, maintains his ground in Oporto ; his fleet, commanded by admiral Napier, captures the whole of Miguel's naval forc^, July 5 ; the duke of Terceira enters Lisbon, proclaims Maria and the charter, 24; the young queen arrives there, Sept. 11 : Pedro offends the church, and is excommu- nicated by the pope. Federal conflict in Switzerland ; the league of Sarnen defeated and dissolved by the Diet of Ziirich. Otho arrives at Athens and assumes the government of Greece, Feb. 6. The sultan invites the aid of the emperor Nicholas against the rebellious pachas of Servia and Egypt. Great Britain and France, jealous of the progress of Russia, unite to settle the affairs of the East. Death of the duke of Sutherland, set. 75, of earl Fitzwilliam, set. 86, of the earl of Caernarvon, set. 60, of lord King, jet. 58, of lord Dudley and Ward, set. 52, of admiral lord Gambier, set. 70, of admiral lord Exmouth, set. 76, of Sir John Malcolm, set. 60, of Agar Ellis lord Dover, set. 36, of Wm. Wilberforce, set. 74, of Rammohun Roy, set. 60, of Dr. Babington, set. 76, of Joshua Brookes, set. 72, of Hannah More, set. 88, of capt. Lyon, of Godfrey Higgins, set. 62, of Wm. Sotheby, set 77, of E. J. Planck, of the Rev. Rowland Hill, set. 89, of Richard Heber, set. 60, of Sir John Stevenson, set. 75, of Sir Wm. Domville, set. 91, of aid. Waithman, set. 70, of Wm. Morgan, actuary of the Equitable Life Office, of Savary, duke of Rovigo, set. 59, of marshal Jourdan, set. 71, of John O'Keefe, set. 86, and of Edmund Kean, set. 46. London and Birmingham Railway com- menced, May 14. The decision of the vice-chancellor takes " Lady Hewley's Charity" out of the hands of Unitarian trustees, Dec. 23. Hungerford Market opened, July 2. 1832 TO 1834 A.D. 749 Events and Eminent Men. Meeting of parliament Feb. 4. Discontent in the legislative assembly of Lower Canada, 13. A large surplus of revenue announced by the chancellor of the ex- chequer, 14 ; Mr. Hume's motion on the Corn laws negatived by 312 to 155, March 1. Strike of gas-workmen in London, 8. Motion to abolish military flogging lost in the Commons, 14. Six agricultural labourers sentenced at Dor- chester to transportation for administering illegal oaths, 17. Strike of manu- facturing workmen at Leeds, 18. The lord-chancellor introduces a Bill for esta- blishing a Central Criminal Court in London, 26. The rayah of Coorg defeated by col. Lindsay and deposed, Apr. 10. Riots at Oldham by the Trades' Union, 15. Bill to amend the Poor Laws brought in by lord Althorpe, 17. Meeting of the London Trades' Union in Copenhagen Fields; they proceed in a body to present a petition on behalf of the Dorchester convicts, which lord Melbourne declines to receive from so tumultuous an assemblage, 21. The Commons, by 256 to 140, adopt lord Althorpe's plan for the abolition of church-rates ; afterwards abandoned. Quadruple treaty of Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, 22. The exclusive privilege of serjeants-at-law to plead in the court of Common Pleas annulled, 25. After a debate of six nights, O'Connell's motion for a " Repeal of the Union," negatived by 523 to 38, 27. Strike of the journeymen tailors in London, 28. Interest on the Four per cent, annuities reduced, May 3. Second reading of the Poor Law-Bill carried by 319 to 20. Voluntary dissolution of the Birmingham Union, 10. The Commons, by 235 to 185, reject Mr. Tenny- son's motion for shorter parliaments, 15 ; Mr. Ward's motion on the Irish church, and the appointment of a commission of inquiry, lead to the resignation of the duke of Richmond, the earl of Ripon, Sir James Graham, and Mr. Stanley, 27. The Leeds unionists return to their work, June 13. Mr. Raphael elected one of the sheriffs of London, the first Catholic since the Revolution, 24. Strike of the journeymen shoemakers of Derby, 28. Irish Coercion Bill renewed, July 1. The queen embarks at Woolwich to visit Germany, 5. Resignation of earl Grey, 9 ; lord Melbourne prime minister with the same cabinet, 17 ; the duke of Wellington supports the new Poor-Law ; the Lords, by 76 to 13, agree to the second reading, 21. Lord Althorpe announces a further surplus of revenue, and reduces more taxes, 25. The abolition of slavery carried satisfactorily into operation in the West Indies ; celebrated by many festivities in England, Aug. 1. The Lords, by 102 to 85, reject the earl of Radnor's Bill for the admission of Dissenters into the English universities. The Glasgow calico-printers, after a strike of nine months, submit to the terms of their employers, 10. The Lords, by 189 to 122, reject the Irish Tithe Bill, 11. Parliament prorogued, 15. Strike of the jour- neymen builders in London, 18. Church rate refused at Manchester, Sept. 3. Public dinner at Edinburgh to earl Grey, 15. The Chinese suspend commercial intercourse with the British factory at Canton, and fire upon two ships of war ; demolition of their forts; restoration of the trade; lord Napier, the superin- tendent, dies at Macao, and is succeeded by Mr. Davies, Oct. 11. The Houses of Parliament in Westminster destroyed by an accidental fire, 16. Public dinner to the earl of Durham at Glasgow, 29. Central Criminal Court opened, Nov. 1. Death of earl Spencer, 10, set. 76 ; his son, lord Althorpe, succeeds to the title, and can no longer hold the office of chancellor of the exchequer. Dissolution of the Melbourne ministry, 15. Public dinner to W. Cobbett at Dublin, 17. Sir R. Peel called from Italy to form an administration ; the duke of Wellington in the meantime transacts all official business. Death of the duke of Gloucester, 30 k fet. 58. Public meetings of the metropolitan electors, deprecating a Tory ministry. Return of Sir R. Peel, Dec. 9 ; appointed first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer; the duke of Wellington foreign secretary; the earl of Aberdeen colonial, 10. Tlie parishioners of Birmingham refuse to levy a church rate, 13. Mr. Grote defeats a meeting called in London to support the new ministry ; an address to the king for that purpose privately signed by many merchants, bankers, and others. Parliament dissolved, 30. Death of La Fa- yette, May 20, sat. 76. Marshal Gerard minister in the place of Soult, July 15 : is removed, and Mortier appointed, Oct. 29. Under the protection of Great Britain and France, the two young queens are firmly established in Spain 750 FROM THE YEAh A.D. 1834 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. 1.S35 and Portugal, and the constitutional cause prevails ; Carlos and Miguel are both expelled. Martinez de la Rosa succeeds Zea Berraudez as minister. Don Pedro declares his daughter of age, and resigns the regency ; she is contracted in mar- riage to the duke of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugene Beauharnais. Death of Pedro, Sept. 24, set. 36. The duke of Palmella minister in Portugal. Death of lord Grenville, set. 74, of lord Teignmouth, sat. 83, of the earl of Derby, set. 82, of earl Bathurst, set. 72, of S. T. Coleridge, set. 62, of T. R. Malthus, set. 69, of Thomas Telford, set. 77, of John Thelwall, ret. 68, of Daniel Lysons, of Chas. Lamb, set. 60, of Alex. Chalmers, set. 76, of Dr. Robert Morrison, sat. 53, of R. Landei-, the African traveller, sat. 30, of the Rev. Wm. Carey, the Indian missionary, set. 73, of Thos. Stothard, R. A., set. 76, of Prince Hoare, set. 80, of Louis de Bourienne, set. 65, of the Rev. E. Irving, set. 43, of Wm. Blackwood, set. 58, of Sir' John Leach, set. 74, of Henry Bankes, M.P., set. 77, of adm. Keats, set. 84, of M. A. Taylor, set. 77, of adm. Sir B. Hallowell Carew. set. 74, of col. Wardle, set. 72, of Hamilton Rowan, set. 83, of Sir John Doyle, set. 78, of Jas. Doyle, R.C., and of Sus. Cromwell, set. 90, last of the Protector's family. Duke of Wellington chancellor of Oxford, Jan. 29 ; installed, June 10. Lord Stanley Lord Rector of Glasgow, Nov. 15. Mr. Jeffrey Judge of Session, May 18. Robert Grant governor of Bombay, June 18. Wellington Column at York completed, Apr. 10. Statistical Society founded in London, March 15. Meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh, Sept. 8. Commencement of the Belgian Railway. Royal commissioners appointed to inquire into the revenues of the dioceses of England and Wales, Feb. 3. Meeting of parliament, 9, Mr. Abercrombie elected Speaker, in opposition to Mr. C. M. Sutton, by 316 to 306 ; the session opened, 24 ; the late Speaker created viscount Canterbury, March 3. Ministe- rial Bills introduced for reform of the ecclesiastical courts, 12 ; for the marriage ceremony by dissenters, 17, and for the settlement of Irish tithes, 20; and of English tithes, 24. Dinner to lord John Russell, 28 ; call of the House ; his first motion on the Irish church carried by 322 to 2S9 against ministers, 30; other motions follow ; after successive defeats, Sir R. Peel and his colleagues resign, April 8; the Melbourne ministry restored, with the omission of lord Brougham ; the great seal put in commission, with Sir Charles Pepys at the head, 18. Dinner to Sir R. Peel at Merchant Tailors' hall, May 11. Reform Association and Carlton Club formed. Municipal Reform introduced by lord John Russell, June 5. The Foreign Enlistment Act suspended in favour of Spain ; col. De Lacy Evans enrols a British auxiliary legion to serve against the Carlists, 9. The Lords hear counsel and evidence against the Municipal Reform Bill, July 30. Committee appointed by the Commons to inquire respecting Orange Lodges in the army ; col. Fairman, secretary of the Orange Society, absconds to avoid producing papers demanded by the committee, 19. Lord Wm. Bentinck re- turns from India. Dinner of the E.I.C. Directors to lord Auckland on his appointment to be governor-general. Sept. 5. The Municipal Reform Bill passed with the alterations made by the Lords, 9. Capt. Back returns from his Arctic expedition. The Lords reject the Appropriation clause in the Irish Church Bill. Parliament prorogued, 10. Mr. Salomons, a Jew, serves the office of sheriff for London ; is elected alderman ; the court refuses to admit him, Nov. 17. The Municipal Reform Act comes into operation. The new Town Councils elected, 25. The duke de Broglie succeeds Mortier as minister in France, March 11 ; the Chambers vote the payment of the long-disputed indemnity claimed by the U. S. Attempt of Fieschi to assassinate Louis Philip, July 28 ; marshal Mortier killed by the explosion, set. 67. War in Algeria with Abd El Kader; mar- shal Clanzel sent against him. Death of Francis, emperor of Austria, March 2, set. 67 ; his son and successor Ferdinand confides in Metternich. Baden joins the Commercial Union (Zollverein), and completes the frontier. Carlist war in Spain ; Zumalacarregui, the rebel leader, killed near Bilboa. Mina commands the royal forces in Biscay, and Espartero in Catalonia. Cabrera heads a rebel band in Arragon. Mendizabal prime minister, Sept. 14. The Methnen treaty between Great Britain and Portugal annulled. Death of the duke of Leuchten- berg, March 28. Second marriage of queen Maria to Ferdinand Augustus of 1834 TO 1836 A.D. 75: Events and Eminent Men. Saxe Coburg. Death of lord Darnley, from an accident in his park, set. 40, of earl Nelson, set. 78, of earl Chatham, last of the Pitts, set. 80, of Sir John Sinclair, set. 82, of Dr. Brinkley, bishop of Cloyne and president of the Royal Irish Society, set. 72, of baron Wilhelm Humboldt, set. 67, of William Smith, 46 years M.P., set. 79, of M. T. Sadler, a-t. 58, of Guillaume Dupuytren, set, 57, of Henry Dav. Inglis, set. 79, of Mrs. Hemans, set. 41. of Vincente Bellini, set. 33, of John Nash, architect, aet. 83, of Henry Hunt, set. 62, of Wm. Cobbett, 1837 TO 1845 A.D. 753 Repe- tition Dates, 1837 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 Sar- dinia 7Chas Albert 10- 14 Leo- pold II: 15- 16— Two Sici- lies SFer di- nand II. 12- 15- 18- 19- 10 — DEN- MARK. 30Fre- deric VI. 1 Chris tian VIII. SWE DEN. 20 Chas XIV. Chas John, 14 23 — 24 — 25- Rus- SIA. 13 Ni- cholas. Hol- land. 16 1 Os- car. 24 Wil- liam I 25- Bel- GIUM. 7 Leo- pold. 1 Wil- liam II. Ameri- camPre- SIDENTS. 1 Martin Van Bu- ren. India. British Go- vernors. 2 Lord Auckland. 18— 20- 12- lGen. Harri- son. d. Apr- 4 1 John Tyler. Great Britain William IV. d June 20. 1 Victoria June 20 1 James Knox Polk. 1 Lord El- lenborough 4 — into Prince Albert. b. orincess Royal d. priuces3 Augusta b prince of Wales 6 7 b princess Alice- d. duke of Sussex- m- princess Aug of Cambrid; 1 Sir Henry Hardinge. 3 c 754 EROM THE TEAR A.D. 1836 conti- nued. 1837 Events and Eminent Men. burg ; is seized and sent to America, Nov. 13. Meunier fires at Louis Philip on his way to open the Chambers, Dec. 27. Death of Antony Clement, king of Saxony, June 6, set. 81 ; he is succeeded by his nephew, Frederic Augustus, co- regent 3ince 1839. Massacre of Carlist prisoners at Barcelona; dismissal of Mendizabal ; the Constitution of 1812 proclaimed throughout Spain and accepted by the queen regent, Aug. 14 ; the British auxiliaries defeat the Carlists near Hernani, May 5, and at St. Sebastian's, Oct. 1 ; the naval force assists Espartero to raise the siege of Bilboa, Dec. 24. Mina from ill health retires to Barcelona, where he dies, Dec. 24, set. 55. Commotions and changes in Portugal ; the Con- stitution of 1822 is proclaimed at Lisbon, Sept. 9, and confirmed by the queen; fresh outbreaks of the Miguelites repressed. Marriage of Otho, king of Greece, to a princess of Oldenburg, niece of the Russian emperor, Nov. 22. The slavery question causes violent animosities in the U. S. Martin Van Buren elected to succeed general Jackson at the expiration of his term of office. Banking and commercial embarrassments. Arkansas and Michigan admitted into the Union. Separation of Texas from Mexico. Death of Charles X., ex-king of France, at Goritz in Austria, Nov. 4, set. 80, of lord Stowell, set. 91, of earl Rosslyn, set. 75, J of the earl of Kerry, eldest son of marquis Lansdowne, set. 25, of George Augustus ! Lamb, only son of lord Melbourne, set. 29, of Aug. Wm. Schlegel, set. 69, of Sir' Francis Freeling, set. 73, of Sir Chas. Wilkins, set. 85, of Sir Wm. Gell, set, 59, : of Dr. Valpy, tet. 82, of Abbe" Sieyes, set. 88. of James Mill, aet. 60, of Dr. Henry j of Manchester, set. 60, of William Taylor of Norwich, set. 12, of Dr Gillies, set. j 90, of Dr. Nathan Drake, set. 80, of Dr. Edw. Burton, Regius Prof., Oxford, set. 42,! of Wm. Godwin, set. 81, of col. Tod, set. 53, of Jas. Madison, former president, andJ Aaron Burr, set. 80, former vice-president, U. S., of Jas. Hogg, set. 64, of Barry. O'Meara, of J. Davidson, murdered on his travels in Africa, of John Loudon ' M' Adam, set. 80, of Nathan Meyer Rothschild, set. 60, of Mdme. Malibran, set. 28, of John Bannister, set. 76, and of Edw. Day, the constable who arrested Eugene Aram., set. 101. Meeting of the British Association at Bristol, Aug. 22. Ascent of the Nassau balloon, Nov. 7. Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate, restored. Death of William IV. at Windsor, June 20, set. 72. Accession of queen Victoria ; the Salic law excludes her from the throne of Hanover and gives it to the duke of Cumberland, who, as king Ernest Augustus, abolishes all the free institutions which had been recently introduced there. Commencement of panic in London ; discounts refused ; many houses trading with the U. S. stop payment. Sir R. Peel installed at Glasgow, Jan. 11. Parliament opened, 31. Lord Denman, in the action Stockdale v. Hansard, questions the extent of the privilege of par- liament in publishing Reports, Feb. 6 ; Irish Municipal Bill again introduced, 7 ; and the Irish Poor Law Bill, 14, Joseph Hume presides at a meeting to erect monuments to Muir and the other Scotch Reformers prosecuted in 1793 — 4, 20. Church Rates Bill again brought in, March 3 ; the Commons by 265 to 153, reject Mr. Grote's motion for the ballot, 7 ; opposition of the bishops to the Church Rates Bill, 9 ; the Commons carry the measure only by 287 to 282 ; it is aban- doned by ministers ; resolutions of the Commons on the disturbed state of Canada, April 24. Irish Tithe Bill brought in for the fifth time, May 1 ; after- wards defeated. Mr. Spring Rice intimates that a royal commission will be issued for inquiry into the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 4. On the motion of the duke of Wellington, the Lords again defeat the Irish Municipal Bill, 5. Sir F. Burdett complies with a requisition to resign his seat for West- minster and is re-elected, 11. Agitation against the new Poor Laws by Oastler and others, 16. The princess Victoria, set. 18, attains her majority, 24. Distress of the operatives in Birmingham and other towns, caused by the London panic, 30. Gen. De Lacy Evans returns from Spain, June 20. Queen Victoria proclaimed, 22. Par- liament prorogued and dissolved, July 17. The queen dines at Guildhall, Nov. 9 ; the lord mayor, Cowan, created a baronet ; Moses Montefiore and his brother sheriff knighted. The new parliament assembles, 15 ; is opened, 20 ; committee j appointed to inquire into the pension list, Dec. 8. Commotions in Canada headed' by Papineau ; defeat of the rebels at St. Eustace, 19; the Americans on the! frontier support the insurrection with men and arms ; their steam-boat, the Ca-I 183G TO 1839 A.D. 755 183S 183fc roline, is set on fire and precipitated down the Fall of Niagara, 29. Secession of M. Guizot from the French ministry ; replaced by M. Montalivet. Marriage of the duke of Orleans to princess Helena of Mecklenburg, May 30 ; political amnesty granted. Historical Museum of Versailles opened, June 11. The German States of the second Order protest against the abolition of the Hanove- rian Constitution. Charles Albert promulgates a new code for Piedmont and Sardinia. Don Carlos joins his partisans, and with Cabrera, advances towards Madrid ; they are driven back over the Ebro. Martin Van Buren installed President of the U. S., March 4 ; they recognize the independence of Texas. Death of Gustavus IV., ex-king of Sweden, at St. Gall in Switzerland, Feb. 7, 3et. 59, of Mrs. Fitzherbert, set. 81, of lady De Lisle, eldest daughter of the duke of Clarence and Mrs. Jordan, of admiral lord Saumarez, set. 80, of the duchess of St. Alban's, leaving by her will to a daughter of Sir F. Burdett, the wealth be- queathed to her by her first husband, Mr. Coutts, of Thos. Burgess, bishop of Salisbury, set. 81, of Henry Bathurst, the liberal bishop of Norwich, of Sir John Soane, set. 84, of Sir Egerton Brydges, set. 75, of Carlo Botta, set. 70, and of Samuel Wesley, set. 71. Festival at Mentz in honour of John Guttenberg, Aug. 14. The granite embankment commenced, to form a site for the new Houses of Parliament. The first electric telegraph constructed by prof. Wheatstone on the London and Blackwall railway. Dr. Edw. Stanley, bishop of Norwich. Execu- tion of Jas. Greenacre for murder, May 2. The rebels of Upper Canada under Dr. Mackenzie, repulsed at Toronto by Sir Francis Head, Jan. 5 ; American interference forbidden by a proclamation of the •president of the U. S. The Royal Exchange, London, burnt, 10. The earl of Durham appointed governor-general of Canada, 16. Mr. Villiers' niGtion to consider the Corn Laws, negatived by 300 to 95, March 15. Coronation of queen Victoria, June 28 ; marshal Soult ambassador extraordinary from France. Slavery abolished in the East Indies, Aug. 1. Irish Poor Law passed ; parlia- ment prorogued, Aug. 16. Lord Durham resigns and leaves Canada, Oct. 9. Treaty of commerce with Turkey, concluded by Redschid Pasha in London, Nov. | 16. Canada tranquillized, 17. The Persians, instigated by Russia, assist Dost Mahomet to besiege Herat, and are repulsed ; the British troops prepare to enter Cabul. Birth of the count of Paris, son of the duke of Orleans, Aug. 24. Louis Napoleon in Switzerland ordered to leave, he repairs to London, Oct. 14. War between France and Mexico; admiral Baudin and the prince de Joinville take St. John de Ulloa and Vera Cruz. Espartero captain-general of Spain : Don j Carlos maintains a harassing warfare in Valencia, Aragon, and Murcia. The French evacuate Ancona, and the Austrians the Papal States, except Ferrara. The archbishops of Cologne and Posen resist a decree of the king of Prussia ! respecting marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Mehemet All j claims the hereditary governorship of Egypt and Syria and prepares to support i his claim by arms. Death of Talleyrand, set. 84, of lord Eldon, set. 87, of Sir ; Robert Grant, of Silvestre de Sacy, set. 80, of Sir R. C. Hoare, ajt. 80, of Joseph I Lancaster, set. 67, of Laura Junot, duchess d'Abrantes, set. 54, ot Dr. Jamieson, set. 80, of Fred. Cuvier, set. 65, of Francois Pouqueville, set. 68, of Mrs. Grant of Laggan,set.S2, of Mrs. Maclean (L. E. Landon), sat. 36, and of Thos. Morton, set. 94. Meeting of the British Association at Newcastle, Aug 18. Railways opened ; London and Southampton, 23 miles, May 17 ; Ghent and Ostend, Sept. 2 ; London and Birmingham, line completed, 17 ; London and Greenwich, Dec. 26. The " Great Western" steam packet arrives at New York from Bristol in 15 days, j June 17. Wreck of the " Forfarshire ;" heroism of Grace Darling, Sept. 5. In- j ternational copyright in certain cases secured by an Act passed, July 31. Me- ! dical College of Bombay erected in memory of Sir Robert Grant. j A violent hurricane on the coasts of the Western counties and Ireland ; Liverpool I and Dublin suffer greatly, Jan. 6. Opening of parliament, Feb. 5 ; the Lords, ! March 19. Arrest of capt. greatly, Jan. 6. Opening of par] by 63 to 58, condemn the Irish policy of minister;- Elliott, the superintendent, and some British merchants at Canton by commis sioner Lin, and surrender of opium demanded, 24. The Commons approve the Irish policy of ministers by 318 to 296, Apr. 15. Candahar occupied by the " ' 3 c 2 756 FROM THE TEAB 1839 conti- nued. ! 1840 Events and Eminent Men. British, 21. Jamaica Bill carried by 294 to 289, May 7 ; ministers resign, 8. The queen refuses to dismiss the ladies of her household. Sir R. Peel declines to accept office ; lord Melbourne's cabinet reinstated, 10 ; Mr. Abercrombie re- signs the Speakership and is succeeded by Mr. Shaw Lefevre, 15. Opium to the amount of £3.000,000 given up to the Chinese and destroyed by them, 21 : capt. Elliot and the British Factory leave Canton, 24 Resolution of the Commons for an uniform rate of postage, first of fourpence, to be reduced to one penny, , July 6. Commencement of hostilities with the Chinese, 7. Riot in the Bull- Ring at Birmingham, 15. Sir J. Keane enters Cabul and takes Ghuznee, 23; Dost Mahomet deserted by his army and Shah Soojah restored in Cabul, Aug. 7 ; capt. Elliot takes possession of Hong-Kong, 23. Constabulary Act passed ; parliament prorogued, 27. Prince Albert of SaxeCoburg arrives in London, Oct. 10 ; the queen announces to the privy council her intended marriage. Chi- nese junks destroyed by two British frigates, Nov. 3. Chartist insurrection at Newport ; arrest of Frost and other leaders, 4. The fourpenny postage comes into operation, Dec. 5. British trade with China stopped, 6. Sentence of death on Frost and his companions commuted to transportation for life, 31. A British force takes possession of Aden, on the coast of Arabia. Soult prime minister of Louis Philip. Peace between France and Mexico. Espartero, created duke of Victory, concludes a treaty with the Carlist Maroto ; Don Carlos retires into France. Death of Frederic VI., king of Denmark, Dec. 3, set. 71 ; he is suc- ceeded by his cousin, Christian VIII. The king of Prussia deposes the arch- bishop of Posen ; the pope protests. Settlement of the differences between Holland and Belgium. Death of Mahmud II., June 30, set. 54; his son, Abdul Medjid, takes the throne. Ibrahim defeats the Turks at Nezib, June 24; their fleet is betrayed into the power of Mehemet Ali and taken to Alexandria; the live great powers interfere to protect the sultan. The banks in the U. S. suspend •payments in specie. Death of lord Wm. Bentinck, set. 65, of lady Hester Stan- hope, set. 73, of lady Flora Hastings, set. 26, of the earl of Lauderdale, set. 80, ,©f S. Butler, bishop of Lichfield, set. 66, of Herbert Marsh, bishop of Peter- borough, of Davies Gilbert, president of the Royal Society, set. 72, of Runjet Singh, set. 77, of Caroline, sister of Napoleon and widow of Joachim Murat, of Sir Herbert Taylor, of Sir Wm. Beechy, set. 86, of John Gait, set. 60, of Archibald Alison, sst 82, of Edmund Lodge, set. 83, of Wm. Wilkins, R.A., set. 62, of Jas. Boaden, .set. 77, and of Joseph Francis Michaud, set. 72. A false report of the death of lord Brougham furnishes occasion for newspaper biographies of him, Oct. 22. Daguerre invents his photographic process. Eglinton tournament, Aug. 29. Railways opened— Lyons and Dunkirk, Apr. 7 ; Eastern Counties to Romford, June 18. Two suicides— of a young woman, Sep. 11, and a lad, Oct. 18, by throwing themselves from the Monument. Marriage of queen Victoria at the Chapel Royal, St. James's, to prince Albert, Feb. 10. Birth of the princess-royal, Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Nov. 21. The Penny-Postage Act comes into operation, Jan. 10 ; parliament opened, 16 ; Act 3 Victoria, c. #, (protects the printers of parliamentary Reports. The British ambassador at Naples protests against the sulphur monopoly, March 15. Ox- ford fir.es at the queen and is confined as a lunatic, June 10. Sir Gordon Bremer blockades Canton, 28; takes Chusan, July 5; extends the blockade on the coast of .China, 10. Treaty for the defence of Turkey signed at London, 18. Death of the earl of Durham, 28, set. 48. The provinces of Upper and Lower Canada .united. Irish Municipal Act, 4 Victoria, c. 108, modified by compromise, passes, Aug. 10; parliament prorogued, 11. Fire in Plymouth dock-yard, two men-of-war burnt, Sept. 27. Defeat of Dost Mahomet, Oct. 18 ; he submits and surrenders, Nov. $. Truce and negotiations with the Chinese, 6. Thiers prime minister iai France, March 1 ; favours Mehemet Ali ; takes umbrage at the treaty of London, and threatens war. The four powers decide on the expulsion of Ibrahim from Syria. The British fleet under admirals Stopford and Napier, takes Sidon, Sept. 27 ; Bey-rout, Oct. 10 ; and St. Jean d'Acre, Nov. 3. Louis Philip disapproves the policy of Thiers ; recalls Soult and Guizot to office, Oct. 29. Submission of Mehemet AH ; he gives up the Turkish fleet, and signs a 1839 TO 1841 A.D. 757 convention with Sir Chas. Napier. The British government having allowed the remains of Napoleon to be removed, the prince de Joinville brings them from St. Helena, and they are received at Paris with funeral honours, Dec. 15. Louis Napoleon lands at Boulogne, Aug. 6 ; is arrested, tried, and condemned to imprisonment for life, Oct. 6. Failure of another attempt on the life of Louis Philip, Oct. 15. Marshal Bugeaud governor of Algeria. Cabrera and the other Carlist chiefs are driven into France ; their rebellion finally suppressed. Chris- tina empowers Espartero to form a cabinet, of which he is to be the chief ; re- signs her authority as regent, Oct. 12, and departs for France, 19, leaving the young queen Isabella and the government of Spain in his hands. Death of Frederic William IV., king of Prussia, June 7, set; 71 ; his sou, Frederic William IV., is called upon by the States, at his coronation, to give them the constitution promised by his father. William I. resigns the crown of Holland to his son, Wm. II. ; responsibility of ministers declared a constitutional principle, Oct. 7 — 10. Disastrous Russian expedition against Khiva; victories of the Cir- cassians over general Golovin, and destruction of all the new forts constructed against them ; persecution of the nuns of Minsk by the emperor Nicholas. The U. S. refuse to re-elect Van Buren on account of his war against the banks ; general Harrison is chosen President; continued discord on the Slavery question. The independence of Texas acknowledged by the commercial nations of Europe. Death of Francia, president of Paraguay, set. 85 ; a period of anarchy ensues. Death of the princess Augusta Sophia, second daughter of George III., set. 72, of lord Holland, set. 67, of Lucien Bonaparte, set. 66, of Sir Sidney Smith, ast. 76, of Sir Antony Carlisle, set. 73, of Sir Jeffrey Wyatville, set. 74, of Sir Richard Philipps, set. 73, of Dr. Blumenbach, set. 88, of Dr. Olbers, set. 82. of Dr. Lant Carpenter, set. 60, of Wm. Smith, geologist, set. 71, of Paganini, set. 60, of Mde. d'Arblay, set. 88, and of Jas. Smith, one of the authors of the " Rejected Ad- dresses." The building of the new houses of parliament begins. Father Matthew converts many drunkards to take the pledge of temperance. London and Southampton Railway completed, May 11 ; Birmingham and Gloucester, Sept. 17 ; Leeds and Derby, July. Execution of Courvoisier, for the murder of lord Wm. Russell, July 6. Birth of Albert Edward, prince of Wales, Nov. 9. Meeting of parliament, Jan. 26. Discussions between Great Britain and the U. S. respecting the charge of murder brought against Mr. M'Leod. Mr. Poulett Thomson, created lord Sydenham, proclaims the union of the Canadas at Montreal, and assumes the office of governor, Feb. 10. The emperor of China rejects the treaty concluded by his commissioner, Kishin, 11: the British evacuate Chusan, 24; storm the Bogue forts, 26. Charge of trespass against Mr. Jackson, an English naval offi- cer, for the seizure of the American slaver, Tigris, March 2. Sir Hugh Gough takes the command, and proceeds to attack Canton, 18. Agitation for Free Trade. Meeting of the Metropolitan Anti-Corn-Law Association, 31 ; alterations pro- posed by lord John Russell, May 7. Meeting at Manchester, 18 ; followed by others at London, Liverpool, and other important cities. The ministerial plan for regulating the Sugar duties rejected by 317 to 281 ; Sir R. Peel carries by 312 to 311, a motion of want of confidence in ministers, 24. Canton besieged and ran- somed, 31. Enfranchisement of Copyholds, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 35. Parliament prorogued, June 22 ; dissolved, 23. Convention of London. France joins with the other Powers to settle the affairs of the East, July 13. Mr. Cobden elected a member of the new parliament. Great Anti-Corn-Law meeting at Manchester, Aug. 17. Parliament assembles, 18; Mr. Shaw Le Fevre, Speaker; opened, 24. Ministers defeated in the Lords by 168 to 96. in the Commons by 360 to 269. Lord Melbourne resigns, 30. Sir Henry Pottinger arrives to direct the operations in China; Amoy taken, 27. Sir R. Peel forms a new administration, Sept. 6; is joined by lord Stanley, Sir Jas. Graham, and the earl of Ripon. Death of lord Sydenham, at Kingston, in Canada, 19, set. 42. Increase of bribery at elections complained of by lord Brougham, 30 ; by Mr. Duncombe, and admitted by Sir R. Pefei Mr. M'Leod tried and acquitted at New York, Oct. 1. Parliament prorogued, 7. Chusan re- 758 FROM THE YEAB A.D. 1841 conti- 1342 Events and Eminknt Men. occupied by the British forces ; Ningpo taken, 13. First elections in Ireland, under the new Municipal Act ; D. O'Connell lord mayor of Dublin, 25. Lord Ellenborough appointed governor-general of India. Fire in the Tower of London, 30. The British expelled from Cabul ; Sir Alexander Burnes and other officers killed, Nov. 2 ; Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mahomet, joins the insurgents, 25 invites Sir Wm. M'Naghten to an interview and assassinates him, Dec. 25. Lord Ashburton's special mission to the U.S., 31. French Laws for the fortification of Paris, and to regulate the employment of children in factories ; attempted as- sassination of ths king's son, duke d'Aumale, Sept. 13. Espartero appointed regent of Spain, July 8; protest of Christina and general Narvaez, 19; insur- rection of O'Donnell at Pampeluna, and of Concha at Madrid., Gen. Harrison, President U.S. March 4, dies, Apr. 4, set. 68 ; is succeeded by the Vice-President, John Tyler. Death of Thos., earl of Elgin, set. 70, of Sir David Wilkie, set. 56, of Sir Francis Chantrey, aet. 60, of Sir Astley Cooper, set. 73, of Dr. Geo. Birk- beck, set. 65, of Dr. Olinthus Gregory, of Joseph Chitty, set. 65, of Geo. Dyer, set. 85, of Thos. Dibdin, set. 69, of the Rev. Blanco White, set. 67, of Theodore Hook, set. 53, of John Hawkins, set. 83, of Augustin Candolle, set. 63, of Gamier Pages, of Thomas Barnes, editor of the "Times," set. 56, of M. Bertin, editor of the "Journal des Debats," set. 80, of Jas. Fraser, publisher of the Magazine, of Louis, count de Forbin, Director of the Parisian Museums, set. 62, of Wm. Frend, and of Dennis Frayssinous, set. 76. Preparatory works of the new Royal Ex- change begun, Jan. 7. The first stone of the Infant Orphan Asylum, at Wan- stead, laid by prince Albert. British Association meets at Plymouth, July 28. Dr. Alexander, Protestant bishop of Jerusalem, under the protection of Great Britain and Prussia, Nov. 7. Schism in the Scotch church. Puseyite Tracts condemned by the University of Oxford, March 15. Great Western Railway, from London to Bristol, opened, June 30; London and Blackwall, Aug. 2 j London and Brighton, Sept. 21 ; Manchester and Leeds, March 1 ; Berlin to Magdeburg, Sept. 10 ; Strasburg to Basle, Sept. Wynyard House, seat of the marquis London- derry, burnt down, Feb. 19, and Astley's amphitheatre, June 8. Loss of the " President" steam-packet ; Tyrone Power, the actor, perishes. Lord Cardigan tried and acquitted by the Peers, for his duel with capt. Tuckett, Feb. 16. Con- spiracy to defraud the principal bankers of Europe, detected and exposed by the " Times" newspaper. Forged Exchequer Bills to the amount of £350,000, circu- lated by Beaumont Smith. Wood pavement tried in London. Massacre of the British by Akbar Khan, after their evacuation of Cabul, Jan. 6. The first stone of the New Royal Exchange laid by prince Albert, 17. The king of Prussia visits London, and is godfather to the prince of Wales. Bazaar of the Anti-Corn-Law League at Manchester, Feb. 2. The duke of Buckingham resigns his seat in the cabinet, and his office of lord privy seal. Parliament meets, 3. Departure of the king of Prussia, 4. Assembly in London of Anti- Corn-Law deputation, 8; Sir R. Peel proposes his modifications of the law; objections of Mr. Cobden, 9 ; lord John Russell's amendment negatived by 349 to 226, 14 ; Mr. Villiers' motion for the free importation of corn rejected by 303 to 90, 22 ; lord Brougham introduces his Local Courts Bill, 28. Ghuznee evacu- ated by the British, March 6 ; Chinese attack on Ningpo repulsed, 10. Sir R. Peel makes his financial statement ; proposes to repeal many duties on articles of consumption and substitute for them an income-tax, 11. Repulse of the Afghans ; gen. Pollock forces th.e Khyber Pass and joins gen. Sale at Jella- labad, Apr. 6. The " People's Petition" presented to the Commons by Mr. Duncombe, for universal suffrage, minimum of wages, and other points of the charter, rejected by 287 to 49, May 2. Revolt of the Boers of Port Natal, 4. Dr. Lushington's judgment in the Braintree case decides that a minority cannot levy a church-rate. Destructive fire for three days at Edinburgh, 6. Gen. England joins gen. Nott at Candahar, 9. John Francis fires a pistol at the queen, 26. Strike of the colliers at Dudley, June 1 ; riots at Cork and Ennis, 4. Persecution of Dr. Hampden by the Oxford convocation. 9. Light gold called in. Sir Henry Pottinger enters the great river Kiang, 13 ; takes Shang-hae, 19. Francis transported for life, 17. Submission of the insurgents at Port Natal, 26. 1841 TO 1843 a.D. 759 Events and Eminent Men. Bean presents a pistol at the queen, July 3. Act passed for the better protection of her majesty's person. Strikes and disturbances in the manufacturing dis-| tricts, Aug. 8. Income-tax Act passed, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 35; Serjeant Tal- j fourd's Copyright Act, c. 45; lord Ashley's, to prohibit the employment of; females in mines and collieries, c. 99. Parliament prorogued, 12. The British army disembarks at Nankin ; the Chinese sue for peace, 9 ; treaty concluded with their commissioners by Sir H. Pottinger, 29. The queen and prince Albert embark at Woolwich for Scotland. Lord Ashburton's treaty with the U. S. con- cluded at Washington, Aug. 9. Gen. Nott recovers Ghuznee, Sept. 6, and gen. Pollock, Cahul, 16. Sir Chas. Bagot, governor-general of Canada, unites the most popular leaders of all parties in official situations. The queen returns from Scotland, 17. Lady Sale and other captives restored by Akbar Khan, 21 ; spe- cial commission for the trial of the rioters, 30 ; none condemned to death ; lord Ellenborough proclaims a cessation of hostilities, Oct. 1 ; Cabul dismantled and evacuated, 12. The Anti-Corn-law League diffuses information by means of lectures, pamphlets, and tracts, 20. 3 per cent, consols 94J, Dec. 14. Death of Ferdinand Philip, duke of Orleans, July 13, set. 32. Regency law passed by the French Chambers, Aug. 30. Admiral Dupetit-Thouars takes possession of the Marquesas Islands, May 1. Railways projected in all directions from Paris. The king of Prussia summons to Berlin deputies from the provincial States of his dominions ; first approach towards a parliament, June 21. Dreadful fire at Hamburg, May 5. The king of Bavaria builds near Ratisbon a temple, which he calls Walhalla, to receive statues and other memorials of the great men of' Germany. Revolt of Barcelona, Nov. 13 ; bombardment of the city by Espar- tero, Dec. 3; his influence in the country declines. The charter of Don Pedro i restored in Portugal. The serfs of Russia emancipated by an imperial ukase. ; Death of George Fitzclarence, earl of Munster, set. 48, of" Thomas Wm. Coke, ' earl of Leicester, aet. 90, of marquis Wellesley, set. 82, of lord Hill, commander-in- chief, set. 71, of professor Heeren, of Wm. Gesenius, oriental professor in Gottin- gen, set. 56, of Sismonde de Sismondi, set. 69, of Dr. Channing, set. 63, of Pozzo di Borgo, set. 74, of Sir Chas. Bell, £et. 64, of T. D. Fosbroke, set. 72, of count Las Cases, set. 76, of D. J. Larrey, Napoleon's favourite physician, set. 76, of count Laborde, 33t. 69, of Dr. Thos. Arnold, master of Rugby, set. 47, of Wm. Done, set. 63, of John Banim, set. 42, of Sir R. K. Porter, set. 62, of Allan Cunningham, set. 56, and of Robert Mudie. First passage through the Thames Tunnel, Aug. 1. The House of Lords confirms the chancellor's decision in the case of Lady Hewley's Charity. Birth of princess Alice Maud Mary, the queen's second daughter, April 25. Death of Augustus Fred., duke of Sussex, at Kensington palace, April 21, set. 71. Mar- riage of the princess Augusta Caroline of Cambridge to Fred. Wm. Aug., grand duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, June 28. Meeting of "Repeal Association" at Dublin, Jan. 9. Mr. Drummond, Sir R. Peel's private secretary, shot by M'Naughten, 20 ; the assassin, found to be insane, is confined. Meeting of par- liament, Feb. 2. Bill brought in for reform of ecclesiastical courts, 9 ; resisted by country attorneys and withdrawn. Defeat of the Ameers of Scinde, by Sir Chas. Napier, 17: Hydrabad taken, 20. "Rebecca " riots in Wales. Secession from the Kirk of Scotland, May 18. " Monster meetings " in Ireland. Monu- ment erected to John Hampden, in Chalgrove Field, June 10. The degree of D.C.L. conferred on Mr. Everett, the American ambassador, at Oxford, 28. Car- toons for the new houses of parliament, exhibited in Westminster hall, July 3. J. Bright, a quaker, and leader of the Anti-Corn-Law League, elected for Dur- ham, 25. Irish meeting on the hill of Tara, Aug. 22. The queen and prince Albert embark at Southampton, and visit Falmouth, 28 ; pass a week with the royal family of France, at the Chateau d'Eu, and land again at Brighton, Sept. 9 ; visit the king of the Belgians at Ostend, 13. Capt. Ross returns from an expedition to the South Pole, Sept. 6. The Anti-Corn-Law League commences a series of monthly meetings in Covent Garden theatre, 28. Repeal meeting at Clontarf prohibited by the Irish government, Oct. 9 ; D. O'Counell, his son, and others, held to bail on a charge of conspiracy, 14. Royal visit to Cam- 760 FROM THE TEAB L.D. 1843 conti- nued. Events and Eminent Men. 1844 bridge, 26 ; to Sir Robert Peel at Tamworth, Nov. 23 ; to the duke of Devon- shire at Chatsworth, and the duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle ; return to Windsor, Dec. 7. Gualior, in Scinde, taken by the British, 29. Three per cent, consols, 96£. 1'reaty of commerce concluded, by Sir H. Pottinger, opens China, to all nations, July 27. Occupation of Otaheite, by the French. In- cursions of Abd el Kader in Algeria. Marriage of the prince de Joinville to a sister of the emperor of Brazil. Espartero withdraws from Spain to Eng- land ; Narvaez appointed lieutenant-general, July 24 ; Isabella, set. 13, pro- claimed of age by the Cortes, Nov, 8. Boyer expelled from Haiti. Death of Thomas Graham, lord Lynedoch, set. 94, of Robert Southey, set. 68, of Henry Goulburn, of J. F. C. Delavigne, set. 49, of T. C. Hoffland, set. 66, of Dr. Noah Webster, set. 84, of Sir Matthew Wood ; of J. C. Loudon, set, 62, and of Dr. Hahnemann, author of Homoeopathy, set. 88. The Thames Tunnel opened, March 5. London and Colchester Railway, March 29 ; London and Hertford, Oct. 11 ; Paris and Rouen, May 2 ; Paris and Orleans, 3 ; Antwerp and Cologne, Oct. 13. Father Matthew in London. Birth of prince Alfred Ernest Albert, the queen's second son, Aug. 6. Parliament opened, Feb. 1 ; trial of O'Connell, 12 ; debates on the state of Ireland ; the Lords, by 175 to 78, approve the policy of ministers, 15; the Commons, by 324 to 235, reject lord John Russell's motion, 22. The proceeding of the French autho- rities in Otaheite, against the English consul, Mr. Prichard, disavowed by their government, March 1 ; reduction of interest on 3£ per cent, stock, 8. Sir Henry Hardinge appointed governor-general of India, May 6 ; Sir Henry Pottinger resigns the command in China ; Mr. Davis succeeds him. O'Connell sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine of £2000, 24. The king of Saxony arrives in England, 28, and the empei-or of Russia, June 1. The claim of Sir Augustus D'Este to the dukedom of Sussex disallowed by the lords and judges, July 9. Treaty with Hanover to settle the Stade duties, 22. Committees ap- pointed by the Lords and Commons to enquire into the practice of opening letters in the post office, Aug. 5. Treaty of commerce with Belgium and the German Union, Sept. 2. The judgment against O'Connell reversed by the House of Lords, 4. The queen embarks at Woolwich for Scotland, where she remains at Blair Atholl, 9 ; returns, Oct. 3 ; is visited by the king of the French at Windsor, 7 ; he embarks at Dover, for Calais, 15. The new Royal Exchange opened by the oueen, 28. Her majesty visits the marquis of Exeter at Burleigh Hall, Nov. 12 ; returns to Buckingham palace, 15. Three per cent, consols, lOOf . Commission- ers of charitable trusts gazetted for Ireland. Roman Catholic prelates for the first time officially designated by their hierarchical titles, Dec. 18. Tangier and Mogador bombarded by the prince de Joinville. Victory of Isly, by marshal Bugeaud. Peace between France and Morocco. Abd el Kader abandoned. Chris- tina returns to Madrid. Revolt of Zurbano suppressed. Exhibition of German art and industry at Berlin. Disputes respecting the " holy coat of Treves." Ronge founds a new Catholic sect. Death of Charles XIV. (Charles John), king of Sweden, March 8, set. 81 ; he is succeeded by his son, Joseph Francis Oscar. Dissension in Switzerland respecting the convents of Aargau ; Lucerne invites the Jesuits ; seven Catholic cantons form a separate league. Mr. Polk elected president, U. S., in opposition to Mr. Clay. Death of Ernest Antony, duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, father of prince Albert, Jan. 29, of lord Sidmouth, set. 87, of the duke of Grafton, set. 85, of James Scarlett, lord Abinger, of Sir F. Burdett, of Sir Hudson Lowe, of the duke d'Angouleme, set. 69, of Thomas Campbell, set. 67, of Jacques Laffitte, the Paris banker, set. 77, of the Rev. H. Cary, translator of Dante, set. 78, of Sir Henry Halford, of Dr. Haslam, set. 89, of Dr. Dalton, set. 78, of Thorwaldsen, of Wm. Beckford, set. 84, of prof. Thos. Henderson, set. 46, of Granville Penn, set.' 80, of capt. Basil Hall, of Mrs. Hoffland, set. 71, and of Fanny Holcroft. Commemoration of the poet Burns at Ayr, Aug. 6. Formation of public parks at Manchester, Aug. 8. Monument to Muir and his brother reformers, founded by Mr. Hume, at Edin- burgh, Aug. 21. Another commenced there to Sir Walter Scott. Equestrian statue of the duke of Wellington, in front of the Royal Exchange. Railways 1843 TO 1845 A.D. 761 A.D. Events and Eminent Men. opened ; London arid Dover, Feb. 6 ; Bristol and Exeter, May 1 ; Dublin and Drogheda, May 26; Norwich and Yarmouth, May 1 ; Newcastle and Darling- ton, April 15 ; Kingstown and Dalkey (atmospheric), March 29. Letter of the archbishop of Canterbury, to allay the disputes raised in the church by Dr. Pusey and the Rev. H. Newman, about surplices, candlesticks, bowing, turning to the East, and other ceremonies, Jan. 11. Protest of the Irish bishops against the proposed plan of National Education, 15. Annual meeting of the Anti-corn-law League, 22 ; perseverance in their system of diffusing information, Parliament assembles, Feb. 4 ; Mr. Gladstone retires from the Board of Trade ; Sir R. Peel's financial measures, 14; renewal of the Income-tax; reduction or abolition of many duties ; 430 articles taken out of the tariff; the Danish pos- sessions in the East Indies purchased by Sir H. Hardinge, 22 ; committee ap- pointed on the Game Laws, 27 ; speculation in railways ; report of a committee to facilitate the scrutiny of the numerous Bills applied for, March 4; lord Brougham censures the gambling in shares, Apr. 7 ; the Commons, by 322 to 176, vote the additional grant to Maynooth College, 18 ; reject, by 322 to 148,, Mr. Ward's motion to provide it out of the revenues of the Established Irish' Church, 24. Anti-corn-law Bazaar in Covent Garden theatre, May 4. A depu- tation from Dublin invites the queen to visit Ireland, 21. Sir John Franklin proceeds on his Arctic expedition, with the " Erebus " and " Terror," 23. United English and French expedition against Madagascar, June 15. Treaty of com- merce with the Two Sicilies, 25. Mr. Watson, and other Irish magistrates, dismissed for forming Orange Lodges, July 31. The earl of Winchilsea resigns. Maynooth Act passed, 8 & 9 Victoria, c 25 ; labour of children in calico print- works regulated, c. 29; endowment of colleges at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, c. 56 ; municipal councils authorised to establish museums, c. 43. Parliament pro- rogued, Aug. 8. The queen embarks at Woolwich, on a tour in Germany, 9 ; re-embarks at Antwerp, Sept. 7; visits the French king at the chateau d'Eu, and arrives at Osborne-house, 10. Irish National Education Society incorporated, 23. Lord Ashley tells the electors of Dorsetshire that the " destiny of the corn- laws is fixed," Oct. 10. The Bank directors raise their rate of discount from 2$ to 3 per cent., 16. The queen opens the new hall of Lincoln's Inn, 30. Mr. Wag- horn brings the Bombay mail by an overland route in 30 days, 31. Re-action in the Railway market ; the Bank rate of discount raised to 3£ per cent., Nov. 6. " Protestant Alliance " formed at Armagh, out of the Orange Society, 7. 3 per cent. Consols, 96£, 14. The Irish Roman Catholic prelates oppose the new col- leges ; refer the question to the pope. 19. Lord John Russell, in a letter from Edinburgh to his London constituents, declares for the total repeal of the corn- laws, 22. Resignation of Sir R. Peel, Dec. 10. The Sikhs cross the river Sutlej to attack the British, 14 ; are defeated at Moodkee, 18 ; Sir R. Sale mortally wounded, set. 65. Lord John Russell fails in his attempt to construct a cabinet ; Sir R. Peel continues in office, 20 ; lord Stanley retires, and is succeeded by Mr. Gladstone, as Colonial Secretary. Defeat of the Sikhs at Ferozeshah, 22. Great meeting of the Anti-com-law League at Manchester, 23; more than £60,000 subscribed in four hours. The Sikhs re-cross the Sutlej, 27. The failure of the potato-crop begins to cause great misery in Ireland. Abd el Kader instigates the Kabyles to attack the French in Algeria ; cruel warfare on both sides ; mas- sacre in the caves of Dahra. Zurbano, the rebel chief, taken by Narvaez and shot. Carlos resigns his pretensions in favour of his son, the count de Monte- molino. President Polk claims the Oregon territory ; Florida admitted into the Union ; the proposed annexation of Texas causes Mexico to declare war against the U. S. Death of earl Grey, set. 81, of earl Spencer, set. 64, of the marquis of Westminster, set. 78, of lord Stuart de Rothesay, set. 66, of lord Wharncliffe, set. 67, of viscount Canterbury, of sir T. F. Buxton, set. 58, of Sir Wm, Follett, at- torney-general, a:t. 47, of count John Dominic Cassini, aet. 97, of lord Wynford, of gen. Jackson, former pres. U. S., set. 78, of the rev. Sidney Smith, set. 74, of Mrs. Eliz. Fry, set. 66, of Miss Linwood, set. 96, of R. Smirke, set. 93, of Thos. Mitchell, translator of Aristophanes, set. 62, of bishop Alexander of Jerusalem, of J. F. Daniell, prof, of chemistry at King's College, of col. Gurwood, and of Thos. 7G2 FROM THE TEAS • i He- A.I) I GI- RA, 1262 1263 Otto- | man Em- Popes pire, 1263 1264 1843 1264 1265 1849 1255 Commons, by 289 to 182, negative Mr. Roebuck's motion of censure on the late conti- government, 19; Sir Wm. Molesworth colonial secretary, 20; the Commons vote nu£d. £10,000 to capt. MClure and the crew of the " Investigator," for the discovery of the N. W. Passage, and a monument to Sir John Franklin, 31. Viscount Can- ning appointed governor-general of India. Bombardment of Sweaborg, Aug. 9. Parliament prorogued, 14. Visit of the Queen and prince Albert to the emperor and empress at Paris, 18— 27 ; the Queen goes to Balmoral, Sept. 6; receives there by electric telegraph the news of the fall of Sebastopol, 10 ; is visited by prince Fred. Wm. of Prussia. Reception of the British embassy at Ava, 17. Death of Sir Wm. Molesworth, 22, set. 45 ; Mr. Labouchere colonial secretary. Treaty between Great Britain, France, and Sweden, Nov. 20. Arrival of Sir Colin Campbell from the Crimea. Testimonial to Miss Nightingale, 29. Visit of the king of Sardinia to queen Victoria, 30— Dec. 6. Meeting to raise a me- morial of Joseph Hume, 13. Attempts to assassinate the French emperor, by Pianori, April 28, who suffers death ; and by Bellemare, Sep. 8, who is confined as a lunatic. Exhibition opened at Paris, May 15 ; closed, Nov. 15. The king of Sardinia visits Paris, Nov. 22. Gen. Canrobert declines the baton of a field- marshal ; is appointed ambassador to Stockholm. Duplicity of Russia in the negotiations at Vienna, Jan. 8 ; Prussia excluded from participation in them. Sardinia joins the alliance against Russia, 10. Improved condition of the army in the Crimea, 27; gen. Simpson sent there, Feb. 7. Repulse of the Russians at Eupatoria. 17. Death of the emperor Nicholas, March 2, set. 59 ; his son, Alexander, adheres to his father's policy. Renewed bombardment of Sebastopol, April 9. The wire of the submarine telegraph laid down in the Black Sea to Balaklava, 13. The conference at Vienna broken up, 21. Arrival of the Sai- dinian army under gen. Delia Marmora in the Crimea, May 8. Gen. Pellisier takes the command of the French army, 16. The allied armaments reduce Kei-tch, enter the sea of Azof, and destroy the Russian shipping and magazines in its harbours, 24. Taganrog taken, June 3. The besiegers drive out the Rus- sians and establish themselves in the Mamelon and the Quarries ; are repulsed in their assault on the Malakhof and Redan, 18. Death of lord Raglan, 28, set. 67. General Simpson takes the command. Anapa abandoned by the Russians ; the allies take Petrovski, July 16 ; battle of the Tchernaya ; defeat of the Russians, Aug. 16. Omar Pasha invested with the G, C. of the Bath, 11. Culi- nary reform of M. Soyer in the camp before Sebastopol, 27. Storming of the Malakhof by the French and Sardinians ; gallant but unsuccessful attack of the British on the Redan, Sep. 8 ; fall of Sebastopol, 10. Fanagoria surrenders to the allies, 24. Defeat of the Russians by the garrison of Kara, 29. Kinburn taken, Oct. 16. Fortifications of Oczakof destroyed, 18. Demolition of the docks, arsenals, and forts of Sebastopol commenced. Immense stores divided among the allied armies, Nov. 4, Sir James Simpson resigns, and Sir Wm. Codrington is appointed to the command of the British army, 11. Death of adm. Bruat on his return voyage to France. Surrender of Kars by the Turks to the Russian Asiatic army, 28. Count Valentine Esterhazy, deputed by the Austrian court to St. Petersburg, opens negotiations with count Nesselrode, Dec. 28. The basis of a new constitution for Spain laid before the Cortes, Jan. 13. Death of Don Carlos at Triest, March 10, set 67. Intolerable tyranny of the government of Naples. The cholera rages in Florence. The king of Hanover, by order of the Federal Diet, annuls the liberal institutions of his dominions, May 20. The U. S. resist the payment of the Stade dues in the Elbe, July 11. Death of the duke of Somerset, est. 81, of the duke of Manchester, set. 56, of the earl of Leitrira, set. 87, of viscount Ponsonby, set. 35, of earl Stanhope, set. 74, of the earl of Sefton, set. 59, of viscount Strangford, SBt. 75, of lord Kenyon, set. 78, of lord De Mauley, set. 68, of lord Truro, set. 73, of lord Wharncliffe, set. 55, of lord Robertson, of the Court of Session, set. 60, of baron Anselm Rothschild, of Frankfort, ait. 78, of count Tekeli, of the baron de Bode, of Sir Geo. Larpent, set. 67, of Sir Henry de la Beche, set. 59, of Sir Henry Bishop, set. 68, of Sir Francis Head, £et. 74, of Sir R. H. Inglis, set. 70, of Sir Geo. Rose, of Sir W. Edw. Parry, ait. 65, of the Right Hon. Sir H. Ellis, K.C.B., of Sir Robt. Adair, jet. 93, of gen. II. W. Adams, of 1855 TO 1856 A.D. 785 Even is and Eminent Men. gen. Huskisson, set. 82, of archdeacon Hare, of Joseph Hume, aet. 78, of G. B. Greenough, get. 77, of adm. Curry, set. 83, of Dr. Gaisford, set. 75, of Feargus O'Connor, of gen. Sir Geo. Thos. Napier, aet. 72, of Samuel Rogers, aet. 93, of Col. Sibthorp, get. 73, of Mary Russell Mitford, est. 69, of prof. Karl Fried. Gauss, set. 78, of Mde. Lavalette, of Robert Lindley, the violincellist, aet. 83, of J. S. Buck- ingham, set. 69, of Phil. Pusey, set. 57. Statue of Sir R. Peel in Cheapside, July 21 ; at Birmingham, Aug. 27. The cattle-market in Smithfield closed, June 11 ; opened in Copenhagen-fields, 13. Aid. Salomons, the first Jew who serves the office of lord mayor. Astronomical discoveries: "Circe," by M. Chacornac, at Paris, April 6; " Leucothea," April 19, and "Fides," Oct. 5, by M. Luther, at Basle; and " Atalanta," by M. Goldschmidt, at Paris, Oct. 5. New Year's Gift from the French emperor to queen Victoria. The Victoria Cross instituted, to reward signal courage, 29. Parliament opened, 31 ; the Lords agree to lord Lyndhurst's motion against life peerages, Feb. 7. Oude annexed to the territories of the E. I. Company. Review at Aldershot, 19. The queen reviews at Spithead a fleet of 220 ships of war, mounting 3168 guns, 23. Amnesty granted to Smith O'Brien, Frost, and others, 9. Dispute with the U.S. on the con- struction of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, and alleged violations of the Neutrality Laws. Mr. Crampton, the British ambassador, receives his passports ; and the consuls at New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati dismissed, 27. Gen. Wil- liams created a baronet, with a pension of £1000 a-year, for his gallant defence of Kars, 8. The archbp. of Canterbury protests against the bands playing in the Parks on Sundays, 10. The first parliament of New South Wales meets at Sydney, 23. The queen attends a grand entertainment given by the Turkish ambassador, 27. Illuminations and displays of fireworks in London, to cele- brate the peace, 29. The queen lays the foundation-stone of the Wellington Col- lege at Sandhurst, June 2. The Oxford University Commission proposes a scheme of Reform for Magdalen College, 3. Insurrection in the northern dis- tricts of the Madras presidency, quelled by the military. Lord Wodehouse goes as ambassador to St. Petersburg, 5. Vote of the House of Commons for a National Historical Gallery, 6. Dr. Blomfield, bp. of London, intimates his wish to retire on an annuity of £6000, IS. Dr. Maltby, bp. of Durham, consents to do the same, on £4500 a-year, 21. The Guards return from the Crimea, and are inspected by the queen in Hyde Park, 9. Lord Hardinge resigns, and the duke of Cambridge is appointed commander-in-chief, 14. Earl Granville, am- bassador extraordinary, to attend the coronation of Alexander II., 26. Parlia- ment prorogued, 29. The Royal British Bank stops payment, Sept. 3. Articles agreed upon in London with the U. S. for the settlement of the Nicaragua or Central America Question, 17. The British Legation in Mexico closed, Oct. 2. Seizure of some of the crew of the " Arrow," at Canton ; satisfaction de- manded, 8. Redemption of the Sound Dues agreed to by Great Britain, 20. Viceroy Yeh having refused satisfaction, adm. Seymour takes the Canton forts, 24; batters the city walls, 27 ; storms the viceroy's palace, 29. The Sultan in- vested with the order of the Garter, Nov. 1. War declared against Persia. Canton bombarded, 4. Chinese war-junks destroyed, 6. The Bogue forts taken, 12 ; and the Annunghay forts, 13. Expedition against Persia sails from Bom- bay. First parliament opened at Melbourne, 25. Launch of a screw yacht, to be presented by qu. Victoria to the emperor of Japan, 28. Bushire, in the Gulf of Persia, surrenders to the Aiigio-iuuiau heet, Dec. 10. Pension of £130,000 offered by the E. 1. Company to the ex- king of Oude declined. The arctic ship " Resolute" presented by the U.S. government to qu. Victoria, 16. Council of war held in Paris, Jan 11. The emperor of Russia accepts unconditionally the terms of peace offered to him, 16. Paris fixed upon for the seat of the Congress. De- struction of the docks at Sebastopol completed by the English, Feb. 1 ; of Fort St. Nicholas by the French, 4; and of Fort Alexander, 11. The earl of Claren- don arrives at Paris to represent Great Britain in the Congress, 16; Count Brunow, for Russia; and count Buol, for Austria, 25. Prussia invited to send a representative, March 12; preliminaries signed, 30. Birth of Napoleon- Eugeue-Louis-John-Joseph, son of the emperor Napoleon III., Mar. 16. Definitive — 786 1856 A..D. Events and Eminent Men. 1856 Treaty of peace between Russia on one part, and Great Britain, France, Sardinia, and Turkey on the other, with Austria and Prussia as concurrent parties, signed at Paris, on Sunday, April 27 ; proclaimed in London, 29. Count Buol concludes a separate treaty with lord Clarendon and M. de Bourqueney, by which Great Britain, France, and Austria guarantee the integrity of the Turkish empire, April 15. Destructive inundations in the south of France ; estimated loss of property two hundred millions of livres, May 17-31; subscriptions raised for the relief of the sufferers ; two millions voted by the legislative body ; 125,000 contributed by the emperor, June 2; public meeting in London to assist; a large sum collected, 13 ; £1000 added by qu. Victoria, and £500 by prince Albert, 15. The French leave the Crimea, July 5. Sir Wm. Codrington gives up Se- bastopol and Balaklava, 12. Copyright treaty between France and Hamburg, 22. Angry correspondence between the court of Vienna and the pope, respecting heretical books. The empress of Austria gives birth to a princess, July 12. The emperor publishes an amnesty to political offenders. Insurrection at Neufchatel, Sept. 3 and 4. Espartero resigns ; O'Donnell minister in Spain, July 14. Tumults in Madrid, 15. Great Britain and France remonstrate with the k. of Naples against his tyrannical government; their ministers withdraw, Oct. 28. Alexander II. grants an amnesty to the Polish exiles, May 26 ; is crowned at Warsaw, Sept. 7. The Sultan places Christians in Turkey on an equality with Mussulmans, Jan. 26; attends a ball at the British embassy, 31 ; and ano- ther given by the French ambassador, Feb. 4. Mr. Buchanan elected president of the U.S., Nov. 4. The Chinese rebels take Tan- Yang, July 6. The emperor of Japan opens his ports to the vessels of all nations, June 22. Death of the duke of Norfolk, set. 65; of the marquis of Ailesbury, set. 83 ; of adm. lord A. Fitzclarence, set. 54; viscount Hardinge, set. 71; of prince Paskiewitch, set. ■ 74; prince Woronzoff, set. 74; of sir Henry Pottinger, set. 67; sir H. W. W. Wynn, set. 73; baron Von Hammer Purgstall; sir Wm. Hamilton, professor at Edinburgh, set. 66 ; Dr. Buckland, set. 72; Dr. Monk, bp. of Gloucester and Bristol ; Dr. Webb, master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, set. 81 ; Father Matthew, set. 66; Serjt. Adams, set. 70; right hon. Henry Goulbum, set. 72 ; M.Thierry, set. 61 ; adm. sir John Ross, the arctic voyager, set. 79; sir R. Westmacott, the sculptor, set. 81; W. Lockhart, M.P., set. 69; W. Yarrell, set. 72; Young, the retired actor, set. 79; John Braham, the singer, set. 82; J. Denver, a hero of the American Revolution, set. 96; and Jane Garhutt, aet. 110. Asteroids dis- covered : Leda, Jan. 12, and Lsetitia, Feb. 8, hy Chacomac; Harmonia, March 31, and Daphne, May 22, by Goldschmidt; and Isis, May 28, by Pogson. A subterranean forest, excavated at West Hartlepool, Jan. 20. The bell " Big Ben," for the New Palace at Westminster, cast at Stockton-on-Tees, Aug. 6; sounded for the first time, Nov. 13. Mount Ararat ascended by five Englishmen, July 11. Submarine Telegraph across the Gulf of St. Lawrence, July 10; from Cagliari to the island of Gallita, Aug. 18. Shipwrecks— the U. S. mail steamer " Pacific," supposed to have been lost among icebergs, Jan. 23. The war steamer " Poly- phemus," on the coast of Jutland, Jan. 29. The packet-ship " John Rutledge," from Liverpool to New York, sunk by an iceberg, Feb. 20. The steamer " Niagara," burnt off Washington, Sept. 24. Fires — Covent Garden theatre destroyed, March 5. Scott Russell's ship- yard, Millwall, 12. Vauxhall Rail- way Station, April 13. Leman Street, Whitechapel, June 22. Ainsworth's mill, at Bolton, July 14. At Salonika, 700 persons killed or wounded by an explosion of gunpowder, July 11. The mining town of Nevada destroyed, 19. Messrs. Almonds, of Swan Yard, St. Martin's Lane, Nov. 9. St. John's, Newfound- land, 5. Three Rivers, Canada, 15. South Lambeth Chapel, 30. The Cathedral of Montreal, Dec. 10. Earthquake in Candia, 1970 persons perish, Oct. 12. Col- lision on the railway near Philadelphia, by which 100 children in an excursion train are killed, July 19. Wm. Palmer hanged at Stafford, for poisoning J. P. Cooke, by strychnine, June 14. A CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE OF SELECTED WORKS INCLUDING AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BONN'S LIBRARIES PUBLISHED BY GEORGE BELL ar SONS LONDON : YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN NEW YORK: 66 FIFTH AVENUE; & BOMBAY CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL fcf CO. 1898. CONTENTS. PAGE POETRY 3 THE ALDINE POETS 7 BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 8 STANDARD BOOKS . . . . . . . .12 DICTIONARIES AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE . .15 ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 16 THEOLOGY . 20 NAVAL AND MILITARY 23 TECHNOLOGY 24 SCIENCE 26 PHILOSOPHY 27 ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 28 SPORTS AND GAMES 28 ALL-ENGLAND SERIES 30 CLUB SERIES 30 FICTION .... 31 BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG . 32 ROYAL NAVY HANDBOOKS . . . . . .34 BELL'S CATHEDRAL SERIES 35 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BONN'S LIBRARIES . . 39 London, January 1898. MESSRS. BELL'S CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE OF SELECTED WORKS. *** Messrs. Bell will be glad to send their Complete Catalogue, Catalogue of Bohn's Libraries, or -Educational Catalogue, to any address, post free. POETRY. Aide (Hamilton). Songs without Music. 3rd edition. With ad- ditional Pieces. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. Aldine Edition of the Poets. See List, page 7. Barry Cornwall. English Songs and Lyrics. 2nd edition. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. Bridges (R.) Shorter Poems. 4th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net. Eros and Psyohe: A Poem in Twelve Measures. The Story done into English from the Latin of Apuleius. 2nd edition revised. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net. Prometheus the Firegiver. [Out of print. — A Series of Plays. Fcap. 4to. printed on hand-made paper, double columns, paper -wrappers, each 2s. 6d. net (except No. 8). The eight Plays are paged consecutively, and are intended to form a Volume :— 1. NERO. The First Part. History of the first five years of Nero's reign with the Murder of Britannicus to the Death of Agrippina. [Out of print at present , 2. PALICIO. A Romantic Drama in Five Acts, in the Elizabethan manner. 3. THE RETURN OF ULYSSES. A Drama in Five Aots, in a mixed manner. 4. TEE CHRISTIAN CAPTIVES. A Tragedy in Five Acts, in a mixed manner, without change of scene. 5. ACHILLES IN SCYROS. A Drama in Five Aotg, in a mixed manner, without change of scene. 6. THE HUMOURS OF THE COURT. A Comedy in Three Acta, in the Spanish manner, 7. THE FEAST OF BACCHUS, A Comedy in Five Acts, in the Latin manner, without change of soene, 8. NERO. The Second Part. In Five Aots i comprising the Conspiracy o? Pieo to the Death of Seneoa, in the Elizabethan manner. Ss, net, with general title-page, &o<, for the volume. ■ Achilles in Scyros. New Edition. Fcp. 8?o. 2*. 6(2. net. . Eden. A Cantata in Three Acts, set to music by 0, VilUera Stanford. Words only, by Robert Bridges, 2s. net. 4 A Classified Catalogue of Selected Works. Browning's Strafford. With Notes by E. H. Hickey, and an Intro- duction by S. R. Gardiner, LL.D. 2nd edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6cl. Handbook to Robert Browning's Works. By Mrs. Sutherland Orr. 7th edition, with bibliography. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. Stories from Robert Browning. By Frederic M. Holland. With an Introduction by Mrs. Sutherland Orr. Wide fcap. 4s. 6d. Caiverley (C. S.) Works by the late C. S. Calverley, M.A„ late Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. New and Cheaper uniform Edition in 4 vols. Crown 8vo. 5s. each. Vol. I. LITERARY REMAINS, with Portrait and Memoir. Edited by Sir Walter J. Sendall, K.C.M.G. Vol. II. VERSES AND FLY LEAVES. Vol. III. TRANSLATIONS into English and Latin. Vol. IV. THEOCRITUS, in English Verse. Original Editions. FLY LEAVES. 17th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. VERSES AND TRANSLATIONS. 15th edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. De Vere (Sir Aubrey). Mary Tudor : an Historical Drama, in Two Parts. By the late Sir Aubrey De Vere. New edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. De Vere (Sir Stephen). Translations from Horace. By Sir Stephen E. De Vere, Bart. 3rd edition enlarged. 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